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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42766 ***
+
+REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
+APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE
+Railroad Riots IN JULY, 1877.
+
+_Read in the Senate and House of Representatives May 23, 1878._
+
+HARRISBURG:
+LANE S. HART, STATE PRINTER.
+1878.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: Minor spelling and typographical errors have
+been corrected without note. Missing words, dialect spellings, and
+inconsistencies have been retained as printed.
+
+
+
+
+    LEG. DOC.]                                            No. 29.
+
+    REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
+    APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE
+    RAILROAD RIOTS IN JULY, 1877.
+
+_Read in the Senate and House of Representatives May 23, 1878._
+
+
+Mr. Reyburn, from the committee appointed to investigate the causes of
+the riots in July last, made a report; which was read as follows, viz:
+
+_To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+Commonwealth of Pennsylvania_:
+
+The committee appointed on the 3d day of February last, by virtue of a
+concurrent resolution of your honorable bodies, which resolution reads
+as follows, viz:
+
+"_Resolved_, That a committee consisting of five members of the House
+of Representatives and three Senators, none of whom shall be from any
+of the counties in which said riots occurred, be appointed, whose duty
+it shall be to examine into all the circumstances attending the late
+disturbance of the peace in certain parts of the Commonwealth, known as
+the railroad riots, and endeavor, if possible, to ascertain the causes,
+and by what authority the troops of the State were called out, for what
+purpose, and the service and conduct of the same; and said committee
+shall have power, in pursuing their investigations, to send for persons
+and papers, examine witnesses under oath or affirmation, administer
+oaths, and employ a competent phonographer to take all the proceedings
+of the committee, and the testimony; the committee shall report in
+full, in writing, to the Senate and House of Representatives within
+twenty days, &c.,"
+
+Beg leave to submit the following report, viz:
+
+On the 4th day of February, 1878, the committee met at Harrisburg,
+and organized by the election of William M. Lindsey as chairman,
+Samuel B. Collins as clerk and stenographer, and J. J. Cromer as
+sergeant-at-arms. At said meeting it was also decided to commence
+taking testimony, first at Pittsburgh, that being the point where the
+first, and by far the most serious, riots occurred.
+
+Your committee arrived at Pittsburgh at half-past eleven, P.M.,
+February 5th, and on the 6th instant met at the orphans' court-room in
+said city, the authorities having kindly tendered the use of the same
+to the committee for the purposes of the investigation, and discussed
+the manner in which the testimony should be taken, and what class of
+witnesses should be subpoenaed, whereupon it was decided that the
+chairman should conduct the examination of the witnesses generally on
+behalf of the committee, and that all citizens who knew any facts of
+importance should be subpoenaed to testify and to furnish to the
+committee the names of those known to possess valuable information. The
+taking of testimony was commenced on February 7th, and proceeded with
+as promptly as possible. After a =week's continuous work it became
+evident to the committee that they could not accomplish the work
+required of them and report within the time named in the above
+resolution. They therefore returned to the capital and presented to
+your honorable body a preliminary report setting forth what they had
+done, and what was still necessary to be done to complete the work
+required of them, when the following resolution was adopted by the
+Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+_Resolved, (if the Senate concur)_, That the joint committee of the
+Senate and House of Representatives, appointed to investigate the late
+railroad riots, etc., be and are hereby authorized to pursue their
+investigations according to the plan indicated in their preliminary
+report, and that to this end an extension of time over and above the
+limitation of twenty days of the resolution under which they are acting
+be given and granted under this direction, that the committee make a
+full and thorough inquiry, and report as soon as practicable. The
+committee afterwards took testimony at Harrisburg, at Philadelphia, at
+Scranton, and at Reading, and have made as thorough an investigation of
+the matter submitted to them as they reasonably could. As the result of
+the testimony taken, your committee is of the opinion that the
+following state of facts has been proved, viz:
+
+The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, some time after the panic in 1873,
+reduced the wages of its employés ten per cent., and on account of the
+general decline in business made another reduction of ten per cent.,
+which took effect on the 1st day of June, A.D. 1877; these reductions
+to apply to all employés, from the president of the company down to
+those whose wages by the month or otherwise amounted to one dollar per
+day or less.
+
+These reductions applied not only to the Pennsylvania railroad proper,
+but also to the roads which were run by the Pennsylvania Company, a
+corporation controlling several railroads, including the Pittsburgh,
+Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad and the Pan Handle railroad, each
+having one of its _termini_ at Pittsburgh, and running these railroads
+in connection with the Pennsylvania railroad, and all being practically
+under one management.
+
+These were not the only railroads in the country to reduce the wages of
+employés, a reduction of ten per cent. having gone into effect on the
+New York Central railway on the 1st day of July, A.D. 1877, and a
+similar reduction on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad on the 16th day of
+July, A.D. 1877; your committee having no information as to whether or
+not any prior reduction had been made by the last named roads. In
+consequence of these reductions of wages a great deal of
+dissatisfaction was produced among the employés of the roads,
+especially those known as trainmen, consisting of freight engineers,
+firemen, conductors, brakemen, and flagmen.
+
+These employés had consulted together in relation to the question of
+wages, and as the result of these consultations, a committee had been
+appointed some time the latter part of May, composed principally of
+engineers, who waited on Thomas A. Scott, President of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company, and stated the position of the men and their alleged
+grievances. Colonel Scott talked frankly with the committee, and stated
+the position of the railroad company, which was, in substance, that in
+consequence of the depression in all branches of trade, commerce, and
+manufactures throughout the country, the business of the company had so
+fallen off that it became a matter of necessity to reduce the wages of
+the employés, and, that as soon as the business of the company would
+warrant it the wages would be increased. The committee expressed their
+satisfaction at the statement made by Colonel Scott, and said they
+would go back to Pittsburgh and report the same to the employés, and
+that everything would be satisfactory and all right thereafter. The
+committee retired, and soon returned with their views set forth in
+writing, and signed by them, stating that their conference with Colonel
+Scott had proved satisfactory, and that his propositions were
+acceptable to the committee. No complaint as to wages was made
+thereafter by any of the employés of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+or of the Pennsylvania Company to any of the proper officers until
+after the strike of July 19th.
+
+Immediately after the order for the ten per cent. reduction, to go into
+effect on June 1st, 1877, was issued, the employés of the different
+railroads having their termini at Pittsburgh, commenced agitating the
+question of a strike on account of said reduction, which agitation
+resulted in the organization of "The Train Men's Union," a secret,
+oath-bound society, the declared object of which was the protection of
+its members, in all lawful ways, by combination, but more particularly
+to bring the railroad companies to terms by all striking on a given
+day, and leaving the railroads with no men of experience to run the
+trains. The first meeting to organize a lodge of the society was held
+in Allegheny City, on the 2d day of June, A.D. 1877, and the first
+person to take the oath of membership was R. A. Ammon, better known as
+"Boss Ammon," then a brakeman on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago
+railroad, who had been in the employ of the company about nine months.
+Boss Ammon seems to have been the leading spirit of the society, and he
+was immediately appointed as general organizer, to go out and organize
+branches of the Union on all the leading trunk lines of the country,
+especially on those centering at Pittsburgh. In a short time the Union
+was in full working order on the Pennsylvania railroad, the Pittsburgh,
+Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, the
+New York Central railroad, the Erie railway, and the Atlantic and Great
+Western railway, and some others, and a general strike by the members
+of the Union was arranged to take place on the 27th of June, A.D. 1877,
+at twelve o'clock, noon. The report of the committee of engineers of
+the result of their conference with Colonel Scott was not satisfactory
+to the members of the Union, they believing, or at least saying, that
+the engineers were only looking after their own interests and taking
+care of themselves, and therefore the action of the committee did not
+arrest the preparations going on within the Union for the proposed
+strike. Allegheny City was the headquarters of the organization, and it
+was here that the general arrangements for the operations of the Union
+were perfected, the members claiming that at least three fourths of all
+the train men, whose headquarters were at the two cities of Pittsburgh
+and Allegheny City, belonged to the organization. The proposed strike
+on the 27th of June was to take place on the Pennsylvania railroad, the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, the Allegheny Valley
+railroad, Pan Handle railroad, and the branches of the roads named, the
+Union having been more thoroughly and better organized on these roads
+than on any others, and the movements were to be directed from
+Allegheny City. Other roads were to be brought into the strike as fast
+as possible, so as to make it general and comprehensive.
+
+In accordance with this plan of operations, on Sunday, June 24th, some
+forty members of the Union were sent out on the different lines
+centering at Pittsburgh, to notify the members on these roads of the
+time for the strike to take place, and to make the necessary
+arrangements to make it a success. On Monday night, June 25th, a
+meeting of the members of the Union on the Pan Handle division was
+held, and it was there developed that a portion of them were
+dissatisfied with the proposed strike, and trouble ensued on this
+account. It was also ascertained that some member or members had
+divulged the plans of the Union to the railroad officials, and that the
+latter were taking measures to counteract and defeat the strike. The
+moving spirits saw at once that with divided counsels, and their plans
+known to the railroad officials, the strike, if commenced, would prove
+a failure, and measures were at once adopted to prevent it from taking
+place by writing and sending word to all points possible in the short
+time left. The strike did not take place on the 27th, and the members
+of the Union felt as if they had met with a defeat, which left a sore
+spot in their bosoms, and which rankled for a long time. It may be well
+to state here that the subsequent strike on the Baltimore and Ohio
+railroad, at Martinsburg, West Virginia, on the 16th of July, and the
+strike at Pittsburgh, on July 19th, was not a strike of the Trainmen's
+Union, nor did the Union, as an organization, have anything to do with
+either, there having been no meeting of the society either at
+Pittsburgh or Allegheny City, after the 27th of June, 1877, up to that
+time. The main and almost the only grounds for the proposed strike was
+the ten per cent. reduction of wages, although some complaint was made
+of the abuse of power and overbearing actions of the minor railroad
+officials. Some time in July, 1877, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+issued an order that all freight trains from Pittsburgh east to Derry
+should be run as "double-headers," the order to take effect on the 19th
+of that month.
+
+A so called "double-header" consists of thirty four cars, and is hauled
+by two engines, a single train consisting of seventeen cars, hauled by
+one engine. This was one of the measures of economy adopted by the
+company in consequence of the great reduction in business, caused by
+the financial situation of the country, and the reduced rates at which
+the business was done, caused by the great competition of the different
+railroads to secure business, and would enable the company to dispense
+with the services of one half of their freight conductors, brakemen,
+and flagmen on the Pittsburgh division of the road between that place
+and Derry, as only one set of men, aside from the engineers and
+firemen, were used on a "double-header." One engine could haul the same
+train from Derry to Philadelphia that it took two engines to haul from
+Pittsburgh to Derry. "Double-headers" had been previously run between
+these two points, especially coal trains, but no general order for all
+freight trains to run as "double-headers" had ever before been issued.
+In selecting men to discharge under the order to run "double-headers,"
+single men, and men who had been the shortest time in the employ of the
+company, were chosen, and the men with families, and old men, were kept
+so far as they could be. Quite a number of men had been discharged by
+the company prior to this time, some for cause, and more on account of
+the decrease in business since the panic of 1873; and the company had
+still in its employ many more men than could be employed at full time,
+keeping them along and allowing them each to work a portion of the
+time, probably believing in the old adage that "half a loaf is better
+than no bread."
+
+Robert Pitcairn, the general agent and superintendent of the Pittsburgh
+division of the Pennsylvania railroad, had leave of absence for a short
+time, to commence on the 19th of July, and that morning he left for the
+east with his family, over the Pennsylvania railroad, no complaint, as
+he says, having been made to the officers of the company by the men, on
+account of the order to run "double-headers," and he having no
+knowledge or suspicion that any trouble was brewing or expected. The
+early morning freight trains left Pittsburgh as "double-headers," but
+when the time (8.40 A.M.) came for the next train to leave, the men
+(two brakemen and one flagman) refused to go out on a "double-header,"
+and the train did not go. The conductor notified the dispatcher that
+the men had struck, and the dispatcher undertook to find men who would
+go, but all the train men refused. He then made up two crews from the
+yard men, and gave orders for the engine to back down and couple on the
+train, when the striking men, led by one Andrew Hice, threw coupling
+pins and other missiles at the brakeman who was attempting to couple on
+the engine, one of which hit him, and, in the words of one witness, he
+had to run for his life. There was some twenty or twenty-five men in
+the crowd at this time; all men in the employ of the railroad company.
+The strikers took possession of the switches over which the trains
+would have to move, and refused to let any train pass out, and their
+number was from this time gradually increased by the addition of the
+men who came in on freight trains, who were induced to join the
+strikers as fast as they came in. Between ten and eleven o'clock, A.M.,
+David M. Watt, chief clerk of the Pittsburgh division, who was acting
+in place of Mr. Pitcairn in his absence, went to the mayor's office and
+asked for ten policemen to be sent up to the yard of the company, to
+protect the men who were willing to go out on the trains, and arrest
+any one who should commit a breach of the peace, telling the mayor
+that, in his opinion, ten good men, with his (the mayor's) presence,
+would be sufficient for the purpose.
+
+The mayor answered that he did not have the men; that the day force,
+with the exception of nine men, had some time previously been
+discharged by the action of the city council, and he could not send the
+night force, and also refused to go himself, saying he had other
+business, and it was not necessary for him to be there. He said,
+however, that they might get some of the discharged men to go, if Mr.
+Watt would become responsible for their pay, to which Mr. Watt
+assented, and the ten men were found, sent out under charge of Officer
+Charles McGovern. This force went along with Mr. Watt to the
+Twenty-eighth street crossing, the scene of the difficulty, and five of
+the police were placed at one switch just above Twenty-eighth street,
+and Officer McGovern with the balance took possession of a switch just
+below Twenty-eighth street. An engine was there ready to back down and
+couple on to the train, and Mr. Watt gave orders to one of his men to
+open the switch, so the engine could run down on the proper track, but
+the man refused, saying he was afraid he would be injured by the
+strikers if he did so. Mr. Watt then stepped up and said "I will open
+the switch," when a brakeman by the name of Davis stepped in front of
+him, and said "boys we might as well die right here," and made some
+demonstrations. At this moment a man named McCall, standing behind
+Davis, struck Mr. Watt in the eye; that ended the attempt to open the
+switch at that time. After some difficulty and considerable chasing,
+McCall was arrested by the police, and taken to the lock-up. At this
+time, between twelve and one o'clock, P.M., there was about one hundred
+persons in the crowd, about one half of which were mere spectators.
+Twenty-five or thirty of the strikers attempted to prevent McCall's
+arrest by dodging around in the way, and by coaxing the police to let
+him alone. A few stones were thrown, but no very serious efforts were
+made beyond this by the strikers at this time. Soon after this, Mr.
+Watt sent one of his men to the mayor's office for fifty more
+policemen, and in answer to this call some five or six men came out
+about one, P.M., in charge of Officer White. With these men, Mr. Watt
+went out to the stock-yards, at Torrens station, a distance of five and
+one tenth miles from the Union depot, to see if the stock trains at
+that place, which had been some time loaded, could be got off.
+
+At this place there was a large crowd of persons, a large portion of
+whom were either present employés of the railroad company or were
+discharged men, and others were unknown to the railroad officials. One
+train of stock was coupled on by the yard engine, and run out by
+stratagem before the crowd were aware that it was an attempt to send
+the train east, and this was the last freight train that was forwarded,
+until after the troubles were over. About four, P.M., another attempt
+to move a stock train from Torrens was made, but the engineers all
+refused to undertake to couple on to the train, as they had all been
+threatened by the strikers, and were afraid of their lives, and at any
+move made by the engineer the crowd would interfere, so that the crew
+gave up their trains. Mr. Watt returned to Pittsburgh, and the stock
+was unloaded. Mr. Watt, on his return to Pittsburgh, went again to the
+mayor's office, about five, P.M., and asked for one hundred or one
+hundred and fifty police. The mayor was not in, having gone, as he
+testified, to Castle Shannon, to see his wife, who was sick. The
+mayor's clerk was at the office, and informed Mr. Watt that the men
+could not be furnished, that the day force of nine men in all were all
+busy, that the night force, which consisted of one hundred and
+twenty-two men, were not yet on duty, and could not be spared to be
+sent out to the scene of the disturbances, as they must be kept in the
+thicker portions of the city, and advised Mr. Watt to call on the
+sheriff of the county for assistance. On Friday morning, July 20, A. J.
+Cassatt sent David Stewart, of Pittsburgh, to invite the mayor to come
+to the Union depot, as he wished to consult him in regard to the
+situation, and had sent a carriage to convey him to the depot. The
+mayor replied that he would have nothing to do with it; the whole
+matter was taken out of his hands; they had no business to bring troops
+there. Mr. Stewart asked him if he would see Mr. Cassatt, if he would
+bring him down to the mayor's office. His answer was: "No, I will have
+nothing to do with it," and he turned and left. It will be noticed that
+this was some time before any troops were brought there, and a day and
+a half before the Philadelphia troops arrived. This ended the call, by
+the railroad officials, on the mayor for assistance to disperse the
+crowd interfering with their property, although, on that day, warrants
+were placed in the hands of the police for the arrest of some fifteen
+or twenty of the ringleaders of the strike, and after this time there
+does not appear to have been any very serious attempt made by the mayor
+or police to assist in quelling the riots. The whole extra force raised
+by the mayor, as testified to by J. J. Davis, clerk of the chief of
+police, for whom bills were sent in for pay, was twenty-nine men.
+
+During the afternoon of the 19th of July, one or two attempts were made
+to start freight trains from Twenty-eighth street, but when the engine
+was started some of the crowd would step in front of it, swing their
+hands, and the engineer would leave his engine, and soon all efforts to
+start trains from this place were abandoned for that day.
+
+Although the engineers and firemen and some of the conductors and
+brakemen professed to be willing to run at any time, yet, on the
+slightest demonstration being made by any of the strikers, they would
+abandon their engines and trains without making one decent effort to do
+their duty. The railroad officials claimed that they had plenty of men
+willing to run out the trains if they only had the opportunity, but
+when the opportunity was made for them the men did not care to take
+advantage of it. In the meantime the crowd was increasing at
+Twenty-eighth street, and Mr. Watt, after he left the mayor's office,
+went to the sheriff's office, and not finding him there drove to his
+residence, but he was not there. It was ascertained that he would be
+back in the course of the evening, and Mr. Watt returned to his own
+office.
+
+The crowd had so increased at the Twenty-eighth street crossing that
+they had full possession of the railroad tracks there, and the yard
+engines could not be moved to transfer the cars in the yard from place
+to place, and orders were given to the engineers to put up their
+engines. Between eleven and twelve o'clock, P.M., Mr. Watt started for
+the sheriff's residence, and on his way called at the office of
+Honorable John Scott, solicitor for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company,
+to have that gentleman go with him. The sheriff was at home, and they
+called on him for protection for the property of the company, and
+advised him of all that had taken place up to that time. The sheriff
+went with them to the outer depot, near Twenty-sixth street, where they
+found General Pearson, who had come to Mr. Pitcairn's office to
+ascertain the condition of affairs, so as to report the same to
+Adjutant General Latta, who had telegraphed him from Philadelphia,
+making inquiry if he knew anything of the disturbances on the
+Pennsylvania railroad. Governor Hartranft was at that time out of the
+State, and somewhere in the West, on his way to California, and before
+going had given instructions to Adjutant General Latta, that in case of
+trouble requiring the presence of the military, he must, on the
+requisition of the proper civil authorities, assume the responsibility,
+and act as occasion demanded.
+
+A little after midnight the sheriff, together with General Pearson, Mr.
+Watt, and some fifteen or twenty railroad employés, walked out to
+Twenty-eighth street, and there getting up on a gondola or flat car so
+as to be above the crowd, addressed them, advising them to disperse and
+go to their homes, stating to them his duty in case they refused. The
+crowd refused to disperse, and hooted and yelled at the sheriff, and
+fired pistol shots in the air while he was addressing them. They told
+the sheriff to go home, that they were not going to allow any freight
+trains to leave until the difficulty between them and the railroad
+company was settled, that the mayor and policemen were on their side,
+and that prominent citizens had offered to assist them in provisions
+and money to carry on the strike. It should be here stated that there
+is no proof that any such offers of assistance were actually made,
+except that tradesmen with whom the strikers were dealing offered to
+trust them until they got work again, and one prominent citizen, whose
+name was used by the mob, came forward testified that he had never made
+any such offer. Some of the mob also read messages purporting to come
+from other places, urging them to hold their ground, and assistance in
+men and means would be sent them. There is no means of ascertaining
+whether these messages were really sent as they purported to be, or
+were only bogus ones, used for the purpose of firing up the mob, and
+inducing them to hold out in their purpose. They were probably bogus,
+and they, without doubt, produced the effect intended by their authors.
+At this time the crowd numbered some two hundred men and boys, and was
+composed of some railroad men, some discharged men, quite a number of
+mill men, (that is men from the iron mills, glass factories, &c.,) and
+some strangers as they were called by the witnesses, repulsive, hard
+looking men, probably tramps and criminals, who always flock to a scene
+of disturbance like vultures to the carrion. The sheriff, as he
+testifies, becoming satisfied that he could not raise force sufficient
+to control the crowd, made a call on the Governor, by telegraph, for
+military to suppress the riot. The sheriff at this time had made no
+effort whatever to raise a posse to disperse the mob, and in view of
+subsequent developments it is probable that such an effort would have
+been futile. The copy of the telegram of the sheriff to the Governor is
+given in the report of the Adjutant General for 1877, as are also
+copies of all other telegrams sent and received by him during the
+troubles, and most of them in the evidence taken by your committee, and
+therefore they need not be copied here.
+
+In view of the absence of the Governor, the telegram was also sent to
+the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and the Adjutant General, the one to
+the latter reaching him at Lancaster on his way to Harrisburg. General
+Latta immediately telegraphed General Pearson, who held the rank of
+major general, and commanded the Sixth division, National Guard, with
+headquarters at Pittsburgh, to assume charge of the military situation,
+place one regiment on duty, and if he found one regiment not
+sufficiently strong, to order out the balance of the division and to
+report generally. General Pearson immediately ordered out the
+Eighteenth regiment, Colonel P. N. Guthrie, and this order was soon
+followed by one ordering out the Fourteenth regiment, Colonel Gray, the
+Nineteenth regiment, Colonel Howard, and Hutchinson's battery in
+command of Captain Breck. These orders were responded to very slowly,
+as it was in the night time, and the men were scattered about the city,
+and some companies were made up of men at some little towns outside of
+the city. Colonel Guthrie resides at East Liberty, and received his
+orders about half past four, A.M., on the 20th. He at once notified his
+officers, and they notified the men, but as it was too early to be able
+to get messengers the colonel had to go personally to the officers and
+it was about twelve o'clock, noon, when the regiment reported at the
+Union depot hotel two hundred and fifty strong. This regiment was
+ordered out to Torrens Station to protect property and clear the track
+at the stock yards, and on its arrival there, at half past one, found a
+crowd of from twelve hundred to fifteen hundred persons assembled. The
+regiment had no difficulty in getting into proper position, and Colonel
+Guthrie then lay in position waiting further orders. It was understood
+between General Pearson and Colonel Guthrie that the Fourteenth and
+Nineteenth regiments and the battery should clear the track at
+Twenty-eighth street, and protect the men on the trains in getting them
+started, and that Colonel Guthrie should clear the track at Torrens and
+protect the trains in passing that place. The Fourteenth and Nineteenth
+regiments assembled very slowly, and it was not until about five P.M.,
+that General Brown, commanding the brigade, got together three or four
+companies, and these not half full, and marched out to Twenty-eighth
+street. Before taking a position there, he received orders from General
+Pearson to return to the Union depot, as he had not force sufficient to
+accomplish anything, and accordingly he returned with his command.
+
+In the meantime, General Pearson, fearing that the majority of the men
+in these regiments sympathized with the strikers, telegraphed Adjutant
+General Latta to that effect, and suggested that troops from
+Philadelphia should be sent on, and gave it as his opinion that two
+thousand troops would be needed to disperse the mob, as it was now (six
+thirty-five, P.M.,) very large (four thousand to five thousand men) and
+increasing hourly. General Latta at once telegraphed Major General
+Brinton, commanding the First division of the National Guard, at
+Philadelphia, to get his command ready to move to Pittsburgh. General
+Brinton received this order in the evening, and at two o'clock on the
+morning of the 21st he had six hundred men at the railroad depot ready
+to start. At Harrisburg, General Brinton received some ammunition and
+two Gatling guns, and reached Pittsburgh at one, P.M., and reported to
+General Latta at the Union depot hotel, and there distributed twenty
+rounds of ammunition to his men. In order to understand the situation
+of things and the future movements of the troops, a description of the
+depots, buildings, tracks, and surroundings of the Pennsylvania
+railroad property at Pittsburgh is here necessary. The Union depot was
+situated between Seventh and Eighth streets, and from this place the
+line of the railroad ran eastwardly, at the foot of a steep bluff, from
+one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet high on the right, and with
+Liberty street on the left. There were a great number of tracks running
+side by side out to and some distance beyond Twenty-eighth street, with
+numerous switches in order that the tracks might be used conveniently,
+and many of these tracks were filled with cars, passenger and baggage
+cars near the depot, and freight cars further out. The outer depot,
+lower round house, machine shops, &c., were situated at and near
+Twenty-sixth street, about a mile from the Union depot, some other
+shops were scattered along there to Twenty-eighth street, near which
+street was what was called the upper round-house. From Twenty-eighth
+street down to the Union depot the tracks were several feet higher than
+Liberty street, and a strong wall was built up at the side of Liberty
+street to support the embankment and keep it from caving into the
+street. At Twenty-eighth street there was a crossing much used, the
+bluff not being as steep or as high here as it is further down, and the
+hill is ascended by a diagonal road or path from the crossing.
+
+About two o'clock, A.M., of the 21st, the Nineteenth regiment and
+Breck's battery were sent out to Twenty-eighth street, the battery to
+take a position at the foot of the bluff, near the crossing, and the
+regiment a position on the side hill, a little above and commanding the
+crossing. About four, A.M., of the same day, the Fourteenth regiment
+was sent out, and ordered to take a position higher up the hill, and
+above the Nineteenth regiment, and the orders given by General Pearson
+were to hold this position, and keep the Twenty-eighth street crossing
+and the tracks in the vicinity clear of the crowd. This Twenty-eighth
+street crossing was the gathering point of the mob, and but very little
+effort seems to have been made during the day (the 21st) to carry out
+General Pearson's order. A few times in the forenoon one or two
+companies were ordered down, across the tracks at the crossing, and
+back again, and for the time would clear away the crowd in their
+immediate path, but as no effort was made to hold the crossing, nor to
+clear the tracks on each side of it, the effort amounted to nothing,
+and when the soldiers went back to their position on the hill the crowd
+would again resume possession of the ground cleared. The soldiers also
+fraternized with the mob. Most of the time their arms were stacked, and
+they were mingled indiscriminately with the crowd, lying about on the
+ground talking with them, and when, about four, P.M., the Philadelphia
+troops were marched out to Twenty-eighth street, a dense crowd filled
+the Twenty-eighth street crossing and vicinity, and was so mixed up
+with soldiers that no lines of regiments or companies could be
+observed, and it was with difficulty that soldiers could be discovered
+at all. On the morning of the 20th warrants had been issued for the
+arrest of some fifteen or twenty of the ringleaders of the strikers,
+and were placed in the hands of police officer McGovern and his men to
+be executed. His orders were not to attempt to execute the warrants in
+the crowd, as they were excited, and a collision might be provoked, and
+if arrests were made at all they must be made quietly. If the
+opportunity for quiet arrests occurred, it was not taken advantage of,
+for no arrests were made, and no attempts seem to have been made to
+spot the men, or ascertain their whereabouts, or to do anything towards
+executing the warrants while they were in the hands of the officers. On
+the morning of the 21st, bench warrants for the arrest of the same
+persons were issued by Judge Ewing, and these were placed in the hands
+of Constable Richardson, who called on the sheriff for a posse to
+assist in making the arrests. The sheriff sent out ten of his deputies
+to raise a posse for the purpose, and the deputies claim they were
+vigilant and thorough in their efforts to find men willing to serve,
+but were unable to raise any considerable number of persons. All sorts
+of excuses were made, and not over ten persons in all responded. No
+peremptory summons or call, such as it was his right and duty to make,
+was ever issued by the sheriff, and, as testified by him, when he
+reached the Union depot with his deputies and posse, a short time
+before the Philadelphia troops arrived, all but six of his posse had
+left.
+
+On Saturday it is the custom for the different mills and shops at
+Pittsburgh and vicinity to shut down about noon, or soon after; and on
+that eventful Saturday, July 21st, those in the neighborhood of the
+Twenty-eighth street crossing saw the crowd at that point suddenly and
+largely increased soon after the hour for shutting down the mills. A
+prominent manufacturer of Pittsburgh was at the Union depot on
+Saturday, about the time of the arrival of the Philadelphia troops, and
+had a talk with Mr. A. J. Cassatt, third vice president of the
+Pennsylvania railroad, and, in this conversation, told him that
+Saturday was an idle day with their workmen in Pittsburgh, and that it
+would be great wisdom in him to wait until Monday, when the laboring
+men would be at their work, before attempting to open their road; that
+it was natural that their home troops should sympathize with the
+strikers, and they could not be fully depended on in case of a riot.
+Mr. Cassatt refused to give any directions to delay the movements of
+the military, saying they had already lost a great deal of time, and it
+was the duty of the government to put them in possession of their
+property at once. General Brinton, with his command, arrived at
+Pittsburgh at three, P.M., and, after being furnished with coffee and
+sandwiches at the Union depot, were formed and marched out along the
+tracks to the Twenty-eighth street crossing. Before starting from the
+depot, General Brinton gave orders that the mob must not be fired upon,
+even if they spat in the soldiers' faces, but if they were attacked,
+however, they must defend themselves.
+
+The plan adopted for the afternoon's operations was for a portion of
+the Philadelphia troops to take possession of the premises of the
+railroad company at and in the vicinity of Twenty-fifth and
+Twenty-sixth streets, where the freight trains that had been prepared
+to send out stood, and clear this portion of the tracks from the crowd,
+so that when the tracks and switches at Twenty-eighth street were
+cleared and put in possession of the company, the trains could at once
+be moved, as the engineers and men were said to be ready to start with
+the trains. The balance of the Philadelphia troops were to move up to
+Twenty-eighth street and coöperate with the Pittsburg troops in
+clearing the tracks at that point, and when this was done the trains
+were to be started, and after a few trains had been run out it was
+believed that the strike would be broken up; that the strikers would
+see the futility of trying to resist the law when backed up by the
+military, and would give up the contest.
+
+The sheriff and his deputies (he had no posse to speak of) started from
+the Union depot towards Twenty-eighth street, to execute the warrants
+in the hands of Constable Richardson, a little in advance of the
+Philadelphia troops, but were delayed on the way out, somewhat, by
+looking after men, and before arriving at Twenty-eighth street, were
+overtaken by the troops, but no arrests were made by them. The second
+division, in command of Brigadier General E. De. C. Loud, was left on
+Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth streets, with orders to disperse the
+crowd at that point and protect the employés in starting the trains.
+The order was promptly executed by throwing out skirmish lines and
+clearing the tracks in the vicinity of the trains. The first division
+brigade, under the command of General E. W. Mathews, and the battery of
+Gatling guns, all under command of General Brinton, marched out to near
+the Twenty-eighth street crossing. The command marched out by column
+far into the crowd as far as possible, and then General Brinton gave
+the command to wheel into line by the right flank, which brought one
+line lengthwise of the tracks, below the Twenty-eighth street crossing,
+facing Liberty street, and another line was formed parallel with the
+first, on the opposite side of the tracks facing the hill. The crowd
+was ordered to disperse by the sheriff, and he was answered by hoots,
+jeers, and rough language. The move made by the troops had cleared the
+tracks between the two lines, and the crowd now began forcing itself
+down from Twenty-eighth street, between the lines formed each side of
+the tracks. General Brinton ordered two companies to form across the
+tracks at right angles with the two lines already formed, and between
+them, facing Twenty-eighth street, and to march up and press the crowd
+back and clear the crossing. The sheriff and his deputies had been in
+front up to this time, but they now took a position in rear of the two
+companies. General Pearson had been with the command until this time,
+when, seeing the size of the crowd, and its determination, he went back
+to Mr. Pitcairn's office to telegraph General Latta, for the purpose of
+having more troops ordered to the place. The two companies, in carrying
+out their orders, marched up against the crowd, with their pieces "arms
+port," and endeavored to press them back in this way, but no impression
+could be made on them. General Mathews, at this juncture, seeing, as he
+said, that the mob was firm and determined, and would not bear
+temporizing with, gave his men orders to load.
+
+The two companies were then ordered to charge bayonets; many of their
+guns were seized and some of the bayonets nearly twisted off, but no
+impression was made on the crowd. While these movements were being
+made, the mob was becoming more and more noisy, defiant, and
+boisterous, and were throwing stones and other missiles at the troops,
+several of the latter having been hit, and one or two seriously
+injured. Several pistol shots were also fired by the crowd, and
+immediately after the pistol shots the troops commenced firing on the
+mob. The firing was scattering, commencing at a point near where the
+pistol firing took place, and running along the line in a desultory
+manner, until it became almost a volley for a moment. The officers
+ordered the firing to cease, and stopped it very soon. There is a
+conflict in the evidence as to whether or not an order was given the
+troops to fire, but the great weight of the testimony is that no such
+order was given. The most of those who testify that such an order was
+given, say it was given by General Pearson, but General Pearson was not
+present when the firing took place, but was at the superintendent's
+office. Every person, however, from General Pearson down, who have
+given an opinion on the subject, say that an order to fire was
+justified and should have been given, and the officers in command say
+that the order would have been given very soon. The firing had the
+effect to disperse the crowd at once, they scattering in all
+directions, and leaving the troops in full possession of the
+Twenty-eighth street crossing and the tracks in the vicinity. Several
+persons were killed and wounded, and as is usually the case, a number
+of innocent people suffered. The coroner held inquests on the bodies of
+twenty-two persons in all, the most of whom were killed by the soldiers
+at this time at Twenty-eighth street, but a few were killed the
+following night and Sunday morning at or near Twenty-sixth street. The
+number cannot be ascertained with any certainty, but several were
+seriously injured. It is believed, by those best situated to know the
+facts, that a number of the mob were secretly disposed of or taken care
+of by their friends, and whose names have never been given. If men had
+been ready and willing to man the trains, they could have been sent out
+after the dispersal of the crowd, but the occurrence at Twenty-eighth
+street seems to have thrown everybody into confusion, and, as usual,
+the engineers and train men were glad to find some excuse for not
+going. No attempt seems to have been made to move the trains, which
+were supposed to be ready at Twenty-sixth street, and the cars remained
+there until they and their contents were burned. The troops remained on
+the ground from the time of the firing about five, P M., until about
+dusk, when they were ordered, by General Pearson, to move into the
+lower round-house and machine-shop, near Twenty-sixth street, and
+remain for the night, as all attempts to move trains had been
+abandoned, and the troops needed rest and food.
+
+The crowd had come together again gradually, in the vicinity of the
+Twenty-eighth street crossing, but whenever the troops made any move
+towards them, they would scatter, and when the troops marched into the
+lower round house and machine shop, the mob took possession of, and had
+full sway again at the crossing. General Pearson had ordered the
+Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments to go down and take possession of
+the transfer depot as it was called, about two hundred yards below the
+lower round house, and these regiments marched down there about the
+time that General Brinton's command went into the round house and
+machine shop. Colonel Gray, at request of Colonel Howard, assumed
+command at the transfer depot, and held possession until about ten
+P.M., when General Brown came and told Colonel Gray that the place was
+untenable, and could not be held; that he had information which made it
+necessary for them to get out, and ordered the command to go to the
+Union depot. Colonel Gray had been disgusted at the order to leave the
+side hill above the Twenty-eighth street crossing, thinking it a great
+mistake, and was also disgusted at the order to move down to the Union
+depot. Colonel Gray, received orders from General Brown to disband his
+command, and at once called around him his officers, and protested
+against it. Said it was a disgrace to do so, with the mob in force in
+the vicinity, and a disgrace to desert the Philadelphia troops, but the
+order was obeyed, and the men dispersed to their homes, carrying their
+guns with them; about eleven P.M., General Brown testified, that
+leading citizens and military men advised him that it was best to
+disband these troops, that their being kept under arms aggravated and
+exasperated the mob, and that this advice coincided with his opinion,
+and therefore the order was given. About two hundred men were present
+at the time they were disbanded, nearly as many more having left from
+time to time, during the day and evening, and it is General Brown's
+opinion, that they were absent on account of their sympathy with the
+strikers, and not on account of fear. When these troops marched down to
+the transfer depot, the mob did not jeer or rail at them, as they did
+at all times at the Philadelphia troops, and it does not seem from the
+evidence, that anything had been done by them to aggravate or
+exasperate the mob in the least. General Pearson entered the round
+house with General Brinton's command, and left them about half past
+eight, to see about getting provisions for the men, who had received no
+regular meal since leaving Philadelphia. They had been furnished with
+coffee and sandwiches at Altoona, and the same at Pittsburgh.
+
+On leaving, General Pearson gave General Brinton orders to hold the
+position until he returned, which he thought would be within an hour.
+On reaching Union depot General Pearson was informed that the mob was
+very much exasperated against him, as they held him responsible for the
+firing on them by the troops, and was advised by General Latta and
+others that his presence would still further aggravate the crowd, and
+that he had better retire to some place of safety until the excitement
+was over, which advice was followed, and he therefore did not return to
+General Brinton. The effort to provision General Brinton's troops was a
+failure, as the mob seized, used, and destroyed the food which was sent
+out for the purpose. The round house and machine shop overlooked
+Liberty street on one side, on the other side were the tracks, many of
+them filled with cars, and near the machine shop were piles of lumber
+and materials used in repairs. Pickets were put out on this side of the
+machine shop so as to prevent the mob from taking shelter behind the
+piles of lumber, and firing on the troops from these places. The mob
+had broken into two or three gun stores in the city between eight and
+nine o'clock that evening, and had, by this means, secured guns and
+ammunition, and soon after dark commenced firing on the round house and
+machine shops, firing in at the windows and at any soldiers they could
+get sight of, one of the mob firing an explosive bullet, which the
+troops could see explode every time it struck anything in their
+vicinity.
+
+Two of the soldiers were wounded, one in the arm and one in the leg,
+during the night, which is all the casualties that occurred among them
+until after they left the round house and shop in the morning. About
+ten o'clock P.M., the mob began setting fire to the cars, and running
+them down the track nearest the round house, in order, if possible, to
+set it on fire, and thus drive out the troops. From some distance above
+Twenty-eighth street to below Twenty-sixth street it is down grade, and
+the cars will run of their own gravitation, on being started, down to
+and below the buildings in which the troops were located. The first car
+fired was a car of coal, and, after being set on fire, it was started
+on the down grade with one of the mob on it, and he, on arriving at the
+round house, broke up the car and stopped it. Other cars were fired and
+run down against the first one, and there was soon a string of fire the
+whole length of the shops on the side next the tracks. The round house
+was well supplied with water, and the troops were enabled to keep the
+fire from communicating with the buildings during the night.
+
+About one o'clock, on the morning of the 22d, (Sunday,) it was
+discovered that the mob had a field piece on Liberty street, ready to
+fire on the round house. By General Brinton's orders his men were
+stationed at the windows ready to fire, and the mob were notified to
+abandon the gun and not attempt to fire it, or they would be fired on.
+They paid no attention to the warning, and when one of them was seen
+with the lanyard in his hand ready to discharge the piece, orders were
+given the troops to fire, and several of the mob fell, and the rest ran
+away. Several attempts were made by the mob during the night to creep
+up and discharge the gun, but the soldiers kept close watch on it and
+allowed them no opportunity to do so. General Brinton succeeded in
+communicating with General Latta during the night by sending out one of
+his men, Sergeant Joseph F. Wilson, who, by disguising himself,
+succeeded in getting out and back twice, but would not undertake it
+again. He brought orders from General Latta to hold on as long as
+possible, that Guthrie had been ordered to report to him, and ought to
+reach him at five or six o'clock, but if compelled to escape at last,
+to do so to the eastward, to take Penn avenue if possible, and make for
+Colonel Guthrie, at Torrens. The scout, Wilson, brought in the last
+dispatch about two o'clock, A.M., the 22d, and this was the last
+communication that reached General Brinton while in the round house.
+The ordeal through which these men passed that night was fearful.
+Tired, hungry, worn out, surrounded by a mob of infuriated men, yelling
+like demons, fire on nearly all sides of them, suffocated and blinded
+by smoke, with no chance to rest, and but little knowledge of what
+efforts were being made for their relief, with orders not to fire on
+the mob unless in necessary self defense, the wonder is that they were
+not totally demoralized; but the evidence of all the officers is that
+the men behaved like veterans, obeyed all orders cheerfully and with
+promptness, and during the whole night but one company manifested any
+spirit of insubordination, and these proposed to lay down their arms
+and quit, as they were not allowed to use them on the mob, while the
+latter were taking every opportunity of shooting down the soldiers.
+This insubordination was quickly brought to an end as soon as the
+attention of the proper officer was called to it, and when the troops
+marched out in the morning, no one could tell by their actions which of
+the men had wavered during the night. About half-past seven, Sunday
+morning, the 22d instant, the machine shop caught fire in many places,
+the roof of the round house also was on fire, and it became necessary
+to evacuate the buildings. The two Napoleon guns could not be removed,
+and were spiked, and about eight, A.M., the command marched out into
+the street in good, order, taking their Gatling guns with them. The mob
+scattered in every direction at sight of the troops coming out, and no
+attempt was made to molest the soldiers until they began their march
+eastward by Penn avenue, in pursuance of the orders received from
+General Latta.
+
+After marching two or three squares, the troops were harassed by a fire
+in their rear. They were fired at from second story windows, from the
+corners of the streets, and from every place where one of the mob could
+fire from under cover so as to be safe himself from a return fire. They
+were also fired at from a police station, where eight or ten policemen
+stood in uniform, as they passed, and when they were a convenient
+distance from the station, shots were fired at them from the crowd
+there assembled. It is hard to believe charges of this kind, but the
+evidence is too positive and circumstantial to leave room for doubt. At
+one point, just before reaching the United States arsenal, there was
+some confusion among the men in the rear of the column, caused by an
+attack by the mob that was following up, and a halt was made, and the
+Gatling guns used on the attacking party, which dispersed them, and
+this ended all attacks on the troops. In this retreat, three of the
+soldiers were killed and several wounded, one of whom, Lieutenant Ashe,
+died a few days afterwards, at the United States arsenal. On arriving
+at the arsenal several of the soldiers climbed over the fence, into the
+grounds, and General Brinton called on the commandant, Major
+Buffington, for leave to feed and shelter his troops there. General
+Brinton and Major Buffington disagreed as to what occurred between them
+at that time, which question of veracity the purposes of this report
+does not require us to decide, but General Brinton is corroborated by
+the testimony of one of his officers, and Major Buffington has no
+corroborating witness. The result of the conference was, that General
+Brinton and his well men went on, and his wounded were left, and well
+cared for, at the arsenal. General Brinton, hearing nothing from
+Colonel Guthrie, continued his march out to and through Sharpsburg, and
+finally brought up in the vicinity of the work-house, and encamped on
+the grounds near that institution, where he was furnished with rations
+for his men, and gave them a chance to get the rest they so much
+needed. These rations reached General Brinton's command during Sunday
+afternoon, through the personal exertions of A. J. Cassatt, who, from
+the time of the occupation of the round-house by the troops, had been
+unwearied in his endeavors to get provisions to them. The command was
+also furnished with blankets and other necessary camp equipments, by
+Colonel Thomas A. Scott, who had also been vigilant in looking after
+the welfare of the men, and all necessary transportation needed on
+their behalf, after their departure from Philadelphia, unprepared for a
+campaign, on account of the brief notice given them. To these two
+gentlemen, the friends of the National Guard owe a debt of gratitude
+for the personal interest taken by them, at all times, during the
+campaign, to render any service that lay in their power to make the men
+comfortable.
+
+The destruction of the railroad property by the mob had been continued
+all night, the cars and goods contained in them that could not be
+carried off being burned as fast as they could be broken open, the
+goods thrown out and the cars set on fire. Crowds of men, women, and
+children were engaged in the work of pillage, and everything portable,
+of any value, was seized as fast as thrown from the cars, and carried
+away and secreted. One feature of the mob at Pittsburgh is new in this
+country. A large number of women were in the crowd at Twenty-eighth
+street, on Saturday, the 21st instant, and according to testimony, they
+talked to the sheriff, and others who tried to get the crowd to
+disperse, worse than the men, used viler epithets, and more indecent
+language, and did everything in their power to influence and excite the
+mob to resistance. They also, during Saturday night and Sunday, brought
+out tea and coffee for the men engaged in the destruction of property,
+and were the most active in carrying away the goods taken from the
+cars. This work of pillage and destruction continued all day Sunday,
+and the actual destruction was participated in by only thirty to fifty
+men, the citizens in the meantime standing looking helplessly on, and
+no effort made to stay the damage by the bystanders. There was a very
+large crowd in the vicinity of the burning, who were supposed to be in
+sympathy with the destruction, and this probably deterred anyone from
+interfering to put a stop to it. The police, on Sunday, arrested some
+seventy-five persons who were carrying off goods, the arrests being
+made some distance from the place where the articles were taken. Those
+arrested were taken before Deputy Mayor Butler, and most of them were
+by him discharged. This seems to be all that the police did to restrain
+the rioting that day, and it is in evidence that one policeman in
+uniform got into one of the cars and threw goods out to the mob.
+
+On Saturday morning, General Latta had sent written orders by Captain
+Aull to General Brinton, for the latter to make a junction with Colonel
+Guthrie, at Torrens, and with the whole force to march to Pittsburgh,
+and fearing that Captain Aull might fail to reach General Brinton, the
+order was read to Colonel Norris, who volunteered to go in search of
+General Brinton.
+
+Colonel Norris, in company with J. M. Stewart, overtook General
+Brinton's command a little beyond Sharpsburg, and they both testify
+that Colonel Norris told General Brinton that Captain Aull had been
+sent by General Latta in search of him with orders, and communicated to
+him, (General Brinton,) the substance of the orders, and that General
+Brinton refused to go back, saying that his men had been fired at from
+houses, street crossings, and police stations, and were almost famished
+for want of food, and he was going into the open country where he could
+intrench and defend himself, and procure food for his men, but that if
+he received positive orders he might return.
+
+General Brinton and several of his officers testify that although
+Colonel Norris visited him at the time and place stated, yet that he
+delivered no orders whatever, and stated that his errand was to find
+out where the command was. In regard to these counter-statements your
+committee will have something to say under the head of "conduct of the
+militia." It is proper to state here, however, that the written order
+given to Captain Aull to take to General Brinton was not delivered to
+him till the 1st day of August, a week from its date.
+
+Soon after the first car was set on fire, Saturday night, the alarm of
+fire was given, and the firemen with their engines at once turned out
+and arrived in the vicinity of the fire about eleven o'clock, but were
+not allowed to attempt to stop the destruction of the railroad company
+property. They tried several times to lay their hose, so as to play on
+the fire, but the mob cut their hose and threatened them with death if
+they persisted. Some of the police testify that they cleared away the
+mob at one place and notified the firemen that they were ready to
+protect them if they would go to work and put out the fire; but the
+firemen deny this, and testify that no such offer was made, and that at
+no time did they see half a dozen police together.
+
+In view of the general failure of the police to do what must be
+considered their duty in regard to the rioters, during the whole time
+of the trouble, they need not think it strange if the majority of
+people are inclined to believe the statements of the firemen. The
+officers of the fire department testify that the firemen were well
+organized at the place of danger, ready to do their duty at all times,
+and that this department was the only one in the city that was
+organized trying to do its duty during the time of the riot. The
+firemen, after some remonstrance on the part of a portion of the
+rioters, were allowed to save private property, and to this fact may be
+ascribed the safety of a good portion of the city; for the fire from
+the railroad property communicated to the adjoining property of
+individuals, and but for the labors of the firemen there must have been
+a very extensive conflagration throughout Pittsburgh. The destruction
+of property did not cease until about five o'clock, P.M., on Sunday,
+the 22d, and then only when the limit of the corporation property had
+been reached at Seventh street by the destruction of the Union depot,
+Union depot hotel, and the grain elevator. The latter did not belong to
+the railroad company, but it was believed by the mob to be owned by a
+corporation, and therefore it was doomed to destruction with the rest.
+Several times during the day--Sunday--the cry of "police" was made by
+some one in the crowd, and whenever this was done the mob would scatter
+in all directions, but as soon as it was ascertained to be a false
+alarm they would again return to the work of destruction. It was
+demonstrated also that whenever any citizen gave a determined and
+positive order to any of the mob it was usually obeyed.
+
+A notice had been published in the Sunday morning papers, and had also
+been given out in the various churches, that a meeting of the citizens
+would be held at the old city hall, at noon, for the purpose of
+organizing to protect the city. Some citizens met at the old city hall,
+according to notice, but there seemed to be no head to the movement,
+and it adjourned to meet at the new city hall immediately. At this
+place a committee of safety was appointed, and a sort of an
+organization for defense commenced, but in the language of a prominent
+witness engaged in the movement: "They were all day doing very little;
+there was no head anywhere; the mayor did nothing, and seemed to be
+powerless, and the sheriff had run away. The mayor seemed to be
+confused; he ran around some, but really did nothing." A nucleus for an
+organization of the responsible citizens of the city was formed,
+however, which on the following day developed into vigorous action, and
+the best men of the city came forward and subscribed liberally to a
+fund to pay an extra police force, and pledged themselves to subscribe
+any amount necessary to put the city in a complete state of defense
+against the mob element. Some sixty thousand dollars was actually
+subscribed, of which about fifteen thousand dollars was used to pay the
+extra police force called into existence by the action of the citizens
+during the emergency.
+
+About four to five o'clock, P.M., a body of fifty or sixty men,
+composed of professional and business men, were organized under the
+lead of Doctor Donnelly, and armed at first with ax-helves, and
+afterwards with some old muskets and no ammunition, and with white
+handkerchiefs on their left arms, appeared at the scene of the trouble,
+near the Union depot and elevator, but it was too late to save these
+buildings, as they were already burned. The crowd gave way to this
+force, but as the destruction was completed here but little could be
+accomplished. The doctor ordered the mob to take hold and tear down a
+fence so as to stop the spread of the fire, and they obeyed orders.
+
+There was such an apathy among the citizens, that it took all the day
+to raise this force led by Doctor Donnelly, and after being on the
+ground a short time, and finding nothing for them to do, they
+disbanded.
+
+During the day (Sunday) a car load of whisky or high wines was broken
+open by the mob, and they drank very freely of it, and towards night,
+at the time the Union depot and elevator were burned, most of the
+active rioters were so drunk as to be unable to continue the work of
+destruction, if they had been so disposed. Whisky had done good service
+in this case, if never before. The fatigue consequent upon the labors
+of Saturday night and Sunday was also producing its effect upon the
+rioters, and taken in connection with the fact, that most of them must
+have been filled to satiety with rioting and destruction of property,
+shows a good cause for the waning of the riot on Sunday afternoon. A
+few of the rioters, between five and six o'clock, P.M., went to the
+Duquesne depot, (the property of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company,) at
+the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, with the
+intention of burning it and the cars in the vicinity. One car was set
+on fire and an attempt made to set the depot on fire, but some six or
+eight of the citizens' safety committee arrived there about the time
+the rioters did, and they interfered at once to put a stop to
+destruction, and had no difficulty in doing so, as the rioters desisted
+and left as soon as they saw any authority exerted in opposition to
+their schemes.
+
+The Eighteenth regiment (Colonel Guthrie) had remained at Torrens
+station, keeping the track clear at that point, and waiting for the
+expected trains. The crowd at that place numbered about fifteen hundred
+men, composed of mill men, some railroad men, boys, roughs, and tramps.
+The passenger trains were allowed to run by the mob, but between
+Pittsburgh and Torrens they were filled to overflowing by the roughest
+of the crowd, who traveled backwards and forwards between those places
+on the trains at their pleasure, and no one dared to interfere with
+them. They even climbed on the engine and tender, and roofs of the
+cars, and controlled the movements of the trains whenever they chose so
+to do between those two points. At Torrens, the crowd would
+occasionally become demonstrative and defiant, and Colonel Guthrie was
+obliged to charge bayonets on them several times, and each time had no
+difficulty in dispersing them. Twice he ordered his men to load in
+presence of the crowd, and this of itself dispersed them. Colonel
+Guthrie's troops were not allowed to fraternize with the mob, but were
+kept entirely aloof from them, and this regiment does not seem to have
+become demoralized, as the Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments were.
+About four o'clock, P.M., Sunday, Colonel Guthrie, hearing that the
+Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments had been disbanded, and being
+unable to ascertain the exact condition of affairs at Pittsburgh, went
+there and consulted with General Latta, and his regiment was ordered to
+march to that place, where they arrived about dark, and, of course, too
+late to be of any service in stopping the destruction of property,
+which had all taken place before their arrival. They marched to the
+armory and stayed all night, and on Monday forenoon, the Twenty-third,
+together with the Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments, which had been
+ordered to reassemble that morning, marched through the principal
+streets of the city for the purpose of overawing any riotous
+disposition that might still remain in those who had been engaged in
+the work of destruction the day before. Colonel Guthrie assumed command
+of the division, his commission being older than Colonel Gray's or
+Colonel Howard's, and when General Brown wished to assume command
+Colonel Guthrie refused to recognize his authority, on account of the
+manner in which he had managed matters on Saturday, the 21st. On
+Saturday night, a few of the leading citizens had suggested to the
+mayor that it would be well to call out all of the old police force
+that had been discharged, and in accordance with this suggestion the
+chief of police caused a notice to be published, calling on them to
+report at his office and they would be assigned to duty. During the day
+several reported and were employed, and afterwards most of the old
+force were taken back and assigned to duty for a time. This extra
+force, together with the force of citizens organized for the purpose,
+patrolled the city that Sunday night, and succeeding nights, until the
+danger had passed.
+
+From the first commencement of the strike, the strikers had the active
+sympathy of a large portion of the people of Pittsburgh. The citizens
+had a bitter feeling against the Pennsylvania Railroad Company on
+account of, as they believed, an unjust discrimination by the railroad
+company against them in freight rates, which made it very difficult for
+their manufacturers to compete successfully with manufacturers further
+west, and this feeling had existed and been intensified for years, and
+pervaded all classes. A large portion of the people also believed that
+the railroad company was not dealing fairly by its men in making the
+last reduction in wages, and the tradesmen with whom the trainmen dealt
+also had a direct sympathy with the men in this reduction, for its
+results would affect their pockets.
+
+The large class of laborers in the different mills, manufactories,
+mines, and other industries in Pittsburgh and vicinity, were also
+strongly in sympathy with the railroad strikers, considering the cause
+of the railroad men their cause, as their wages had also been reduced
+for the same causes as were those of the railroad men, and they were
+not only willing but anxious to make a common fight against the
+corporations. This feeling of aversion to the railroad company and
+sympathy with the strikers was indulged in by the Pittsburgh troops to
+the same extent that it was by the other classes, and as many of them
+had friends and relatives in the mob, it is not much to be wondered at
+that they did not show much anxiety to assist in dispersing the crowd
+and enforcing the law.
+
+With the repulse of the attempt to set fire to the Duquesne depot ended
+all active efforts by the mob to destroy property, and after that
+Sunday night no mob of any size was again assembled, although it was
+several days before complete order was fully restored, as the people
+had lost confidence in all the laboring men, and no one knew who to
+trust or what to expect from others on account of the extent to which
+the demoralization had gone.
+
+About sixteen hundred cars, (mostly freight,) including passenger and
+baggage cars, with such of their contents as were not carried away by
+the thieves; one hundred and twenty-six locomotives, and all the shops'
+materials and buildings, except one or two small ones, of the railroad
+company, from above Twenty-eighth street to the Union depot, were
+burned on that Saturday night and Sunday.
+
+It has been estimated, by a competent person, that the damage,
+including loss of property and loss of business, consequent upon the
+interruption of business, which was inflicted by the mob, at Pittsburgh
+alone, was $5,000,000. This may be a large estimate, but if the
+consequential damages could be correctly arrived at, the total damage
+would fall but little short of the figures given. The actual loss of
+property by the railroad company alone, not including the freight they
+were transporting, is estimated at two million dollars, by the officers
+of the company, from actual figures made. The authorities of Allegheny
+county adopted thorough measures to ascertain the extent of the loss of
+property, and to that end appointed a committee to investigate claims
+of those claiming damage. One hundred and sixty-nine claims were
+settled by the committee, that is, the amount of each claim of this
+number was adjusted and agreed upon by the committee and the parties,
+and the total amount thus adjusted is about one hundred and sixty
+thousand dollars, and all this is strictly private property. Some
+persons refused to adjust the amount of their claims with the
+committee, among which is the claim of the elevator company, amounting
+to the sum of two hundred thousand dollars. Property that was stolen
+was also recovered and returned to the railroad company, amounting in
+value to at least sixty thousand dollars.
+
+The tracks from Union depot out to and beyond Twenty-eighth street were
+nearly all ruined by the fire, the rails being warped and twisted and
+the ties burned; they were also covered with the debris of the burned
+cars, and it was about a week after the destruction, or until July
+30th, before the railroad company were enabled to get their trains all
+running regularly again over this portion of the track.
+
+During the troubles of the 20th and 21st, efforts were made by the
+strikers to come to an understanding or compromise with the railroad
+officials, and a committee to confer with the officials was appointed.
+
+Some time on Friday, the 20th, the committee met Mr. Pitcairn, the
+superintendent of the Pittsburgh division, and presented him with a
+written statement of the demand made by the strikers, of which the
+following is a copy, viz:
+
+    "BROTHERHOOD OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS,
+    PITTSBURGH DIVISION, NO. 50,
+    PITTSBURGH, PA., _July 20, 1877_.
+
+    _To the Superintendent Western Division, Pennsylvania Railroad_:
+
+    _First._ We, the undersigned committee appointed by the employés of
+    the western division of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, do
+    hereby demand from the said company, through the proper officers of
+    said company, the wages as per department of engineers, firemen,
+    conductors, brakemen, and flagmen as received prior to June 1,
+    1877.
+
+    _Second._ That each and every employé that has been dismissed for
+    taking part or parts in said strikes to be restored to their
+    respective positions.
+
+    _Third._ That the classification of each of said department be
+    abolished now and forever hereafter.
+
+    _Fourth._ That engineers and conductors receive the wages as
+    received by said engineers and conductors of the highest class
+    prior to June 1, 1877.
+
+    _Fifth._ That the running of double trains be abolished, excepting
+    coal trains.
+
+    _Sixth._ That each and every engine, whether road or shifting,
+    shall have its own fireman.
+
+    Respectfully submitted to you for immediate consideration.
+
+    J. S. MCCAULEY,
+    D. H. NEWHARD,
+    JOHN SHANA,
+    G. HARRIS,
+    J. P. KESSLER,
+      _Committee_."
+
+Mr. Pitcairn informed the committee, that these terms could not be
+accepted by the railroad company, and that he could not send such a
+proposition to Colonel Scott, the president of the company, and the
+negotiations were broken off. An attempt was made on Sunday, by some of
+the citizens, to induce the railroad officials to submit some
+proposition for a compromise to the strikers, but the officials
+refused, saying that the men had taken the law into their own hands,
+and that no proposition could be made to them until their property was
+restored, and all opposition had ceased, and that it was now a matter
+of law, and the State authorities must settle the question with the men
+first.
+
+The propositions embraced in the papers submitted by the committee of
+engineers, proposed that the railroad company should make concessions
+that had never been asked before. The first and second explain
+themselves fully, and had been grounds of complaint before. The third,
+requiring the abolishment of the classification of conductors and
+engineers, had never been a ground of complaint by the men. The
+conductors were divided into three classes: The first of which received
+a certain rate of pay per month the first year of service; an addition
+of ten per cent. for the second year, and another addition of the ten
+per cent. for the third year. The engineers were divided into four
+classes, and received an advance of ten per cent. for each year of
+service after the first until the fourth class was reached. This
+classification was adopted at the request of the men themselves, some
+years previous, and no complaint in regard to it had ever reached the
+officers of the company.
+
+This principle of classification had been practiced by other railroads,
+and has worked well, and is a good rule for both the men and the
+railroads, as its tendency is to secure and retain better men to run
+the trains.
+
+The fourth proposition, if accepted, would have placed the new,
+inexperienced men on the same footing as the men of experience, and to
+give them at once the highest wages paid the older and more experienced
+men.
+
+The fifth proposition was for the railroad company to back down and
+rescind the order made to run double-headers and the sixth that the
+company should employ a fireman on all shifting engines, a place where
+they are not usually needed, as the engine is not engaged in steady
+work, and the engineer can do his own firing without trouble or
+over-work. No proposition of compromise was submitted to the strikers
+on the part of the railroad company, and what would have been the
+result if one had been made, it is useless to speculate about.
+
+As tending to show the feeling of the people of Pittsburgh on the
+subject of the difficulties between the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+and its employés and in regard to the strike, some copies of editorials
+from several of the newspapers of the city, written and published at
+the time of the strike, have been inserted in the evidence accompanying
+their report.
+
+More space has been given to the history of the riots at Pittsburgh
+than to any other place, as it was here the troubles first commenced in
+this State; here was the greatest loss of life, and it was here that,
+by far, the greatest destruction of property took place. We turn now to
+Allegheny City, just across the river from Pittsburgh, and the termini
+of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, the Allegheny
+Valley railroad, the Pan Handle railroad, and the Connellsville
+division of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. On Friday morning, July
+20th, the freight conductors and brakemen on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne
+and Chicago railroad refused to go out with their trains, and the
+railroad officers, fearing trouble, sent up to the mayor's office for
+some policemen to preserve the peace, and ten were sent them. The mayor
+was not at his office at the time, but, on his return, he immediately
+went up to the depot to look after the troubles himself. At the time
+the mayor arrived on the ground there was a crowd of two hundred and
+fifty to three hundred and fifty men assembled and no man could be
+found to man the trains. One engineer came out with his engine, which
+was surrounded by the crowd, but no violence was used and there is no
+evidence of any threats being made at the time, but he returned with
+his engine to the round house. After this time no attempt to run a
+freight train was made on this road until the troubles were all over
+and the men had given up the strike.
+
+The strikers here were under the leadership of one R. A. Ammon, better
+known as Boss Ammon, and declared their intention to use no violence to
+prevent trains from running; that if the railroad company could get
+"scabs" (as the strikers called any man who was willing to work during
+a strike) to run their trains, they were willing the trains should run,
+but as the company was unable to find men willing to go out on the
+trains, the good intentions of the strikers were not tested. As this
+road was run directly in connection with the Pennsylvania railroad on
+the general western through traffic, it was but little object to force
+the freight trains out as long as the Pennsylvania railroad was
+blockaded, and, hence, no effort was made, after the first day, to run
+freight trains. The main efforts were in the direction of keeping the
+peace and preventing the destruction of property. The strikers declared
+their intentions to keep the peace, and prevent the destruction of
+property, and not interfere with the running of passenger trains, and
+they were told that so long as they did this in good faith, they would
+not be interfered with. Mayor Phillips immediately ordered out all his
+police to patrol the city, organized an extra force of citizens, and
+swore them in, made a requisition on the Secretary of War for five
+hundred guns, and got them, and placed them in the hands of the
+citizens, and generally had everything so well organized and arranged
+that any attempt at a riot could have been met and quelled at once. It
+was rumored that the mob had broken, or was going to break, into the
+armory and get the guns (about forty) stored there, and the mayor at
+once sent and had the guns all removed to a place of safety. It was
+also rumored that the mob from Pittsburgh intended to come over into
+Allegheny City, and destroy the railroad property there, and the mayor
+had the bridges all guarded by armed men, with two field pieces at the
+principal ones, which he was enabled to get, and there being no balls
+with them, he caused them to be loaded with square iron burs, an inch
+or so in size.
+
+The city had fifty-five policemen, and these were kept on duty as much
+of the time as it was possible for men to be out, and no opportunity
+was given any of the Pittsburgh mob to cross over to Allegheny.
+
+At the time it was alleged that the Pittsburgh mob was coming to
+Allegheny City, to destroy the property of the railroad company there,
+an arrangement was made with Ammon and his men to take the freight cars
+out of the city, which was accordingly done, and ten miles of cars were
+hauled out from the city some miles, and stowed away on the side
+tracks, until the troubles were over, when the same men brought them
+back and turned them over, in good order, to the railroad authorities.
+It was also arranged with Ammon and his men, that as long as the men
+behaved themselves and protected the property of the company, no
+soldier should be brought there to interfere with them, and if, at any
+time, they found themselves unable to preserve the peace and take care
+of the property, they were to notify the mayor, who would then furnish
+a force to preserve order. The mayor also, at the commencement of the
+troubles, sent his policemen around to notify the saloon-keepers, and
+others, to close their bars, and sell no strong drink to any one, and
+afterwards sent the force around to see that the order was obeyed.
+Although not legally binding, the order was very generally observed,
+and no trouble was experienced on account of the crowd using strong
+drink. The mayor had notices posted throughout the city that, if
+necessity required it, ten taps of the bell was to be the signal for
+the general assembling of the citizens at a given place for defense,
+which signal, fortunately, was not required to be given.
+
+Mayor Phillips considered himself as the chief peace officer of the
+city, and if the sheriff or military had been called on for assistance,
+he did not consider either or both superseded him, but that it would
+have been his duty to have cooperated with them to the full extent of
+his power.
+
+"Boss" Ammon and his party, which consisted of about one hundred
+railroad men and a crowd of two or three hundred outsiders, roughs, and
+laborers, continued to run the Pittsburgh division of the Pittsburgh,
+Fort Wayne and Chicago road until Tuesday evening, the 24th instant, at
+which time Governor Hartranft arrived from the West. When Ammon heard
+that the Governor was on the train, coming to Pittsburgh, he
+telegraphed him, welcoming him to the State, and assuring him a safe
+passage. On the Governor's arrival he was met by Ammon and introduced
+to the crowd, and gave them a short talk, counseling obedience to the
+laws, which was well received. It was now felt by all that the strike
+must come to an end immediately; that there was a man at the head of
+affairs who knew his duty and would not be trifled with, and that all
+parties would be fairly and justly treated. Boss Ammon immediately made
+arrangements to turn over the railroad to the proper authorities, he
+seeing very clearly that the proper time to do so had now come, and
+that further delay was dangerous. Some of his men could not agree with
+him that it was best to make terms while they could, and, at a meeting
+of the men, he was hissed, and they refused to hear him speak.
+
+Thus fell from his position of boss the man who, with only eleven
+months' experience as a brakeman, for four or five days successfully
+ran one division of a great railroad.
+
+It has by some been considered an extraordinary performance for a young
+man of twenty-five, with the small experience he had, to control the
+men he did, and keep the passenger trains running regularly without
+accident on such a railroad; but when the circumstances are considered
+it is nothing wonderful. In the first place, a mob or crowd are always
+willing to follow any person who has nerve, and is willing to assume
+the responsibility and take the lead. Ammon had the nerve; was
+naturally shrewd and sharp, and knew how to control men, and they had
+been used to look up to him as the organizer of the Trainmen's Union.
+The mob always wants a dictator, and in Ammon they had one. In the next
+place, the great railroads of the country are so organized, and their
+trains are run by such a regular system in connection with the
+telegraph, that the trains can be run for days without a break if the
+superintendent should abandon the road entirely. Ammon was a king so
+long as he led in the direction the crowd wished to go; when he
+undertook to put on the brakes and get them to reason about their
+situation, and ran counter to their opinions, he was dethroned with as
+little ceremony or compunction as one school boy shows in knocking off
+the hat of another.
+
+Human nature is the same everywhere; in politics, society, or with the
+mob, the leader must go in the direction his followers would have him
+go, or he is replaced for one more subservient. From Wednesday, the
+25th of July, the officers of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago
+railroad began to be able to get control of their road, and in a few
+days all the trains were running regularly. The other railroads running
+into Allegheny City had nearly the same difficulty with their men as
+did the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, and their trains
+for a few days were not regularly run, but they got along without any
+rioting or destruction of property, and were soon able to start all
+their trains again.
+
+On Friday, July 20th, the freight conductors and brakemen on the
+Pennsylvania railroad, at Philadelphia, began to be uneasy, and on
+Saturday, the 21st, a strike was in full operation among them. They
+gathered in crowds at the yards of the company where the freight trains
+were made up to start out, and they, as in other places, were joined by
+a large crowd of idle men, tramps, and vagabonds, such as are found
+around a large city, and who scent out a chance for trouble or a riot,
+as a crow scents carrion. The officials called on Mayor Stokley for
+policemen to keep the peace, and protect the property of the company.
+The mayor at once acted vigorously; sent out his police with orders to
+disperse any crowd that might gather on the grounds of the railroad
+company, and, on advising with the citizens, he was authorized to call
+out an extra force, which he did at once. His action was so thorough
+and efficient, that no serious interruption of traffic was experienced
+at that place, although crowds of rough men had gathered to the number
+of two or three thousand, and at one time, as estimated, to the number
+of four thousand to five thousand. They were dispersed by the prompt
+and vigorous action of the police, who would charge into the crowd,
+using their clubs freely and scattered them at once. It was the policy
+of the mayor not to allow a mob to collect, and this prevented a
+serious rioting.
+
+To Mayor Stokley and his police force, the State, as well as the city
+of Philadelphia, is greatly indebted, and to their efforts may be
+ascribed the salvation of that city from the disgraceful scenes enacted
+at Pittsburg.
+
+On Saturday, July 21st, an uneasiness among the trainmen at Harrisburg
+and Scranton was observed, which, within the following two or three
+days, ripened into a strike. The first crowd which gathered in
+Harrisburg was on Saturday evening, the 21st of July, at the
+Pennsylvania railroad depot, to prevent the shipping of ammunition to
+Pittsburgh. The mayor was notified about ten o'clock, P.M., of what was
+going on, and he immediately sent for the chief of police, to make
+arrangements to meet the threatened danger. A lieutenant of police and
+another policeman being the only members of the force then available
+for prompt service, were sent to the scene of the trouble, and, by
+arrangement, arrested a man and started for the mayor's office with
+him, to draw the crowd from the depot. This ruse proved successful, and
+the ammunition was shipped before the crowd returned. Some three
+hundred or four hundred persons followed the policemen with their
+prisoner to the mayor's office, and, on their arrival there, the mayor
+went out and asked them to disperse, when about one half of the crowd
+left. The person arrested then appeared at the door, and informed the
+crowd that he had been arrested for drunkenness and disorderly conduct,
+and the balance of them dispersed.
+
+On Sunday, the 22d, the trainmen, whose head-quarters were at
+Harrisburg, struck, and in consequence thereof a large crowd gathered
+on the common, and listened to harangues from some of their number,
+among whom was an insane man from the lunatic asylum. From the common,
+the mob went to the Pennsylvania railroad depot, and prevented a train
+from going out, and the mayor, having notice of their movements,
+appeared upon the scene and found some boys uncoupling an engine from
+the train, which the mayor put a stop to, and requested the engineer to
+move on, which he refused to do, giving as an excuse that he was told
+there were obstructions on the track a short distance out of town. The
+crowd at this time was composed of all kinds of citizens, good, bad,
+and indifferent, and they soon dispersed, and no violence took place.
+On Monday, the 23d, the mob gathered in large force about the railroad
+premises, and there being a larger number of roughs and tramps, became
+more turbulent and interfered with the running of the trains. The mayor
+consulted the leading men about raising a posse to assist the police,
+there being only seventeen in the service of the city, and it was
+determined to raise a force of citizens, to be called the "law and
+order posse," who were to assemble at the mayor's office, on a given
+signal from the court-house bell.
+
+The sheriff of the county was at Atlantic City at the commencement of
+the trouble, and was telegraphed to when matters began to assume a
+serious aspect, and he arrived at Harrisburg on the evening of the 23d.
+At this time the mob had increased largely, and was becoming
+demonstrative. The sheriff was informed as to what measures had been
+taken so far, and the mayor requested him to take charge of the
+situation and control the movements generally, which the sheriff
+assented to, and at once prepared a proclamation, ordering all good
+citizens to turn out and assist in enforcing law and order, which
+proclamation was published in the papers the next morning. In the
+evening of the 23d a portion of the mob had gone to Aultmeyer's gun
+store, on Second street, and demanded admittance, and the proprietor
+had opened the doors to them. Word was sent to the mayor of the
+occurrence, and he took his police and repaired to the place
+immediately. He found the store full of men and boys, who had helped
+themselves to guns and knives. The mayor formed his police in front of
+the store and went in and talked with them, and after a little
+parleying they delivered up the weapons they had seized and left. About
+eleven o'clock, P.M., the mob gathered in large numbers on Market
+street, where it crosses the railroad, and working up Market street
+they broke into two or three stores. The signal for the assembling of
+the citizens was given, and they assembled immediately at the corner of
+Third and Market streets to the number of three hundred to four
+hundred, together with the sheriff, the mayor, and the police. The
+sheriff being a man of considerable military experience, had caused the
+citizens to adopt company and regimental organizations, by reason of
+which they were more quickly assembled and more easily handled and
+moved. The sheriff and mayor went down to the mob and ordered them to
+disperse, which they refused to do, and then the police and citizens,
+armed with pistols and clubs, were marched toward the mob, the police
+and mayor at the head of the column. The mob numbered from seven
+hundred to one thousand, and two thirds of them dispersed on seeing the
+force marching against them, but some two hundred stood their ground.
+The force in command of the mayor and sheriff marched into this body,
+using their clubs freely, and completely dispersed them without firing
+a shot. Several of the rioters were arrested at the time, and quite a
+number during the week; in all some forty-five or fifty of the leaders
+were arrested, many of them being taken in their beds that night.
+
+This determination on the part of the civil authorities, backed by the
+citizens, broke the spirit of the mob, and they did not again assemble
+in any great number, or commit any further breaches of the peace,
+although the citizens' organization was kept up for several days, and a
+special force of some fifty men was employed to be on the watch for
+some time, and until matters became quiet throughout the State. The
+whole number of citizens enrolled was about fifteen hundred, and more
+than one thousand were out on a parade at one time. On receiving news
+of the uneasiness manifested at Harrisburg, General Latta, then at
+Pittsburgh, telegraphed Major General J. K. Sigfried, commanding Fourth
+division National Guard, with head-quarters at Pottsville, to put the
+City Grays, of Harrisburg, on duty at the arsenal at once, and order
+his whole division under arms, and move to Harrisburg. He also received
+a similar telegram from Governor Hartranft, from Medicine Bow, Wyoming
+Territory. The telegrams were dated July 22d. General Sigfried had, on
+the previous day, as a precautionary measure, ordered Captain Maloney,
+of the Harrisburg City Grays, to ship his arms and ammunition to the
+State arsenal, located just outside of the city, and to stay there and
+guard the same, to prevent it from falling into the hands of any mob
+that might undertake to capture it. General Sigfried arrived at
+Harrisburg with nine companies of the Seventh and Eighth regiments on
+the 23d, and was there joined by eight other companies, making a force
+under his command of some eight hundred men. These troops were
+stationed at the arsenal at the time the mob was dispersed by the
+police and sheriff's posse, on the night of the 23d, but were not
+called on by the civil authorities, they evidently understanding their
+duty, which was to attempt to enforce the law by the means within their
+power, before calling on the military for assistance. Had this been
+done as promptly in some other places, much expense to the State might
+have been saved, and the riot nipped in the bud, instead of being
+allowed to become strong and organized, while waiting for troops to
+arrive. The mayor testified that when the disturbance first commenced
+the citizens were lukewarm, and seemed to have considerable sympathy
+with the strikers, but as soon as affairs began to assume a serious
+aspect, they came forward and enrolled themselves freely in the law and
+order posse, and urged prompt and vigorous action, and by so doing they
+no doubt prevented the enacting at this place of the terrible
+destruction of life and property which took place in other localities.
+
+At Reading, on Saturday, July 21st, the idle men began to gather in
+small bodies and talk of strikes, and showed a disposition to interfere
+with railroad property, but no overt act was committed until Sunday the
+22d. The mob at this place was composed primarily of discharged
+employés of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, who had been
+discharged in the month of April preceding. The officers of that road
+learning that the society called the Brotherhood of Locomotive
+Engineers intended to make the company trouble, commenced preparing for
+it, and when in April the engineers demanded an advance in wages of
+twenty per centum, they were notified that any person who belonged to
+the brotherhood could not remain in the employ of the company unless he
+severed his connection with that society, and that, as the society was
+a beneficial one, and had a fund for its members to draw on in ease of
+sickness, the company would establish such a fund for its engineers. In
+consequence of this demand, and the circular of the company, some four
+hundred engineers, firemen, and brakemen left the service of the
+company, whose places were filled by promoting firemen and hiring new
+men, and those coming from other roads who held certificates of
+competency and good behavior. Many of these men who left the employ of
+the company had remained in and about Reading, and on hearing of the
+riots at Pittsburgh, thought it would be a good time to take their
+revenge on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, and these,
+with other idle men, composed the nucleus of the mob, and were, as in
+other places, soon joined by all the tramps and criminals in the
+vicinity. None of the regular employés of the railroad company struck
+at that time, nor were they engaged in the riots. On Sunday trains were
+interfered with near the depot, and one or two cars burned, and on
+Sunday night, the 22d, the Lebanon Valley railroad bridge, which is a
+very high one, crossing the Schuylkill at Reading, and costing a large
+sum of money, was burned. On the evening of July 22d, Adjutant General
+Latta telegraphed to Major General William J. Bolton, commanding the
+Second division National Guard, with head-quarters at Norristown, to
+concentrate the Sixteenth regiment, under arms, at once at Norristown,
+and the Fourth regiment, at Allentown, which was done as soon as
+possible, and the Fourth regiment, General Reeder, reported on the
+morning of the 23d, that all the companies were in hand except company
+A, which was in the hands of the mob at Reading.
+
+At 3.50, P.M., of that day, J. E. Wootten, general manager of the
+Reading Railroad Company, telegraphed General Bolton, that they were in
+need of protection at Reading, and asked that General Reeder be sent to
+that place with his command, which request was complied with, and
+General Reeder ordered to proceed to Reading at once. General Reeder,
+with the Fourth regiment, Colonel Good, arrived at Reading about seven
+o'clock, P.M., of the 23d, and instead of finding the mob in possession
+of the depot of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, as he expected,
+found it in possession of a squad of the coal and iron police. The mob
+had had pretty much its own way all day, and had stopped the running of
+all freight trains, and interfered with the passenger trains. The
+sheriff of the county, George R. Yorgey, who was out of the city, had
+been telegraphed to by the chief of police, in regard to the trouble,
+and having been furnished an extra train, arrived in the city about
+five, A.M., of the 23d.
+
+On his arrival, he refused to take any steps to raise a posse, although
+men were offered him by the railroad officials, and the only step taken
+by him to disperse the rioters, and preserve order during the troubles,
+was to issue a proclamation at night, on the 23d, requesting all good
+citizens to remain at their homes. When the chief executive officer of
+the county, so fails in his duty, it is no wonder that mobs become
+defiant and destroy life and property.
+
+The mayor was absent from the city, and the chief of police, Peter
+Cullen, was the only civil officer who did any thing to preserve order.
+He, with the police force of twenty-seven men, did all that men could
+do under the circumstances. On Sunday night, with a few police, he
+tried to prevent the burning of the cars, and stopped it after a short
+time. On Monday, with his force he cleared the crossing at Seventh and
+Penn streets, so that the street cars and people could pass, although
+the crowd numbered several thousands. He also sent out his men to raise
+a posse of two hundred men among the citizens, but they all refused,
+and laughed at the police, and he did not consider that he had the
+authority to summon them or order them out.
+
+The police force was still at the Penn street crossing when General
+Reeder arrived at the depot. The railroad officials requested General
+Reeder to move into the railroad cut to release a train that was in the
+hands of the mob, and as that was on the direct route to Penn street
+crossing, the point to which he wished to go with his force, he
+commenced his march through the cut. The cut is some three squares
+long; the banks about thirty feet high at the highest place, and at the
+ends tapering down to nothing, with streets crossing it by bridges in
+two places, and walks at each side near the top of the bank, with a
+stone wall down the face of the bank, and a parapet three or four feet
+high to protect the walks.
+
+On nearing the cut, General Reeder's force was met by a large crowd
+hooting and jeering at the soldiers, and throwing stones, and the
+General, seeing the temper of the mob, ordered his musicians to the
+rear and his men to lead. The mob gave away, but as the troops entered
+the cut the mob, which lined both sides of the cut, began to throw
+brickbats, paving stones, and other missiles down on them, which the
+soldiers bore until they were two thirds of the way through the cut,
+when one or two pistol shots were fired at them, and one soldier fired
+his piece in the air, which was followed by scattering shots, and then
+by a regular volley, and firing was kept up until they reached the Penn
+street crossing, where the police were stationed. Of the two hundred
+and fifty-three soldiers only about fifty escaped being hurt, but none
+were seriously injured. Of the crowd eleven were killed, and over fifty
+wounded, two of the killed and some of the wounded being mere lookers
+on, and not engaged in the riots.
+
+It being so dark that no one could be readily distinguished, seven of
+the policemen who were in line across the railroad at the Penn street
+crossing were wounded by the fire of the troops, some of them quite
+seriously, but they all recovered. This collision broke the spirit of
+the mob, and no destruction took place after that at this place. But
+the mob was threatening for several days, so much so that five
+companies of the Sixteenth regiment were immediately sent to General
+Reeder, from Norristown. This did not improve the condition of affairs,
+as the men of the Sixteenth regiment openly fraternized with the
+rioters, and declared their intention, in case of further trouble, of
+siding with them, and furnished them with ammunition. This soon
+destroyed the morale of the Fourth regiment, and General Reeder asked
+leave to move them to Allentown, which was granted, and General Bolton
+started for Reading on a special train, after giving orders for the
+movement and disposition of the balance of the men of his division. On
+arriving at Reading he found matters rather quiet at the depot, with
+the Sixteenth regiment in possession. The authorities fearing trouble
+that night, and the police having been out that day again trying to
+raise extra men for the force, and failing, General Bolton telegraphed
+to General Reeder, who was at Temple station, six miles distant, to
+return at once with the Fourth regiment; to which General Reeder
+answered that "the men positively refused to return to Reading
+to-night; the regiment and company officers are perfectly helpless;"
+and from Colonel Good: "The men of the Fourth positively refuse to
+return to-night; I can't get twenty-five men," and General Bolton
+finally ordered General Reeder to rendezvous at Allentown and await
+further orders. It is enough to say that three hundred United States
+troops arrived that day at Reading, and no further serious trouble was
+apprehended or occurred; that General Bolton ordered the Sixteenth
+regiment to return to Norristown; but company I mutinied and refused to
+return, and was disbanded in dishonor by the general. He afterwards
+issued an order to disband companies C, D, E, and H, of the Sixteenth
+regiment, subject to the approval of the Governor, for general
+insubordination and mutinous conduct while under orders.
+
+At Scranton, the railroad men began to feel the effects of the strikes
+in other places, and on Monday, the 23d of July, rumors were circulated
+that a strike was to be inaugurated on the roads running through that
+place. Mayor R. H. McKune was at Ocean Grove, and seeing the accounts
+of the troubles at Pittsburgh in the newspapers, hurried home, where he
+arrived on the evening of the 23d. On the 24th, he tried to get the
+city council together to prepare for the emergency, as the strike,
+according to rumor, was to take place the next day, the 25th; but the
+council were opposed to doing anything in that direction, and refused
+to take any action. On Wednesday, the 25th, a committee of trainmen
+waited on the superintendent of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western
+railroad, and informed him that no trains would be allowed to leave,
+except the engine with a mail car. The superintendent asked the mayor
+for a force to protect the trains, but the regular police force of the
+city had been reduced to ten men, which was entirely insufficient, and
+the superintendent was advised to run the mail cars for the present,
+and not undertake to move regular trains until more assistance could be
+got, which advice was finally followed.
+
+On the 26th of July, the miners of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company
+held a meeting at the Round woods, at which from six thousand to eight
+thousand persons were present, and a committee was appointed to confer
+with the general manager in regard to wages, and the crowds began to
+gather in the streets. The mayor called an advisory committee of seven
+of the leading citizens, on Thursday morning, the 26th, and it was
+agreed to raise and swear in a special police force of the citizens, to
+act during the emergency, which arrangement was carried out, and quite
+a number of them raised that day, and placed under the command of
+officers who had seen service in the army. A room was procured at the
+company store, as it was called, for this special force to meet and
+organize in, and meetings were held and necessary arrangements made to
+meet any emergency.
+
+The miners had resolved to quit work and not allow the mines to be
+pumped, and there was great danger that they would be flooded and
+immense damage inflicted. On Sunday, the 29th, the authorities met a
+committee of the miners and represented to them that the damage of
+flooding the mines would--a great portion of it--fall on them, as the
+mines could not then be worked for a long time if once flooded, and it
+was finally concluded that the pumps might be worked, so that on Monday
+the pumps were generally going again. On Monday the city council met,
+and resolved that no necessity existed for special police, and that
+none would be paid by the city. The mayor on that day sent for the
+executive committee of the trainmen, and informed them that on Tuesday,
+the 31st, it was proposed to start the regular trains at nine,
+A.M., and if resisted the mayor would use all the force at his command
+to put the trains through. In the afternoon the trainmen had a meeting
+and resolved, by a large majority, to resume work, and by evening of
+that day all fears of any further trouble had passed. The special force
+of citizens which had been sworn in were armed partly with Remington
+rifles and partly with muskets, and it was arranged that they should
+assemble at headquarters on a given signal through the church bells.
+Wednesday morning, August 1st, a meeting of the laboring men of the
+vicinity was held at the silk-works, a mile or so below the city, at
+which some seven thousand or eight thousand men were present. Accounts
+conflict as to the purpose of this meeting, some contending that it was
+called to hear a report of some committee, and some that no object was
+specified in the call, which was by word of mouth from man to man. No
+committee made any report, but a letter was read by some demagogue,
+purporting to be written by W. W. Scranton, general manager of the
+Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, saying that he meant to have the men
+at work for fifty cents a day, and when they died bury them in a culm
+pile. Mr. Scranton denies having written any such letter, but it
+answered the purpose of its author by inflaming the minds of those at
+the meeting, and they broke up with the cry, "let us clean out the
+company's shops." About half-past ten, A.M., the mayor was informed
+that a crowd of men was coming up from the silk-works. The mayor, with
+a friend, started out to see what was the trouble, and on his way
+notified some of the special police to meet at head-quarters.
+
+On arriving at the corner of Lackawanna and Washington avenues, they
+saw a crowd of from three to four thousand coming up the latter street,
+and swarming about the machine and other shops, and about the railroad.
+The mayor went down into the crowd, which opened for him, and he went
+as far as the machine shop, and turned and came back to the roadway of
+the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western shops. He had said to them: "Boys,
+you are doing wrong; you must disperse and go home." On arriving at the
+roadway, a company of one hundred and fifty or two hundred, who had
+been driving the men from the shops, and beating and maltreating them,
+came along, and the leader asked who that was. On being told it was the
+mayor, he said, "kill the son of a bitch; he has no business here," and
+immediately two shots were fired, and the mayor was struck between the
+shoulders by a club, or some heavy weapon, so hard as to cause
+hemorrhage of the lungs; a stone struck him in the small of the back,
+and several persons struck him with sticks. Several friends gathered
+about the mayor, and Father Dunn, a Catholic priest, came along to
+assist him. He was slipped out under the railroad bridge and toward
+Lackawanna avenue, followed by the crowd. The mayor had, before
+entering the crowd, given orders to have the signal given for the
+assembling of the extra police force, which order had not been
+executed, but word had been passed to a number of men, and when he got
+back to the avenue, he saw a body of them coming down towards him. At
+this point the mayor was hit by some heavy instrument, which broke his
+jaw and knocked him senseless for a time, but he went a short distance
+down the street and back again to where the mob and extra force of
+citizens were just about to meet. The mob, on leaving the machine
+shops, had cried out, "now let's clean out Lackawanna avenue," (the
+principal street of the city.) "Let's clean out the town." The force of
+citizens--about fifty in number--were passing Washington avenue just as
+the mob came up it and struck Lackawanna avenue, and they closed in
+behind the citizens and on both sides of the street around them; then a
+large number of stones and other missiles were thrown at the special
+police, with cries of "kill them; take their guns from them," and
+similar threats, and shortly two or three pistol shots were fired by
+the mob, and then the order was given the citizens to fire, which was
+immediately done, and three of the ringleaders killed the first fire.
+This dispersed the mob, which fled in every direction. The citizens
+gathered again at the company store to the number of two hundred, and a
+policeman soon reported the crowd gathering again.
+
+The mayor, at the head of twenty-five of his men, immediately went to
+the crowd and ordered them to disperse, which order they obeyed. This
+force of citizens kept up their vigilance, not allowing any crowd to
+gather until the troops arrived on August 2d, and took charge of the
+military affairs at that place. A great deal of ill feeling and
+dissatisfaction still existed among the miners and mill men, but no
+open outbreak occurred, and before the troops left that section quiet
+and order was fully restored. Too much praise cannot be awarded the
+mayor and citizens' special police force of Scranton for the admirable
+organization they created, and for the prompt and vigorous measures
+taken when the emergency arrived. Had the action of the city council
+been approved and its advice taken, no special police force would have
+been raised, or had there been timidity among them when called out,
+Scranton would, no doubt, have suffered as badly as did Pittsburgh; for
+nowhere in the State was there a harder set of men than at Scranton and
+vicinity, many of the Molly Maguires, driven out of Schuylkill county,
+having gathered in and about that city, besides the scores of other
+hard cases who had been there for years. Riotous demonstrations were
+made at several other points in the State, but none of them assumed any
+great magnitude, except at Altoona and a few places in the anthracite
+coal region, and the occurrences at these places being described in the
+movements of the military as reported in the report of the Adjutant
+General for the year 1877, and being so similar to those that took
+place at the points particularly described herein, except as to
+magnitude, it is not deemed necessary to further notice them in this
+report.
+
+Your committee has not thought it necessary to give a detailed account
+of the general movements of troops, except so far as they relate to the
+troubles at some particular point, where the same was necessary to a
+correct idea of all the circumstances occurring at such point, these
+general movements being all detailed fully in the Adjutant General's
+report above referred to.
+
+As it is made the duty of your committee to report "by what authority
+the troops of the State were called out, for what purpose, and the
+service and conduct of the same," we approach this part of our labors
+with considerable diffidence, on account of the peculiar situation of
+affairs at many of the points to which troops were sent; the fact that
+this kind of service was new to most of them, and that, unaccustomed as
+our people are to the use of the military to enforce the laws, the
+opportunities for forming a correct judgment are few, and the chances
+for being mistaken are many. It is perhaps easy, after a thing has
+happened, to criticise the actions of those engaged in the transaction,
+to point out where they failed, and to say where they ought to have
+done different, but if the theories of the critic had been tested by
+actual experience, he too might have produced no better results than
+did those he criticises. Bearing this in mind, and endeavoring to treat
+the whole subject fairly and conscientiously, we proceed to give our
+views upon this part of the matter under consideration. And first, the
+troops of the State were called out, in the first instance, by orders
+from James W. Latta, Adjutant General of the State, on a call from the
+sheriff of Allegheny county, the orders being signed by him, the
+Adjutant General, the Governor's name not being attached thereto, the
+Governor, as before stated, being absent from the State. He, with his
+family, started for California on the 16th of July, and before leaving
+had a conference with the Attorney General, Adjutant General, and
+Secretary of the Commonwealth, as to whether there was any reason why
+he should not go. It was agreed by all, that everything in the State
+was quiet at the time, and no prospects of any disturbance, and that
+there was no reason whatever, why he should not take the contemplated
+trip. Before leaving, however, he instructed Adjutant General Latta
+that if there was any trouble in his absence he should exercise the
+authority vested in the Commander-in-Chief, in accordance with the same
+rule and principles previously established, which were that on a call
+from the sheriff of a county for troops to assist in enforcing the law,
+the military should only be sent after he became satisfied that the
+sheriff had exhausted his powers and authority to suppress the
+disorder, and that the lawless element was too strong to be controlled
+by the civil authorities.
+
+General Latta, after directing General Pearson, at Pittsburgh, to order
+out one regiment, and to take command of the military situation,
+reported what had occurred, and his order to General Pearson, to the
+Governor, which dispatch reached the latter at Antelope, on the Union
+Pacific railroad, July 20, before noon, which was answered by the
+Governor from Cheyenne, at half past one, P.M., the same day, directing
+General Latta to "order promptly all troops necessary to support the
+sheriff in protecting moving trains on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad,
+and go to Pittsburgh and keep supervision of all troops ordered out."
+From this time communication by telegraph was kept up by the Governor
+until his return, and all troops were ordered out in pursuance to
+general orders given by him. The Governor received a telegram from C.
+N. Farr, his private secretary, and General Latta, at 2.20, P.M., the
+20th instant, that everything was going on well, and the riot would be
+suppressed, and for him to go on. He accordingly pursued his journey to
+Salt Lake City, where he received a telegram Saturday evening, the
+21st, at nine o'clock, giving an account of the collision between the
+troops and the mob at Pittsburgh, when he immediately procured a
+special train, and started on his return. These facts show that the
+troops were called out by the proper authority of the State, on a
+requisition of the civil authorities of the locality where the troops
+were to be sent.
+
+We believe that neither the mayor of Pittsburgh, nor the sheriff of
+Allegheny county, had exhausted their powers under the law to disperse
+the mob before calling for troops, and that under the rules adopted by
+the commander-in-chief the steps prerequisite to ordering out the
+troops had not been properly taken by the civil authorities. The
+purpose for which the troops were called out was to assist the civil
+authorities in enforcing the law, and preserving the public peace, and
+it was at no time supposed by any one of the military officers that
+they superseded the civil power, although at some places they were
+obliged to act in the absence of the civil officers, the latter having
+run away, or refused to do anything to suppress the riotous
+disturbances.
+
+The service and conduct of the troops was generally good, considering
+the circumstances under which they went into service, except in a few
+instances, which will be more particularly specified hereafter. It
+should be remembered that never before were the militia of the State
+placed in so trying a position as that in which they were placed in
+July last. Rarely, if ever, were regular soldiers placed in more trying
+circumstances. Called upon without a moment's warning, they left their
+homes, with but little or no preparation, and hastened to the scene of
+the troubles. Nothing had occurred to give the people of the State or
+the railroad officials any indications of an outbreak at that time, but
+all at once the storm burst upon the city of Pittsburgh, and threatened
+its destruction. In this emergency the National Guard was called out,
+and most of the commands arrived at the scene of the troubles with
+great promptness, and there met a foe more formidable than they had any
+expectation of meeting. The active National Guard of the Commonwealth,
+being made up of volunteers from the people of the locality in which
+the military organization exists, is usually composed of all classes of
+the citizens of the locality, and the members of the military will,
+therefore, naturally be impressed with all the feelings of the
+community in which they reside, and be infected with any spirit of
+resistance to constituted authority that may exist among any great
+class of their neighbors.
+
+Hence it is that this guard cannot be always relied upon to do its full
+duty in case of troubles at home, requiring the intervention of the
+military.
+
+Not being brought up to the profession of soldiers, and the officers
+being their friends and neighbors, and when at home being no better and
+having no more authority than themselves, they are sometimes loth to
+obey orders when these orders run contrary to their wishes and
+inclinations. The military discipline, which comes from actual service,
+is wanting, and being accustomed to do their own thinking, having an
+opinion on all matters that come before them, and freely expressing it,
+it is very hard to come down to the condition of executing orders
+without a why or wherefore, even in ordinary cases; but when it comes
+to using their weapons against their friends, neighbors, and perhaps
+relatives, it is not to be wondered at if they sometimes waver in their
+duty. Every member of the active National Guard ought, however, to be
+taught that as a soldier it is his duty to obey the orders of his
+superior officers without question; that in case of a mob or riot in
+his neighborhood, strong enough to defy the civil authority, the
+organization of which he is a member is the first to be called upon,
+and that this aid to the civil powers is one of the principal duties
+which devolve upon him, and one of the principal reasons for
+maintaining such an organization. Taking into account the difficulty of
+overcoming these natural feelings of men, a large majority of the
+troops called out in July last may be said to have behaved nobly.
+General Pearson has been severely censured for having (as was alleged)
+given the command to the troops at Twenty-eighth street to fire on the
+mob, and the troops have also been denounced for the firing which
+occurred at that point.
+
+Your committee have found, from the evidence, that General Pearson did
+not give the orders to fire, but we are of the opinion that he would
+have been justified in so doing, and that if he had been present at the
+time, he would not have been justified in withholding such an order for
+a moment later than the firing actually occurred. Neither can any blame
+be attached to the troops themselves. They had been pelted with clubs,
+stones, and other missiles by the mob, and this was continually growing
+more severe, when some persons in the mob fired pistols into the ranks
+of the men, and others were trying to wrench their guns from their
+hands, and it had become a question of submission to the mob on their
+part, or to fire in self-defense before a gun was discharged by them.
+
+As it is usually the case in such occurrences, some innocent persons
+were killed and others injured, but for this the soldiers were not to
+blame. Being where they ought not to be, their presence whether so
+intended or not encouraged the mob, and the soldiers could not in such
+a crowd distinguish friend from foe. Spectators ought to keep away from
+such mobs at all times and not let their curiosity get the better of
+their judgment and discretion. It has been questioned whether it was a
+wise movement to order General Brinton's command into the round-house
+and shops on the evening of the 21st. The move itself we do not care to
+criticise, but having been made, we think a stronger picket guard
+should have been thrown out, all approaches more thoroughly guarded,
+communication kept up with the Union depot, where the supplies of
+ammunition and food were stored, and whenever the mob began to assemble
+in the neighborhood a sufficient force should have been ordered out to
+disperse them, which could have been done with the means at General
+Brinton's command.
+
+The great mistake was made by General Pearson in ordering General
+Brinton not to allow his men to fire on the mob when they began to
+re-assemble, and showed their murderous disposition by firing on the
+troops, and the other measures taken by them in the early evening.
+General Brinton asked for leave to fire on the mob when they began to
+assemble around the round house and fire on his men, but General
+Pearson would not allow it. It was of no use to march out for the
+purpose of dispersing such a mob unless the men were allowed to fire,
+if necessary, as blood had been shed, the mob had become enraged by
+this and emboldened by the position and apparent inactivity of the
+troops, and nothing but the most severe measures would now be
+sufficient to overawe and disperse them. General Pearson was evidently
+intimidated by the denunciation which he received, at the hands of the
+press and people of Pittsburgh, as the supposed author of the order to
+fire on the mob at Twenty-eighth street. In his evidence he states that
+if he had given the command to fire at Twenty-eighth street, and it had
+not been followed by the frightful destruction of property which
+ensued, he would have been tried, convicted, and hung for murder, such
+was the sentiment of the people of Pittsburgh at that time. We think he
+should have taken vigorous measures against the mob after the
+occurrences at Twenty-eighth street, and not have allowed it to
+assemble again in that vicinity, and that he ought not to have left the
+round house at the time he did. For what occurred after that time he is
+blameless, for on reaching the Union Depot Hotel he was practically
+relieved from his command by General Latta. We think this was a mistake
+also; that it was giving way to the sentiment still prevailing in
+Pittsburgh that the attempt to disperse the mob at Twenty-eighth street
+was wrong, and the killing of the persons at that place nothing less
+than murder. The military had commenced a move to accomplish a certain
+purpose under the lead of the sheriff, and as his posse; a collision
+had occurred, the sheriff had left, the mayor refused to cooperate with
+the sheriff or military, and it was the duty of the military officers
+to carry out the movement, (to wit: dispersing the mob,) in a vigorous
+manner, and not in any way be swayed from their duty by the sentiment
+above spoken of.
+
+We think the order given by General Latta, sent by Sergeant Wilson to
+General Brinton in the round house, which closed as follows, viz: "If
+compelled to escape at last, do so to the eastward; take Penn avenue if
+possible, and make for Guthrie, at Torrens," was a mistake. Some
+question has arisen as to the right of General Latta to give orders to
+General Brinton at all. We think that it is enough to say that General
+Latta was directed by the commander-in-chief to "go to Pittsburgh and
+keep supervision of all troops ordered out;" that he went there in
+pursuance of these directions, issued orders as if he understood
+himself to be at the head of military affairs after General Pearson
+left, was so recognized by all, and his orders obeyed as if coming from
+the commander-in-chief, and that, therefore, he cannot escape the
+responsibility of any orders issued by him, or the failure to take such
+steps as a military commander should have taken under the
+circumstances. If General Brinton was to leave the round house he
+should have been ordered to the Union depot, where he could have fed
+his men, and received a supply of ammunition, and from there he could
+have taken the most available position to disperse the mob and protect
+property. Of General Brinton's ability to have made this movement, if
+so ordered at any time, there can be no doubt.
+
+Life would probably have been sacrificed in making such a move, but law
+and order must be upheld, even at the sacrifice of the lives of such
+persons as composed that lawless mob, or those who innocently mingled
+with it. The loss of life on the part of the troops could not have been
+greater than it was by pursuing the course afterwards taken, and it
+probably would have been much less, as mobs are always cowardly, and
+every demonstration made against this mob after the collision at
+Twenty-eighth street by any persons having authority, either civil or
+military, scattered it. Colonel Guthrie, with the Eighteenth regiment,
+should have been ordered from Torrens to Pittsburgh Saturday night, and
+the only excuse we can conceive for not doing this promptly, without
+waiting for the troops from Walls Station, is the fear that being
+Pittsburgh men they would refuse to obey any orders which would bring
+them in collision with the mob. This is not sufficient excuse. The
+proper order should have been given, as this regiment had not shown any
+insubordination, was not allowed to mix or talk with the mob, and would
+no doubt have obeyed all orders.
+
+The conduct of the Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments has been
+severely criticised by some, but many considerations are to be taken
+into account in coming to a just conclusion in regard to these men. The
+mob was made up in part of their neighbors and their fellow-laborers,
+and it was hard for them to take up arms to assist the sheriff in
+enforcing the law as against men having so much of their sympathy. This
+accounts for their dilatory movements in assembling when first called
+out, and the failure to report of many of their men. Their officers
+were to blame for allowing them to mingle with the mob, or rather for
+allowing the mob to mingle with them, and for the lack of strict
+discipline on Saturday, the 21st of July. Neither the officers nor men
+were to blame for their mismanagement on the night of the 21st, General
+Brown being alone responsible for that order.
+
+This conduct of General Brown was unaccountable, until it was
+ascertained that he had been for some time previous suffering from
+severe physical ailments which had seriously affected his mind, and
+that he was not responsible for a failure in judgment at the time. It
+is no wonder the order called forth the indignant protest of Colonel
+Gray, but coming as it did from a superior officer, it was reluctantly
+obeyed. These regiments were afterwards sent to the coal fields, and
+there acquitted themselves like true soldiers.
+
+As to the dispute between Colonel Norris and General Brinton, it is
+important only in treating of the conduct of General Brinton. The
+Adjutant General, in his evidence before your committee, stated that
+his duty was to assemble the troops, and that the command devolved upon
+the senior major general, (in the absence of the commander-in-chief,)
+who was General A. L. Pearson. He further stated that when General
+Pearson came to the Union depot hotel, before relieving him of his
+command, he was particular to ask him if he had left General Brinton in
+command, and that General Pearson replied that he had left him in full
+command. If General Brinton was in command, he had a right to act on
+his own judgment. But while General Latta's statement is correct when
+applied to him as Adjutant General, yet it must be remembered that he
+had assumed to act for the commander-in-chief, and gave orders to
+General Brinton during the night, and assumed the direction of the
+troops. It is evident that General Brinton considered himself bound to
+obey the orders of the Adjutant General, and we take it for granted
+that he was. The important question then is, did General Brinton
+disobey the orders of General Latta? It is clearly proven and conceded
+by all parties that General Brinton did not receive the written order
+given to Captain Aull to convey to him until the 1st day of August, a
+week or more after it was dated. Colonel Norris says in his testimony
+that he did not deliver it as an order to General Brinton; that he did
+not consider he had a right to do so, but that he told him that Captain
+Aull was on the way to him with an order from General Latta, and
+communicated to him the substance of the order. He further said General
+Brinton said he might return if he got positive orders to do so. This
+remark shows that General Brinton did not receive it as an order.
+
+And further, Captain Aull not reaching General Brinton during the day,
+in the evening he sent Major Baugh, a member of his staff, to the
+Adjutant General's head-quarters, at the Monongahela House, for orders.
+The Adjutant General gave Major Baugh a written order, which he
+delivered to General Brinton, who obeyed it promptly. If Colonel Norris
+had reported it to General Brinton as an order coming from General
+Latta, and General Brinton had received it as such, he would not have
+sent to head-quarters for orders, as he did. As your committee
+understand the evidence, all that Colonel Norris claims is, that he
+told General Brinton that Captain Aull had an order for him, and
+communicated the substance of it to him, and that General Brinton
+understood it. True, that in this he is disputed by General Brinton,
+but it is not necessary for your committee to settle this question of
+veracity between them. The only question for us to settle is, did
+General Brinton disobey the order? We do not think that he did. Colonel
+Norris does not say he gave him the order. He simply told him Captain
+Aull had an order, giving him the substance of it. General Brinton, it
+seems, did not consider it his duty to act until the order reached him.
+Captain Aull not reaching him, he did what was very proper, sent to
+head-quarters for orders.
+
+General Brinton has been censured for going so far out from the city,
+and not staying in its immediate vicinity. No one in his position could
+be expected to do differently. Ordered into the round house, not
+allowed to fire on the mob which was gathering around with the avowed
+purpose of killing his men, hooted at by the same mob which cheered the
+Pittsburgh troops, the Pittsburgh troops disbanded at a time when the
+mob had surrounded and besieged the shops in which his command was
+stationed, fired at from the windows of the houses, street corners, and
+even from a police station, not an official (except the sheriff) or
+citizen of the place to come near him at any time, or express a word of
+sympathy or encouragement in the disagreeable and delicate duty he was
+bound to perform, and after all, rebuffed at the United States arsenal,
+where he expected aid and sympathy, he had good reason to believe he
+was not wanted in the city, and needs no excuse for putting a
+reasonable distance between his command and that place.
+
+The Sixteenth regiment seems to have been the most unreliable of all
+the regiments called on for service during the time of the troubles.
+Company I was disbanded in dishonor, for insubordination, cowardice,
+and mutinous conduct in disobeying orders and furnishing ammunition to
+rioters at Reading, by Major General Bolton, and he afterwards
+disbanded companies C, D, E, and H for mutinous conduct, subject to the
+approval of the Governor. The bad conduct of these companies commenced
+before they left home, in refusing at first to go aboard the cars, and
+continued until they got back again. The Fourth regiment, after having
+a serious collision with the mob at Reading, and behaving like men
+through that trouble, became badly demoralized by the action of the
+above named companies of the Sixteenth regiment, and, for a day or two,
+was entirely unreliable, but afterwards recovered its morale and did
+good service. A squad of some fifteen or twenty men, of General
+Brinton's division, (company and regiment not known,) which failed to
+report in time to leave with him for Pittsburgh, afterwards came on and
+were stopped near Altoona, and being unable to go further came back to
+a short distance above Harrisburg, and then left the cars to pass that
+place on foot by a circuitous route, as it was reported that the mob
+was in possession of the railroad, and would allow no soldiers to pass
+through. This squad stopped at some place across the river from
+Harrisburg. Some two hundred to two hundred and fifty men and boys, on
+the 23d of July, went across the river and came back escorting this
+squad of soldiers, a lot of boys carrying their guns, and they were
+taken to some place near the railroad, fed and afterwards put on the
+cars for Philadelphia. Such an isolated instance as this ought not to
+condemn the command to which it belongs, but it is discreditable to
+those engaged in it, and, it is learned, a court-martial has been
+ordered to sit on their case.
+
+The National Guard of the Commonwealth is a necessity, and in a State
+like ours, with large numbers of illiterate and unprincipled men
+concentrated in certain localities, many of whom are foreigners, and
+imbued with the spirit of foreign communism, which is spreading in this
+country, the Guard must occasionally be called on as a posse to assist
+in enforcing the law; but it never should be called on until all other
+means are tried and exhausted. It has become too common to call on the
+Governor for troops, in ease of a mob, and the experience of the summer
+of 1877, demonstrates that in any community where the civil authorities
+and the citizens wish the law enforced, and act together harmoniously
+and vigorously, order may be maintained and mobs dispersed without the
+intervention of the military. At Philadelphia, large and angry mobs
+were dispersed by the police, which, if allowed to have been together
+for a day or two, would have become so strong, as to defy the ordinary
+authorities, and the result would have been riot and destruction. It
+was the same at Harrisburg, and also at Scranton, except at the latter
+place the city council refused to cooperate with the mayor and
+citizens, but notwithstanding this disadvantage, the wisdom of the
+measures of the mayor was vindicated at the first collision with the
+mob. It is but just to the people of Pittsburgh to say that the above
+places had the example of the latter place before them, and had learned
+the danger of temporizing or in any way sympathizing with anything like
+a mob, however just they may believe their original demands to be.
+
+In conclusion your committee adopt the following clause of the
+Governor's message, which fully coincides with their views, viz:
+
+"I have been thus solicitous to present the conditions of a militia
+campaign, because the conduct of our troops during the late crisis has
+elicited every variety of criticism, from mild censure to absolute
+condemnation, and because there has grown up in Pennsylvania a spirit
+of caviling at its militia, in marked contrast with the kindly feeling
+and pride manifested by other States towards their citizen soldiery.
+Now, that a temperate review of the facts may be made, I believe it
+will not be considered a partial judgment to say that during the
+conduct of the State troops during the late strike was, upon the whole,
+commendable and creditable. In Pittsburgh before a final decision, many
+considerations must modify our judgment. The conditions were not purely
+military. It was not simply a question of preserving a body of soldiery
+intact, of holding a position or defeating an enemy. Expecting to march
+into a friendly community, whose moral support would be cheerfully
+given them, they entered a practically hostile city, were denounced and
+threatened by press and people, and attacked by men who lurked in the
+security of a sympathetic crowd, and used women and children as shields
+and instruments. If, under such circumstances, their action lacked the
+energy and severity that purely military canons would have justified,
+it cannot be a matter of surprise, that having so long been accustomed
+to peace, they were unable to comprehend at once the sudden conditions
+of war. As it was, though not executed with the skilled precision of
+regular troops, the movement accomplished its purpose, and the failure
+to move the freight trains out of the city, to which more than any fact
+the subsequent burning is attributed, was the result of the want of
+cooperation of an adequate and competent police, and the desertion, at
+the critical moment, of the railroad employés.
+
+"The behavior of the Pittsburgh troops, in a military sense, is without
+excuse; but was it any worse than the defection of officers and men in
+the regular army, who, in 1861, deserted their comrades in arms to join
+the communities in which they were born and bred? Such things are not
+military, they are political or social; and it cannot be expected that
+they should be judged by the severest military code. It was, in fact,
+the temporary excitement of unthinking men, carried away by the
+universal clamor around them. For that reason, when the burst of
+passion was over, I re-instated them; otherwise, new troops would have
+had to be enlisted, while these might be trusted to have a keener sense
+of duty, from a desire to retrieve their fame. In the case of the
+Philadelphia troops, although disheartened by being placed on the
+defensive, and a part of the command demoralized by a too precipitate
+retreat, the general steadiness and obedience to orders, under
+comparative hardships, and in real danger, show them to have been
+composed of the best of soldiery material. The failure to subdue a city
+in insurrection against the laws is not to be attributed to the want of
+courage, capacity, or fidelity in the officers and men, but to a
+natural disinclination to take life indiscriminately, and the
+uncertainty as to how far, under the laws, they could exercise a purely
+military discretion. For myself, I have every confidence in the Guard,
+and shall not hesitate, if another occasion should unhappily arise, to
+rely upon its fidelity and courage. The after service of the Guard,
+when assembled together, prepared for active campaigning, was all that
+could be desired. The fact that as many answered the call for a service
+likely to be long and dangerous, as assembled in the pleasant
+encampment at the centennial, is conclusive proof of the general zeal
+and fidelity of the troops."
+
+The causes which led to the riots are, in the opinion of your
+committee, as follows, to wit: The riots grew out of the strike of the
+railroad men, and the strikers themselves were the protest of the
+laborer against the system by which his wages were arbitrarily fixed
+and lowered by his employer without consultation with him, and without
+his consent. There are many other causes that combined to bring about
+the strikes, but the cause mentioned underlies the whole question, and
+it is the foundation of all the trouble.
+
+Instead of capital and labor working together in harmony, as their
+community of interests would dictate, a conflict has been growing up
+between them, which, if not averted or discontinued, will lead to more
+serious troubles than any that have yet occurred, and which must
+result, as all such conflicts do, in the defeat of the labor interests
+and in consequence thereof placing labor at a still greater
+disadvantage than it now occupies. This conflict has been engendered
+and kept up by demagogues who, for their own advantage, seek to control
+the votes of the laboring men for base and partisan motives and who, in
+order to more surely secure their ends, profess to be the only and true
+friends of the laborer, and persistently misrepresent the capitalist.
+It is much easier to move a body of men (which, like a large portion of
+the laboring class, has but little time to investigate the problem of
+the true position of labor and capital towards each other) by appealing
+to passion and prejudice, and in this respect your demagogue knows the
+material he has to work upon and allows no scruples of either honesty
+or modesty to restrain him. He is the leading spirit in organizing and
+keeping up so-called labor organizations of one kind or another, and
+which organizations, as heretofore managed in this country, have never
+resulted in any advantage to the men in whose ostensible interests they
+are gotten up, but, on the contrary, have inflicted untold damage on
+them. The demagogue likes to be appointed to some position in the labor
+organizations, and is not slow in suggesting a traveling agent or
+lecturer, with some supposed duty, where he can travel about the
+country, living at his ease on the fruits of the hard labor of his
+comrades, and spending freely the money that is as freely furnished
+him.
+
+Why cannot the laboring men of the country see through the flimsy
+disguise of these men, and look at them as they are, the leeches and
+vampires who prey upon the life-blood of the interest they profess to
+befriend. There are men in all parties who have, or claim to have, some
+reputation as statesmen, who are not above the arts of the common
+demagogue, and who seem at times to be running a race with him to see
+which can stoop to the lowest tricks to secure the votes of the dear
+laborer. By the efforts of these men, and the tricks they practice,
+this conflict has been brought on. But the capitalist himself has not
+been blameless; instead of, in the common phrase, meeting his workmen
+half-way, and trying to come to a fair understanding with them, he has
+put himself on his dignity, and has placed all the blame of the results
+brought about by the demagogue upon the laborer himself. He must
+remember that the laborer is human, with hopes and aspirations as well
+as passions and prejudices, and that it is much better to cultivate the
+former by fair, frank, and courteous treatment, than to inflame the
+latter by the opposite course. The laborer believes, as he has a right
+to believe, that his wishes should be sometimes consulted, and that he
+should be recognized as one of the parties to the contract, and as
+such, fully consulted whenever the same is to be changed or abrogated.
+We believe it is in the power of the capitalist who is an employer of
+men, by fair, frank, and just treatment of his employés, not only in
+the immediate question of wages, but also in looking after their social
+and educational interests, to completely undermine and destroy the
+occupation and influence of the demagogue spoken of, and create that
+mutual trust and friendship which ought to exist between labor and
+capital, and thereby put an end to the frequently recurring strikes
+which inflict such serious damage on the business of the country, and
+do no man or set of men the least particle of good.
+
+Many instances of the favorable results following such action might be
+given, but we will only refer to one instance, which occurred in
+Yorkshire, England. Titus Salt, whose father was a woolen manufacturer
+at Bradford, in Yorkshire, at the age of twenty-one years, started out
+in business for himself, by hiring a small mill and one or two men,
+who, with himself, did the work of the establishment, and so diligently
+and wisely were his affairs managed that in a few years he found
+himself doing a successful and rapidly increasing business, and by a
+lucky discovery of the value of the wool of the Alpaca sheep, and its
+manufacture in dress goods, he soon acquired a fortune. This
+necessitated the enlargement of his mill, and to do this the more
+conveniently, he moved some two miles from town and erected a large
+manufactory, in which he gave employment to some four thousand
+operatives. Having been a laboring man himself, he knew the needs and
+wants of the laborer, and he accordingly erected neat and convenient
+cottages for the use of his employés, which were rented to them at a
+moderate rental, with the privilege of buying to those who were able,
+thus assisting them to procure a home of their own, and giving them a
+substantial interest in the success of the business they were employed
+in. He also caused to be erected churches which all could attend, and
+also school-houses, wherein every child could receive a good and
+thorough education. A public park was laid out and completed,
+bath-houses built, and clubs and lyceums established, Mr. Salt taking
+the lead and encouraging his people to carry out and sustain these
+institutions. In a short time a thriving town was built up which was
+named Saltaire, in honor of its founder, and here the laborer has an
+opportunity to enjoy himself like other human beings, with no thought
+of occasion for strikes, the employer or capitalist and employés all
+feeling a common interest in the fortunes of their place, and with none
+of the jealousies or prejudices now commonly existing between these two
+classes. Mr. Salt has been created a baronet, but this can add no
+additional honor to the name of a man who has successfully solved the
+problem of the true relations between labor and capital, and who has
+taught the capitalist to what noble duties it is possible to devote
+himself, and the laborer, that the barrier between the sympathies of
+the master who employs and overlooks, and the man who works, may be
+broken down in other and better ways than by hostile combination. Such
+a town as Saltaire, with its neat cottages, pleasant parks, clean
+streets, fine churches and schools, where labor is respected, and
+intemperance banished, is a better monument than any made of marble or
+stone, and will perpetuate the name of its founder more surely and
+completely than if he had made a fortune by grinding down his human
+help to the last farthing, and then on his death-bed bequeathing it to
+some public institution.
+
+The immediate cause of the first strike which took place in
+Pennsylvania, in July, 1877, to wit: that at Pittsburgh, July 19th, was
+the order by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to run "double-headers"
+from that place to Derry. This order of itself, had there been no
+previous reductions of wages or dismissals of men on account of the
+depression in business, would probably have caused no strike, but
+following so soon after the second reduction, while the ill feeling
+engendered thereby was still having its effect on the men, together
+with the spirit of independence and probably recklessness which was
+brought about by the organization of the Trainmen's Union, with its
+general plan for a strike on the 27th of June, and the feeling of
+uneasiness and dissatisfaction existing among the laboring men of the
+country generally, caused by the want of labor and the low price
+thereof as compared with a few years previous, all together combined to
+set in motion this strike, which was followed by results so disastrous
+as to be forever memorable in the history of the State, results
+unforeseen and unanticipated at the commencement by the actors therein.
+The few trainmen who refused to take out the freight trains on the
+morning of July 19th, while not intending or wishing to cause any
+destruction of property or loss of life by their action, still cannot
+escape the primary responsibility of the fearful scenes enacted at
+Pittsburgh during the few following days. The order which the railroad
+company made was one it had a right to make, and if the men did not
+wish to work under the order, they had a right to refuse to do so. So
+far there can be no question among reasonable men. The order having
+been promulgated several days before it was to go into effect, gave the
+men plenty of time to consider its effect, and if they did not wish to
+go out on double-headers, fair treatment would have dictated that they
+should have given the officers of the company reasonable notice of
+their decision prior to the time at which the order was to take effect,
+but this did not comport with the intentions of the men. They not only
+did not intend to work themselves under that order, but they did not
+propose to allow those who might be willing to accept service of the
+company on the double-header trains to do so, and when they combined
+together and raised their hands to prevent other men from working, they
+committed an act for which there can be no excuse.
+
+It was hard for them to see not only their wages cut down, but also to
+see an order issued, which, if carried out, would result in the
+discharge of one half of their number, at a time when work was not to
+be had, but this does not justify, and cannot excuse their interference
+with the right of a corporation to take such measures as it may think
+most beneficial for its own interest, so long as it does not interfere
+with the rights of others, and especially can it be no excuse for one
+man, or set of men, who do not wish to work under certain regulations,
+to interfere with those who are willing to do so. The property of all
+citizens must be protected, and the laws must be enforced, and those
+who undertake to interfere with the one, or stand in the way of the
+enforcement of the other, must learn, however severe the lesson, that
+these things cannot be tolerated in a land of liberty and of law, and
+that however much trouble and expense they may succeed in inflicting on
+the subjects of their spite, in the end law and order will triumph, and
+those who stand in the way are those who suffer the most.
+
+Every violation of law, if suppressed or punished, is done so at the
+expense of the community where the violation occurs, and the greater
+the violation the greater the expense. This expense must be met by
+taxation, and as taxation is so arranged as to reach every member of
+the community, the result of this, therefore, is that the person who
+creates a disturbance or commits a crime which requires the
+intervention of the officers of the law, is forced to pay from his own
+pocket a portion of the expense incurred in its vindication.
+
+The practice of a little arithmetic ought to convince any one that
+violating the law is a very expensive luxury, besides bringing him into
+disgrace and subjecting him to a penalty. This argument is not intended
+for the professional criminal, as it is not expected that he can be
+reached by any argument, but it is hoped that it may reach those who
+usually intend to be law-abiding citizens, and whose fortunes are
+affected by the good or evil fortune of the community in which they
+reside, and that this class may be induced to pause and consider before
+they attempt to use unlawful means to redress any grievances, however
+great it may seem to them. The destruction of property, although it may
+belong to a corporation, results in a direct loss to the labor of the
+country. It is conceded that all property and capital is created or
+produced by labor, and, therefore, any absolute loss, by the
+destruction of either, must, in the end, fall upon the laborer. The
+argument sometimes used, that if property is destroyed its replacement
+gives employment to the laborer, and that, therefore, it is a benefit
+to him, is fallacious, for the reason that the capital necessary to pay
+for the reproduction of the property destroyed must be originally
+created by labor. The capitalist who loses his property by fire is much
+less able to furnish employment than he was before, and if this
+destruction overtakes the property of a whole community, capital to
+replace what is lost must be drawn from some other locality by
+borrowing, and while times may seem prosperous during the time the
+re-building is being done, yet there has been an actual loss to the
+community, which, sooner or later, must be felt. The draining of
+capital from one place, to any great extent, causes its loss to be felt
+there, and there is no way in which the destruction of property, in one
+place, can be made good there, without the loss being felt somewhere,
+and in the end most fully and completely realized at the locality where
+it occurred.
+
+The effects of such destruction of property may be temporarily
+prevented by bringing capital from other localities, as before
+suggested, and business affairs may, for a time, seem even more
+prosperous than ever; but when the capital thus brought is to be
+repaid, comes the re-action, and the loss is felt even worse than it
+would have been had no such borrowing have taken place. Witness the
+city of Chicago, as a notable instance in the recent history of the
+country. The buildings destroyed by the great fire at that place were
+speedily rebuilt, a good portion being done by borrowed capital, and it
+was really surprising to see with what amazing rapidity the losses
+seemed to be replaced, and the city rise, as the phrase goes, "Phoenix
+like from its ashes." Business went on, seemingly, as brisk as ever,
+and it was boastingly proclaimed that Chicago beat any city on the
+continent in recuperating power, and that it was a greater city than
+before the fire. But pay day must come. The property destroyed had been
+replaced, but not by the creation of capital by labor. The seeming
+wealth had no substantial foundation, the re-growth having been too
+rapid to come from this source, and how stands that city to-day?
+
+The city treasury bankrupt, with a very serious question arising
+whether the municipal government can be maintained much longer, and
+private bankruptcy on every hand, for the pay day has come to
+considerable of the indebtedness, and the shift of borrowing cannot be
+resorted to forever. The lesson to be drawn by the striking laborers of
+Pittsburgh, from this illustration is obvious, and it should be taken
+to heart and pondered on by all labor organizations throughout the
+country, lest, by their unwise and hasty action, they may strike a blow
+which will re-act on themselves with treble the force with which it is
+aimed at some corporation or capitalist. It may be expected that an
+opinion will be given as to whether or not the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company were justified in making the reduction in wages of ten per
+cent. on June 11, 1877, and, ordinarily, the question might be answered
+that this, or any other, corporation or individual has the right to pay
+such wages as it or he pleases, and to require such services for the
+money paid as it or he may choose. This rule must be received with
+considerable modification, in the case of a great corporation,
+receiving special privileges from the State, and employing thousands of
+men, scattered from one end of the State to another.
+
+If such corporation should execute a written contract with all of its
+employés on taking them into its service, specifying fully and
+particularly the hours and service required from them, the length of
+time for which each was hired, and the causes for which he could be
+discharged, no one would claim that they could vary the terms of that
+contract, without the assent of the employé. From the manner of the
+employment of the railroad employés in this country, and especially of
+the trainmen, there is in good faith an implied contract that the
+employé shall continue to receive the wages the company is at that time
+paying for the particular duty which he discharges, until the price is
+changed by mutual consent, and that his term of service shall continue
+as long as he behaves himself well and performs the services required
+of men in his position. This ought to be, and is in equity the implied
+contract between the parties, although not legally enforceable. But the
+railroad employé has a right to expect such treatment by the company
+into whose employ he enters. He is required to be on hand whenever
+called for, to give his entire attention to the business of the
+corporation, and he settles down with his family in such place as will
+make it most convenient for him to attend to the business of the
+company. His whole services are theirs, his arrangements are all made
+with reference to their business, and when he is discharged, without
+any reasonable cause, without any prior notice, or his wages reduced
+while his labor is not reduced, and, as is sometimes the case,
+increased without his consent, and the order for that purpose made
+without consulting him in any manner, he has a right to find fault. He
+is like a soldier, whose whole time has been spent in the service. His
+occupation is more dangerous than that followed by others, and the kind
+of services he has to perform unfits him for other duties, and railroad
+officers should always take these facts into consideration in dealing
+with him.
+
+The wages of the trainmen, after the reduction in June, 1877, were as
+follows, to wit; Freight conductors: first class, two dollars and
+twelve cents per day; second class, one dollar and ninety-one cents per
+day; brakemen, one dollar and forty-five cents per day, and the day's
+work averaged from seven hours and twenty-five minutes, the shortest
+time, to eight hours and thirty-five minutes, the longest time. These
+wages were good wages for the amount of labor performed per day, and if
+the men could make full time, would amount to thirty-eight dollars and
+seventy cents per month for brakemen, and fifty-five dollars and twelve
+cents for first class conductors. This was higher wages than the same
+class of men could get in other employments and seemed to be, as stated
+by the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, some twenty per
+cent. higher than the wages paid in other lines of business, the
+company intending to keep the wages of its men about so much more than
+is paid in other occupations on account of the risk taken by the
+trainmen. It is claimed by the railroad officials that the depression
+in freight traffic on the railroads, both in amount and in price,
+required a consequent reduction in the expenses of the railroads, and
+the reduction of June, 1877, they asserted to be justifiable, under all
+the circumstances, and it is the opinion of your committee that, if
+before it had gone into effect, the men had been made fully acquainted
+with the reasons for the step taken, and the necessity of it, in short,
+treated as if they were reasonable men and entitled to consideration,
+very much of the dissatisfaction would not have existed, and the
+country might possibly have been spared the troublous scenes through
+which it passed at that time. No doubt the fact that a strike of the
+trainmen of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad had taken place at
+Martinsburg, West Virginia, on the 16th of July, and was gaining
+strength and headway, had its influence in determining the trainmen of
+the Pennsylvania railroad, at Pittsburgh, to commence their strike at
+that place, and, in consequence thereof, a much less grievance was
+needed than would otherwise have sufficed, as an excuse for their
+action. The fact, also, that the trainmen on other railroads were
+rapidly following suit, and stopping the running of freight trains on
+such roads, encouraged the men to persist in their course to stand out
+and prevent, by force, trains from being run on the Pennsylvania
+railroad.
+
+There seemed at this time to be an epidemic of strikes running through
+the country, not only among the railroad men, but among all classes of
+laborers, and this helped to precipitate and bring about strikes at all
+the places about which this report will treat. The general feeling of
+uneasiness existing among the laboring classes of the country before
+mentioned, and the sympathy felt by these classes for each other made
+them very susceptible to anything which affected their fellow laborers,
+and, to use a medical phrase, the labor system was in a good condition
+to receive the epidemic which was spreading over the country, and in a
+very poor condition to resist and throw off the disease. The strike
+once inaugurated at Pittsburgh, was strengthened and encouraged by the
+sympathy the strikers received from nearly all classes of the citizens,
+and more especially by the sympathy shown by the city officials. Had
+the community frowned on the attempt of the strikers to prevent, by
+force, the running of freight trains, as it should have been done, and
+had the civil authorities shown a firm determination to enforce the law
+at the outset, as it was their sworn duty to do, there can be no doubt
+but the mob would have been dispersed without bloodshed and riot, as it
+was in Philadelphia, Scranton, and other places. Philadelphia and
+Scranton are particularly mentioned, for at these places there is a
+much larger proportion of the turbulent class than at Pittsburgh, and
+consequently a great deal more of the material of which riotous mobs
+are composed. When any community winks at a small violation of the law,
+by any person, and more especially by a combination of persons, it is
+laying the foundation for trouble and difficulty. A crowd of people
+assembled for the purpose of accomplishing, however worthy, a purpose
+in a questionable manner, is very easily converted into a riot, and
+when a crowd proposed to carry out an unlawful object by violence it
+soon becomes an uncontrollable mob, if encouraged in its purposes by
+the sympathy, either expressed or passive, of the community and the
+civil authorities. The small show of force made by the police in the
+spasmodic manner, it was on July 19th and 20th, was worse than if no
+police force had ever appeared on the ground, for the strikers knew
+they had nothing to fear from them, and the lawless characters, who had
+begun to gather around, construed this action as a sort of license to
+do what they chose as long as they interfered with nothing but
+railroad interests.
+
+The refusal of the mayor to go to the scene of the disturbance himself,
+when specially requested to do so, and to raise a special police to
+meet the emergency, is inexplicable on any theory of a wish on his part
+to do his duty and enforce the law, and when contrasted with the
+vigorous measures taken by the mayor of the sister city of Allegheny,
+and of nearly every other place in which riots occurred, must be most
+humiliating to the people who elected such a man as their chief
+magistrate. Had he shown a proper appreciation of his duty by going to
+the grounds of the railroad company when requested, he would have known
+better the extent of the troubles threatened, and if determined to
+enforce the law, could have prepared to do so by swearing in special
+policemen, as was done in all other places. If he chose to rely on a
+subordinate to do what was manifestly his duty, and that subordinate
+failed from any cause, either incapacity or sympathy with the mob, to
+appreciate the danger, and take measures to prepare for it, the
+responsibility must still rest on him. His evidence, that he received
+reports from his officers through the night of the 19th and 20th, that
+all was quiet, is belied by all the testimony in the case. When a call
+was first made by the railroad officials for ten policemen, and for his
+personal presence, followed in a short time by a call for fifty
+policemen, and that by a call for one hundred and fifty, most men would
+have concluded that all was not quiet, even if the police should report
+to the contrary. This taken in connection with the fact that the
+morning papers of the 20th, contained the call of the sheriff on the
+Governor for troops, and the orders for the troops to assemble, and
+that this was done only after an appeal, soon after midnight, by the
+sheriff in person to the crowd to disperse, and their answer to him by
+blasphemy, and hooting, and yelling, and other indignities would leave
+the people generally to believe that the mayor had willfully shut his
+eyes to what was transpiring on the premises of the railroad company.
+
+Very blind or confiding policemen they must have been that night of the
+19th and 20th, and very confiding was the mayor to go to Castle
+Shannon, a distance of six miles, and let matters take care of
+themselves. The mayor, to excuse himself for doing nothing after the
+sheriff made a call for the troops, says that he considered himself
+superseded by the sheriff and by the military. It has usually been
+considered that the military was subordinate to the civil authority,
+and that the clause of the Constitution, which reads: "The military
+shall, in all cases, and at all times, be in strict subordination to
+the civil power," means something, and was placed in the Constitution
+for a purpose. If the construction of the law, given by the mayor, is
+to prevail, people have been very much mistaken in their understanding
+of what is the law, and that all the military need do, under the
+mayor's dispensation, is to get some authority to call them out, and
+then, as they supersede the civil authority, they have full control,
+and can decide for themselves, when the necessity for their services
+has ceased, and can, therefore, take charge of the affairs of the
+community as long as any ambitious officer may elect. It is a new
+doctrine, this of the mayor's, in this country, and he must excuse this
+committee if they fail to take any stock in it. The other excuse given
+by the mayor for his inaction, to wit: That the men (meaning the
+sheriff and military officers,) who had charge of matters after the
+19th, were narrow gauge men, and he could not coöperate with them in
+their views, and the measures necessary to be taken in the emergency,
+is also untenable. It does not appear that he ever consulted with these
+men, or any one of them, in regard to what should be done, while it
+does appear that he was sought after, and frequent attempts made to
+consult with him by the railroad officials, until they learned that
+nothing could be expected of him. If his excuse for neglecting his duty
+in the matters within his immediate jurisdiction, (to wit: Keeping the
+peace, dispersing a mob, and enforcing the law in the city of which he
+was chief executive officer,) is a valid one, the others might, with
+the same propriety, claim that his gauge did not suit them, and,
+therefore, they could not coöperate with him, to keep the peace in his
+bailiwick, and refuse to do anything, and the mob allowed to have its
+own way.
+
+If the officers referred to were superior to the mayor, he should have
+done what he could to coöperate with them, in dispersing the mob, and
+suppressing the riot, and on them would rest the responsibility for the
+measures they adopted; if they were not superior to him, then even he
+will not claim that he had a right to do nothing. All peace officers
+(and the military when called out to suppress a riot, is only a posse
+for the peace officers) are expected, and it is their duty, to
+coöperate for the purpose of keeping the peace. An officer, willing and
+anxious to do his duty, will never object to do what he can to enforce
+the law because some other officer or officers are trying to assist in
+the same object, even if they do not consult him, while one who is
+looking for some excuse for evading his duty is very apt to find one
+that will satisfy himself, although it may be satisfy no one else.
+Mayor McCarthy, at any time on the 19th day of July, at the head of a
+determined posse of fifty men, could have dispersed the strikers, and
+allowed trains to go out, and the trains once running, the strikers
+would have given up the contest. On the 20th of July, the mayor, with
+one hundred men, could have dispersed the crowd, and by the arrest of a
+few ringleaders broken the strength of the strike.
+
+These statements are made on the supposition that the mayor had been in
+earnest, and acted with the vigor that characterized several of the
+mayors who were called upon for the same duty in their respective
+cities at nearly the same time.
+
+The mob knows instinctively the feelings of the bystanders and
+officers, and a little encouragement makes it very bold, while a
+determination to enforce the law by a few brave officers will cause the
+same mob to disperse, for it is an old and true saying that mobs are
+cowardly. This report has already stated, as a matter of fact, proved
+by the evidence before the committee, that all classes of the citizens
+of Pittsburgh sympathized with the trainmen in their strike. Some of
+the citizens claim this is hardly true, but most of them admit it, but
+deny that any of them sympathized with the riotous conduct of the mob
+and the destruction of property by it. The best description of the
+feeling of that community was given by Sheriff Fife, who testified that
+there was a general sympathy with the strikers; the entire laboring
+class sympathized with them; the merchants sympathized with them to a
+certain extent; that the responsible portion of the people of
+Pittsburgh were not in sympathy with the riot, but that it took a
+certain amount of riot to bring them to their senses. That this
+sympathy with the strikers pervaded the whole community does not admit
+of a reasonable doubt. There may have been, and no doubt were persons
+who did not sympathize, but they were isolated cases, and so few as to
+be of no use in controlling or directing public sentiment. There are a
+great many evidences of this aside from the direct testimony of most of
+the witnesses who were asked the question. The fact that Sheriff Fife
+testifies to that he did not undertake to raise a posse to disperse the
+mob before calling on the Governor for troops, as it would have been
+folly to have tried it in the city for he knew the feeling of the
+people, he might possibly have raised a posse in the country, if he had
+had time, is one evidence. On Saturday, the 21st, he sent out twenty
+deputies to raise a posse to assist in arresting the ringleaders, and
+they did not raise an average of one each, after, as they testify,
+making a vigorous effort. The action of the Pittsburgh troops, also
+shows that the same feeling of sympathy pervaded them, and the actions
+of the mayor and police show conclusively the same thing, so far as
+they were concerned. The editorials in the newspapers of the city show
+as strongly as any evidence can, where the sympathy of the community
+was, these being the best exponents of public sentiment when not
+repudiated by the people. The prejudice among the shippers over the
+Pennsylvania railroad against that company on account of the alleged
+discrimination in freight against them, caused them also to sympathize
+with the trainmen, and the general feeling was, after the commencement
+of the strike, to let the company take care of itself. No one can doubt
+that the existence of this feeling in the community was well known to
+the strikers, and that it encouraged them to hold out in their purposes
+and make them more bold in their adoption of measures to resist the
+company, and prevent by force any freight trains from leaving
+Pittsburgh.
+
+This feeling of boldness and confidence in disregarding the law
+communicated itself to the new comers in the crowd, many of them being
+the worst criminals and tramps, until the mob became so confident that
+they could do as they pleased, that they did not believe any serious
+attempt would be made to disperse them, until the railroad company had
+yielded to the demand of the strikers, and that if such an attempt
+should be made they could easily repel it. None of the citizens had the
+remotest idea that the strike would culminate in any serious riot or
+destruction of property, neither did the strikers themselves expect
+this would be the result, but the resistance to law once started, the
+original movers soon lost all control of the movement, and the
+consequences were such as to astonish the most reckless among them. No
+one could have foreseen the result, and the experience of the people of
+Pittsburgh, with strikes prior to that time, had not been such as to
+lead them to anticipate anything serious in this case. There being many
+manufacturing establishments in and around that place, employing a
+large number of men, strikes were quite familiar to them, but as they
+were usually confined to the men of one establishment, or one branch of
+trade, they were arranged without serious disturbance of the public
+peace, and no one realized the danger in winking at the course of the
+strikers in this case. No strike had ever before taken place under such
+favorable circumstances to make trouble. Never before were so many of
+the resident laborers out of work, never before was the country so
+filled with tramps to flock to such a scene of disturbance, never
+before was the laboring class of the whole country so ready to join in
+a move of that kind, and never before were the civil authorities of the
+city so utterly incompetent to deal with such an outbreak, or if not
+incompetent, then criminally negligent, in not making an earnest effort
+to enforce the law. The railroad riots of 1877, have by some been
+called an insurrection, for the reason that strikes occurred at nearly
+the same time on several of the main trunk lines of the country, that
+several Governors of States issued proclamations warning the rioters to
+disperse, &c., some of them calling on the President of the United
+States for troops to assist the civil authorities in dispersing the
+mobs and enforcing the law, and the large number of men engaged in
+these troubles in the different parts of the county. Insurrection is
+defined to be "a rising against civil or political authority; the open
+and active opposition of a number of persons to the execution of law in
+a city or State; a rebellion; a revolt."
+
+The railroad riots in Pennsylvania were not a rising against civil or
+political authority; in their origin were not intended by their movers
+as an open and active opposition to the execution of the law. Most of
+the riots were the result of the strikes by a portion of the railroad
+men, the strikes being intended to bring the railroad officers to a
+compromise with the strikers, of the differences between them. In some
+places the men merely proposed to quit work, and not interfere with the
+running of trains by any men the railroad authorities could get; in
+other places they would not allow other men to work in their places,
+nor railroad officials to send out freight trains, if in their power to
+prevent. It was in no case an uprising against the law as such, but a
+combination of men to assert an illegal right as between them and the
+railroad company. There was no organized movement throughout the
+country, no pre-arranged plan of the trainmen to prevent the running of
+freight trains by violence or combination, understanding or agreement
+between the men on any one railroad and the men on another. Each strike
+was independent of those on other roads, each having a local cause
+particularly its own. As before stated, there was a sort of an epidemic
+of strikes running through the laboring classes of the country, more
+particularly those in the employ of large corporations, caused by the
+great depression of business, which followed the panic of 1873, by
+means whereof many men were thrown out of work, and the wages of those
+who could get work were reduced to correspond with the reduction in the
+prices of all commodities and the reduced amount of business to be
+done. Each strike, except at Reading, although commenced originally by
+men then at work for a railroad or some other corporation, to carry out
+their own purposes, was soon joined by all the idlers and vagabonds in
+the vicinity, and these being by far the largest in number, soon took
+the movement out of the hands of the originators and carried it clear
+beyond anything they ever anticipated. The vagabonds having no object
+but plunder, and having no particular interest in anything else, were
+ready to resort to violent measures to accomplish their object.
+
+The immediate cause of the strike at Pittsburgh was not similar to any
+other that has come to the knowledge of this committee, it being the
+order to run double-headers. No such cause existed anywhere else, and,
+therefore, the troubles there could not be considered as a part of any
+general understanding between trainmen. At Reading, the railroad men
+were not engaged in any strike, nor did they take any part in the riots
+there. The troubles there were caused solely by idle men, who had some
+time previously been discharged from the employ of the Philadelphia and
+Reading Railroad Company, and for the purpose of venting their spite on
+the company. At Scranton, although there had been a strike of the
+railroad men, this had been adjusted, and the men were at work again,
+when the riots occurred, the riots being engaged in by the idle men and
+striking miners and mill men. If a riot, growing out of any of these
+isolated movements, is to be called an insurrection, or if these
+movements, altogether, are to rise to the dignity of an insurrection,
+then the word must be given a new definition, for as it now stands,
+there must have been some pre-concerted arrangement between the men at
+the different points, to resist the laws of the country, or the move at
+some point must have been for the purpose of resisting constituted
+authority, and not the mere purpose of forcing railroad companies, or
+any other corporations, to come to terms with the strikers, by
+obstructing the business of the railroad or other corporation. No
+pre-concerted arrangement of any kind has been proved before your
+committee, although such persons as might be supposed to know the fact,
+if it existed at all, were subpoenaed and testified before us, and
+all of them positively deny that there was any concert of action
+whatever, among the trainmen, for a strike after the 27th of June, and
+a local cause for the different strikes in Pennsylvania is given by
+them all. It has been asserted by many that no rioting or destruction
+of property would have taken place at Pittsburgh, if the troops had not
+been called out, and had not fired on the mob. The trifling with the
+mob, at this place, by the civil authorities, and the sympathy shown by
+the citizens, with the original strikers, had emboldened and encouraged
+it to such an extent, that when the Philadelphia troops arrived on the
+ground, it had, no doubt, got beyond the control of the civil power, as
+then constituted, and there can be no doubt of the necessity for the
+presence of those troops. Such mobs as that at the Twenty-eighth street
+crossing, on Saturday evening, July 21st, at the time the Philadelphia
+troops were marched out there, would never have dispersed without
+making serious trouble, troops or no troops.
+
+How long it would take a mob to disperse and melt away of its own
+accord, which on Thursday numbered from fifty to two hundred men, on
+Friday from five hundred to fifteen hundred, and on Saturday from two
+thousand in the morning to seven or eight thousand in the afternoon,
+and which was growing all the time more turbulent and excited, we leave
+for the advocates of the do nothing policy to determine if they can.
+The firing on the mob by the troops, and the subsequent inaction
+precipitated and aggravated its action, but did not create the riots.
+When a great line of public travel and traffic like the Pennsylvania
+railroad is blockaded by a mob, the public interests suffer more than
+the railroad interests, and every day that it is allowed to continue,
+damages the community to the extent of thousands of dollars, and it was
+the duty of the local civil authorities to adopt the most vigorous
+measures to break the blockade, but if instead of doing this, they
+temporize with the mob until, in consequence thereof, it becomes too
+strong to be suppressed by them, and the troops of the State are called
+on for assistance, the latter cannot be said to have caused the riots,
+or held responsible for the consequences of an honest effort to enforce
+the law. If the rioting was caused by the calling out of the troops,
+and their subsequent actions, then the claim that that was an
+insurrection falls to the ground, and if there was an insurrection,
+then the troops cannot have been the cause of the rioting, as the two
+positions are inconsistent, although held and advocated by a number of
+prominent men.
+
+All of which is respectfully submitted.
+
+    JOHN E. REYBURN,
+    _Chairman_.
+
+    E. D. YUTZY,
+    W. L. TORBERT,
+    _Committee of the Senate_.
+
+    W. M. LINDSEY,
+    _Chairman Joint Committee_.
+
+    D. C. LARRABEE,
+    A. F. ENGELBERT,
+    SAMU'L W. MEANS,
+    P. P. DEWEES,
+    _Committee of the House_.
+
+Laid on the table.
+
+
+
+
+    PROCEEDINGS AND TESTIMONY.
+
+
+    SENATE COMMITTEE ROOM,
+    HARRISBURG, _February 4, 1878_.
+
+The committee met and organized by the election of the following
+officers:
+
+    W. M. Lindsey, _Chairman_.
+    Samuel B. Collins, _Clerk and Stenographer_.
+    J. J. Cromer, _Sergeant-at-Arms_.
+    ---- ----, _Messenger_.
+
+Adjourned to meet in Pittsburgh, an the 6th instant.
+
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM,
+    PITTSBURGH, _Wednesday, February 6, 1878_.
+
+The committee met at half past ten o'clock, A.M., this day, in the
+orphans' court room, city of Pittsburgh.
+
+The roll of members being called, it was found that all the members
+were present.
+
+The committee engaged in a consultation as to the mode of procedure in
+taking testimony--as to whether the sessions of the committee should be
+public, and as to whether counsel should be admitted to represent
+parties who might be summoned as witnesses.
+
+G. H. Geyer, Esquire, counsel for the county commissioners, was invited
+before the committee for the purpose of ascertaining what the
+commissioners desired; also W. B. Rogers, Esquire, counsel for the city
+of Allegheny, was invited before the committee for the same purpose.
+The county commissioners in person also appeared before the committee.
+
+The committee was waited upon by Mr. Johnson, a member of the chamber
+of commerce, who gave information that the chamber had appointed a
+committee, of which he had been elected chairman, for the purpose of
+giving aid in obtaining information relative to matters being
+investigated by the committee. On behalf of the chamber of commerce, he
+also tendered the use of their hall for the sittings of the committee.
+
+Upon motion of Senator Reyburn, it was ordered that a session should be
+held this afternoon, from three to six o'clock.
+
+Adjourned.
+
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM,
+    PITTSBURGH, _Wednesday, February 6, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled at three o'clock,
+P.M., this day.
+
+The debate was resumed, as to the mode of procedure in taking
+testimony.
+
+Upon motion of Senator Reyburn, the chairman of the committee, Mr.
+Lindsey, was selected to conduct the examination of witnesses on behalf
+of the committee.
+
+Adjourned.
+
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM,
+    PITTSBURGH, _February 7, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee met at ten o'clock, A.M., this
+day.
+
+The committee proceeded to the examination of witnesses. The first
+witness called was:
+
+John Scott, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I am still a citizen of Pittsburgh, although I have been attending
+to my business for the last three months in Philadelphia.
+
+Q. What is your official relation to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company?
+
+A. At present I am the general solicitor of the company.
+
+Q. What was it in July last?
+
+A. I was then what was called the general counsel of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company, resident at Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Can you tell the committee whether, prior to July last, there were
+any differences existing between the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and
+its employés?
+
+A. On that subject I have no personal knowledge. Any differences, if
+they did exist, between the employés and the company were known to the
+operating officers of the company, over whom I have no control. I only
+know it as a matter of public history, as other persons.
+
+Q. Were you present at the disturbances of the peace within the city of
+Pittsburgh in July last?
+
+A. I was during a portion of those disturbances, but not during all of
+them. If it is desired that I should give you a connected statement of
+what I did see, I would begin with where my personal knowledge of the
+transactions commenced.
+
+Q. That is what the committee desire?
+
+A. On the morning of Thursday--that week in which the disturbances
+occurred--I cannot recollect the date--on that morning there was no
+appearance of disturbance. I state this from the fact that Mr.
+Pitcairn, the superintendent of the western division, and I live within
+a very short distance of each other. We take trains at the same
+station, and when I went there that morning I found him there with his
+family, preparing to go, for a visit of some length, to Long Branch.
+The strike which had occurred on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was
+the subject of conversation between us during the few moments that we
+were together there, and I know, at that moment, he had not the most
+remote apprehension of any disturbance. I came into town on the train,
+and knew nothing of any disturbance until about noon, when I heard of
+the assault having been made upon Mr. Watt. I did not see it, or I
+would narrate it.
+
+Q. Who was Mr. Watt?
+
+A. He was the chief clerk, or assistant to Mr. Pitcairn. About nine
+o'clock that evening I received a dispatch, stating that Messrs.
+Hampton and Dalzell, the local solicitors, who took charge of the
+local business, were absent from the city, and requesting me to come to
+the outer depot. I did so. I got off at the Twenty-eighth street
+station. There was quite a large crowd of people at that station. Just
+when I got off, an engine was coming up from the direction of the Union
+depot. I do not know from whence it had started. Immediately, there was
+a cry that it must be stopped, and there was a rush of a large number
+of that crowd towards the engine. It did stop, and a loud halloo went
+up from that crowd.
+
+Q. Who composed that crowd, so far as you observed?
+
+A. That I cannot tell. My point was to reach the outer depot, and I
+spent no more time there than was necessary. At the outer depot I found
+that Mr. Pitcairn had not yet reached the city, although he had been
+telegraphed for. I found Mr. Watt there, his assistant, and learned
+from him the extent to which the disturbance had gone. That he can give
+you personally. Finding from that statement that a call had been made
+upon the mayor for assistance to regain the property of the company,
+and that it had been ineffectual, I went up to my office for the
+purpose of looking at the act of Assembly passed in 1877, and also the
+law providing for calling out the military by the Governor. I spent
+some time in doing that, leaving word for Mr. Watt to come to my
+office, so we might call upon the sheriff for the purpose of dispersing
+the mob, and regaining possession of the company's property. He came up
+in a short time, and we rode to the sheriff's residence, and woke him
+up out of bed.
+
+Q. Where is his residence?
+
+A. In Washington street, between Wylie and Fifth avenue.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. That was, probably, between ten--no I am not certain about the
+hour--about ten or eleven o'clock. I stated to the sheriff that the
+property of the company was in the possession of a large number of the
+employés and of citizens--the information was that--I had no personal
+knowledge of it--Mr. Watt was with me--and that an effort had been
+made, through the mayor, to regain possession, which had not succeeded,
+and that we called upon him, as officers of the company, to ask him to
+go to the outer depot and exert his power, as sheriff of the county, to
+disperse the crowd assembled there, and to restore possession to the
+company of its property. I said I came as counsel of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company, and, that as it would probably be one of the most
+delicate exercises of power he could be called upon to make, I insisted
+he should send for his own counsel to accompany him, as if he found his
+power insufficient to disperse the mob, and to restore to the company
+possession of its property, we would ask him further to advise the
+Governor, so he might exercise his power, if he found it necessary. The
+sheriff replied that Mr. Carnahan was his counsel, and that he resided
+at East Liberty, and that he could not get him in time to go to the
+depot. He went for a deputy, who lived across the street--Mr. Haymaker,
+I think--and we all drove to the outer depot, on the way finding Mr.
+Pitcairn, who had arrived in a train from the East. When we reached the
+outer depot, General Pearson was there. He had been apprized by the
+Adjutant General. The sheriff was again informed of the desire of the
+company to obtain possession of its property, and have the crowd
+dispersed.
+
+Q. Can you give the date of this?
+
+A. I have said this was on the Thursday preceding the actual burning
+and destruction. As a matter of memory, my recollection is that it was
+the 19th, although I am cautious about dates, as I have not a good
+recollection about dates. The sheriff then went out with General
+Pearson to Twenty-eighth street. I did not go with him. He came back
+after the lapse of probably three quarters of an hour, reporting that
+he found himself unable to disperse the mob, and that he could get no
+force to enable him to disperse it. I then said to the sheriff that it
+was a question for him to determine whether he had exhausted his power
+for the protection of the company's property. He said he had exhausted
+it, and that he had made up his mind to ask the Governor to call out
+the troops to disperse the mob. At his request, I wrote a dispatch to
+the Governor, and submitted it to him, General Pearson, being present
+as I understood, acting as his counsel at the time. Some requests had
+come to send a dispatch to the Lieutenant Governor. I was satisfied
+that it was not such an occasion as authorized the Lieutenant Governor
+to act; but public information in the newspapers being that the
+Governor was absent from the Commonwealth, I suggested to the sheriff,
+as a matter of prudence, that a dispatch should be sent to the
+executive office, at Harrisburg, addressed to the Governor; that a copy
+of it should be sent to the Secretary of State, who was then in Beaver,
+we understood, with information that it had been sent to executive
+office; that another copy should be sent to the Adjutant General, who
+was understood to be in Philadelphia, and that the Lieutenant Governor
+should be informed of the fact that such a dispatch had been sent to
+the Governor, that he might have that information, and, if he had the
+authority to act, might exercise it.
+
+Q. Who signed that dispatch?
+
+A. The sheriff.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. That was in the neighborhood of twelve o'clock that night. I am
+giving my judgment about those hours. Those dispatches signed by the
+sheriff were sent. There was a great deal of telegraphing that evening
+there, between myself and the officials of the railroad company, Mr.
+Pitcairn and others, the details of which I cannot now recollect. In
+the course of several hours after that dispatches were received from
+Mr. Quay and the Adjutant General by the Sheriff, informing him that
+the Governor had ordered out the troops. Dispatches were also received
+there by General Pearson, from the Adjutant General, giving him the
+same information. I cannot give the hour of those dispatches; but I
+know before we left the office, probably about five o'clock in the
+morning--four or five o'clock, perhaps--the sheriff and General Pearson
+had both received dispatches to the effect that the Governor had
+ordered out the military to the assistance of the sheriff, and that
+General Pearson had drawn an order, in pursuance of those dispatches,
+for one of his own regiments of this city to turn out. Probably about
+five or six o'clock that morning several of us left the office and went
+to bed at the Union depot. That was Friday morning. Now as to the
+actual progress of the strike. What occurred at the outer depot during
+Friday, I believe, I have no personal knowledge, and I do not know that
+I had any intercourse with any of the officials of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company, and not, probably, with the military officers, until
+about four or five o'clock that evening. There was delay in the
+military responding to the general's orders. Some information reached
+our office, where I was engaged in other business in the office of the
+Penn company, that General Pearson was about to open the tracks with
+the military, and was starting for that purpose from Union depot. Mr.
+Thaw and I went up there together. When we arrived, there was a company
+ready to go to Twenty-eighth street. Mr. Cassatt was there, one of the
+vice-presidents of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. I do not know
+what was said when I got there; but in some way my opinion was asked as
+to the propriety of the movement. Somebody asked me, I do not know who.
+There were a great many people around the dispatcher's office, where
+General Pearson was. I was asked the question. I said in reply, that as
+an officer of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company I had no opinion at all
+to give, that the civil power of the country having been called upon,
+and the sheriff having been called upon, and the military being there
+with General Pearson in command of them, I certainly would not give any
+instructions that would interfere with the discretion either of the
+sheriff or of General Pearson. I might reply, as a citizen of
+Pittsburgh, that there was no need of repeating the old maximum, which
+had got very trite, that there was no use in firing blank shot at a
+mob; but that when they were ready to strike, they should do it
+effectually, and disperse the mob. The General stated to me there the
+force he had, some sixty men in that company and a battery called
+Breck's Battery, the remainder of his force was at Torrens station. He
+also stated he had a number of men then at Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. What is the distance of Torrens station from Twenty-eight street?
+
+A. Out to East Liberty is four miles, and Torrens station is probably a
+quarter of a mile beyond that. From the length of time that had
+elapsed, and a number of the men not having responded, I felt satisfied
+it would be prudent to have more troops before striking, and I so
+telegraphed to Philadelphia. General Pearson, at that point, said: I
+believe I could take this battery up there and open the track at that
+point, but it would be with very great sacrifice of life.
+
+Q. To whom did you telegraph to Philadelphia?
+
+A. To the president of the road--Colonel Scott. I said in that
+dispatch, from the dilatory way in which the troops were coming, I
+thought that the troops ought to come from some other quarter than from
+Pittsburgh. General Pearson was evidently reluctant to sacrifice life,
+even if he could open the road by doing so, and wished Mr. Thaw and
+myself, as officers of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, to sign a
+request asking him to delay his movement. I refused to do so, saying
+that I would not control his discretion as a military man--that what
+should be done, at that time, should be left to him to decide. I left
+then and went out home that evening, and staid at home Friday night and
+saw nothing more of the riot than a passenger would see in passing out
+through the large crowd assembled at and about Twenty-eight street. I
+cannot estimate the number there, but the road was blocked and the hill
+was largely covered, when we went out on Friday evening. I returned to
+the city on Saturday morning, but did not see what transpired along the
+Pennsylvania railroad during that morning, as I was busy in my own
+office at Tenth and Penn streets. There was a great deal of
+communicating back and forth between the officials of the road, between
+Philadelphia and here, and west of this point, in reference to the
+strike. I was not present when the troops arrived from Philadelphia. I
+was pursuing my business in my department that evening until I went
+over to go out to my home, at Shady Side. The train I took was delayed,
+the firing having already commenced at Twenty-eight street. Word had
+come by telegraph, before that train started, that the firing had
+occurred. I went out in that train, through a dense crowd, both of
+civil and military men, at Twenty-eight street; and I was at my home
+during that night. The firing began that night, probably about eight or
+nine o'clock. I came into the city the next morning, and went to the
+Union Depot Hotel with some ladies who had been left on the train that
+could not get in the night before. It is not necessary for me to say
+what occurred. I found a place of safety for them. I found that the
+Union Depot Hotel was not a safe place at that time. I saw at that time
+the fire progressing up, but I was not any nearer to the scene of the
+riot at that time than the Union Depot Hotel. Secretary Quay and
+Adjutant General Latta were in the Union Depot Hotel making
+preparations to leave it.
+
+Q. State the distance of your residence from the Union depot.
+
+A. The station where I get off is a fraction over three miles from the
+Union Depot Hotel, and my residence is probably four or five hundred
+yards from the station.
+
+Q. State whether at this time there was any rioting nearer to the Union
+depot than Twenty-eighth street, at the time you speak about when
+General Latta and Secretary Quay were in the Union Depot Hotel.
+
+A. The fire had progressed, and was then progressing on this side of
+Twenty-eighth street up toward the Union Depot Hotel. I cannot say
+where the fire first originated, but looking up Liberty street from the
+Union Depot Hotel, when I was there, I should say the fire was then
+some six or seven blocks from the Union Depot Hotel. I could see it
+distinctly spreading across the street. I was not at the scene of the
+riot during Sunday; I was with the officers of the railroad company in
+Allegheny City, in conference as to the best mode of preventing further
+trouble, destruction, and rioting over portions of the road west of
+Pittsburgh. I do not know that I can give any further information in
+giving my personal knowledge of what I saw of the actual disturbances.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge as to what was done by the railroad company
+after that time?
+
+A. In the way of suppressing the riot?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. I might state upon that subject, that upon Saturday afternoon, while
+the officers of the western lines were in Allegheny City, a committee
+of citizens--at least a committee appointed at a citizens' meeting--a
+representative of Bishop Twigg--one of his clergymen, whose name I do
+not recollect--and Reverend Mr. Scoville, of the Presbyterian Church,
+and James I. Bennett, came to see what we could do in the way of
+suppressing the riot, and asking that some concession should be made to
+the men on the road. We replied to them substantially, that so far as
+the railroad company was concerned, we thought the mob had done about
+its worst. This was when the Union depot was burning--at least Mr. Thaw
+and I were on the hill a short time before, and saw the fire so near
+that we supposed it was then burning. We said it had now ceased to be a
+question between the railroad company and the employés, and was one
+between the public authorities and the mob, between government and
+anarchy, and that so far as we had anything to do with the question, we
+were now in an utterly defenseless position, and we thought, being in
+that position, if we were to make the concessions which had been
+demanded in the beginning, we would be breaking down the only barrier
+between anarchy and their property, and that now the question for the
+citizens to determine was whether they would make any effort to stop
+that lawlessness which would next reach them after it had spent its
+fury on the railroad company. So far as the efforts to stop the rioting
+by negotiations or compromising with the men were concerned, I had no
+direct connection with them. That occurred between others--friends of
+the road, the general management, and the representatives of the
+men--and I knew of them only in a general way, from hearing what was
+said by the officers, which was substantially, that while the men were
+in the position of law breakers, and holding control of the company's
+property, we could not yield to the demands extorted by that kind of
+violence; but that, if things were restored to their normal condition,
+the company was perfectly willing to meet the men, and negotiate with
+them in regard to this matter just as in regard to any other
+difference.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Upon this Thursday you speak of, you say you found, at a certain
+stage, that the road was in possession of the mob--substantially a
+mob--that then you went to the sheriff, and then, with him, to the
+depot, and found General Pearson there. Now, can you state to us who
+called for, or who sent for the militia--who called upon the State
+Government?
+
+A. I have already stated that the call for the militia was made by
+Sheriff Fife, after he had gone out with General Pearson, and
+endeavored to disperse the mob at Twenty-eighth street. He then came
+back and reported his inability to do so, and that he had no further
+power at his command, and announced his decision that he would call
+upon the Governor, and, at his request, I wrote a dispatch to the
+Governor, announcing his conclusion, and asking for the Governor's aid.
+
+Q. At the request of the sheriff?
+
+A. Yes; he signed that dispatch sent to the Governor.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you call upon the mayor for assistance before you called upon
+the sheriff?
+
+A. I did not personally. Mr. Watt informed me he did. He can give you
+that.
+
+Q. Was General Pearson connected with the sheriff's office at that time
+as a deputy?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. You stated he was counsel for the sheriff?
+
+A. Oh, no. I stated to the sheriff that I was calling upon him as
+counsel for the railroad company, and I insisted that he ought to have
+his own counsel to guide him in determining his duty in this emergency;
+but, saying that Mr. Carnahan was his regular counsel, and that he
+could not send for him, he went to the depot without him, with a deputy
+named Haymaker. When we reached the depot General Pearson was there,
+saying he had been requested by the Adjutant General to be there. When
+Sheriff Fife saw him there, he turned to me and said: "Mr. Scott, I
+know him, and for this occasion I will be governed by his counsel."
+General Pearson was not there as a deputy or a clerk, but in obedience
+to the dispatch of the Adjutant General, and the sheriff, finding him
+there, was governed by his counsel at that time.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge as to who sent for the troops at
+Philadelphia, who ordered them here?
+
+A. I have no other knowledge of it than that which came in the
+dispatches that night, which was that the Adjutant General had ordered
+them. A dispatch came from Mr. Quay saying that the Governor had
+ordered out the militia.
+
+Q. The Philadelphia troops of the First division?
+
+A. I have no actual knowledge as to who ordered them out, except in a
+general way; the Adjutant General was here afterwards, and when those
+troops came it was my understanding, derived from my intercourse with
+General Latta and all the others, that the military had been ordered
+out by the Adjutant General, he being the military officer of the State
+under the Governor. In speaking of all this, I am giving what occurred
+by the dispatches in the outer depot while I was there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Can you give the extent of the destruction of the railroad property
+by the fire?
+
+A. I cannot, with any accuracy.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Approximately?
+
+A. I have been informed that the officers of the road are yet engaged
+in making up a full statement of the losses of the company, and any
+estimate I might make would be so entirely unreliable that, if it is
+important to the committee, I prefer sending for those who have that
+subject in charge.
+
+Q. Can you give the extent of the burning, the destruction of property
+in general?
+
+A. My statement would be simply from observation--that the burning of
+property commenced at or very near the station of Lawrenceville.
+
+Q. How far from the Union depot?
+
+A. I would suppose a mile and a quarter or a mile and a half. That is
+an estimate. I do not know, I may be wrong about that. It is the second
+stopping place out from the Union depot. The destruction on the track,
+of cars that were there, and buildings extending from Lawrenceville all
+along past the Union depot and embracing property of the Pittsburgh,
+Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad Company, on Seventh street, in this
+city, the number of cars burnt, the number of locomotives destroyed or
+disabled, the value of the goods in those cars, and the value of the
+buildings that were destroyed, and the injury done on the road are all
+matters of computation upon which my estimate would not be worth
+anything. It will have to be obtained from actual examination of those
+who inspected them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was the first burning of cars or of buildings?
+
+A. I cannot say, except as a matter of public information. I was not
+present. I have already stated I was at Shady Side on Saturday evening,
+when the fire commenced.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge about what time that fire commenced?
+
+A. I saw the light in the evening about nine or ten o'clock, and sent
+my son in to ascertain the state of things.
+
+Q. Of your own knowledge you do not know whether it was a car that was
+first burned or a building?
+
+A. Of my own knowledge I cannot say at what point the fire began, or by
+whom it was kindled.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Can you state of your own knowledge what classes of men composed the
+rioters during the burning. Whether the mob was composed of railroad
+employés or of others than those, and if of others, of what class?
+
+A. That would be in part my personal knowledge, but I could not give an
+answer to that without confounding together my personal knowledge and
+matters of information. I will give the result, if you wish it.
+
+Q. State it?
+
+A. The first difficulties, which were brought on by the employés of the
+company taking possession of the engines and trains, were, so far as I
+could judge, or saw, exclusively by those who had been railroad
+employés up to that point. The action which Mr. Pitcairn took with
+reference to that when they took that possession I cannot state. Things
+went on, with a great crowd accumulating from that Thursday morning,
+and while I say, as a lawyer, that there was a riot and mob there from
+Thursday morning down until the firing began, with a crowd constantly
+accumulating, as it would on account of any disturbance that had
+occurred, yet there seemed to be a feeling that it was not that kind of
+a riot or mob that called for the interposition of a very vigorous
+public sentiment to put it down; but, when the military were brought
+for the purpose of regaining possession of the property, and the
+collision was actually brought on, I can say that the mob was made up
+of a great many other people than railroad employés. I did not see
+them, nor was actually among them so I could identify any of the
+railroad employés, or any persons outside, but from my knowledge of the
+immense crowd which was assembled at Twenty-eight street as I went in
+and out, there were undoubtedly a great many other than railroad
+employés about the scene of violence, and I have no doubt participating
+in it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You say that while the employés were in possession of the cars of
+the company, there seemed to be no such riot as required the
+intervention of public sentiment to put it down?
+
+A. I did not intend to say that, but that while it was confined to
+railroad employés public sentiment did not seem to manifest itself as
+requiring any decided interposition to put that down. In other words, I
+am bound in candor to say, when asked for it, that public sentiment
+here very clearly distinguished between the act of breaking the law on
+the part of the employés in taking possession of the railroad property,
+and stopping commerce at this point, and the act of rioting and
+incendiarism which followed in consequence of that initial breaking of
+the law.
+
+Q. That is, that public sentiment did not assert itself vigorously
+against the employés taking possession of the cars and engines prior to
+the actual outbreak and destruction of property?
+
+A. That is what I mean.
+
+Q. In other words, public sentiment sympathized with the rioters?
+
+A. I am a citizen of Pittsburgh, and here along with the rest of them,
+am bound to say that the newspapers pretty fairly reflected the public
+sentiment in what they said. If you wish to see what it was, instead of
+asking my opinion, owing to my relation with the railroad company, if
+you will take the editorials of the various morning and evening
+newspapers from the 19th of July, from the day on which this thing
+occurred, down until some days after the actual firing occurred, I
+think you will find that the editors evidently tried to reflect the
+public sentiment, and I think they succeeded pretty well in doing it.
+If you wish to get that you had better ask the sheriff what responses
+the people made to him when he asked them to become part of his
+_posse_. I did not hear what was said, but the sheriff knows.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did the sheriff succeed in raising a _posse comitatus?_
+
+A. He said to us in the Union depot he could not, and reported to me
+the next morning that he could not do it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge whether the mayor tried to subdue the riot or
+assist the sheriff in trying to subdue the riot?
+
+A. I have not any personal knowledge of the mayor's action.
+
+Q. Was he in the city during the time, or not?
+
+A. Not to my personal knowledge, again. I did make one effort to have
+accomplished what I thought would have conduced somewhat to the public
+peace that afternoon, Saturday afternoon. That is the only fact within
+my own knowledge. About one o'clock, Saturday, seeing a large number of
+people attracted to the depot, and knowing that a large number of
+operatives were free from work that afternoon, I thought it a measure
+of precaution for the mayor to close the drinking saloons in the city.
+I drew up a paper, stating this fact, as politely as I could, and that
+paper was signed by Mr. Thaw and Mr. McCullough, officers of the
+company, and I took it over and had Secretary Quay and Adjutant General
+Latta sign it also, and then sent it up to the mayor, and the messenger
+reported to me that he had left it at the mayor's office in the hands
+of his chief clerk, I think he said; I never heard any more of it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who was that messenger?
+
+A. His name I cannot give you, but I placed it in the hands of D. H.
+Rudy; he can give you the name of the messenger who sent it up. That is
+the answer that I got, that he left it in the mayor's office. What was
+done with it I do not know.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Do you know whether he complied with it or not?
+
+A. I can only say that the drinking saloons were not closed, and I did
+not see any proclamation closing them.
+
+Q. So if you were not a citizen of Pittsburgh, do you suppose you would
+think that the mayor had done his duty, as an officer ought to, at that
+particular time?
+
+A. Being a citizen of Pittsburgh, I cannot put myself in the position
+of not being one. I will have to leave you to judge.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. At the time you first spoke of meeting the crowd of employés, and
+their taking possession of the engines on Thursday--the first outbreak
+you spoke of what was done on the part of the railroad company to
+ascertain the cause of that commotion?
+
+A. I did not understand that there was any secret about the causes of
+it all. I am giving now the public understanding. My understanding was
+simply this: That an order had been made--Mr. Pitcairn can tell you
+more fully about that--an order requiring the running of, what are
+called double header trains--two engines to one train, and some of the
+employés alleged that that imposed on them additional work without
+additional pay. I believe that is the short of it, and rather than
+comply with it, they struck. I understood that was made the cause of
+beginning the disturbances here.
+
+Q. Did you or any one, on behalf of the railroad company, communicate
+with those men?
+
+A. I did not. I understood the operating officers did, but I cannot
+tell what occurred between them.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Robert Pitcairn, _sworn with uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What is your residence?
+
+A. Shady Side.
+
+Q. What is your official connection with the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company?
+
+A. General agent or superintendent of the Pittsburgh division.
+
+Q. How long have you held that position?
+
+A. I came here the last time in the spring of 1865. I have been here
+three times. Since that spring I have been superintendent of the
+division.
+
+Q. Now give us your statement about the riots. Tell us whether there
+were any differences of opinion or disagreements between the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company and the employés prior to the 20th of
+July last.
+
+A. There were no more differences than there have been since the road
+has been opened. There have always been differences.
+
+Q. Was there any difference existing at that time?
+
+A. No more than heretofore. The company reduced the wages of all
+officers and employés ten per cent. in June.
+
+Q. Of 1877?
+
+A. Yes. There was a good deal of friction and complaint. Committees
+called upon me, and committees from the different divisions of the road
+visited Mr. Scott, the president, and had conferences with him on the
+subject. They complained because of the reduction. He explained that
+the cause of it was the condition of the country, and that as soon as
+business would become brighter, that then the company would entertain
+their petitions and would act fairly with them, when the committee, as
+they informed me, as Colonel Scott and others informed me, professed
+their satisfaction, and said there would be no trouble, but that they
+would work harmoniously.
+
+Q. That was on what date?
+
+A. I cannot remember the date; it was after the ten per cent.
+reduction.
+
+Q. What was the date of that?
+
+A. I think it was in June--May or June.
+
+Q. Was there any further reduction after that time, and prior to the
+riot?
+
+A. There was no reduction in wages.
+
+Q. Was there an increase of duty or work placed upon the employés?
+
+A. That is a question of opinion altogether. The company for many years
+back--the officers have been trying all in their power to economically
+manage the road, loading the engines to their full capacity and making
+them up differently. There is hardly a year passes, but that some of
+the officers finds some way of more economically running the road.
+There was an order given to make up what we call double-headers between
+Pittsburgh and Derry. Since the road has been opened we have always run
+double-headed, and sometimes three engines ahead and one behind,
+between Altoona and Conemaugh. The object in running the double-headers
+to Derry was for the purpose of making the trains go through to
+Philadelphia without being divided; that is, it takes two engines to
+haul a train from Pittsburgh to Derry, whether two engines ahead or
+behind, or two separate trains; and to avoid the delay of running two
+separate trains to Derry, one ahead waiting for the other, we put two
+engines in front of the trains, when one engine cuts the train going to
+Conemaugh, and the one put behind goes down to Altoona, and goes
+through from there.
+
+Q. What was the date of that order?
+
+A. The order of running double-headers on all through trains was the
+morning of Thursday, but we had always run double-headers between
+Pittsburgh and Derry, perhaps from one half to two thirds. The order
+was to take effect on that Thursday, and was to make them all
+double-headers.
+
+Q. Did the men make any complaint about that order?
+
+A. They made no complaint.
+
+Q. To you or to any other officer of the road?
+
+A. Not that I am aware of. Up to that time we always considered the
+double-headers a question of economy.
+
+Q. Did that order require the discharge of any number of men, or did it
+not?
+
+A. It did.
+
+Q. By that order you could run your trains with a less number of men?
+
+A. We could run them with a less number of conductors and brakemen, but
+not of engineers and firemen. As many double-headers as we had would
+take off one single crew of conductors and brakemen each.
+
+Q. You heard no complaint about that order?
+
+A. Not that I am aware of; but the men were always complaining about
+something.
+
+Q. That was on Thursday. What was the first riotous occurrence showing
+that the men were dissatisfied after the issuing of that order?
+
+A. I had leave of absence on Thursday morning to go to Philadelphia.
+For a few days previous I had asked the men--asked the subordinate
+officers--as I always do when I see them, if there is any trouble. I
+was assured then that our men were more satisfied and loyal than they
+had been, and I was perfectly free in my mind in going away on Thursday
+morning. I left in the day express on the Thursday morning when the
+trouble began.
+
+Q. How far did you go before receiving intelligence of the trouble?
+
+A. When I reached Altoona I got a telegram from Mr. Watt, who
+represented me here, saying that a few of the men, after the train I
+was on had left, had refused to go out on the double-headers, and that
+they were trying to create a disturbance, and saying what action he had
+taken, and that his idea was that it would be all right, and for me not
+to stop off but to go on, that the matter would be all right.
+
+Q. What hour did you receive that?
+
+A. About twelve twenty, when I reached Altoona. I had no train to
+return on and I thought I would go on the day express and think over
+the subject, and when I reached Lewistown I made up my mind that I
+would return. So I arranged for my family, who were accompanying me, to
+go on, and I returned on the fast line from Lewistown, reaching here at
+eleven thirty.
+
+Q. In the evening?
+
+A. Yes; eleven twenty-five. On my way west I telegraphed to my
+subordinate officers to meet me in Pittsburgh. I intended to get off at
+the outer depot, Twenty-eighth street, but there was a large crowd
+there, and I came to Union depot, and walked up to where my office then
+was, at Twenty-sixth street, and on my way I met a carriage with the
+Honorable John Scott and Mr. Watt and the sheriff. I got in the
+carriage and went to my office, at Twenty-sixth street, and there found
+my subordinate officers, and General Pearson was there.
+
+Q. Who were your subordinate officers?
+
+A. Joseph Fox, road foreman; John Major, road foreman; David Garrett,
+assistant trainmaster; Edward Pitcairn, trainmaster; Joseph McCabe,
+general dispatcher. Mr. Scott, the sheriff, and all the parties there
+were consulting and talking together, when the sheriff made up his mind
+to go up to Twenty-eighth street, where the crowd was interfering and
+preventing trains from running. I wanted to go up and talk to the men,
+when my subordinates prevented me, and said there was no use of my
+going up, because none of our men were there. Few, if any, of our own
+men were there. It was a crowd. They persuaded me to remain, while the
+sheriff and General Pearson went up to Twenty-eighth street. They came
+back and reported the result of their attempt to disperse the crowd,
+when the communications, as stated by Mr. Scott----
+
+Q. What did the sheriff and General Pearson report to you?
+
+A. They said they went up and went to the crowd and called to the crowd
+to disperse and go to their homes, and they made no impression, and
+received nothing but vulgar abuse.
+
+Q. Did they go alone?
+
+A. Unless one or two of my men went with them. One or two went with
+them.
+
+Q. At what hour was that?
+
+A. About twelve o'clock, Thursday night.
+
+Q. What then occurred?
+
+A. Then came the communications to the different parties. The Governor,
+and Mr. Quay, and Lieutenant Governor Latta, and Adjutant General
+Latta, and then came the replies, and the message to General Pearson to
+order out one of the regiments, I think, which he did.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. From whom did this order come?
+
+A. Adjutant General Latta.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What time did he receive that dispatch from General Latta?
+
+A. Between twelve and half past four in the morning. I think the order
+calling out the troops came after the Governor's message. All left the
+office about half past four. General Pearson, who had written his
+orders about the regiment before, and I parted at the Union depot.
+General Pearson went down town, and Mr. Scott, Mr. Watt, and myself
+went to the Union depot hotel for the purpose of retiring.
+
+Q. When you came in from Altoona did you notice the disturbance at
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. To what extent?
+
+A. It was dark, and I could not see any of the crowd. I do not know how
+many were there.
+
+Q. What was the crowd doing then?
+
+A. Yelling--talking loud.
+
+Q. Were they stopping trains?
+
+A. I do not know; they did not stop our train. I went to bed; but it
+was not five minutes until I received another telegram, and another,
+pertaining to the business of the road. So I got up. There were a
+number of messages from President Scott and the general superintendent.
+They had an idea we could move the trains in the morning, and were
+giving different orders about stock and different things.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort to move a train on Friday morning?
+
+A. We were continually making efforts; we never ceased.
+
+Q. What effort did you make to move the trains on Friday morning?
+
+A. The efforts to move the trains on Friday morning were, securing the
+crews and firing up the engines, and having everything ready to move
+when we could get through the crowd.
+
+Q. Did you succeed in securing the crews?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were they new men, or old employés?
+
+A. Old employés. I want you to bear in mind, that in starting the
+trains, the crews were always there, professing their readiness to go
+out, and at no time had we not sufficient crews to take the whole
+number of cars out.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Who stopped you from running the trains?
+
+A. The crowd.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What was the crowd?
+
+A. I did not know them.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Any of your own men?
+
+A. I was about continually, and I do not think I ever saw over three or
+four of my own men in any crowd, if you leave out the sub-officers.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. On Friday morning you had crews enough to start all the trains; did
+you give orders to start?
+
+A. To be ready to start.
+
+Q. But you did not give any order to start?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. For what reasons?
+
+A. To get assistance to keep the crowd off our property.
+
+Q. Did you think at that time that the crowd was so large that the
+trains could not run through it?
+
+A. Not without killing them. They had charge of the switches there.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The crowd had?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you think if a train had started you could have run it through
+the crowd, and gone on--in your opinion?
+
+A. If the crowd had not turned the switches. The switchmen were there,
+but under the management of the crowd.
+
+Q. Did you go up there where that crowd was Friday morning, to see, of
+your own knowledge, whether the trains could run through or not?
+
+A. On Friday morning we had a crowd at two points, Twenty-eighth street
+and at Torrens station. To both places I went.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was at Twenty-eighth street that morning--Friday
+morning?
+
+A. On Friday morning, to connect my story, I went up with General
+Pearson at Twenty-eighth street, and he talked to the crowd. I think
+the sheriff was along.
+
+Q. How large a crowd did you find there?
+
+A. I never was at Twenty-eighth street that evening.
+
+Q. On Friday morning?
+
+A. I have very little idea about the numbers of a crowd--it was a very
+large crowd.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was your road-way blocked up?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were any of your men among that crowd--your employés?
+
+A. As I said before, I never recognized, I would be safe in saying half
+a dozen of our men that I knew.
+
+Q. From Twenty-eighth street did you go out to Torrens?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was there?
+
+A. I would say six hundred or a thousand. There was a crowd. I have no
+idea what number a crowd is.
+
+Q. Did you find any of the railroad employés among that crowd?
+
+A. I found one man that I knew as an employé, but I cannot name him. He
+talked to me, that is the reason I remember him.
+
+Q. Were any of the switches turned, at that time, at Torrens?
+
+A. None, to my knowledge.
+
+Q. The track was clear at that time, so that the trains could have run
+through if they had allowed it?
+
+A. Not to my personal knowledge.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Who seemed to be directing the crowd. That is, the mob?
+
+A. There seemed to be an understanding, from the remarks made by the
+crowd, that they had sufficient force to prevent the trains going out.
+As for example: At Torrens a party told me it was bread or blood, and
+they could get any number of men to come up and prevent the running
+through of any train until the matter was arranged with them.
+
+Q. Was that man an employé of the road?
+
+A. He was, but I do not remember his name.
+
+Q. What position did he hold on the road?
+
+A. A train man. He may have been a flag man. I thought I knew his name,
+and came down to see a party arrested, but it was not the man. I have
+not seen him since.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were those threats made by the crowd or by this one man?
+
+A. By a single man.
+
+Q. Were the threats made about preventing the running of the trains by
+employés or others?
+
+A. By outsiders. They could not get enough employés to stop the trains.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. When you doubled up the trains, how many men did you relieve. That
+is, on the morning of the Thursday that this outbreak occurred?
+
+A. If there were ten single trains and I doubled up, I saved five
+conductors and five flagmen and ten brakemen.
+
+Q. What became of those men?
+
+A. They were suspended.
+
+Q. Was anything said to them, that they were suspended for a certain
+time, or were they just dropped?
+
+A. Those crews were not suspended, but that many men, and a great many
+more, because the business had gone down, were suspended, and we were
+choosing the married men and the old men. The old men and the married
+men were chosen, in preference to the single men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. But by suspension do you mean discharge, or do you mean suspension
+temporarily?
+
+A. They were given to understand that there was no more work.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. This was one of the causes, this doubling up, as I understood you to
+say, that created the dissatisfaction here at this point?
+
+A. That is what they say.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you not only reduce your crews, so far as the conductors and
+brakemen and flagmen were concerned, one half of a train, if it was
+sent out as a double-header?
+
+A. One half of the trains we were running single between Pittsburgh and
+Derry.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were any of the discharged men among the crowd at Twenty-eighth
+street or at Torren's station that morning?
+
+A. Yes; I saw quite a number of men who had been discharged for cause
+as well as suspended on account of the reduction.
+
+Q. You deemed it unsafe from that time on to start your trains, from
+the time you visited Twenty-eighth street and Torren's station that
+morning?
+
+A. The sheriff and General Pearson--the sheriff ordered the crowd to
+disperse and General Pearson, in fact, made a calm and warning speech,
+and told them what his orders were, that the military had been ordered
+out and what the consequences would be, and coaxed and pleaded with
+them to disperse before the military came up that had been ordered out.
+
+Q. What time did the military come up?
+
+A. In regard to the time of any of those occurrences, from Thursday
+until it was all over I was not in bed, and it is kind of cloudy in my
+mind as to the different hours; but as to the hour, I should say that
+this was about twelve or one o'clock, Friday.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When the military came at the crowd?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many companies came on the ground at that time?
+
+A. First one company--they were very straggling.
+
+Q. Who commanded the first company that came?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. It was under the general direction of General Pearson?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. At what point were they stationed?
+
+A. That I cannot tell. On Friday--I cannot tell. I do not remember if
+there were any soldiers at Twenty-eighth street. I cannot tell. Friday
+night the Pittsburgh troops were brought out.
+
+Q. What time did the first burning or destruction of property by fire
+commence?
+
+A. Friday night the troops were stationed at Torrens.
+
+Q. What time did the first burning commence?
+
+A. I do not know that--I cannot say.
+
+Q. Do you know where it commenced?
+
+A. Only from hearsay. A great deal occurred between Friday night and
+Saturday night.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. When the sheriff and General Pearson went to the mob, was the mayor
+of the city, at that time, acting in conjunction with them?
+
+A. I never saw the mayor.
+
+Q. You do not know whether he issued a proclamation or assisted in any
+way whatever?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You do not know whether he took an active part in the matter of
+suppressing the riot?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was he called on?
+
+A. Only Mr. Watt informed me on Thursday morning, and then the sheriff
+was called Thursday evening.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Who was called first?
+
+A. The mayor, according to my information.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. He did not respond?
+
+A. Mr. Watt will tell you that.
+
+Q. You have no personal knowledge about that?
+
+A. No; it was before I arrived on Thursday night.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you know when the first call was made on the sheriff, of your own
+knowledge?
+
+A. Thursday night.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did he respond?
+
+A. Yes--in my office.
+
+Q. With a force?
+
+A. He had one man.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who was the man with him?
+
+A. I did not know him.
+
+Q. Do you know what effort he made to secure a force?
+
+A. Only what he told me.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were you there when the dispatch was sent for troops--the first
+dispatch, when the sheriff made up his mind to call upon the military?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. It was about twelve o'clock Thursday night.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. The call upon the mayor and on the sheriff was not made until after
+you returned?
+
+A. The call on the mayor was made on Thursday morning and the call on
+the sheriff was made on Thursday evening.
+
+Q. Had you become satisfied then that you could not run your trains on
+account of the mob which had assembled?
+
+A. Yes; I knew we could not run the trains.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. With safety?
+
+A. No way.
+
+Q. Did this ten per cent. reduction apply to all the officers and
+employés of the railroad company?
+
+A. All the officers and employés, except those who got one dollar a day
+or less, either by the month or day--the track men getting ten cents an
+hour for ten hours. All above one dollar were reduced.
+
+
+    By Senator Torbert:
+
+Q. That took effect on the 1st of June?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. It applied to the general superintendent?
+
+A. He told me so. It applied to me.
+
+Q. To the president of the company?
+
+A. I believe so.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. In regard to the dispatch which you received from Mr. Watt--did you
+receive any other dispatch except the one you received at Altoona,
+asking you to come back, or which caused you to make up your mind to
+return?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. After you got back you say the crowd had assembled--had there been
+any attempt by the crowd to prevent trains from running?
+
+A. They told me so--no trains went out.
+
+Q. At what time was any train stopped?
+
+A. The first double headers went out from Pittsburgh all right--they
+were not troubled.
+
+Q. At what hour?
+
+A. From three o'clock in the morning up to nine o'clock or eight
+o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. What trains were first prevented from leaving regularly on time?
+
+A. The trains that should have left between eight and nine o'clock.
+
+Q. A freight train?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. That was prevented from leaving?
+
+A. The crew on that train would not go out.
+
+Q. It was not the crowd that prevented that first train from leaving?
+
+A. I was not there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Could you have got back any sooner?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You say the crew of that train would not go out. Were they
+discharged then when they refused to obey orders?
+
+A. After I got home, I had too little control, and wanted to get along
+as well as I could.
+
+Q. Do you know what your officers did when that crew refused to go?
+
+A. I understood that they had either to go out or be discharged.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. I was endeavoring to ascertain the first time that the crowd
+interfered?
+
+A. I was not here, but you can get that testimony if you want it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Can you give any idea of the loss to property that occurred through
+this riot?
+
+A. No; not of my own knowledge. I have no idea. The bills are coming in
+every day.
+
+Q. About what was it in round numbers--the loss sustained by the
+company?
+
+A. I have my own idea.
+
+Q. Who can give us the figures?
+
+A. I suppose our controller or one of the vice presidents could give
+them as estimated up to to-day.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. How many cars and engines did you lose?
+
+A. We lost one hundred and four engines, and about sixteen hundred
+cars.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The engines would average what?
+
+A. I do not think the engines are all re-built yet.
+
+Q. The cars are about how much?
+
+A. About $800 a piece.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. On the freight cars could any of the iron be re-placed?
+
+A. I might say no. Of course, occasionally, a wheel or two might be an
+exception, but none could be used again.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Who is your controller?
+
+A. R. W. Downing, of Philadelphia.
+
+Q. He can give us an approximate estimate?
+
+A. He or one of our vice presidents.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. You were here when the troops arrived from Philadelphia?
+
+A. Yes; I saw all the movements of the troops.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Tell us now the movements of the troops, the Pittsburgh troops
+first, and then the Philadelphia troops?
+
+A. The Pittsburgh troops--most of them--were moved at night. One
+regiment was moved or went up the hill east from here on the arch of
+the hill, and then came down on Twenty-eighth street, so as to come
+down on the crowd.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When was this?
+
+A. On Saturday morning. General Pearson ordered the battery to be taken
+up to the same place. It was loaded in the cars at the Union depot, and
+I was requested to move it up about two or three o'clock in the
+morning, to get there when the troops would be there. About two and one
+half or three o'clock, I had just gone to bed when they told me that
+they would not take the gondolas with the guns up.
+
+Q. The men would not?
+
+A. That is it. I went down and saw the men, and asked them why they
+would not do it, and they told me they were afraid of the crowd, that
+they would like to oblige me. I said if you don't take those trucks up,
+I will have to discharge you. They told me that they would like to do
+it, but their lives were threatened. They would not do it, so I had to
+take them up myself. I went up to Twenty-eighth street with the guns,
+and then I saw this large crowd.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Were you interfered with when you took up the gondolas?
+
+A. No one said anything to me at the Union depot, only they kind of
+crowded around. When I got to Twenty-eighth street, they made a kind of
+rush, and when they saw I was running the engine, I expected them to
+attack me, but they did not. They did not say anything to me, only kind
+of crowded around. They got on the tank and saw no one but myself, and
+did not say anything.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Who got on?
+
+A. The crowd.
+
+Q. Employés of the railroad?
+
+A. I did not recognize them as railroad men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Give us the detailed movements, now, of the troops?
+
+A. We brought the troops to Twenty-eight street with the battery on
+Saturday morning, and at the same time there was a regiment at Torrens.
+General Pearson and the sheriff and I went to those two places at
+different times to see what we could do. At Torrens that regiment,
+apparently, had the mob under control, that is they would not crowd
+around the tracks. The military seemed to be by themselves, while at
+Twenty-eighth street they were all mixed up--the military and the mob.
+Then I received word that General Brinton's command was coming on
+Friday night or Saturday morning. They ought to have arrived about
+noon; but did not get here until about four o'clock. They arrived at
+the Union depot about four o'clock on Saturday afternoon. We unloaded
+them, and got some coffee and sandwiches, and word was given to them to
+march to Twenty-eighth street, and clear the tracks.
+
+Q. Who gave the order?
+
+A. Some of the military. Mr. Cassatt, who arrived here on Friday,
+directed me to get two crews together, that General Brinton's command
+would clear the tracks, and that I could slip the trains out, and that
+everything, then, would go all right. Then General Brinton's command
+commenced to march, and the sheriff came up with about twenty members
+of his posse, and I urged him to hurry up and get there before the
+troops, and that if any of our men were there, I would talk to them,
+and perhaps prevent trouble. I went up. The crowd kept coming in on us
+all the way from the Union depot, so we took a large crowd up there.
+The crowd followed us up. We were so delayed in warning the crowd to
+get away that they came up close to us, and when we got to
+Twenty-eighth street, General Pearson was there, and the sheriff and
+his posse ahead of the military. The sheriff, I think, attempted to
+arrest one man who was very noisy, and then there was a general rumpus,
+and I was thrown back by the crowd and got in among the military
+companies, who had formed on Twenty-eighth street. They formed up and
+down on the north side, and up and down on the south side, and brought
+a company up between Then a man threw me back, and the company coming
+up the street allowed me to get in between. They went up, I suppose, to
+disperse the mob.
+
+Q. Who threw you back?
+
+A. I do not know; he was a great big man; he was a friend of mine, I
+know; it was not an attempt to hurt me. This company moved up, and
+dispersed the mob, and the command was given to charge bayonets, and
+put the bayonets between the people so as not to hurt them.
+
+Q. Who gave that command?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. The object was not to use force, but to try and press the crowd
+back?
+
+A. That is it. They were going to push them away. Then the crowd
+commenced cheering, and I saw two or three bayonets twisted off, and
+then a lot of stones were thrown at the military. General Pearson came
+back to me then, and said he was going to the office--was going to get
+more troops. He then went away. I could not get out. Then they
+commenced firing.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. About five o'clock on Saturday afternoon. I could not get out until
+the firing was all over and the crowd dispersed.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were not shots fired from the crowd before the firing commenced?
+
+A. Yes; two shots were fired. I was near to the men.
+
+Q. Fired at the military?
+
+A. Yes; and stones came around and clouded the horizon.
+
+Q. Before there was any firing by the military?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was any command given to fire?
+
+A. No; all the officers I saw were begging the men not to fire.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When the soldiers went up they did not attempt to injure the crowd?
+Were any of the soldiers hit and wounded at that time, before the
+firing--before they attempted to fire?
+
+A. I saw two or three wounded right around me.
+
+Q. Before that firing began?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In other words, they attempted to do it without using force. Just by
+pressing back the crowd?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Will you describe the crowd? Who composed it?
+
+A. The crowd immediately around Twenty-eighth street, on the track,
+were workingmen--mill men. The other men, from their appearance on the
+hillside, were citizens. A great many people that I knew.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Women and children?
+
+A. I saw no children, but some women.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Mixed in with the crowd?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Close to the railroad?
+
+A. They were apparently urging on the men. Some women were on the
+railroad.
+
+Q. Encouraging the men?
+
+A. They were yelling, and in through the men. There were very few women
+that I saw. They were all laughing and jeering at the soldiers.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How long did the militia stand fire from the mob? Stand those stones
+and clubs before they fired?
+
+A. Then the company moved up and got in the crowd, and there was a man
+in the crowd hallooed shoot, and two pistol shots and a great many
+stones followed, and then the soldiers commenced firing, and then there
+was shooting just that quick.
+
+Q. Was any order given for the soldiers to shoot?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was it a scattering fire, or did it appear to be a volley?
+
+A. It was in every way and in every direction.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. When those stones were fired, you were among the military?
+
+A. I was among the military, in the hollow square.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Proceed with the military movements?
+
+A. They dispersed the crowd by the firing, and as soon as I got out, I
+went down to my office, at Twenty-sixth street. I there found General
+Pearson, and I reported to Mr. Cassatt what had been done. He was
+talking to General Pearson, and General Pearson was writing telegrams
+to General Latta at the Union depot. Then General Pearson and General
+Brinton were discussing what to do next, and whether Twenty-eighth
+street was a proper position for them to take, or to go up the hill or
+to come into the shops--what they had best do with the men. General
+Pearson was telegraphing for orders. They decided they would come into
+the shops, in order to get under shelter. The crowd was congregated
+around my office, and around the shops. General Pearson told me he
+would stay there, and as he had had nothing to eat that day, asked if I
+would send up some provisions: I told him I would go down to the Union
+depot and send all the provisions I could. So Mr. Cassatt and myself
+went to the Union depot, and I tried to get provisions up to the
+soldiers, but they were all confiscated by the crowd before they got
+any. I then went up to the room where General Latta and staff were. All
+this time the drums were beating, and crowd after crowd was moving up
+toward Twenty-sixth street. Mr. Cassatt said we were powerless to do
+anything, and directed me, or rather relieved me altogether of any--he
+said I had no business in Pittsburgh. All the time, during Friday and
+Saturday, one after another had come to me and said I had better leave.
+At the Union depot, they had got a report that I had given the order
+for the troops to fire. They had a coffin and a rope for General
+Pearson. All these reports were spreading about. Numbers of people told
+me to leave, and Mr. Cassatt directed me to leave. I afterwards left in
+company with Mr. Watt and Mr. Cassatt.
+
+Q. Where did you go?
+
+A. We loafed around the outskirts, and then went to Blairsville and
+reported, and made our head-quarters there at the Blairsville
+intersection. There I remained until I received word from Mr. Garrett
+that some of the old men wanted to see me to see if the matter could
+not be arranged, and to see if the trains could not be moved.
+
+Q. When was it that you received that word?
+
+A. On Tuesday. I was informed that some of the old men wanted to see
+me, and had other messages that I should come, and I came down to
+Pittsburgh.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you meet any of the men?
+
+A. I met the men.
+
+Q. To what number?
+
+A. About eight or ten.
+
+Q. What proposition did they make?
+
+A. None. On Friday a committee of the men met me, making a certain
+proposition.
+
+Q. You did not meet them until Friday after you came back?
+
+A. I mean I met them the Friday of the trouble. I told them I could not
+possibly send such a paper to Mr. Scott. Then this other committee met
+me on Wednesday after I came back. I met that committee, and instead of
+what I expected, they brought out the old proposition.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What was the nature of that?
+
+A. It was that no double headers, and full crews, and, I think, twenty
+per cent. advance. It was everything. I have got the paper. There are
+about four, or five, or six demands.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You have that paper?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Adjourned to meet again at three o'clock, P.M.
+
+
+    SAME DAY.
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM,
+    THURSDAY, _February 8, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled at three o'clock,
+P.M., and continued taking of testimony.
+
+Robert Pitcairn, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Commence with the troops at the round-house, and tell us what troops
+were quartered there, and give a detailed statement of the movements of
+the troops from that point during the continuance of the riot?
+
+A. I said that the Philadelphia troops had dispersed the crowd, and
+that made an opening for me to get to my office, where I found Mr.
+Cassett and General Pearson. General Pearson was telegraphing for more
+troops to come up. General Brinton arrived just behind me, and reported
+to General Pearson the result, that the troops had fired without
+orders, and what had been done. Then there was a consultation as to the
+disposition of the troops, whether they should go up the hill or remain
+an Twenty-eighth street, or come in to the round-house. They were
+asking our opinion. I remember, they asked Mr. Cassatt's opinion. I
+told Mr. Cassatt that I did not think he had any opinion. I remained
+there, and Mr. Cassatt with me. Before I left they decided that they
+were going to take the shops and the round-house to protect their men.
+I left, promising to send provisions, and went to the Union depot where
+I remained until some time in the night, and then went to Blairsville.
+When I left Mr. Cassatt, we had word that Brinton had gone to the
+Allegheny side, by the West Penn. That was what induced me to go to
+Blairsville. Not knowing where to go to, I felt that was my
+head-quarters for the time, we being compelled to run trains over the
+West Penn.
+
+Q. When did you arrive at Blairsville?
+
+A. On Monday morning.
+
+Q. When did General Brinton's command arrive there?
+
+A. I think that afternoon or evening. It might have been the next
+morning, but I think it was that evening. The next day, though, I was
+ordered to remain at Blairsville. I met this committee. Train-master
+Geyer wanted me to come down. I came down Tuesday, I think, or it might
+have been Wednesday morning, but I met the committee with the
+confidence that everything was going to be settled, but they brought
+this paper out that I told you was presented to me at Pittsburg, and
+with the committee that met me, instead of being very old men that we
+considered loyal men, there were some members of the committee who were
+among the suspended men. Nevertheless, I communicated the whole
+petition to President Scott, and asked for a reply. Mr. Scott's reply
+was in substance what Senator Scott told you was their reply to the
+citizens here, namely: that the welfare of the country would not allow
+him to give way to the men at the present time; that there were other
+interests involved, and that if they would go to work to start the
+trains again he would be glad to receive them. The conference with that
+committee amounted to nothing. The fact of the matter was, I was caught
+in a trap. I came down to see my old loyal men, and found suspended
+men, who, in an official way, I could not deal with, not being in our
+employ. A question was put to me this morning about the number of men
+suspended. I do not know how many suspended men we had at that time. I
+then came to Pittsburgh. I had orders to repair the damage, and try to
+get the main track through to the Union depot as quickly as possible,
+to gather up the force then scattered through the city, and the men who
+had gone to their homes, to repair the track and get to Union depot as
+quickly as possible. I went to the mayor, and asked him if we would
+commence work there if he would give protection. He said he would.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What day was that?
+
+A. I think Thursday. I was gathering up the men, but was cautioned by
+some of the citizens not to go out and work too brash in the
+beginning--not to take too many men about the ruins to clear them off,
+but to commence moderately, explaining the feeling of the city, how
+matters were not quiet there, and that delayed me some days. I met
+Governor Hartranft at Blairsville before I left, going to Harrisburg.
+After he came here we got a large force.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you recollect the day he arrived here?
+
+A. As I have said, it was all one day to me. He came here with a force,
+and we went to work with a large force and commenced repairing the
+damage. On the Sabbath after--that was the Sabbath after the Sabbath
+succeeding the Saturday of the fight, we arranged to move our trains,
+and we then had force enough to move all the trains, as we had during
+all the time, with the exception that this time the men asked for the
+military to be sent with each train, to get them through the coal
+regions, and through Johnstown. That matter was arranged with Governor
+Hartranft to send a lot of soldiers with the men, to get them through
+the different points where we had trouble. I think it was the first or
+second train that went out from Pittsburgh on that Sabbath evening that
+was wrecked at Spring Hill, by a switch being removed by some parties
+while the train was passing over. From that Saturday night or Monday
+morning next, we gradually sent more trains and more trains, until we
+got our road running as heretofore, and gradually repaired the damages.
+Governor Hartranft stayed here a few days, and the committees urged
+them to stay until, at least, he left for Scranton.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You stated that when you commenced work you commenced with a small
+force, and that after Governor Hartranft arrived with the troops, then
+you increased your force?
+
+A. Yes, sir; to as many men as we could work.
+
+Q. Did you feel perfectly safe, after the Governor arrived with the
+troops, in going to work?
+
+A. Yes. We had a large body of men.
+
+Q. It was under their protection that you felt safe?
+
+A. It was only under their protection.
+
+Q. Did you feel safe from another demonstration of the railroad
+employés, or from any other source?
+
+A. I have no hesitation in saying that we were never afraid of our own
+men. So far as our own men striking we were not afraid. We were
+perfectly able to manage our own men, so far as our own employés were
+concerned, if you took away from us the men suspended. But I do not
+pretend to say that we were not afraid of the party or parties they
+brought. But I know nothing about that, of my own personal knowledge. I
+say this: We always had enough men to move our trains, if other parties
+had not come in. Who they were brought by, I do not know.
+
+Q. Your own men would never have given you any trouble, had not
+outsiders interfered?
+
+A. I say that, but do not pretend to say who brought them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. It was General Brinton's command which was present when the military
+dispersed the crowd by their fire. Was not any portion of General
+Pearson's command present?
+
+A. General Pearson's command was at Twenty-eighth street. There were
+very few of the soldiers and some of the officers at Twenty-eighth
+street. The battery I had taken up on Saturday morning and some few men
+were there, and General Pearson's command was on the hill.
+
+Q. Can you tell me why they did not hold their position that they then
+occupied--the militia. What necessity was there for retiring to the
+round house?
+
+A. I knew what they thought--it was that they were coming under cover
+to prevent them from being struck. I was not a military man. However, I
+know what I should have done.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What motives actuated them, after dispersing the crowd, in retiring
+their troops to the flat position of the street?
+
+A. After dispersing the crowd, immediately the crowd--not that crowd,
+perhaps, but other crowds came back in front of my office--a great
+crowd. They were marching by and gathering from all quarters. By
+dispersing the crowd, I mean they all ran away, and then they commenced
+immediately coming back, and I had pretty hard work to come down to the
+office. The crowds were coming up the railway as I was coming down to
+the Union depot. All I can say is, they said that the reason for going
+to the round house was to get under cover.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was any effort made by the military to drive back that crowd when
+they commenced to reassemble?
+
+A. I was in the office at that time.
+
+Q. Only General Brinton's command went into the round-house?
+
+A. General Pearson's command, I think, was dispersed, but I do not know
+it. I know this, that there were there soldiers that came with General
+Brinton's command, because some of them came down to the Union depot
+with messages.
+
+Q. Had any property been fired or burned at that time?
+
+A. Up to the time that I left no property had been burned.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Would it not have been natural, under military discipline, for the
+military to have held their position when they had obtained a position?
+
+A. I think they ought to have gone up on the hill.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. When you returned from Blairsville, you said you expected to meet
+your old employés. Now, during all these negotiations, were the old men
+and the married men, that you have spoken of as being retained in your
+employ, engaged in this riot?
+
+A. Not to my personal knowledge or observation. The majority of them
+were running.
+
+Q. Did they make any complaint or any demand upon the company of any
+kind?
+
+A. The general remarks of these men then were that they had nothing to
+do with this riot. Some of them said they ought to have the ten per
+cent. put back, but all deprecated this trouble, and said they had
+nothing to do with it.
+
+Q. Were they ready to go to work at all times when you wanted them?
+
+A. They always professed to be, but we never tried them to Sunday
+night, and then they wanted protection, and when we gave them
+protection they went out.
+
+The following is the paper of the committee appointed by the employés
+making certain demands, to which I have already alluded in my
+testimony:
+
+    BROTHERHOOD OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS,
+    PITTSBURGH DIVISION, NO. 50,
+    PITTSBURGH, PA., _July 20, 1877_.
+
+    _To the Superintendent Western Division Pennsylvania Railroad_:
+
+    _First._ We, the undersigned committee, appointed by the employés
+    of the western division of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, do
+    hereby demand from the said company, through the proper officers of
+    said company, the wages as per departments of engineers, firemen,
+    conductors, brakemen, and flagmen as received prior to June 1,
+    1877.
+
+    _Second._ That each and every employé that has been dismissed for
+    taking part or parts in said strikes, to be restored to their
+    respective positions.
+
+    _Third._ That the classification of each said department be
+    abolished now and forever hereafter.
+
+    _Fourth._ That engineers and conductors receive the wages as
+    received by said engineers and conductors of the highest class
+    prior to June 1, 1877.
+
+    _Fifth._ That the running of double trains be abolished, excepting
+    coal trains.
+
+    _Sixth._ That each and every engine, whether road or shifting,
+    shall have its own fireman.
+
+    Respectfully submitted to you for immediate consideration.
+
+    J. S. MCCAULEY,
+    D. H. NEWHARD,
+    JOHN SHANA,
+    G. HARRIS,
+    JOHN P. KESSLER,
+
+    _Committee_.
+
+In regard to the classification mentioned in the paper, I will say
+this, that there is no classification in brakemen or flagmen. When you
+come to the conductors, they receive a certain rate, which I do not
+remember, for the first year, and ten per cent. over that for the
+second, and ten per cent. over that for the third, where they remain so
+long conductors. Now come the engineers. When promoted from firemen to
+engineers, they receive a certain rate, and the second year ten per
+cent. more, and the third year ten per cent. more, and the fourth year
+ten per cent. more--four classifications. That arrangement was made at
+their request, some four years ago, perhaps longer.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. These men were men who would have been suspended under the orders to
+run double-headers?
+
+A. No. These men had taken such an active part previous to this
+Saturday, that I do not think they would have been kept in our employ,
+but we had no opportunity to discharge them.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+David M. Watt, _sworn with uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. At East Liberty, on the line of the Pennsylvania railroad.
+
+Q. You are in the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company?
+
+A. Yes; in the capacity of chief clerk of the Pittsburg division.
+
+Q. How long have you been employed in that capacity?
+
+A. It will be fourteen years in July next.
+
+Q. You were filling the place of Mr. Pitcairn on the Thursday before
+the riot occurred?
+
+A. Yes; during his absence.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of any disagreements between the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company and their employés prior to that date?
+
+A. There are continually matters coming up for settlement in the
+superintendent's office.
+
+Q. But disagreements leading to the riots?
+
+A. There were none to my knowledge. Had there been, I should have known
+it.
+
+Q. Had there been any reduction in wages?
+
+A. Yes; a reduction of ten per cent., which had been notified in May,
+to take effect on all the employés from and after June 1.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. All employés?
+
+A. Except those whose pay amounted to one dollar per day, or who were
+paid by the month, and whose pay amounted to the rate of one dollar per
+day or less.
+
+Q. Did that cause any complaint from the employés?
+
+A. We were compelled to reduce our force on account of the condition of
+business. The volume of traffic governs the amount of wages, and the
+number of men we work. We had more men than we had the opportunity to
+give full time to. It was decided to reduce the force after the 1st of
+June, and the idea was to select the older men, and the men who by
+their services had proven themselves good and capable. To retain these
+and let the single men go, so as to give the married men a chance to
+make all the time we could afford to give them in the running of the
+traffic. It was also decided to run all the trains double-headers. A
+portion of them had been running for years as double-headers, but a
+notice was issued in July, advising all the employés that on and after
+a certain date--July 19, was the date fixed upon--all trains to and
+from Derry would be run as double trains. No complaint in the interval,
+between the date of the issuing of the order and the date upon which it
+was to go into effect, had been made at the superintendent's office, to
+either the superintendent or myself. Nor had there been any, so far as
+we had knowledge, to any of the subordinate officers, such as
+train-masters and others. Some of the men complained, of course, at not
+having work. It was a mooted question as to who would be the ones to go
+off.
+
+Q. What date was that order to go into effect?
+
+A. Upon July 19; Thursday. Mr. Pitcairn had arranged to go east on
+Thursday, July 19, in the day express, and I came to town, reaching the
+office about eight and a half o'clock in the morning, and up to that
+time no trouble had occurred, nor was any anticipated by the
+train-masters nor any one in our employ. About the time the
+eight-forty's--the extras--were to leave, the dispatcher came to the
+office and reported that some of the men had refused to go out. I made
+inquiry as to the reason of their refusal, and was told that they
+refused to go out on account of its being a double-header. Conductor
+Ryan was the man whose train did not go out. In the making up of his
+train he was ready to go out, but his men refused to go. I then
+instructed the dispatcher to call upon all the men on the road, with
+those out at the train-men's room. He called upon, I believe, some
+twenty-five men, brakemen, who refused to go out. They gave different
+reasons, some because they were double-headers, and some because they
+would not go if others did not go. Mr. Garrett, the assistant
+train-master, came in on the train that reaches there about nine
+o'clock. I sent for him, and told him what had been reported to me, and
+asked him to go out and see the men and see what they wanted, and
+report. Mr. Garrett, and Mr. McCabe, and Mr. Hunter, dispatchers, all
+three tried to induce the men to go out, but these twenty-five that had
+first refused got the balance to join them in refusing to man the
+trains. Mr. Garrett, I believe, requested Mr. McCabe, the general yard
+dispatcher, to make up a crew from the yard brakemen to man that train.
+Conductor Ryan was at all times ready to go out, and the engineers
+belonging to that train professed a readiness to run. We had a number
+of conductors there ready to run, and Conductor Gordon was the man who
+was going to take the train out after Mr. McCabe had secured the crew
+among his yard men. The crew, in making up their train, were assaulted
+with stones, and links, and pins, and driven from the train by a number
+of those men who had first refused to go out. I found that we were
+unable to get the train out. Then it came time for the nine-forty's to
+go out. In the meantime the crowd had increased somewhat, and they had
+taken possession of the switch which is west of Twenty-eighth street,
+leading on to the main track, over which a train to go east would have
+to be moved. It was reported to me that they would not allow the engine
+to go over that switch. The crowd was increasing. I then started, after
+a consultation with Mr. Garrett and other men there, to call upon the
+mayor. I asked that he should protect us in the movement of our trains,
+by removing from Twenty-eighth street, or that immediate neighborhood,
+those parties interfering with the switches.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you call in person upon the mayor?
+
+A. I did; between ten and eleven o'clock. I drove to the mayor's
+office, and stated the trouble to him, and called upon him in the name
+of the company for protection. He replied that he had no force.
+
+Q. Mayor McCarthy?
+
+A. Yes; he said that the day-light force had been taken off, probably,
+about the 1st of July, and that he had nothing but the night force. I
+asked him to give me the front office force. He said he could not send
+them away. I told him I must have protection of some kind. He said that
+he might send out and gather up a force. He wanted to know how many men
+I wanted. I told him if he would send up ten men in uniform, that with
+our own force from the depot, if he could go up to the ground with me,
+and I had a buggy to take him, I thought the trouble would be all over
+before twelve o'clock. I thought the simple fact of his presence,
+without the police, would disperse the crowd there at that time. He
+refused to go, saying that he could not leave the office. I rather
+urged the matter upon him. The mayor then said he had been sick, and
+was not fit to go. He gathered a force of some ten men, I believe, and
+sent officer Charles McGovern, one of the front office men, in charge
+of them. They were to report at the Union depot, and be moved from
+there by a passenger car to run especially to Twenty-eighth street.
+Before the force was sent, the question was asked of me, who was to pay
+for the men.
+
+Q. By whom?
+
+A. The question was suggested by Mr. O'Mora, and addressed to the
+mayor. The mayor then addressed me, and desired to know whether I was
+in a position to assume the expense. I told him certainly, that I must
+have protection, and that if he could not give the force, and I must
+pay for it, I was then ready, and would become responsible for the
+payment of the men. I went to the outer depot, and got there a few
+minutes before the squad of police arrived. I walked up to
+Twenty-eighth street, in company with one of the dispatchers, I think
+McCabe, and was then advised that we could not turn the switch, that
+those parties held the switch, and would not allow the engine to back
+down. The engineer was John Sweeny, and the conductor was S. K. Moore.
+We wanted to take the engine down to couple on to a draft of cars to
+take them out on the Wilkensburg siding. I directed Moore to turn the
+switch. He refused, saying to me that he was afraid, that there were
+men there to shoot him the moment he attempted to turn the switch. I
+replied: "Very good, I will turn the switch," and I made a step forward
+for the purpose of getting to the switch, when the crowd gathered
+around me, and a brakeman by the name of D. D. Davis, who, I believe,
+at the time was in the employ of the Pan Handle road, or else a
+discharged employé from there--he was not in our employ--jumped in
+front of me, and waving his hand, or his hat, called out: "Boys, we
+will die right here." I placed my hand upon his coat, and called upon
+officer McGovern to arrest him. While my hand was upon his coat, some
+one delivered a blow, and hit me in the eye. That was from behind this
+man Davis. Immediately an attempt was made on the part of the police
+officers to arrest him. Others interested with him were throwing
+themselves in the way of the police officers to prevent the capture,
+but he was finally captured, and taken to the station-house. Prior to
+that time, however, I had reported to Mr. Pitcairn on the day express
+east that there was trouble, but that I did not anticipate it would
+amount to a great deal, and that he need not hurry home, unless further
+advised by me. The first place I could reach him was at Altoona. After
+having been struck, and finding the crowd increasing, and determined to
+prevent the running of the trains, I made a still further report,
+stating the condition of things, and he came back to Pittsburgh on the
+next train on which he could reach here, the fast line west that night.
+After I was struck, I believe I directed Mr. Smith to write a message,
+either in my name, or in Mr. Pitcairn's, I do not recollect, and
+addressed to the mayor, calling upon him for an additional force of not
+less than fifty men. It may have been a portion of those men who came
+up on the Atlantic express, six or eight, in charge of William J.
+White. Mr. Garrett reported from Torrens an immense crowd gathered
+there. I went up on the Atlantic with this police force to try to
+endeavor to get the stock. There were forty-six cars, all loaded with
+stock, waiting for this train to come out. We expected every moment to
+get some train started. Mr. Garrett had made an arrangement to side
+track some train coming west, and to take the engines and turn them at
+Torrens, and go east with the stock. They were there interfered with by
+quite a large crowd, who notified the employés on the trains that had
+come west that they must not couple to or touch the cars, intimidating
+them and threatening that they would be killed, or that something would
+happen.
+
+Q. Who composed that crowd?
+
+A. A number of railroad employés of our road and other roads and
+parties I didn't know, but supposed them to be not railroad men.
+
+Q. Who seemed to be leading the crowd at Torrens?
+
+A. A man who had been in our employ until the morning of
+Thursday--Andrew Hice. He notified the parties that he would be damned
+if any stock should move there, and that no train should pass there
+until the matter was settled.
+
+Q. Was he an engineer?
+
+A. He had been at one time a conductor on the road. Up until that
+Thursday morning he was in the employ of the company as a flagman. I
+might here state that when I directed Mr. Garrett to go out and see the
+men, he was told to notify all those employés who were called upon, and
+who refused to go out, that they might consider themselves as
+discharged. One party was paid off immediately; the others had not come
+for their pay, and nothing was said about paying or reporting them
+discharged until after the troubles were over.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with those men yourself at that time?
+
+A. Which men?
+
+Q. With that crowd--those leaders?
+
+A. I did have a conversation at Twenty-eighth street, before going to
+Torrens. I called upon the crowd to disperse and leave the ground of
+the company, that we proposed to move our trains, and did not desire to
+have any trouble.
+
+Q. Did they make any demands at that time, and if so, what were the
+nature of those demands?
+
+A. They did not. They simply said it was a question of bread or blood
+with them. At Torrens I had a conversation with the engineers and
+conductors of the trains coming west, and tried to persuade them to
+couple on to the stock and go ahead. They, however, refused, and gave
+as a reason, that they were afraid for their lives to do so. Mr. Thomas
+Scott, day stock agent at East Liberty, and the dispatcher both said to
+the crews that they would couple the cars if they would back the
+engines; but the crews were too much intimidated to do that. Mr.
+Garrett started with those engines to go east, and was to stop at
+Wilkensburg to take there a draft of twenty-two to thirty-two freight
+cars, and start for Derry with them. He and I had an understanding that
+I would attempt to get the stock from there somehow. I was to advise
+him after he left whether he might expect it. We gave it out that the
+stock was to be unloaded, and the shifting engine at the station, there
+for the purpose of shifting around the yard, backed down against the
+stock, and, that being coupled to the train, they started at once, and
+before they discovered what we were after, the train was out of reach,
+and this train that Mr. Garrett had taken east stopped and took on the
+stock at Walls. This was the last stock that we got away from East
+Liberty. East Liberty is four and five tenths miles, and Torrens is
+half a mile further east. I staid at Torrens waiting the movements of a
+train from Pittsburgh--the train that should come out in the afternoon.
+An attempt was made about four o'clock to move that train. A crowd
+interfered after the engines had started, and the engineers left their
+engines, and the crews gave up the trains. I then came back to
+Pittsburgh and went to the office, and made a still further report to
+Mr. Pitcairn. I then drove again to the mayor's office. I met Captain
+Bachelor at the office. He wanted to know if he could do me any
+service.
+
+Q. He called in the capacity of a private citizen?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Who is he?
+
+A. The president of the Mason's bank. I found, on inquiry, that the
+mayor was not about when I got to his office. I was informed by his
+clerk, Mr. Metzgar, that he had gone out to Castle Shannon in the
+afternoon. That his wife was sick, and that he had gone to see her. I
+then asked whether anything could be done to call out the night force,
+fearing from the way the crowd was increasing that there might be
+considerable trouble. They said they could not send the police force
+out there and leave the balance of the city unprotected. I then drove
+up here to the sheriff's office--or rather the captain drove up--and
+found all closed here. I then drove to the sheriff's residence, on
+Washington street, and they replied that he was out of the city, but
+was expected back during the evening. I then went back to the office,
+and found that we could not make any movement that night, though we
+held the crews ready to go in case we had a chance to move.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What night was this?
+
+A. It was on Thursday night. I reported the condition of affairs to Mr.
+John Scott, who had called at the office on his way into town, in
+pursuance of a message from the east, to consult with Mr. Pitcairn.
+During that night, and before twelve o'clock, the crowd was
+accumulating, and had entire possession of the tracks at Twenty-eighth
+street, so that we were unable to move even the engines engaged in the
+yard transfer work. The engineers had all been notified to put up their
+engines, and go into the house, and the movement of stock was
+interfered with. The movement of stock from the western roads--some was
+turned back. There seemed to be some trouble among the parties
+themselves as to whether the stock should go on or be sent back. I
+called at the office of the Pennsylvania company, to get the Honorable
+John Scott to go with me, and we called upon the sheriff in the name of
+the company for protection, and stated all that had been done up to
+that time. The sheriff got his deputy, who lived across the way, and we
+all drove out to the outer depot. On the way out we saw Mr. Pitcairn
+walking up, and took him in and rode to the outer depot--I think a
+little after twelve o'clock, midnight; the sheriff, after a
+consultation, went with General Pearson and some twenty or thirty men
+of our employés, myself among the number, to Twenty-eighth street. He
+there mounted upon a plank leading up on to a gondola, so that his head
+was above the crowd, and addressed them, advising them to leave and go
+to their homes, stating what his duty would be in case they did not go.
+He was greeted with all sorts of vile abuse, and told to go home. I
+will not repeat the language. He found he could do nothing there with
+them. He was jeered at, and while he was addressing the crowd pistol
+shots were fired in the air. That crowd was composed of some few
+railroad men, but the majority were not railroad men--a great number of
+them were mill men, and some of them with no occupation at all.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd at that time?
+
+A. I should judge in the neighborhood of two hundred men. The sheriff
+then went back to the superintendent's office, and entered into
+communication with Harrisburg and other points, sending the telegrams
+as described by Mr. Scott. There was no other attempt made that night
+to move anything, except stock to the stockyard from the connecting
+lines.
+
+Q. What occurred on Friday morning?
+
+A. We had crews brought in from Derry--that is the train-masters. They
+came in as passengers, ready to take the trains east. The majority of
+the engineers, up to this time, had professed their entire willingness
+to run at any and all times, but the crowd, on Friday, had increased to
+such an extent that it was not deemed prudent to attempt to start the
+trains without some protection afforded to the men running them, at
+least through the crowd. Very little was done during Friday, except the
+movement of stock. Friday night the troops were moved, the Fourteenth
+and Nineteenth regiments, I believe, to the neighborhood of
+Twenty-eighth street. I expected on Saturday morning that we would
+start our trains without much trouble. I believe they took almost
+complete and entire possession of Twenty-eighth street and the switches
+that we needed to get our trains out.
+
+Q. That is the troops took possession?
+
+A. Yes; they had full possession of Twenty-eighth street on Saturday
+morning.
+
+Q. And all the switches you needed to get your trains out?
+
+A. Yes. But the crowd assembled in very large numbers, and it was not
+long before the crowd had possession of them, and all the ground.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Driving the troops off?
+
+A. There was no conflict at all. The troops were stationed, one
+regiment on the hillside, probably some two hundred feet back from the
+line of the railroad, with their arms stacked, and another regiment was
+stationed on the road leading up to the hospital grounds, east of
+Twenty-eighth street, with their arms stacked, and a few men were on
+the crossing.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I want to know if those troops left their arms stacked while the
+crowd was still accumulating?
+
+A. The crowd was in and about there. Do you mean whether or not the
+crowd could have taken possession of any of those arms without
+interference?
+
+Q. No; but whether while the crowd was still accumulating the troops
+had their arms stacked?
+
+A. The crowd was accumulating, and continued accumulating up to the
+time of the firing.
+
+Q. And the arms were still stacked?
+
+A. Yes, sir; while I was there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. That is Friday evening?
+
+A. No; Saturday morning. Mr. Pitcairn, and Mr. Cassett, and General
+Pearson, and other officers were at the Union depot. I remained at
+Twenty-sixth street, awaiting any instruction that might be sent me. I
+was advised by Mr. Pitcairn to hold myself in readiness to move some
+trains on Saturday afternoon--that the sheriff and posse were coming up
+the track, and that they would be followed by the troops, and that he
+expected that the crowd would be dispersed, and that we would be
+furnished a sufficient guard to place upon each one of those trains to
+move them out beyond Torrens, or to any other point where we might
+expect trouble. I waited, and met them as they came up. They were
+followed by quite a large concourse of persons. The troops held the
+track about opposite Twenty-fifth street, and there the Second brigade
+of the Philadelphia troops was left. I do not now remember the name of
+the general in command. However I was left with him. The First brigade
+moved on to Twenty-eighth street. This Second brigade threw out a
+skirmish line across the entire yard, with instructions from the
+general to drive back everybody. It was General Loud. He threw out a
+skirmish line and drove all parties west a sufficient distance for us
+to couple together all our cars and to make up our trains to go out.
+
+Q. Drove them towards the city, you mean?
+
+A. Yes; quite a crowd of the transfer clerks, and some of our
+engineers, and oil men, and repair men were on the tops of the cars,
+who claimed to be employés, and had business there. General Loud sent
+an officer to me and asked if they were to remain there or whether we
+wanted them. I told him that we did not want anybody within a certain
+distance. When we had made attempts, prior to that, to couple up the
+trains, the links and pins all along had been taken out. I went down
+and advised the transfer clerks to go into the office, and I told the
+officer that when any of our men had business to be inside, they should
+be let through, and I told them that if we wanted them we could advise
+them. After having cleared off that space, we heard firing. I looked up
+in the direction of Twenty-eighth street, and saw a crowd coming down,
+a portion of them coming down towards where I was, right opposite the
+mouth of Twenty-sixth street. Seeing the crowd coming, I had the gate
+thrown open--the gate that closes the shops and the exit gate on
+Liberty street thrown open--and directed colonel, some one of the
+Greys, to throw a body across to prevent them going down the space he
+had cleared, and that we could turn them out at that point out on
+Twenty-sixth street. That firing occurred about five o'clock. When I
+speak of time in my testimony, I speak altogether of railroad time.
+There was no further attempt made that night to start trains. The
+excitement was so great, and it was quite late, so the men refused to
+go for fear of being thrown off the track at some point on the road. I
+believe that brings me up to the time of the firing.
+
+Q. You had a space sufficient cleared to enable you to get your cars
+out?
+
+A. Our engines were backed down from the round-house on to those tracks
+that the trains were standing on. We had cleared off a space there from
+the side hill to the line of the "transfer" clear of anyone and
+everyone.
+
+Q. What prevented you from moving out your trains at that time?
+
+A. The men got frightened at the firing, and started off. They were
+afraid that if they made an attempt at that time in that excitement
+that they would be thrown from the track.
+
+Q. Where were the militia then?
+
+A. General Loud was still in his position between Twenty-sixth street,
+and, I should judge, Twenty-fourth. The First division was at
+Twenty-eighth street, and a considerable portion of the crowd was
+between Twenty-sixth and Twenty-eighth streets, between the two bodies
+of troops. I asked the colonel in charge of this Grey regiment not to
+allow his men to fire on the crowd coming down, that they could be
+turned out at Twenty-sixth street, and that some of our men were there
+who were all right. He got in front of his men and cautioned them. He
+first gave the command to a captain to have his men load their pieces.
+That was done, and then he cautioned his men, saying it was a very
+delicate matter, indeed, and that the men should be very careful, and
+that when there was any necessity for any firing that the men must
+remember that he would give the command.
+
+Q. How long did the troops remain stationed as you have described?
+
+A. I cannot answer that as to time. I went to the office and there saw
+General Pearson and General Brinton, and some of the others in
+consultation. They were all close around the shops, and they then
+turned and moved into the shops. I suppose it was then about six
+o'clock.
+
+Q. Where did the troops stay during the night?
+
+A. I was not there during the night.
+
+Q. Do you know from your own knowledge?
+
+A. They stayed in what we call the lower round-house and lock-shops.
+
+Q. What troops stayed there?
+
+A. I understand the Philadelphia troops, General Brinton's command, and
+the two pieces belonging to the battery here were taken into the
+round-house. The Fourteenth regiment had been stationed at the transfer
+building. The reason, I think, for their going into the shops, as I
+understood it, was that the men who were there had come without any
+preparation, and as there were to be no trains run out that night, they
+would go into the shops to be as comfortable as possible.
+
+Q. Was any further effort made during that night to start any trains?
+
+A. We were unable to make any efforts further.
+
+Q. Can you tell us what became of the crowd during the night?
+
+A. The crowd around the buildings accumulated so that in front of the
+office, at the corner of Twenty-sixth and Liberty, and for some
+distance on either side of it--that being the head-quarters--the
+office--they had taken possession of Mr. Pitcairn's office for the
+head-quarters--the crowd was very dense, and packed down Twenty-sixth
+street, probably half way to Penn, and on Liberty street, in every
+direction, for a square--an immense crowd of people yelling with rage
+against the troops.
+
+Q. How many would you judge were there at that time?
+
+A. Not less than five thousand people.
+
+Q. Did they remain in force during all the night?
+
+A. I was not there during all the time, but I understood they were
+constantly accumulating.
+
+Q. Until Sunday morning?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd on Sunday morning?
+
+A. I cannot answer that. I was on the side hill early on Sunday
+morning, and I could see immense crowds in all directions moving up
+Liberty street.
+
+Q. Can you tell us what the result of that firing, at the point
+cleared, was as to loss of life?
+
+A. I am not prepared to answer that. If you will remember, I was
+stationed at Twenty-sixth street, and was not at Twenty-eighth street.
+At the time of the firing, I was with the second brigade of General
+Brinton's division. There passed me, and were taken into our office,
+several soldiers belonging to the First regiment, and a boy who was
+shot down. I should judge a boy about twelve or fourteen years of age.
+There were two men carrying him. Quite a number of wounded soldiers
+were taken to the office, and they sent for Doctor Hamilton.
+
+Q. Can you state what efforts were made, after the troops were taken
+into the round-house and the shops, by the officers of the militia to
+drive back the crowd and disperse it there that night or Sunday
+morning, or during the day of Sunday?
+
+A. When they went into the round-house, I understood they would keep
+under cover. I do not think, from all I understood, it was the
+intention of the troops to come into any collision. They felt that they
+were brought there to protect the movement of trains, and that there
+would be a guard go out on each train, after having obtained possession
+of the Twenty-eighth street switches.
+
+Q. What time did the firing of cars commence by the mob?
+
+A. I cannot answer that from my own knowledge. I believe in the
+neighborhood of ten o'clock.
+
+Q. Saturday night?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was any attempt made by the officers of the troops, or by the civil
+authorities, either of the county or city, to prevent that, and to
+drive back the crowd when they began to fire the cars and destroy
+property?
+
+A. I cannot answer that. I did not see any.
+
+Q. By any of the authorities?
+
+A. I did not see any.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Did it appear that the citizens were in sympathy with the strikers?
+
+A. I am a Pittsburgher.
+
+Q. But I ask were the citizens in sympathy with the strikers?
+
+By Senator Yutzy: I think, Mr. Chairman, that that question ought to be
+modified. All the citizens were not present.
+
+
+    By the witness:
+
+A. If you asked me the question whether or not the citizens, or any
+number of them, came to me and offered their assistance, then I might
+answer the question. The crowd certainly manifested no disposition to
+assist in the running of trains. The crowd, of course, was in sympathy.
+I speak of those who were present at Twenty-eighth street and
+Twenty-sixth street, on Liberty street, fronting the office, and I
+should say there were none at all in sympathy with the railroad
+company, but the soldiers.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. But that does not answer my question. I desire to know whether the
+citizens were not in sympathy with the strikers?
+
+By Senator Yutzy: I repeat, Mr. Chairman, that I do not think this
+question should be put to the witness. I move that the committee retire
+for a few moments' consultation.
+
+This motion being agreed to, the committee retired.
+
+Upon returning, the chairman of the committee announced to the witness
+that the question would not be pressed for the present.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What time did the first firing occur?
+
+A. In the neighborhood of five o'clock. It was, probably, a few minutes
+after five o'clock.
+
+Q. But when did the first firing occur--that is, when was the fire
+first kindled by the mob?
+
+A. In the neighborhood of ten o'clock.
+
+Q. Was any effort made by the railroad company, during the night, to
+prevent the firing and destruction of property?
+
+A. I would hardly know how to answer that. The railroad employés that
+we had considered loyal and ready to run, when we desired them to go on
+the trains, had gone to their homes, it not being deemed prudent to run
+any trains that night. I left the outer depot in the neighborhood of
+seven o'clock, to go down to the Union depot for supper, and to arrange
+for the sending of supper for General Pearson's staff, and General
+Brinton's staff, and all his brigade generals' staff. I went to the
+Union depot with Mr. Pitcairn and Mr. Cassatt, and, I think, Colonel
+Smith, on engine forty-five. At that time the military were in
+possession of the shops and round-house, and I did not anticipate that
+anything would be done until daylight. The firing of the cars was, I
+understand, up at Lawrenceville, or just within sight of there, and the
+cars were dropped down, and the switches so turned that they would run
+towards the round-house--the burning cars, these, of course, would
+communicate to other cars.
+
+Q. Would the cars run themselves?
+
+A. It is down grade from East Liberty to Lawrenceville, and there a
+moderate down grade until about Twenty-sixth street, where there is a
+short level space, probably, two or three squares, and then there is an
+up grade west of that point until you reach about opposite St.
+Bridget's church, where again it is down grade, so that a car started
+from the east would run towards the round-house, and a car started from
+the west end of the yard would run toward the round-house.
+
+Q. Do you know how long the troops remained in the round-house?
+
+A. I understand they left between five and six o'clock that morning.
+
+Q. Sunday morning?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You were not present there?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You do not know what occurred from your own knowledge?
+
+A. Except from what I saw from the hillside.
+
+Q. You were present during the day--Sunday?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Were you where you could see the movement of the rioters?
+
+A. Not after four o'clock, Sunday morning.
+
+Q. How long did the riotous proceedings continue--in other words, when
+did the mob disperse and cease their burning and destruction of
+property?
+
+A. I left town on Sunday night at nine o'clock, and I understand they
+were still riotous. Of my own knowledge I know nothing after that time.
+Our head-quarters were at Blairsville intersection.
+
+Q. When did you first get control of your road and property at this
+point?
+
+A. Mr. Pitcairn came west from Blairsville intersection on Wednesday,
+July 25, I think on the Johnstown accommodation. We were then running
+our through connections over the West Penn Division, from Allegheny
+city to Blairsville intersection, and on the main line as far as East
+Liberty, our mail trains, and our passenger trains, and our Uniontown
+express over the south-west road.
+
+Q. Were you present when the troops fired upon the crowd? If so, state
+all the circumstances that took place at that time?
+
+A. I have already said that I was not at Twenty-eighth street at the
+time of the firing, but was with General Loud at Twenty-sixth street.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You know nothing then as to what transpired at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Except by seeing the crowd running, and hearing the firing, which
+was of an irregular character--not a volley at all.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. The firing was something like the firing of a skirmish line?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who composed the crowd at that time? Were they railroad employés or
+stragglers in general, or were there any other persons in the vicinity
+mixed with the crowd to any extent?
+
+A. There was quite a very large number of lookers on, stationed on the
+hill side above--men, women, and children, scattered all along,
+probably for a distance of fifty thousand feet.
+
+Q. How close were they to the persons carrying on the riot?
+
+A. Probably from a hundred to two hundred and fifty feet above them.
+And at Twenty-eighth street, and east and west of Twenty-eighth street,
+and covering all of the tracks before the troops came up, there were
+many people. All our trains passing--we were running all the
+accommodation trains east and west--were boarded at Twenty-eighth
+street by the crowd, who filled them up, and ran through the cars, and
+piled upon the engines, so as to seriously interfere with the men in
+the performance of their duties. The crowd, many through curiosity,
+went upon the trains in such force that it was useless for any of our
+men to attempt to collect fare. The engines were perfectly black, both
+in front of the engine and the tank and the platform. A great number of
+those men got on and would go through the trains to see who was in
+them, before they would let them proceed.
+
+Q. Were the passenger trains interfered with by the mob?
+
+A. All were stopped at Twenty-eighth street, and the mob went through
+and examined each and every train for soldiers.
+
+Q. And then allowed them to go on?
+
+A. Sometimes it was a very serious question. If we had not had some
+engineers determined that they were going to try to get their trains
+through, they would have cut the passenger trains off and allowed
+nothing but mail cars to go.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. On the 23d of July, did the sheriff not throw a guard around the
+burned district?
+
+A. I was stationed then at Blairsville Intersection, and I cannot
+answer that question of my own knowledge.
+
+Q. Then you do not know whether on or after the 23d day of July the
+railroad company could or could not have had entire control, if they
+had seen fit?
+
+A. Most decidedly they could not, simply for the fact that they could
+not get beyond Lawrenceville station.
+
+Q. But did not the sheriff throw a guard around the burned district?
+
+A. I don't know. I was not in the city on the 23d of July. But the
+tracks were all burned between Thirty-third street, or Lawrenceville,
+and the Union depot.
+
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM,
+    PITTSBURGH, FRIDAY, _February 8, 1878_.
+
+    MORNING SESSION.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled at ten o'clock,
+A.M., this day, and continued the taking of testimony.
+
+The first witness examined was:
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Norman M. Smith, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you reside and what your official connection with the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company is?
+
+A. I reside in the Twenty-second ward of Pittsburgh. I am manager of
+the Pittsburgh transfer station.
+
+Q. How long have you filled that position?
+
+A. About twelve and a half years.
+
+Q. State to the committee, in your own way, what the causes were that
+led to the riot, or what the disagreements were between the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company and their employés, and give the history
+of what you saw.
+
+A. My position was not such that I can speak from personal observation
+as to the causes. Of course, I understood them to be the ten per cent.
+reduction, which had taken place on the 1st of June, and after that the
+increased running of double-headers on freight trains. I understood
+these to be the causes. My more immediate connection with the trouble
+commenced on the morning of Thursday, July 19. About nine o'clock that
+morning my foreman came to me, and informed me that there was
+difficulty in getting out our east bound freights--that the train men
+had refused to go out, unless the trains stopped running as
+double-headers. I went from my office up to the outer depot, and there
+found that the crews had refused to run. Shortly after that I met Mr.
+Garrett, the assistant train master, and Mr. McCabe, the general
+dispatcher, and they informed me that they were going to the transfer
+station to detail our yard crews to run along the road. I remained
+there long enough to see one of the crews arrive. They came and
+attempted to couple a caboose car on one of the engines. A brakeman by
+the name of Gerry was making the coupling, when he was attacked by a
+number of train men, and driven away with a shower of stones, and
+links, and coupling-pins. I saw him struck. A further effort to remove
+the train was not made. About a quarter before twelve, I walked up to
+the outer depot again, and just at that moment a car came up with some
+ten or a dozen policemen. I then met Mr. Watt, and walked with him and
+the policemen up to Twenty-eighth street. A yard engine was standing on
+the switch there, and an attempt was made to get it out. Mr. Watt
+instructed a conductor named Moore to turn the switch, in order to let
+the engine out. Moore declined to do it, giving as his reason that he
+had been threatened with violence if he did so. Mr. Watt then made the
+attempt to turn the switch himself. Just at that moment, a man standing
+there raised his hand, perhaps with his hat in it, and said: "Come on,
+boys, we will die right here." Mr. Watt directed an officer to arrest
+him, and at that moment he was struck, by a man named McCullough, in
+the eye. The policemen made a rush on McCullough, and, after being
+interfered with by his friends, he was arrested. Mr. Watt then
+requested me to go to the telegraph office, and telegraph to Mayor
+McCarthy for fifty additional policemen. I sent a message, as near as I
+recollect, in these words: "Please send fifty additional policemen at
+once," and signed Mr. Watt's name to it. That message went a quarter
+before one, Philadelphia time. I then returned to Twenty-eighth street,
+and remained there perhaps two hours, and then returned to my office
+about three o'clock, and then returned to the outer depot. An
+additional police force of perhaps five or six men had responded to the
+call for fifty. A train was made up, two engines were attached to it,
+and it was ready to move. When the order was given to go ahead, a
+number of strikers got in front, and signaled it to stop, when it
+commenced moving. One of the engineers whistled down brakes, and the
+train stopped. There was some wrangling there, and the engineer of the
+forward engine, a man named Woodward, got off the engine, and was
+immediately greeted with cheers by the crowd, and made a hero of. I had
+an engagement at the house then, and left. I did not return until the
+next morning. The next morning I found the crowd still at Twenty-eighth
+street, and the condition of the yard the same as the night before. No
+trains had been moved. About eleven o'clock, a committee of employés at
+the transfer station came to the office, and informed us that they
+intended to strike, unless the ten per cent. was restored. We told them
+we could only submit their demand to those in authority over us, that
+we had no function in the matter at all. The committee retired to
+discuss the matter with their fellow workmen. About twelve o'clock,
+perhaps a little before, a committee from the strikers--a committee of
+brakemen, I am told--I was not present at the time--came to the men,
+and made a speech to them, and told them if they would strike, they
+would protect them, and guarantee places after the strike was over. A
+majority of our men then went with this committee that came down in the
+direction of Twenty-eighth street. I remained on the platform, and saw
+such of the men as I could, and I found those I talked with were
+opposed to striking, and ready to go to work; and one by one the men
+who had gone off with the committee returned, or a number of them.
+These men said they were led into the thing against their wishes and
+judgment, and that they were ready to work. Of course, they did not
+like the reduction, but they must work if they could get it. I told
+them to leave their names with the foreman, directed him to take them,
+and told them as soon as they had given their names to return to their
+homes, and that as soon as we wanted them we would send for them. Our
+work, of course, had stopped with the stopping of the trains. I
+remained about the office until four o'clock in the afternoon, and then
+went to the Union depot. I there met Mr. Pitcairn, and he requested me
+to remain with him. Shortly after my arrival there, I found that a
+section of artillery and a portion of the Nineteenth regiment had
+reported for duty. The Eighteenth regiment, under Colonel Guthrie, I
+had seen going east on a passenger train, about noon, on the way, I
+ascertained, to Torrens station. Breck's two guns and the Nineteenth
+regiment were ready for orders. We started out Liberty street. After we
+had gone a square or so, we halted, and I heard Senator Scott, and Mr.
+Thaw, and Mr. Cassatt, and Mr. Pitcairn, and General Pearson in
+consultation. Certain of these gentlemen deprecated the movement of the
+troops at that time, thinking that the number was not sufficient to
+meet the strikers then at Twenty-eighth street, and fearing a
+precipitation of the conflict. After this consultation, those troops
+were recalled, and brought on to the platform of the Union depot. A
+number of us, Mr. Pitcairn, Mr. Cassatt, General Pearson, Mr. Watt, and
+myself, and, perhaps, others, I do not recollect now, discussed the
+matter there, and General Pearson said that he would await the arrival
+of the Fourteenth regiment. When that came, probably about nine
+o'clock, on Friday the 20th, he proposed moving out the tracks to
+Twenty-eighth street, and hauling his guns after him. I objected to the
+movement, and was asked the reasons for my objection. I stated them to
+be, that I thought that at eight or nine o'clock that night the crowd
+would be very large, and that the movement would be a mistake. I
+suggested, instead of that movement, to wait until about three o'clock
+in the morning, when the crowd would be at a minimum, and then move out
+Bedford avenue with the Fourteenth regiment, and so give time for the
+Nineteenth regiment to arrive by the time the ground was cleared by the
+Fourteenth. Then, if the crowd did not go away, to drive them away, and
+occupy the hill and crossing, and keep them clear. Then, I thought, we
+could start the trains. After considerable discussion, that plan was
+adopted. I remained at the Union depot, and met Adjutant General Latta
+when he arrived.
+
+Q. What time did he arrive?
+
+A. On the fast line, that came in about twelve o'clock Friday
+night--may be a few minutes later. General Latta was advised of the
+proposed movement, and was particular in his inquiries in regard to it.
+He first hesitated in authorizing it, fearing a precipitation of the
+conflict. We argued that the probability of a conflict would be avoided
+by making that movement; that perhaps there would only be a couple of
+hundred men there and that we could occupy the place without
+difficulty, and once in control could keep it without further trouble.
+After the facts were presented, he declined to interfere with General
+Pearson's arrangement. About two o'clock, the Fourteenth regiment was
+ordered to return to the city, with the understanding that as soon as
+they got to a certain point they were to turn and go out Bedford
+avenue. Before this, however, I was directed to arrange to have two
+gondola cars to mount the guns on, and to have two engines to push them
+up. I was to man them and run them up on parallel tracks, with the
+Nineteenth regiment supporting them. I went to the depot master, and
+requested him to get the gondolas, and asked him how many engines he
+had. He replied that he had one yard shifter. I told him to order out
+two engines for the Pacific express, and told him I had authority from
+Mr. Pitcairn to give the order. The engines were ordered out, but the
+mob refused to allow but one to go. The Fourteenth regiment had started
+out Bedford avenue. After my return, I started out the track, and went
+up through the ravine there west of Twenty-eighth street, overlooking
+the location of the mob, then I passed the Pest house and met the
+Fourteenth regiment on Bedford avenue, and turned them through the
+ravine east of the Pest house, explaining the topography of the hill to
+the commanding officer, telling him how to deploy his regiment. We then
+moved forward in regimental front. We started a few people on the hill,
+and they ran down the track. Just as we got to the lower bench of the
+hill the battery and the Nineteenth regiment arrived on the ground. The
+crossing was occupied and cleared. We then returned to the Union depot
+to prepare some provision for the troops. About seven o'clock we
+started out, Mr. Pitcairn, General Pearson, myself, and others. At
+Twenty-eighth street we halted, and I called General Pearson's
+attention to the hill, and the general location. We had some
+consultation about it, and General Pearson admitted that it was a
+position to be occupied and held. He then went to the other side of the
+tank of the engine, and directed somebody to hold the hill and allow
+nobody to go on it, and to keep the crossings clear, and to allow
+nobody to come on them. We then went on to Torren's station, to Colonel
+Guthrie's camp. He gave his orders, and he then said he would return to
+the city and await the arrival of the Philadelphia troops. The first
+detachment arrived at one o'clock, and the second about half past two
+o'clock. They were given a lunch there, and at about four o'clock,
+perhaps a little after, we started out the tracks. Sheriff Fife, with a
+posse of perhaps twelve or fifteen men, marched ahead of the column
+some distance, with warrants for the arrest of certain parties who were
+supposed to be ringleaders, and Mr. Pitcairn and myself accompanied the
+sheriff to point out these men. When we came opposite the transfer
+station, I pointed out a couple of avenues leading in from Liberty
+street, and said it might be well to guard them, and we made a detail
+to guard that place. The rest of the column then moved on. We saw,
+directly, that the hill side, instead of being kept clear was covered
+with people, and also the crossings. The troops marched up with the
+First regiment--I think the regiment of Colonel Benson--in advance, and
+on Twenty-eighth street came into line. Colonel Benson then formed two
+sides of a square, making the north and south sides of the square, and
+two companies came up in company front and formed the first side of the
+square, facing east. The Gatling guns took position in the rear of the
+east side of the square. Before this square had been formed, Mr.
+Pitcairn and myself went with the sheriff among the crowd, but were
+unable to find the parties for whom the sheriff held warrants. We had
+some discussion there with the strikers, and General Pearson, I
+observed, passed us going up the hill where the Pittsburgh troops
+seemed to have been formed. After the square had been formed, we gave
+up our discussion with those people, and Mr. Pitcairn and myself sat
+down on some plank about the center of the square. General Pearson
+passed us and made some remarks. I forget his words. He referred to the
+thing looking serious, that more troops should be had, and said he was
+going to telegraph General Latta, and left us, starting in the
+direction of the telegraph office.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. That was about five o'clock. Mr. Pitcairn and myself were chatting
+together about the situation, when my attention was called to an
+attempt made by the company that formed the east side of the square to
+press the crowd back. They formed with arms across, and tried to push
+the crowd back, but the mob grasped the muskets of some of them. The
+troops found they could not make any impression, and then the order was
+given to charge bayonets.
+
+Q. Who gave that order?
+
+A. I do not know. I simply heard the order given. The troops came to a
+charge bayonets on the mob. Then I recollect seeing one man--one of the
+mob with a musket in one hand draw a pistol with the other, and fire,
+and I saw a man fall--whether he was dodging only or whether he was
+struck, I do not know. At the same moment one or two other pistol shots
+were fired, and then a volley of stones and pieces of clinker came from
+the hill on the sides of the square. A number of the troops were struck
+down. Several of them fell within two or three feet of me. Then one or
+two shots were fired from the muskets, and others followed, and a
+fusillade was kept up for a couple of minutes. Mr. Pitcairn and myself
+were still sitting there, and I said to him it would be prudent to lie
+down. We kept close for a moment or two, and as soon as the crowd broke
+we walked to the north side of the square, and I told a lieutenant
+there, who was in command of a company, perhaps, that he had better
+make a right wheel, and drive some people out who had got behind a
+gondola car loaded with coal there. I believe he acted on my
+suggestion. At the first firing the crowd had broken and run in every
+direction. Mr. Pitcairn and myself then returned to his office. There I
+found General Pearson, and I judged, by his surprise, that I gave him
+the first intimation he had of the firing. Shortly after Mr. Cassatt
+came into the room. A few minutes after a gentleman on General
+Brinton's staff. I think Colonel Wilson came in. He was directed to
+tell General Brinton to report. General Brinton reported, and, after
+some consultation, General Brinton suggested a move into the
+round-house. I think I objected, but to no avail, because, as he said,
+the mob was driven away and he could go into the round-house and get
+shelter for his men and give them some rest, and that he could protect
+the property of the company in case of an attack just as well from the
+round-house as from the position he then occupied. I said to Mr.
+Pitcairn that I thought it was a great mistake--that the hill should be
+occupied; but General Brinton and General Pearson, of course, were the
+military officers who were in charge of the situation, and for the time
+the railroad officers had relinquished all control. We remained there
+some time, and the question of supplies came up--of provision for those
+men--and Mr. Pitcairn, Mr. Watt, Mr. Cassatt, and myself got on an
+engine and went to the Union depot, and gave orders for provisions.
+Those provisions were loaded up and started to the outer depot, and I
+afterwards understood were captured by the mob. We remained at the
+Union depot that evening. About ten o'clock a person came and told me I
+had better leave. I asked for his reason, and he said that the mob were
+then at Saint Fulvia's church, at Fourteenth and Liberty streets, on
+their way to the Union depot, and said they were going to hang Mr.
+Cassatt, Mr. Pitcairn, Mr. Watt, and me. I did not place much reliance
+on the report, but it was afterwards verified that the mob was there
+and moving down in that direction. The other three gentlemen went away.
+I was in a different part of the hotel at the time, and remained there
+some time, but several friends came to me and urged me to leave. I went
+out through the front door of the depot, and when I got near the
+elevator, true enough the mob did come, but I do not know what for. I
+then got into a carriage and drove to my house.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. About a quarter after ten o'clock on Saturday night. I locate the
+time from the fact that after I got to my home, I threw myself on the
+bed, and my wife came to me and said the fire alarm was striking from
+box sixty-four. I said it was the outer depot, and it would be a big
+fire in a few minutes, but I did not want to be disturbed. I looked at
+my watch, and it was a quarter to eleven. Shortly afterward I was again
+awakened to come and look at the fire. I saw at once that it was the
+oil cars. I slept a few minutes, and then went to the stock yards. At
+Torrens station I met Colonel Guthrie, and there we chatted a while,
+and then I returned to the city. Probably about seven or eight o'clock,
+I am not sure about the hour, in walking up the track, I met some of
+our clerks, and they told me that my office was on fire, and that
+everything was burned, and there was no use to go up. I went up far
+enough to see the fire there, which was then extending, and I went then
+to the west end of the Union depot in the endeavor to get a few men
+together to throw some cars off the track to block it. I feared they
+would set fire to cars, and run them down the track to burn the depot.
+I got a number of men together and left them in charge of it. They
+succeeded afterwards in throwing some cars off, and blocking all the
+tracks but two. The reason of my leaving was, that I recollected that
+the night before, Saturday night, I had been requested by General Latta
+to remove a lot of ammunition which had been stored in the store-room
+at the east end of the Union depot--some twenty or thirty thousand
+rounds, perhaps more. I had gone there the evening before with a few
+gentlemen, and loaded this ammunition up on baggage hoppers, and stored
+it away in the cellar. I thought of the ammunition, and knew it was
+important to be saved. I left the parties at the cars and went to
+General Latta, and asked if any arrangement had been made to get the
+ammunition out. He said, "yes," that he had requested Captain Breck to
+attend to it, and that he was then at it, but he asked me to go and see
+if I could render him any assistance. I went to Captain Breck, and
+found he was making some effort in that direction. I offered him my
+services, but he said that he had all the assistance that he required,
+except that he had no wagon. I then went to a livery stable right
+opposite the depot and got a large express wagon and had it brought
+over, and Captain Breck said he had ample assistance to load the
+ammunition up and get it out. Shortly after I went to the Monongahela
+house, to which General Latta's head-quarter's had been removed.
+
+Q. Was that ammunition for the troops?
+
+A. It had been brought out with General Brinton's command.
+
+Q. What time did it arrive?
+
+A. It arrived with the troops that came on Saturday afternoon. It
+remained in the store-room, into which they put it first, until nine
+o'clock Saturday night, when those gentlemen and myself loaded it up
+and took it down into the cellar of the hotel. I went to the
+Monongahela house. I was anxious to see Mr. Cassatt and Mr. Pitcairn. I
+found Mr. Cassatt there. Previous to this, information had been
+received of General Brinton's retiring--that he had gone east, and then
+we heard he was in the Allegheny cemetery. The question of provisions
+was uppermost in the mind of everybody for those men, and orders were
+sent to Allegheny for the different bakers to prepare sandwiches, and
+get all the provisions ready they could. Mr. Scott, the stock agent at
+East Liberty, came to the hotel about noon, and said that Colonel
+Guthrie was anxious about ammunition--that he had but little, and had
+divided what he had with the Philadelphia troops stopped at Wall's
+station. I wrote out an order on Captain Breck to give to Mr. Scott
+what ammunition he wanted, and took it to General Latta, who signed it.
+I knew Colonel Guthrie's position in regard to ammunition, and in about
+a quarter of an hour I followed Mr. Scott to the Union depot. I found
+him, and he said that the party with whom he had come in the buggy to
+get this ammunition had become demoralized and left, at any rate he
+could not get the ammunition. I think that was the reason he gave. I
+walked through the depot, and went to the place where the ammunition
+was stored, and I found it all remaining there; none of it was removed.
+I walked on the platform, and found the upper end on fire. I came down
+and walked through the lower part of the depot, and then up stairs
+through the hotel. I saw very few people--scarcely anybody. I then
+returned through the crowd, who were dragging every sort of property
+away from the robbed cars--got through them, and returned to the
+Monongahela house. General Latta then expressed an anxiety to form a
+junction between those troops at Wall's station and General Brinton's
+command, since ascertained to be in the vicinity of Sharpsburg, and
+expressed an additional anxiety in regard to the question of
+provisions. After consultation, I volunteered to do what I could to
+effect a junction between the two commands. Colonel Guthrie had
+returned from Torrens station, in citizens dress, to consult with
+General Latta, as he was unable to make any communication with him
+because the wires were burned. It was decided that I should take a
+buggy and communicate between those two detachments, and make what
+effort I could to get provisions. Mr. Cassatt was to take the north
+side of the river with a provision wagon, and get through the best he
+could, and I was to take the south side of the river and get through
+the best I could. I was to remain at General Brinton's camp until I
+heard from Mr. Cassatt. An order was also given to Colonel Guthrie to
+bring his regiment from Torrens station into the city. They thought,
+perhaps, that that regiment could stop the further burning. That
+regiment had remained solid and intact through the whole trouble.
+
+Q. What time were these orders given?
+
+A. About three o'clock on Sunday afternoon. I drove, then, first out to
+Torrens, and left Major Sellers there, and returned to my house, and
+changed my clothes, and then started for General Brinton's camp. I went
+across the Sharpsburg bridge, and then returned and took the river
+road. Being unacquainted with the location of General Brinton's
+command, I stopped at a hotel on the road, and endeavored to make some
+inquiries. I was not interfered with. In consequence of some replies I
+got, I went on to Aetna, and there ascertained the exact locality of
+General Brinton, and met Mr. Campbell Herron, of the firm of Spang,
+Chalfant, & Co., of the large works there. I explained to him the state
+of the troops in regard to food, and asked if he could help me. He sent
+for his manager, and directed that everything in the company's store
+should be turned over to my order. I arranged with the manager that
+provisions should be loaded up as soon as it was dark, and hauled out
+to the camp. I then went on to Claremont, and found General Brinton in
+camp at that point. I told General Brinton that I had orders from
+General Latta to effect a junction, if possible, between his command
+and the detachment of his division at Wall's station, under the command
+of Colonel Rogers. After talking the matter over, we concluded we had
+best bring them across from Walls, by the way of the Fairview ferry.
+General Brinton was to take a detachment at daylight to the ferry, and
+seize the boat, and hold it until we appeared on the opposite bank. I
+waited there, awaiting word from Mr. Cassatt. At ten o'clock a citizen
+of Allegheny came from Walls with word for me from Mr. Cassatt. I then
+started for Walls Station, distant some eighteen miles from that point.
+I returned by way of Sharpsburg bridge. I lost my way and got in Barren
+valley, but finally got on the right road again, and reached Walls
+station about two o'clock in the morning. I found some men there, and
+supposed it was a picket post of the troops, but found instead it was
+some men there, who, I suppose, were railroad men or miners. After some
+parleying with them, they permitted me to go to the house of one of the
+passenger conductors of the road, and from him I ascertained that the
+troops had gone to Blairsville. While talking to them, this party had
+taken my horse and buggy, but after some difficulty I got it back
+again, and returned to Claremont, and got there about six and a half
+o'clock, in the morning. I then found that the First brigade of General
+Brinton's division was loaded on cars, and was just then pulling out on
+the way to Blairsville. They had been instructed during my absence to
+report there. I remained until they were all loaded up, and then
+returned to my home, changed my clothes, and returned to the city. On
+my arrival at home, I was told that my neighbors had held a meeting,
+and had organized a vigilance committee, and placed me in command, and
+I spent the day in obtaining arms and ammunition for the committee. I
+remained on duty with that committee for the next week, patrolling the
+streets--twenty miles of streets. On Friday morning or Saturday, about
+sun rise, I was on the picket post at Torrens station, and there met
+Governor Hartranft and the troops returning to Pittsburgh. I remained
+on duty with my patrol. The next Sunday morning I was sent for by Mr.
+Pitcairn. He told me that he expected to commence moving trains that
+day, and wanted me to get ready. I got a force of clerks together, and
+we commenced starting trains, and in a few weeks things resumed there
+normal condition.
+
+Q. Did you endeavour to ascertain whether the outbreak on Thursday was
+the result of a pre-arranged plan among the railroad employés or not?
+
+A. I made no effort to ascertain that. From observation, I think there
+was a plan in course of arrangement, but I think the execution of it
+was premature on their part. I believe they did not strike here
+intentionally, but that it was precipitated by the crews that first
+refused to go that morning.
+
+Q. What facts have led you to that conclusions?
+
+A. I know from newspaper reports, and from rumors among the employés,
+that they were organizing a union of some description, to oppose this
+reduction. I simply have it from general rumor--from report.
+
+Q. Have you ever succeeded in getting anything from the employés
+themselves--any statement from them that would lead you to that
+conclusion?
+
+A. Nothing that I can re-call. I have heard them talking among
+themselves, saying that they would be organized by and by--some passing
+remark of that description, but nothing very tangible.
+
+Q. Did this commence prior to the issuing of the order to run
+double-headers?
+
+A. My impression is that it was started with the reduction in pay--the
+order for it. The order for double-headers affected only the
+Pennsylvania railroad, but, that for the reduction in pay was
+general--affecting all the roads.
+
+Q. Have you succeeded in gathering any facts from the men, or from any
+reliable source, to show whether or not there was any understanding
+among the men on Thursday morning, in relation to a general strike?
+
+A. I have not, but from my observation, I should think the thing was
+not understood at all. It was started by one crew and the others
+gradually came in.
+
+Q. Can you give us the names of the parties for whom the warrants were
+issued?
+
+A. I cannot now. It is a matter of record in this court-house. I think
+they were bench warrants.
+
+Q. What reply did the mayor make to the telegram that was sent calling
+for fifty more policemen?
+
+A. I do not know of a reply of any description. If there had been any
+reply made it would have come to Mr. Watts. I signed his name.
+
+Q. Explain to us the condition of the crowd at three o'clock on Sunday
+afternoon, when the orders were given to form this junction between
+Brinton's men and Colonel Roger's men--the crowd about the depot, and
+from that point out to Lawrenceville?
+
+A. I went out on this side of the city. I did not pass up the railroad.
+At the Union depot, when I was there, there was a crowd of half drunken
+men and women dragging and hauling away every sort of plunder they
+could lay their hands on. I saw nobody that claims respectability among
+the crowd committing any depredation. Of course there were some lookers
+on.
+
+Q. Was the riot still progressing--was the plundering and burning still
+going on?
+
+A. It was at its heights. The fire was then at the east end of the
+shed, at the Union depot, and by the time I crossed the Ewalt street
+bridge I looked back and saw the elevator in flames. After that it
+burned all the way down to Seventh avenue. They were still burning and
+destroying property and carrying things away.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What kind of property?
+
+A. For instance, I saw a woman dragging a sack of salt, another woman a
+bag of flour in a wheelbarrow, and a great many others carrying leaf
+tobacco, and some rolling tierces of lard--railroad goods in
+general--the products of the west going east.
+
+Q. Was it all railroad property?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Freight?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Can you tell us whether, at that time, there was any reason to
+apprehend further destruction of property, not only of the railroad
+company, but of the city itself?
+
+A. There were certainly such reasons. It looked then as if half the
+city would be burned.
+
+Q. State whether or not you recognized any of the train men among the
+crowd assembled at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. At what time?
+
+Q. On Saturday, I refer to particularly, but at any time during the
+progress of the riot?
+
+A. I know of but one man thus far that I have been able to recognize,
+and I know their faces. For instance, I can generally tell an employé
+of the road here--in a great many cases. But I do not know them all by
+name. There are one or two now under indictment that I have not seen
+since the riot. I expect to recognize one when I am called on to give
+my testimony.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you know of any requisition being made on the mayor of Pittsburgh
+or the sheriff of the county for a force to protect the company's
+property prior to the arrival of the military, and if so, did either of
+them respond to the call made?
+
+A. The only requisition that I know of, to my personal knowledge, was
+the telegram that I sent myself, that I spoke of before, in which I
+requested the mayor, in Mr. Watt's name, to send fifty additional
+policemen at once. From the number of policemen we had that afternoon,
+I should judge that perhaps eight or ten came. I know of no other
+requisition of my own knowledge.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You know of no requisition being made on the sheriff, of your own
+personal knowledge?
+
+A. I do not.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How large was the vigilance committee that was organized--that you
+were at the head of?
+
+A. There were a number of them. Mine was only one of the number. I had,
+I should judge, over a hundred men immediately under my command. Some
+were armed with their own arms.
+
+Q. When was this committee organized?
+
+A. The first meeting was held on Sunday evening. I was absent, but I
+was informed the following morning that they had held a meeting, and we
+were under arms that day.
+
+Q. Monday?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were there any other such vigilance committees organized?
+
+A. Yes. One was formed on my right and another on my left, in the East
+End, and I am told there were others in the city.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You have stated that you were advised to go away for safety?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was it a railroad employé or was it railroad employés, or a citizen
+or citizens that advised you and Mr. Pitcairn to leave the city?
+
+A. I do not know who advised Mr. Pitcairn. The advice was given to me
+by myself. I was not with Mr. Pitcairn at the time. To my recollection,
+I think the notice was given to me by Mr. Elder, the night depot
+master.
+
+Q. A railroad employé?
+
+A. Yes. Various of my friends and citizens generally, advised me to
+leave afterwards.
+
+Q. They considered your life in danger, if you remained?
+
+A. Yes. I had notice sent to my house that I had better leave the city.
+They said they were going to burn the house.
+
+Q. Was the intimation that Mr. Pitcairn's life was in danger along with
+the rest?
+
+A. Yes; Mr. Pitcairn's, Mr. Watt's, Mr. Cassatt's, and mine.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was any attempt made to interfere with your property or to burn your
+house?
+
+A. Nothing.
+
+Q. The mob did not go there?
+
+A. It was too far away.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. It was said that they would very likely take your life if you did
+not go away?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Who were the men that interfered with Gerry. Do you know them?
+
+A. I think I do; but I am not prepared to say. One of the men, I think,
+is still in the criminal court.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You stated that General Pearson gave orders to keep the hill clear,
+and to let no one on the tracks. At that time was any one besides the
+military on the hill side?
+
+A. Nobody except the military--not more than half a dozen. Probably the
+people living up there were passing up and down; but there was no crowd
+congregated there at all. I am unable to say to whom the order was
+given. He was on one side of the tank, and I was on the other. I
+presume it was some officer in charge; but who it was I cannot say.
+
+Q. The object of the order was to keep the mob of people from
+congregating on the hill side?
+
+A. Yes; and on the tracks.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was the name of the person to whom the order was given to move
+the ammunition.
+
+A. That was Captain Breck--E. Y. Breck, commander of the Pittsburgh
+battery.
+
+Q. Can you give the reason why he did not move it?
+
+A. I cannot. I was not present long enough to ascertain.
+
+Q. Could it have been moved at that time without much danger?
+
+A. I think it could. He may have had reasons or difficulties that I
+know nothing about. He was on the ground all the time, and had a better
+opportunity of judging than I had.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What troops were on the hill when General Pearson gave the orders to
+keep the hillside clear?
+
+A. I am not positive about that, but I think the Fourteenth regiment
+was on the hill, and the Nineteenth regiment on the track, and the
+battery was on the flat just above the track.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Joseph McCabe sworn _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the Twentieth ward.
+
+Q. State whether you are connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company, and if so, in what capacity?
+
+A. I am the general yard dispatcher at Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. As such, what are your duties?
+
+A. I make up trains and see that they go out properly.
+
+Q. Were you on duty on the 19th of July last?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You may go on and give a statement of what occurred, beginning with
+Thursday morning?
+
+A. On the morning of the 19th of July I was in the western part of the
+yard. I saw that the train did not move at the proper time, and went to
+the middle of the yard, at Twenty-sixth street, to ascertain why it did
+not go. The yard dispatcher there and assistant train master told me
+that some of the men had refused to go out. I and Mr. Hunter, then yard
+dispatcher, went to the men and asked them if they would go out, and
+all that we would go to, said they would not go out on the
+double-headers.
+
+Q. About how many men did you see?
+
+A. All that we could find. We went into the caboose cars.
+
+Q. All refused to go out on the double-headers?
+
+A. Yes; except the first train. The conductor was willing to go out,
+but not the crew.
+
+Q. What classes of men refused--conductors and brakemen?
+
+A. Yes; they refused to go, and I went then to get up the yard crews to
+put on, and brakemen to go in the place of conductors. I got an engine
+out. We were just going to make a coupling. I had got two crews and
+brought them up, and I had told a brakeman named W. S. Gerry to couple
+the engine. He made an effort to do so, and while doing so, they threw
+at him with pins and links and stones. One of the pins struck him on
+the side, and he had to run for his life to the Philadelphia fast
+passenger train, which was standing on the track where he was, and he
+jumped on it. Had it not been for that they would have been very apt to
+have caught him.
+
+Q. Who threw those missiles?
+
+A. I cannot say who threw them, but the whole crowd apparently made a
+rush.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd?
+
+A. Not over twenty.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were they train men?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. It must have been between nine and ten o'clock.
+
+Q. Thursday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. The crowd was composed of about twenty men?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Who were those men?
+
+A. Some of them I don't know the names of. Some are up in court, and
+they are now trying them. One of them is "over the river."
+
+Q. Name as many as you can?
+
+A. One was Andrew Hice; another Alonzo Milliner, and several more of
+them. I can't just remember their names now.
+
+Q. Were they all railroad employés?
+
+A. As far as I saw, they were at that time.
+
+Q. Men in actual employment at that time?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were there any men there at that time who had previously been
+discharged?
+
+A. None that I know of.
+
+Q. What was the next incident that occurred that came under your
+observation?
+
+A. The next thing, I went to Twenty-eighth street with Mr. Watt, and
+tried to get engine seven hundred and eighty-five out--Conductor S. K.
+Moore.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. Pretty close to twelve o'clock. I told him to bring his engine out,
+and he told me that they would not allow him to turn the switch.
+
+Q. Who do you mean by "they?"
+
+A. He said all of them--the crowd. They would not let him turn the
+switch. Mr. Watt said he would turn it. While he was stooping to turn
+it, one of them struck him. They arrested him, and after they arrested
+him I turned the switch and brought the engine out on the track and
+down the yard, and coupled her to sixteen cars, and sent her to
+Wilkinsburg with them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was that the same crowd that had assembled about ten o'clock?
+
+A. Yes; it was Twenty-sixth street, and they went to Twenty-eighth
+street. The second engine was at Twenty-eighth street. It was the same
+crowd.
+
+Q. Had it increased in numbers?
+
+A. Yes; in the meantime.
+
+Q. Who were the men that joined them? Were they railroad employés too?
+
+A. I cannot say. Afterwards I went to the west end of the yard with
+another engine. I had the dispatcher at the west end to get sixteen
+cars on another track, and I went there with another engine at about
+the time the Atlantic express should leave the depot. We got that train
+out, and that was the last.
+
+Q. What time did that train go out?
+
+A. It left Seventeenth street about one-five. I got to Twenty-eighth
+street before I ought to. The engineers left their engines there at
+Twenty-sixth street after we had got the trains ready to go. The mob
+got in front, and the first engineer blew down brakes, and got off.
+Then the second engineer did the same. The assistant engineer came to
+me and asked what he was going to do. I said I didn't know. He said he
+would run that engine if anybody else would. The road foreman came up,
+and I told him what Mr. Phillips had said, and he got on one engine and
+Phillips got on another. Then some person hallooed: "If you move that
+engine we will blow your brains out." Then they did not start. They all
+went out. There were about sixteen policemen there, but they could not
+apparently do anything with them.
+
+Q. How many men got in front?
+
+A. Suppose forty or fifty.
+
+Q. Were they all railroad employés?
+
+A. I don't think they were.
+
+Q. Who composed the balance of the crowd?
+
+A. I am not able to say.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. I can't say that positively, either.
+
+Q. As near as you can tell?
+
+A. Somewhere about twelve o'clock.
+
+Q. Thursday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You say that some policemen came up there?
+
+A. About sixteen.
+
+Q. Who was at the head of the police?
+
+A. I can't say who.
+
+Q. Just explain what effort they made to disperse the mob?
+
+A. We got the train ready to start, and five or six of them got on one
+engine and the same on the other, and the balance of them got on the
+train. At Twenty-eighth street they arrested McCullough.
+
+Q. Who made the arrest?
+
+A. Four or five of them had hold of him.
+
+Q. Policemen?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Torbert:
+
+Q. He was the person that struck Mr. Watt?
+
+A. I suppose so.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was not any attack made on the crowd by the policemen?
+
+A. They tried to get them away.
+
+Q. How? With their clubs?
+
+A. No. By pushing them with their hands, I suppose.
+
+Q. What was done next?
+
+A. The balance of the day the men could not do anything. The crowd
+appeared to increase all the time.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with those men that refused to go at
+first to ascertain their reasons for their refusal?
+
+A. I asked what their reason was for not going, and they allowed that
+they would not run on double-headers.
+
+Q. All gave that as their reason?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Had you any knowledge before Thursday morning that such a refusal
+would be made?
+
+A. No; I didn't have the slightest idea until I went up that morning
+from the west end of the yard.
+
+Q. Did you talk with the men to find out whether there was any
+prearranged plan to strike that morning?
+
+A. I did not ask them anything about it. They might have had an idea of
+striking, but I don't think the time was set. That being the morning
+that the double-headers was to go out, they picked on that morning very
+suddenly.
+
+Q. When was that order first promulgated or known to the men?
+
+A. I don't remember the date. I think it must have been a few days
+before that, but I can't say how many.
+
+Q. Had you heard anything said by the men about the order prior to that
+morning?
+
+A. No. Whatever they did do in the matter, they kept among themselves.
+
+Q. Were you on the ground during the day of Friday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Relate to us what occurred. Had double-headers been run before that
+day on the road?
+
+A. Yes; the Union and National lines were double-headers, and our coal
+trains were double-headers. Some trains, such as coal trains between
+Derry--they were running them double for a number of years.
+
+Q. Had you run through freight trains as double-headers before
+Thursday?
+
+A. Yes; the Union and National lines.
+
+Q. That morning, the order to run double-headers on all freight trains
+went into effect?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. That required the discharge of a number of men, did it not?
+
+A. I don't know whether they intended to discharge them or suspend them
+temporarily.
+
+Q. Were any of those men who were suspended or not retained in the
+employ of the company among that crowd of twenty that you spoke of?
+
+A. Not that I remember of seeing.
+
+Q. That crowd of twenty was composed of men retained in the employ of
+the company?
+
+A. Principally, but there might have been some others scattered among
+them.
+
+Q. How are those men paid--the brakemen and conductors--by the hour, or
+the day, or the month?
+
+A. They are paid by the day.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What do you mean by the day?
+
+A. In the yard a day of twelve hours constitutes a day--eleven
+hours--they get paid extra for the meal hour.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. And over hours?
+
+A. In the yard. I simply sent a message again, telling them to await at
+Rochester, and to send an escort of men down the road to receive me.
+
+Q. To whom did you direct it?
+
+A. To Colonel Carpenter, at Rochester. I expected he would be at
+Rochester. He was the commanding officer of the troops. When I got to
+Rochester, I went up and found he had not arrived--that the division
+had not arrived. I immediately telegraphed for it to move immediately
+down. I found it was at Greenville, and I gave the direction again to
+the officer in charge, not specifying any person in particular. In
+about an hour, after several attempts to get messages or several
+attempts to get answers, I went again for an answer, and after the
+instrument fluttering for half a minute, and all communication being
+suspended for half an hour, I got a message saying that the troops were
+at dinner, and would move immediately after dinner.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. Twelve o'clock, on Sunday. In the meantime, I had communication with
+General Latta. He told me to address him again at Union Depot hotel,
+and in the next communication to address him at the Monongahela house.
+Up to three o'clock he remained, I believe, at Union Depot hotel. All
+the communications I had from him were at the Union Depot hotel.
+Hearing that the Philadelphia troops had left the round-house and left
+the city, and fearing for my own ammunition, which the mob around me
+threatened to burn----
+
+Q. At Rochester?
+
+A. Yes; but which I afterwards saved by going out and stating in a loud
+voice, that I had thrown it all in the river half an hour ago. I
+concluded to let the division remain at Greenville, and ordered it to
+remain there.
+
+Q. What time did you give that order?
+
+A. Probably about half past twelve, as near as I can remember.
+
+Q. On Sunday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. To whom was it addressed?
+
+A. I forget whether it was addressed to Colonel Carpenter or not. I
+think it was to the officer in command of the troops there.
+
+Q. Did it reach Colonel Carpenter?
+
+A. Yes; delivered by the agent there. Then I telegraphed to General
+Latta, that I was going to Greenville. At three o'clock I started for
+Greenville, but didn't reach there until ten o'clock the next morning,
+having to go to Ohio. I went to the troops, but I didn't have any
+communications from General Latta, and fearing that my ammunition would
+be entirely destroyed at Rochester, I thought it best to try to form
+the division at some other point, and so I ordered them home. Then I
+started to meet the Governor, knowing he was coming from Chicago, but
+not meeting him, I returned immediately to Greenville, and ordered
+Colonel Carpenter to re-assemble the whole division at Franklin, and by
+Friday night I had everybody and everything in camp, and in so fair a
+way, that I was confident I could handle them, and ordered a movement
+for Saturday morning to Pittsburgh, which no person knew. I had
+received a communication from the Governor on Saturday night, to know
+when I would move, which I answered, that he might expect me shortly,
+at any time. After starting at Franklin, on the way, I received a
+dispatch from him or from General Latta, who I don't remember, saying
+he didn't think it was safe for me to come to Pittsburgh with the small
+amount of ammunition I had. I answered back, I was on the way, and
+unless I received peremptory orders, I would be in Pittsburgh that
+night. I came there Saturday night; as soon as I came, the Governor
+came down--it was raining fearfully--and said he wanted me to open the
+road on Monday, and for me to select what troops I wanted to use, and
+that night or the next morning, I selected Colonel Carpenter's regiment
+for the work, and the Governor sent for me, and said he wanted all the
+stock trains moved out that day. The stock trains were moved out on
+Sunday, and the freight trains on Monday, without particular
+opposition.
+
+Q. Will you give us the time when Colonel Carpenter's regiment reached
+Greenville?
+
+A. All the regiment didn't reach Greenville. Some of the companies kept
+back in Meadville. Having only one train, one engine, and one engineer
+under our control, the officers decided very wisely, as I should have
+done, to remain there until the division should be concentrated, and
+then move down together. The whole division was not concentrated at
+Greenville. There was a company from Ridgway, one from Corry, one
+company from Union, two companies from Meadville, and there was one
+company from Clarion county, which was not ordered out, because it was
+so far away at the time.
+
+Q. The order you sent for Colonel Carpenter to go to Rochester--do you
+know whether he received that order or not?
+
+A. I didn't send it directly to Colonel Carpenter, for at no time was I
+certain Colonel Carpenter was there; but to the officer in charge of
+the troops. I was not certain my adjutant general was there.
+
+Q. The North East company, and the Erie company, and the Conneautville
+company were at Greenville?
+
+A. If I remember right, the North East company, under Captain Orton;
+Captains Riddle and Curtiss's company, of Erie; Captain Rupert, of
+Conneautville; Captain Kreps, of Greenville; Captain Fruit, of
+Jefferson; Captain Dight, of Pine Grove; and Captain Wright, of
+Mercer--eight or nine companies.
+
+Q. What day did they assemble at Greenville?
+
+A. They probably got there Sunday morning--possibly some of them
+Saturday night.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Carpenter, who was in command there, receive your orders
+to move to Rochester?
+
+A. He received the orders to move to Rochester, because he replied that
+the men were at dinner, and that as soon as dinner was over they would
+move.
+
+Q. Did he receive any orders from you before that?
+
+A. No; I don't think I sent him direct orders before that. The orders I
+sent before were from Chicago to Colonel Clarke to move the division to
+Rochester.
+
+Q. Then it was three or four o'clock on Sunday afternoon when you sent
+the order to him to form?
+
+A. No; about twelve and a half o'clock.
+
+Q. Then he had no time to start?
+
+A. No; they were about starting out the depot when I got my order not
+to start.
+
+Q. Did you approve of his course in remaining at Greenville?
+
+A. I did. Captain Riddle wanted to move down right away with all the
+men they had, but some of the rest didn't want to go, and Colonel
+Carpenter said to me that he had got into somewhat of a trouble about
+moving, and asked if I approved of his action, and I said perfectly--I
+didn't expect the division to move until it was in shape to take care
+of itself, and I entirely approve of your course. I went to Riddle, and
+called him to one side, and said this thing has gone further than I
+expected, and I don't want any more trouble. I didn't want the division
+to move down without being strong enough, although we had men enough I
+am confident, if we had ammunition, to wipe the whole city of
+Pittsburgh right out.
+
+Q. Would it have been proper for him, with the nine companies he had,
+in case they were there early on Sunday morning, at Greenville--would
+it have been proper for him, as a military officer, to have gone on
+with them to Rochester?
+
+A. No. If the division had got into a fight, he would have been the
+officer to handle the division, if I was not present. He never got the
+orders from me until I ordered him at twelve o'clock, and then I had
+reason to believe he was going to move immediately. The troops had been
+in Greenville for a day, and they were scattered around, and visiting
+in saloons and hotels. The men had to support themselves the best they
+could, and they could not keep them together, even by companies.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How do the brakemen get paid, and the conductors?
+
+A. They get paid by the trip.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. In case they are delayed on the trip, are the men not paid extra for
+the time they are delayed?
+
+A. Generally, when they are delayed any ways long, the conductor refers
+his case to the train master, and if he approves of it, they get paid
+extra.
+
+Q. Did the men retained in the employ of the company and the discharged
+men have any communication with each other on the morning of Thursday,
+that you know of?
+
+A. Not that I have any knowledge of.
+
+Q. Did they not have a secret organization?
+
+A. I believe they have an order called the Train Men's Union.
+
+Q. Do you know the object of that organization?
+
+A. No; I do not.
+
+Q. Do you know whether those twenty men assembled there were members of
+that organization or not?
+
+A. I don't know. I have an idea that they were.
+
+Q. Were there any double-headers that succeeded in starting that
+morning of Thursday?
+
+A. No; not from Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What time was the first train regularly to start?
+
+A. Eight-forty.
+
+Q. Can you tell us whether between the hour of twelve, midnight, and
+eight-forty, any double-headers left on Thursday morning.
+
+A. The four o'clock trains went out double.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many went out at four o'clock?
+
+A. All, I believe.
+
+Q. Were you on the ground on Friday?
+
+A. Yes; I was around there.
+
+Q. How was the crowd on Friday morning?
+
+A. It appeared to increase all the time.
+
+Q. How large was it on Friday morning?
+
+A. I can't exactly say how large. They were coming and going all the
+time.
+
+Q. Give us an estimate?
+
+A. In the neighborhood of a couple of thousand.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were they noisy?
+
+A. Some of them were and some of them were not.
+
+Q. Were they making threats?
+
+A. I just occasionally heard them making threats.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How had it been there during the night?
+
+A. Some of them were there all night stopping everything, so that we
+could not get along. The engines would stop.
+
+Q. Were they noisy and boisterous?
+
+A. The western engines coming up with the live stock were stopped and
+sent back on the same track.
+
+Q. Was the crowd on Friday morning composed of the same men as on
+Thursday--were the same men leading the crowd?
+
+A. I cannot say whether they were leading it or not; the crowd was so
+big they were all mixed up through it.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the same men in the crowd on Friday?
+
+A. I don't remember that I did. Some of the leaders of the crowd there
+on Thursday night had gone to Lawrenceville on Friday.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with the train men on Friday about
+starting the trains.
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you try to raise any crew on Friday?
+
+A. We had a yard crew still there and two or three crews already to go
+out, provided they would let them go.
+
+Q. Were you able to take any trains out on Friday, or if not, what
+hindered them from going out?
+
+A. The mob at Twenty-eighth street----
+
+Q. Were you able to take any trains out on Friday?
+
+A. No; on account of the crowd at Twenty-eighth street making threats
+to the men--what they would do.
+
+Q. State the condition of the crowd during the day, whether it was
+increasing or not, and whether it was demonstrative and boisterous or
+not?
+
+A. Later in the day it appeared to increase.
+
+Q. Did they allow the passenger cars to pass?
+
+A. They allowed them to go. Some of them were stopped, but they let
+them pass afterwards.
+
+Q. What means did they take to stop those trains?
+
+A. Some of them would halloo and make threats, and others would get up
+and spring on the engines, and the engineers would have to stop to see
+what was the matter.
+
+Q. Did they turn any of the switches?
+
+A. Not that I remember of.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. They just piled on the trains?
+
+A. Yes; they filled the engines and cars.
+
+Q. Did they attempt any violence on the men running the trains during
+the day of Friday by throwing stones or clubs?
+
+A. Not there, they didn't.
+
+Q. Did they anywhere along the road?
+
+A. I don't know whether they did outside of Pittsburgh or not. We
+didn't move anything on Friday except live stock. They agreed that we
+might move that, but nothing else.
+
+Q. You say the live stock was moved?
+
+A. Yes; on Friday. First in the morning--then they stopped it. Then Mr.
+Garrett, the train master, and me went up and saw them, and he talked
+to them. There was a big run of stock coming off the Fort Wayne road,
+and some of them said they would let him have one engine to haul it. He
+said that they ought to know better, that one engine was not
+sufficient, and they agreed to let him have two. So we got engines
+enough to move the stock to East Liberty.
+
+Q. They said you could have one engine. Who was it that told this to
+Mr. Garrett?
+
+A. I don't know who it was.
+
+Q. Did you hear the conversation between the men and Mr. Garrett?
+
+A. I was with him in the crowd. We had to go right into it like a
+wedge.
+
+Q. Were they railroad men?
+
+A. Some of them were railroad men.
+
+Q. Men then in the employ of the company, or who had been up to the
+morning of Thursday?
+
+A. Yes; they were still in the employ of the company, so far as I know.
+
+Q. They were the spokesmen for the crowd, were they?
+
+A. One of them was the spokesmen. We asked for the spokesman when we
+went there.
+
+Q. Who was that man?
+
+A. I don't remember now who he was.
+
+Q. An engineer, conductor, or brakeman?
+
+A. I think he was a brakeman.
+
+Q. What is Mr. Garrett's first name?
+
+A. His name is David Garrett.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. At Twenty-eighth street, did the mob of men stop the train going
+east?
+
+A. They stopped everything.
+
+Q. Who did that?
+
+A. I don't know whether it was by employés or others.
+
+Q. They prevented the engines from connecting with your stock trains?
+
+A. Yes; sometimes they told the engineers to go on back.
+
+Q. They sent the engines back?
+
+A. Yes; they were sent right back on going out the track, and sent in
+again on coming out the track.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Describe the crowd during Friday night?
+
+A. I was not there during that night.
+
+Q. Were you there during Saturday morning?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Describe things then?
+
+A. Early in the morning there was not such a very large crowd, but
+towards evening, just before the soldiers came up----
+
+Q. How large was it in the morning early?
+
+A. I don't suppose there were over two hundred people.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. About seven o'clock--that is outside of the soldiers. The Fourteenth
+and Eighteenth regiments were there then, I believe. In the evening
+along about five o'clock, at the time the firing began, in the
+neighborhood of the railroad, and in the streets there were from five
+to seven thousand people.
+
+Q. Who composed that crowd then--what class of men?
+
+A. They appeared to be all classes.
+
+Q. Railroad employés?
+
+A. Railroad and mill men, and I guess a few of every kind.
+
+Q. When you refer to the crowd of five thousand, do you mean to say
+that all of that crowd were riotous or engaged in riotous conduct?
+
+A. I don't mean to say that.
+
+Q. You say that a portion of them were lookers-on?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many were actually engaged in the riot at that time?
+
+A. I cannot say. They were scattered around here and there and
+everywhere.
+
+Q. Was there any division or separation between the rioters and the
+crowd that was looking on?
+
+A. I guess they were scattered through the crowd everywhere around the
+railroad.
+
+Q. Down on the railroad were any persons looking on--were they along
+the railroad track, or were they back on the hill?
+
+A. They were standing on the hill and on the railroad track, too. Some
+of them might be railroad men of other roads, and I never know it.
+
+Q. Were there any women and children mixed up with the crowd?
+
+A. There were some on the street and hill-side.
+
+Q. That crowd had been accumulating all day I suppose?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How was it in regard to any boisterous or noisy demonstrations?
+
+A. I would say that some of them were pretty boisterous. Some of them
+would be about half tight, and were raising a little excitement here
+and among themselves.
+
+Q. When did the crowd begin to get demonstrative or boisterous, at what
+time in the day?
+
+A. Along about twelve o'clock probably, and about five it got worse.
+The work shops and all the mills, as a general thing, shut down about
+three o'clock on Saturday. I suppose that helped to increase the crowd.
+
+Q. Were you among the crowd during Saturday night?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Were you present at Twenty-eighth street when the firing of the
+soldiers took place?
+
+A. I was between Twenty-sixth and Twenty-eighth streets when they began
+to shoot--about half way.
+
+Q. You were in sight so that you could see?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you hear any orders given to fire?
+
+A. No; I was not near enough to hear, but I saw one or two missiles
+thrown from the hillside and the shooting began after that.
+
+Q. By whom were the missiles thrown?
+
+A. I cannot say that; they came from the thick part of the crowd on the
+hillside.
+
+Q. Was there any firing before the missiles were thrown?
+
+A. I don't remember; it was a little after.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did it appear to be pistol shots or musketry?
+
+A. I cannot tell.
+
+Q. Were any shots fired from the hill?
+
+A. I cannot tell whether they came from the hill or from the soldiers.
+There were some scattering shots, and then a kind of general volley.
+
+Q. Were those shots pistol shots or musket shots?
+
+A. I cannot tell.
+
+Q. What effect did the firing have upon the crowd?
+
+A. It appeared to drive them back for a while.
+
+Q. Which way did they go?
+
+A. They scattered in all directions--some went north, south, east, and
+west--in every direction--the best way they could get out.
+
+Q. Did it clear the track?
+
+A. It cleared the track for a while.
+
+Q. For what distance?
+
+A. Near down to Twenty-eighth street--that is about the only place that
+was obstructed.
+
+Q. When did the mob begin to reassemble after that?
+
+A. It took place somewhere along about six o'clock, I suppose. I was
+not there.
+
+Q. When were you there next?
+
+A. Sunday morning when I came in everything was on fire--was
+burning--seven and a half o'clock.
+
+Q. How far?
+
+A. To Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. From what point?
+
+A. What we call the south yard--the tracks south of the main track
+between Lawrenceville and Twenty-eighth street--they were burning, and
+they were burning the upper round-house then. I was along on the hill
+side, within sight of the track, from seven and a half that morning
+until eight o'clock that night.
+
+Q. Where were the soldiers or troops?
+
+A. They had left there then, and went into the work-house, I believe.
+They left the round-house between five and six o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. What took place during the day of Sunday--how large was the crowd
+Sunday morning?
+
+A. The crowd that was burning?
+
+Q. Engaged in actual riotous conduct?
+
+A. There were these right in the yard--there appeared to be somewhere
+in the neighborhood of a thousand people. I cannot tell whether they
+all belonged to the crowd or not. They appeared to be following after
+it--breaking the cars open and taking out what they wanted, and then
+setting fire to them.
+
+Q. Who was breaking open the cars?
+
+A. I cannot tell who they were.
+
+Q. Did you go to see?
+
+A. I didn't go near enough to recognize any of them.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. From their appearance could you form any idea as to whether they
+were railroad men or not?
+
+A. I could not tell.
+
+Q. Was there nothing to distinguish them?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Who was engaged in firing the cars at that time?
+
+A. I cannot tell that.
+
+Q. Were they setting the cars on fire with torches and fire brands?
+
+A. Yes. Wherever there was a gap they would carry the fire over the gap
+to the next place.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort to see who those men were?
+
+A. I could not tell who they were.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What kind of men were they?
+
+A. They were rough looking men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How near did you go?
+
+A. I was a hundred feet or so from them. I heard that detectives were
+there. Some of them told me, in fact, that they understood detectives
+were among them watching them.
+
+Q. Did you see any of your men among the crowd on Sunday morning?
+
+A. No; I did not.
+
+Adjourned to meet at three o'clock, P.M.
+
+
+    SAME DAY.
+
+    ORPHAN'S COURT ROOM,
+    PITTSBURGH, FRIDAY, _February 8, 1878_--3 P.M.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled at three, P.M.,
+this day, and continued the taking of testimony.
+
+The first witness examined was
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William Ryan, _sworn with uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the Fifteenth ward of the city of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Are you in the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How long have you been in their employ, and in what capacity?
+
+A. I cannot state the precise date when I entered the service of the
+company; but I judge it is between eight and ten years.
+
+Q. In what capacity were you employed in July last?
+
+A. As freight conductor.
+
+Q. Between what points?
+
+A. Pittsburgh and Derry, or between Pittsburgh and Conemaugh.
+
+Q. You were a conductor on trains that ran double-headers?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How long have you been running on trains that run in that way?
+
+A. I cannot tell the length of time precisely, but I was running them
+from the time they started--that is, from the time they started to run
+through freight as double.
+
+Q. About how long?
+
+A. I cannot tell.
+
+Q. Two or three years?
+
+A. I hardly fancy it could be that long. I should say a year.
+
+Q. Were you at the depot or about the depot on the morning of the
+19th--Thursday morning?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was that your morning for going out as conductor of the train?
+
+A. It was my train that should have started out. It was my morning.
+
+Q. What was your time for going out?
+
+A. If I recollect right, it was eight-forty.
+
+Q. Did you start that morning or make any attempt to start?
+
+A. We made every preparation to start, with the exception of coupling
+up the train. I examined the train as I was going into the yard. I
+thought the men were rather long in getting the engine out. I started
+up, and on going to the train men's room met two of my brakemen, and
+asked the cause of the delay. They told me they didn't intend to go
+out. I asked the reason. They said they had either quit or struck--I
+don't recollect. I asked what their object was in striking. They said
+they didn't intend to run on double-headers--that they were not making
+any more than a living at that time, and that by running
+double-headers, it would cause some of them to be dismissed or
+suspended. That they didn't know who it would be, and as they had the
+advantage at that time, they would make the best use of it they could.
+
+Q. Those were your brakemen?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What were their names?
+
+A. One was named John Vensel and the other I cannot give his first
+name. In giving in his time, I always gave it as M. Martin.
+
+Q. What time had you this conversation with them?
+
+A. I judge about nine o'clock.
+
+Q. They said that some of them would be dismissed?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you have any further conversation with them?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. What about?
+
+A. I tried to advise them not to strike, and showed them the folly of
+it. I told them that the times were hard at present and that freight
+was very slack, and that the company was trying to economize and that
+their chances were just as good as mine. I advised them to stay. They
+claimed "no," that they had determined to quit, and were going to do it
+or had done it. I notified the dispatcher then that the men had quit,
+and asked what I was to do. He told me to remain, and that he would
+provide men for me. He went around and made an effort to get men but
+could not get them. I then asked permission to go to dinner, and I
+went, and came back about twelve or one. There was no change in the
+affair at all, everything remained just as it had been.
+
+Q. Where did these men go when they refused to go out on the train?
+
+A. In the yard.
+
+Q. They did not go home?
+
+A. No; they remained in the yard up to the time I left, and I saw them
+there in the afternoon.
+
+Q. Were there any other men about at that time?
+
+A. Yes; men were continually coming in off the road.
+
+Q. How many men were there when you left to go to dinner?
+
+A. I should judge about eighteen or twenty men at that time.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with any other men?
+
+A. With my flagman.
+
+Q. What did he say?
+
+A. He thought as the rest did, that now was the time to strike or quit,
+and that they all had concluded to do it, and that all my conversation
+with him would not change his ideas a particle.
+
+Q. What men were coming in?
+
+A. The men off the regular freight trains kept coming in there during
+the day.
+
+Q. They joined the other men?
+
+A. Yes; and swelled the crowd.
+
+Q. Did you talk with those men to find out whether they had arranged
+for this strike previously?
+
+A. I did not. I blamed them for it, but they denied it. Whether they
+had made an arrangement or not for that day, I don't know.
+
+Q. They denied an arrangement?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many of them denied it?
+
+A. Two or three of them I think denied it. They had made an arrangement
+previous to this to strike, but from some cause or other it was not
+carried into effect, and my being a non-union man, I concluded that
+they had arranged it in such a way that the responsibility would fall
+on me, and in case it would be a failure I would be the man discharged,
+and that the union men would not suffer. That was the opinion I formed
+that morning.
+
+Q. How long previous had they made this arrangement?
+
+A. A month or two months before.
+
+Q. What prevented the carrying of the arrangement into effect?
+
+A. I do not know. When a railroad man came to me, and requested me to
+join them, I told them I could not do it; that my opinion was different
+from theirs with reference to strikes; that I did not feel justified in
+doing it. He asked me if I had any injury. I told him I could not say.
+He said: "I am going to strike to-morrow." I went as far as Derry, and
+laid over two or three hours. The only person there I saw by himself
+was the dispatcher. I went to him and told him in confidence that these
+men were going to strike.
+
+Q. When was that?
+
+A. It was previous to this affair of the men going out--a month or two
+months.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. After the reduction of ten per cent.?
+
+A. Yes. I told the dispatcher that these men had come to the conclusion
+to strike, and told him I wanted to let it be known--that two thirds of
+them were not friends of mine, and it would only cause me trouble by
+their going out, and I would notify the proper officers in time to give
+them a chance to prevent in case it should occur. I returned to the
+city that morning with the train. Coming in, I wondered how to get at
+the superintendent's office without being seen. I did not care about
+being known, and after putting the train away, I concluded I would go
+out on the accommodation, but I met one of my men, and I got into
+conversation with him, and I asked him if he knew anything about it. He
+said he did, and he said it had fallen through. I asked him if he was
+positive of it, he said he was--that he knew it had. I told him I was
+very glad to hear it. Says he, I am not. I concluded then not to go
+out. I made inquiries among other men, and found it to be the fact,
+that they had concluded not to strike at the time appointed.
+
+Q. Did this man give you any reasons?
+
+A. He did not.
+
+Q. Who was he?
+
+A. His name was Sloan.
+
+Q. Did you hear any other conversation or learn anything of any other
+union or organization to strike from that morning until the 19th?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Had you any knowledge that your men would not go out until you met
+them--those two men?
+
+A. None whatever.
+
+Q. How long before that morning was it known to the men that the order
+had been issued to run double-headers?
+
+A. It was known in six hours, I should judge, to all the men on the
+line after the order was posted on the bulletin boards.
+
+Q. When was it posted?
+
+A. I cannot give the date, but fancy it was posted twenty-four hours
+before the order should have gone into effect.
+
+Q. Did you discover that it produced any commotion among the men?
+
+A. Not more so than at other times. There was general dissatisfaction
+among the men on account of the double trains. Of course it increased
+it somewhat. There were several trains running before this order was
+issued, but when this order would go into effect it would make all
+trains double, and this would cause them to feel more dissatisfied.
+
+Q. After you returned from your dinner on Friday, how large a crowd did
+you find in the yard?
+
+A. I judge about twenty men--twenty-five--probably more.
+
+Q. All railroad employés?
+
+A. I cannot say that, but the greater portion of them at that time were
+railroad employés. The crowd gradually increased until evening.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with the men after you returned from
+your dinner?
+
+A. With some of them.
+
+Q. About going out?
+
+A. I spoke to them, and asked them who had organized it, and what they
+were going to do about it. They said they did not know, that they had
+quit because the rest had, and intended to see it through.
+
+Q. Was there any effort made that afternoon to start the trains?
+
+A. I believe not that afternoon to my knowledge.
+
+Q. When was the first effort made to start the trains, to your
+knowledge?
+
+A. Thursday morning.
+
+Q. Was there none made on Friday morning, to your knowledge?
+
+A. I think not.
+
+Q. Or during the day Friday?
+
+A. An effort was made, I think, in the afternoon of Friday.
+
+Q. Were you present when that effort was made?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd at that time?
+
+A. I cannot tell the number, but it was a very large crowd.
+
+Q. Composed of employés of your railroad, and of the different roads?
+
+A. Almost all classes of men were there.
+
+Q. Who seemed to be the leaders, at that time, of the crowd?
+
+A. It would be a very difficult matter for me to say. In fact they all
+seemed to lead--where one would go, the rest would follow.
+
+Q. Do you mean helter-skelter?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did there seem to be any leader who was taking charge of the riot?
+
+A. In the beginning there was one man that seemed to take the lead--on
+the morning of Thursday, but after that I lost all trace of him.
+
+Q. Who was he?
+
+A. His name was Hice. I was in the telegraph office on Thursday
+morning, after the strike occurred, talking to the train runner. He
+came up, after the conversation with me, and I saw him in the act of
+trying to couple an engine on to some caboose cars. They failed to do
+so on account of the throwing of stones and other missiles.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. I judge about ten o'clock--along there somewhere.
+
+Q. Thursday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was that the first violence that was used?
+
+A. The first I saw.
+
+Q. Who were those persons who were throwing the stones?
+
+A. I cannot say who they were.
+
+Q. How many composed the crowd at that time?
+
+A. I fancy some fifteen or eighteen men that I saw there, but might
+have been more.
+
+Q. Were they all railroad employés?
+
+A. I cannot say that.
+
+Q. Were those brakemen who had refused to go out with you among them?
+
+A. That I cannot say. I was not close enough to see whether my men were
+among them or not.
+
+Q. On Friday afternoon, when the attempt was made to start the train,
+will you tell us what occurred then?
+
+A. As near as I can recollect, the train was made up, and it was pulled
+up out of the freight yard. I don't know whether the caboose car was
+coupled or not. I cannot recollect, but I saw the train start as though
+it was going to go out. I saw men run in front of the engines to stop
+them, and I saw the parties get off of them, and the train then was
+backed into the yard after that.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was that on Friday?
+
+A. I cannot say whether it was Thursday afternoon or Friday, but it was
+one of those two days. It seems to me it was Thursday afternoon--the
+same day.
+
+Q. When the resistance was made there, was it a combined resistance of
+all the men, or did only two or three seem to be leading the others?
+
+A. It was a general rush, a swinging of hands, and a yelling and
+hooting.
+
+Q. Were any missiles thrown of any kind?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. Was any violence used towards those who were trying to take the
+train out?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. Were any threats made to the loyal men who were willing to work?
+
+A. I was not close enough to hear the conversation.
+
+Q. Were you threatened at any time if you did not leave the yard?
+
+A. Not directly. Two or three men came to me, and asked me if I was
+going out. I told them yes, if I could get a crew, and one of them
+intimated to me that I had better not go, or words to that effect--that
+they did not want to hurt me, or something like that. That was about
+all.
+
+Q. Whom did you report to when your men refused to go out?
+
+A. The dispatcher.
+
+Q. What is his name?
+
+A. William Hunter.
+
+Q. How many trains were to go out at that hour--eight-forty?
+
+A. I think mine was the only one at that time, with the exception of
+the single train going on the branch.
+
+Q. When were the next trains to start?
+
+A. The next, I believe, would have been eleven o'clock--no; the next
+would have been nine-forty.
+
+Q. Do you know whether the conductors of those trains were all prepared
+to start them or not?
+
+A. I believe one of them was there.
+
+Q. Did you have any talk with him?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Was he willing to go?
+
+A. No; he was not.
+
+Q. He was among the strikers?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were the engineers willing to go?
+
+A. That I do not know. One of them came to me and ask if I was going
+out, and I told him yes, if I could get a crew. He turned around and
+walked away, and did not say anything more to me about it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What was this conductor's name?
+
+A. Meredith.
+
+Q. You said that two or three men came and asked you if you were going
+out, and you said yes, if you could get a crew, and that then they
+intimated it would be well for you if you did not. Who were these men?
+
+A. One was D. W. Davis. The other name I do not recollect.
+
+Q. What was his position at that time?
+
+A. A brakeman, I believe.
+
+Q. Had he been discharged or was he still in the employ of the company?
+
+A. He was in the employ of the company up to that morning, so far as I
+know.
+
+Q. Do you know where he is now?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Has he been in the employ of the company since?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. The other's name you do not remember?
+
+A. I don't remember at all.
+
+Q. Where is this Conductor Meredith?
+
+A. I think he is in some part of Kentucky.
+
+Q. How many men did you have as trainmen for one train?
+
+A. Three.
+
+Q. Besides yourself, and aside from the engineer and fireman?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you have any fear of violence from the employés of the road if
+you started out?
+
+A. Well, I had a fear, but no serious fear. I did not think that they
+would kill me.
+
+Q. You did not believe on the morning of the riot that they would do
+so?
+
+A. No; besides I was determined to protect myself in the best way I
+could.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John Plender, _sworn with uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I am living at Walls station.
+
+Q. Are you in the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I am running a passenger engine--the "accommodation"--as
+engineer.
+
+Q. Were you in July last?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Between what points?
+
+A. Between Walls and Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is the distance of Walls from Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Sixteen miles.
+
+Q. How often do you make your trips?
+
+A. I make three round trips a day.
+
+Q. Were you at the Union depot on Thursday morning, the 19th?
+
+A. I came in that morning from Walls, at eight-fifteen.
+
+Q. What time did you go out?
+
+A. At twelve-five.
+
+Q. Where were you between eight-fifteen and twelve-five?
+
+A. In the round-house, at work on my engine.
+
+Q. When did you first learn that any men had refused to go out on their
+trains?
+
+A. I suppose it was half-past nine when one of the men told me. It was
+an engineer that told me.
+
+Q. Was he one that had refused to go out?
+
+A. No; he had just come in.
+
+Q. Did you learn anything more about it between that time and twelve
+o'clock?
+
+A. No. The "Yioughiougheny" came in, and he told me that there was a
+strike.
+
+Q. What then took place?
+
+A. That was all that took place between him and me.
+
+Q. Did you remain in the round-house?
+
+A. I remained in there until eleven o'clock, when I backed out, and
+came down and took out the train.
+
+Q. Were you interfered with in any way?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with the strikers that day?
+
+A. Not until evening.
+
+Q. Whom did you see in the evening?
+
+A. I had no conversation, no more than a man stopped me at
+Twenty-eighth street, and asked me what I was hauling.
+
+Q. Were you coming in or going out?
+
+A. I was going out on the last trip, at eleven-forty. I told him I was
+hauling an accommodation train. He told me I could go on, and he got
+down off the engine.
+
+Q. Did they stop you?
+
+A. No; they were all standing there, and when I came up--we all have to
+stop there--he got on the engine.
+
+Q. At what point?
+
+A. At Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. How many were standing there then?
+
+A. Quite a number--I suppose about thirty-five or forty of them.
+
+Q. Did you know any of them?
+
+A. I knew him. It was dark, and I couldn't see who the rest were.
+
+Q. What was the name of that man?
+
+A. D. W. Davis, I think.
+
+Q. Did he say anything more to you?
+
+A. No; nothing more. He said it was all right, that I could go on,
+after I told him what I was hauling.
+
+Q. What was the manner of the crowd at that time as to their being
+boisterous or demonstrative?
+
+A. Indeed, I could not tell you. We just stop for a couple of minutes,
+and sometimes not that long.
+
+Q. You had no conversation with any other excepting the one who got on
+your engine?
+
+A. That is all. He was discharged off this road a couple of times, and
+off the Pan-Handle, I believe.
+
+Q. Why was he discharged?
+
+A. I cannot tell.
+
+Q. Where did he live?
+
+A. Somewhere about Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Did you learn that day, or any time after that, when these parties
+resolved to strike?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you know of any preconceived plan of striking?
+
+A. No; I did not.
+
+Q. Do you know whether they have a secret organization or not?
+
+A. All I heard of was the Train Men's Union--that is all I know of.
+
+Q. What is the object of that?
+
+A. That I cannot tell you. I never was in any of their meetings, and
+know nothing about it.
+
+Q. Do you know whether there was any other organization?
+
+A. The Engineers' Brotherhood.
+
+Q. What is the object of that?
+
+A. That I cannot tell you. It is something I never belonged to.
+
+Q. Did you come in on your regular trip in the morning?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were you molested in any way?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you go out on time and come in on time all day Friday?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Without being molested?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you run on Saturday?
+
+A. Until eight-fifteen, Saturday night.
+
+Q. What stopped you then?
+
+A. I did not go out at eleven-forty, because I could not get out at
+eleven-forty.
+
+Q. Why?
+
+A. The fire was too hot.
+
+Q. I suppose you didn't go out for a week or so then?
+
+A. I went to work on Tuesday.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. I think I went out at six-five on Tuesday night.
+
+Q. Was there still a crowd about then?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How large about?
+
+A. I cannot tell how large the crowd was.
+
+Q. Had the work commenced then, by the company, in clearing off the
+tracks--the _debris_?
+
+A. Indeed, I cannot tell you whether it had or not.
+
+Q. Were you interfered with in any way on Tuesday night when you went
+out?
+
+A. Not on Tuesday night.
+
+Q. What was the mob doing at that time on Tuesday night?
+
+A. The mob was cleared away then, on Tuesday, partly.
+
+Q. Partly, you say?
+
+A. From Thirty-third street. It was as far as we could get. I went to
+work on Tuesday after the Sunday of the fire.
+
+Q. You run your trains regularly up to Saturday night?
+
+A. Yes; we came in at eight-fifteen.
+
+Q. Were you there when any of the demonstrations were made by the crowd
+in firing or throwing stones?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You were not about Twenty-eighth street then?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you see any interference?
+
+A. I saw the interfering on Thursday with the Union Line that they were
+trying to take out.
+
+Q. Stopping of the train?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was there any violence or assaulting of the engineer, or any train
+men of that train?
+
+A. No; the crowd just got in front of the engines, and sprung on them.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Who were those men?
+
+A. They were other men than railroad men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you know any of those men who got on your train?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Couldn't you guess from their appearance what their trades or
+occupations were?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did they get on and off the engine as if they were men used to being
+around the cars?
+
+A. No; some of them would get off and fall, and some of them would get
+off pretty good.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were they sober or not?
+
+A. I could not tell that.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+W. A. Kirk, _sworn with uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. At Wilkensburg.
+
+Q. What is your connection with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company?
+
+A. I am a conductor on the Wilkensburg accommodation.
+
+Q. Were you a conductor in July last?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How far is Wilkensburg from Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Seven miles.
+
+Q. How many trips do you make between these points a day?
+
+A. Five round trips.
+
+Q. What is your time for leaving?
+
+A. The first trip in the morning we leave Wilkensburg at
+six-fifty-four, and get there at night at ten-fifteen.
+
+Q. What time do you get to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Seven-thirty first, and leave at nine-forty, going out on the last
+trip.
+
+Q. On the morning of July 19th, were you disturbed in coming in or
+going out?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. When did you first learn of any difficulty or any strike?
+
+A. When I came as far as Twenty-eighth street with the twelve-five
+train--coming in on that trip--with the train due at the depot at that
+time. I then heard of it. I had heard remarks of a strike, but heard
+nothing definite until I came in on that trip.
+
+Q. What occurred on Friday?
+
+A. I saw men standing around there on Friday, I did not see anything at
+all, except seeing men standing around.
+
+Q. Were you molested in any way?
+
+A. Not on Friday. I did not see anything unusual on Friday. No; I was
+not molested on Thursday in any shape, but on Friday they were around
+by hundreds. Parties that I did not know where they came from, and we
+could not do anything with them. They would get on the trains, and we
+could not do anything with them. They did pretty much as they pleased,
+and I saw that we had better keep quiet. They were riding between
+Twenty-eighth street and Lawrenceville and Torren's station, during
+Friday. They were just riding when it suited them.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What did they seem to be?
+
+A. They seemed to be mill men, as much as any thing else, from their
+appearance. They seemed to work somewhere where the sun did not strike
+them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. They refused to pay fare?
+
+A. Yes; they paid nothing. On Saturday morning, coming in on the first
+trip, I did not see any of them. I had the usual run of passengers in
+that morning. Going out at nine-forty, I got a crowd on that covered
+the engine, and tank, and train, and every place. After I left
+Twenty-eighth street, I made up my mind between there and Lawrenceville
+that I would not go any further until I had got those parties off. I
+got to Lawrenceville, and went to the engine, and got a big coal pick,
+and then went to them, and said the first man that refuses to get off
+here, I am going to stick the coal pick in him. I found that they all
+got off, and seeing that I had it my own way with those on the engine,
+I thought I would try it with the others on the train. I did try it on
+them, and so pulled on to Millvale, when I did not have anybody on that
+did not pay any fare, and I kept that up all day Saturday, except one
+trip. On the half-past three trip, they were a little too thick. I
+threw them off, and knocked them off the train, and drove them off the
+engine with the pick. At Liberty, coming in on the twelve o'clock trip
+that day, I was about five minutes putting them off there. A crowd of
+them got on at Torrens. I got them all off, that did not pay any fare.
+My crew stood by me very well. During the whole trouble, if I had had a
+few more men on the train--I only had two of a crew--I could have
+cleaned them out all the time. I was not molested or troubled at all by
+the railroad men--that is on the train, in that way. I was told at
+Liberty, on Saturday night, that I could not run the train out the city
+there by one railroad man and one other.
+
+Q. Who was the railroad man?
+
+A. His name was Hice, and the name of the other was Smith.
+
+Q. Smith was not a railroad man?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Do you know what his occupation is?
+
+A. A one-horse stock dealer. He went around the country buying up
+calves. I do not know what he is doing now. He is under indictment at
+present.
+
+Q. Was Hice in the employ of the company at that time?
+
+A. He was when the riot commenced. He has not been since.
+
+Q. You say you ran your train without carrying passengers that refused
+to pay fare except once. What day was that?
+
+A. It was Friday that I could not do anything with them.
+
+Q. Did you attempt on that day to eject those men?
+
+A. I did, but I concluded it was not going to be very healthy, and I
+gave it up. They would not get off, and made all sorts of threats. I
+did not know any of them that made the threats. They threatened that if
+there was any putting off, they would be the parties to do it, and I
+would be the one to go off.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Can you tell us any of the occurrences of the riot?
+
+A. I cannot, for I was just simply running on the train. I did not
+stop. The firing that took place at Twenty-eighth street occurred while
+I was out on a trip. They held me at Lawrenceville until it was all
+over and quiet, so that the track was clear when I came down. When I
+came in, there were not many there, but there was a big crowd there
+when I went out. I ran my train every trip except the last one,
+Saturday night. I went for information to the telegraph office, but
+could not get any, and I kept the train out there and did not make the
+last trip.
+
+Q. During all the excitement you were free to run in and out?
+
+A. Except a little detention waiting for the crowds to open. They would
+always get out of the road. Nothing was said to me by any person--by
+any employé, except this man Hice. He asked me once if I did not think
+I had better stop, and I told him I did not think I had, that I would
+go on as long as there was a track to run on, and make the trips, if I
+could.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with any of these men except Hice, or
+did you hear any of the strikers talking?
+
+A. Two or three railroad men--I do not know their names--went out on my
+train at three o'clock on Thursday afternoon; they were going out home.
+I asked them what the trouble was, but I got but little satisfaction
+out of them, no more than they were swearing at the double-headers;
+that was all I could hear.
+
+Q. They were not taking part in the riot?
+
+A. No; they said they were not going out, but they had nothing to do
+with the trouble. I think they went home, for I would see them still
+out down there when I went out. They were not in the crowds at all.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Frederick Fleck, _sworn with uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. At Spring Hill, on the line of the Pennsylvania railroad.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am a locomotive engineer.
+
+Q. Were you so engaged during the riots in July?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. Can you give the committee any information upon the occurrences that
+came under your observation?
+
+A. On the morning of Thursday, the 19th, I started out on my usual
+time, at seven-twenty, with a coal train. I ran what is called the
+Pittsburgh coal train--making two round trips from Pittsburgh to
+Brinton's about eleven miles out. We left in the morning without any
+indication or sign of trouble on the road. Everything appeared to be
+going on as usual. There was no intimation of any trouble. Coming in on
+the road, about East Liberty or Torrens, we usually met the trains
+going out--the eight-forty's. We did not meet them. We should have
+passed them between those points. We did not know what was the matter,
+but thought there was some delay or no freight; but when we came to
+Torrens, some of the men about the stock-yards, by signs in this
+manner, [indicating,] showed there was a strike, as we understood; but
+we knew nothing definite until we got to Lawrenceville, and there
+ascertained there was a strike. We usually cut the engine loose on
+running by the upper round-house. There was a conductor came on the
+engine, and asked me if I was going out. I told him I certainly was,
+that I had no reason why I should not go out. He said the boys were on
+a strike, and they did not propose to let anybody go out.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Who was that conductor?
+
+A. His name was Leech Reynolds.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was he an employé of the railroad company?
+
+A. He was a conductor at that time.
+
+Q. Do you know where he resides?
+
+A. I think he then resided in the Twelfth ward. I did not pay any
+attention to him, whatever, and the train was dropped past, and I
+pushed on to the west end of the yard, as usual. I believe there were
+no objections to putting trains away that came in.
+
+Q. Is Reynolds living in Pittsburgh now?
+
+A. I think he is, although he is not employed at present. I paid no
+attention to the threats. I asked what would be the consequence if I
+did go out, and he said that I would get my neck broke. I smiled. I told
+him I did not know--that it was pretty hard to break, as it was short
+and thick. I went on to Lawrenceville with the engine and crew. We
+carry four men on that train. It is a train that does a great deal of
+work, and we require two flagmen. There was a great deal of work to be
+done on that train, as it is a double train, and we take local traffic.
+At Lawrenceville I started to go down the track, when the conductor and
+crew left the engine. I said, boys are you not going out? They
+concluded not to go out, that they did not want to be black sheep. I
+told them that I did not know that the double-header business
+interfered with us, and it was only a question of double-headers, so
+far as I knew. Nevertheless, they concluded not to go out. I then took
+the engine down, and reported that there was no crew to go out. This
+was about eleven o'clock on Thursday morning. In the meantime, there
+was some scuffling about there. I saw men rush back and forward, and
+there were some policemen there. I did not know what the trouble was,
+and went down to make some inquiries from Mr. Fox. I asked what the
+matter was, and was told that they were trying to arrest a man that had
+struck Mr. Watt. They had got hold of him, but he was limber as an eel.
+The engine was taken into the round-house. About two or three o'clock
+that afternoon, an attempt was made to take the double train out--what
+is called the Union Line. Conductor France was to take it out. He asked
+me what to do about the matter. I said he ought to judge for
+himself--you know your business--but, if I were you, I would attempt to
+take the train out, and if they won't let you, then you have done your
+duty. He is a rather bold, brave fellow, and sometimes would go further
+than other men would. He said, I have got shooting-irons, and if they
+stop me I may hurt somebody. They coupled up the train, but they were
+stopped at the lower round-house. There were some parleying there, and
+some difficulty. A crowd was there, of twenty or thirty or forty,
+stretched along from Twenty-sixth to Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Who were this crowd?
+
+A. They were railroad men--I can hardly tell who they were--principally
+railroad men at that time. The order was given to start the train. I
+think Mr. Watt was there, and the engineers made an effort to start,
+but the crowd got in front and commenced swinging their hands, and I
+saw one man flourishing a revolver. I think his name was Harris. They
+stopped them, and the engineers got off, and the firemen, and the train
+did not move. That was on Thursday, about three o'clock. On Thursday
+evening the engineers called a meeting over Clark's hotel, and I went
+to see what action would be taken in regard to the strike. Up to that
+time I understood the engineers had not taken any part--that they were
+a kind of silent party, looking on. They met and discussed the matter
+_pro_ and _con_ for some time. The older men advised not to have
+anything to do with the matter, that it was a conductors' and
+brakemen's fight, and that they should be left to fight it out
+themselves; but some time previous to this, there had been a reduction
+of ten per cent., and the engineers had sent a committee to
+Philadelphia to the general office, to see what could be done about it.
+The committee returned, and they had accepted the reduction in good
+faith. I told the meeting that the men had consented to take the
+reduction, and that so far as the double-headers were concerned, they
+had run them before, and that there was no objection--that it did not
+require any less engineers or firemen to run the double-headers, and
+that it did not effect us in that respect, but before the meeting broke
+up some men came in under the influence of liquor, and got a little
+noisy, and the thing dropped until Friday morning. On Friday morning
+they had another meeting, and I also went to that. The older engineers
+thought that we could keep the men out of it--the engineers and
+firemen--but it appeared to be determined on the part of the majority
+of the freight engineers and firemen to go into the matter, and the
+meeting was postponed until three o'clock. They did not come to any
+conclusion. The majority of the men there that morning were opposed to
+the strike. They concluded to have another meeting in the afternoon;
+and I saw, with a few others, that a resolution would be adopted that
+they would go for the strike, so I did not go, and I advised some of
+the younger men that I knew, not to go near the meeting. This was at
+Engineers' hall. About one o'clock they had organized the meeting, but
+I was not down there. They sent a sub-committee to come up and take me
+down by force to the meeting. I refused to go. Then they organized and
+concluded to go into the Trainmen's Union, and they went into it, and
+went into the strike--that is the majority of our freight
+men--engineers. Up to that time I did not know of any organized
+committee or anything else waiting on the officers, and I told our men
+in the morning you cannot consistently demand anything until you see
+the officers and have a refusal. I told them you have not made any
+request, and you are going into this thing without making any request,
+and that you have violated the law at the start, and you cannot expect
+to be successful; but they said that the iron was hot, and that they
+were going to strike. So after that time until the trouble was over, I
+had nothing to do with the men. I staid there until Saturday evening,
+ready to go out. In fact on Saturday my engine was fired up and ready
+to go out. I never refused to go out because I had never quit the
+service of the company.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What kind of a meeting was this?
+
+A. It was meeting of engineers and firemen.
+
+Q. A secret organization?
+
+A. No; it was an open meeting.
+
+Q. Participated in by men belonging to this organization and others?
+
+A. By the brakemen, conductors, engineers, and firemen, and all those
+that wished to be there. On Saturday evening the troops came up, and I
+was back and forward to the shops. I was up on Twenty-eighth street,
+but I saw no violent demonstrations, although there was a big crowd
+there. I suppose, though, if there had been any effort on Friday or
+Saturday, to send trains out, there would have been violence. Plenty of
+revolvers and fire-arms were displayed there, by plenty of men outside
+of railroad men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was it railroad men who flourished and displayed the revolvers and
+fire-arms?
+
+A. I think the majority were outsiders.
+
+Q. Were they citizens of the city of Pittsburgh, or strangers?
+
+A. I don't know. I suppose they were citizens from the East End--from
+the east of the city. There were thieves, and robbers, and rogues, and
+tramps there from the whole country.
+
+Q. Were they citizens of Pittsburgh, or were they strangers?
+
+A. I think the majority of them were outside of the railroad employés.
+Whether they were glass-blowers, or puddlers, or citizens of any other
+occupation, I could not tell. The Pittsburgh troops were on good terms
+with the mob. Some were giving them muskets, and marching up and down
+with the mob, and eating hard-tack with them, and there was a good
+feeling, generally, between them. The report came that the troops were
+coming from Philadelphia, and that there would quite likely be trouble
+with them, because they were strangers here, and would not know the
+position of things here, but would obey orders. From that, I inferred
+that the Pittsburgh soldiers had not exactly obeyed orders. I only
+inferred that. This was the kind of tone or feeling around there. When
+the Philadelphia troops came marching up through the yard, my engine
+was out. I think that General Pearson was there at the same time that
+the Philadelphia troops came up from Twenty-eighth street. I think that
+General Pearson was, and I am positive about Mr. Cassatt. He said to
+me: Fred., are you willing to go out? I said: Certainly. I have never
+refused to go out. Certainly, on condition that the mob is dispersed. I
+would not like to run through it. I don't want to hurt anybody. He
+said: We don't want to send anybody out, until the mob is dispersed. I
+thought that if there was any determination displayed on the part of
+the troops, the mob would go away. Shortly after that, I was at the
+upper end of the lower round-house, half way between Twenty-sixth and
+Twenty-eighth streets. After the troops got up there, somebody made a
+speech--some one of the officers, or somebody--made a little speech,
+warning the people to go away, and disperse. I couldn't hear exactly
+what was said. Then I saw some of the soldiers come down shortly after
+that, and one of them, particularly, had the whole side of his face
+knocked off by a brick. They were the Philadelphia troops. Some of the
+others came down sick. I don't know whether they were sunstruck, or
+what kind of struck, but they were weak about the knees, some of them.
+Then, by and by, I heard a little bit of musketry rattling, and then
+heard them shoot in every direction, and saw the crowd dispersing in
+every direction--some running up the hill, and some up the railroad,
+and some down Twenty-eighth street. In a short time, nobody was there.
+The troops came down to the round-house, and were quartered there, with
+the Gatling gun put in position, off Twenty-eighth street. I heard one
+of the officers of the troops saying, that they could not stand it much
+longer--that they were yelled at and struck--that they had not come to
+Pittsburgh to hurt anybody, but that they couldn't stand it much
+longer. But General Brinton told them, in my hearing, that they
+shouldn't shoot at all. They had barricaded Twenty-eighth street. The
+troops were barricaded there. Guards were posted properly, I suppose;
+but they had no rations, and a good many of the men commenced to
+complain about something to eat--that they had only had a small lunch
+since they had left Altoona, or somewhere. Somebody remarked, that they
+would open up the Gatling gun on the mob, if it didn't quit throwing
+the stones and missiles at the men. This was about six o'clock. The
+General came, and said, I don't want a man to shoot, without the
+barricades are broken in. Stand back, and don't use any violence. I
+won't allow any shooting to be done, without, it is in self-defense. I
+remained there until half past eight or nine o'clock. The mob had
+gathered so thick that it was almost impossible to get through. From
+Penn up to Liberty, and from Twenty-sixth up to Twenty-eighth streets,
+there was a solid mass of people. At that time, the old telegraph
+office was shot into, and stones were thrown into it, and the only
+thing that prevented them from shooting everybody there, was simply
+because the street was so much lower, and they had to shoot up, and the
+balls struck in the ceiling. One or two of the soldiers were struck in
+the back by missiles, or with stones in the face. One of the officers
+was struck, and it kind of riled him. By that time, an order came to
+send to Union depot to take the fast line out. Nobody was about. They
+had the engine, but no engineer. Mr. White asked me to go down. I said
+I would, if I could. I tried to get out at the rear of the shops, but
+the mob would not let me out. An officer was called up to pass me out
+of the round-house. I said, if you let me out between the office and
+the old round-house, I can jump off the wall, and get down. Previous to
+this time, it was generally thought, in the crowd outside, that Mr.
+Pitcairn and some of the officers, (Mr. Watt,) were in the office--in
+the outer depot office. It appeared that there was an antipathy against
+these men, and they wanted to get at them. Some remarks were made that
+they had coffins for them, and others said: Get them out of there. Just
+such threats the mob would make. They seemed to have made up their
+minds that those men had ordered the double-headers, or the reduction,
+and they were going to take their revenge out of them. They were
+instructed so (the mob was) by the railroad men. I thought that they
+were up there. I didn't know they were away. I thought they were there.
+Then I jumped off the wall. In the act of jumping, I was fired at. I
+suppose some ten or twelve balls were fired at me by some men there who
+had no love for me.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Who fired?
+
+A. The mob outside. I got out of the crowd and into the Union depot. I
+found then that it was countermanded--that the fast line was not to go
+out. I went into the depot, and I don't know who I found, now--but I
+found out that the train was not to go. I found Mr. Pitcairn there, and
+I told him I thought it was not a wholesome place for him, that he had
+better leave. I told him I thought that some of the men were disposed
+to do him some personal damage if they came across him, and from the
+way in which the mob or the crowd felt, I didn't think it would be very
+well for anybody to get in their way at that time. About nine o'clock
+there was somebody came and asked for volunteers to take an engine out
+to the outer depot, to take provisions up to the troops. I told them I
+would, and I waited for some time, and then I found out that they had
+come to the conclusion that it would not be safe to go up. I heard no
+more of it until morning. I staid with the engine during that whole
+night, and saw the fires getting brighter and brighter, and coming
+closer down. I staid there at Union depot until eleven o'clock Sunday,
+when I drew the fires out of the engine and left her standing there by
+the orders of the depot-master, and went home by the way of the Fifth
+avenue street cars. While waiting for dinner, my brother-in-law heard a
+train, and I went out on the road, and I saw a train coming backward. I
+gave a slight signal and the engineer stopped. It was not very hard to
+stop a train then. The conductor inquired what I wanted; he said that
+he was going out as far as Walls. I said I would like to go. It seemed
+that some of the troops were coming in and came as far as Torrens, and
+were ordered back. I went to bed early in the afternoon after getting
+there. I came in on Monday, and was at our head-quarters at Fast
+Liberty. I thought our foreman was there. I reported for duty. About
+noon he asked me to run the Walls accommodation train. I said,
+certainly, I will run the train. I run it--no, I did not go out that
+trip, for the man who had the engine refused to get off, although he
+had asked in the first place to get off. When I came he refused to give
+it up. He pulled out a pistol and displayed it, and refused to give the
+engine up, yet he had asked in the first place to be relieved. So I
+told Mr. Whetman, our foreman of the round-house. Well, says he, let
+him run it, but he told me sometime ago, that he was tired and wanted
+to be relieved. I remained there until afternoon, when I got orders to
+take the engine. I went down again, and said, I have orders to take
+this engine. So I took her and run her sometime--I run her that night
+from Thirty-third street to Walls and back on regular trips. But I
+didn't make the last trip. In the morning I came in at the usual time.
+When I came in, it appears that a committee had waited on Mr. Whetman,
+and told him to take me off that engine. I believe the man Reynolds
+told him that they would not allow me to run the engine. Then Mr. Henry
+took the engine and run one round trip, when Mr. Blender took her. But
+before this, I was to go to Lawrenceville to take a train down to find
+a committee of men to have a conference about the thing. Mr. Garrett
+got on the engine. I asked where I was to go at East Liberty. John
+Shires and McCullough, who were on, were both of this committee, and
+Mr. Garrett told me that these parties wanted to go down for this
+conference. Shires spoke up and said, we will give you orders where we
+want you to go--we are running this road now. In fact I did not know
+who was running it. I had nothing to say. Five or six more parties got
+on, and we came to Pittsburgh. Shires gave me orders to go on down.
+Things went on so all that week. No train went out until the following
+Sunday, when I was ordered to take the yard engine at Torrens, and load
+some stock.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who was Shires?
+
+A. He was a conductor on a shifting engine at that time. On Sunday we
+loaded some stock at Torrens I took the engine that usually did that
+work. Nobody was on her. I examined the fire and water, and found all
+right, and went to move the engine, when the engineer that had been on
+her came up and asked me what I was going to do. I said I had orders to
+run this engine. He said, I am running this engine. I said all right,
+and got off, and reported to Mr. Whetman. He said that the man had
+refused to move the stock; but said he would move passenger cars. He
+was not willing to move stock. He went down to the man and talked to
+him; but it appeared it had no effect. He would not do it. He came back
+and said, I want you to take that engine. I went down and tried to
+persuade the man. He was a man of family, and I thought he had better
+sense. I said to him this thing is all broken up, and it was a mistake
+from the start. This stock ought to be loaded, and I said you are
+taking revenge out of innocent parties. I said I don't know who will
+provide for your family if you are out of work, and I am confident if
+you won't work now they won't give you work when you want it. He said
+they would have to take him. He would not take the stock, so I took the
+engine and loaded the stock.
+
+Q. Did they resist?
+
+A. No; I had no crew then; so Mr. Scott, the agent at the stock-yards,
+and Mr. Gummey, volunteered to couple the cars and do the work. So he,
+and I, and Mr. Scott did the work. We loaded three or four double
+trains that afternoon.
+
+Q. What class of men were engaged in the riot when it first broke out?
+
+A. Well, so far as I know, I think it was caused by one man only
+refusing to go out--the flagman of that train.
+
+Q. Of what train?
+
+A. Of the eight-forty.
+
+Q. On Thursday morning?
+
+A. Yes; and I think the rest fell in kind of spontaneously as they came
+in off the road.
+
+Q. Have you been able to gather anything from the men, showing that
+they had a pre-arranged plan for a strike that morning?
+
+A. Not that particular strike. I understood a month or so before, that
+the Trainmen's Union had organized a strike for a certain time, but I
+don't remember the day or date. I know there was such talk among the
+men, that there would be a strike that day among the brakemen and
+conductors. There was nothing of the kind among the engineers, that I
+know of, because had the engineers held meetings at other places, I
+would have heard them speak of it. Previous to that time there was
+nothing among the engineers and firemen; but, the day passed over, and
+there was no strike; and, of this strike on Thursday, the 19th, I heard
+nothing of it--I knew nothing of it, and our crew knew nothing of
+it--at least they said nothing to me, and it appeared to be a surprise
+to them when we came in. Railroad men sometimes are very communicative;
+they generally let one know, directly or indirectly, what is in the
+wind. They generally know one among the other.
+
+Q. Had they any secret organization?
+
+A. I don't know what this Trainmen's Union is. It was a new thing to
+me. I heard of it, that is all. I believe that such an organization
+existed, and had for some time.
+
+Q. Do you know the objects of the organization?
+
+A. I don't really know--I never heard particularly--only from the
+talk of the men It was kind of protective or like all labor
+organizations--something of that kind--to unite the men together, and
+get them to act in unity.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was it of a beneficial character?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. It was not like the engineers' organization.
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. It had no connection with it?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I suppose it is secret?
+
+A. I think it is.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. At the meeting you spoke of, did the engineers and firemen agree to
+go into that union?
+
+A. I understood so, but I don't know it.
+
+Q. Do you know whether the Engineers' Brotherhood assisted or
+encouraged this strike of the Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. I don't know that they did. If they did, they violated their
+obligations. They might have been in sympathy.
+
+Q. They took no formal action in the matter?
+
+A. No; not up to that time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You have stated that the strike was commenced by one man refusing to
+go out?
+
+A. As far as I understand.
+
+Q. At what time was the first effort made to prevent men from going out
+who were willing to go?
+
+A. As far as I know--I was out on the road at that time that this
+refusal was made--that occurred sometime about eight o'clock in the
+morning. I left Pittsburgh at seven-twenty, and didn't get back until
+eleven o'clock. What transpired in the meantime, I cannot tell you. I
+know nothing about it, only from hearsay.
+
+Q. Do you know, of your own knowledge, whether it was discharged men or
+men in the employ of the company who would prevent others from going
+out, either by persuasion or by force?
+
+A. I don't know that. I know that sometime in the afternoon, when that
+attempt was made at three o'clock, or thereabouts, there were employés
+and non-employés among the party.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. And some of them had been in the service of the company and
+discharged?
+
+A. Yes; and some that had never been in the service.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you hear any talk about men coming from a distance?
+
+A. It was generally supposed--at the time of the fire and riot, I was
+at Union Depot, and I saw them carrying off goods--hauling them off by
+wagon loads and wheelbarrow loads--men, women, and children--it was
+generally supposed that all the thieves that could get here in two
+days, from all the country around, had got here; and I suppose,
+everybody thought that the property had better be carried off than be
+burned.
+
+Q. Can you give the name of the flagman who first refused to go out?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Do you know whether the strike was confined to freight men entirely?
+
+A. I think so; although some of the passenger men may have been in
+sympathy with them.
+
+
+    William Ryan, recalled:
+
+By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Please state whether it was discharged men, or whether it was men
+who were then in the employ of the railroad company who first prevented
+the trains from going out, either by persuasion or by interference?
+
+A. As far as I could see it was men still in the employ of the company.
+On the morning that this occurred they conversed about it. I suppose in
+that way they persuaded them not to go out.
+
+Q. Was it known then what men would be discharged under this order?
+
+A. No, sir; it was a mystery to all.
+
+Q. Can you give us the name of the flagman who refused to go out first?
+
+A. Harris, his name was. I gave his name in as Gus. Whether it was
+proper or not, I don't know.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John Alexander, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am an engineer.
+
+Q. In whose employ were you in July last?
+
+A. In the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
+
+Q. As a freight engineer?
+
+A. As a passenger engineer.
+
+Q. On what train?
+
+A. On the Walls accommodation.
+
+Q. At what hours did you leave the Union depot?
+
+A. In the morning, on the first trip, at six-twenty, and on the last
+trip leaving Pittsburgh, at five-twenty.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive at Pittsburgh in the morning?
+
+A. Eight-twenty-five.
+
+Q. State whether you were interfered with on the morning of July 19?
+
+A. I was not.
+
+Q. When did you first learn there was any disturbance among the men?
+
+A. About four o'clock that afternoon.
+
+Q. How did you learn it?
+
+A. I was coming down to go out on the five-twenty trip, and when I came
+to the round-house, above Twenty-eighth street, I saw a crowd of boys
+there. I asked what was going on--I asked somebody that I was
+acquainted with, and was told that the freight men were on a strike.
+That was, as near as I can tell, about four o'clock.
+
+Q. Who told you that?
+
+A. Robert Hardy.
+
+Q. Do you know whether he was among the strikers?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was assembled there?
+
+A. I suppose about fifty persons. I thought that somebody was hurt by
+the Johnstown accommodation. It was just such a crowd as gathers when
+an accident takes place.
+
+Q. Were they boisterous and noisy?
+
+A. No; I didn't go into the crowd.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with any of the men?
+
+A. Nothing further than ascertaining what was going on. I went down to
+the lower round-house after my engine.
+
+Q. Did you go out that night?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Were you interfered with?
+
+A. Not in the least--further than having to run carefully through the
+crowd.
+
+Q. Were you present during the riotous conduct, on any of those days
+from Thursday morning?
+
+A. I made my usual trips on Thursday and on Friday without any trouble,
+any more than this crowd getting on and off the engine between Torrens
+and Pittsburgh.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What kind of men were those?
+
+A. The majority of them were not railroad men. They didn't appear to be
+accustomed to riding trains.
+
+Q. Did they talk?
+
+A. Only among themselves.
+
+Q. What seemed to be their object?
+
+A. They had no object, that I could see.
+
+Q. Merely curiosity?
+
+A. More curiosity than anything else.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of new facts not related by the other
+engineers or conductors here who have testified?
+
+A. Nothing. They have filled up all I can say.
+
+Q. Can you give us any new light, as to the organization of the men or
+their plans of action, or the names of the prominent strikers?
+
+A. I don't know the names of many of them.
+
+Q. What do you know about the causes of the riot?
+
+A. Nothing, only the double-headers.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you permitted to run the passenger trains without interference?
+
+A. Until Saturday night.
+
+Q. How about the freight trains. Were they permitted to run?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. They were stopped?
+
+A. Except when I passed through with the train. I was not there. I
+didn't see the freight trains from that Thursday until the Sunday after
+running. I was aware of the fact that there was a suspension of
+business.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What was the difficulty with the passenger trains on Saturday night?
+
+A. Coming in from the five-twenty trip, they told us that we couldn't
+go out again. Some men got on the engine and told me so.
+
+Q. Do you know where those men were from?
+
+A. I don't know. It was night, and I didn't pay much attention to their
+appearance.
+
+Q. Were they miners, or mill men, or tramps, or railroad men?
+
+A. They were not railroad men; they didn't talk like it, or look like
+it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you hear any threats?
+
+A. They only told me I was not to go out again.
+
+Q, They only complained about the orders for running double-headers?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. These men gave no reasons for refusing to allow you to go out again
+on Saturday night?
+
+A. No; I suppose they thought I knew.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did the men know of any reason why the double-headers were to be
+run?
+
+A. I was not running freight.
+
+Q. You know nothing about freight?
+
+A. It was about that order I heard them talking.
+
+Adjourned until to-morrow, at three o'clock, P.M.
+
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM,
+    PITTSBURGH, SATURDAY, _February 9, 1878_
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee assembled at three o'clock,
+P.M., this day, and continued the taking of testimony.
+
+The first witness examined was
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Archibald Jeffrey, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. No. 32 Anderson street.
+
+Q. How long have you resided there?
+
+A. Going on three years.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. I am a machinist.
+
+Q. Were you in the vicinity of the disorders that occurred, commencing
+on the 19th day of July last--that day or at any time following?
+
+A. I was out there on the 22d--I believe that is Saturday evening.
+
+Q. At what point?
+
+A. About Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Tell us what you saw there?
+
+A. There was a great deal of noise around there for awhile.
+
+Q. Made by whom?
+
+A. I can't just exactly tell who.
+
+Q. There was a crowd there?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Composed of what classes?
+
+A. Of most every class.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was there?
+
+A. I have no idea--I suppose a thousand or fifteen hundred men--I
+suppose so.
+
+Q. How long before the burning was it that you speak about?
+
+A. I went out there in the evening about five o'clock--along there--and
+I think the burning commenced about ten and a half o'clock.
+
+Q. What was the conduct of the crowd at five or six o'clock, when you
+went there first?
+
+A. That was after the shooting had been done out there.
+
+Q. After the firing by the militia, you mean?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What was the condition of the crowd at that time?
+
+A. There was a lot of talking going on about the soldiers; but not
+being interested in the thing at all, I didn't pay much attention to
+it.
+
+Q. What kind of talk was it?
+
+A. They appeared to be angry about the soldiers firing at the crowd.
+
+Q. Where was the crowd assembled then?
+
+A. About Twenty-eighth street, near the crossing.
+
+Q. Did you see anybody set fire to any car or building, or anything in
+the vicinity of Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I did see one man. He was the only man.
+
+Q. Who was he?
+
+A. Matthew Marshall.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. It was in the afterpart of the night. I can't say exactly.
+
+Q. What was it he fired?
+
+A. A car of coke.
+
+Q. Where was the car standing?
+
+A. On the track, about two squares above Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Just describe how he did it; where he got his fire; how it took
+place?
+
+A. I don't know where he got his fire. When I noticed him first he was
+in the car. He had a bunch of shavings, and was in a sitting down
+position, and appeared to me to be kindling a fire. When the fire got
+kindled he jumped out. I saw him fifteen or twenty minutes afterwards.
+He was the only person I know of.
+
+Q. Did you speak to him?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was anybody with him?
+
+A. I didn't notice anybody with him.
+
+Q. What was the result of the kindling of the fire?
+
+A. If there had been no other fire it would have burnt that car up; but
+there was fire all around.
+
+Q. Other cars were then on fire?
+
+A. Yes; burning at the same time.
+
+Q. What has become of Mr. Marshall?
+
+A. He is in prison--over the river.
+
+Q. At whose instigation was he arrested?
+
+A. I can't say that myself.
+
+Q. You were not present when the firing took place by the militia?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you see any other fires kindled?
+
+A. I don't believe I did.
+
+Q. Describe whether there were other fires going on then, and how they
+were kindled, and what the mob were doing, and describe all the
+circumstances that took place at that time?
+
+A. There appeared to me to be a gang of men. I don't know who they
+were--whether railroaders or not.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did they seem to have any organized leaders, or were they directed
+by anybody?
+
+A. It appeared to me they had at that time.
+
+Q. Were they not running helter-skelter?
+
+A. They were ordering each other around. I can't say whether they had
+an organization or not.
+
+Q. Did it strike you that they had?
+
+A. It did, at that time.
+
+Q. That it was an organization?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. An organization without a head--do you mean to say that?
+
+A. It appeared to me at that time that it was an organization, but I
+don't say it positively myself.
+
+Q. Was there any particular party to command it?
+
+A. Yes; it looked to me so.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What did the crowd seem to be aiming at, at that time--was it the
+destruction of property?
+
+A. I can't say that. There was a great deal of destruction and thieving
+going on.
+
+Q. Pillage and plunder?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What was said by the rioters?
+
+A. I can't state.
+
+Q. Was this firing confined entirely to railroad property?
+
+A. It was at that time.
+
+Q. Was there any attempt made by any one, so far as you saw, to fire
+private property?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. It seemed to be confined entirely to railroad property?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. This man Marshall you spoke of, was entirely alone when you saw him
+fire the car?
+
+A. So far as I know.
+
+Q. Nobody seemed to be acting in concert with him?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did this coke car stand entirely alone?
+
+A. It stood in a train. They kept running cars down, six or seven at a
+time, against each other. This came down with the rest of them.
+
+Q. Describe that. The firing of this car would communicate to others?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. After the car was fired, was it put in motion?
+
+A. Not that I noticed.
+
+Q. When you speak of running cars down, where were they running them
+from?
+
+A. From out the road some place. I think it is down grade this way.
+
+Q. Did the cars stop at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Above Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Near the round-house?
+
+A. The round-house is on Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Did the cars stop near the round-house?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Where were the troops then?
+
+A. I suppose they were in one of the round-houses.
+
+Q. Do you know that to be a fact?
+
+A. I walked down, and the guard was standing there. I suppose so.
+
+Q. The cars that were run down, then, would stop somewhere near the
+round-house?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was there any effort made to fire the round-house, that you saw?
+
+A. No; I didn't get near enough.
+
+Q. Was there any attack being made upon the round-house by the mob at
+that time?
+
+A. I can't say that there was. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Was there anything said by the mob about the soldiers being
+quartered in the round-house?
+
+A. Not that I can remember.
+
+Q. How long were you there?
+
+A. I went out in the evening about six or seven o'clock, along there. I
+stayed along Liberty street and was once or twice on the railroad, and
+saw Marshall, and along Liberty street at four or five o'clock in the
+morning.
+
+Q. How close to the mob?
+
+A. I was twice, once or twice, upon the railroad.
+
+Q. At what point on the railroad?
+
+A. Just about where I saw this man.
+
+Q. How far from the mob?
+
+A. That just appeared to be--I stood along the edge of the railroad,
+and this car was on the second or third track, off the edge of the
+railroad.
+
+Q. How many rods or feet from the mob?
+
+A. Not more than five or six rods--something like that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. You were in the crowd, were you?
+
+A. No; not just in the crowd. I was standing looking at them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were within five or six rods?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was the crowd noisy and boisterous?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What did they appear to be saying?
+
+A. I paid no attention to that.
+
+Q. Did you hear them say anything?
+
+A. I could hear them say a good bit, but it is a long time ago.
+
+Q. What did they appear to be doing?
+
+A. Dragging things off.
+
+Q. What?
+
+A. Goods and things.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was this man Marshall a railroad man or an outsider?
+
+A. I never knew him to be a railroad man.
+
+Q. Do you know anything about him at all--you knew the man?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Where did he reside?
+
+A. He lived in the First ward, Allegheny, some place.
+
+Q. Had you known him for years?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. He had lived in Allegheny for some time?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was his business?
+
+A. He was a machinist.
+
+Q. In whose employ was he at that time?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What were you doing there--what led you to go there?
+
+A. I heard of the excitement, and I went down town and went out to see
+it.
+
+Q. It was curiosity?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you say that other cars were burning when this man Marshall
+fired this coke car?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. At that time?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. It was not the first car burned?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were you there when the first car was fired?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What kind of things were they dragging off--merchandise from the
+cars?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were any railroad men among that party?
+
+A. I don't know. I didn't know anybody but the one man.
+
+Q. Did they have the appearance of railroad men--familiar with tracks
+and with getting on and going about cars?
+
+A. I can't say that.
+
+Q. You could not judge anything from their actions?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. How long was Marshall sent to the penitentiary for?
+
+A. Six years, I believe.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In whose employ were you at that time?
+
+A. In the employ of McIntosh, Hemphill & Co.
+
+Q. Where are their works located?
+
+A. Twelfth and Pike.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. How far were the other cars that were burning from this one?
+
+A. They were close. There were cars all around, I suppose within
+thirty, or forty, or fifty feet.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. The crowd of spectators was not interfering with property?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were there until five o'clock in the morning?
+
+A. About that time.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd there during the night--take an average.--I
+mean the crowd engaged in burning or pillaging or plundering?
+
+A. I couldn't just give an idea.
+
+Q. What is your opinion as to how large the crowd was--a thousand men
+or five thousand or ten thousand?
+
+A. Two or three thousand.
+
+Q. You mean that were about in the vicinity, and seemed to be taking
+part in the destruction of property?
+
+A. If I were to give an estimate I would give you something that I
+don't know.
+
+Q. Was there any effort made to stop the destruction of property during
+the night?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Was there any interference with it by any person?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. They were running things there themselves during the entire night?
+
+A. It appeared so to me.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. You did not see any soldiers, except the guard at the round-house?
+
+A. I saw the guard and two or three standing there with him.
+
+Q. There were none active in trying to beat back the crowd?
+
+A. No.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Thomas M. King, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In Verona borough.
+
+Q. You are officially connected with the Allegheny Valley Railroad--in
+what capacity?
+
+A. I am superintendent of the river division.
+
+Q. Did you occupy that position in July last?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State whether there were any differences between the Allegheny
+Valley Railroad Company and their employés, existing prior to the 19th
+day of July last?
+
+A. There was some dissatisfaction among the men in regard to the ten
+per cent. reduction, but they all appeared to accept it.
+
+Q. When was the ten per cent. reduction made?
+
+A. The 1st of June.
+
+Q. To what classes of employés did that apply?
+
+A. To all classes receiving over a dollar a day.
+
+Q. And to the officers, from the president down?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. There was some complaint at the time?
+
+A. Some dissatisfaction.
+
+Q. Between the 1st of June and the 19th of July, was there any
+organization among the men, so far as you could learn, or any
+pre-arranged plan to strike?
+
+A. There was nothing positive. I understood that quite a number of the
+men were joining what was called the Trainmen's Union.
+
+Q. Did you know the object of the Trainmen's Union.
+
+A. Of my own knowledge I did not. I understood it was being organized
+for the purpose of organizing a strike.
+
+Q. Did you, as superintendent, have any communication with the men that
+you understood were joining the organization in relation to it?
+
+A. A short time before the strike, three or four of our men, I
+understood, were very active in it, and I think I suspended one or two
+temporarily, and talked to some others about it. My information just
+previous to the strike led me to suppose that our men were not going to
+stand by it, or were withdrawing--that they would not go into the
+strike.
+
+Q. Did you get that information from conversation with your men?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. With what class of employés?
+
+A. Conductors and engineers.
+
+Q. What class seemed to be most dissatisfied with the reduction?
+
+A. Generally those of the lower grade of pay--such as brakemen; that
+class of men.
+
+Q. When did the first strike occur on your road?
+
+A. I think on Monday morning, the 23d, I believe.
+
+Q. What class of men struck first?
+
+A. I would qualify the other statement by stating that on Saturday,
+about ten o'clock, I got a message stating that the shop men had held a
+meeting and determined not to work any longer without the ten per cent.
+was restored. We went out and called the men together, and Mr. Shinn,
+our vice president, made a speech, and explained the situation to them,
+and they held a meeting and agreed to stand by the reduction and go to
+work again. That was the first difficulty we had. On Monday, I think
+was the first refusal, on the part of the train men, to perform
+service.
+
+Q. What was said and done to get the men to resume work?
+
+A. On Monday, I went down with an empty train, and turned up Pike
+street. There they drew up, and I went on to the shops. We had a street
+engine that far. After getting to the Thirty-fourth street station, I
+was surprised to see a road engine standing there. I imagined, at once,
+there was going to be a difficulty, and I got off the engine and walked
+up to the round-house, and there was quite a large number of our men
+congregated there. I spoke to them, and asked them what this meant.
+None of them made any reply. I told them that the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company had made some arrangement with their men, and that, of course,
+we would be governed by any arrangement made on the trunk lines. I told
+them they were foolish to go into the strike in the midst of the
+excitement--that it would do them no good. I then asked one of the
+engineers to go on the express engine standing there, and take her out.
+I got no reply. I said: "Boys, I am very sorry you are acting badly,
+and if you don't take the engine out, I will have to take her myself."
+I got on the engine and took her out, and made a coupling on a train
+and started. In the meantime, one of the firemen came down and got on
+with me. By the time I got up to the round-house, one of the engineers
+came and took the engine from me.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You don't mean took it forcibly?
+
+A. Oh, no. I went back to the men, and by that time quite a crowd was
+gathered around, and there was a great deal of excitement. There were a
+great many people around that I never saw before. The men said they
+were going to call a meeting. I told them as a great many strangers,
+apparently, were around, I would sooner they would go away from the
+shops, and call their meeting at some other place where they could do
+it quietly. They did so, and concluded that they would not go to work.
+I succeeded in running all the trains that day that I cared about
+running.
+
+Q. How did you accomplish that?
+
+A. By working myself, and by calling on the dispatchers and two or
+three of the engineers. The next day a great many strangers were in our
+yard, apparently influencing our men. I sent for some of our men, and
+told them that I could not understand their conduct, that we had always
+endeavored to treat them kindly and squarely, then they said it was not
+their fault, that they were forced into it, and were doing what they
+did by intimidation; that it would be as much as their lives were worth
+to undertake to run those trains. By Tuesday noon I had a great deal of
+difficulty in getting the passenger trains to run. The men would be
+scared off and desert them. I gave the men notice on Tuesday afternoon,
+at three o'clock, that if they wanted the _onus_ of stopping all
+the passenger trains on our road, they would have to do it--that we
+would not be justified in undertaking to run trains and run the risk of
+having an accident occur to them by their refusing to perform their
+duty.
+
+Q. What action did they take then?
+
+A. They called a meeting about four o'clock. I sent up to that meeting
+and asked them to send me down a man to take out the passengers that
+had come into the city that morning, so that we could get them home. I
+could not get any person to do that, and had to do it myself. I took
+the train out. That evening there was a committee waited on me with a
+proposal that they would run two of our trains--would select the crew
+to take charge of them. I had been unable to get any protection
+whatever either from the military or civil authorities.
+
+Q. Did they carry out that arrangement?
+
+A. I sent a request to the committee of public safety, and had also
+gone and seen General Brown, personally, to get some protection for our
+shops, and also some ammunition for a company that we had at Verona
+guarding our property there. General Brown said he could give me no
+assistance, whatever, and so far as his ammunition was concerned, he
+had but very few cartridges for his command. He, however, gave me
+forty, and an order to gather up the company at Verona, and place them
+on duty there. He said he could not allow any troops to be sent out of
+the city at all, as he deemed it of more importance to keep them in the
+city than to send them on the outskirts. From Mr. Thaw, I learned also,
+that the committee of public safety had declined to send any persons.
+After the men had made their proposal, I notified them that I would
+give them an answer in the morning, and started up to the east end and
+saw Mr. Shinn, our vice president, and submitted their proposal to him,
+and explained the position we were in--that we could get no protection
+either from the civil or military authorities, and that if our men were
+willing to work, I thought it would be prudent, on our part, to submit
+to the men until such times as the authorities could regain control. He
+agreed with me, and authorized me to let the men take charge of the
+trains and run them, so as not to stop the United States mails. The
+trains were run under the charge of the men for two days--Wednesday and
+Thursday. On Friday, we took charge of the trains ourselves again. We
+ran the passenger trains on Friday and on Saturday--all we desired to,
+and notified the men on Saturday that we proposed to commence running
+trains on Monday. And I advised all the men that desired to retain
+their positions, and who wanted to go to work again, that if they would
+come down on Monday and take their trains they could do so.
+
+Q. How many responded on Monday?
+
+A. We had some difficulty up until two o'clock, and I was compelled to
+employ a few new men. After that, the men saw that we were determined,
+to start the business on the road again, and the majority came in, and
+we had all the men we wanted.
+
+Q. Did you have any assistance from the military at any time?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. When was it?
+
+A. I think on Thursday night. I went down to General Brown, and got an
+order from him to bring the company that was at Verona, doing duty
+there, to Forty-third street. He also sent a detail of cavalry from the
+city, and we took charge of the road on Friday morning, and started our
+trains.
+
+Q. I understand it was on Tuesday you made the application to him.
+
+A. On Monday night and Tuesday both.
+
+Q. The troops were refused?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. When was it you made application to the citizen's protective
+committee?
+
+A. On Tuesday, Mr. Paul came to me, and told me. He said: "Mr. King,
+you are running a great risk. There is a great deal of excitement, and
+I have heard a great many threats, not only against you, but your
+road." I think it was at nine o'clock in the morning--between nine and
+ten. I said to him: "Mr. Paul, you see the condition of things here. If
+you can do anything with the committee of public safety, I think you
+should go and explain our position to them." He remarked to me that he
+had heard some threats among the men on Butler street, about burning
+the bridges and destroying property, and, also, some threats against me
+personalty, on account of my having been running trains out. The men
+were afraid to take them at the station, on account of the threats made
+against them. I could not get the trains run out, but as soon as I
+would get out of the city limits, an engineer would come forward, and
+relieve me. In that way, we were enabled to keep the passenger trains
+going.
+
+Q. Who was Mr. Paul?
+
+A. He was a neighbor of mine, living at Verona--of the firm of Metcalf,
+Paul & Co.--a member of that firm.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the committee of public safety?
+
+A. No. I was very busy, watching our property, and could not get down
+town during the day. Everybody was excited, and there were a good many
+outsiders around.
+
+Q. Did Mr. Paul report to you after seeing the committee?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Do you know who he saw of the committee of public safety?
+
+A. He did tell me, but I don't recollect now. I think he went in before
+the committee, and made a speech to them, and explained the
+situation--at least, that is my recollection.
+
+Q. What kind of assistance was the committee of public safety rendering
+at that time?
+
+A. I can't answer that. They were organizing the citizens into
+companies, for the purpose of protecting the city.
+
+Q. Mutual protection?
+
+A. Yes. The night I drove out to see Mr. Shinn the whole city appeared
+to be patrolled. It was midnight, and I was halted at almost every
+corner. The citizens were all apparently out.
+
+Q. Were they armed?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. On Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, were your men all at work?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What time did the shopmen quit work on Saturday?
+
+A. At the usual hour.
+
+Q. What is that hour?
+
+A. Half past five in the evening. Mr. Shinn was there at half past two
+or three, and called the men together, and made a speech. I left then,
+and I think they all returned to work.
+
+Q. Did I understand you to say that all the trains, both passenger and
+freight, were running on Saturday?
+
+A. Yes; we sent out the night trains on Saturday evening, after the
+trouble had commenced.
+
+Q. Was the same order issued by your company that was issued by the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, as to running double headers?
+
+A. There was no necessity for it on our road.
+
+Q. The only reduction in any way was the ten per cent. reduction, on
+the 1st of June, on your road?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Had you any reason to apprehend any strike, prior to the breaking
+out of the one here among your men?
+
+A. No; I had an assurance from quite a number that they would not go
+into the strike.
+
+Q. Did you receive any order from Colonel Grey upon Captain Patterson
+to furnish you with men?
+
+A. I think that is the order I referred to. I went and saw General
+Brown, and he gave me an order to Captain Patterson, to get the men
+together and report for duty at Verona shops.
+
+Q. On Tuesday?
+
+A. Yes; I am not sure whether it was Monday night or Tuesday. My
+recollection is, it was Monday night, but probably it was Tuesday.
+
+Q. Did he give you the order when you first saw him--the first time he
+was called upon?
+
+A. I was to see him two or three times during that period, and I am not
+positive about it. I think it was the second time; it may have been the
+first. I am not positive.
+
+Q. Did he make any refusal the first time you saw him?
+
+A. I explained to him, that we had a guard of seventy-five men, that we
+had organized ourselves at Verona, among whom were some of the Verona
+company, but they had no ammunition. I think that the General said to
+me, if I could get that company together, he would let it remain, but
+he could not send any troops from the city hall.
+
+Q. Did he state his reasons?
+
+A. He deemed it more important to keep the command together than to
+separate them.
+
+Q. Did you make any application to the mayor or sheriff of the county
+for aid?
+
+A. No; we did not need it until after the riot. It was only from the
+desire to protect our men who were willing to work. And I had been
+advised on Monday or Tuesday of some incendiary speech, made among the
+miners, and I looked for some trouble among them.
+
+Q. Was any of the property of the Allegheny Valley railroad destroyed?
+
+A. Nothing but a baggage car at Union depot and the tracks running in
+front of the round-house where we approached Union depot.
+
+Q. Had you any number of cars there at the time the burning occurred?
+
+A. I think we had about two hundred south of Forty-third street.
+
+Q. Were any of them laden with freight?
+
+A. Some with ore; the merchandise cars I removed Sunday night myself.
+Word was sent to me that the men were going to burn the freight
+station.
+
+Q. Were you interfered with in any way?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. In the interviews you had with your men before the strike--between
+the 1st of June and the strike--what reasons did the men give for their
+anticipated strike?
+
+Q. They were dissatisfied with the reduction of wages. There had been
+one the previous year or so, and this one coming in that time, made
+them very much dissatisfied.
+
+Q. How long before was the other reduction?
+
+A. I think in 1874 or 1875.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Is it not a habit for the men, when their wages are reduced, to
+complain?
+
+A. Oh, yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was it deemed necessary on the part of the company to make that
+reduction?
+
+A. The board of directors thought so.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Had there been a falling off in business?
+
+A. The business was very irregular and spurty. Sometimes we were
+running all the trains we could, and then they would drop off. And
+rates were not so good as they had been.
+
+Q. From your position, you should judge that was the reason why the
+reduction was made?
+
+A. I should judge it was a necessity on the part of the management to
+do it, on account of the condition of the trade of the country.
+
+Q. There had been strikes in other parts of the country before this
+trouble occurred here--for instance, at Martinsburg?
+
+A. I believe so--from newspaper reports.
+
+Q. Did you have any consultation with the railroad authorities when
+this occurred--or did you take any measures to avert this?
+
+A. So far as we were concerned, we did not anticipate it.
+
+Q. You had no anticipation of any trouble on your road?
+
+A. There had been some talk in regard to the train men's union, that it
+was for the purpose of getting up a strike. But many of our men, I
+understood, were withdrawing from it, and would not lend themselves to
+anything of the kind. For that reason I did not anticipate any trouble
+among our men.
+
+Q. Do you know whether there was any aid asked of or any consultation
+held with the authorities before the strike came about?
+
+A. I cannot answer that. I was not in the city that day.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How did the business that the road was doing for three months prior
+to June 1st, when the reduction was made in wages, compare with the
+same three months of the year before?
+
+A. My recollection is that our average may have been a little heavier,
+but I am not positive about that.
+
+Q. In the three months preceding June, 1877.
+
+A. Yes; our business is spasmodic. It is the oil business. A part of
+the year they are doing a good business, and then it drops off to
+nothing.
+
+Q. How did the prices for the carrying of freight compare in 1877 with
+those in 1876?
+
+A. I cannot answer that. I did not make the rates.
+
+Q. Had there been any change in rates, so far as you know?
+
+A. My impression is that the rates in 1877 were lower than in 1876. I
+want to say here, that our shifting engines handling freight on the
+street had been interfered with two or three times during Saturday
+morning by the crowd going down Twenty-eighth street, and sent back. I
+walked out the street, from Eleventh street to Forty-third--between
+eleven and twelve o'clock. I saw that there was a very considerable
+excitement among the people, and a good deal of feeling. From there I
+went up on to Twenty-eighth street, where the strikers were in
+possession of the track. I saw but very few people there that I knew.
+Some faces were familiar to me. I came back to the office, and got a
+report about the action of the men at the shop, and went out there at
+half-past two o'clock, and on my return I walked up to the Pennsylvania
+railroad shops, and found the troops were moving out. I went in through
+the yard, and followed in the rear of the column. After the troops
+reached the vicinity of Twenty-eighth street, I got up on a car right
+in the rear of them, and I watched their movements--the formation of
+the command. The crossings were cleared. I saw a few stones thrown
+among the crowd, and I saw a man with a cap on--saw him draw a pistol,
+and fire into the troops.
+
+Q. Do you know who it was?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Do you know whether he was a railroad man or not?
+
+A. I cannot answer that. When the company struck the crowd on the
+crossing there was a recoil like jumping up against a rock. There did
+not appear to be any give to it. Then there was a struggle, and some of
+the men reached for the muskets, and two or three of the soldiers
+pulled back and brought their muskets to a charge, and three or four
+shots were fired.
+
+Q. By the troops?
+
+A. Yes; and then there appeared to be a volley from the entire
+command--a rattling fire--starting at the front rank and breaking back
+to the rear.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What do you mean by the entire command?
+
+A. The head commenced firing, and then it run back on the wings. It was
+an irregular roll of musketry. I got off the car, and fell back after
+the firing ceased. My position was somewhat exposed.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command to fire?
+
+A. I do not think there was any command given.
+
+Q. You were in a position to hear it?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many shots were fired by the crowd before the militia began to
+fire?
+
+A. I only saw one. I saw some stones thrown.
+
+Q. Was a volley of stones thrown in among the militia, or was it
+scattering?
+
+A. Scattering.
+
+Q. From what point were the stones thrown?
+
+A. They appeared to come from the hill side--in the vicinity of the
+watch-box, near the crossing.
+
+Q. What was the effect of the firing of the stones among the
+militia--was there any damage done to life or limb?
+
+A. I noticed a sergeant of one of the Philadelphia companies with a bad
+cut on the face. He came back with his face shattered. The thing came
+very quick.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you hear any command to cease firing?
+
+A. I did not. I went to the rear of the cars I was standing on, and the
+soldiers were breaking back in my direction, and I did not notice what
+was going on in front after that. There was just one volley. The
+soldiers just emptied their muskets.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was the result of the volley?
+
+A. A panic on the hill side--every person ran from the hill side and
+the crossing.
+
+Q. It dispersed the crowd, did it?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. In what direction did they retire?
+
+A. In all directions.
+
+Q. What became of the soldier's then?
+
+A. I left the crossing, and went from there to the telegraph office,
+and wrote some messages to the freight depot and shops, directing them
+to put on a heavy guard during the night. While I was there Mr. Watt
+came in, and told me that the mob had started for the arsenal. I
+telegraphed to the commandant to take care of our shops, and advised
+him to be on his guard. The message was delivered within five or ten
+minutes after it was sent.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Was any actual violence used by the strikers to prevent the trains
+running on your road?
+
+A. Our men were threatened.
+
+Q. But there was no actual violence?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. When you were running that engine yourself, what was the mob
+composed of--men that had been in your employ, or in the employ of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, or tramps? Describe the crowd?
+
+A. They were strangers to me. I do not know them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. I understood you to say that application was made to the civil
+authorities. What do you mean by that?
+
+A. I did not say that application had been made to the civil
+authorities.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. If you were present when the first firing occurred, I wish you would
+give us a description of it--what it was started by, and what the
+condition of the crowd was at that time?
+
+A. I was at the corner of Penn and Twelfth streets when the alarm was
+struck, 10.40 o'clock by city time, or a few minutes later. I saw a
+flash in the sky and heard the alarm, and hurried on up Penn street. I
+knew what it meant. There were some oil cars stored in the Pennsylvania
+yard at the time, and I saw it was the flash of an oil fire. I think
+about Twentieth street the fire commenced. I then went about a square,
+and I heard a torpedo explode, and I got to the next corner and saw the
+fire on Penn street, and on the side street.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. A railroad torpedo, you mean?
+
+A. Yes; it made a noise similar to that. The engines were driving fast
+at the time. I went to the vicinity of the coke yards, and remained
+there until half past two or three o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. Did you go with the engines during this time?
+
+A. No, I was walking. When I got up there, they were dropping the cars
+down to the cars that had already been set on fire--quite a crowd was
+around. The burning of the cars appeared to have commenced. People were
+passing with their arms full of dry goods and things of that kind. As
+fast as the cars were dropped down, they were set fire to. Every few
+minutes there would be a panic among them, and they would flee like
+wolves or sheep, but seeing that there was no danger, they would come
+back again. I remained there until three o'clock, and then walked to
+the shops to see if everything was quiet there. After I got there, I
+got a message from Colonel McKee, of the Oil City command, stating that
+he was on his way, but had no ammunition. I telegraphed to General
+Latta, and asked him where it could be got at some point on the road,
+before reaching the city. I did not get any answer. The wires were
+interrupted between the city and our place, and at four and a half
+o'clock, I started down to Union depot, to hunt up General Latta.
+
+Q. On Sunday morning?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I met a great many people coming from the vicinity of the
+Pennsylvania yards, all having more or less plunder. A great many of
+them were in liquor. I got to Union depot, I believe, at six and a half
+o'clock. I went up to General Latta, after getting to Union depot, and
+he told me he had some ammunition, and would give me some after a bit,
+for Colonel McKee's command. He appeared to be very much exercised over
+the condition of the troops at the round-house at that time. A short
+time after, Captain Breck came in and reported that General Brinton had
+broken cover and started for the country. I think he told General Latta
+and one or two others sitting in the hotel at the time. The general and
+the captain went up stairs, and after that I did not see them. I
+remained in the vicinity of our shops and the Union depot until twelve
+o'clock Sunday, and then went up among the mob. I went to see what the
+character of the crowd was, and to see if I knew any of them. There
+appeared to me to be about seventy-five or one hundred and fifty men
+that were organized. One man, particularly, I noticed with black
+whiskers with a stick in his hand that appeared to be the leader. They
+would go on and destroy a lot of cars and then meet apparently to
+consult. He would wave his stick, the mob would follow, and do as he
+directed. I saw them setting fire to the cars there. Such a hard
+looking set of people I never saw before. I did not recognize anybody
+that I had ever seen. Quite a number of them appeared to be in liquor.
+They had cleaned out everything down as far as what is called the
+"brewery switches."
+
+Q. About what street is that?
+
+A. About Fifteenth or Sixteenth street. One of them got up on a car and
+made a speech, and declared that, as near as I could judge from their
+actions--I could not hear their words--that the Union depot would be
+the next point affected. Two cars loaded with plunder were got into
+position and set fire to, and shoved up over the hill and down to the
+other cars on the other side. As fast as the gang appeared to make an
+advance, the plunderers kept ahead of them.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did these men appear to be railroad men?
+
+A. No, sir; they were not railroad men. They looked to me like roughs
+of the lowest description. They had the vilest countenances I ever saw.
+One man, I noticed, was so intoxicated that he could hardly stand on
+his legs, but he would go in among the cars and do what a sober man
+could not do.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you make any effort to find out who the black-whiskered man was?
+
+A. I recognized him as the leader of the party, and I would know his
+face again. If I should ever see him, I would recognize him. They
+appeared determined to drop the burning cars into the depot, and I went
+down and threw an engine off the track, and blocked the track so that
+they could not do that. A great many people were around at the time,
+and it was thought that by the time they reached the depot they would
+not have the courage to come in there. The police were there, and I did
+not think that they would undertake to fire it.
+
+Q. How many police were there at that time?
+
+A. Fifteen or twenty. They retired right in front of the mob.
+
+Q. When they reached Union depot, how many did the mob number, that
+were actually engaged in the burning?
+
+A. I cannot answer that. A great many people were around in the
+vicinity, and in the streets, and on the hill side, and all around--a
+great many people were there.
+
+Q. You spoke of about seventy-five or a hundred?
+
+A. They were followed by an army of plunderers. This gang appeared to
+be the center, and as they went along, the plunderers demolished
+everything that came in their way. After they found they could not drop
+any cars into the depot they walked right into the office, at the north
+end of the depot, and knocked the windows out, and presently there was
+a flash there, and in a few minutes the shed was on fire. After the
+depot was fired, I walked to Forty-third street to see how things were
+going. I returned after the elevator took fire. I saw from that
+position that it was on fire, and I commenced to have grave doubts
+whether they could check it--whether they could prevent the lower end
+of the town from burning.
+
+Q. Did this gang of men fire property below the depot, or did that
+catch from the depot?
+
+A. I was not in the vicinity of the depot when the property on the
+other side was fired, and I cannot answer that, nor when the elevator
+was fired.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. When you came back did you see this same gang?
+
+A. The crowd was scattered then. The elevator was on fire, and the Pan
+Handle yards were on fire. I got word then that they were going to
+attack our property, and I started right to the shops, and took an
+engine and removed what property we had.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+David Garrett, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the Twentieth ward of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am an assistant train master.
+
+Q. Of the Pennsylvania railroad?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you occupy that position in July last?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State what knowledge you have as to any dissatisfaction among the
+employés of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in regard to wages prior
+to the 19th of July last?
+
+A. I have no knowledge more than any person would have who has his
+wages reduced. The men spoke about the reduction of their wages, that
+it was a little hard. They talked to me about the order. I told them
+that we were all in the same fix, and tried to point out to them that
+the reduction was general--that the business of the company had become
+reduced, and I supposed that they thought it was necessary to make a
+reduction. Most of the men that I talked to on the subject seemed to be
+satisfied. They didn't feel good about it, but they didn't say that
+they would offer any resistance to a reduction, or that they would
+strike, or anything of that sort.
+
+Q. That was after the ten per cent. reduction?
+
+A. Yes; they talked about it some. Of course we had heard about the
+troubles on the Baltimore and Ohio, and had heard about the Trainmen's
+Union, and also heard about men withdrawing from that, and also about
+its being bursted up. What I think the cause of the trouble was the
+very light business that was doing. Then in June, when the reduction
+was made, we found we had a large surplus of men, and we reduced the
+force to suit about the volume of business doing then. In doing that,
+we had regard to the condition of the men. Those who were married we
+tried to retain, and those who had been a long time in the service we
+tried to retain, and occasionally if we had a man who could get along
+at something else, or who was in particularly good circumstances, we
+would discharge him, in order to keep some man who was not so well
+favored. That threw some men out of employment. Then on the 16th of
+July--that was the morning on which the new arrangement was to go into
+effect--the running of double-headers. That is, instead of taking two
+trains from Pittsburgh to Derry, with seventeen cars, we would run one
+train with thirty-four cars.
+
+Q. Was the order issued on the 16th?
+
+A. It was to take effect on the 19th. The order had been issued some
+time previously, and posted on the bulletin boards where the men could
+see it. When this order was posted up, the men would come, and I saw
+them looking at the bulletin boards. No one expressed any
+dissatisfaction. There had been some talk among the men that it would
+dispense with the services of quite a number, which, of course, we
+admitted it would, and the more so, from the fact that while formerly
+we were running men from Conemaugh, the company found it inconvenient
+to run trains to Conemaugh, and were making Derry the dividing point.
+We were running from Pittsburgh to Derry and back again. That would
+give the smaller portion of the run to the men on this end of the road,
+and, of course, a smaller number of men were required. But to fix that,
+the day previous to the strike I went out to Derry, and there had a
+consultation with Mr. Edward Pitcairn, who is the train master at
+Derry. We saw the difficulty, and tried to provide for it, by taking
+seven or eight crews, of four men to a crew, to run between Derry and
+Altoona. As we were getting along with a less number of men, at the
+other end they would require a greater number of men. That was on
+Wednesday, the day preceding the riot. We had the thing all arranged,
+as I thought. I came into Pittsburgh the next morning about nine
+o'clock, when one of the dispatchers told me on my arrival, that one of
+the trains had not gone out. I asked him the reason, and he said that
+the brakemen had refused to go out on the train. I asked him the number
+of men he had asked to go out, and he said quite a number--eighteen or
+twenty, perhaps more. I told him I would go out and talk with the men
+about the matter. I felt about that, that we had a large surplus of
+men, and if only a portion of the men were insubordinate and refused to
+run, it would relieve us from embarrassment. I had no idea that it
+would extend beyond that. I went out and found eighteen or twenty men,
+and asked them if they had any objections to go out. Some just declined
+to go out on double trains, and others said nothing. Of the men
+present, I couldn't get any to go. The conductors were willing to go. I
+conferred then with Mr. McCabe, and he suggested that we should get
+some of the yard men to man the trains. We called on several of them,
+and finally got three to go as brakemen. Preparation was made to start
+the train. I walked some distance in advance of the engine that was to
+take the train, and met some men coming along that seemed to be
+somewhat demonstrative, and among them one man very violent--one now
+undergoing his trial. He remarked to me--I said something about the
+switches--I cannot remember now what--and he remarked to me that no
+trains would go out, or something to that effect. I asked why, and he
+said that they had resolved not to let anything go out. I remonstrated
+with him, and said: "Hice, you have a perfect right to refuse to go out
+if you don't want to go out, but you have no right to interfere with
+others." He said it had got to be a question of bread or blood, and
+that they were going to resist. I left him, and then came to attend to
+some other matter towards the switches. I heard something behind me and
+turned around, and saw a considerable confusion. I saw links and pins
+being hurled at these yard men on the train. I saw one of them struck.
+I saw a link or pin falling from his person, and saw it hit him. I also
+saw men going on the engine. I came forward then and found no person on
+the engine at all, and found that the men we had expected to run the
+train all driven away. I found that we were defeated in getting the
+train out. It was not worth while to parley with the men at all. We had
+no force at all--no police at all--or not very strong. I went to the
+office of Mr. Watt, who was acting in the place of Mr. Pitcairn, who
+was absent, and it was suggested that inasmuch as a large quantity of
+live stock was at East Liberty, and it was important to get that away,
+that I should go there and anticipate any power that might be coming
+west, and put the cars away, and take the power and send the live stock
+away from East Liberty. I immediately did that, and went there on the
+first train I met. I went to Torrens, and at East Liberty I met a coal
+train, and I stopped the train and went to the conductor and told him
+what I wanted. I told him to put his cars in there and to take a train
+of live stock from East Liberty. I didn't tell him anything about the
+trouble in Pittsburgh. He went away and conferred with some person, and
+then came and told me that he declined to do that. I left him go. I
+then went to Torrens, not wishing to lose any time, and while there
+received a message from the superintendent's office telling me that two
+engines were on the way there and would soon arrive--two engines
+westward. I then received another message to make haste, that Hice and
+his crowd had started for Torrens to interfere with the live stock. I
+made all the haste I could. I went down to Gray's switches, and there
+waited the arrival of the two engines, took the cars from them, crossed
+the engines coming west over to the other track, adjusted the switches,
+and went on down. When I got down there, Hice and his party had just
+arrived.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. How did they get there?
+
+A. I don't know. The distance is not very great. I don't know what time
+they started, and I don't know by what route. I rather think they
+walked up the track to Torrens. At that time, when we got back, the
+party was there and surrounding the engines. I got up on one of the
+engines and asked the engine man what was wrong. He said he couldn't
+take the stock. They said that their lives had been threatened if they
+moved the stock. I telegraphed to Pittsburgh, stating the situation of
+affairs, and that we couldn't do anything at all without we had more
+protection, and Pittsburgh told me, after a bit, that more police were
+coming--that there would be fifteen of them. They had made a
+requisition, I understood, upon the mayor, and that fifteen police were
+to come up. They were to come up on the Atlantic express, I think.
+About the time the Atlantic express was due, I went out to where the
+engines were standing, and backed up against the stock. I didn't tell
+the crowd or any person that I had information of any assistance
+coming, but I just remarked to them that we proposed now to commence
+moving that stock, and that those who were in no way concerned with the
+railroad, or who had no interest in the matter, except as
+lookers-on--that I would take it as a favor if they would retire, and
+give us room to work. There was a large crowd there. Just at that time,
+this same man Hice called out, they are going to bring the militia--the
+Duquesne Grays. He immediately called out and said, I want four good
+men. They came up to him, and he said, I want you to go to Pittsburgh
+and get out two thousand mill men. Four young men started--a couple of
+them were, I think, our own men, and a couple were not in our service.
+I can't say who they were. One little thing occurred before this
+conversation with Hice--before the Atlantic express came. I had gone
+some distance east to the telegraph office, and I found Hice there, and
+I got into conversation again about it, and I told him: "Hice, be
+careful not to do anything you will be sorry for." He said it is a
+question of bread or blood, and said, if I go to the penitentiary I can
+get bread and water, and that is about all I can get now. I saw it was
+no use to talk to him, and I left him. When the express came along it
+didn't have the force on that I expected. It had some men, but not
+enough for the emergency. A great many men came up on the train. We
+found that we couldn't move the stock. Mr. Watt had come up, and I
+called his attention to the situation. I suggested that we should move
+some of the stock by deceiving the men. That I would get two engines,
+and say I couldn't move the stock, and I might as well go on back, and
+that under pretense of shifting the stock on to the siding he should
+get it past the crowd, and run it to some point on the road--to Spring
+Hill, and that there I would take it with those two engines, and that,
+in the meantime, if he couldn't do that, that I would couple to a train
+of cars that had been brought from Wilkinsburg in the morning, and take
+it as far as Spring Hill, and if the stock didn't come would take it on
+through. After we started from Torrens with the engines, I told the
+conductor and men what I wanted to do--to couple on to the train at
+Wilkinsburg. The men seemed to have a little fear that the crowd would
+overtake us before we could get the train out. However, I told them to
+hurry up, and I succeeded in getting it out. We took it on as far as
+Spring Hill, and, while the engines were taking fuel and water, I told
+them to remain until I came back and gave a signal, and I walked on to
+Walls to ascertain whether or not the stock was coming. When I got to
+Walls I learned from Mr. Watt the stock was coming. I then went back,
+and, when the stock arrived, coupled on, and sent it out. That was the
+last train moved, and it was done by deceiving the men. I then returned
+to Pittsburgh. It was pretty near night. I found the crowd at Torrens
+was indignant at us deceiving them in moving the stock. Some of the
+stock couldn't be moved, and had to be unloaded. I then came to
+Pittsburgh, and I found that while I had been away that they had a
+great deal of trouble in the Pittsburgh yard. But I don't know anything
+that occurred in Pittsburgh that day from the time I left until six or
+seven o'clock that night. But I remained there then all that night.
+
+Q. As train master, tell us how the traffic on your road for the three
+months prior to June 1, compared with the traffic during the same time
+of the year previous?
+
+A. I can give my impression, that it was very much below the
+corresponding period of the year previous. My impression is, it was
+below. Of course, in that, I may be mistaken.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You judge from the number of trains and the amount of stuff you
+hauled?
+
+A. Yes; our trade is peculiar. There are times when the through freight
+may be heavy, but at points east of Pittsburgh, the coal and other
+local business may be very light. We will start from Pittsburgh with an
+unusually heavy business, but it won't aggregate nearly as much when it
+arrives at Altoona, as on other occasions, when we start from
+Pittsburgh with a comparatively light business. I was present at the
+time of the firing of the troops, but about that, what I can say is
+about what Mr. King has said.
+
+Q. If you were present at that time, however, you may state what you
+saw?
+
+A. I was at Union depot when the troops arrived. I went to the outer
+depot, two blocks west of Twenty-eighth street. We kept ourselves
+advised by wire as to about the time the troops would move from Union
+depot to Twenty-eighth street. We were expecting that they would clear
+the track, and that then, if possible, we would get the trains started.
+We had a crew in readiness to go just as soon as they got protection
+enough to start. I remained on some gondolas there until the troops,
+with the Gatling gun, passed along up the track. Then I followed up. I
+didn't intend to go very close, but got much nearer than I had
+intended, and so got near enough to see the movements of the troops. I
+saw them form on Twenty-eighth street into what is called a square, and
+saw the confusion that Mr. King spoke about. I heard the shots very
+soon after that. I thought at first it was blank cartridges, but soon
+learned such was not the case.
+
+Q. Have you any idea as to how many were hurt?
+
+A. Seven, eight, or ten--and some killed.
+
+Q. You saw this yourself?
+
+A. I didn't see any myself. I saw them carrying people away very soon
+afterwards. I saw afterwards the man that Mr. King mentioned as having
+been hit in the face by a stone before the firing. While I was in the
+superintendent's office, after the firing, a report came that they were
+going to attack the arsenal, and also the superintendent's office. I
+afterwards went home and got my supper and returned. When returning,
+the mass of people at Twenty-eighth street was enormous. They were
+solid on both sides of the track. By the way, some soldiers were there,
+enough to keep the men off the track. I had intended to go up and walk
+to the superintendent's office, but found I couldn't do it with safety.
+I thought they possibly might want me, and I intended to go. I went to
+Union depot, and made an arrangement to get to the office. After that,
+I learned that the military had charge of everything. I staid at Union
+depot until ten o'clock, and left on the last train that went out. That
+was on Saturday night. About three or four o'clock in the morning I was
+awakened by a great deal of noise and hallowing, and saw a great many
+roughs passing my place, and heard wagons passing.
+
+Q. Did they seem to be coming in wagons from a distance?
+
+A. Yes; various wagons went past my house. It was three or four o'clock
+in the morning. It was getting daylight; and during all that day the
+people were carrying plunder past our house; and those same wagons
+returned during the afternoon loaded. I remained at home on Sunday, for
+the reason that they said they were going to commence at East Liberty
+and burn everything to Pittsburgh, and I thought that possibly my house
+might be burned.
+
+Q. If you had succeeded in starting a train from Pittsburgh, would it
+have been able to get ten miles away.
+
+A. All the trains that we started previous to, say, nine or nine and a
+half o'clock on Thursday, went through--went through all right.
+
+Q. What do you mean by through?
+
+A. To the destination, wherever it was.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. During this time, before the military arrived, was there any
+considerable effort made on the part of the police to protect you and
+your men and property?
+
+A. No, sir; nothing at all equal to the emergency.
+
+Q. What number of policemen were there in force, at any time, to
+protect you?
+
+A. I cannot say that I ever saw a dozen. A small force of police were
+brought to the outer depot on Thursday, but it was after I had gone to
+Torrens, and I remained away the remainder of the day. It was after the
+time that we were trying to get out another train, when the men refused
+to let it go, and when Mr. Watt was struck.
+
+Q. What were the police doing all this time?
+
+A. I suppose the police were too weak in numbers.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. When you saw them they were inadequate to the emergency?
+
+A. Yes; altogether.
+
+Q. Up to Saturday night, any train that could have been started would
+have gone through to its destination?
+
+A. No; only on Thursday. After Thursday, I think, no freight train
+could have gone through, because all the trains were stopped; and even
+the passenger trains were stopped at East Liberty and Lawrenceville.
+
+Q. From the information that the railroad authorities had, they could
+not have run trains through to their destination?
+
+A. I don't think so, after Thursday. The men allowed our trains to come
+west, but as fast as they came west they prevented them from going
+east.
+
+Adjourned until Monday morning, at ten o'clock.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, MONDAY, _February 11, 1878, 10 o'clock_, A.M.
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment the committee re-assembled at ten o'clock,
+A.M., this day, and continued the taking of testimony.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Charles McGovern, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. On Boyd street, in the Sixth ward, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Were you on the police force of the city of Pittsburgh, in last
+July?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. In what capacity?
+
+A. I was a detective.
+
+Q. Were you in the city on the 19th day of July?
+
+A. I was. That was Thursday.
+
+Q. Were you employed by the mayor as a special detective?
+
+A. I was serving under his administration.
+
+Q. Had you any communication with the mayor on that day with reference
+to the disturbance of the peace?
+
+A. I had.
+
+Q. State what it was?
+
+A. A little after eleven o'clock on Thursday, the 19th day of July, Mr.
+Watt came to the mayor's office and had a conversation with the mayor,
+and after he was through the mayor called me in. It was my week in the
+office. We took our turns in the office. He instructed me to gather
+what men I could find and go out to Twenty-eighth street--that there
+was some trouble with the railroad employés out there on account of a
+strike. The week before that our police force had been reduced from two
+hundred and thirty-six men to one hundred and twenty, I think. That
+left us without any men in the day time at all, except six men that
+were employed in the office as detectives, and one man on Fifth street,
+and two specials, I believe; but on this day it happened that the men
+that had been dropped from the rolls were in the City hall for the
+purpose of getting their money. I told the mayor that I could not get a
+sufficient number of men to go out there to amount to anything, if
+there was any serious trouble, but that a number of these men were
+there, and that I could raise a squad from them if necessary. So
+failing to find the necessary number of our men--who were in bed at
+this time because they were on duty at night--I gathered ten men
+belonging to the force that had been dropped, and started out to the
+Union depot. Mr. Watt met us there and took us out to the crossing at
+Twenty-eighth street. He had some two or three of his own men there.
+When I got out there he told me what we were brought there for--that
+there was a strike in progress, and he anticipated some trouble with
+the employés--that is they would likely resist the running of trains.
+We were moved out to Twenty-eighth street, and at Twenty-eighth street,
+or a little this side of the street--that is, west--there is a switch.
+He told me he was going to move the trains, and I sent the men to
+protect those switches, and to see they were not interfered with by the
+strikers. I divided the men into two squads, and sent one squad to the
+western switch and took charge of the other myself.
+
+Q. How many men were there in a squad?
+
+A. Five; I had ten men and myself. Quite a number of the people there
+were boys, and there didn't appear to be much excitement just then.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. A little before twelve o'clock.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What were they, railroad men?
+
+A. Yes; a number of them. Some I knew.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Could you mention their names?
+
+A. One I recollect now. I knew him to be a railroad man. I had a
+conversation with him. It was Samuel Muckle. I talked with him. The
+leading men of them seemed to be disposed to keep the peace. They
+didn't want any trouble with the police. We didn't anticipate much
+trouble then.
+
+Q. How many were there?
+
+A. One hundred were there, but a number of those were spectators, who
+had just come from curiosity.
+
+Q. How many were engaged in the strike?
+
+A. I can only judge of the number actively engaged in the strike, from
+the number of persons that interfered with the first arrest that we
+made. That occurred when Mr. Watt attempted to open the switch to let
+the train out. That is where the first trouble commenced. As soon as he
+did that, a man named McCall, and another man named Davis, both of whom
+have been tried in the courts since--they jumped on to the switch, and
+one of them struck Mr. Watt. When I saw that, I was at the other
+switch. I ran down, and after considerable trouble, we succeeded in
+arresting McCall and in taking him down to the watch-house. Then
+probably there were fifteen or twenty persons that appeared to take an
+active part in preventing McCall from being arrested. They seemed to be
+very anxious to have us let him go. There were a number of stones
+thrown, and some of my officers were hit. I saw a number of stones
+thrown, and it was principally the work of boys. The railroad men
+wanted to persuade us to let him go, but we finally got him down to the
+watch-house. He resisted very stoutly. None of the railroad men
+attempted to use violence at that time.
+
+Q. You placed him in the lock-up?
+
+A. Yes; at the Twelfth ward station.
+
+Q. How many of your men remained there on the ground?
+
+A. After we locked him up we came right back there again.
+
+Q. What occurred then?
+
+A. Mr. Watt left then and went to get more men. Along about one
+o'clock, I judge, there were some five or six men came, in charge of
+officer White, of the mayor's force, and went on out to East Liberty,
+and my impression is that Mr. Watt went with them.
+
+Q. How many men were with officer White?
+
+A. Five or six men--also men dropped from the rolls. Then three or
+four--probably more--there may have been ten--came to my assistance and
+remained with me at the crossing.
+
+Q. How long did you remain at the crossing?
+
+A. Until about three o'clock. In the meantime there did not appear to
+be any effort made on the part of the railroad authorities to move any
+more trains after this assault at the switch, and my impression was at
+the time that they had given the matter up just then. There seemed to
+be a general disposition on the part of the railroad employés--the men
+not on strike--to rest easy, as it were. They didn't want to work. I
+heard the men talking with each other. They did not appear to make any
+effort to work. Those not engaged in the strike actively--they seemed
+to be in sympathy with those in the strike.
+
+Q. What was the condition of the crowd there from one o'clock up to
+three o'clock?
+
+A. It kept on increasing.
+
+Q. How was it as to being demonstrative or boisterous?
+
+A. There was no trouble there after this assault on Mr. Watt, because
+no effort was made on the part of the railroad officials to run out
+trains.
+
+Q. Where did you go when you left there?
+
+A. I telegraphed to the chief, in town, from the Twelfth ward station,
+that things were at a stand-still; that there was no attempt on the
+part of the railroad men to run out trains, and that the men were still
+stationed at the crossing, and he instructed me to place the men in
+charge of officer Fowler, and to come in to the central office. I did
+so after three o'clock.
+
+Q. Did you go out again?
+
+A. Not that afternoon.
+
+Q. Did you receive any further instructions?
+
+A. Not that day. The men remained there that day and night--all night.
+
+Q. Were you present when Mr. Watt came to consult with the mayor?
+
+A. I was in the office.
+
+Q. Did you hear the conversation?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. What did Mr. Watt tell you that time in the presence of the mayor?
+
+A. I do not think the mayor was present at that time. It was in regard
+to what I was going out there for. He told me a few of the men were on
+a strike, and that they would probably undertake to interfere with the
+running of the trains, but he did not anticipate any serious trouble.
+He thought that a few men would be sufficient. He did not think it
+would amount to anything, and said that the presence of a few men would
+stop the whole thing. He looked on it very lightly at that time.
+
+Q. After Mr. Watt went away it was that Mayor McCarthy gave you
+instructions?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What did he tell you to do?
+
+A. He told me to collect as many men as I could get.
+
+Q. Of the force on duty?
+
+A. There was no force on duty.
+
+Q. From what source were you to collect them?
+
+A. He told me to get as many men as I could get. He meant the office
+men. But they were only on duty at night, and at this time none of them
+were about except the chief of detectives, Mr. O'Mara, who was busy, I
+believe. I so reported to the mayor. I told him I could get a number of
+the men who were dropped from the rolls. He told me to go ahead and get
+them.
+
+Q. How many of those men were there then?
+
+A. I suppose there may have been twenty or twenty-five.
+
+Q. You selected ten of them?
+
+A. I thought that would be a sufficient number on account of what Mr.
+Watt had told me.
+
+Q. You could have got more if you had wanted them?
+
+A. Yes; I did get more afterwards. I think ten more came out. Of course
+we could not get those men and bring them into service as our men in
+actual service, because those men had been dropped from the rolls, and
+it was only those willing to go on duty or not.
+
+Q. But plenty of them were willing to go?
+
+A. Yes; they showed a willingness to go.
+
+Q. When you got to Twenty-eighth street, how many men were engaged
+there then in preventing the trains from moving?
+
+A. The first intimation I had of any men, who were going to prevent
+trains from running, was when Mr. Watt was assaulted, and then I should
+judge that those men actively engaged, numbered, probably, ten or
+fifteen--that seemed to be the leaders.
+
+Q. When you undertook to arrest McCall, how many men took his part?
+
+A. I suppose ten or fifteen of those men gathered around us, and wanted
+us to let him go.
+
+Q. Did you arrest all of those who undertook to take McCall's part?
+
+A. They did not use any violence at all. McCall appealed to them, and
+asked them not to allow him to be arrested, that they were there for
+the purpose of preventing the trains from running, and that they were
+not surely going to allow him to go to the watch-house, but there was
+not a man of them that attempted to interfere with the officers. The
+only interference was some stones thrown from the hill-side around. I
+saw some of them thrown, and most of them by boys.
+
+Q. I understand, after you returned from the lock-up, you found the
+crowd still assembled at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How large was it then?
+
+A. It was increased then, I estimate, to about the number of two
+hundred people, women, and children, and boys, and men.
+
+Q. What were they doing at that time?
+
+A. They were just standing around there chatting and talking among
+themselves. The excitement was still increasing.
+
+Q. No effort was made to start the trains from that time until three
+o'clock?
+
+A. When those men came from the office--the second force--Mr. Watt went
+up to Torren's station. I believe there was no person there that
+appeared to make any effort to do anything. Mr. Fox, the chief of the
+Pennsylvania railroad police was there, and I was under his
+instructions to do anything he wanted done. From that time, until I
+left, no effort was made on their part to run out trains east. There
+was an attempt made after I left to run trains out, but of course I did
+not see that.
+
+Q. Did you command the crowd to disperse?
+
+A. We undertook to keep the crowd off the tracks, but our force was not
+sufficient. As soon as we would get one track cleared, they would come
+in on the other. It would have required at two or three o'clock--it
+would have required a hundred men to clear the tracks, and do it
+effectually, and I did not have the necessary force to do it with. They
+appeared to loiter around there talking, and the crowd kept on
+increasing.
+
+Q. Did you get any further instructions after you returned to the city
+and reported to the chief of police?
+
+A. I got no further instructions, I remember, from the chief; he
+instructed me to turn the force over to officer Fowler, and report at
+the city hall.
+
+Q. Do you know, of your own knowledge, what were the movements of the
+police force there during the balance of the day?
+
+A. During the balance of the day the force was increased to, I think,
+at Twenty-eighth street, thirty men--twenty-five or thirty men--during
+the evening. They remained on duty all night.
+
+Q. Was there any effort made to run out trains during the afternoon of
+Thursday?
+
+A. I believe there was.
+
+Q. Were you not on an engine, and were you not driven off?
+
+A. I was not; the officers can be got here that went on that engine.
+
+Q. Will you tell us who they were?
+
+A. Officer Saul Coulston and officer Robert Fowler.
+
+Q. Did you have any further connection with the movements of the
+police?
+
+A. Not in the capacity of commander or leader.
+
+Q. Were you present at any of the disturbances after that?
+
+A. I went through it all, backward and forward, around the city, in the
+capacity of an officer.
+
+Q. Were the police, to your knowledge, reinforced in the morning of the
+20th--Friday morning.
+
+A. No, sir; the police force was not reinforced until Tuesday
+morning--the following Tuesday--that is, were not organized. Then the
+regular force was filled up and organized by the committee of safety.
+But a number of the men who were called on on Monday and Sunday
+responded. But the regular organization did not take place until
+Tuesday.
+
+Q. They responded whenever the calls were made?
+
+A. A number of them responded on Sunday, after the fire was going on.
+
+Q. Was there any difficulty, so far as you know, in reinforcing the
+police force?
+
+A. I know, from my own experience, that there was considerable
+difficulty in bringing the men dropped from the rolls when there was no
+trouble,--in bringing them to the front after the trouble commenced. A
+great many of them objected to going on duty.
+
+Q. Why?
+
+A. I suppose they looked on it in this way. I inferred this from the
+tone of their conversation--that they were discharged--that the
+councils had thought proper to dispense with their services when there
+was no trouble, and that, when they were in trouble they did not
+propose to put their heads into the halter. I know one of them left my
+squad--or two of them. One of them did not reflect that he might be
+taken to where he would get hurt or get hit with a stone. He left and
+the other left.
+
+Q. What reason did he give?
+
+A. He simply left.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. These men were not organized at all?
+
+A. They had been dropped from the rolls the week previous. They were
+not bound in any way to the city.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did not a demand have to be made on them?
+
+A. No, sir; I simply told them. Those that wanted to go, fell into
+line, and marched out as volunteers.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. They could leave as soon as they wanted?
+
+A. Yes; the same as any other citizens. They were not under pay--not
+under pay at all.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you not have the right from the mayor to demand them to go with
+you?
+
+A. I did not know I had a right any more than I could command you to
+assist me.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you get such instructions from the mayor?
+
+A. At the time we went out we did not expect any such trouble.
+
+Q. But did the mayor give you instructions to demand them to go with
+you?
+
+A. He did not think of it, and I did not either. I thought that the
+presence, as Mr. Watt told me--that the presence of five or six men
+would have the desired effect.
+
+Q. Did you make any report to the mayor, during the afternoon?
+
+A. I reported to the chief of police.
+
+Q. That is the only report you made?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Who was he?
+
+A. Philip Demmel.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know of an order, given by the mayor to his officers, to
+compel men to serve on the police force, during those troubles?
+
+A. I do not know of any order of that kind. I know of orders given by
+the mayor to summon all the men that had been dropped from the rolls,
+and to get them organized with the men we had, and go on duty. A number
+of them responded. That was on Sunday.
+
+Q. What do you mean by summoned?
+
+A. Just notified them.
+
+Q. Compelling them to serve?
+
+A. I did not understand it as compulsory at all. I did not think it
+was.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. It was simply a call for volunteers to go out?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you state to them anything about their pay--as to how they would
+be paid?
+
+A. I do not know as I stated anything to them probably the first day,
+but the understanding was after they got out there that Mr. Watt was
+responsible for the pay of these men.
+
+Q. The mayor did not make any call on the night police to go out there
+at all on Thursday?
+
+A. Not on Thursday. The night men were not there.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. There was no effort made, that you know of, to get the night men out
+there?
+
+A. There was no apparent necessity at that time. The night force went
+on duty on Friday night, and they remained on duty in and around the
+city hall until the trouble was all over.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What do you mean by that?
+
+A. Going out in squads from the city hall wherever they were required
+to go.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did they serve during the day on Friday?
+
+A. I do not recollect that they did. I cannot say that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did they serve during the day Saturday?
+
+A. I think they were on duty from Friday night until the trouble was
+all over. That is my impression. I cannot be positive, however.
+
+Q. The night force numbered one hundred and twenty?
+
+A. One hundred and sixteen men we had left for the whole city.
+
+Q. Were any of that number detailed to go to the depot or to that
+section of the city?
+
+A. On Thursday?
+
+Q. Yes; or on Friday or on Saturday?
+
+A. The men were on duty continually Friday, and on Saturday all the men
+were out.
+
+Q. Where?
+
+A. In the neighborhood of Twenty-eighth street, and along where the
+trouble was.
+
+Q. How many were at Twenty-eighth street on Saturday?
+
+A. I cannot say.
+
+Q. How many on Friday?
+
+A. That I cannot say. I suppose the chief would know.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You were on duty that day?
+
+A. I was on duty continuously from that time until the trouble was
+over.
+
+Q. When you talked with those men, what reason did they give you. You
+have said you talked with one?
+
+A. They assigned as a reason for striking that it was on account of the
+double-headers, slim pay, and so forth. That the men were starving, and
+all that kind of thing, and that now they proposed to reduce the force,
+and compel one crew to run two trains, and they did not propose to do
+it. Various reasons were assigned.
+
+Q. Did he express any intention to use violence?
+
+A. He did not. He and a number of the others had considerable influence
+over the men, and no violence was to be used at all. It seemed that the
+men not in the strike were in sympathy with those that were, and that
+no trains would be run out.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When was this?
+
+A. It was after Mr. Watt was struck.
+
+Q. Did he take any part with them?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. How many men were arrested in that crowd on Thursday in the vicinity
+of the trouble?
+
+A. McCall was the only one I arrested. I left about three o'clock.
+While I was there no other act was committed by any person in the
+party, and no effort was made by the railroad to run out trains, and we
+were simply there under the instruction of the railroad men.
+
+Q. You do not know of any others being arrested that day in that
+vicinity?
+
+A. I do not.
+
+Q. Nor on Friday in that vicinity to your knowledge?
+
+A. On Friday morning, I think, the military was out with the sheriff
+and his posse.
+
+Q. But answer my question?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. On Saturday?
+
+A. On Saturday, no, not on Saturday. The military were in charge of the
+railroad property on Saturday.
+
+Q. Did you or any other officer that you know of have a warrant in his
+hands for the arrest of some ten or twelve men?
+
+A. Yes; I had a warrant for the arrest of ten or twelve men that were
+interfering with the railroad employés.
+
+Q. You had the names of those parties?
+
+A. Before the warrants were served they were re-called from me.
+
+Q. By whom?
+
+A. The information was taken away by the attorneys of the railroad
+company.
+
+Q. Did they recall them?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. From you?
+
+A. Not the warrants; but I was notified by the mayor that the
+information was taken from the office, and that the matter was placed
+in the hands of the sheriff.
+
+Q. Did he instruct you to return the warrants?
+
+A. The warrants were null and void then when the information was taken
+away. The warrants were transferred to the sheriff.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you hear anybody make any threats against the railroad officers?
+
+A. Well, Davis jumped on the switch, and swore that no trains should go
+out, that he would die in his tracks first. Those were the only threats
+I heard on Thursday.
+
+Q. Were those directed against the railroad officers or any of their
+employés?
+
+A. The threats were against the running out of the trains.
+
+Q. Do you know anybody going to the officers of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company, and advising them to leave the city for fear that
+they would suffer violence?
+
+A. Not to my own knowledge.
+
+Q. You did not hear anybody make such threats?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When did you first get the warrants for the arrest of those
+men--what day was it?
+
+A. It seems to me the warrants were issued on Thursday afternoon or
+Friday morning, but I am not positive about that. I can refer to the
+warrants and see.
+
+Q. How long did you hold them before you got notice that the
+information was withdrawn.
+
+A. I think the warrants were held by me--I am not positive about the
+time that they were issued to me--but it seems to me that the warrants
+were in my hands; just one day and night.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were not your instructions to quietly take those men?
+
+A. My instructions were to quietly take those men up. They were my
+instructions. At the time the warrants were issued there was
+considerable excitement, and the instructions I got in relation to it
+were that after the excitement allayed somewhat, the warrants could be
+quietly served without bringing about a conflict, and owing to the
+pretty slim police force, it was considered wise to wait until the
+trouble would be over.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who gave you those instructions?
+
+A. The mayor--the chief of detectives, I think it was. I do not say the
+mayor, but one of my superior officers, I know it was.
+
+Q. Who was the chief of detectives at that time?
+
+A. Mr. O'Mara, I believe.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Your instructions were to wait until the excitement was allayed?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And not to go after your men that night after the men had retired to
+their homes, and take them up quietly, and take them to the station
+house?
+
+A. My impression is, that the men did not retire to their homes on that
+day or night; the crowd kept there all night, or staid around the
+tracks at Twenty-eighth street, and also at Torrens station.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was any effort made by the police to disperse the crowd during the
+night?
+
+A. I was not there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Could you at any time have taken the men out of the crowd with your
+force?
+
+A. If they had resisted I could not, I know.
+
+Q. Could you not have quietly slipped up and taken them?
+
+A. Those men I had warrants for were employés of the road, and I did
+not know anything about their being in any crowd, but it appears they
+were active leaders. I did not know they were in any crowd, but owing
+to the state of excitement at the time, it was considered advisable to
+wait until the excitement was allayed before arresting those men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who made the information against those men?
+
+A. I think it was Mr. Watt. That is my impression. The information was
+drawn by Messrs. Hampton and Dalzell, and sworn to by Mr. Watt.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Roger O'Mara, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. No. 267 Webster avenue.
+
+Q. What was your business in July last?
+
+A. I was chief of detectives of the city of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Were you in the city on the 10th of July?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State what knowledge you have of any disturbance of the peace on
+that day?
+
+A. The first knowledge I had, Mr. Watt came to the mayor's office that
+morning. I was in the office at the time. He stated that there was a
+disturbance, that the men were on a strike, and he wanted to get some
+officers to go out with him. Our force was reduced shortly before that,
+and no men were on duty in the day time. We only had one hundred and
+twenty men, and ten were lamp watchers, and ten were at the
+station-houses. One hundred and one in all were left for police duty.
+
+Q. State what occurred?
+
+A. I asked Mr. Watt how many men he thought would do, and he said about
+ten men. I had the men gathered up from those men who were dropped from
+the rolls, and brought them in there, and told Officer Fowler to take
+charge of them, and to go with Mr. Watt. I afterwards asked the mayor,
+and he told me that Mr. McGovern should be placed in charge. I then
+sent him on up.
+
+Q. Did you have any difficulty in getting the men you wanted?
+
+A. I gathered them in about five minutes. I just asked for ten, and got
+them.
+
+Q. Plenty of others were willing to go?
+
+A. I suppose so.
+
+Q. Was anything said between Mr. Watt and the mayor about the pay of
+the men?
+
+A. Mr. Watt told me he would pay the men.
+
+Q. Who introduced that subject of pay?
+
+A. I do not know. I told him these men are not on the force, but we
+could gather them up if he agreed to pay them.
+
+Q. They went then?
+
+A. Yes; in charge of McGovern.
+
+Q. State what occurred from the time that they went away--whether any
+report was made to you or not?
+
+A. I understood about the trouble. McGovern told me about arresting
+this party after he came back.
+
+Q. Was any report made to you of what occurred?
+
+A. I had a conversation with him after he came back.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. About four o'clock on Thursday.
+
+Q. What did he state to you when he came back?
+
+A. He told me he had arrested that party--that Mr. Watt went to turn
+the switch, and somebody hit him, and he arrested him, and put him in
+the Twelfth ward station-house. Information was afterwards made against
+some ten parties.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. I think on Thursday afternoon, after this arrest.
+
+Q. You say against some ten parties?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In whose hands were the warrants placed?
+
+A. They were given to me first. A lawyer in Mr. Hampton's office was
+here. He had them drawn up. I gave the warrants to McGovern. On account
+of the excitement we proposed to locate the parties in their houses,
+and to get them there. But the next morning a young man in Hampton's
+office came in and told me not to make the arrests until further
+orders. I thought then that the men were going to work, perhaps. I then
+told McGovern not to make the arrests.
+
+Q. Do you state you told McGovern not to arrest the men, but to get
+them at their houses?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many policemen do you think you could have gathered up that
+afternoon for duty?
+
+A. I have no idea how many. A good many of them were about there just
+at the time that Mr. Watt came in and said he wanted some. We might
+have gotten thirty then. More went out afterwards.
+
+Q. Who sent them out?
+
+A. I do not know. But I understood, however, more men were wanted, and
+they were sent out.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. These men that were picked up--these men that had been dropped from
+the rolls, did they go out on the ground in uniform, or did they go out
+in citizen's dress?
+
+A. I guess some in uniform and some in citizen's dress. I cannot say
+whether they were in uniform or not.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were they armed as usual with maces?
+
+A. I cannot say that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Usually when you send out a squad, don't you arm them with maces?
+
+A. Yes; but these men were not on the rolls, and I just gathered them
+up, and sent them out as quickly as possible.
+
+Q. If not armed, they would not have been of much use?
+
+A. No; not of much use, if there was much disturbance, without arms.
+
+Q. You do not know whether they were armed or not?
+
+A. I do not, because I did not go out with them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was there any call made on the night force for it?
+
+A. I do not think there was that night.
+
+Q. They were on duty regularly on Thursday evening, I suppose?
+
+A. Throughout the city, yes.
+
+Q. The one hundred and one men were on service throughout the city
+proper?
+
+A. On Thursday night, yes.
+
+Q. None of them went to the scene of this disturbance?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge, except the men on in that district.
+
+Q. How many men were regularly stationed in that district?
+
+A. I suppose about ten men were on in that district--the third
+district--from the Union depot to Twenty-eighth street. The lieutenant
+in charge of the district may have had his men there.
+
+Q. Who had charge of that district?
+
+A. Henry Coates, I think. I think he had charge of it.
+
+Q. Were any of them sent out there on Friday morning--any of the night
+force?
+
+A. I do not think they were, to my knowledge.
+
+Q. Or during the day Friday, at any time?
+
+A. I do not know that they were.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Were you at the scene of the disturbance at any time during the
+trouble?
+
+A. I was out there on Sunday morning early, along the line on Liberty
+street. There was a good deal of trouble about the city, and we were
+gathering the police in and sending them out throughout the city. We
+were afraid that the mob would break into the gun shops. The excitement
+was so great that I thought they might attempt to break into places,
+and so I gathered the men up and sent them to different places.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. If the mayor had made a call for policemen on Thursday afternoon,
+how many men could he have raised?
+
+A. I do not know. I have no idea.
+
+Q. Would there have been any difficulty in raising any number of
+policemen, do you think?
+
+A. There might have been some. That call was made through the Sunday
+papers, and a good many responded.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How many officers and men does the night force consist of?
+
+A. The whole force was one hundred and twenty men--nine of them
+were engaged in the station-houses, and ten of them watched
+lamps--patrolmen, detectives, and all. That was for the whole city.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many men were discharged from the day force?
+
+A. One hundred and sixteen men were discharged. Our whole force
+consisted of two hundred and thirty-six men, all told. The
+appropriation ran out, and we had to knock the men off.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What reason was given by the officer for not serving the warrants?
+He had them one night, had he not?
+
+A. We did not get the houses all located. It seems they were out that
+night, and we could not get them served, and the next morning we were
+ordered not to serve them. The case was put into the hands of the
+sheriff on Friday, I think.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. While you had those warrants for the arrest of those ten men, could
+you not have arrested them?
+
+A. I do not think, with the few men we could have got, that we could
+have arrested them out there, on account of those men out there. It
+might have made the thing worse if we had attempted to arrest them on
+the ground. I thought it was better to arrest them away from there.
+
+Q. Did you attempt to locate them at their homes that night--you did
+not go to their homes?
+
+A. No; we did not go to their homes, but we got information from the
+parties who made the information.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you have any arrangement to watch those men?
+
+A. From all accounts, the men seemed to be in the crowd. We had no one
+watching their houses that night, because we did not find out that
+night were they all lived.
+
+Q. Did you not have men to watch these men or follow them around?
+
+A. No, sir; not to my knowledge.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Didn't you see some of these men out there on Friday?
+
+A. I did not. I was not out there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. How did you expect to know that these men went to their homes, if
+you did not follow them or have them watched?
+
+A. The warrants were withdrawn before we located the men.
+
+Q. What efforts were you making to locate them?
+
+A. We were making inquiries from parties who knew them.
+
+Q. Were you trying all the time to find out where they were?
+
+A. We asked the parties who made the information. We wanted to locate
+them all, and to make the arrests. We did not expect to arrest them in
+the crowd. We thought we could not do it there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Did you have any spotters out in the crowd at all?
+
+A. Several of the officers there saw the different parties, and what
+they did. Or, if information was made against them, we had them
+arrested and tried. Some of them are not tried yet. Any of the officers
+who knew any men, or saw them do anything, afterwards made information
+against them.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. The officers reported to you, did they?
+
+A. Some of them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. You being the chief of detectives, did you send any men out to spot
+those parties?
+
+A. No, sir; after Friday, the thing was taken out of our hands. If any
+party gave information in regard to what was done, we would have them
+arrested. The detectives were out. We made inquiries of people as to
+what they saw other people do.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Was it not on Saturday morning that you considered the complaint
+withdrawn upon which the warrants were based?
+
+A. I think on Friday, it was, that I was notified to hold them until
+further orders.
+
+Q. Was it not on Saturday morning instead of on Friday morning?
+
+A. My recollection is, that it was Friday.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you present at any time during the destruction of the property
+of the railroad company by fire?
+
+A. I was along the line Sunday morning, in Liberty street. I drove
+along with the mayor in a buggy. My mother and sister both lived back
+of the Union depot, and they were burned out. I tried to help them get
+their things away.
+
+Q. During the fire, were you ever called on by the chief of the fire
+department, or by anybody connected with the fire department, to
+protect them in their attempts to put out the fire?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know of any other officer of the police force being called
+upon to assist them?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you take any measures to prevent this destruction?
+
+A. We could not do anything after the first firing was done. With what
+police force we had, we could do nothing at all. They commenced
+breaking into houses, and gun stores, &c., and we tried to prevent them
+from doing that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you see them breaking into any gun stores?
+
+A. Yes; on Penn street I saw a couple of men breaking into a pawn shop.
+I heard of the mob coming, and I hurried up the officers, and placed
+men in front of different gun stores, but on Wood street they got into
+one in spite of the men. Before that, we had notified the different
+parties to put their guns away, that the excitement was very great, and
+that the soldiers had fired upon the men, and that they would be apt to
+break into places to try to get arms. I notified the different parties
+to put their goods away that the mob should not get them.
+
+Q. Who composed that crowd--did you recognize any of them?
+
+A. They seemed to be working men--men that came from the south side.
+One squad that came from the south side--I saw them going down the
+street--a couple of young men--the same that I saw marching down Penn
+street. Some of them have been arrested since.
+
+Q. You think the men were principally from the south side who broke
+into the gun stores?
+
+A. About the time that they broke into them, at different places, I had
+squads of men. On Fifth street a couple of young men came down firing
+off guns, and I went to the mayor's office for more men, and I was not
+there two minutes when word came that Brown's gun store was broke into.
+I then got some men and placed them in front of the door.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you succeed in keeping the crowd out then?
+
+A. Yes; but it was not much good then, for the things were gone. They
+had ransacked the place.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. It was on Saturday night. It was just about dusk when this party
+came down, and went in on Liberty street and on Penn street. I was
+going up that way towards Twenty-eighth street, when I saw this mob
+coming down. I followed on down to see what they proposed to do.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You had no men stationed about any of these gun stores before they
+broke into them?
+
+A. Yes, sir; at Brown's, on Wood street.
+
+Q. Were they uniformed men?
+
+A. Yes; on the regular city force. I sent them to the places where I
+thought they were most needed, and I tried to prevent the mob from
+getting fire-arms.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Charles McGovern, re-called.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were those men that you took to Twenty-eighth street dressed in
+uniform?
+
+A. No; just a few of them had vests on with uniform buttons on. And all
+of them that had badges about them, I had them place them on their
+coats in order to show that they were officers.
+
+Q. Were there any that had neither vests nor badges among them?
+
+A. I think there were. Some of them did not happen to have anything
+with which to show that they were officers.
+
+Q. Were they armed in any way?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. They had no maces?
+
+A. No; they were taken out in a hurry from the city hall--just taken
+out on the spur of the moment.
+
+Q. What time were those warrants placed in your hands for the arrest of
+those parties?
+
+A. My recollection of the warrants--I could very easily give you a
+definite answer if I had time to go to the office and refer to my
+memoranda. Then I could tell you. But I think it was Friday. That is my
+impression. I think it was Friday morning or Thursday afternoon.
+
+Q. How long did you keep them in your possession?
+
+A. A day, I think, and a night. That is my impression.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort to arrest the parties?
+
+A. We were so busy on other matters that there was no effort made, any
+more than to make inquiries and locating the parties. We did not
+anticipate any trouble in getting them after the excitement was
+somewhat allayed.
+
+Q. Did you go to their houses during the time that you had the
+warrants?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you try to spot the men among the crowd?
+
+A. No; I cannot say that I did, because it was a secondary
+consideration in regard to those men. The information was interfering
+with railroad employés, and we considered it a light matter towards
+what was going on at Twenty-eighth street--the riotous proceedings. We
+were kept busy that day and night trying to keep order.
+
+Q. Those men were all participating in the riot as leaders when you
+first went out there?
+
+A. I do not know that of my own knowledge, but I, of course, inferred
+it from the fact of the information made against them.
+
+Q. Did you know any of the ten or twelve men that stood around, trying
+to prevent the arrest of McCall?
+
+A. None of them tried to prevent the arrest of McCall. I knew some of
+them by face and a few by name.
+
+Q. Were any of those men's names included in those warrants?
+
+A. I believe they were, but I did not have those warrants at the time.
+
+Q. You did not get them until that evening or the next morning?
+
+A. I think it was the next morning.
+
+Q. Then you did not go up to arrest them when you got the warrants?
+
+A. Not immediately. It was considered a matter of judgment at the
+office by the mayor, and, of course, I was under his instructions.
+
+Q. You followed the mayor's instructions?
+
+A. Not specially his instructions, but chief O'Mara's instructions. I
+considered it would be easier to serve them afterwards than at the
+present time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. When you summoned those men to go out, you did not provide them with
+maces and equipments as you usually do?
+
+A. The police force of this city provide everything for themselves. If
+they want to carry a pistol, they must provide it. Our maces we buy,
+and our clothes we buy. The city supplies nothing. At one time the city
+supplied those things, but now we have got to supply all those things
+ourselves. We did not think it would be necessary to have them armed at
+that time.
+
+Q. At the time of a row, if the men are armed, it is all right, and if
+they are not armed, it is all right, too?
+
+A. It was a sudden summons, and nobody understood the extent of it. Of
+course, the gentleman who summoned us, said he did not anticipate any
+serious trouble at all; that he thought that our official appearance
+would be sufficient; that the presence of the officers there would be
+all that was necessary.
+
+Q. But you, as an officer, did not exactly believe in official
+appearance, without something to knock down with in case of a row?
+
+A. In case of a riot we ought to be provided with arms; but there was
+no riot at that time, nor did we anticipate any.
+
+    [A paper exhibited to witness.]
+
+Q. State whether this is the information made upon which the warrants
+were issued?
+
+A. I never saw it.
+
+Q. What did you do with the warrants?
+
+A. They are still in the office.
+
+Q. You returned them to the mayor?
+
+A. No; they are still in the closet at the office. I think they are
+there yet. I may have destroyed them.
+
+Q. Do you know the date of the warrants?
+
+A. I cannot remember the date. I told you I thought it was Thursday
+evening or Friday; that would be the 19th or 20th.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John J. Davis, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. No. 114, Sixteenth street, on the south side.
+
+Q. What was your business in July last?
+
+A. I was clerk to the chief of police.
+
+Q. Where were you on the 19th day of July--Thursday?
+
+A. At the mayor's office, and at the railroad.
+
+Q. State if you have any knowledge of the disturbances that occurred?
+
+A. I was not at the railroad during the time of the disturbances.
+
+Q. Did you receive information of them?
+
+A. We got a second dispatch, or rather a young man came from the ticket
+office asking for fifty men. I was present in the office at the time.
+
+Q. What time did you receive that dispatch?
+
+A. Between twelve and one o'clock.
+
+Q. By whom was it signed?
+
+A. I cannot say now. It was brought by a young man at the ticket
+office?
+
+Q. You mean the railroad ticket office?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Asking for fifty men?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. To whom was it addressed?
+
+A. To the mayor. I started out and hunted up all the men I could find,
+and during my progress I saw the mayor, and he gave me orders to hunt
+up all the men I could, both the old men and the men that had been
+dropped. I met him on Fifth avenue.
+
+Q. Did you inform him of the dispatch?
+
+A. I did, and he ordered me to hunt up all the men I could possibly
+find.
+
+Q. How many did you get?
+
+A. In the neighborhood of twenty-five or twenty-eight that afternoon. I
+can not say exactly.
+
+Q. What did you do with them?
+
+A. Some went out on a train, and some walked out. I went out with one
+squad, with Mr. White. We saw Mr. Watt, and he suggested the sending of
+the men to Torrens station, six or eight of them; the balance of them
+stayed at Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. What time did you meet the mayor on Fifth avenue?
+
+A. I suppose five minutes after the dispatch came. I started out and
+went down to the station-house to see if any officers were there, but I
+found none there. I then went two squares, and on my way coming back, I
+met the mayor on Fifth avenue. It was not over five or ten minutes.
+
+Q. You informed him about the dispatch calling for fifty men?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where was he during the rest of that afternoon?
+
+A. As I stated before, I went to Twenty-eighth street, and stayed there
+all that afternoon.
+
+Q. Did you have any communication with him that afternoon?
+
+A. No; everything was quiet at Twenty-eighth street that afternoon. My
+instructions were to communicate if anything was wrong. I went to
+Torrens station about four o'clock. Quite a crowd was there.
+
+Q. What was the crowd doing?
+
+A. They were watching to see if any trains would go out. It was
+curiosity.
+
+Q. How many were there?
+
+A. One hundred or one hundred and fifty, while I was there.
+
+Q. Of whom was this crowd composed?
+
+A. Of laboring men, and railroad men, and business men, and women and
+children.
+
+Q. All mixed together?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were the railroad men noisy and boisterous?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. Were they stopping the trains?
+
+Q. The only one I saw stopped was at Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. I heard the men saying it was three-forty, schedule time.
+
+Q. They stopped it?
+
+A. They started out, and three or four officers were put on the engine.
+After they started, some parties got on the track and waved their
+hands, and the engine stopped and the engineer jumped off. The officers
+were still on the engine after the engineer got off.
+
+Q. You simply called for volunteers when you went out to hunt up those
+men?
+
+A. Only one man refused to go.
+
+Q. Was any demand made on the night force that afternoon?
+
+A. The mayor instructed me to hunt up all the men I could find, both
+the men on duty and the men dropped, and I did so.
+
+Q. The men on regular duty went out, did they?
+
+A. Those that I found. At that time we only had one hundred and twenty
+men, including lamp-washers and station-house keepers.
+
+Q. How many men did you get that afternoon on actual duty--the night
+force?
+
+A. To my best recollection, five or six, but I won't be positive. I
+only sent in the bill for the men not on regular duty--twenty-nine the
+company paid for--for those men on duty we sent in no bill at all. It
+was only for the men not paid by the city.
+
+Q. How long were those men on duty there?
+
+A. Until morning. They reported at the office between seven and seven
+and a half o'clock.
+
+Q. Friday morning?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. All of them?
+
+A. Some went home for breakfast.
+
+Q. Were they sent on duty again?
+
+A. They were sent out to the depot in the morning, but they came back
+and said they were not wanted, that Officer Fox had all the men he
+wanted.
+
+Q. Who was he?
+
+A. He has charge of the officers around the depot.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. He is an employé of the railroad?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did he tell you that he had all the men that they wanted?
+
+A. The men I sent up to the depot reported that to me.
+
+Q. Who reported that?
+
+A. Officer William Johnson. Several of them, I think. Officer Crosby.
+The men came back and they said that they were not wanted. He kept
+three at the depot, M. A. Davis, Matthew Goddard, and Ernest Ehring.
+
+Q. Where was the mayor during the night?
+
+A. When I came back in the evening, about seven o'clock, I brought the
+men to supper, and after they had supper, I sent them out again, and I
+went to the office. I am not positive whether I saw the mayor there or
+not. I am not positive about that. The next time I saw him, was in the
+neighborhood of twelve o'clock, at the office.
+
+Q. Thursday night?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where did he remain during the balance of the night?
+
+A. In the office. I stayed there also all night.
+
+Q. Were you out during the night?
+
+A. I went out and stayed until about ten o'clock, and then I came back.
+
+Q. Did the mayor have any communication with the men out there during
+the night?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Where was the chief of police during the night?
+
+A. I cannot say that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say you sent the men back on Friday. Where did you instruct them
+to go--to the Union depot or to Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. To the Union depot. I directed them to ask if they were wanted, and
+they came back and said that they were told that they were not wanted;
+that they had all the men they wanted.
+
+Q. Do you know where the mayor was on Friday?
+
+A. I cannot answer that, because I was at Twenty-eighth street, almost
+all day on Friday. My instructions were to go there, and if I saw a
+disturbance, to telegraph immediately to the city to the office.
+
+Q. You did not see him on the ground at any time?
+
+A. No--not on Thursday nor on Friday.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. While you were there, on Friday, did you see any effort made to take
+possession of the tracks?
+
+A. No; no effort was made at all.
+
+Q. You saw no disturbance at all on Friday?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Or Saturday?
+
+A. No disturbance, until after the trouble about the firing.
+
+Q. Was any effort made during Friday to run out trains?
+
+A. Not while I was there--not on Friday.
+
+Q. The crowd was there?
+
+A. Quite a crowd was gathered there. They appeared to be going and
+coming all day.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You saw no effort made on Friday. How long were you there on Friday?
+
+A. I suppose I was there three quarters of the day--walking all along,
+and seeing what was going on.
+
+Q. There might have been an effort made, and you not have seen it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. It appeared to be an orderly assemblage?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What were they doing?
+
+A. Standing together and chatting--talking.
+
+Q. Standing there all day?
+
+A. They appeared to be coming and going.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did the subject of conversation appear to be the stopping of the
+trains?
+
+A. I did not hear them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What were they there for?
+
+A. For curiosity, I suppose.
+
+Q. Where is this William Johnson that you spoke of?
+
+A. He is on the police force now.
+
+Q. What is Crosby's first name?
+
+A. George.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Philip Demmel, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. No. 26 Twelfth street, in the south side.
+
+Q. What was your business during last July?
+
+A. I was chief of the police of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. State whether any knowledge was brought to you in regard to the
+disturbance at Twenty-eighth street, on the 19th of July, and if so,
+state what time it was.
+
+A. I came to the office sometime after dinner, and went into the
+mayor's office, and I was told that some of the railroad employés had
+gone on a strike at about Twenty-eighth street, and that Mr. Watt had
+sent for some policemen, and that about ten or a dozen had been sent
+out in charge of Detective McGovern. A short time after a dispatch came
+in signed by Mr. Watt, asking for fifty more men. I went on the street
+myself then. Our police force, of course, was in bed. They did duty at
+night. I went on the street, and saw a few of those discharged men, and
+asked them to go. Some went and some did not. I did not hear anything
+more of it until evening, when I came in from supper. They reported
+then that one man had been arrested, and after that everything was
+quiet. The men got their suppers, and we sent them out again. There
+were only a few that would not go. In the morning they came back--those
+who were on duty all night--and some of them said that the railroad
+officers had got as many men as they thought sufficient, and that the
+military was called out. It was thought at the mayor's office then that
+the services of the police would not be needed any longer.
+
+Q. That the services of the police would not be needed any longer, you
+say?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did the mayor say that?
+
+A. I do not remember that the mayor said that, but----
+
+Q. That was the decision you came to?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. After a consultation with the mayor, was it?
+
+A. I cannot recollect any direct consultation with the mayor.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was he there?
+
+A. Yes, sir; but I am satisfied that he was of the same opinion.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did Officer McGovern report to the mayor during the afternoon?
+
+A. I believe he came in before the rest came for supper, and reported
+this disturbance--about a man being arrested for striking Mr. Watt, and
+he then reported all quiet after that.
+
+Q: Did he report to you by telegraph?
+
+A. No; yes--I believe they did telegraph this arrest first from the
+Twelfth ward station.
+
+Q. You have arrangements at the station-house to receive reports from
+all parts of the city, have you not?
+
+A. From eight different parts of the city--yes, sir.
+
+Q. From that portion of the city?
+
+A. Yes, sir; there is a station-house within two blocks of
+Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Did you receive any report from Officer McGovern during the
+afternoon?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What was the nature of it?
+
+A. That all was quiet--that this man had been arrested for striking Mr.
+Watt.
+
+Q. Was there a dispatch sent you, or communicated to you from Mr. Watt
+during the afternoon, that he wanted fifty more men?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. I do not remember--perhaps an hour after the first squad of police
+went out.
+
+Q. What did you do?
+
+A. I stated that before. I went out on the street, and saw some of the
+discharged men.
+
+Q. Did you raise the fifty men you wanted?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not raise twenty men. I did not raise seven men, no
+more than that.
+
+Q. Could you not have got fifty men at that time?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you make any call on the night force?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you make any call for police--any demand for a posse of police?
+
+A. Of the regular force?
+
+Q. Or any force?
+
+A. I simply went on the street, and around Fifth avenue and Smithfield
+street, and asked these men if they would go.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with the mayor?
+
+A. I think the mayor handed me this dispatch.
+
+Q. Did he make any call for a posse of police?
+
+A. No; no more than telling me to do as I did--to see if I could get
+the men.
+
+Q. Did he tell you how the men were to be paid?
+
+A. I do not know. That was one objection with these men. They wanted to
+know about their pay, and whether it was going to be a regular thing. I
+could not satisfy them about that, and they did not care much about
+going.
+
+Q. You just went around and hunted up the men that would go voluntarily
+of their own accord?
+
+A. Yes; after getting this report from the Twelfth ward station-house.
+We thought that fifty men would hardly be necessary anyhow; but we
+could not have raised them if we had wanted them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Could you not have got them if you had commanded them?
+
+A. We could not command them any more than I could command you.
+
+Q. Could not the mayor have commanded them?
+
+A. He had no right to command them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. He did not tell you to command any men to serve.
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. What was the reason you could not get these men to go out?
+
+A. Well, we had a reduction of our force a short time before, and some
+of these men thought that they were not treated right, and when I asked
+them to go out, they wanted to know if they would be placed on the
+force permanently. Of course I could not satisfy them, and they did not
+want to go.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. At any time you were there, did the firemen call on you to assist
+them?
+
+A. I saw the firemen only on Sunday, and it was understood then that
+the mob would not allow them to put water on the property.
+
+Q. Did they ask the police officers to help them?
+
+A. I do not know that they did. I was out there with the mayor, and we
+had too few men. The firemen would change their place time after time
+as the fire came down. A man came and said that they wanted to throw
+water on the fire, indicating a car burning, and the mayor said: "All
+right, we will protect you." We immediately formed the men to protect
+them, but afterwards they did not throw water on that fire at all.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where was the mayor during Thursday afternoon?
+
+A. I saw him in the office, I think, once or twice.
+
+Q. Where was he during Thursday night?
+
+A. I think in the office.
+
+Q. Did you receive any instructions from him during the night?
+
+A. I went to him during Thursday night to place one of our lieutenants
+in charge over the force at Twenty-eighth street--Lieutenant Coates. It
+was his suggestion, I believe.
+
+Q. At the mayor's suggestion?
+
+A. Yes; or mine, and he agreed with it.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. About supper time.
+
+Q. Where was he during the day Friday?
+
+A. I remember seeing him in the office.
+
+Q. Did you receive any instructions from him during the day in regard
+to this disturbance at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. No; there was no disturbance there during that day. There was a
+crowd there, and the military were there.
+
+Q. Where was the mayor during Friday night?
+
+A. I cannot answer that.
+
+Q. Where was he on Saturday?
+
+A. On Saturday he was in the office. In and out as usual. At the time
+we got the report of the firing he was in the office, I know, because
+he sent for me and asked me to take a couple of men out Penn avenue,
+and close all the saloons in the vicinity of this disturbance.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. I think along about four o'clock.
+
+Q. Four o'clock on Saturday he asked you to take two men out and close
+all the saloons in what district?
+
+A. You mean what police district?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. The third police district.
+
+Q. Extending over how much space?
+
+A. Over the city in the vicinity of Twenty-eighth street. We closed all
+the saloons there from Thirtieth to Twenty-fourth street. We then came
+in and sent another squad out to close the balance.
+
+Q. How far?
+
+A. Down to Eleventh street.
+
+Q. Had you received any instructions from him during the day, (Saturday
+before this,) in regard to the disturbance out there?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. The saloons had been open out there until three or four o'clock on
+Saturday?
+
+A. Yes; they were open at the time we went there.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive there?
+
+A. I can't tell. It was immediately after hearing of the firing. We
+walked up Liberty street as fast as we could.
+
+Q. You went with the two men, and saw that your orders were executed?
+
+A. We went in and asked these men, and told them it was the request of
+the mayor to have them close their saloons.
+
+Q. Did they comply?
+
+A. Most generally.
+
+Q. During the day, Sunday, did you receive any orders from the mayor?
+
+A. No; except I was out with him at the scene of action in the
+afternoon. The mayor was out there before daylight, and I was out there
+myself. I came in about six or seven o'clock, and got my breakfast, and
+went out at ten o'clock, and then I found the mayor there.
+
+Q. Did you receive any orders during Sunday night from the mayor?
+
+A. Nothing, except about handling the police, in trying to prevent the
+mob getting into those stores.
+
+Q. What did you do to prevent that?
+
+A. They called some of the south side police over, and had them doing
+duty around in places where they anticipated there might be a break
+made, but there was considerable damage done before the police arrived.
+
+Q. What damage was done before the police arrived?
+
+A. A couple of stores were gutted, on Penn avenue and on Liberty
+street.
+
+Q. What kind of stores?
+
+A. The one on Penn avenue was a pawnbroker's and the one on Liberty
+street was a gun shop.
+
+Q. Do you know who broke open the stores?
+
+A. Since then I know of one party that was a leader in it. But I do not
+know the others.
+
+Q. Were any policemen in the vicinity at the time?
+
+A. No; at that time there were no police on duty. They didn't go on
+duty until eight o'clock.
+
+Q. Were any policemen on duty throughout the city during the day,
+Friday?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. During the day, Saturday, throughout the city, I mean?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. They were not on duty until eight o'clock, Saturday night?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Then these stores were broken open before eight o'clock?
+
+A. Yes; that is, the first two.
+
+Q. When there were no policemen on duty?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. When did the mayor put on any day force, or was there any day force
+on Sunday?
+
+A. On Saturday night I put a notice, by the order of the mayor, into
+two of the Sunday papers, to have all those ex-policemen report at
+eleven o'clock on Sunday, but got very few reports.
+
+Q. How many reports did you get?
+
+A. I do not remember now--not probably over fifteen or twenty reported
+in time.
+
+Q. Were they placed on duty during Sunday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were there any policemen on duty throughout the city on Sunday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many?
+
+A. Well, the third district had some of the south side police on duty
+on Sunday night, in the vicinity of Twenty-eighth street, and the
+police there I brought in on Sunday morning, and got their breakfasts,
+and sent them out again. Some of them strayed off, of course.
+
+Q. As chief of police, can you not give us the number of policemen on
+duty during Sunday, in the whole city?
+
+A. I do not think there were more than eighty. That is, we got more men
+on as it grew later in the day.
+
+Q. This notice you placed in the papers was merely a request for the
+discharged police force to report at eleven o'clock?
+
+A. Yes; I had the orders, and I think the mayor had consulted with the
+committee of safety, or some one who assured him they would be
+responsible for the pay of the police, and would see that the police
+stayed on.
+
+Q. What time did you get that notice into the papers?
+
+A. It was given to the papers on Saturday night.
+
+Q. Was it published in the evening editions?
+
+A. It was published in the _Globe_ and _Leader_ of Sunday morning.
+
+Q. By whom was the notice signed?
+
+A. By myself.
+
+Q. As chief of police?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You say you got very few reports?
+
+A. Very few; that is, at eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. During Sunday night how many police did you have on duty?
+
+A. I had all the old force, and I expect, perhaps, about forty or fifty
+of the discharged men.
+
+Q. That would make about one hundred and forty or one hundred and fifty
+men during Sunday night?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many did you have on duty during the day--Monday?
+
+A. Well, those policemen came reporting in one after another from
+Sunday until Tuesday, and they never went off duty at anytime from
+Sunday night, from the time they went on, until about Wednesday, I
+guess.
+
+Q. Where did the mayor spend the day--Sunday?
+
+A. Along Liberty street, part of the day.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. About the scene of the riot?
+
+A. Right there.
+
+Q. What was he doing there?
+
+A. All he could to prevent the depredations. He was with the police;
+but we could not do anything. He went to Union depot and made a speech
+to the mob; but that did not have any effect. They stoned him, and he
+had to get out.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. I do not have any distinct recollection of any time that day. It
+was, perhaps, half an hour previous to the burning of Union depot.
+
+Q. Was he out there on Sunday when the fire was going on?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. The fire commenced out beyond Twenty-eighth street and worked down
+this way?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many men were engaged in burning cars, or in the actual
+destruction of property there, during Sunday?
+
+A. That is a hard matter for me to say. The track in some places--I
+suppose there are three or four or five rows--and the freight cars were
+packed in alongside of one another, and on the top of those cars and in
+between them, there was a crowd of people all the time. Some of them
+may not have had a hand in doing any damage, but I think that most
+everybody that was on the track--of course there were some spectators
+that didn't have any hand in it--but the majority of the people there
+would break open a car or gut a car whenever they could. I could not
+say how many, but a great many, three hundred or four hundred anyhow.
+
+Q. Were those men armed? Had they weapons?
+
+A. I didn't see any weapons except a few revolvers.
+
+Q. As chief of police, I ask you if you do not think you could have
+taken one hundred policemen, with their maces, or the weapons that they
+usually carry, and have thrown them across the track there, and driven
+back that crowd?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Why not?
+
+A. Because the crowd was on all sides, and I would not know how to form
+the men to do that to have a solid line. The crowd was along the track
+and in between the cars as much as five hundred or six hundred yards at
+a time, and they would come rushing in and yelling every way, from
+below and above.
+
+Q. I ask you if, in your judgment, you do not think that you could have
+taken one hundred policemen and stationed them across the track in
+front of Union depot, from the hill down to the block of buildings, and
+have driven back the crowd as they came up?
+
+A. If I had had one hundred men there that might have been
+accomplished. I did try it with what men I had.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. How many men did you have?
+
+A. Not more than fifteen or sixteen together at one time. The
+policemen, of course, got around among the people, or the mob, and we
+could not find them.
+
+Q. It was not possible to keep them together?
+
+A. I could not keep them together. In order to get at the men, the
+policemen would have to divide, and it was such a big mob, we could not
+keep them together.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Could you not have formed at some cross street, say Fifteenth or
+Sixteenth street, and then have resisted the crowd and kept them back?
+
+A. On the street?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Well, the crowd on the street was not so unruly as those on the
+railroad.
+
+Q. But Sixteenth street runs up to the railroad. Now, could you not
+have formed the men at Sixteenth street and thrown them across the
+railroad, with one wing running out towards the hill, and then have
+kept the crowd back?
+
+A. No; because you could not have got the mob together at any one
+point--because the mob most all the time extended five hundred or six
+hundred yards.
+
+Q. To what point did the mob extend, coming towards the city?
+
+A. Nearly into Union depot.
+
+Q. Then could you not have formed at Union depot and kept them back?
+
+A. It would have taken a great many more men than that.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was any effort made at all to get control of this crowd at any time
+during the disturbance?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. With your fifteen or sixteen men, you mean?
+
+A. Sometimes we had twenty--all the men we had, or that could be got
+together--perhaps, sometimes, twenty-five or thirty men. They would be
+getting in among the mob and trying to drive them back.
+
+Q. Had the police authorities no organization or no arrangement to keep
+the crowd from coming, or did they allow people to come from all
+directions when they knew a disturbance of this kind was going on--did
+you have any organization at all?
+
+A. Not a very good organization. The men went out there in the morning,
+and they had been up all night, and they were tired, and it would have
+been impossible to keep the crowd back. They flocked in from all parts
+of the city, and from the country for miles around.
+
+
+    By Mr. Englebert:
+
+Q. In other words, you really had not any organization of the police
+force?
+
+A. When I went up there, our men were scattered. I took them on the
+railroad several times, but was unable to do any good. I took them on
+the railroad in a body, but they could not be kept there any time
+without being separated.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was any effort made to make any arrests, during this disturbance, of
+parties engaged in the riot?
+
+A. On Sunday morning, we arrested about one hundred and thirty--that
+was the beginning of the fire--when they began to pillage the freight
+cars.
+
+Q. Did you arrest any of the parties that were pillaging?
+
+A. We arrested them coming away with goods.
+
+Q. What did you do with them?
+
+A. We brought them down in the morning, in the "black maria," to the
+Central station, but Deputy Mayor Butler, I believe, discharged most of
+them, and fined some of them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you know how many were fined?
+
+A. I cannot tell. I did not stay to the hearing myself.
+
+Q. What is Mr. Butler's first name?
+
+A. Joseph.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Your people took these men up, going away with goods?
+
+A. Yes. We put them in the Twelfth Ward station, and then put them in
+the "black maria," and brought them to the Central station, and heard
+them there. Mayor McCarthy was up all night, and he was tired, and he
+deputized Deputy Mayor Butler to hear them.
+
+Q. And he discharged them?
+
+A. Yes; he discharged a good many of them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Do you know whether those people were citizens of Pittsburgh, or
+people that had just run in?
+
+A. Some were citizens of Pittsburgh and some were strangers.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did the mayor or anybody else say to you, at any time, that it was
+necessary for the railroad officials to get out of town--that their
+lives were in jeopardy.
+
+A. I never heard any such expression coming from the mayor.
+
+Q. That it was necessary for the railroad officials to get out of
+town--that their lives were in jeopardy? Was that said to you by the
+mayor or by anybody else?
+
+A. I am satisfied that I didn't hear any expression like that coming
+from the mayor, but I heard talk like that on the street.
+
+Q. From whom?
+
+A. Most any of the crowd that would be congregated together would be
+talking about this thing.
+
+Q. Citizens of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Could you name any of them?
+
+A. Not now. It was the general talk. General Pearson, I guess, was
+named in such talk more often than the railroad officers.
+
+Q. But you heard that talk about the railroad officials?
+
+A. Yes; that it would not be safe for them to show up.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. One question about this plundering and thieving: Were those parties
+discharged the same day that they were arrested--on Sunday?
+
+A. The same day--Sunday.
+
+Q. Then the arrests amounted virtually to nothing?
+
+A. Yes; except in saving the property of the company, or whoever it
+belonged to.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was the mayor present when you offered protection to the firemen, at
+the fire engine, when they proposed to throw water on those burning
+cars?
+
+A. Yes; the mayor was present. One of the firemen asked him, if he
+would protect them, and he said yes, and the fireman said, that is what
+we want. Then they made the attachment, but did not throw any water
+afterward on the fire.
+
+Q. Did they make any proposal to the mayor, to take an active part
+himself--to hold the nozzle?
+
+A. No; I do not think they did.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Why did they not throw the water?
+
+A. Because, I suppose, they were intimidated.
+
+Q. But when you gave them the protection they asked, did they not make
+an effort to throw the water?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did the mob make a rush?
+
+A. No; no more than following the engine.
+
+Q. What reason did they give for not throwing the water?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who had charge of the engine at that point?
+
+A. I do not know; I do not know what engine it was.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Did the firemen throw water on private property when it was burning?
+
+A. All the time.
+
+Q. But not on the railroad property?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you know who the man was who asked protection from the mayor?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. Did the mob interfere with private property at any time?
+
+A. Not during that day. They did attempt to during that night and also
+during Sunday night.
+
+Q. What attempts were made on Sunday night?
+
+A. The American house, I think, or some place near it, was gutted, but
+by that time we had a pretty good force, and we went there and drove
+them away and arrested some of them.
+
+Q. Who had command there?
+
+A. Lieutenant Coates.
+
+Q. He had no trouble in beating the crowd away?
+
+A. He had some trouble, but he did it.
+
+Q. How many men had he?
+
+A. I went there afterwards, and we had, I suppose, some forty men
+there.
+
+Q. After the railroad property was destroyed--by that time you had a
+pretty good police force?
+
+A. Yes; the men were reporting during the day.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. You stated you had sixteen policemen at Union depot?
+
+A. I stated I had sixteen in line.
+
+Q. Where were the balance of your police at that time?
+
+A. They were scattered among the mob.
+
+Q. The whole police of the city were there?
+
+A. No, sir; all I could gather up at that time were there.
+
+Q. Are you still the chief of police?
+
+A. No, sir; there is another administration.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Have you a police commission or police committee, that have any
+special duty in taking charge of the police or in regulating the
+police?
+
+A. No, sir; it is the mayor that has that power here.
+
+Adjourned to meet at three o'clock, P.M.
+
+
+    AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM,
+    PITTSBURGH, _Monday, February 11, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled at three o'clock,
+P.M., this day, and continued the taking of testimony.
+
+The first witness examined was--
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Henry Metzgar, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the Eighth ward, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What official position did you hold in the city last July?
+
+A. I was the mayor's clerk.
+
+Q. What knowledge had you on Thursday of any disturbance among the
+railroad employés?
+
+A. I think my first knowledge was on Wednesday, but to get at the data
+I would request to send for the information made against Thomas McCall.
+
+    [A paper exhibited to witness.]
+
+Q. Is that a copy of the information?
+
+A. Yes. On Thursday, the 19th, Mr. Watt came into the office, and asked
+for a number of policemen. As to the exact number I don't know, I
+didn't exactly hear the number, but I understood he wanted ten
+policemen to go out on the Pennsylvania railroad. The mayor went out
+with me to the chief of detectives, and they got a number of policemen,
+and arranged them up in line, and I think I asked Mr. Watt how many he
+wanted, and he said ten. One or more of them then stepped out of the
+ranks. Ten policemen went out, I believe, to the railroad. About twelve
+o'clock of that day we received a telegram, asking, I think, for fifty
+policemen additional.
+
+Q. From whom?
+
+A. To the best of my recollection the telegram was from Mr. Watt. I
+immediately went out and hunted some of the policemen who had been
+discharged--I hunted them up, and several of the officers went out and
+hunted them up. I notified a number myself to report at the office for
+duty at the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's depot. How many reported I
+don't know. It not being my special duty, I paid no attention to it.
+But I know a number of them reported. Where they went to I don't know
+personally. About four o'clock that evening, the mayor asked me if
+there was any news from the Twelfth ward. I told him I could telegraph
+to the Twelfth ward and see. We did so, and the report came from the
+station that all was quiet.
+
+Q. The Twelfth ward takes in this district at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Yes; the mayor then left the office to go to Castle Shannon where
+his family is, as I believed, for the night. About that time--about
+five o'clock, Mr. Watt came in and asked for from fifty to a hundred
+additional policemen. I told him I didn't know where we could get
+them--that all we had for effective duty was ninety men, and, in the
+absence of the mayor, I couldn't take away the policemen from all
+portions of the city, for the purpose of protecting the property of the
+railroad company. Mr. Watt said to me, what will I do. I said, I don't
+know--the only thing--if you have a fear of any danger to your
+property--you had better call upon the sheriff, and the sheriff can
+call a _posse comitatus_ to protect the property if there is any
+danger. Mr. Watt said he would do so. That is the last I saw of him
+until some time after the riot. No--the next morning--the morning of
+the 20th--he came in, and made this information against Thomas McCall.
+The mayor, at the time, said to him, that our police force was very
+limited, and in making those arrests we would have to make quiet
+arrests. The warrants were placed in the hands of the officers, for the
+purpose of ascertaining where those parties lived, and to find out who
+they were, and all about them. For the most part, they were strangers,
+as far as we knew. Officer McGovern had the warrants. The next morning
+Mr. Houseman, of the firm of Hampton & Dalzell, came into the office,
+and asked me how many of the parties had been arrested. I told him I
+didn't know that any were arrested. That the mayor's instructions were
+to proceed quietly. He said, can you give me this information. I said,
+no, it is part of the record, and cannot go out of our hands. He then
+asked for the names of the parties against whom the information was
+brought, and he copied the names, and as he was going out he said, I am
+instructed by Mr. Hampton to tell you folks not to execute these
+warrants. I said, very well--this is a matter entirely in your own
+hands. I went out with him to the officer, and told the officer to
+produce his warrants. He produced them, and I told him, you are
+instructed by Mr. Hampton, through Mr. Houseman, not to execute them.
+He said, that was all right. That is all I know, unless some special
+question may arise.
+
+Q. How many policemen had been discharged prior to Thursday?
+
+A. One hundred and sixteen.
+
+Q. How long had they been discharged before that?
+
+A. They were discharged, I think, sometime about the latter part of
+June, or may be the 1st of July. I am not certain as to the date.
+
+Q. Had you any knowledge of any anticipated outbreak or strike by the
+men before it was communicated to you by Mr. Watt?
+
+A. Not the slightest. And at that time we had no idea there was going
+to be any such trouble at all, as we have had sometimes in this city.
+
+Q. You were present when Mr. Watt asked the mayor to furnish him with
+the police?
+
+A. I was in the office.
+
+Q. You heard the mayor's reply?
+
+A. He went out with Mr. Watt and instructed the chief of police to get
+the men.
+
+Q. Did Mr. Watt have to promise to pay the men before the mayor gave
+that instruction?
+
+A. I believe something was said about pay. These men, you see, were not
+on the pay-rolls of the city. The regular men were in bed or scattered
+all over the city. These men happened to be there that day, being paid
+off.
+
+Q. Did the mayor require Mr. Watt to become responsible for their pay?
+
+A. I believe something was said about the railroad company--that it
+would have to pay the men, as no provision was made by the city for
+their pay. I think very few of these men were on the regular force.
+
+Q. Did the mayor make that a condition before he instructed you to send
+out for the men?
+
+A. He never instructed me to send out for anybody.
+
+Q. Who did he instruct?
+
+A. Either the chief of detectives or the chief of police--I cannot
+remember which.
+
+Q. Did he make any order at that time, calling out policemen?
+
+A. Not as I know of.
+
+Q. These men went out as volunteers?
+
+A. Yes; in that sense. They were men who had been discharged. They went
+out under the control of Officer Charles McGovern.
+
+Q. They volunteered to go?
+
+A. We had no right to make a demand on them as a police force. They
+were not in the employ of the city.
+
+Q. When the telegram came to you calling for fifty policemen, what
+effort did you make to get them?
+
+A. We hunted them up as well as we could. A great many of these men
+wouldn't go because they were incensed at the city for discharging
+them, but a number of them did respond.
+
+Q. You hunted up as many as you could get to go willingly?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many?
+
+A. About thirty-five. It not being my special business, I didn't pay
+much attention to it.
+
+Q. Did you notify the mayor of that call for fifty additional police?
+
+A. Yes; he sent us out, and says, go hunt them up.
+
+Q. How many did you get?
+
+A. I think about thirty-five. I never burdened my mind specially with
+that.
+
+Q. Did you get another call from the railroad company?
+
+A. I have no recollection of another call, except when Mr. Watt came
+and said he wanted from fifty to one hundred men additional.
+
+Q. Did you communicate that to the mayor?
+
+A. I did when he came into the city, at eight o'clock on that evening.
+
+Q. What evening?
+
+A. Thursday evening.
+
+Q. What did the mayor say?
+
+A. He said he didn't know where he could get the policemen. Our
+intention in calling the police was simply to protect property from
+getting stolen.
+
+Q. Did he make a demand upon the citizens of the city to join the
+police force at any time?
+
+A. We made a demand--certainly we did.
+
+Q. When?
+
+A. On Sunday night, for instance, when I made a call upon the citizens
+to volunteer to protect the water works of the city.
+
+Q. Had you made any demand prior to that Sunday night?
+
+A. I cannot say. I know of that for a fact.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What demand?
+
+A. He said, how many people will volunteer to protect the water-works
+of the city, and I ask for volunteers. As I understood, they intended
+to burn them down. Out of some two hundred men, four responded, I
+think. He said he understood they were in danger.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. But he summoned no posse from the citizens of the city during the
+riots, did he?
+
+A. I don't know that he did.
+
+Q. How many of those discharged policemen were at the city hall on
+Thursday when those ten men went out?
+
+A. I cannot say how many were there. They were in and out, being paid
+off. I cannot say how many. Quite a number of them, I know.
+
+Q. How many could you have got to go out there at that time, do you
+think?
+
+A. We got all we could.
+
+Q. To go voluntarily?
+
+A. Yes; I know, personally, I used every exertion I could, and I know
+Mr. Davis was out hunting up men.
+
+Q. Were you out there during the riots at any time?
+
+A. I was out on Friday.
+
+Q. At what point?
+
+A. At Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was there?
+
+A. At the time I was there I suppose probably a thousand people were
+there.
+
+Q. How many were engaged in the riotous proceedings?
+
+A. None that I saw.
+
+Q. What were they doing at that time?
+
+A. They were assembled there listening to a speech made by Doctor
+Donnelly, counseling moderation, and advising those not connected with
+the railroad to go home and attend to their own business. Some other
+speeches were made by one or two more.
+
+Q. What was the effect of the speech upon the crowd?
+
+A. I don't know that it had any effect. It had no special effect
+particularly one way or another.
+
+Q. Did they listen to it?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did they make any response to it in any way?
+
+A. Some response was made to Doctor Donnelly when he counseled those
+having no business there to go home. Some of them made some remarks
+from the outside of the crowd--that is enough now, you just stop there;
+and things of that kind.
+
+Q. What time did the mayor return from Castle Shannon?
+
+A. Shortly after eight o'clock. It may have been eight and a half
+o'clock.
+
+Q. Where did he remain during the night?
+
+A. In the office, I think.
+
+Q. All night?
+
+A. I can't say, for I didn't stay there.
+
+Q. Where was the mayor Friday, during the day?
+
+A. In and out the office all day, so far as I know. I know he was
+there.
+
+Q. Was any effort made to increase the police force on Friday?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Nor on Saturday?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. When were the discharged men placed back on the police force?
+
+A. They were not placed back on the police force until Monday. I think
+Monday a number of them reported for duty. A committee of councils, or
+councils held a session on Sunday morning; but there was so much
+confusion that nothing was done. The police force was not replaced
+until Monday or Tuesday; that is, the additional men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Where is the mayor at the present time?
+
+A. In Philadelphia, I believe. He has left a note that he would be home
+to-morrow.
+
+Q. What was said about these men being paid?
+
+A. There was some conversation about the railroad company--that it
+would have to pay these men, because the men were not on the pay-rolls
+of the city at the time.
+
+Q. Did the mayor make that inquiry of Mr. Watt, as to who would pay?
+
+A. I know there was some conversation on that subject.
+
+Q. Did or did not the mayor say to you that it was necessary for the
+officers of the railroad to go out of town, that their lives were in
+jeopardy?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did anybody else say so?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you ever hear it said?
+
+A. No; only after the riots. I understood they left town for fear of
+that, and I was rather astonished to find that some of them had been
+out of town.
+
+Q. Did anybody there state to you that General Pearson had better go
+out of town?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you know of his being out of town?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you know of any of those railroad officers being out of town?
+
+A. No; only subsequently.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did any of the citizens call upon the mayor, requesting him to put
+on an additional force?
+
+A. Well, I guess--I do not know that. They did not up to Saturday
+afternoon, until the time of this firing.
+
+Q. Didn't they do it on Friday?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. On Saturday?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Did they offer to become responsible for the payment of the
+additional police?
+
+A. When?
+
+Q. Friday, Saturday, or Sunday?
+
+A. I never heard of it at all. I never heard any such an offer made.
+The committee of public safety afterwards agreed to pay a certain
+number of men on the police force from that time until the end of the
+year.
+
+Q. When did they make that proposition?
+
+A. I think Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday, but it was after all the
+trouble had occurred, so far as I know anything of it.
+
+Q. You know nothing of any such offer having been made on Friday,
+Saturday, or Sunday?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Were you with the mayor during those days?
+
+A. Off and on, Friday and Saturday. On Sunday I was at the central
+station until twelve o'clock, noon. We had about one hundred and
+twenty-five prisoners there Sunday morning, and it took all my
+attention until noon that day to get through with the business.
+
+Q. What were they arrested for?
+
+A. For carrying away property, and stuff, and various things, and
+disorderly conduct. One thing and another of that kind.
+
+Q. For larceny and disorderly conduct?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Before whom were they taken?
+
+A. Before Deputy Mayor Butler.
+
+Q. What was done with those persons?
+
+A. Some were fined, and some were held for court, and some were
+discharged. A great many were discharged, as one of the officers came
+down with the report that the jailor said that he could not hold them
+or keep them.
+
+Q. What persons were they who were arrested?
+
+A. I cannot say. Most of those names are fictitious.
+
+Q. Did you get their residences?
+
+A. No; the residences were not taken.
+
+Q. How many did you hold for court?
+
+A. That I cannot say.
+
+Q. Did you keep a record of it?
+
+A. Yes; there is a record of it.
+
+Q. Have you the record now in your office?
+
+A. I do not know whether it is there now. I passed the record out of my
+hands to the comptroller of the city.
+
+Q. How many were fined?
+
+A. Quite a number.
+
+Q. Did they pay their fines?
+
+A. Some of them did and some went to jail.
+
+Q. How many went to jail?
+
+A. That I cannot say.
+
+Q. Can't you make an estimate?
+
+A. I really could not, because you can imagine that morning I had not
+much stomach for anything to keep facts and figures. It is just a
+general idea. Everything was in such terrible confusion.
+
+Q. How large were the fines?
+
+A. From three to five dollars.
+
+Q. You say you cannot tell who those men were, or where they resided?
+
+A. No; they were people I never saw before.
+
+Q. Those who were committed to jail. Did you ever ascertain afterward
+who they were and where they came from?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. Did you ever make any effort?
+
+A. I never did. The police made efforts afterwards to try to ascertain,
+I believe, who they were, but I do not know what they did, or whether
+they did anything or not.
+
+Q. Can't you tell something about what class of people they were from
+their dress?
+
+A. They all looked to be of the poorer class of people, but what they
+were or who they were I cannot say.
+
+Q. Can't you tell whether they were tramps or railroad men or people of
+the poorer class?
+
+A. Some were tramps--I know that. I have a recollection of that. I
+don't think there were any railroad men. There may have been a few, but
+a very few, though. They were generally of the poorer class of people,
+picking up plunder.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were they Pittsburghers?
+
+A. That I cannot say. I never saw them before, and have never seen them
+since.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. When those policemen were sent out there, was there any arrangement
+made by Mr. Watt, or any other person, to keep the time of the men
+while in service?
+
+A. I had nothing to do with that. That was a matter for the clerk of
+the chief of police to attend to. I know that Mr. Watt, or somebody,
+sent down a check to pay them.
+
+Q. Have you any recollection of a party of eighty sent to the
+work-house?
+
+A. I remember a party of forty-six sent there. They came here from
+Cumberland, and were arrested on the arrival of the train here.
+
+Q. What train?
+
+A. On the Connellsville railroad.
+
+Q. Those were all sent up in a body?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. When was that?
+
+A. On the 23d or 24th of July.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+R. H. Fife, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you sheriff of Allegheny county last July?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How long have you been sheriff?
+
+A. Two years the first Monday of last January.
+
+Q. State what knowledge you have of the disturbance of the peace that
+commenced on the 19th of July last?
+
+A. On the 19th of July last I had been out of the city during a part of
+that day, and came home late in the evening. I went to my house, and
+remained there until sometime in the night. I had been sleeping, I
+think. About eleven o'clock, between that and twelve o'clock----
+
+Q. Thursday night?
+
+A. Yes. Mr. Scott--that is Mr. John Scott--Mr. Watt, and another
+gentleman--I do not recollect his name--came to the house. I came down
+and admitted them into the parlor. They told me of the trouble they
+had--that Mr. Watt had been assaulted, and that a large crowd was out
+there. They wished me to go out and see what I could do. I told them I
+would go, and I put my coat on, and called one of my deputies--Mr.
+Haymaker--and we started down to Union depot. There we met General
+Pearson, and he went with us out to one of the offices--I do not know
+just what office--and then General Pearson and Mr. Watt--I think Mr.
+Watt went along, or some other gentleman connected with the
+railroad--and I went up to Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. It was after the middle of the night--between twelve and one
+o'clock. There was a large crowd of rough people there. But probably I
+am a little ahead of my story when I speak of Twenty-eighth street. On
+my road up from the depot to Twenty-eighth street, the cars on the
+siding there, and on the tracks that were not filled with merchandise,
+appeared to be all filled with people. A number of them were in there
+sleeping, and others were in there carousing. All the cars appeared to
+be full. At Twenty-eighth street, I asked why that assemblage of people
+were there, and they said they were on a strike, and that they proposed
+to stop the freight trains from going out, and that they had stopped
+them. I told them they were acting contrary to the law, and that they
+must disperse. The reply was, "go to hell you gray-headed old son of a
+bitch," that and other pet names of similar character. I then repeated
+the order that they must disperse, and that if I had not the power to
+do it, that I would have to try to get power sufficient to do it. They
+then replied, that General Pearson and I both might go to hell, that
+they had the mayor and his force on their side, and that Mr. T. C.
+Jenkins had agreed to give them one thousand barrels of flour to stand
+out, and that Mr. Alexander King had agreed to give them a thousand
+dollars. I told them they did not know those gentlemen as well as I
+did, or they would not talk that way. They said they knew them, and
+that we had better take a walk. About this time there was a diversion
+in the crowd. A courier came with a piece of paper--I did not have it
+in my hand, I did not get to see it--but a large number of them ran
+across, and they read the communication aloud. It read something in
+this way: "Hold your position until to-morrow morning, and we will send
+five hundred coal miners to assist you." It purported to come from the
+Monongahela Valley. They then assembled back. I was up on a pile of
+lumber talking to them, and I commenced to talk again, but, after this,
+they were far more abusive than before. The language would not do to
+repeat. In a short time another courier came with another
+communication, representing to come from Wilkes-Barre, that parties
+there would be here to assist them as soon as they could.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were these people you spoke of, railroad men?
+
+A. Not many of them. A portion of them were, but not many. They were
+the bad elements of society from all parts of the city, and from some
+parts of the county, in connection with thieves and blackguards from
+other parts of the country. A great many strangers were there. I made
+that remark to one of the railroad officials, that the crowd was not
+composed entirely of our people, and he differed with me, and I gave
+this answer at the time--I said "These are not our people, for I claim
+to know as many men in Allegheny county as any other man in it, and
+they are strangers here that I never saw." Some females were there, or
+ladies, the worst I ever saw.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You speak now of Thursday night?
+
+A. Yes; my first introduction to the crowd. I remained some time,
+trying to get them to disperse. They did not offer me any violence, but
+refused to go, and said they would die there sooner than they would be
+driven off. One man there, who appeared to be a leader, had served two
+terms in the penitentiary. I knew him by sight. He appeared to be a
+leader. He was not a railroad man, and I do not think ever had been.
+
+Q. What was his name?
+
+A. He was killed on Saturday morning, by the Philadelphia soldiers,
+and, probably, I had better not name him. He amused himself up to
+Saturday morning annoying everybody, and was shot on Saturday morning.
+I became satisfied, that no force I had or could convene could hold
+that crowd there then, or the crowd that would likely be there in the
+morning. So I telegraphed to the Governor.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. It was after midnight. I suppose, about two o'clock.
+
+Q. Friday morning?
+
+A. Yes; I suppose so. I cannot give the exact time.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. It was during that night?
+
+A. Yes; about two o'clock. I telegraphed to the Secretary of the
+Commonwealth and to the Adjutant General.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Have you copies of those telegrams?
+
+A. I think I have in my safe.
+
+Q. I wish you would give us copies of them?
+
+A. I will do so. I received an answer sometime after that that he had
+ordered General Pearson to call out one regiment of volunteers to
+assist in putting down the riot.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Who was this from?
+
+A. I think from Secretary Quay or the Adjutant General. General Pearson
+then was ordered to call out the regiment here--the Duquesne Greys.
+They were called out to be in readiness at a certain hour in the
+morning. Afterwards I walked down to the city hall, and found about
+thirty men there, and a number of them were trying to get home as fast
+as they could. About thirty of them I saw in uniform at the city hall.
+During the forenoon of Friday, I went with General Pearson and some
+others, out through the mob or crowd at Twenty-eighth street, and along
+the line up to Twenty-eighth street, and up to Torrens station. There
+was a large crowd also, and very boisterous, and apparently very
+determined. I talked to them, and urged them to disperse, but they
+hooted and jeered. They did not use quite so bad language, but there
+was plenty of it, as they had done the night before. They told me they
+would wade in blood to their knees before they would disperse, and that
+it was blood or bread with them. I also read a proclamation to them,
+purporting to come from the Governor, and they hooted and jeered at
+that, and said they did not care, that they were going to stop those
+trains and had stopped them. It was then about eleven o'clock, and they
+said at that hour the railroads over the whole country are stopped.
+General Pearson attempted to address them, but they hooted and jeered
+at him. I believe he offered to buy a car load of bread and bring it
+out to them if they would disperse, but they said it was blood or bread
+with them, and they would not disperse. One young man that appeared to
+act as spokesman of the crowd while General Pearson was talking to
+them--I went to him, and asked him why he was acting in the way he was,
+and why this crowd was here. I am going to give you his answer: He said
+the Pennsylvania Railroad Company has two ends, one in Philadelphia and
+one in Pittsburgh. We have determined on a strike, and in Philadelphia
+they have a strong police force, and they are with the railroad, but in
+Pittsburgh they have a weak force, and it is a mining and manufacturing
+district, and we can get all the help we want from the laboring
+elements, and we have determined to make the strike here. I said to
+him: "Are you a railroader?" he said "No. I am a laboring man and not a
+railroader." I then asked him his name. He said: "It might be John
+Smith and might be John Jones, but I am not here to tell you what it
+is." I said: "Where do you live?" He said "In the eastern part of the
+State." I advised him to go home, and not engage in this bad business,
+but he said he intended to see it through or leave his corpse here. I
+might say, at East Liberty I warned them to disperse, the crowd, and
+when they refused to disperse, I warned the women and children to
+disperse--that the military would be there in a short time, and
+probably somebody would be hurt. I warned all having no part in the
+riot to get out of the road. The women answered me that they were there
+to urge the men on to do what they wanted. Who the women were I do not
+know, but they answered me in that way. That was in the forenoon of
+Friday. About noon there was a request sent to me to send some of my
+deputies with the railroad officials. I understood they were going to
+try to move the trains on Friday afternoon. I detached Major Boyce, and
+told him to take as many of my deputies as were necessary, and go down
+to Union depot. He started after a while, and came back, and it was
+reported to me that they had decided not to move any trains that
+afternoon. Consequently, he was not needed, he said. On Saturday--the
+forenoon of Saturday--I was called on by James Richardson, a
+constable--I do not know in what ward he is constable--I generally see
+him here in the Second ward--he is an old constable for many years in
+the city--he called on me and said that he had some warrants to arrest
+some parties who were leaders of the riot, issued by Judge Ewing,
+president judge of our court of common pleas No. 2, and that he wished
+me to go with him and take what assistance I could, to assist him in
+arresting some of the leaders of the mob. I immediately detailed ten of
+my deputies to go out and try to raise a _posse_. They started out
+and reported to me about one o'clock, and they had some eight or ten
+men with them.
+
+Q. On Saturday?
+
+A. Yes; some of them appeared willing to go provided they were paid in
+advance, and others were willing to go--that is, appeared willing to
+go--under any consideration. We started and went down as far as Union
+depot, and I think by the time I got there with this _posse_ my
+deputies had got up; they had all forsaken me and escaped except about
+six. We met Mr. Pitcairn there, and some of the other railroad
+officers. They told me they wished me to assist Mr. Richardson in
+arresting those parties, and that a division or a regiment, I do not
+know which they called it, of soldiers from Philadelphia would protect
+me. I went up with Mr. Richardson and Mr. Pitcairn, and another
+gentleman whom I saw giving his testimony here the other day; I do not
+know his name. We went up to Twenty-eighth street, and Mr. Pitcairn
+told me when we got to Twenty-eighth street, that he could not see the
+parties for whom the warrants were issued. I replied to him, that then
+my duty in that respect was ended. If he could not point them out that
+I could not arrest them; that I did not know them. I had seen the list
+of names, and I did not know any of them. I passed through the crowd,
+and they hooted and jeered at me for a mile, I suppose, but they
+offered me no violence. I went clear through the crowd and came and
+turned back through a portion of it. The military were bringing up a
+Gatling gun and placing it in position. I came back to the side of the
+Gatling gun. The military were formed into what I would call three
+sides of a hollow square. Shortly after that, or previous to that I
+might say, as we passed up, General Pearson was at my side, and a man
+who appeared to be a kind of leader of the crowd was on our right. He
+was very noisy and very boisterous, and God damning Pearson for
+bringing out his double-headers, and General Pearson just pointed at
+him and said, "That man will cause trouble after a little, I am
+afraid." The man saw him pointing. In some little time he came me--he
+forced himself through the lines of the military and came to me--and
+said, what had I against him? I said I had nothing against him, so long
+as he behaved himself. He asked what General Pearson had against him. I
+said I did not know. I did not hear him say anything against him. He
+said he was a friend of Pearson's, and had nothing against him, but
+that he was God damned if he was going to be pointed out that way in
+the crowd, that he had friends enough there to wipe us both out. I told
+him to get out. He said he would not go. I put my hands on his
+shoulders, and he was then thrown through to the crowd by one of the
+officers, He there became very noisy.
+
+The military came up through the crowd in front with arms apart, and
+the crowd stood still, refusing to get back. The soldiers were then
+ordered to charge bayonets. Then somebody cried out in the crowd to
+hold their position. They came up at a charge bayonets; but a number of
+their guns were seized by the mob, as you might call it, and at this
+time, any number of stones were thrown. I saw one soldier get struck
+with a piece of coal on the forehead, just peeling his forehead, and he
+fell to his knees. About the same time there were three or four pistol
+shots fired from the crowd into the ranks of the soldiers, and, as I
+said before, any quantity of stones and clubs were thrown. Then the
+firing commenced by the soldiers, and it ran along around two sides of
+the square. It was a kind of running fire without an order to fire. It
+put me in mind of a pack of shooting crackers, when you set one end on
+fire one report would follow another. Some parties were killed and a
+great many ran away. I waited some half hour or more there. The
+soldiers then retired towards the round-house, and I returned to my
+home.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What time did this firing occur?
+
+A. In the afternoon about I should judge between four and five o'clock.
+I think it was near five o'clock.
+
+Q. Did you remain home during the night?
+
+A. I did not. I came down to my office, and remained there.
+
+Q. Go on and relate your movements during the balance of the night, and
+Sunday and Sunday night.
+
+A. All that night, and Sunday and Sunday night, I remained in the
+court-house here. I was useless and powerless, and they were hunting me
+to murder me. On Monday morning, I went to my office door, and a
+drunken creature was leaning there, with a revolver in his right hand,
+hunting for the sheriff. I asked him what he wanted with him. He said,
+I want to see him. I said you can take a good look at him now, and,
+with that, I took him by the collar, and kicked him down the steps. I
+have not seen him since. I might have stated, that on Thursday night,
+(the first night I went out into the crowd,) there were shots fired
+when General Pearson and I went out there first. I do not know whether
+they were fired at any person in particular. I think that they were
+intended to alarm more than anything else.
+
+Q. When Mr. Scott came to your house, on Thursday night, to inform you
+of the riotous proceedings, did he advise you to consult with your
+counsel before going out?
+
+A. No; he said it probably would be necessary, before I got through, to
+see my counsel. I told him that I could not see him then, that he had
+returned to his home, in the Nineteenth ward, Pittsburgh, and it would
+be impossible for me to see him at that hour of the night. I told him I
+would see him at an early hour in the morning.
+
+Q. Did he tell you why it would be necessary?
+
+A. No; I do not think he did, particularly--not to my recollection. He
+said if I became satisfied, in my own mind, that I had not sufficient
+force to remove the crowd, that it would be my duty to call on the
+Governor for aid, and he wished me to be satisfied in my own mind.
+
+Q. How many of your deputies did you take with you that night?
+
+A. Only one--Mr. Haymaker.
+
+Q. Did you call for any posse that night?
+
+A. Not that night.
+
+Q. You did not call for any posse before telegraphing to the Governor?
+
+A. No; I did not. I will say this here, that although I was called on
+that night, I was aware pretty generally what was going on in regard to
+the strike previous to that. It could be heard on the street--parties
+were saying--the strike before this had occurred in other parts of the
+United States--and they would say it will be here--it will be here in a
+day or two. I could hear the remarks passed. Not only that, but every
+avenue of the city, for a week before, had been crowded. There was a
+very considerable travel by strangers coming to the city. The city was
+full of strangers at the time. There was no railroad or wagon road but
+what you could find on it a class of people traveling that you had
+never seen or heard of at all before, and they were coming into the
+city. The city was full of them. This I have not heard any other person
+remark but myself, but it is the fact of the case. On all the railroad
+trains you could see men coming in, riding on the tenders, or on the
+cow-catchers, or any way at all--on the steps, or any way.
+
+Q. What days?
+
+A. Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. I will give another little fact.
+This morning a lady came to my office, asking me to solicit
+transportation for her over the Pennsylvania railroad to Philadelphia.
+She wished to get a pass. I asked her why, and she said that she had a
+son living in Chester county who had come here and mixed himself in
+with the riots, and had laid out and slept out until he had got a cold,
+and that he now was dying with consumption, and she was poor, and
+wished me to solicit the Pennsylvania railroad company to give her a
+pass to go and see him before he died. She lives here, and her son is
+married and lives in Chester county. She lives nearly across the street
+from where I do. But I didn't know she had this son, though.
+
+Q. As soon as you returned on Thursday night from Twenty-eighth street,
+you telegraphed to the Governor?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Had you become satisfied, then, that it was necessary to call out
+the troops?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I had. The riot had assumed--although there had been no
+actual outbreak, except the striking of Mr. Watt--had assumed such
+proportions then, that it would have been folly for me to attempt in
+this city to have got a posse to remove the crowd. I might, if I had
+had time, have got the rural districts of this county to assist me--I
+might have got a force there, but then it would have been a worse
+slaughter than what it was. But in this city it would have been folly
+for me to try it. I knew the feeling of the people.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort on Friday forenoon to raise a posse?
+
+A. I did not. I viewed it in this way. That, when I had called on the
+State authorities, and the State authorities had responded, that that
+relieved me of that responsibility of calling a posse. In fact, I
+considered the idea of a sheriff of any county calling out a posse
+almost as an obsolete piece of law to-day. The time was, when the
+military were under the control of the sheriff, but it is not so now.
+
+Q. Do you know what the law is in regard to calling out the militia to
+suppress a riot?
+
+A. I have read the acts of assembly.
+
+Q. You knew what they were?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You knew what was necessary for you, as sheriff, to do before
+calling the militia?
+
+A. Well, any citizen can call on the Governor for aid--any responsible
+party.
+
+Q. But you knew what was necessary for you to do as sheriff?
+
+A. I think I did. I might have been mistaken.
+
+Q. You thought that you laid sufficient ground for calling on the
+Governor, did you?
+
+A. Yes; this riot had assumed such proportions at that time--it had
+gone so far, and such a crowd was there, of all the rough elements of
+society, that no posse, raised inside of three or four days--and then
+it would have had to be collected from all parts of the county--could
+have removed it.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd that night?
+
+A. Well, I cannot tell you that, because the cars not loaded with
+freight, as I said before, were all occupied. Some had four or five in,
+and some ten or twelve in. I cannot tell how many cars were full. At
+Twenty-eighth street, I judge that a thousand persons were there at
+that time, and all along, from Union depot to Twenty-eighth street,
+they were scattered.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Those cars you saw the men in, were they regular freight cars or
+caboose cars?
+
+A. I saw them in both. One thing other I wish to impress on the
+committee, and that is this: I see that other evidence--by reading it
+in the papers--places those warrants for the arrest of those parties on
+Saturday, in my hands. It is not the case. They were in the hands of
+James Richardson, the constable, and I was only acting as a guard to
+assist him.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was he not appointed as one of your deputies?
+
+A. No; I told him I would go myself, and give him some of my men to
+assist him. I took thirteen of my regular deputies and myself to assist
+him, and some other men not regularly connected with the office. The
+names of some of them I cannot recollect.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Would it then have been possible to have arrested those men?
+
+A. No, sir; not unless the military had done it. Probably, General
+Brinton might have been able, but I do not know. There was about a mile
+of a solid packed mob.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. On Saturday?
+
+A. Yes; the day we had the warrants.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Friday?
+
+A. On Friday there was a large crowd. It was continually increasing. It
+increased from Thursday, and kept on increasing all the time, on Friday
+and Saturday.
+
+Q. Were they all taking a part?
+
+A. No; a portion were lookers on, but the sympathy appeared to be all
+with the strikers. But I must say, that I did not see many of those
+strikers. After we had gone out to Torrens station, I asked Mr.
+Pitcairn how many men he knew in those two crowds, at Twenty-eighth
+street and Torrens station, as belonging to the road. After studying
+awhile, he said: "Well, really, I think I only know four."
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You say the sympathy of all those gathered around was with the
+strikers?
+
+A. It appeared to be.
+
+Q. How extensive was that sympathy--to what extent was it carried among
+the people?
+
+A. It was very extensive. In fact, I do hardly know any person whose
+sympathy was not with them. It went so far that on Saturday night,
+after the firing, parties were coming to my house and telling my family
+that they would be murdered or burned out before morning. My wife
+became alarmed, and in the street where I lived she could not get
+protection in any house. They would not let her in.
+
+Q. Why?
+
+A. Because they blamed me for being at the head of the soldiers, and
+for causing the killing of innocent parties. That was the reason they
+gave her--that they did not think they would be safe in letting her in.
+
+Q. What street is that?
+
+A. Washington street, Pittsburgh.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. On Thursday or Friday was this crowd boisterous or destroying
+things?
+
+A. They were not destroying things. On Friday they were stopping all
+the trains coming in--stopping trains, and then hooking on locomotives
+and running the cattle cars, for instance, to Torrens station, and
+letting the cattle out in the field. In fact, Mr. Pitcairn will
+remember that we were ordered out of the locomotive that we were on, to
+let them run cattle out.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Not on Thursday and Friday, but after the firing occurred, how was
+the sympathy?
+
+A. I think the sympathy was with the strikers from the first. I feel
+satisfied it was. But I am only giving you my own opinion.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. But you give that opinion, having formed it after intercourse with
+the people, and after being in the crowd?
+
+A. Yes; I talked with a great many of them, and they appeared to think
+it was a hardship to reduce the wages and the numbers of the men, and
+also, once in a while, they would bring in this freight discrimination
+question.
+
+Q. If you had had the warrants on Thursday night, could you have
+arrested those parties?
+
+A. If I had had a posse of two hundred or two hundred and fifty I
+probably could have arrested them, but probably there would have been
+somebody killed. I believe on Thursday morning if I had had the number
+of police that Mayor McCarthy had, I could have arrested the leaders,
+and put in prison the disorderly parties, and that then the trouble
+would not have assumed the proportions it did. That is only my own idea
+of it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Could it have been done on Thursday?
+
+A. As I said before, I was out of Pittsburgh part of Thursday. I was
+called away on business.
+
+Q. But from the time you became acquainted with the difficulty first?
+
+A. On Thursday morning I saw the crowd gathering around, and I think
+then if I had had a force and had been called on to anything with the
+force that Mayor McCarthy had, I think I could have done some good, but
+on Thursday night at one o'clock, I do not think it could have been
+done.
+
+Q. When those messages were brought in and read to the crowd as coming
+from other parties, were there any messages sent out to them in reply?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. No responses were made to them?
+
+A. There was considerable cheering.
+
+Q. But were any answers sent?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did those messages come in answer to messages that had been sent
+out?
+
+A. I cannot answer that. I have given you about the purport of the
+messages. Probably if General Pearson shall be called he might
+recollect the purport a little distincter than I have.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were those telegrams?
+
+A. I think not. I didn't so understand it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. There appeared to be an organization?
+
+A. It looked to me in that light very much.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You stated one was from Wilkes-Barre?
+
+A. Yes, and one from the Monongahela valley, and there was also one
+from Mansfield--that the coal miners there would be in in the morning.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Had you knowledge of any organization prior to this time?
+
+A. Nothing that I could assert with any distinctness--nothing only
+rumor--while I firmly believe there was. Now I will give you another
+fact or instance to corroborate my theory: Some five weeks after the
+riot I was in St. Paul, and the mayor of St. Paul had gathered up
+thirteen tramps in a cave on the bank of the Mississippi river. I was
+at the hearing, and each one had a traveling sack or satchel, and they
+examined these satchels and there were goods like silk handkerchiefs,
+and so forth, in them. The mayor asked them where they got them, and
+they said, at Pittsburgh at the time of the riot, "How did you know
+there was going to be a riot there." "Oh! we knew it, and we were
+there." If you will telegraph to the mayor at St. Paul he will
+substantiate the fact.
+
+Q. In regard to the extent of this sympathy with the strikers that you
+spoke of, I would like you to explain a little more upon that subject
+as to the extent of it, and as to what classes of people sympathized
+with the strikers?
+
+A. The whole laboring class, so far as I know, were with the strikers
+in their sympathy.
+
+Q. The entire laboring class?
+
+A. Yes; I think so. Do not understand me to say that they were in
+sympathy with the riot. They were in sympathy with the men on account
+of their wages being reduced.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. With the railroad strikers?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. But they were not opposed to the railroad company?
+
+A. I do not know that, but it was just this way that the railroad men
+had their sympathy. Then there was another sympathy of the merchants to
+a certain extent with these men. They believed they were not paid
+right, and that the railroad company were not doing----
+
+Q. Among what class of merchants?
+
+A. Our better class.
+
+Q. The entire classes?
+
+A. No; but a portion of them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was it sympathy with the strikers, or only prejudice against the
+railroad company?
+
+A. I think they had sympathy and prejudice both.
+
+Q. Do you think that any responsible portion of the people of
+Pittsburgh, whether laboring men or others, sympathized with the
+rioters after the difficulty had become a riot?
+
+A. No; I think not. I would say here, that the responsible portion of
+the people of Pittsburgh were not in sympathy with the riot, but I
+would say, further, that it took a certain amount of riot to bring them
+to their senses. Something has been said in regard to seeing my
+solicitor. On Friday morning, I did see him at an early hour, and
+stated to him all I had done, and what I had done, and he advised me
+that I had done just exactly what he would have advised me to do. He
+stayed with me nearly all day Friday and Saturday. Before going up to
+Union depot in company with him, I walked down the street, looking for
+a posse to go along, and among other places we dropped in, was Air.
+Hampton's office. They two consulted, and both decided that I had acted
+in the right way. I am only satisfying you in regard to that. Those
+gentlemen, both, can be had at any time.
+
+The following are the telegrams referred to in the foregoing testimony
+of Sheriff Fife:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _July 19, '77_.
+
+    To Hon. JOHN LATTA,
+    _Lieutenant Governor of Penn'a._:
+
+    I have forwarded the following dispatch to his Excellency Governor
+    Hartranft, at Harrisburg. Learning that he is absent from the
+    State, I forward it also to you for such action as you may deem
+    your duty and powers render proper.
+
+    Signed
+
+    R. H. FIFE,
+    _Sheriff of Allegheny county_.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Following is the dispatch above alluded to:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _July 19, 1878_.
+
+    HON. JOHN F. HARTRANFT,
+    _Governor of Pennsylvania,
+    Harrisburg_:
+
+    A tumult, riot, and mob exist on the Pennsylvania railroad at East
+    Liberty and in the Twelfth ward of Pittsburgh. Large assemblages of
+    people are upon the railroad, and the movement of freight trains,
+    either east or west, is prevented by intimidation and violence,
+    molesting and obstructing the engineers and other employés of the
+    railroad company in the discharge of their duties. As the sheriff
+    of the county, I have endeavored to suppress the riot, and have not
+    adequate means at my command to do so, and I, therefore, request
+    you to exercise your authority in calling out the military to
+    suppress the same.
+
+    R. H. FIFE, (Copy.)
+    _Sheriff of Allegheny county_.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    BEAVER, PA., _July 20, 3:35, A.M._
+
+    R. H. FIFE,
+    _Sheriff_:
+
+    Your telegram received. I have telegraphed the Adjutant General.
+
+    M. S. QUAY,
+    _Secretary Commonwealth_.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    HARRISBURG, _July 20, 2:11, A.M._
+
+    R. H. FIFE,
+    _Sheriff Allegheny county Pa._:
+
+    Gen. Latta will be here in an hour, and means taken to assist you
+    if necessary.
+
+    C. N. FARR, JR.,
+    _Private Secretary_.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    HARRISBURG, _July 20, 2:30, A.M._
+
+    R. H. FIFE,
+    _Sheriff Allegheny county, Pa._:
+
+    The Constitution gives me no power to act in the matter. The
+    Governor alone has the power. His law officer, Attorney General
+    Lear, can be reached either at Harrisburg or Doylestown.
+
+    JOHN LATTA,
+    _Lieut. Gov._
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    LANCASTER, PA., _3:17, A.M._
+
+    R. H. FIFE,
+    _Sheriff Allegheny county, Pa._:
+
+    Have ordered General Pearson to place a regiment on duty to aid you
+    in suppressing disorder.
+
+    JAMES W. LATTA, (Copy.)
+    _Adjutant General_.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Hugh Y. Boyce, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were a deputy sheriff in July last?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You reside where?
+
+A. No. 551 Fifth avenue.
+
+Q. State to us what knowledge you have of the disturbance, and when it
+commenced--give us a statement of the facts?
+
+A. Coming in on Friday morning, from attending a sale, I met the
+sheriff and General Pearson, on Grant street or on Liberty street. I
+told the sheriff I was going to the office, and I asked where he was
+going, and he said he was going out the Pennsylvania railroad a short
+distance. I asked him if he wished me to go along, and he said he did.
+Then the sheriff and Mr. Pitcairn and General Pearson and myself went
+to Torrens station. The sheriff there addressed the crowd, as also did
+General Pearson. They gave some good advice, but they took no notice of
+it.
+
+Q. How did you go out?
+
+A. On a locomotive.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was there?
+
+A. Five or six hundred--I couldn't tell.
+
+Q. What class of people were there?
+
+A. A pretty hard class.
+
+Q. Railroad men?
+
+A. Some were railroad men, but they were not all railroad men.
+
+Q. What were they doing?
+
+A. Standing in groups talking, on the railroad track, and by the side
+of the railroad track.
+
+Q. Were you interfered with in going out?
+
+A. No; except the crowd hallooed at us as we went along.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I cannot say that--perhaps four or five hundred.
+
+Q. What response did those men make to the sheriff's admonitions?
+
+A. They said they would have bread or blood.
+
+Q. Anything else?
+
+A. Nothing; but they used very bad language.
+
+Q. They refused to disperse, did they?
+
+A. Yes; General Pearson made a neat, handsome little speech to them,
+but they paid no attention to it, nor to the sheriff either.
+
+Q. Did you return without any interference?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What occurred next?
+
+A. The next was on Saturday. In the morning, sometime, the sheriff
+called me into the office, and told me to get up some men to report at
+the Pennsylvania railroad depot.
+
+Q. Did you go?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many were with you?
+
+A. I think about fifteen or sixteen; I am not certain about that.
+
+Q. Tell us what took place?
+
+A. This was on Friday afternoon. We went out that afternoon to the
+depot. They wanted some assistance in moving some trains. After I went
+there, they concluded not to move any, and I returned to the office;
+and on Saturday I went again, with Constable James Richardson, probably
+about one o'clock.
+
+Q. With how many men?
+
+A. Seventeen or eighteen men?
+
+Q. Who collected the men?
+
+A. The most of them belonged to the sheriff's office.
+
+Q. Did you try to collect a posse?
+
+A. Yes; but I found it very hard work.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say it was hard work. Why?
+
+A. Because the men didn't seem to be willing to give us their
+assistance.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What did they say when they were asked to go?
+
+A. They said they would sooner go out and help the rioters.
+
+Q. Did you get that response from any considerable number?
+
+A. A few would answer in that way; others said that they had enough to
+do to attend to their own business.
+
+Q. What class of men did you call on?
+
+A. I called on citizens and on constables.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did any constables refuse to go?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What excuse did they make?
+
+A. They didn't wish to go out to get shot.
+
+Q. What class of men said that they would sooner go out and help the
+rioters?
+
+A. Well, laboring men.
+
+Q. You say you called on constables and citizens. Citizens is a very
+broad term. Did you call on any professional men?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. On business men?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What response did they make?
+
+A. That they had to attend to their own business, and couldn't leave on
+account of it--it being a busy day on Saturday.
+
+Q. You got to the depot about one o'clock?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+Q. Was any crowd about Union depot there?
+
+A. Yes; and soldiers, too.
+
+Q. Were there any riotous proceedings around the depot at that time?
+
+A. Not at that time, but a crowd was there, but they didn't appear to
+be specially riotous at that time.
+
+Q. Did you move down to Twenty-eighth street with the sheriff, ahead of
+the militia?
+
+A. We did.
+
+Q. You formed one of the sheriff's posse?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. There were about sixteen of you?
+
+A. About eighteen. There may have been more.
+
+Q. Were you armed?
+
+A. No; some of them had revolvers. I had one.
+
+Q. You had no weapons in view?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. What took place at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. There was quite a large crowd of people there--rioters.
+
+Q. What were they doing?
+
+A. Talking, and hallooing, and making a great noise.
+
+Q. Had they begun to destroy property in any way?
+
+A. Not when we went there--at least not when I was there.
+
+Q. What did the sheriff do?
+
+A. The sheriff advised them to disperse and go home.
+
+Q. Advised them or commanded them?
+
+A. Commanded them.
+
+Q. What response was made?
+
+A. Nothing but vile language, and throwing stones, and brickbats, &c.
+
+Q. Were those stones thrown at the sheriff's posse or at the militia?
+
+A. Promiscuously--all around in that neighborhood.
+
+Q. Did they hit any of the sheriffs posse?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were any of them injured?
+
+A. Not materially.
+
+Q. Were any pistols fired?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many shots were fired before the militia fired?
+
+A. There may have been five or six.
+
+Q. To what extent were the missiles thrown?
+
+A. There was quite a shower of stones and brickbats.
+
+Q. Was any command given to the militia to fire?
+
+A. Not that I heard. I heard the command to charge bayonets, but no
+command to fire.
+
+Q. Was the command to charge bayonets obeyed?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did they drive back the crowd?
+
+A. A very short distance.
+
+Q. Did they drive them as long as they continued to charge?
+
+A. Yes; they cleared the tracks.
+
+Q. And drove them as far as they desired to?
+
+A. I presume so, just at that time. Quite a number of the
+crowd--several of them--tried to take the muskets out of the hands of
+the soldiers.
+
+Q. How did the firing by the militia commence--was it one shot--one
+shot or a volley?
+
+A. One shot, and then another shot, and then two or three shots every
+second.
+
+Q. A rattling volley?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was it regular?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What effect did that have on the crowd?
+
+A. It drove them away for the time being.
+
+Q. Where did they assemble afterwards?
+
+A. In different places down below Penn street and up on the hill.
+
+Q. Did the crowd assemble between the depot and where the militia were
+then stationed?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. What became of you?
+
+A. After the firing was over, probably three quarters of an hour, I
+came in Penn avenue.
+
+Q. Did the posse remain together?
+
+A. When the firing commenced we were standing immediately in front. It
+was too warm to stand there very long.
+
+Q. Did the firing disperse the sheriff's posse, too?
+
+A. Yes; it was a rather peculiar place to stand there.
+
+Q. Do you know how many were killed there that evening?
+
+A. I don't know the exact number now.
+
+Q. Had you any knowledge of any pre-arranged purpose among those men to
+strike on that day?
+
+A. I had not--only what you might judge from the crowds gathering there
+occasionally, at the corners, and on the railroad tracks, and different
+places.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was there any talk of striking among those men that gathered in
+crowds before the strike?
+
+A. Yes; you could hear a great deal of talk about a strike, but nothing
+was said as to the time when it was going to take place.
+
+Q. How long before this strike?
+
+A. On Tuesday and Wednesday.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who was the talk among?
+
+A. Among the laboring classes--among the men that worked in the mills,
+and the glass houses, &c., and railroad men.
+
+Q. Did you hear it before the news of the strike on the Baltimore and
+Ohio railroad?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. It was not until after that that you heard talk of striking?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Prior to that you had heard nothing that would lead you to believe
+there was an organization for the purpose?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. That was the subject of conversation, I suppose, among all
+classes--to some extent?
+
+A. Yes; it was.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Conrad Upperman, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In Penn avenue, between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth streets.
+
+Q. What was your occupation?
+
+A. I was night foreman in the round-house.
+
+Q. Were you on duty on Thursday night?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. State whether there was any disturbance about the round-house on
+that night.
+
+A. There was none about the round-house at all. The only disturbances
+there were, took place out on the track, about Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. What kind of a disturbance was it?
+
+A. The railroad men and the others were combined--but they were not
+doing anything, except standing there in groups.
+
+Q. During the night was the crowd noisy and boisterous?
+
+A. Somewhat.
+
+Q. You were in sight of them?
+
+A. I was among them nearly all the time. On Thursday night, between
+eight and nine o'clock, I attempted to get out an engine to haul some
+stock, and I thought it was useless to attempt it without first seeing
+whether they would allow us to haul it. Mr. Watt told me in the office
+that they would allow us to haul the stock; but when I got among them
+they didn't seem very favorable to allowing it. So we talked to them
+some time, and at last they agreed that we could haul the stock. I
+brought the engine out myself; but before I could get her across
+Twenty-eighth street four or five hundred called out to me and
+hallowed--called out to me to take her back; but I got her across
+Twenty-eighth street, and, after talking to them, they got quiet, and
+agreed that I could haul the stock, provided a committee could go on
+the engine to see that we would not haul anything else. I then got two
+engineers, one to fire the engine, and one to run it, and they took the
+stock up that night; but a little later in the night a Pan Handle train
+came along, and that raised a terrible howl there about the stock, and
+they cut the engine loose; but at last they let the stock go as far as
+Lawrenceville, and then we got an engine to haul it away. In fact, they
+went along on the train.
+
+Q. What complaints did the men make in your conversations with them?
+
+A. They complained about the double-headers; that they would take a
+great many of them off; that it would take their work away at any rate,
+and they thought they might as well fight it.
+
+Q. Were you in the round-house on Saturday night?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. Were you present when the firing occurred on Saturday afternoon?
+
+A. No; I went home at six o'clock in the morning to take some sleep. I
+then went to the round-house between seven and eight o'clock. When I
+got there the soldiers were just entering. After they had got
+themselves stationed there, it was not long until the outside parties
+commenced firing into the round-house.
+
+Q. With what?
+
+A. With musketry.
+
+Q. The rioters?
+
+A. Yes; between eleven and twelve o'clock that night. There was a board
+pile between Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh streets, and a good many
+of them got in behind that, and they just rattled volley after volley
+into the round-house. I was standing there; but I thought it was too
+hot, and went to the other side. I then remained in the round-house
+until about twelve o'clock, and then told an officer that I would go
+out. He said I had better see General Brinton first, that I might do
+him some good. I saw General Brinton; but he had nothing to say, and I
+said nothing to him. I started to go out the back way of the carpenter
+shop; but there was a lot of rioters there, and we thought that it
+would not be safe, so we came on back to where the superintendent's
+office stood, and he proposed that I might go out the gate at
+Twenty-sixth street, and that he would tell his soldiers not to fire on
+me. The firing was going on at Twenty-sixth street. I got out then and
+went on home.
+
+Q. Were you molested by the rioters?
+
+A. Not then; but on Friday night or Saturday morning, between twelve
+and one o'clock, we were getting out two passenger engines to go east.
+It was not my business to know what the engines were going to haul. I
+got orders to get them out, and I went out in the street then and got
+two engineers and firemen, but a man came in and gave us to understand
+that the engines couldn't go, and I knew it was no use to argue the
+point with them, because there were four or five hundred of them there
+on Twenty-eighth street.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was that man a railroader?
+
+A. Not at that time. I believe he had been suspended. He is in the
+work-house now. Then we had two engines coming west on the fast line
+that same night, and we cut one engine off and took the accommodation
+engine at Wall's, and let the accommodation engine bring the train in,
+and let the other engine go back to Altoona; but we found they had her
+blocked. I went to Twenty-eighth street, and they were pretty noisy at
+that time. Some of them came to me, and asked what kind of a hand I was
+taking in the matter. I told them I was not taking any more hand in it
+than I ought to, and they told me if I didn't get out right quick they
+would shoot me so full of holes that I couldn't get away. I found it
+was pretty hot, and I got away. On Friday morning, when the troops came
+there, there was not over twenty or thirty men at Twenty-eighth street.
+They seemed to go away, but after that, of course, they commenced
+gathering in groups, and I noticed the troops were not there very long
+until they were among them themselves. I noticed that morning, before I
+went home, that they were walking together in the street, our own men
+and the soldiers. I thought there was no use for those soldiers there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What morning was that?
+
+A. Saturday morning.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What troops were those?
+
+A. The Pittsburgh troops. I was there Thursday night and Friday night
+and Saturday night until one o'clock.
+
+Q. At Twenty-eighth street, were the same men there all the time from
+Thursday until Saturday--until the firing of the troops?
+
+A. Yes; they were nearly about the same crowd. Of course, the crowd
+increased. On Friday night four or five thousand of them were there,
+but the crowd was orderly, and I never saw them molest anybody unless
+you wanted to do something--then they would drive you back.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Would it have been possible for the police to have made any arrests
+at that time?
+
+A. I went out and looked at the crowd. I looked over the crowd and I
+thought if there were any police there they could have arrested the
+whole of them.
+
+Q. Could a force of fifty good police have dispersed the mob?
+
+A. They could on Thursday afternoon, when the first double-header was
+stopped. I think only about from twenty to twenty-five men were
+interfering with that train at all. It was just this way: I stood and
+looked on, but I had nothing to do with it. It was daylight, and I was
+on at night. There were four police on each engine, and a road foreman
+was on an engine, and the engineers and firemen, but they didn't seem
+to pull her out. I didn't see anybody with anything in their hands, but
+was informed that there were parties with links and pins in their
+hands, ready to throw in case they did start.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know of any engineers or firemen being driven off their
+engines when there were policemen with them on the train?
+
+A. I cannot say that I do. They got off, though.
+
+Q. Did the police get off too?
+
+A. They did, yes.
+
+Q. You didn't see them driven off?
+
+A. No, they hooted and hallooed a good bit.
+
+Q. They got off--no links were thrown and no assaults were made?
+
+A. Not when I was looking.
+
+Q. How many police were on the engines?
+
+A. Four on the first, and I think four on the second.
+
+Q. They got off on account of the threats?
+
+A. That is the only reason I would know for their getting off.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+C. A. Fife, _sworn with uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You are the son of Sheriff Fife?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were you in the sheriff's office on Thursday, the 19th of July?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was there any call upon the sheriff during that day for assistance
+in putting down the disturbance at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Not during that day, I do not think.
+
+Q. During the evening?
+
+A. I believe so, but I was not home.
+
+Q. You were not out with him?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Were you out with him on Friday?
+
+A. I was at Union depot on Friday.
+
+Q. Was there any disturbance there?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you out on Saturday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. I was there when the militia went out, in the afternoon.
+
+Q. Were you a member of the sheriff's posse?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Tell us what occurred there?
+
+A. We walked into the crowd. The crowd would open for us to walk in,
+and then close around us.
+
+Q. At what point was that?
+
+A. Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. The militia were immediately in your rear.
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What did the sheriff say to the crowd?
+
+A. He asked them to disperse.
+
+Q. What response did they make?
+
+A. I cannot say that. They hooted, and hallooed, and used vile
+language, and threw stones.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. They did not disperse?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who were the stones thrown at?
+
+A. Both at the militia and us, but I cannot say exactly.
+
+Q. Were any guns or pistols fired at you?
+
+A. I heard pistol shots, but cannot say who they were fired at.
+
+Q. Before the firing from the soldiers?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was there any command given to fire?
+
+A. Not that I heard.
+
+Q. Where were you during Saturday night, after the shooting?
+
+A. I was around through town here--no place in particular.
+
+Q. Were you at your home?
+
+A. Yes; then I was out on the hill above Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Was there anybody that offered violence to you?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was any attempt made to burn the house of the sheriff?
+
+A. I did not see anybody there, but I heard that there had been parties
+at the house.
+
+Q. You saw nobody there?
+
+A. I did not get home until near morning. I was out on the hill at
+Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Were any threats made that you heard?
+
+A. I did not hear any, but I heard of them.
+
+Q. Did you assist on Saturday in raising that posse?
+
+A. I tried to get some parties.
+
+Q. What efforts did you make?
+
+A. I asked several parties to go out with us.
+
+Q. What replies did you get?
+
+A. I was refused wherever I asked anybody.
+
+Q. What class of men did you call on?
+
+A. I do not exactly remember now who I did ask--parties I would see
+around the court-house.
+
+Q. You did not succeed in getting anybody?
+
+A. No.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until to-morrow morning, at ten
+o'clock.
+
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM,
+    PITTSBURGH, _Tuesday, February 12, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled at ten o'clock,
+A.M., this day, and continued the taking of testimony.
+
+The first witness examined was:
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Alexander E. McCandless, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. On Centre avenue, in this city.
+
+Q. What is your profession?
+
+A. I am a physician.
+
+Q. State whether you were connected with the fire department last July?
+
+A. I was a fire commissioner.
+
+Q. What are the duties of the fire commissioners?
+
+A. They are elected by city councils to take care of the fire
+department, and to elect the force, and to run it, and they have
+general supervision over the expenditure of the money.
+
+Q. Do they control the movements of the fire department in case of a
+fire?
+
+A. We have a chief engineer for that purpose.
+
+Q. What was done by the fire department during the riot for the purpose
+of protecting the city or railroad companies' property from fire?
+
+A. The first alarm of fire was struck about eleven o'clock on Saturday
+night, after the cars were set fire to. The fire department responded
+as soon as the alarm was struck, and started out to the fire, No. 7
+engine, I believe, being the first on the way. At that time, I was on
+top of the hill overlooking the outer depot. I heard the alarm struck,
+and I heard the engine start, and then I heard the shouts of the mob,
+and could hear the gong of the engine as it was running. I then heard
+the engine stop, and could hear the oaths of the men all distinctly.
+Afterwards I went down into the crowd, and as the other engines came
+up, I saw them stopped by the mob there, who swore that if we did lay
+any hose, they would cut the hose, and shoot the drivers, and all that
+kind of a thing. The mob would not allow the fire department to put a
+drop of water on the company's property, and all that night we did not
+get to throw any. The following night when private property caught fire
+they allowed us to throw water on it, and did not interfere.
+
+Q. Was private property protected pretty generally?
+
+A. As well as it could be done, but it was so extensive that we could
+not protect it altogether; we had the force of the fire department cut
+down on account of the appropriations not being sufficient to run it a
+short time before that, and the result was that we were short of men.
+
+Q. Was the private property fired by the mob, or did it catch from the
+railroad company's fire?
+
+A. I cannot state that of my own knowledge.
+
+Q. What seemed to be the disposition of the mob?
+
+A. They were wild--perfectly mad, and appeared to want to burn
+everything or anything, especially the railroad property.
+
+Q. This is Saturday night you speak of?
+
+A. That evening--Saturday evening--we did not get to throw any water.
+But the chief engineer can give fuller details than I can about that.
+
+Q. Did you call on the mayor for protection in any way for your fire
+department?
+
+A. Not personally, but the chief of the department, I think, did.
+
+Q. Was the fire department protected by the police?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. During Saturday night or the day of Sunday?
+
+A. Not that I know of. We were the only department that kept up any
+organization in this city at that time.
+
+Q. You say you did keep up your organization?
+
+A. Yes, perfectly, and we followed the line of the fire all the way
+down Liberty street clear to Union depot.
+
+Q. During the entire riot you preserved your organization?
+
+A. Yes. I was attacked once near the grain elevator. I was directing a
+stream of water on the hotel opposite, and they thought I wanted to put
+water on the elevator, and they attacked me; but I got away, as I was
+on horseback.
+
+Q. If your fire department had been protected by the police, could you
+have controlled the fire?
+
+A. We could at the inception of it--when they started burning the cars.
+Only one car was lit at that time.
+
+Q. The fire department, you say, is under the control of a chief
+engineer?
+
+A. Yes; he has supreme control of the fire department, and in case of a
+large fire he is assisted by the commissioners.
+
+Q. Is he subject to the order of the mayor?
+
+A. No; he is not. He has nothing to do with the mayor.
+
+Q. He is subject to the orders of the commissioners?
+
+A. Yes; he is directed by them, but he has supreme control of the fire
+department. If he wants the assistance of the commissioners he sends an
+alarm for them.
+
+Q. In case the fire department needs protection, to whom ought you to
+look for that protection?
+
+A. I suppose to the head of the police department of the city.
+
+Q. Do you know, of your own knowledge, whether any demand was made upon
+the chief of police for protection?
+
+A. Not of my own knowledge.
+
+Q. Is the fire department a paid department?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see the fire when it first started?
+
+A. I saw the first of it--the first torch applied to the first car.
+
+Q. Where was that car standing?
+
+A. Beyond the round-house. And I thought they had an engine up there.
+They would fire one car and start it, and fire another car and start
+it, and fire another car and start it.
+
+Q. Can you give us the street where it was?
+
+A. I think they were all above Twenty-eighth street--the cars that were
+started.
+
+Q. You thought they had an engine to start the cars?
+
+A. I thought so--either that or a large gang of men. They started so
+rapidly.
+
+Q. When those cars came down, where did they stop after they were
+started?
+
+A. They came down--the whole yard was packed with cars down below the
+round-house, and they had the switches so arranged that they ran down
+to the round-house. They were trying to burn out the soldiers. It was
+very plain what their motive was.
+
+Q. The motive, at first, was not to destroy the railroad company's
+property, but to burn out the soldiers?
+
+A. That was the motive, to my mind, as I viewed it from the hill.
+
+Q. What were those first cars loaded with?
+
+A. I cannot tell that.
+
+Q. With oil?
+
+A. No; they were freight cars first that were fired. Afterwards they
+started the oil cars down.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. As the fire progressed on Sunday morning, what seemed to be the
+motive?
+
+A. It was general destruction then. They started the oil cars early
+Sunday morning.
+
+Q. What time did the troops get out of the round-house?
+
+A. I did not see them come out. I only know from newspaper reports.
+
+Q. Did you see the mob as it approached the depot with torches, and the
+burning of Union depot?
+
+A. No; I was at work on another part of the fire.
+
+Q. How large was the mob during Sunday?
+
+A. It would be hard to form an estimate. It was an immense crowd, for
+squares on Liberty street, breaking cars open and stealing--ten
+thousand or fifteen thousand anyway--just streaming back over the hill,
+taking the things away. Thousands of them were carrying away everything
+imaginable, and going to the south side with them. They passed my
+house--crowds of them.
+
+Q. Who were ahead--the men with the torches or the plundering posse?
+
+A. The torches were first.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. In what manner did the mob interfere with your men?
+
+A. They would not let them get to the fire.
+
+Q. They stopped your men?
+
+A. Yes; they just got ahead in front of the horses and caught the
+horses by the head, and swore they would shoot the drivers if they
+would go any further.
+
+Q. But they did not assault your men?
+
+A. They interfered in every way they could. One of our men caught a man
+going along with a sword-cane punching holes in the hose, and he
+knocked him down, and took it away from him. They have that cane now.
+
+Q. Did you not have one of your fire engines in position to play on the
+fire when the police offered to protect you from the mob, but your men
+did not then play on the fire?
+
+A. The chief engineer can tell you that. I was not present when that
+occurred.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Samuel M. Evans, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. At 190 Fourth avenue.
+
+Q. What was your official connection with the fire department in July
+last?
+
+A. I was the chief engineer.
+
+Q. How long have you occupied that position?
+
+A. Since last May. I was the assistant chief for two years, and the
+engineer of a company before that, and the foreman of a company before
+that. I then resigned for sometime, and was then elected engineer
+afterwards, and was then elected assistant chief engineer, and then
+elected chief.
+
+Q. State when the first alarm of fire was given?
+
+A. On Saturday night, about eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. From whence did the fire proceed--what part of the city?
+
+A. The corner of Twenty-sixth and Penn streets--it was there the box
+struck.
+
+Q. What did you do?
+
+A. When the alarm came I was in bed. They fetched my wagon to me, and I
+went out there, and when I got to Eleventh street--driving there--they
+got in my way--certain parties--and called out: "You son of a bitch,
+don't lay any hose--you son of a bitch." But I said to them, "you can
+go to hell;" and I started on. It was on the street, and I went at a
+pretty rapid gait. When I got out as far as the "Independent" house,
+Mr. Coates, one of the fire commissioners, said to me: "Sam, drive in
+here, quick." I drove then into the engine house, and then went to
+Twenty-eighth and Liberty streets where the mob was. I looked up and
+saw the fire. It was a car--it appeared to be an oil tank car. At
+first, No. 7 was between Twenty-second and Twenty-third streets on the
+right side of Penn, in the gutter. They had no fire in the engine, and
+I said: "Where's your fire?" And they told me they had put a pistol to
+the head of the fireman, and made him draw the fire. I told the
+engineer then to turn her around and take her down to the house and to
+fire up again. They went to the house, and I told them to stand there
+so as to be ready to go into service if we could get into service. Then
+they came up with a big gun on wheels--a cannon--pulling it along on
+the street. After they got up to where a few hose carriages were, they
+came to Twenty-third street--and I said, "what is the matter?" And all
+they said was to point the gun at us and said: "If you don't get out of
+that we'll blow you to hell." I said we had better come down here than
+go there. While I was standing there, an alarm came from East Liberty.
+I went out there, and when I went out there I thought probably it was
+the stock-yards, but I found it was a solitary house away down on
+Negley's run, a mile or a mile and a half from the railroad. Then I
+told the engine company at East Liberty to stay there in case they
+would burn Mr. Pitcairn's house, or set the stock-yards on fire, and
+that we would manage to get along without them. So they did not come
+in. Then I came in, and I think at eight minutes after three it was,
+when they sent a signal in that the fire was out. There was a big crowd
+on Liberty street, and somebody asked me to let them lay a line of hose
+to save Mr. Hardie's stable, and some property belonging to Mr. Denny.
+I told the foreman then of hose company No. 1, to lay a line of hose up
+Liberty street from Thirty-first street, and that if any stables got on
+fire, or any private property, to throw water on it. Then four men
+stopped me with guns, and asked me what I was going to do, and I said I
+was going to lay a line of hose; and they said, not a God damned line
+of hose. But I said to them that I was going to save private property,
+and then they said, that I could throw water on that, "but that if you
+throw any water on the company's fire we will shoot you and cut your
+hose," and everything else. While coming in they were carrying goods
+away from the cars. Everybody you would see, had a bundle on their
+shoulders or their heads.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What time of night was this?
+
+A. Between three and four o'clock in the morning. I came down to
+Twenty-third street, but we could not go into service at all. They were
+shooting at that time out of the machine shop and the round-house.
+
+Q. Who were shooting?
+
+A. The soldiers, and the others were shooting out of the board pile.
+
+Q. Firing at the round-house?
+
+A. Yes; they took this gun and planted it in the street to shoot into
+the round-house, and these men in the round-house, when they would go
+to sight this gun, would shoot them. They had this gun loaded with
+links and pins belonging to the railroad company. After the fire
+started, I think it could have been stopped before it set the
+round-house on fire. I think at that time it could have been stopped,
+because in the morning, about six or seven o'clock, they commenced
+running down the wall--a crowd of them--and then pushed the cars up
+along the Allegheny Valley track, and when they would come to a car
+afire--one man I noticed particularly jump up on a car, and stop it
+alongside of another car afire. Then when it would catch fire they
+would open the brakes, and let it go down to the round-house. Then they
+threw something out of the round-house, and stopped the cars there, and
+then they got to throwing water out of the round-house on the cars. I
+was down on the corner of Twenty-third street when two rough looking
+customers came down, and asked me where the place to stop the water off
+was. They said they are throwing water out of the round-house. I told
+them to go to the head of Twenty-sixth street on Liberty, and that they
+would see a big iron plate in the middle of the street, and that they
+should lift that up, and put their hands down and stop it off. They
+said they will pick us off, and they wanted to know if there was no
+place in Penn street to stop the water off. I said no.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You knew they could not stop it off?
+
+A. Yes; I knew they were rioters, and if they went where I told them
+they would shoot them, perhaps.
+
+Q. You did not give the information for the purpose of getting the
+water stopped off.
+
+A. No; I knew that they could not stop it off.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were these two men strangers?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You are very well acquainted about Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did this crowd--all of them--seem to be citizens?
+
+A. Some of them did, and some did not.
+
+Q. What were the citizens doing?
+
+A. Standing there--a great many of them--but they were afraid to speak
+or to do anything for fear of getting hurt--those that felt like
+stopping it. A good many were arrested. I saw the "black maria" very
+busy taking men down to the station-house, and I asked the policemen
+how many were arrested, and they said one hundred and thirty or one
+hundred and forty, for stealing, and in the morning I asked a man what
+they did with them, and he said that the mayor had fined them three
+dollars and costs, and let them go. I said they were all thieves, and
+he said that nobody was there to identify the property. I said it was
+not necessary to identify stolen property.
+
+Q. Did he get the three dollars out of them?
+
+A. That is what the policeman said--three dollars and costs.
+
+Q. He did not let them go until he got that?
+
+A. That is what he told me.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What time was the round-house set on fire?
+
+A. About seven o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. How was it fired?
+
+A. From cars on the Allegheny Valley railroad.
+
+Q. Is that on Liberty street?
+
+A. Yes; the track is on top of the wall until you come to a little
+piece on this side of Twenty-sixth street, and then it comes down and
+gets level with the payment--between Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth
+streets it begins to get on a level with the payment. These cars were
+stopped between Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh streets. One fireman
+told me--a fireman of Engine Company 8, in Philadelphia--that he got
+the water ready to throw, or was handling the line, when he said there
+was a car loaded with liquor in it burning, and it ran down into the
+cellar of the round-house, or the shop on the other side, and that that
+was what drove them out so that they could not do anything. When that
+liquor, burning, ran down into the cellar, it set the buildings on
+fire.
+
+Q. Did any of your engines play on the fire on the railroad?
+
+A. No; they would not let us. And we had as much as we could do after
+the fire started. As fast as the fire would come along we would move
+the engines down.
+
+Q. How many engines had you?
+
+A. Eleven of my own, and the chief engineer of Allegheny came over and
+fetched me three.
+
+Q. They would not allow you to play on the railroad property.
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you ask protection from the mayor?
+
+A. I do not know that I saw him but once. He and Roger O'Mara came up
+Penn street in a buggy, and turned out Liberty, and then O'Mara came
+back some way without the mayor.
+
+Q. Did you ask for protection?
+
+A. No; I did not see anybody to ask.
+
+Q. Do you know of any protection given to you by the police?
+
+A. No protection at all, sir. If I could have got protection when I
+first went out to the fire, we could have kept the other cars from
+burning. We could have pulled them away sufficiently far to stop the
+oil tanks from setting any of the rest afire, and kept them cooled off.
+
+Q. Do you think that the police force of the city could have protected
+you so that you could have played on the fire?
+
+A. If they had not been demoralized, they could. If they had had a
+police like the New York police, they could have kept the crowd back.
+
+Q. How many men would it have taken to protect you sufficiently?
+
+A. After the fire got started, it would have taken right smart, but
+before that I think that one hundred and fifty or two hundred men could
+have stopped the whole thing, because police can do more than soldiers.
+
+Q. We have testimony that the police offered to give protection to one
+engine?
+
+A. Let the police come up and name the engine. I saw that in the
+papers.
+
+Q. Do you know the parties referred to?
+
+A. Motts and Goldsmith. They came out in the papers and said they went
+to one man named Kennedy, and told them that they would give
+protection, but I went and asked them, and they said that they never
+came to them at all.
+
+Q. These gentlemen will testify to that?
+
+A. Yes; I can have them at any time at all. I will fetch them to you.
+None of them came to me; and I am the proper person to come to for a
+purpose of that kind.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn.
+
+Q. Were you about on Thursday or Friday?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You say that a couple of hundred or one hundred and fifty policemen
+could have driven the crowd back?
+
+A. On Saturday, one hundred and fifty policemen, well armed, and
+staying together, could have moved the crowd away so that they could
+have moved the trains.
+
+Q. But you were not there?
+
+A. Not until Saturday night, when the alarm was given.
+
+Q. On Saturday and Sunday morning, when you were there, were the police
+doing anything to prevent the pillaging?
+
+A. After I came back from East Liberty, I saw the police arresting
+people for stealing. The "black maria" was busy taking them down to the
+station--the Twelfth ward station--and then running them down to the
+Central station.
+
+Q. From what you saw, do you think it would have been possible for the
+police to have stopped it?
+
+A. It would have been impossible for what was there to have stopped the
+mob. They could catch the people when carrying things off.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you a witness before the grand jury?
+
+A. No; this is the first time I have been called upon.
+
+
+    By Mr. Englebert:
+
+Q. Did you see any of the soldiers?
+
+A. Yes; about the round-house. As soon as the soldiers went out of the
+round-house we went into service, and kept right on then. We could not
+go into service before, because they were firing both from the
+round-house and from the board-pile--the rioters.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When the soldiers came out of the round-house, did they come out in
+ranks?
+
+A. Yes. As soon as they came down on to Penn street, I noticed a squad
+on each side watching the houses and buildings and alleys, and the men
+with the Gatling gun were watching behind.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were they well handled and marching orderly, or were they
+demoralized?
+
+A. No. They marched out orderly. You could not have told from the way
+they looked that anything was the matter. I expected to see them come
+out and run every way, and I was astonished. When they began coming out
+everybody ran from them, but when they saw them come out in good order,
+and keep in a good line, then they began to stand still again--the
+people did.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Samuel A. Muckle, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the Twenty-third ward, Pittsburgh, at the present time.
+
+Q. Where were you residing in July last?
+
+A. In the Fourth ward, Allegheny city.
+
+Q. What business were you engaged in all that time?
+
+A. No business at all at that time. I was employed by the railroad
+before that.
+
+Q. What position did you hold on the railroad before that?
+
+A. Conductor.
+
+Q. Of what road?
+
+A. The Pan Handle.
+
+Q. Passenger or freight?
+
+A. Freight, at that time.
+
+Q. Was there any pre-arranged plan among the railroad men for a strike?
+
+A. None that I know of--if you speak of the strike that occurred in
+July.
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. None that I know of.
+
+Q. Was there any arrangement being made among the men for a strike to
+take place then or any other time?
+
+A. We had an organization here at that time, called the Trainmen's
+Union. Of course, if I have to answer all these questions, I am willing
+to answer them, if they do not conflict with this organization. Of
+course, I went into that organization, and I am under an obligation.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Oath bound?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. It is a secret organization?
+
+A. So far as our own business is concerned.
+
+Q. As far as you can, you will give us what information you have upon
+the causes of this riot, and whether it was pre-arranged among the men?
+
+A. The organization is not in existence to-day, but I still feel myself
+duty bound to the organization. I will answer this. There was a union
+called the Trainmen's Union--an organization--and there was a talk of a
+strike in June. It was to have taken place on the 27th day of June.
+That fell through, and with the strike in July, we had no business of
+that kind.
+
+Q. What induced the men to arrange for a strike on the 27th of June?
+
+A. This organization was gotten up for the benefit of the railroad
+men--for their own protection--for to protect them in anything that
+might be brought up.
+
+Q. What class of railroad men?
+
+A. The transportation department entirely.
+
+Q. Including conductors and brakemen?
+
+A. Yes; and engineers and firemen.
+
+Q. Did it include any passenger conductors and brakemen?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. The whole?
+
+A. Yes; when I speak of transportation, I include the whole
+transportation department.
+
+Q. Was it the ten per cent. reduction made on the 1st of June that
+induced the men to arrange for that strike?
+
+A. I do not know that it was positively that, more than some other
+grievances that might be brought up. It was organized more for the
+protection of ourselves in any grievances that might be brought up. Of
+course, the ten per cent. would be included.
+
+Q. Were there any other grievances except that ten per cent. reduction?
+
+A. Not at that time.
+
+Q. Had the men any grievances or complaints to make outside of that,
+when it was talked of that a strike should take place on the 27th of
+June?
+
+A. I believe there were.
+
+Q. What were they?
+
+A. In regard to the classification of engineers and the amount of pay
+they received, &c.; that was something I did not particularly
+understand at that time.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The object of the brotherhood was to abolish this classification?
+
+A. The object was to protect themselves.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. They considered this grading unjust?
+
+A. Yes; they considered it unjust, which it certainly was.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You did not organize a strike for the 27th of June in regard to any
+future grievance.
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. It was the ten per cent. reduction and the classification of engines
+that induced you to arrange that strike for the 27th of June?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. In arranging for a strike, what did the railroad men propose to
+do--stop all trains--just simply quit work?
+
+A. In case of their striking, they simply proposed quitting work
+themselves--standing still or going to their homes, or wherever they
+wished to go. I never heard of any arrangement made as to what they
+would do.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were any resolutions passed in your body to stop trains?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were there any resolutions to interfere with the men who desired to
+work?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You said it fell through. What broke off that arrangement to strike
+on the 27th of June?
+
+A. It was because it was generally thought it was not solid enough; it
+was not worked in the right way.
+
+Q. How extensive was the arrangement--how wide did it extend?
+
+A. I did not think it was very extensive; at least, I did not think it
+was very solid.
+
+Q. Do you know how many organizations this Trainmen's Union had in
+existence--how many lodges?
+
+A. I am not prepared to say; I do not know.
+
+Q. Did it include all the trunk lines?
+
+A. I think it did.
+
+Q. Did it include all the employés of the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company?
+
+A. It included all those who joined the order.
+
+Q. What other roads?
+
+A. Most all the roads out of Pittsburgh; in fact, I guess all the other
+main roads.
+
+Q. Where did that union originate?
+
+A. I believe in Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. When was it abandoned?
+
+A. Previous to the strike.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Then there was no organization at the time of the strike.
+
+A. No; we had no meeting for some time previous to the strike.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. For how long previous?
+
+A. Not within a week, and that was very small. The meeting called last
+was called without the approval of the right party in this union. His
+attention was called to a poster struck up on a telegraph pole by a
+certain party, and I rather think it was put up just as a burlesque in
+the first place. There had not been a regular meeting for some time
+previous to the strike.
+
+Q. Can you tell what induced them to abandon the union?
+
+A. I have my own idea, but I don't know whether I am right. My
+impression always was that the railroad men, in connection with the
+Trainmen's Union, were afraid to attempt it for fear of being
+discharged from the road. I claim it was lack of nerve on the part of
+the men. I was discharged myself after the first trainmen's meeting I
+ever attended, and I am satisfied I would still be a union man if there
+had been any men with me.
+
+Q. When did you first learn of the strike on Thursday, July 19?
+
+A. In the neighborhood of eleven o'clock, in the forenoon.
+
+Q. Had you any intimation of it before that?
+
+A. Not in the least. In fact I was surprised, and I didn't believe such
+a thing was going on until I walked to Twenty-eighth street, and saw it
+to be a fact.
+
+Q. When you got there who did you find there?
+
+A. A few railroad men, and I believe a few policemen were there, and
+some citizens.
+
+Q. How many railroad men were there?
+
+A. I cannot tell you that--I suppose twenty or thirty or forty or
+fifty. A great many of those men I didn't know.
+
+Q. What road were those men working on at that time?
+
+A. I think the majority of them belonged to the Pennsylvania railroad.
+
+Q. What were they doing?
+
+A. They didn't appear to be doing anything. They just appeared to be
+standing around talking.
+
+Q. Was there any effort made to move any trains while you were there?
+
+A. Not at that time.
+
+Q. Were any made in your presence?
+
+A. Not just in my presence. I believe they undertook--that is only
+hearsay--but I could see from Twenty-eighth street down towards where
+they started the trains west of Twenty-eighth street, and I think on
+Friday I saw a few engines apparently coupled to trains. Whether they
+intended to go out is more than I can tell of my own knowledge. I know
+they didn't go out.
+
+Q. Did you see anybody try to start a train on Thursday?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't see anybody try to start a train during the
+trouble.
+
+Q. Were you there during Thursday night?
+
+A. I was not there during any night.
+
+Q. What was the object of the men assembling at that point?
+
+A. From the understanding I had from the men, after talking with a few
+of the men, it was that they had struck against the double-headers.
+
+Q. Were those men members of the Trainmen's union?
+
+A. Some of them.
+
+Q. Why were they assembled in force on the track?
+
+A. That is more than I can tell what their motive was.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What did they say about it?
+
+A. Nothing particularly--nothing more than that they had struck.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you talk with them?
+
+A. I talked with some few of the men I knew.
+
+Q. Did you admonish them that it was wrong to be assembled in such
+large numbers there?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was anything said about that?
+
+A. Not that I know of. I was not in a very good humor just as I got up
+there. I had been insulted just before I reached Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. By whom?
+
+A. By Mr. Watt. When I reached there there were only a few of those
+parties that I knew.
+
+Q. The Trainmen's Union, at that time, was not in existence?
+
+A. They had not had a meeting for some time previous.
+
+Q. Did they have any meetings after that?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was the organization formally disbanded?
+
+A. It just died out. They had no meetings called of the order.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. When did this union start, to your knowledge?
+
+A. It was about the latter part of May, I think, or the 1st of June.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. As a member of the organization, what action would your organization
+have taken in reference to that unlawful assemblage there?
+
+A. My idea is that they would have discountenanced anything of the
+kind--any burning, or pillaging, or anything of that kind.
+
+Q. Or any interference with trains?
+
+A. That is more than I can tell. I cannot tell anything about what men
+will do after getting started.
+
+Q. Would your organization have any means of disciplining the members
+of it who interfered with the movements of the trains?
+
+A. Most certainly. Our order had a head.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You mean to say, in your organization, according to the rules and
+regulations of it, if they struck, they passed resolutions that no
+trains should go out?
+
+A. I didn't say anything of the kind.
+
+Q. Was it the intention of the men to interfere with the movement of
+the trains?
+
+A. Not to the best of my knowledge. I never heard any such resolution,
+and I never heard any person speak of it that way.
+
+Q. Do you know any of the men that did interfere with the movement of
+the trains who belonged to the union?
+
+[Witness did not answer.]
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In that arrangement to strike on the 27th of June--how extensive was
+that strike to be--how far was it to extend--what roads was it to
+include?
+
+A. It included the roads running out of Pittsburgh, so far as I know.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. What roads are they?
+
+A. The Pennsylvania railroad, the Pan-Handle, the Fort Wayne and
+Chicago, the Allegheny Valley, and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Was the Baltimore and Ohio not included?
+
+A. I cannot say particularly.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was your organization notified of this strike that took place on
+Thursday, the 19th?
+
+A. No, sir; no more than what I told you, that I was met on the corner
+of Eleventh street, near the Rush house, and told of it, in the
+neighborhood of eleven o'clock.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. You said you were discharged on account of being a union man?
+
+A. I am positive of it--at least the message I received bore nearly
+about the same words, but not just in that way.
+
+Q. That, of course, was a grievance?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did your Trainmen's Union include the employés of the Baltimore and
+Ohio road?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was that strike in pursuance of an arrangement made in your union?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. Was that formally communicated to your union here--the strike that
+occurred there?
+
+A. No; nothing more than hearsay on the street.
+
+Q. Did the members of your union make any effort to have those parties
+disperse and go to their homes during Friday, Saturday, and Sunday?
+
+A. Not that I know of--no more than I did myself.
+
+Q. What did you do in relation to it?
+
+A. I did take some men out of the crowd at Twenty-eighth street, men
+that belonged to the Pan-Handle road. At Twenty-eighth street, that
+day, I was met by this Watt. He says to me, I want you to leave this
+property. Watt was the man; but I didn't know him only by sight. I
+thought, of course, he was an employé of the company. He said, I want
+you to leave the company's ground, and I asked him who he was. He
+replied that it didn't make any difference who he was, that he knew who
+I was, and my motive for being there. I said if he knew my motive he
+knew my business better than I did, for I hardly knew myself what I was
+there for. And after trying to give me a bluff, as I call it, that he
+was Mr. Watt, and employed by the road, I went up towards Twenty-eighth
+street, and there understood that they were going to send for what they
+called the Pan Handle roughs to head this trouble. I knew the great
+majority of those men--between eighty and a hundred of them were
+discharged off the Pan Handle road, and had been discharged prior to
+this strike. The majority of them were in town; some had left town; but
+a great many of them were here, and they were pretty lucky if they
+could get one meal a day. I didn't want to see any of them get into
+further trouble, and when I heard this I was afraid that some of those
+men would enter into this thing through persuasion. I went to them
+singly, and took some half a dozen out of the crowd, one at a time, and
+told them not to have anything to do with the affair. I said, I have
+been discharged from the Pan Handle, and you, and there will be nothing
+in this of any benefit at all. I took out six or eight men from
+different parties that had belonged to the Pan Handle railroad.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What did they mean by sending for the Pan Handle roughs?
+
+A. They thought that a few men of that road were rougher than anybody
+else, or had more pluck. I don't know--it was a rumor I heard.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Those men you spoke to went with you willingly out of the crowd?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were you on the ground of the Pennsylvania railroad, or on public
+ground?
+
+A. It was on their ground. I was walking right up the track. After this
+man was going to bounce me, I walked up to Twenty-eighth street, and I
+told him I thought I would have the privilege of standing there on the
+street.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What do you mean by bouncing you?
+
+A. Why, if I had weakened a little, I suppose he would have thrown me
+off.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you there during the day, Sunday?
+
+A. I was not. I was not on the ground at all after Saturday
+evening--after one of our engineers was wounded very badly. I helped to
+carry him up Liberty street on a shutter. I was not on the ground
+afterwards.
+
+Q. Did you see any considerable number of the Pan-Handle men or
+employés in the crowd?
+
+A. Not a great many.
+
+Q. Who seemed to be the leaders of the crowd?
+
+A. That is more than I can tell you.
+
+Q. What business are you engaged in now?
+
+A. Not any.
+
+Q. Do you reside in the city?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You are still out of employment?
+
+A. Yes; and likely to remain out so long as some of these men hold
+their positions on the roads.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What position did you hold in this organization?
+
+A. I was the president.
+
+Q. You know nothing of this organization being in existence at that
+time on any roads except those that ran out of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. At which time?
+
+Q. At the time the strike was contemplated, in June?
+
+A. They might have been contemplating such a thing, but the
+organization at that time, in June, was not so extensive as it got to
+be afterwards.
+
+Q. Then it did increase afterwards and extend?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Do you know whether it did exist on other roads in June?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. You think it started here and spread?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say it started here?
+
+A. Yes; I believe so. It was first organized here.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Were you here at its birth?
+
+A. Yes; and I have no objection either as to being at the first
+meeting.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was it beneficial?
+
+A. It had not got that far along, but it would have been, probably.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was it the object of this organization to control the railroad
+companies, as to wages and running regulations?
+
+A. The object, no doubt, of the organization was to protect themselves,
+no matter what grievances might be brought up, if based on good
+authority. The union would attend to them in its own way, whatever it
+might be.
+
+Q. In what way did they propose to protect themselves?
+
+A. That would have to be brought up before the order before they could
+tell that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Then there was no definite plan by which the railroad companies were
+to be controlled or coerced into coming to terms with the union?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. That was left to be determined as circumstances might arise?
+
+A. That is it exactly.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You said, a while ago, that this last meeting you spoke of was not
+regularly called?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You would have been the proper person to call it?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. It was not done at your instance?
+
+A. If it had been called it would have been through me. I had nothing
+to do with this poster on the telegraph pole; but after being on the
+pole for a half day, I concluded, rather than dupe the men, to let them
+meet, but nothing was done.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Do you know how many members of this organization there were in
+Pittsburgh at the time of the contemplated strike in June?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. Do you know how many divisions there were in this city?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Have you any idea?
+
+A. In Pittsburgh?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Three or four in Pittsburgh--three, I think.
+
+Q. How many members belonged to the division you were connected with?
+
+A. That is a question I cannot answer--I cannot tell.
+
+Q. Can you give an approximate estimate of the number in Pittsburgh, at
+that time?
+
+A. Four or five hundred.
+
+Q. Was there not an understanding in the union, that whenever there
+were differences between the train men and the railroad companies, that
+the railroad companies were to be brought to terms by the members of
+the union, by striking on some particular day, without any notice to
+the companies, so that all traffic would be stopped?
+
+A. I don't know of anything of that kind.
+
+Q. Was there not some such talk, that that would be the most effectual
+way of bringing the companies to terms?
+
+A. There was a great deal of wild talk among the men.
+
+Q. There was no such proposal made in the union?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. And no definite plan was adopted by the union to act upon the
+railroad companies in any way?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. When any men wanted to become members of the organization, did they
+have to pay any initiation fees or dues?
+
+A. They would have had to in course of time, but, up to that time, it
+was more a charitable institution than anything else. Anybody that had
+five cents or a quarter, and wanted to give it, could give it.
+
+Q. There was no specific sum at that time?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Nor since?
+
+A. The union is not in existence.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What do you mean by a strike--a railroad strike--what is the usual
+custom--what do you mean by it?
+
+A. What I have always understood by a strike, is the men quitting work.
+
+Q. You understand that they are all to quit?
+
+A. Most undoubtedly.
+
+Q. For the purpose of stopping traffic--the running of trains?
+
+A. If that would stop it--most undoubtedly.
+
+Q. Is it customary, in railroad strikes, for the men who quit work, to
+stop others from working, by violence or otherwise?
+
+A. I have never seen it--by violence.
+
+Q. Only by persuasion?
+
+A. Only by persuasion. I have heard about a great many men being
+stopped, but, if our railroad men would get up and testify--I have
+heard railroad men claim that they wanted to work, but there was not
+one of them, that was not in the mire just as deep, while the thing was
+going on.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You mean the trainmen?
+
+A. Certainly.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What class of men did you take into your organization?
+
+A. Men belonging to the transportation department.
+
+Q. No outsiders--no mill men?
+
+A. I believe not.
+
+Q. Had you a constitution and by-laws?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Have you got them in your possession?
+
+A. I have not.
+
+Q. Who has?
+
+A. That is more than I can say.
+
+Q. You don't know.
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Have you a copy of them?
+
+A. I have not.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Can you give us the names of any men that would be willing to appear
+before our committee, and give information about the strike or their
+grievances?
+
+A. Yes; an engineer by the name of John Hassler, residing on Wood
+street, the second or third door to the left of Bidwell. I think he
+would be an important witness; also, an engineer by the name of William
+Robb. He lives in the lower part of Allegheny somewhere, but I cannot
+tell his residence exactly.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You say that the union does not exist now. Do you know of any other
+organization that is organized to produce the same effect.
+
+A. No; no more than what has always been in existence. The locomotive
+engineers, of course, have their union.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+G. Gilbert Follensbee, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Where is your place of business?
+
+A. On Fifth avenue--No. 42.
+
+Q. What is it?
+
+A. I am in the clothing business.
+
+Q. In company with some other gentlemen, did you call on the mayor
+during the disturbance in July last; and, if so, give us the
+circumstances?
+
+A. On the evening of the 21st of July, (Saturday,) between seven and
+eight o'clock, I heard that parties had got into some gun stores, and I
+went to my friend Mr. Bown, and then found Mr. Edward Myers; and after
+talking a while, we thought it would be prudent to see the mayor, and
+tell him that we thought it would be prudent to get a posse, and come
+down and protect Mr. Bown's gunshop. We saw the mayor, and said: "You
+are probably aware that some gun stores have been broken into;" and we
+implored him to send a posse to protect the gun stores.
+
+Q. What reply did he make?
+
+A. I do not remember his reply, but he seemed to be very indifferent,
+and I implored him, for God's sake, to do something, and that we three
+would volunteer, and that probably with fifty men or less we could
+protect Mr. Bown's store.
+
+Q. Did you offer to be sworn in?
+
+A. I volunteered to be one of the posse.
+
+Q. What reply did he make to that?
+
+A. I do not remember.
+
+Q. Did he say in response to your application--did he say whether he
+had the policemen or not, or did he make any excuse that he could not
+raise them?
+
+A. No; I do not think he made any reply in regard to his police. I was
+aware that his police were small and scattered around the city, and my
+idea was to have him swear in some of us as special police.
+
+Q. Did he refuse to swear you in as special police?
+
+A. He did not take any action in the matter.
+
+Q. Did he send anybody to the store?
+
+A. Not that I am aware of.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did the mob come there?
+
+A. Yes; Mr. Bown left his store and came to my store, and while there,
+we heard the mob.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How long before the mob came down had you made this call upon the
+mayor?
+
+A. Two hours, at least--two hours--an hour and a half or two hours.
+Before the mob got there, I went back to Mr. Bown's store, and asked
+him if there was no place to secrete the arms, and they took them down
+into the cellar and vault and secreted a good many of them.
+
+Q. Did you see the mob?
+
+A. Yes; I saw the mob in the store, but not in front of the store,
+because we had gone in the rear private way. We could see the store
+full of people--probably one hundred to one hundred and fifty were in
+the store.
+
+Q. What class of men were they?
+
+A. They did not seem to me to be any particularly riot element, so far
+as appearances were concerned. They did not look like tramps or roughs.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you suppose they were citizens of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I suppose so.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did they take away any more arms than they wanted themselves?
+
+A. I do not think they left any.
+
+Q. Was there any ammunition in the store?
+
+A. I was so informed.
+
+Q. What was done with that?
+
+A. They took the ammunition too.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was the mayor aware of those arms and that ammunition in the store?
+
+A. It was the most prominent gun store in the city.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Could any force of determined men have stopped the riot?
+
+A. I am only speaking about that gun shop, and I think that from thirty
+to fifty determined men could have prevented the riot at that place.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were willing to be one of them?
+
+A. I said so.
+
+Q. Did you tell him you wanted a force to guard that gun store?
+
+A. Yes; I said for God's sake do something to protect that gun store. I
+looked at it this way: That it would be terribly fatal if the mob were
+to get in and get guns and ammunition.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did the major know who you were?
+
+A. Intimately.
+
+Q. You are intimately acquainted with him?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William H. Bown, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. I belong to the firm of James Bown & Son. Our place of business is
+located on Wood street, and our business is cutlery and guns and
+revolvers, and all kinds of sportsmen's articles.
+
+Q. Do you keep ammunition, also?
+
+A. Yes; powder and shot and caps and wads.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. Fixed ammunition, also?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What efforts did you make to secure protection during the riot?
+
+A. My father went to see the mayor, with Mr. Follensbee. He went early
+in the day to Mt. Washington, to see a shooting match. We were not
+aware of any excitement in the city, but word came to me. In the
+afternoon I saw a telegraphic dispatch from some one about the mayor.
+It was the mayor's clerk that brought it down--setting forth that there
+was a mob organized to break into the different gun stores that
+evening. I judge between five and six o'clock that came down. He wanted
+me to remove all our arms. I said that it was so late in the day that I
+did not know where to place them--that we had a large number, but that,
+nevertheless, we would try to remove all we possibly could. I then got
+both the porters and took the arms out of the windows, and a lot of
+ammunition, cartridges, and cans of powder, and I got some paper and
+covered over it, to convey the impression to those passing along that
+we were about cleaning the window, and I left the paper there to
+disguise it. I had not commenced to take out the arms in the cases. We
+had two cases that run about sixty feet long. I went to supper, and
+about six o'clock, when I came back, I found six policemen at the
+store, but the mayor's clerk came down about seven o'clock, and said
+they were required at the Central station. Shortly after that father
+came. He could not get into the front, from the fact that we had the
+wire across and the screens put up, and I had also gone out and got a
+couple of scantlings, and put them against the doors, and braced them
+against the counters. I did not anticipate that they would break in the
+large glass windows. We had commenced to take down the arms and put
+them in the magazine, which we have in the cellar, where we keep the
+powder, and we got down, I should judge about forty, and were kept
+pretty busy in getting them down, when the large alarm bell struck and
+I heard the glass go. I came up the stairs, and when I got to the top I
+found they had knocked the lock off, and I immediately went down, but I
+could not find the key. I was in my shirt sleeves at the time, but I
+closed the bolt and put out the gas and came up stairs, and just as I
+came up I met two parties right at my desk--I had a desk where I do my
+correspondence--and one of them says, "why in the hell don't you turn
+up the gas?" I suppose he took me for one of the party who came in. I
+passed him and went on up stairs, and stayed there until after the
+racket was over.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Where was the mob?
+
+A. On the lower floor; of course they came up stairs, and then I went
+up to the third floor.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was their manner as to being boisterous or demonstrative?
+
+A. When they came in there, I thought bedlam had broken loose.
+
+Q. What class of men were they?
+
+A. What we term from the south side--I judge workingmen. They would
+just come to the cases and break them in. A few of them had old
+muskets.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. That they brought with them?
+
+A. Yes; and one party was very kind, and left his and took a new gun.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. After these policemen were taken up to the central station, did any
+of them return?
+
+A. That I cannot say, but I understood from those that came in after
+the mob went away, that they were out there, but the mob was too large
+for them to handle.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did the mayor's clerk come down and order those policemen to report?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did he take them away from your store?
+
+A. Yes; at that time everything was quiet about the city.
+
+Q. He had notified you that there would be an attempt made?
+
+A. It was reported that there would be an attempt made on the different
+gun stores.
+
+Q. Yet he took these policemen away?
+
+A. Yes; because at that time there was no excitement at the lower end
+of the city.
+
+Q. Did they return before you were driven out of the store by the mob?
+
+A. I did not see them; but I cannot say.
+
+Q. But were they ordered back for duty before this mob came?
+
+A. I understood that, but I did not see them. I was in the store at the
+time, and did not come down, because I thought discretion was the
+better part of valor.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You saw that dispatch?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Who was it signed by?
+
+A. I did not notice. I think a fictitious name was to it. I did not
+notice any name to it, particularly. It was the mayor's clerk. It was
+late, and all our help had gone off, and the boys had gone to supper,
+and I was alone, with the two porters.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. How many guns and pistols were taken out of your store?
+
+A. Something over four hundred. They took everything--carving knives,
+butcher knives, and forks, and ammunition, and cutlery--everything they
+could take.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+E. A. Myers, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. At No. 60 Liberty street.
+
+Q. Where is your place of business?
+
+A. No. 145 Wood street.
+
+Q. You are connected with the office of----
+
+A. I am connected with the of the _Post_.
+
+Q. Relate what occurred when you went to the mayor?
+
+A. I may say that Mr. Bown, senior, came over to my place, and he and
+Mr. Folensbee went with me up to the mayor, to notify him to send
+policemen down. After we went there, the mayor at first said he was
+unable to send any assistance, as the police were scattered through the
+city, but he would do the best he could. We went to Mr. Johnston's gun
+shop, a short distance above the mayor's office, and staid there
+awhile, and came down to the mayor's office, and then walked down to
+Mr. Bown's establishment, and remained there sometime, without the
+police coming. Then Mr. Bown and myself went back again, but on the way
+we met them coming up--we met them coming up--some six or eight of the
+police--coming; and there were at least six or eight policemen there
+during the disturbance. The crowd that came up, I don't think, at first
+numbered over seventy-five or eighty--half grown boys. There seemed to
+be half a dozen armed with muskets, but a large crowd was collected
+around the streets.
+
+Q. What effort did the policemen make to drive them back?
+
+A. Nothing, whatever; but they staid there. I spoke to the mayor's
+clerk; I said there were not enough of them to do anything, but they
+staid there.
+
+Q. Was the crowd armed when they came there?
+
+A. They apparently had a few muskets and guns with them, as far as I
+could tell.
+
+Q. Did you offer your services, as a policeman, to the mayor?
+
+A. Not as policeman specially, but I offered to do anything that I
+could to defend the place--not to the mayor, but to Mr. Bown. Mr.
+Follensbee, I believe, did.
+
+Q. Mr. Follensbee did?
+
+A. Yes; my impression at that time was, that fifteen or twenty
+determined persons could have stopped the whole rumpus in front of Mr.
+Bown's place.
+
+Q. Did the mayor make any demand on the citizens for help?
+
+A. Not that I know of. The mayor told me that his police force was
+scattered around so that he was unable to get together enough to be of
+any special service. But they did, however, gather up six or eight of
+them, and they came down here.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Joseph S. Haymaker, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. At Laurel station, on the Fort Wayne railroad.
+
+Q. State what you know of the riot that began on the 19th of July?
+
+A. I believe it was on Saturday--I think that was the 20th of
+July--that I came up to the city. I had been home sick for almost two
+months before that time. I went out to Twenty-eighth street, and at the
+time I went there I found a very considerable crowd of men there. I
+knew a very few of them. The great majority of them seemed to be
+strangers. I say this from the fact that owing to my political
+knowledge in the city, having made many political speeches here, I had
+gotten to know a great many men. When I came to Twenty-eighth street
+that afternoon, about two o'clock, I found a large number of
+men--probably from twelve hundred to fifteen hundred--right across the
+railroad track at Twenty-eighth street. I met some men I knew, and we
+were talking over the probability of a difficulty between the troops
+and the strikers; and these men, or one of them, said there was no
+danger of the soldiers firing on them--that the people of the State of
+Pennsylvania were with the strikers in this matter. Whilst we were
+talking in that way, the Philadelphia soldiers came up the railroad. I
+was asked the question two or three time, whether or not I thought the
+soldiers would fire on the citizens, and I said I would not trust them,
+and, so far as I am concerned, I am going to get out of the road. They
+are strangers here, and if ordered to fire will fire. If they don't,
+they are not good soldiers. I was standing then right in front of what
+they called the sand-house. Three or four gentlemen were there at the
+time with me, and John Cluley, the painter. I said to them: now, I have
+had a little military experience during the last war, and I said we
+will get out of this and go down the hill-side. I got them to go with
+me. The Philadelphia men came up, and formed on both sides of the
+track, clearing the track by forming a square, open at the lower end.
+At this time I was on the hill-side, about eighty or ninety feet,
+probably one hundred feet, above where they had formed. In that
+formation of the square there was a portion of a company--I suppose
+about twenty or twenty-five men--that had yellow plumes in their
+hats--Philadelphia men--who were swung off from the left of the square,
+and tried to force back the mob from Twenty-eighth street. Failing in
+that, then a company was brought up from the lower end of the
+square--brought right up between the two lines in this way,
+[illustrating,] right past where the Gatling guns were stationed, and
+brought face to face with the mob. They marched up until they were
+within probably twenty-five or thirty feet of the mob, and then halted
+for about a second. At that time I noticed the sheriff's posse standing
+in front of where they were standing, trying to get the mob to move
+back. Then these men moved at a charge bayonet, and went right up to
+the mob, and I saw several of the mob catch the bayonets and push them
+down. Then I saw three or four stones thrown from the little
+watch-house. These stones were thrown right through into this company
+coming up. Then I heard a pistol shot fired, and probably two or three
+seconds after that three or four other pistols shots were fired just
+like that, [illustrating,] and then I saw two or three of the soldiers
+go down. Then the stones began to fly down along the line, in among the
+soldiers, and the firing first began right across the railroad track. I
+don't know what company or regiment it was, but they had black
+feathers. They were right in front of this square, and the first musket
+firing began there. I noticed that. Then I heard, probably a dozen of
+boys hallo shoot! shoot! down along the line, then the pistol shots
+began, and the musket shots began, and I got down in a ditch behind
+where I was, and staid there until it was all over.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. This call of shoot, shoot, where did it come from?
+
+A. I won't be sure about that. I saw some of the officers strike up the
+guns with their swords, and I saw some pulling of the men backwards
+inside the square. Then, just right after that, there was a general
+volley right along the line.
+
+Q. A volley or a scattering fire?
+
+A. File firing--each man for himself.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you hear any order given by any officer to fire?
+
+A. No; nor do I believe any order was given. I say that, for the reason
+that, had there been an order or command given, there would have been
+simultaneous firing, but it seemed to me, when the fighting commenced,
+that everybody was taking care of himself.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. That is, they were protecting themselves from something that was
+going to injure them?
+
+A. No; but as fast as a man got his gun loaded he would fire, and as
+fast as the others could get a brick they would throw it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What effect did the firing of the soldiers produce on the crowd?
+
+A. Right by me, on my right hand an old man, and a little girl on my
+left hand, were shot dead. I got into the ditch, and I know it was
+full--the ditch.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. It was not a regular volley of musketry?
+
+A. No; it was every fellow for himself.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you know how many persons were killed there?
+
+A. No; but when I came up from the ditch--it is not a regular ditch,
+but a wash down the hillside--when I raised up, somebody else was shot,
+and I got down again. When I raised up the second time everything was
+quiet. I looked down over the bank, and several men were lying there
+dead.
+
+Q. You say that an old gentleman was killed?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And that a little girl was killed?
+
+A. No; she was shot right through the knee, and I pulled her down into
+the ditch and tied a handkerchief around her leg. There was a physician
+there--I think Dr. Schnatterly, of Bellevue, and he took charge of her,
+and I heard she died that night.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. This crowd standing there--what business did they have there?
+
+A. They had no business there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. Had you any business there?
+
+A. None at all; but I had never seen a strike before, and I went up to
+see what it looked like. Right down along the railroad there was
+probably ten feet of ground, or twelve feet--right along the railroad,
+in front of the troops, occupied by a class of men that I had never
+seen in the city of Pittsburgh before--ragged looking and dirty
+looking. There is one thing about Pittsburgh people, that you can tell
+them on the street--at least, I think, I can. I walking along the
+street, if a man comes from Philadelphia or any other place, I think I
+can tell him. In other words, I know he don't belong here. I don't know
+the reason why, but we get to notice our own people, and I say that
+that crowd of people along there I never saw before. They looked here
+[illustrating] like people that I never saw before. I believe them to
+be strangers not only to Pittsburgh and Allegheny county, but to
+Western Pennsylvania, and, in fact, to the State of Pennsylvania.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How large was that crowd?
+
+A. There were five hundred or more of them fronting the railroad.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. There is a kind of a platform there?
+
+A. The road runs along six feet below the bank, and then the bank runs
+back about fifty feet, and then the hill commences for one hundred or
+one and fifty feet above that.
+
+Q. Did this crowd throw stones?
+
+A. Yes; and just here I will give another reason why I believe that
+crowd to be strangers in the city of Pittsburgh. The most of our men
+here--our laboring men--wear dark clothes, but I saw men in that crowd
+with light pantaloons, and yellow pantaloons, and two men with
+velveteen coats, and those men seemed to me to be making the most noise
+down in front of the soldiers. At that time, in my mind, I thought they
+were tramps. Of course, I can't say that of the whole crowd, but I say
+that the men making the demonstrations were men of that class.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did that fire from the militia disperse the crowd?
+
+A. Yes; in firing, very unfortunately, they fired over the heads of the
+people there, and killed the people above. If they had lowered their
+guns eight inches they would have killed a class of men that we could
+very well get rid of.
+
+Q. Did they disperse?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. In what direction?
+
+A. Some went up the hill-side, and the mob in front of Twenty-eighth
+street, ran down Twenty-eighth street to Penn.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did the soldiers attempt to shoot at them as they ran up the bank?
+
+A. Yes; I suppose the firing lasted a minute and a half. The soldiers
+began firing right down the line, and probably some of them fired four
+or five shots. When the crowd broke, they ran up among the people on
+the hill-side, and some of them ran into the ditch where I was. The
+rest of them went on up the hill-side. I noticed one thing, that the
+old soldiers dropped flat down when the firing commenced, while the
+others ran.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You mean the old soldiers in the crowd?
+
+A. I mean that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you think that force of soldiers, with twenty rounds of
+ammunition, could have held their position and kept the crowd off
+during the night?
+
+A. Not as strangers, they could not do it. I mean this--had that force
+been posted as to the situation here, they could have done that--they
+could have kept the mob off with half their number; but not being
+acquainted, I think they did about the only thing they could do. The
+only thing lacking under the circumstances--I have had my own opinion
+since that time as to what I think I would have done, without any more
+knowledge of military affairs than I learned in the army, and I would
+have taken charge of this ditch that I was in, and have put the men in
+there for the purpose of controlling the round-house and the tracks
+below. But then there was a danger to be taken into consideration, that
+along the hill above this ditch, there were houses on the hill-side
+occupied by railroad men and by strikers, and by men in sympathy with
+them, so there would have been a danger there, because there would have
+been firing from the rear--in other words, if people had gone on the
+hill-side, and opened fire down from the hill-side, they would have had
+to abandon the ditch--or, on the other hand--my idea of the matter
+would have been to have picketed Penn avenue and Liberty street very
+heavily, and have kept those streets clear, from Twenty-eighth street
+clear down. When you consider that a crowd or a mob is always cowardly,
+so that the firing of eight or ten men into it will break it, I really
+believe that the best plan would have been to have picketed Penn avenue
+and Liberty street--to have kept these streets clear, and then if
+necessary, to have picketed the upper side of the railroad track, which
+would have formed a square of pickets, whereby to preserve the cars.
+Yet, at the same time, I will say that these picket lines would have
+been subjected to a fire from both sides--from the hill-side above, and
+from the houses below. I went home on the six o'clock train that
+evening.
+
+Q. Could General Brinton have taken his troops then, and marched them
+down towards the Union depot, and kept the crowd back, or kept the
+crowd above?
+
+A. No; but the mistake that General Brinton made was this, that when he
+began firing he should have kept it up.
+
+Q. How long?
+
+A. Until every man in the city of Pittsburgh was willing to stop.
+
+Q. Do you think, in your judgment, with the number of men they had,
+with twenty rounds of ammunition, and with more ammunition over in the
+Union depot, that they could have maintained their ground there and
+kept up the firing, and kept the mob back, and kept up communications
+with Union depot, in order to replenish their ammunition?
+
+A. If he had continued his firing from the time the firing began at
+Twenty-eighth street, most undoubtedly he could. But after that, when
+General Brinton got into the round-house, where there are open
+windows--the house is perfectly round--at that time he was at the mercy
+of every building.
+
+Q. But I am speaking of the time before he went into the round-house,
+and after the crowd had dispersed--at that time had he continued
+firing, could he have maintained his position and kept the crowd away?
+
+A. Yes; fifty men armed as those men were armed--because I noticed that
+every time a gun struck, it tore a hole like that. [Illustrating.]
+Following that mob would have dispersed them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. Would not that have caused great loss of life?
+
+A. Undoubtedly--if they had fired low.
+
+Q. What is your avocation now?
+
+A. I am a lawyer by profession.
+
+Q. You practice at the bar here in this city?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. From your experience in the army, and from what you saw of the
+conduct of the troops at Twenty-eighth street, would you say that their
+conduct was good as military men?
+
+A. No, sir; not a bit of it. Every man that fired first should have
+been taken out and shot. In other words, I mean that there was not a
+particle of discipline. I say that for this reason: There was no order
+given to fire by any officer. I believe that to be the fact, because I
+was on the hill side not more than sixty or eighty feet away from where
+the firing began, and I had been there some two hours before the firing
+did begin. I was standing there wondering how the men were going to
+clear the tracks, and when the fight began I was listening very closely
+in order to hear what command would be given by the officer in command.
+Then this fuss began with three or four pistol shots, and then the
+bricks and stones were thrown, and then more pistol shots, and then it
+was every man for himself. So far as those soldiers were concerned, I
+have said since, and believe it to be a fact, that it was one mob armed
+against another mob not armed.
+
+Q. Was not the conduct of those soldiers as good as could be expected
+from militia men?
+
+A. I do not know that. I have seen militia men during the war that
+would walk up to the scratch, and stay there. The great trouble with
+militia men is that they fire too high.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you think there was any real necessity for calling on the militia
+for assistance here?
+
+A. I would not like to give any opinion about that. I know that the
+sheriff started out a lot of his deputies to get a lot of lawyers out
+here, and the lawyers went out--of the back windows, and every other
+way they could get out. I never believed that the sheriff exhausted all
+his power.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You believe, then, it was necessary to call out the military--that
+the difficulty had got beyond the control of the civil authorities?
+
+A. I believe that. I believe it was necessary to call out the
+military--but to use them. In explanation of that, I would say this:
+that even after the military were here, that the city of Pittsburgh was
+panic struck, and that young men were taken up on the streets and were
+furnished with arms, privately by the different banks, to go in and
+guard the banks, because, on the Monday night following the burning, it
+was rumored on the streets--on Fifth avenue, and on Wood, and on
+Smithfield streets--that the banks were to be attacked that night, and
+I know of several banks in the city that were guarded by young men
+picked up throughout the city. I believe it to be a fact, that, had the
+trouble lasted two days longer, there would have been a vacation of the
+city by the women and the children in the city of Pittsburgh. I believe
+they would have gotten out of town.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You state you spoke to some people about the probability of the
+troops firing on the crowd. Who were those people?
+
+A. I cannot recollect.
+
+Q. Were they part of the crowd--the strikers?
+
+A. No.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned to meet at three o'clock this
+afternoon.
+
+
+    AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM.
+    PITTSBURGH, _Tuesday, February 12, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment the committee re-assembled at three o'clock,
+P.M., this day, and continued the taking of testimony.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Joseph S. Haymaker, _recalled_.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What sympathy did the rioters seem to get from the surrounding
+crowds of spectators?
+
+A. Do you mean on Saturday?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. I can hardly say; I was one of the party myself. Do you mean after
+they were fired into?
+
+Q. From that time until Monday.
+
+A. On Saturday, the 20th of July, the general feeling seemed to be, up
+to the time of the firing, that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company had
+not done exactly what was right with their employés.
+
+Q. To what extent did that feeling exist in the community?
+
+A. I cannot say about the community, because I was at my home sick for
+six weeks before that time. I can only speak of the crowd that was
+there at the same time I was. So far as that was concerned, I suppose
+they felt about as I did, that as they were getting pretty good pay for
+their shipments, and everything of that kind, it seemed to be kind of
+rough, to cut down their wages so much. It was a kind of general
+feeling, that the railroad company had not done exactly what was right
+with their employés, but I found nobody who could give me a definite
+explanation of the reason why the people of Pittsburgh should be
+against the railroad company--that is, I could not find anybody who
+could give me any reason why there should be any strike between the
+people of the city and the railroad company, on account of the way the
+railroad company had treated their employés; but immediately after the
+fire was over, I did not hear any question of that kind raised. The
+prevailing question was how we were going to get out of the trouble we
+were in.
+
+Q. In your judgment, would it not have been proper for the officer in
+command of the military force, at five o'clock on Saturday afternoon,
+to have given the command to fire?
+
+A. I most undoubtedly think it would have been.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. There was sufficient provocation to justify the giving of that
+command?
+
+A. Yes; my recollection is, I heard an order given by some officer,
+commanding either a company or a regiment of the Philadelphia soldiers
+up at the front of the line that was formed there--an order given to
+those men to disperse and go back, and I think he gave the order in
+this way: "Now," he says, "why don't you men go back?" It was half a
+minute after that when I heard the first pistol shot fired, and then
+from that the firing began. I think, that when the order was given to
+go back and clear the tracks, that he would have been justified in
+ordering the men to fire, although I heard no order to fire.
+
+Q. And followed up the firing until he dispersed the crowd?
+
+A. I believe that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What troops were on the ground at that time?
+
+A. I do not know. I simply know this. That certain troops or uniformed
+men came up the Pennsylvania railroad from the depot, and formed in
+line in front of the upper round-house, at the corner of Twenty-eighth
+street, and at that time some of our Pittsburgh soldiers were on the
+hill side above--some of our Allegheny county soldiers on the hill side
+above.
+
+Q. But those on the railroad were Philadelphia troops?
+
+A. I believed them to be from Philadelphia.
+
+Q. Do you know anything about the conduct of the Pittsburgh troops
+called out here during that day, or any time during the riot?
+
+A. No; except this far, that when I came up to Twenty-eighth street,
+and before the Philadelphia soldiers came up there, I walked across
+Twenty-eighth street, up the hill side, where there was part of a
+company--part of one of the western Pennsylvania companies, or a
+Pittsburgh company, I do not know which it was, and when I got to the
+top of the hill side I was a good deal out of breath----
+
+Q. After the firing?
+
+A. Before the firing--probably an hour before. There was one of the
+private soldiers belonging to some company--I do not know any thing
+about him. He had a uniform on, and I asked him the question: "How
+long have you been here?" and he said, "since last night." I said,
+"how long are you going to stay here?" and he says, "I don't know." I
+said, "you may likely be called upon to clear the tracks down there;"
+and he said, "they may call on me, and they may call pretty damn loud
+before they will clear the tracks." At the same time, I looked in the
+man's face, and I thought he might be called upon to all eternity
+before he would do anything reasonable. The company, at that time,
+was scattered--standing all around.
+
+Q. Was this company far from the mob?
+
+A. Probably one hundred feet--probably one hundred and fifty feet.
+
+Q. Were their arms stacked?
+
+A. Yes; I know that after the firing, one dead soldier was carried down
+from about the spot where I had been talking to this man, down to the
+Twenty-eighth street crossing.
+
+Q. Were the men with their guns where they were stacked?
+
+A. Some of them were down on the railroad track, and some were on the
+hill-side, and some were around their guns, and some were back towards
+the hospital.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Didn't you say those were Philadelphia troops up at Twenty-eighth
+street?
+
+A. Yes; that is, I understood that.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You spoke about those strange men you thought were strangers in
+Pittsburgh, that had come from a distance. Have you any knowledge of
+people coming to Pittsburgh at any time previous to the 19th of July?
+
+A. I can say this in reference to that, but as a lawyer I would say
+that part of it is hearsay evidence, that is, I do not know it to be a
+fact myself. I live below Pittsburgh, about seven miles, on the Fort
+Wayne road, at Laurel station, and I know from the time I went down
+last spring, we had much trouble with tramps. Probably two or three, or
+four or five, or six or seven, would be there every day. But about four
+days before this trouble--it was on the Friday before this trouble--at
+that time I was not at home sick--I recollect my wife saying to me,
+that "we have had no tramps down here for the last few days," and I
+said, "they will come back again," and until after the rioting and the
+burning here, we had but one tramp at our house, until the third day
+after--that was on Sunday. Then they began to come back every day. I
+have heard others of my neighbors say the same thing. And almost every
+night, looking from my library towards the river, I could see along the
+river bank that these tramps would have fires, and I have seen, when I
+would come down to the train in the morning--I have seen as high as
+fifteen or twenty around these fires. But for two or three days before
+the riot--that is, before the burning here, and for one or two days
+after that time, I noticed very few of those fires, if any, and we were
+not troubled with these tramps at our house; and after the trouble was
+all over, it made such an impression on me, that I loaded a
+double-barreled shot gun, and told my wife how to use it, and told her
+if they came around not to do anything for them. I did not consider
+them fit subjects for charity.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James Bown, _sworn with the uplifted hand_.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What is your business, and where is your place of business?
+
+A. Nos. 136 and 138 Wood street, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What kind of business do you carry on?
+
+A. It is the cutlery business--guns and sporting goods in
+general--manufacturing.
+
+Q. I wish you to state what efforts you made to protect your store on
+the night of the 21st--Saturday night. You went to see the mayor. What
+efforts did you make?
+
+A. I was absent from the city until about seven and a half o'clock that
+evening, and when I came to the store I found it was shut up. I met my
+second son there, and I asked him what the trouble was. Well, he said
+the mob had broken into some of the pawnbrokers, up in the Fifth ward,
+and also into one of our competitor's. I asked him where my other son
+was, and he said at the back end of the store. I got into the back yard
+and went into the store and found them there making preparations to
+take some of the valuable guns into the cellar--into the vault. It
+looked as if things were serious. I said, "I will go out and look
+around, and see what the trouble is." They commenced to put away the
+goods as fast as they could. Of course they had to use great judgment
+about taking the fine guns into the cellar. I was away perhaps half an
+hour. As soon as I went out into the alley, I met Mr. Follensbee and
+Mr. Myers. I said, "Things look serious around here." The mayor's clerk
+was there, Mr. Metzgar, and perhaps half a dozen people were
+congregated in the alley. He said, "Gentlemen, you had better disperse.
+We would rather not have anybody around here, so as not to excite
+anybody." I told him it was a good suggestion, and Mr. Myers and Mr.
+Follensbee and myself went into our yard. It was then pretty near dark.
+I said, "Let us go up to Smithfield street, and see what they are
+doing." I understood there was quite a crowd in front of Mr.
+Johnston's, another competitor of our's. We went up the alley and then
+turned to the left and went down towards Sixth avenue. An immense crowd
+was in front of this gun store, but had done no damage. Several
+policemen were in front of the store. In going through the crowd
+several sang out, "Let's go down to Bown's, and clean him out." I said,
+"That sounds pretty loud, and we had better go and see if the mayor
+won't send back some police." We came back to the mayor's office, and
+there the mayor was, standing outside. I went up to him, and addressed
+him as "Mac." I am rather familiar with him. I said, "We require some
+extra police down there, as they are going down to our store to clean
+us out." He said, "I will do all I can for you," and said that a good
+many police were up at Mr. Johnston's. I said, "It is necessary to act
+quick and prompt, as the crowd is now moving, and it won't take them
+long to come there." Mr. Follensbee spoke up, and said, "I will be one
+of fifty special police." I do not think he made any reply to that, but
+he said, "I will send some down." With that I left, and came down to
+the store again. Some people were in front of the store, and I think
+among them, perhaps, were two or three policemen--I think there were. I
+was more interested in securing the things just at that time, so I went
+into the store again, and the boys were still working, taking down the
+guns. They had got the pistols--the greater portion of them--into a
+safe we had, and Mr. Follensbee suggested to me to come around to Fifth
+avenue to his store. I went back through Mr. Carter's store, and went
+with him into his store. I was not in there two minutes until an
+immense rush of people came past the store, and they shoved the doors
+to. I said, "Open the doors, I want to see what the trouble is." I was
+running across the street when a friend of mine said, "There is no use
+in your going; they have got in." I knew a road coming through another
+gentleman's store and through Mr. Carter's store, and got into the back
+yard. The crowd was then in the store and securing all the things as
+fast as they could. Then Mr. Follensbee followed after me. Of course,
+he remonstrated outside as well he could. Everything was barricaded up
+so that we could not get in. I will tell you one thing that occurred
+there. A negro had got at my private desk and got open the drawers, and
+was pulling out the things, and had got among the postage stamps when
+we hallooed at him. The language we used was pretty severe, and he
+dropped everything and ran. In a few minutes, as soon as things were
+quieted down, we got a policeman--we tapped for him to come and open a
+window, and we got in. Of course, then the destruction had taken place.
+
+Q. How long after you made that call on the mayor was it that they
+broke into the store?
+
+A. Not over fifteen to twenty minutes.
+
+Q. Did he send any policemen down?
+
+A. Some were there in front, but I cannot say how many. Some came after
+the thing was over, but whether they were outside, I do not know.
+
+Q. He made no reply when Mr. Follensbee offered to do special duty?
+
+A. No reply at all.
+
+Q. Nor did he make any demand on the citizens?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Those parties took away general plunder, did they?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. They did not come specially for guns?
+
+A. They took everything--knives and pistols and spoons and forks and
+carving knives and fishing tackle, and everything they could.
+
+Q. It was simply a party bent on plunder?
+
+A. Yes; it was just a mob. I do not charge it on the strikers.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did you ever get track of any of those guns.
+
+A. We got four out of the lot--those were left by parties--men that
+came out with three or four and just handed them to us. They preserved
+them for us.
+
+Q. You never got track where they went?
+
+A. No; we had a good many guns with marks on them--numbers, and some
+guns--a special kind of guns--that there are very few of here.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. About four hundred of them?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And a great variety of other things?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You recovered none of the guns?
+
+A. No.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+B. K. Walton, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were one of the deputy sheriffs in July last?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State whether you were in the city during Thursday, the 19th, and
+during Friday.
+
+A. I cannot say as to Thursday or Friday--I do not think that I was. I
+was on Saturday.
+
+Q. State to us just what connection you had with the riotous
+proceedings?
+
+A. On Saturday I was one among the deputies instructed by the sheriff
+to get up a posse. I went along several of the streets and asked
+several parties to come up. Some said they would come and some said
+they would not. However, not more than one or two came. We went on up
+to Union depot to the railroad and from there went up with the military
+to Twenty-eighth street. There appeared to be a crowd on both sides of
+the railroad, and along the railroad, as we went up. There was a great
+deal of turmoil and noise. We were not up there more than a few minutes
+until the firing commenced. Stones and pieces of bricks were thrown
+before the firing commenced.
+
+Q. Where did you try to raise a posse?
+
+A. In the streets here.
+
+Q. To what class of men did you go?
+
+A. To most anybody that we could get hold of--citizens of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What responses did you get usually?
+
+A. Some said they would not go under any consideration and others
+promised to go, but did not come when the time came.
+
+Q. How many did you succeed in getting?
+
+A. Out of ten or fifteen that promised to come, I think only one or two
+came.
+
+Q. Did you go outside of the city in trying to raise the posse?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. How many did you say there were of you that went ahead of the
+military?
+
+A. I think there were from twelve to eighteen of us ahead of the
+militia from Union depot up to Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. When the crowd began to throw stones, was it at you or the militia?
+
+A. It appeared to be at the militia altogether.
+
+Q. Were any of the sheriff's posse hit?
+
+A. Not to my own knowledge.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was not the sheriff struck himself?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Whereabouts did the sheriff's posse stand when the stones began to
+be thrown?
+
+A. Some were on Twenty-eighth street, and part of the party were on
+this side a little piece, not more than ten or twelve feet apart.
+
+Q. In front of the militia?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Where were you when the militia fired?
+
+A. On the crossing at Twenty-eighth street. Part of the crowd had got
+in between me and most of the others and the militia. We got mixed up
+at that time.
+
+Q. Did the militia fire towards you?
+
+A. The first firing appeared to be up the hill, and the second up the
+railroad where we were standing.
+
+Q. Where did you go then?
+
+A. I got behind a car.
+
+Q. Where did the balance of the party go to?
+
+A. I do not know where they all went to. Some were where I was.
+
+Q. Did you call on any of the constables to go out with you?
+
+A. I do not believe I did myself.
+
+Q. Were you out during Sunday?
+
+A. Not in connection with the office; but I was out myself.
+
+Q. Did you see the fire?
+
+A. Yes; I was on the hill pretty much all day above the Union depot.
+
+Q. What time did you get on the ground?
+
+A. I came over in the morning about nine o'clock. I live just above the
+top of the hill.
+
+Q. How far had the fire approached towards the city at that time?
+
+A. A considerable distance below the round-house.
+
+Q. How many men were engaged in burning and running down the cars then?
+
+A. A great many of them.
+
+Q. Two or three hundred?
+
+A. Yes; more than that.
+
+Q. How many policemen would it have taken to have driven them away at
+that time?
+
+A. I do not think there were enough in the city at that time.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did the sheriff command the mob to disperse before the firing?
+
+A. I believe he did; but I was not up with him the first time he was
+up.
+
+Q. What effort was made by the sheriff and his posse, or deputies, to
+clear the track before the military came up?
+
+A. They tried to get them off the track--they talked to some of them,
+but they appeared to want to get at the military. When we got to the
+crossing, part of the party got away, and that is how a part of the mob
+got in between us and the military.
+
+Q. Were you close to the military when the firing commenced?
+
+A. Within ten or twelve feet, I think.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command given to fire?
+
+A. None whatever.
+
+Q. If there had been a command given you would have heard it?
+
+A. I think so--I was close enough. There appeared to be a good deal of
+noise going on at the time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were not with the sheriff on Friday night when he went up to
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Do you know whether he made any effort that night to raise a posse
+or not?
+
+A. I do not know of my own knowledge. I was not in the city on Friday
+night?
+
+Q. Did you see the crowd on Saturday morning?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How large was it on Saturday morning?
+
+A. A great many people were there.
+
+Q. Do you think a well organized police force would have been able to
+have driven away the crowd on Saturday morning?
+
+A. I do not know about that. It would have depended on circumstances
+altogether. It would have taken a pretty good force to have driven them
+away.
+
+Q. Do you think it would have been possible to have gathered a posse in
+and about the city--if the sheriff had started out on Saturday morning
+and made an effort, could he have collected a posse sufficiently large
+to have driven away the crowd?
+
+A. The Saturday morning we were out?
+
+Q. By sending out deputies through the county, do you think he could
+have collected a posse, or not?
+
+A. If all were of the same opinion as the people in town, I do not
+think he could have got a posse. It would have been pretty hard work.
+
+Q. How was the feeling outside the city, so far as you know?
+
+A. Outside I do not know. In the city, the feeling appeared to be with
+the strikers altogether.
+
+Q. Here in the city?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you say all the citizens?
+
+A. No; I do not say that; but those I had any conversation with--those
+men I tried to get to go up there.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Soloman Coulson, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am doing nothing. At the time of this riot I was a police officer.
+My occupation is a brick-maker.
+
+Q. What office did you fill at the time of the trouble?
+
+A. I was what is called a roundsman here in this city--walking pretty
+much all over. I wore no uniform. I traveled into different places in
+the city.
+
+Q. Where were you on Thursday morning?
+
+A. I was at home in bed.
+
+Q. When did you first learn of the disturbance?
+
+A. About one o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+Q. What took place?
+
+A. I went to Twenty-eighth street where the disturbance was, and found
+detective McGovern there in charge of a posse of men. A great many
+railroaders were standing around, not doing anything. Along about
+three-forty o'clock, they made up a freight train to go out called a
+double-header--two engines attached to the train. Orders were given by
+somebody, I don't know who, that four policemen should go on each one
+of those locomotives. I was, myself, on one locomotive. The engine I
+was on, a reporter got on. He asked me if there was any danger, and I
+told him I thought there was, and he got off. They pulled out this
+train, I guess, about ten or twelve feet, and I didn't see anybody
+going to stop it. I thought they could very easily have taken it out at
+that time. I saw a man get on the track and throw his hands up, and
+with that they stopped, and the engineers and firemen jumped off. The
+police then on the engines insisted on going ahead. I did, for myself.
+The last man I saw getting off was a fireman. I said what are you
+getting off for, and he said he had got to do it.
+
+Q. Did they refuse to go on when you insisted?
+
+A. That man--he was a fireman or an engineer--I cannot tell which--he
+was doing both.
+
+Q. It was when that man threw himself in front of the train?
+
+A. One man did it. I think he is in jail now. That evening we had this
+man McCall in the Twelfth ward station, and there was a rumor that the
+mob was going to attack the Twelfth ward station and rescue him. I went
+to that station, and took that man McCall and marched down, putting
+twenty policemen behind us. We passed through the crowd, and nothing
+was said, and got down a few squares when there happened to be a friend
+of mine sitting in a car, and he hallooed at me and said, "For God's
+sake get in the car." The street was blocked. The car was stopped at
+the corner of Twenty-fourth and Penn, and we got in with our prisoner.
+Some of the crowd caught up with us. I had a revolver. One fellow put
+up a revolver at my ear when I struck him over the face with mine. We
+still kept on going, and we took our prisoner to the Central station. I
+didn't get back again that night. I was there again on the 21st,
+Saturday, and about eleven o'clock that night--Saturday night--I saw
+this burning. I was on Smithfield street at the time, and met a great
+many men coming down with goods. The feeling was not good towards me on
+account of this man McCall. I met a couple of parties with rolls of
+cloth, and we arrested them, and by morning we had more than a hundred
+in there for carrying off stuff. On Sunday morning, after the
+Philadelphia troops left--and before they did leave--we had that man in
+jail that I saw shooting into them with a breech-loading rifle. I went
+up to the round-house, and made a search there. I heard Chief Evans
+state that he saw whisky running into the cellar of the round-house. I
+don't know where there is a cellar to the round-house, but there is a
+cellar to the carpenter shop.
+
+Q. Is the carpenter-shop not one part of the round-house?
+
+A. The carpenter-shop is on the right, and there was a space of thirty
+or forty feet between them. The Philadelphia troops I saw leave the
+round-house. They came out and formed, and went off.
+
+Q. How did they come out?
+
+A. In a body, in regular marching order.
+
+Q. Where was the crowd when they came out?
+
+A. Very scarce.
+
+Q. Where had the crowd gone to?
+
+A. Dispersed and secreted themselves in buildings and every place. I
+went as far as Seventeenth street--the crowd had started, too--then the
+fire had not got that far. It was about the middle of the day. We
+stopped there, and during the time we were there undertook to prevent
+parties from breaking open the cars and setting them on fire, which we
+did succeed in stopping some. Afterwards I saw men dropping coal down
+below the track, and rolling barrels of oil down and setting them on
+fire. They were strangers to me. We couldn't get the force apparently
+together. If we had got them together at that time, a hundred men would
+have subdued the riot at that time, because it was apparently the work
+of boys. There were not as many men as boys, but the force had got
+scattered.
+
+Q. What time did the troops come out of the round-house?
+
+A. Near seven or eight o'clock.
+
+Q. Not many of the crowd were there at that time?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was any burning going on at that time?
+
+A. I saw the first car fired to drive the Philadelphia troops out. It
+was a car on the Valley track. It was set on fire, and a wheel of it
+was chocked. They dropped other cars down against it, and they caught
+on fire, until it got pretty hot. But this carpenter-shop didn't take
+fire for some time. I helped to shove some cars away back from the
+entrance leading in between the round-house and the carpenter-shop.
+Those cars didn't catch on fire.
+
+Q. They kept dropping those cars down all night?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did they remain near the round-house?
+
+A. They kept back towards Twenty-seventh street. They had a gun there.
+A man named Stewart I saw carried away from there dead. He was
+apparently a railroader. He had a watch with that name on it. I went to
+see the gun, and if they had ever fired it, it never would have hurt
+anybody in the round-house--if they had ever fired it. The wall is too
+high there.
+
+Q. What was it that caused that crowd to be scattered? Was it fear of
+fire from the soldiers?
+
+A. I reckon that was it.
+
+Q. After the soldiers got away, did the crowd re-assemble?
+
+A. No; not there.
+
+Q. Were the burning cars below there?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. They were still going on down with the burning and the pillaging?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. They marched in regular order--the troops you saw?
+
+A. In every good order.
+
+Q. Suppose they had formed in line, at that time, and marched on the
+crowd what would have been the effect?
+
+A. They would have got the best of the crowd because I didn't see many
+around there.
+
+Q. Could they have driven the crowd away from the burning cars?
+
+A. I think they could.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. And restored order?
+
+A. I don't know about that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who directed you to go out there first?
+
+A. The mayor--to the best of my knowledge and belief.
+
+Q. Did you have anybody with you?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you see the mayor before going?
+
+A. I saw him that day before going.
+
+Q. Where?
+
+A. At the city hall, in his office.
+
+Q. Were you on regular duty that day?
+
+A. I was on other duty that day--I was on a little special duty that
+day, but was detailed and sent to where this trouble was supposed to
+be. I was to meet the men where I was going. About this Officer Motts.
+On Saturday night the mayor was in the Twelfth ward, and shortly after
+I went there I saw him there, and on Sunday morning. On Sunday he was
+on the railroad. I was standing alone, and he came to me and said to
+me, for God's sake get some men, you can stop them from breaking into
+these cars. I went towards the crowd, but there was no use for one
+man--but I did. They then commenced to hurl stones.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What was the crowd--boys?
+
+A. Yes; and some men were among them. They were all getting pretty
+drunk then.
+
+Q. You say the mayor was there attending to his duties?
+
+A. Yes; using all the efforts he could to stop the riot; but we could
+not get the men together. Our force had been cut down, and it was
+impossible to get the men together. I asked men to stand alongside of
+me, but as soon as you would turn your head around again they were
+gone. In relation to Johnston and Bown's gun shops--I was at both
+places. At Johnston's, a demand was made for guns, and they gave them
+some muskets. I don't think that Johnston's was broke in.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. They gave them?
+
+A. That was what was said. I know I took a musket with a bayonet on
+from a fellow, and gave it back to the store. I was sent by the mayor's
+clerk to Bown's--some eight of us--but there were no uniformed men
+among us; we were in citizen's clothes. It was a hard matter to tell
+what they wanted; but eight of us went there at the time. Then this
+party came along Wood street, and they had a drum with them, and some
+of them had muskets with bayonets on, and others had revolvers, and
+others, what I took to be a large rammer, and they commenced ramming
+against the door. Officer Downey was one of the first officers to the
+store. I got in with him. They were then carrying out the stuff, and we
+took several guns from them and handed them back. They were still
+carrying out the stuff, and it was impossible to prevent them breaking
+in, because the force was not strong enough.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you armed?
+
+A. No; no more than we usually carried--our pocket revolvers.
+
+Q. Had you maces?
+
+A. The men that were there were not in the habit of carrying maces. I
+suppose they had billies and revolvers. The proper course to save
+Bown's store would have been to let eight or nine men get in there and
+arm them, and then keep them out there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did this crowd seem to be bent on plunder?
+
+A. Principally on plunder; I don't think that many of those guns taken
+out there ever went into the riot.
+
+Q. Did they carry off pretty much everything?
+
+A. Yes; according to the looks of the shelves and show cases. There
+were a couple of men arrested for stealing from that establishment,
+that are now doing terms in the western penitentiary.
+
+
+    By Mr. Englebert:
+
+Q. Did you recognize them as any particular class of men?
+
+A. I did not; their faces to me were apparently strange--they
+apparently looked like workingmen. A great many thieves were among
+them, and some, I know, have had to leave the city since, or we would
+have had them.
+
+Q. You don't know where they were from?
+
+A. Those I speak of?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I do; yes, from Pittsburgh.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. They have left the city entirely?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You were about the city a good deal attending to your duties, and
+you know a large part of the population?
+
+A. I do.
+
+Q. That crowd of men that went out there on Saturday and Sunday--was
+the crowd composed of men about the city?
+
+A. No; they were pretty much all strangers; the biggest portion of them
+were strange men.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. In your duties as a roundsman, had you noticed any unusual influx of
+strangers into the town?
+
+A. I had--a great many. We had a large crowd of them, I believe from
+Cumberland--in the neighborhood of twenty-five or thirty--that is, one
+batch, and I took notice of others.
+
+Q. Sufficient to attract the attention of the police authorities?
+
+A. It would have attracted my attention, and I have been following up
+that business for my living for eight or nine years.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. When did these men come into the city first?
+
+A. The first I noticed of them was on Saturday night, when I got into
+the Twelfth ward. To show you that there were a great many people that
+didn't belong in the city, I arrested some nine or ten up there that
+night, and among that nine or ten, eight of them belonged to Allegheny,
+and their faces were all strange to me.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. This party from Cumberland--when did they come?
+
+A. I can't remember.
+
+Q. After or before the fire?
+
+A. I can't be positive which.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. You said there was no cellar under this round-house?
+
+A. There was no cellar, but I found a turn-table in the middle of it.
+
+Q. How deep is a round-house generally dug out--from the top of the
+rails down?
+
+A. It is on a level, but it has got to be so deep for the turn-table.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The carpenter shop was connected with it?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And the superintendent's office and car shops?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Didn't they all have cellars under them?
+
+A. The office might have had a cellar--I know the office had.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. When you went out there on Thursday afternoon, what class of men
+were there?
+
+A. Principally railroaders.
+
+Q. How many were there?
+
+A. One hundred and fifty, or more than that. I knew a great many of
+them.
+
+Q. Could the trains have been run out that afternoon, if the engineers
+and firemen had gone?
+
+A. Yes; they could have taken this train out I was on--I don't know how
+far, though. They had four policemen on each engine to protect the
+engineers and firemen, and from what I understood, there were men to be
+put along on the train to protect the brakemen.
+
+Q. You were out again on Friday?
+
+A. No; not until Saturday. I remained there until Sunday morning, about
+eight o'clock.
+
+Q. How large a posse could you have raised in the city to go out there
+and restore order, if the mayor had made a call, or a demand for a
+posse?
+
+A. It would have depended on how much time you would have given me.
+
+Q. In a day?
+
+A. I might have got in the neighborhood of one hundred men. There were
+but one hundred and twenty men, and some of them were there.
+
+Q. But from any class of men in the city--if he had just called for a
+posse from any source--for extra men?
+
+A. He could not have got many at that time. Wherever I went, to judge
+from the talk, the people were all in sympathy with the mob.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Do you mean the tax-payers?
+
+A. I suppose so.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. But the mayor made no call, so far as you know, for a posse?
+
+A. I saw him trying to get men together on different occasions.
+
+Q. But he made no official demand?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. He made no effort to increase his police force by swearing in extra
+men?
+
+A. I believe he did as quick as he could do it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. When did he do it?
+
+A. In a couple or three days--may be two days.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. After the riot?
+
+A. Shorty after the riot. I think he did it as quickly as he could get
+the men together. I think he tried all he could to prevent this riot,
+which he don't get the credit for here. He ordered me on Sunday morning
+to go to the fire department, about one o'clock, and I went in search
+of the chief, in company with another officer, Motts. He did the
+talking. I didn't talk to him myself. We went to look for the chief,
+and could not find him. We went down to Twenty-first street and Penn
+street, and we saw a foreman there--I believe, in fact, several of the
+fire department were there, and we requested them to come and play on
+the fire, that the mayor had sufficient force, and that he would
+protect them, and the answer I don't remember, but I know they didn't
+come up and play on the fire. They were not going to run the danger.
+
+Q. What firemen did you see?
+
+A. Motts can tell you. Several were standing there.
+
+Q. What ones were standing there?
+
+A. Different ones. A man named Kennedy was there, and one named Miller.
+
+Q. Do you know where those two men are now?
+
+A. I suppose they are still on the fire department. The mayor at that
+time had dispatched from the Twelfth ward station for police, and had
+got, I guess, sixty or may be more. I know that many, for I knew the
+lieutenant that came up.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Were the round-house and those shops very hot when you went in?
+
+A. No; No cars were burning there yet.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Was the fire department near there--some of them?
+
+A. Yes; close up.
+
+Q. If they had played on the burning cars could they have prevented
+those buildings from getting on fire?
+
+A. I think they could have prevented it.
+
+Q. Were you ready to give protection then?
+
+A. The mayor was there, and his force, and those were the orders.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. When you went inside of the round-house were the doors still intact.
+
+A. They were. I could not see any fire about them.
+
+Q. How many engines were in there at that time?
+
+A. I can't be certain. A number were in there at that time--a great
+many. They were shoved in the stalls. There would, apparently, be one
+in each.
+
+Q. You think you examined those doors, do you?
+
+A. I was close to the doors, and if there had been any fire--in case of
+a fire I would have seen it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Was the upper round-house burning then?
+
+A. I believe it was pretty much burned at that time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where did the troops come out of the round-house?
+
+A. I saw a portion of them come out of the entrance on Twenty-sixth
+street, and I think a portion of them came out of the rear end of the
+carpenter shop. I saw some twenty-five or thirty come out.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Thomas Hastings, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. I not doing anything at present.
+
+Q. What were you doing in July last?
+
+A. I was a police officer.
+
+Q. What connection had you with the efforts to suppress the riot?
+
+A. I did everything, so far as I could, at that time. I didn't know
+much about it until Saturday evening. Our time for going on duty was
+eight o'clock in the evening. I went on at seven o'clock, and had
+orders from the lieutenant to go down and notify each tavern-keeper to
+close his saloon, at the request of the mayor. I did so, and we were
+distributed in the vicinity of Twenty-eighth street. There was a large
+crowd at Twenty-eighth street and Twenty-sixth street, and the crowd
+increased up to eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. What time did you receive orders to close the saloons?
+
+A. About seven o'clock in the evening.
+
+Q. In the vicinity of Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. All along Penn street. I went up about eleven o'clock, and stayed
+looking around for a while at Twenty-eighth street, and then came down
+as far as Twenty-sixth street, and went back again, and just as I got
+at the corner of Twenty-eighth and Penn streets I saw the fire, and I
+ran up Liberty street and saw a car of oil. I then ran down and pulled
+the alarm, and just as I pulled the alarm I was thrown out in the
+street. Just then the mayor passed me, and asked me what the car was,
+and I told him it was a car of oil. He asked me if I pulled the alarm,
+and I said yes. I didn't see any engine coming. I went down then to the
+Twelfth ward station-house, and I asked the captain if he had pulled
+the alarm, and he said he had tried to, but couldn't. I then went down
+a little piece, and saw an engine and the Independence hose carriage
+standing at Twenty-fourth or Twenty-fifth street. Somebody made a
+remark that they would not let them come up any further--that they had
+threatened to shoot them. I stayed around there all that night, and on
+Sunday morning, after the Philadelphia troops left----
+
+Q. Did you see the Philadelphia troops come out of the round-house?
+
+A. I saw what they called the Philadelphia troops.
+
+Q. Where did they come out?
+
+A. They were in this round-house and in the carpenter shop. They
+appeared to come out of the west end of the carpenter shop.
+
+Q. On to what street?
+
+A. On to Liberty, and then down Twenty-fifth street to Penn. Some were
+deployed as skirmishers, at the head of the column. They appeared to be
+pretty well frightened.
+
+Q. Were they marching in good order?
+
+A. Yes; but they appeared to be pretty well scared.
+
+Q. They marched regularly, did they?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was any attack made on them?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge--so far as I saw. I only stayed a few minutes,
+and went over into the round-house and carpenter shop. I went into, I
+believe, where D. O. Shater had his office, on the east end of the
+round-house. I went in there, and went in through the round-house into
+the carpenter shop.
+
+Q. Were you on duty during the week prior to the riot?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you learn of any arrangement among the men for the strike?
+
+A. I knew nothing of it until I got out of bed on Thursday, that was
+the first I heard of it.
+
+Q. What time did you get up?
+
+A. I generally got up about four or five o'clock.
+
+Q. What did you learn then?
+
+A. I learned that there was a strike, or that there was going to be a
+strike.
+
+Q. Who informed you?
+
+A. I don't remember. Some railroad man.
+
+Q. What did he say about it?
+
+A. That there had been a strike, or was going to be a strike.
+
+Q. You knew of no pre-arranged plan for a strike?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Had you noticed any influx of strangers into the city prior to that
+time?
+
+A. I had noticed a great many.
+
+Q. What class of men?
+
+A. They appeared to be tramps--fellows hunting for work, but who didn't
+want it.
+
+Q. Any more than there had been previously?
+
+A. Yes; that week there had been a great many traveling back and
+forward on the streets.
+
+Q. A great many all the time are traveling, are they not?
+
+A. Not as many as that week, I don't think.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with those tramps?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. What do you do with the tramps who come into the city here?
+
+A. We don't do anything at present.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What was the first day you noticed more tramps than usual?
+
+A. It appeared to be the beginning of the week of the riot--for six or
+eight days previous.
+
+Q. You noticed it before the strike commenced?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You did not do anything with those tramps who gathered and
+collected?
+
+A. We had not for some time.
+
+Q. You allowed them to come in and go away when they choose?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Where had you noticed this extra influx of tramps?
+
+A. I had noticed it on Penn street, particularly. A great many were
+going in and out. They would ask me where there was a place to stay
+over night, or if they could stay at the station-house, and I always
+directed them to the Young Men's Home.
+
+Q. Did they come there in larger numbers than usual--that is, in larger
+crowds than six or eight or ten?
+
+A. Sometimes I would see one or two, and then six, and they increased
+to as high as eight in a party.
+
+Q. In a party?
+
+A. In a bunch.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How soon were you up to the round-house after the troops vacated it?
+
+A. In eight or ten minutes.
+
+Q. Did you go through the round-house or the shops?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were any of those buildings on fire?
+
+A. The machine shop was on fire--thirty or forty feet on the east
+side--that is, sixty feet from the east end of the round-house.
+
+Q. Do you know anything about any oil cars that were dropped down on
+the Pennsylvania railroad towards the round-house?
+
+A. I know that oil cars were dropped down there.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. They were afire when I saw them. I don't know how close to the
+round-house they went.
+
+Q. How were they stopped?
+
+A. I think they were bumped against other cars.
+
+Q. You don't know of any obstructions placed on the tracks that
+prevented them from running clear to the round house?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was there much heat in the round-house when you got there, soon
+after the troops left?
+
+A. The machine shop was on fire. How long it had been burning before, I
+cannot say. It was burning when I went into D. O. Shafer's office.
+
+Q. Had any of the troops been in this machine shop?
+
+A. I can't say; some had been shooting out of the bell tower that
+night.
+
+Q. Of the machine shop?
+
+A. Yes, sir; the round-house was not on fire, nor the carpenter shop.
+
+Q. What has been your avocation for the last eight or ten years?
+
+A. I have been a railroad man up to within three years.
+
+Q. Have you ever been a conductor on passenger trains?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. On freight trains?
+
+A. I have been a conductor on freight.
+
+Q. Had you any conversation with freight conductors up to the time of
+the riot, or before that time in relation to any contemplated strike?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Or with any men belonging to the Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. No; I never took any stock in that union.
+
+Q. Did you see the troops retiring from the round-house?
+
+A. Not until they came up on Penn street.
+
+Q. Did you see them fired at?
+
+A. Not on Penn street. I saw a man who is in jail now, firing from the
+corner of Twenty-sixth and Penn streets.
+
+Q. At the troops?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see any whisky running into any of those buildings on fire?
+
+A. I saw two cars of high wines on fire. They had stopped them in front
+of the superintendent's office, and they were throwing water out of the
+windows to put the fire out. When I went up there I saw it was high
+wines.
+
+Q. Could that have run into the cellar of the buildings or the
+superintendent's office?
+
+A. It would have taken a good bit, for the stone sill was eight or ten
+inches from the ground, and it would take a great deal to run in there,
+though a barrel might have rolled in through the window.
+
+Q. Where is the battery room under the superintendent's office?
+
+A. It is in the west corner of the building--in the cellar.
+
+Q. Is it below the grade of the Allegheny Valley track?
+
+A. I am not sure. Yes; it is below, the bottom part of it, but along
+the window sill, I think, it is five or six inches, may be more.
+
+Q. It is below the grade of the railroad track?
+
+A. The inside of it is, but the outside is about six or eight inches
+above the ground. I would have to send up to be sure about it.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William Coats, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you connected with the fire department of the city of
+Pittsburgh last July?
+
+A. I am one of the fire commissioners of the city of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. State the organization of that department last July?
+
+A. We had eleven steam fire engine companies and two hose companies and
+three trucks in the city of Pittsburgh last July, and an average of
+about seven men to a company. But we didn't have a full force on. Our
+appropriations ran short, and we were compelled to put off some
+twenty-two men just previous to the riot.
+
+Q. How many men had you at that time?
+
+A. One hundred and four, telegraph operators and all--a working force
+of about ninety-eight men.
+
+Q. They are a paid force, are they?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State what aid they rendered in putting out the fire?
+
+A. The first alarm, the night of the riot, occurred on the 21st of
+July, I think--I am not positive--and was sent in about fifteen minutes
+after ten o'clock. I was then at engine house No. 7, on Penn avenue,
+near the corner of Twenty-third street. There were three companies that
+answered that alarm, and one hose company and one truck. The department
+was stopped on the street, between Twenty-third and Twenty-eighth
+street. The crowd caught the horses of No. 7 engine, and drew the fire
+out of the engine, and made the men pull into the sidewalk. The
+department did no service on Saturday night, but they went into service
+when the Philadelphia troops vacated the round-house, on Sunday morning
+at seven o'clock. Our men went there then; and, if you will allow me, I
+will tell you why they did not go into service before.
+
+Q. We want to know it?
+
+A. The people would not allow them to.
+
+Q. That is the mob?
+
+A. Yes; but we considered them in service from the time the alarm
+struck, though they didn't throw any water. We couldn't get to the
+round-house building, or to where the fire started, because the mob
+stopped us. They made the assistant chief engineer get out of his
+buggy. I sent off the second signal myself from No. 7 engine house when
+they commenced to fire cars down about Twentieth street. In the
+meantime, an alarm came in from East Liberty, and we thought it was the
+cattle yards there. From the corner of Twenty-second and Liberty
+streets, we laid a line of hose, but they commenced to cut it as soon
+as we laid it, and they made us take it up again. A fellow put a pistol
+to my ear and said, take that up.
+
+Q. Did you know the fellow who did that?
+
+A. No. I have not seen him since. We reeled the hose up. There was no
+use in getting it out. We could only get into service when the
+Philadelphia troops came out of the round-house on Sunday morning.
+
+Q. What kind of service did you render during the day?
+
+A. We saved this town from burning down. I don't suppose that ever a
+body of men worked harder than the Pittsburgh fire department. We did
+not have a man who was not at his post from ten o'clock on Saturday
+night until eight o'clock on Monday morning. It was the only body of
+men in Pittsburgh organized.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. They were ready to do their duty?
+
+A. They did their duty.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You say they saved the city? How?
+
+A. In the first place, when we went into service, opposite the
+round-house or the machine-shops, there were a lot of frames or
+tenement houses that were on fire. Well, we put out this fire, and we
+kept on following the fire down Liberty street, and kept the buildings
+wetted down. The fire was very intense--very hot, and it was a
+continual fight with fire all the way down Liberty street.
+
+Q. The crowd of rioters and pillagers were ahead of you?
+
+A. Sometimes they were ahead, and sometimes along with us; sometimes
+the rioters kept ahead of the fire, and sometimes they were among us.
+
+Q. They didn't break open the cars and pillage them until the fire
+started along?
+
+A. There were places on Liberty street where no man could have stood,
+even to wet the houses down, and where they couldn't have pillaged,
+because it was too hot, and occasionally along Liberty street there
+were a lot of coal dumps and some oil bins, and where that occurred the
+heat was very intense. We had to keep things wetted all the time. Along
+there the pillagers would sometimes be very plenty.
+
+Q. I suppose all the private property burned caught from the heat of
+the railroad cars?
+
+A. Yes; the only private property that was burned was on Washington
+street.
+
+Q. Did those houses catch fire, or were they set on fire?
+
+A. They caught from the Union depot.
+
+Q. You saved the private property here by wetting down the buildings?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you receive any protection from the police force?
+
+A. No; we did not.
+
+Q. At any time?
+
+A. No; not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. You were with the department?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. At any time did you receive any protection from the police?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. If you had been protected by the police, could you have cut the fire
+and stopped it?
+
+A. We could, at any place.
+
+Q. How many men would it have taken to protect you?
+
+A. I think twenty-five or fifty men, at the outside, could have stopped
+that burning on Sunday morning. I say that, because there could have
+been no mistakes. Because, if they had shot some of them down, they
+could not have made any mistakes. They had no business there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you see the mayor there during the day?
+
+A. I saw the mayor there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was the mayor making any effort to keep back the crowd?
+
+A. I did not see any force of policemen that day, but the mayor
+appeared to be moving up and down Liberty street. I saw him talking to
+the rioters.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. After the Philadelphia troops left the round-house, how long was it
+before it was on fire?
+
+A. It was, I think, on fire when they left, because we went up there
+right away.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say that the round-house was on fire, but we have evidence that
+it was not?
+
+A. The offices that stood between were certainly on fire, because I
+worked that stream myself, and the heat got so intense at one time,
+that we had to move the engine away. The round-house could not help
+being on fire, for that oil sent down would have put anything on fire.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see the troops come out?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were the burning cars around there?
+
+A. They had been sending down the burning cars sometime before.
+
+Q. Then it was afire when they came out?
+
+A. As soon as the troops came out, the chief engineer ordered some
+apparatus there, and we went there at once. There was almost an entire
+square on Liberty street, all lumber yards and frame shanties, on fire.
+And this machine shop was on fire. I am not positive about the two
+round-houses at that time. I was working there myself.
+
+Q. How many men, do you judge, were engaged in this burning?
+
+A. I cannot tell you that--a great many.
+
+Q. Actively engaged--that is, I want to distinguish between the persons
+standing around in crowds on the pavements looking on, and the parties
+actively engaged in the burning?
+
+A. When I was down on Liberty street, there appeared to be a great many
+people on the railroad track. Of course, they were pillaging then--it
+was plain--any person could see it. Every now and then you could see
+the flames bursting out from the cars.
+
+Q. Did you see this crowd--was it an organized effort to follow up the
+burning--did it seem to be followed systematically?
+
+A. Yes; I think it was organized.
+
+Q. Can you form any idea as to how many were actively engaged?
+
+A. I cannot. I was not on the railroad track that day. Men and women
+and everything else were on the railroad track.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Behind the fire?
+
+A. Yes; but they kept in front, too.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. They were pillaging and carrying the things away?
+
+A. Yes; I got down to Eleventh street, and went to the Pan-Handle
+railroad yard, and they were breaking the cars open and setting the
+things on fire. I said to them, don't do it, or you will set the city
+on fire, and they said they did not care a damn if they did.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you know those men?
+
+A. No; I never saw them before or since. On Saturday evening I was
+sitting in front of the engine house, and some men came up in front and
+said, "If there is a fire to-night, I suppose you will turn out." I
+said, "Certainly," when he said, "If you turn out there will be
+trouble. We will cut your hose and smash your apparatus."
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did he talk as if he came to warn you for that purpose?
+
+A. Yes; he talked as if he came for the purpose of letting us know
+that. There was a great deal of feeling that night.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you have none of your engines in service before the troops left?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You played on neither private property nor railroad property?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Were the crowd generally disorderly?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Making threats?
+
+A. O, yes; that they would kill the firemen, and one thing and another?
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Did you see a proclamation or any official document of the mayor of
+the city of Pittsburgh ordering the rum shops and drinking saloons to
+be closed on Saturday or Sunday?
+
+A. I do not know of seeing it. If a proclamation was issued on
+Saturday, I was not in the city on Saturday afternoon.
+
+Q. Or any proclamation ordering the crowd to disperse?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. No proclamation calling for a police force?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see the shooting on Saturday night?
+
+A. No; what occurred in the evening I didn't see. I was up there in the
+morning, but out of the city in the afternoon.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. If a determined effort had been made on Thursday by the mayor with
+the police force that he had at hand, could he have dispersed the
+crowd?
+
+A. I do not know of any reason why he should not.
+
+Q. On Friday, do you think so?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Could he on Saturday, up until the time of the arrival of the
+militia?
+
+A. It could not have been done on Saturday morning, because the mill
+men had all commenced to gather.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you think he could have quelled the trouble without calling on
+the militia--that the police force could have suppressed the riot?
+
+A. That is something I do not pretend to answer. The militia were
+called out a day or two previous to that. But I think this, that it was
+unfortunate for this shooting to have occurred in Pittsburgh. My
+sympathies were with the strikers, but not up to the point of rioting.
+
+Q. You say you thought on Saturday morning the crowd could not have
+been dispersed without the militia?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. By the police force?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Could the mayor or the sheriff have raised a posse, either in the
+city or in the county, including both, sufficient to have dispersed the
+crowd?
+
+A. I think that the mayor of any city of the size of the city of
+Pittsburgh ought to be able, with his police force, to break up any
+assemblage of men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. After the sheriff called upon the Governor for troops, didn't that
+intensify the feeling in Pittsburgh?
+
+A. It did. I do not think that there was any necessity for that, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State what efforts were made to start trains that day?
+
+A. On Friday afternoon no effort was made. The passenger trains came in
+on Saturday morning. The troops were mixed with the crowd, and no
+effort was made to start trains, I went to Allegheny City, and learned
+of the shooting while coming across the river. I happened to be away
+when the fun commenced.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned to meet to-morrow morning, at ten
+o'clock.
+
+
+    MORNING SESSION.
+
+    ORPHANS' COURT ROOM,
+    PITTSBURGH, _Wednesday, February 13, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee assembled at ten o'clock
+A.M., this day, and continued taking of testimony.
+
+The first witness examined was:
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Henry Coates, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you a member of the fire department last July?
+
+A. No; I was a member of the police force.
+
+Q. What position did you hold?
+
+A. I was a lieutenant.
+
+Q. How many men did you have control of?
+
+A. I had forty men that night of Saturday.
+
+Q. Where were you on Thursday?
+
+A. Sleeping. We had no day force in the city at that time.
+
+Q. Were you not around during the day, Thursday?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Where were you on Friday?
+
+A. In bed.
+
+Q. During the night of Thursday, where were you?
+
+A. On duty from Eleventh street to Thirty-third street.
+
+Q. Taking in Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was there any disturbance--any overt act?
+
+A. No; but there was a collection of people. Sometimes there would not
+be over thirty or forty.
+
+Q. What class of people?
+
+A. Railroaders, particularly.
+
+Q. What was the conduct of the people?
+
+A. They were quiet. There was no trouble at all.
+
+Q. Did they remain there?
+
+A. They would pass up and down, talking among themselves.
+
+Q. Hid you have any conversation with them?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you ask them why they were there?
+
+A. No; it was not an infrequent occurrence to see men there. It is a
+principal street to go up to go to work.
+
+Q. On Friday night how large was the crowd?
+
+A. One hundred or so.
+
+Q. Were they railroad men on Friday night?
+
+A. Yes; principally. They appeared to be very quiet talking among
+themselves.
+
+Q. What were they saying?
+
+A. That they did not let me hear.
+
+Q. Did you report to the chief of police or the mayor?
+
+A. I made a report every morning.
+
+Q. You reported that crowd to him?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. But received no orders?
+
+A. No; no orders to disperse them or anything else.
+
+Q. Were the saloons open in that part of the city during Thursday,
+Friday, and Saturday. Were they closed at all?
+
+A. I ordered them to close on Saturday evening.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. About eight o'clock.
+
+Q. During Saturday night, describe what took place?
+
+A. I do not know that I can.
+
+Q. You were not on duty during the firing?
+
+A. No; that took place before we went on duty.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd?
+
+A. They began to come--three or four hundred--or two hundred--squads
+coming from different places all during Saturday night and Sunday
+morning. Nearly everybody in the city was in that neighborhood--or the
+biggest part of them.
+
+Q. What time did the burning commence?
+
+A. In the neighborhood of ten and half or a quarter to eleven o'clock.
+A crowd had congregated around the fire-alarm box, and would not let
+the men pull it.
+
+Q. Where did the fire break out first?
+
+A. I was about Twenty-eighth street when it broke out. I should judge
+between Thirty-first and Thirty-second street on the railroad.
+
+Q. What was set on fire?
+
+A. Oil, from the appearance of the smoke.
+
+Q. What did they do with the cars after they set them on fire?
+
+A. They cut them loose and ran them.
+
+Q. How many men were engaged in that?
+
+A. I cannot say that at all.
+
+Q. Were you near the round-house during the night?
+
+A. Yes; with the mayor of the city. I went to Twenty-seventh street,
+and passed the round-house, and tried to get in a place where it was
+reported a lady was shot--opposite the round-house. That was after the
+firing had taken place--about eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. Did you succeed in getting in?
+
+A. No; it was in a small saloon, and I had notified them in the early
+part of the evening to close, and for that reason they would not let us
+in.
+
+Q. Were you there on Sunday morning?
+
+A. Yes; until after the troops left.
+
+Q. Did you see them march out?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Where did they come out?
+
+A. On Twenty-sixth street--out of the gate.
+
+Q. Did they march in good order?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were they fired upon?
+
+A. Not in our neighborhood.
+
+Q. By the crowd?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was there or around there when they marched out?
+
+A. I saw one citizen.
+
+Q. Did you know him?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Who was he?
+
+A. Captain ---- McMunn. There had been quite a crowd before they filed
+on to Penn street, but they all broke.
+
+Q. They broke when they saw the troops?
+
+A. Yes; the cry was raised when they came out that they were going down
+to the Union depot, and the mob undertook to get down and cut them off.
+
+Q. The mob broke and ran towards the river?
+
+A. Any place where they could run away.
+
+Q. You mean to say that the mob ran from the military, when they came
+out?
+
+A. They did.
+
+Q. How long was it before the mob re-assembled?
+
+A. I did not see them re-assemble.
+
+Q. Were you there during the day?
+
+A. Shortly after that I had to come to the central station and take
+charge of the prisoners we had arrested.
+
+Q. How many prisoners did you have arrested up there?
+
+A. I cannot say the number.
+
+Q. Can you give us an estimate?
+
+A. About seventy-five, I suppose.
+
+Q. What were they arrested for?
+
+A. For having goods in their possession--cloth, and everything they
+could get hold of.
+
+Q. Did you take them before the mayor?
+
+A. Before Acting-Mayor Butler.
+
+Q. What did he do with them?
+
+A. Some of them were dismissed, and some were sent to jail, and some
+were fined.
+
+Q. Some were dismissed?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Why?
+
+A. That I cannot tell you.
+
+Q. Was there no evidence against them?
+
+A. Evidence of having goods in their possession, certainly. We arrested
+some of them with guns.
+
+Q. Muskets?
+
+A. Yes, and shot guns.
+
+Q. Were any of those dismissed?
+
+A. That I cannot say.
+
+Q. About how many of those were dismissed?
+
+A. That I cannot tell you.
+
+Q. What time did you return to the scene of the riot?
+
+A. After getting through with the prisoners, I was then ordered by the
+mayor to report to the chief engineer of the fire department for duty.
+
+Q. What did you do?
+
+A. I did all I could. Being an engineer by trade, I took spells at
+running an engine and worked with them after the neighborhood of seven
+o'clock that evening.
+
+Q. Were you interfered with by the mob?
+
+A. I was not.
+
+Q. Whereabouts did you work?
+
+A. Generally at the engine.
+
+Q. At what points?
+
+A. Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth, and Seventeenth and Sixteenth streets.
+And from there I went with the fuel wagon.
+
+Q. Did you receive any assistance from the police?
+
+A. They were there, and doing all they could, but the police was small
+at that time.
+
+Q. Were you at the Union depot when it was set on fire?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Those goods--what became of them?
+
+A. They were turned over to the commissioners, I understood.
+
+Q. They were goods taken out the cars?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Why were those prisoners taken before Deputy Mayor Butler?
+
+A. I cannot answer that question.
+
+Q. Where did he sit?
+
+A. In the central station, where we usually held the mayor's court.
+
+Q. The mayor's office?
+
+A. It is the central station-house.
+
+Q. Where the mayor holds his court?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Where was Mayor McCarthy at that time?
+
+A. I cannot tell you that.
+
+Q. You say the police gave the fire department assistance and
+protection?
+
+A. I say they assisted, so far as I saw.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William J. Kennedy, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Foreman of engine company No. 3.
+
+Q. Did you occupy that position last July?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State what part you took in putting out the fire that occurred on
+the night of the 21st--Saturday night?
+
+A. It was eleven o'clock and twenty minutes when the alarm came first.
+We started out the house, but we were stopped at the grain elevator.
+But we got through that crowd, and got on to Penn street, when they
+began firing at us or at our horses.
+
+Q. How many shots were fired?
+
+A. I cannot tell that. It was just firing here and there along the
+street.
+
+Q. With pistols and guns?
+
+A. With all kinds of arms.
+
+Q. How long was that kept up?
+
+A. All night until daylight.
+
+Q. Go on and tell us what occurred?
+
+A. We turned on to Liberty street, and at Twenty-first and Liberty they
+hit me with something, and surrounded the horses. Then we turned on to
+Penn again, but they wouldn't let us move, so we went towards the river
+and tried to go down to get up further, but they were waiting there.
+They had some old muskets and carbines and other things, and if we just
+moved the horses they would come. We changed to different places from
+one block to another, but they wouldn't let us lay a line, and wouldn't
+let us throw any water except private property was in danger. We didn't
+throw any water until after the troops went out of the round-house in
+the morning.
+
+Q. Were you present when they went out of the round-house?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were you at the round-house after they left?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was it on fire?
+
+A. Yes. They had to come out. The fire got under them.
+
+Q. Under what part of the round-house?
+
+A. I don't know what part of it, but they set it on fire from Liberty
+street. They had a hose there, and were throwing water all night. They
+ran the cars down and tried to set it on fire, but it was all right
+until the fire got under them.
+
+Q. You say the troops had hose, and kept the fire out until it got
+under them and drove them out?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Do you know of any oil that was run under them?
+
+A. I don't know that. All I know is, that some liquor was there
+burning.
+
+Q. How soon did you get to the round-house, after the troops left?
+
+A. As soon as we could.
+
+Q. How extensive was the fire then in the round-house?
+
+A. It was big, and there were lumber yards across the street all afire.
+
+Q. Was the carpenter shop on fire?
+
+A. I don't know whether the carpenter shop was or not.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were any buildings attached to the round-house on fire, or buildings
+near it?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How large was the crowd when the troops came out?
+
+A. I don't know how large.
+
+Q. What did the crowd do when the troops marched out?
+
+A. They were taking a walk--nobody interfered with the troops.
+Everybody tried to get out of their road.
+
+Q. And get away?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. In what direction did the crowd go?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. The crowd didn't attempt to attack the troops?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. During the day--Sunday and Sunday night--were you interfered with by
+the crowd in throwing water?
+
+A. Yes--frequently.
+
+Q. To what extent?
+
+A. Different parties kept coming constantly, so that we couldn't do
+anything. They said: "Don't you throw any water on the railroad
+property, or we will blow the heads off of you." It was not just one
+man, but they kept reminding you of it all the time.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. They allowed you to play on private property?
+
+A. Yes; I turned a stream on the cars at Union depot, when I suppose
+twenty revolvers were shot at me.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you call on the police force for protection?
+
+A. I would have had to call a good while before I would have got any. I
+didn't see many of them.
+
+Q. Did they offer any protection to you?
+
+A. Not to me, they didn't.
+
+Q. Did Officer Daniel Motts speak to you at any time, offering to
+protect you?
+
+A. He spoke to me several times during the night, but never offered me
+any protection. There was no occasion to offer me any, as both the
+chiefs were there.
+
+Q. And he didn't offer you any protection?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did he give you any protection?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did he tell you, if you would commence playing on a certain point,
+that the police would protect you?
+
+A. He didn't.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did any police officer?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. In your examination, you have stated that you went to the
+round-house as soon as you could, after the troops left?
+
+A. Yes; and went into service.
+
+Q. How long was it after the troops left until you got playing upon the
+fire at the round-house?
+
+A. I cannot tell you exactly, but it was very quick?
+
+Q. Half an hour?
+
+A. No; it was not ten minutes until we were throwing water.
+
+Q. Then the fire had made considerable progress in the round-house?
+
+A. Yes; and across the street in the lumber yards.
+
+Q. Do you know, of your own personal knowledge, that the fire
+department did call upon the mayor for protection?
+
+A. I cannot say. I saw the mayor there in a buggy.
+
+Q. He didn't offer you any protection?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you think, with the fire department, you could have cut the fire
+and stopped it during Sunday, if you had had protection?
+
+A. I don't know whether we could have stopped it, it was on fire in too
+many different places; but I think we could have picked out twenty-five
+men and saved Union depot from burning.
+
+Q. Do you mean you could have prevented the mob from firing it?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. With twenty-five policemen?
+
+A. With twenty-five good men of any kind.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you mean that it could have been stopped at that time and place?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And that you could have prevented the spreading of the fire?
+
+A. Yes; if I had had that number of determined men.
+
+Q. Did you see those parties who set Union depot on fire?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was there no effort made when they set the sheds on fire to tear the
+sheds down and stop the fire?
+
+A. Not that I saw--not by the police, that I saw. We did all we could.
+We kept following up the fire.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was there no effort made during the day, Sunday, to stop the
+progress of those men in setting fire to the cars and the depot?
+
+A. That I cannot say.
+
+Q. You were not present when the mayor made a speech to the crowd?
+
+A. No.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John M. Miller, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. On Second avenue.
+
+Q. What was your connection with the fire department in July last?
+
+A. I was an engineer.
+
+Q. What time did you go to the scene of the fire?
+
+A. About twenty minutes after eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. Saturday night?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were you interfered with by the crowd?
+
+A. We were fired at and told to go slow, you sons of bitches, all the
+way, but nobody struck us. I don't know whether they fired at us or
+not, but our foreman, I believe, was struck in the back.
+
+Q. Did they strike any of your horses?
+
+A. That I cannot tell. I was behind the engine.
+
+Q. Where did you commence work?
+
+A. We were off with the engine about a square from the fire, and
+commenced work first at Twenty-sixth street. I don't know where they
+had the hose placed. They told us not to throw on the railroad
+property, or they would cut our hose, and they tried to prevent me
+putting on my suction hose. We had to talk to them, and tell them we
+were not going to play on the railroad property before they would allow
+us to make any attachment at all.
+
+Q. How long did you remain at work playing on the fire?
+
+A. We returned home at ten o'clock Monday morning, I think it was.
+
+Q. During the day, Sunday, were you interfered with by the mob?
+
+A. They spoke to us, and a drunken fellow told us, if we played on the
+railroad property, that they would blow our heads off.
+
+Q. Were you protected by the police?
+
+A. The police was a disorganized body--no two of them were together, I
+don't believe. I never saw over two together the whole day.
+
+Q. Did you call on the police for protection?
+
+A. I didn't.
+
+Q. Did the police offer you any protection?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Did Officer Daniel Motts say anything to you at any time?
+
+A. Daniel Motts and a man named Coulston came to us before the
+round-house caught on fire, about one o'clock that night, and asked us
+what we were standing there for, and not throwing any water. I said
+that the mob wouldn't allow us, and they said, I believe, they would
+protect us. I said, I am not the proper person, as the chief is here,
+and as we have orders to stand here and wait further orders. But the
+way they spoke to me, I thought it was in a joking way, because the
+only protection they could offer wouldn't have amounted to anything. I
+told them I was not the proper person, that the chief was there.
+
+Q. Did they ask you to play upon any particular point of the fire, and
+say they would protect you?
+
+A. No; they didn't. The cars were burning above the round-house at the
+time, but the round-house was not burning at the time.
+
+Q. Did you see the troops come out?
+
+A. No; but I saw them after they came out.
+
+Q. How soon did you get up there after the troops went out?
+
+A. In about twenty minutes or twenty-five minutes.
+
+Q. Was the round-house on fire when you got there?
+
+A. It was burning bad.
+
+Q. Was it burning before they came out?
+
+A. Yes; that is what chased them out. I understood afterwards that they
+came out of the carpenter shop.
+
+Q. Was the carpenter shop burned afterwards?
+
+A. That I cannot say. We were ordered away below that again.
+
+Q. What became of the crowd when the troops came out?
+
+A. They ran pell mell, and fell over each other. The troops could have
+marched down Liberty street and drove them. The mob were cowards when
+daylight shown on them. They had plenty of guns, but not much
+ammunition for them. They were drunk, and that was what gave courage to
+the most of them.
+
+Q. Those drunken men, when daylight came, what became of them?
+
+A. They staggered off, and went to sleep or something. They had plenty
+of liquor.
+
+Q. How many were engaged in firing the cars during the day--Sunday?
+
+A. Not over ten or twelve men. Some of them were boys fourteen or
+fifteen years of age. The most conspicuous man was a man with one arm.
+
+Q. Were you close?
+
+A. I was; at Twenty-first and Liberty street.
+
+Q. Did you follow down with your department?
+
+A. When the fire broke out down below amongst the cars we were ordered
+further down. We went then to Twelfth and Liberty streets, that is from
+Twenty-first to Twelfth.
+
+Q. Was any effort made by either the police or the militia or any
+person to stop this gang who were firing the cars?
+
+A. None at all. There were plenty of people outside in sympathy with
+those who were setting fire, and who were handing drinks up to them,
+and some women were carrying coffee, and handing it to them?
+
+Q. What class of women?
+
+A. They looked like Irish women.
+
+Q. What classes of men were about that day who appeared to be in
+sympathy with them?
+
+A. It generally was the Irish. Most every person that spoke to us about
+not playing on the fire was Irish, that is, had the brogue on the
+tongue.
+
+Q. Were they railroad men, or did they belong to any particular class
+in the city. Mill men, or any particular class of people?
+
+A. I didn't recognize any of them that I knew personally.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You say they were handing coffee up to those people. It must have
+been made in the vicinity of the fire?
+
+A. Yes; or else carried some distance. It appeared to be hot coffee.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where was the mayor during the day Sunday?
+
+A. I cannot say; I didn't see him at all.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. After the soldiers marched out the round-house, if they had torn up
+the track, would it have prevented any further firing west?
+
+A. Previous to the round-house being set on fire?
+
+Q. Afterwards?
+
+A. It would; but they would have followed on down.
+
+Q. But couldn't the soldiers have checked them there?
+
+A. Yes; I think the soldiers could have cleared the whole track after
+daylight on Sunday, cleared the whole track.
+
+Q. The soldiers or the mayor's posse?
+
+A. I don't know about the mayor's posse. They didn't appear to be so
+much afraid of the posse as of the guns.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I understand you to say that no attempt was made by either the civil
+authorities or the military authorities to stop the fire on Sunday, or
+to clear the track?
+
+A. There was no attempt at all.
+
+Q. Of course, you cannot tell what would have been the result, if an
+attempt had been made--it is a mere matter of opinion as to what would
+have been the result?
+
+A. I believe so; but that is my opinion. I feel certain that they
+could.
+
+Q. You spoke of the police force not being organized. What was the
+organization of the fire department?
+
+A. The organization of the fire department was perfect. All the men
+were at their posts all the time, ready to do what they were ordered to
+do.
+
+Q. How many were at their posts?
+
+A. All the men that were on the force. The force had been reduced, but
+some of the men that had been put off were helping.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. You say those members of the department that had been put off didn't
+refuse to assist you?
+
+A. Not at all!
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey?
+
+Q. How many men were discharged from the fire department?
+
+A. Some twenty-two.
+
+Q. How many of those men came back to your assistance?
+
+A. Through the whole department I cannot say, but of our company I saw
+a couple of them. Of course, they had their favorite companies. And
+then there were plenty of volunteers of the old members of the
+volunteer department.
+
+Q. Who appoints the fire commissioners?
+
+A. They are elected by city councils.
+
+Q. They have control of the fire department?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State whether the fire commissioners are subject to the control of
+any higher body?
+
+A. I don't think they are. I think they are given full power.
+
+Q. Do you know what the law is in regard to that?
+
+A. I don't. I have never examined it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What appeared to be the disposition of the crowd surrounding that
+fire--did they appear to be in sympathy with the rioters?
+
+A. That I cannot say.
+
+Q. Some of the crowd were gathered there out of curiosity?
+
+A. I would have them all around the engine. It was a regular hum, just
+like bees--everybody seemed to be talking.
+
+Q. Was there any general expression against the soldiery?
+
+A. I believe there was, after they fired on the mob. I believe some
+classes of men had a feeling against the soldiers, but I believe the
+better class of citizens had not.
+
+Q. You say the soldiers could have cleared the tracks and dispersed the
+mob, when they came out of the round-house?
+
+A. They could--if they had opened with the Gatling guns, there would
+not have been a soul in sight for fifteen squares.
+
+Q. Do you know whether the officers of the soldiery in the round-house
+had any communication with anybody outside, during the night?
+
+A. I don't think they had, to my knowledge.
+
+Q. None of them were passing back and forth, between the round-house
+and outside?
+
+A. That I cannot say. I was not close enough to it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. The soldiers had no means of knowing that the crowd had become
+dispersed, or weakened, or drunken?
+
+A. I don't think they had. I think the soldiers thought the whole
+community was against them. If they had known that they could have come
+out, and drove the mob down, I think they would have done it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Officer Coulston has testified, that the round-house was not on fire
+where the troops came out--that he went through the building. Could he
+have gone through those buildings soon after the troops evacuated them?
+
+A. He couldn't. He might have gone into the carpenter shop, or the
+paint shop, but the flames were coming out of all the windows of the
+round-house. Nobody could have lived there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Could a man have got on to the engines as they stood in the stalls?
+
+A. He might, in one part by the carpenter shop, but I don't think he
+could have lived in any part of it, on account of the heat.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Daniel J. Eckels, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. 135 Second avenue.
+
+Q. Were you connected with the fire department in July last?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What position did you hold?
+
+A. I was engineer of company No. 2.
+
+Q. State when you arrived at the fire, and how long you remained there?
+
+A. Probably between twelve and one o'clock on Sunday morning. We could
+not go into service. We waited there on the street by the Independence
+engine-house. We stayed at the fire until after the troops came out of
+the round-house.
+
+Q. During the day--Sunday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And Sunday night?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Until Monday morning?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were you assisted by the police force at any time?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Did you see any policemen about there?
+
+A. I cannot say that I did; but I did hear that at one place where we
+were working the mayor was around, but I did not see him.
+
+Q. Did you see Mayor McCarthy at any time?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Was any attempt made during the entire day of Sunday to stop the men
+who were engaged in the burning?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. F. Rivers, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. On Mulberry street, above Twenty-fifth.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. I had been a detective in the employ of the city of Pittsburgh
+previous to July 12.
+
+Q. What position did you hold at the time of the riot?
+
+A. I held no position; but I lived within three squares of the scene,
+and consequently had considerable interest in the riot. I was away from
+the city; but I came back on Friday evening. I heard that there was a
+strike among the railroad men, and, as I knew a great many of them, I
+was very much interested in their behalf. I went up to the upper
+round-house on Saturday morning, and there I saw a great many railroad
+men, and a good many outsiders, that I knew were attracted there for,
+probably, the same reason I was. They were very orderly, and I saw no
+trouble there. It did not look as though there was going to be any
+trouble. I came down to the city and saw the troops at Union depot
+towards noon, and went up to my home, and saw the troops up on the
+hill. I paid no more attention to it until towards evening, when I
+heard the troops had fired upon the crowd. Then I went up there. I was
+trying to find my two boys. The crowd was then gathering to the number
+of thousands, and the people were very much excited, and expressed
+themselves that the troops ought to be cleaned out, and all such
+language as that. I went away from there, and towards dark I went out
+towards Twenty-fifth street, and saw the troops had been moved from the
+Twenty-eighth street position to the round-house, or square-house. The
+carpenter shop is on one side of Twenty-sixth street, and the
+round-house and office of the assistant superintendent is on the left
+hand side opposite. The round-house is a little back of the office, and
+the outer circle of the round-house comes on the line of Liberty
+street, and there is a railroad track in front of it belonging to the
+Valley Railroad Company. The crowd was in front of there; the soldiers
+were in the round-house and in the carpenter shop. The crowd was there,
+and probably thirty men were jeering at the soldiers. I did not know
+any of them; but I went in among the men and I said, "boys, if those
+men come out you will have to go away, as you do not have any business
+here." I said, "these men are strangers, and you ought to treat them
+differently." They said, "we will have them out if we have got to roast
+them out." I felt some interest in the Pennsylvania Railroad Company,
+and in the interest of good behavior I come down the street, and tried
+to find some railroad officers to communicate my belief that there
+would be a fire and trouble. I tried to find some of the railroad
+officers, but could not do it. It was then after dark--after night. I
+went towards my home, and I met the crowd on Liberty street going to
+Union depot. I went up to one man I knew, who was tried in court last
+week, and I said "the railroad company has conceded to the demands of
+their employés." I had understood something of that sort. He said "it
+was too damned thin," and went into the depot, and a short time after
+there was an alarm of fire. At the corner of Twenty-fifth and Penn
+avenue the Independence apparatus was stopped by men pointing pistols,
+and saying if they proceeded any further they would kill their horses.
+I spoke to the parties that did that loud talking, and they said it did
+not make any difference--that they had no right to go up and throw
+water on the railroad property. I said: "These men are responding to a
+call, and they must obey, and you should not interfere with them." I
+then went away to see the extent of the fire. I went to Twenty-eighth
+street, and between there and Twenty-ninth, on Liberty, I saw the
+burning cars running down the grade towards the Twenty-eighth street
+crossing. But a switch was turned wrong or something, and the cars ran
+off the track. They set fire to what is known as the sand-house, and
+that is the first building that caught fire, and from that the fire
+communicated to the upper round-house, I think. The fire burned very
+slow. It appeared to me to be started by people that wanted to plunder,
+which they did, for they carried out great quantities of goods that day
+and the next day. The fire burned very slow--I never saw a fire burn so
+slow in my life. I did not see whether the fire department went into
+service that night or not. Next morning I saw the troops as they came
+up Liberty street on to Twenty-fifth, and marched out Penn avenue. I
+did not see much of any mob at that time. Then the fire department went
+into service. I saw no person particularly setting things on fire, but
+I saw two men coming from under a car off the track, in front of the
+round-house, just at Twenty-sixth street. The car was loaded with
+liquor, and just shortly after they came out and went away the car
+caught fire, and then the round-house and the shop and the offices and
+all caught fire.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Before or after the troops came out?
+
+A. A portion of it--the square shop that they came out of was set on
+fire afterwards. The building was L shaped, and there was a fire in the
+rear of it, and there might have been a fire--but I won't be
+positive--but there might have been a fire in the L that ran towards
+the road, but none in the L on Liberty street when they came out; and
+they had made some efforts to protect themselves against fire, because
+I discovered some leather hose, that the railroad company had in the
+premises, after the troops came out. The fire then kept burning down
+gradually on Liberty street down the railroad, and the people kept
+carrying off the goods all day Sunday. Down at the Union
+depot--previous to that catching fire--I was in there, and saw that the
+parties had moved as many of the goods as they could, and I saw no
+person trying to stop them. They set the depot master's office on fire,
+and then a burning car was run down into the depot, and that fired it.
+I saw the troops marching down Twenty-fifth street towards Penn, and
+saw them march up Penn.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Can you tell us what portion of the round-house, or the buildings
+attached to it, were on fire when they left?
+
+A. I do not know, but there might have been a fire in the rear of the
+round-house--the portion of it that is next to the main line might have
+been afire--and as I said before, this L of the carpenter shop might
+have been afire previous to the vacation, but I do not know it; but,
+from my recollection of it, the fire burned so slow that there must
+have been a fire in there before they got out, because when it caught
+from the burning car on Liberty street, the whole building appeared to
+be enveloped at once.
+
+Q. Did you see the troops fired on as they went out?
+
+A. I saw one man fire, I think, twice. He attempted to run into my
+yard, and I kicked him out, and I said "if you want to fire on those
+men go out and do it, but you cannot do it here." He ran out and shot
+at them with a pistol. Somebody returned the fire, and he quit
+following them any further.
+
+Q. Did you know him?
+
+A. No; I never saw him before. I know a great many men here; but I knew
+very few men that took part in the riot.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You were around through the crowd?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And could judge of the crowd?
+
+A. The men I saw jeering the soldiers penned in there, I did not know
+any of them, nor I do not think they knew me, because I think if they
+had known I was an officer, or had been one, I think they would have
+made it lively for me, because I have the idea that they would have
+thought I was there in the line of my business. I did not know any of
+them. But this man, Richardson, that was tried last week, I saw him and
+spoke to him about half past nine o'clock on Saturday night, and told
+him that the railroad company had conceded to the wishes of the men,
+and he said that was too damned thin, and went on.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. In your experience as a detective in this city, you have gained an
+extensive knowledge of the people?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And from the general appearance of that mob you think they were
+strangers, and did not belong in the city.
+
+A. Yes; that is, the ringleaders. I was at one time on the Pennsylvania
+railroad, a number of years ago, and in consequence of that, I know a
+great many railroad men, employés of the road, and I saw none of them
+engaged in this riot. When I first went up there, in the morning, I saw
+a great many I knew, railroad men, but they were all quiet and orderly.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with them as to the reasons or causes
+that led to the strike?
+
+A. Yes; their grievances were, as far as they told me, that they had
+been required to put on double-headers, and the reduction in the number
+of their men that they would lose so many men, as they called it, in a
+crew.
+
+Q. Did they express any intention of using violence?
+
+A. Not that I heard. I did not hear a man say a word that would tend to
+show he was going to use any violence. I remarked to four or five of
+them standing together: "If the mayor sends his police here and orders
+you fellows away from here, you have no business here on this property,
+and you must go."
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What day was that?
+
+A. On Saturday morning, about ten o'clock.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you hear any of those railroad men speak of a preconcerted
+arrangement for a general strike through the country?
+
+A. I never did.
+
+Q. At that time?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Nor since?
+
+A. No.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Michael Hannigan, _sworn with uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. No. 45, Grant street.
+
+Q. What was your business in July last.
+
+A. I was acting foreman of engine company No. 2.
+
+Q. What time did you visit the scene of the riot?
+
+A. Between one and two o'clock on Sunday morning.
+
+Q. At what point did you stop first?
+
+A. We answered box No. 62, and then the chief gave us orders to stop at
+Twenty-third and Penn, and not make any attachment until we got further
+orders.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd at that time?
+
+A. A great many men were scattered along the street as we were going to
+the box. The fire was down as far as Twenty-third street by that time.
+By daylight it got warm at Twenty-third and Liberty, and the chief got
+permission from the mob to lay a line of hose so that a foundry there
+might not take fire. We afterwards went to Twenty-sixth street, but
+could not get across there as the soldiers were firing across
+Twenty-sixth street.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. An hour after we were at Twenty-third street.
+
+Q. After daylight?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you visit the round-house after the troops left?
+
+A. It was impossible for anybody to go there. The upper building was
+completely burned when we went into service. It is a square building.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Attached to or in close proximity to the round-house?
+
+A. Yes. The roof had fallen in when we laid the line of hose. That was
+in ten minutes after the soldiers had left the round-house.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How long before the round-house was consumed by fire?
+
+A. I cannot tell you that.
+
+Q. Did the soldiers march out in good order?
+
+A. I did not see the soldiers except at a distance.
+
+Q. Did you remain on duty during the day Sunday?
+
+A. Yes; and up until Monday morning at ten o'clock.
+
+Q. Had the fire stopped when you left?
+
+A. Yes, We were on Washington street.
+
+Q. What stopped the crowd from plundering and burning?
+
+A. I do not know that.
+
+Q. After they fired Union depot, did they fire any other property?
+
+A. There was a depot fired on the west side.
+
+Q. How far down towards the city did the crowd come?
+
+A. It was down there on Seventh avenue.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was on Seventh avenue?
+
+A. From the Rush House down to Seventh avenue--ten thousand men--you
+could hardly get through.
+
+Q. Were there any police there to arrest the crowd?
+
+A. I did not see any.
+
+Q. Did you see the crowd when they dispersed from that point?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Were you assisted at any time during the fire by the police?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you protected?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you ask for protection?
+
+A. No; the mob had a cannon planted at Twenty-seventh street, pointed
+right at the engine, and they said if you play on the railroad property
+we will raise you. We did not want to be raised.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Who made those threats?
+
+A. That I can not tell you.
+
+Q. Was any effort made by the mob to set fire to private property, that
+you saw?
+
+A. I did not see any of that.
+
+Q. On Sunday night they had finished all the railroad property?
+
+A. I think the last they set afire was that depot on Grant street.
+
+Q. What became of the mob after that time?
+
+A. I do not know, but I heard several citizens express themselves that
+they were getting tired of this work. We were then on Bedford avenue.
+They said they were going too far with it.
+
+Q. Citizens said that?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What citizens made those remarks?
+
+A. I do not recollect.
+
+Q. Where were the mob during Sunday night?
+
+A. I did not see any of the mob at the time we went out. I saw a great
+many people on the street. We had to go very slow. They were using all
+kinds of threats.
+
+Q. When you left, on Monday morning, was everything quiet?
+
+A. Everything was quiet then.
+
+Q. Where had these people gone?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. Did you see the mayor about at any time?
+
+A. Once, at the corner of Twentieth and Liberty streets, standing
+against a gas post.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. In the afternoon--I do not recollect the hour.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know whether the round-house was on fire when the military
+left it?
+
+A. Yes; at least that building was.
+
+Q. How long after the military left did you go to the round-house?
+
+A. While I walked from the corner of Twenty-fourth up to Twenty-sixth
+street.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Colonel D. L. Smith, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the city of Allegheny.
+
+Q. Do you hold any official position?
+
+A. I am one of the aldermen of that city.
+
+Q. Where were you at the time of the riots in July last?
+
+A. I was at my home in Allegheny city.
+
+Q. What occurred there in regard to the riots, that you have any
+knowledge of?
+
+A. About half past five o'clock in the evening, on the day that the
+soldiers fired in the crowd, my office boy came to my office and
+reported to me in great excitement, that the soldiers had fired on and
+killed a number of the citizens. I then went to the scene of the
+trouble, and remained there until about eight o'clock in the evening.
+
+Q. What time did you get there?
+
+A. At six o'clock. The troops had just gone into the round-house as I
+got there. I returned to my office after eight o'clock, and when the
+cars were fired at eleven o'clock, I saw the light and heard the alarm,
+and immediately went to the scene, and remained there until four
+o'clock in the morning. I then returned home, and remained at home
+until one o'clock, and then came to Pittsburgh again and remained until
+nine o'clock.
+
+Q. What did you observe?
+
+A. One or two wounded men being carried from the ground. I observed a
+disorganized mass of people standing in groups, numbering perhaps six
+or eight hundred, discussing the fire and passing their comments on it.
+
+Q. This crowd of people you saw there--of what class was it composed?
+
+A. There were some few railroad employés, but the most of them I
+recognized as mill hands from the different rolling-mills. I knew many
+of them personally.
+
+Q. A portion of them from your city?
+
+A. Yes; attracted by excitement to the fire. Some remained there.
+
+Q. What were those mill hands doing when you went there?
+
+A. Discussing the question involved in the railroad strikes, and some
+of them were using threats. One man remarked, if the firing went on,
+that there wouldn't be a dollar's worth of railroad property left in
+the county of Allegheny at nine o'clock the next morning. Quite a
+number of persons I recognized as persons I knew to be workingmen from
+other sections. I know a great many of the Pittsburgh workingmen.
+
+Q. You say from other sections?
+
+A. I judged them to be miners and mill hands, attracted here from
+outlying counties--attracted by news of the riot; in fact, in
+conversation with some, they informed me they had come from different
+places.
+
+Q. From communities within a short distance of the city?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were that class of men taking part in the disturbance?
+
+A. At that time there was no disturbance. It was very peaceful, except
+the grumbling. But at eleven o'clock, I was on the railroad track, and
+I noticed three men breaking into and taking the contents of a car.
+
+Q. Did you know who those men were?
+
+A. No; they appeared to be workingmen, and some of them appeared to be
+familiar with handling cars from the manner in which they proceeded to
+open the cars. I went down and remonstrated with them, and they treated
+me very civilly--didn't seem to take as an insult my interference. I
+remarked that the railroad company would not be the sufferer. They paid
+no particular attention, and I told them, you men will certainly be
+punished for this. I told them I was a magistrate, and had come in my
+official capacity to try and quell the disturbance; but they paid no
+attention. There was no riot at that time. They went peaceably about
+it.
+
+Q. Did they get the goods out?
+
+A. Yes; they threw them out promiscuously. The greater number of goods
+were carried away by girls about sixteen years of age and by boys up to
+twenty years of age. The goods were carried away by residents of the
+immediate neighborhood. I then went up to where they were setting fire
+to the oil cars, and there were probably not more than eight or ten men
+engaged in that.
+
+Q. Who were they?
+
+A. I do not know. They seemed to be workingmen from their garb. I knew
+them to be workingmen, and several of them I knew were familiar with
+operating railroads, from the fact that they knew how to open the
+switches, and run the cars into position, and they handled the cars
+with the experience of practical mechanics.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you mean they were railroad men?
+
+A. Certainly; some of them. At this time probably twenty cars were on
+fire, and there were not over one hundred and fifty persons altogether
+on the railroad tracks.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What hour was this?
+
+A. Twelve o'clock on Saturday night. Just then a man came from the
+crowd of rioters--there was a crowd collected in front of the
+round-house for the purpose of fighting the militia--and he jumped on
+to a flat car and drew a sword--he had a belt around him, but had no
+uniform--and he immediately ordered them to stop burning the cars and
+pillaging the trains, saying that they had come not to burn and
+pillage, but to fight the military.
+
+Q. Who was he?
+
+A. He was evidently a leader, but I did not know him. He was from the
+party that came from Birmingham. Immediately when he jumped on that
+car, somebody hallooed "police," and in five minutes there was not a
+man left on the railroad track. The cry of "police" cleared the whole
+thing out, and any two police officers could have preserved the peace.
+
+Q. You think that a small force of police there could have straightened
+things up?
+
+A. At no time more than twenty men were engaged in the burning.
+
+Q. How long did you stay?
+
+A. Until four o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. You say those carrying off the goods were mostly children?
+
+A. They were mostly young--girls and boys. At one o'clock in the
+morning I passed the police station on Penn street, in the immediate
+vicinity, and the police officers were arresting every person passing
+with goods and there was no resistance. They had perfect control. A mob
+amounting to not more than five hundred persons was standing near, and
+they had a cannon commanding the round-house, but the soldiers had
+covered it with their arms, and had killed one or two of the rioters.
+The mob engaged in fighting the soldiers were not engaged in the
+burning and pillaging. I went among them. One of them called me by
+name. I knew his face. He said, "Alderman, don't go down that way; they
+will shoot you." But I said, "No," and passed on through them. I said
+to him, "You had better go home," when he said that they had come for
+the purpose of fighting the militia, and were going to fight them.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. About four o'clock. It was just breaking day.
+
+Q. Now, this mob gathered around in the vicinity of the
+round-house--what was that mob composed of?
+
+A. I recognized that mob as composed nearly all of people who were
+working men from the south side of the river.
+
+Q. That is, Birmingham?
+
+A. Yes; some few of them were citizens that I knew. And I would state
+that some few were armed, but showed no disposition to violence except
+that they had an antipathy to the soldiers that had fired on their
+relatives. I mention this fact to show that there should be a
+distinction between the rioters proper and the plunderers. They didn't
+seem to be acting in concert. A posse of police of twenty men could
+have protected all the property that night.
+
+Q. Did you hear any body state that the rioters or the mob had
+prevented the fire department from throwing water on the railroad
+property?
+
+A. I did not. But I have no doubt they would have prevented it, from
+the disposition of the mob. I didn't see any person setting fire to the
+Union depot. I took my stand at the elevator. I met one of the clerks
+belonging to the company, and he told me that they had refused to let
+them take their books out. I said, come back with me, and I will take
+them out. So I went back and stationed myself at the elevator, to save
+it, if I could, by my presence there, and by calling a _posse
+comitatus_. But I could not get any person to serve. The sheds below
+Union depot were then taking fire, and two or three men came, and
+wanted to go into the elevator. I told them not to go in. At this time
+not less than twenty thousand people were there--men, women, and
+children--but there was no rioting, and there were not more than eight
+or ten or a score of men engaged in spreading the fire at that time.
+They seemed to be peaceable.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You mean the men who were setting things on fire?
+
+A. Yes; they went to it deliberately'.
+
+Q. You spoke about raising a _posse comitatus_?
+
+A. I tried to raise it. I called on a gentleman from Allegheny, named
+Gray. I summoned him to my assistance, but he refused to act, but said
+if I could get ten more he would do so. I afterwards saw some other
+parties, but while they deprecated the burning, they said it was worth
+their lives to interfere. I then went with Mr. Gray down to where the
+men were running the burning cars, and tried to reason with them. At
+that time probably twenty men were engaged in that, besides the persons
+engaged in carrying the things off. And by that time they had gotten
+into liquor, and were pretty well intoxicated. On Sunday afternoon I
+also tried to raise a _posse comitatus_. I called on some citizens
+that I knew, but they were afraid to do anything, alleging that the
+military and police should do it.
+
+Q. What reasons did they give?
+
+A. That they did not want to jeopardize their lives.
+
+Q. Was the elevator set on fire while you were there?
+
+A. No; I left, and supposed the elevator was safe, and went down to
+Seventh avenue, where the depot of the Pan Handle road was just being
+set on fire. I remained there some time, and then went to Allegheny to
+get my supper, and came back. While crossing the bridge, I noticed the
+fire coming from the elevator. I remained in the vicinity of the fire
+until between nine and ten o'clock that night, and at that time there
+was no further spreading of the destruction. The citizens, in the
+meantime, had organized a police, and there had, apparently, been a
+number of arrests made.
+
+Q. As soon as the police began making arrests, the citizens took the
+matter into their own hands, and the destruction ceased?
+
+A. Yes; and that is what convinced me that a posse of twenty policemen
+could have prevented the destruction. But at any time during Saturday
+night, if a police officer had gone into the crowd to arrest a man, the
+mob would have interfered with him--I am satisfied of that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. When you told those persons to stop setting fire, did they obey your
+orders?
+
+A. On Saturday night they paid no attention, but they didn't interfere
+with me.
+
+Q. You asserted your authority as far you could?
+
+A. As far as I could, and they respected my authority when I asserted
+it resolutely. Then they gave way. I went to Allegheny to try to summon
+a _posse comitatus_, but I found it collected, and I then repaired
+to the mayor's office, in Allegheny, and took part with them for the
+protection of our city. In our city, I may say, that no destruction
+occurred. The railroad men took possession of the railroad property
+there. I think they took possession first on Thursday evening. Nothing
+was destroyed. The railroad men--those I conversed with--said that they
+had determined to protect the railroad property against any mob.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What did they say was their object in taking possession of the
+railroad property?
+
+A. Well--my office seems to be a general receptacle for persons of
+diverse opinions. Some of these railroad men came to me with their
+complaints. I was told their grievances, and that their purpose was
+merely the restoration of the ten per cent. reduction.
+
+Q. Those were employés of what railroad?
+
+A. The Pittsburgh, Port Wayne and Chicago road. They admitted their
+actions were contrary to law, and that they might be amenable, but
+still they asserted their assumed right to stop the running of trains
+until their demands were complied with.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You say they asserted their right to stop the trains?
+
+A. An assumed right. They supposed they had such a right. Some of them
+supposed, ignorantly, that they had such a right--a great many of them
+honestly believed that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did they claim that they had any right to set themselves up against
+the authorities?
+
+A. No; at no time; as they construed the laws of the Commonwealth, they
+did not want to set themselves up against them.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you know what the feeling was in this city when the strike broke
+out?
+
+A. I know that the people of the city of Pittsburgh almost universally
+condemned the reduction of the salaries of the railroad men at that
+time. The strikers knew that they had the sympathies of the people of
+Allegheny county--of all classes--in their efforts to have a living
+rate of wages restored to them, and thousands of people not engaged in
+the strike, on that Saturday afternoon, in July last, were gathered in
+the vicinity of the Pennsylvania railroad workshops, not for the
+purpose of violating any law, but either from motives of sympathy with
+the strikers or prompted by curiosity to witness the military. It may
+be inferred, that at least one half of those people were women and
+children, and these, without warning, were fired into and many of them
+killed or wounded. Of course, this caused universal indignation and
+condemnation, and was the occasion of all the subsequent troubles and
+destruction. A pacific course pursued towards these men would have
+avoided the catastrophe that followed. The first great blunder in
+dealing with the strikers in Pittsburgh, was in the attempt to operate
+the road by the use of a military force, instead of using the troops to
+preserve order and to keep the peace.
+
+Q. You say that the sympathies of the people of Pittsburgh were with
+the strikers or with the railroad employés and against the reduction of
+their wages. Do you mean as long as no overt act was committed? Or what
+did they regard as an overt act?
+
+A. They would have regarded as an overt act the destruction of
+property.
+
+Q. Did they regard the stopping of trains as an overt act?
+
+A. I think that certain classes of people did not regard the stopping
+of the trains an overt act, but they would have regarded the forcible
+taking of men from the trains--men who were willing to work--or the
+preventing them from working, as an overt act.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Will you tell us what you did in your own city--tell us how you
+managed the trouble there?
+
+A. The authorities of Allegheny managed the strikers differently--in a
+different way from that pursued in Pittsburgh. Several days prior to
+the burning in Pittsburgh, the strikers took possession of the railroad
+tracks, and the workshops of the Pennsylvania company operating the
+Pittsburgh, Port Wayne and Chicago railroad. They threw up
+breast-works, and held armed possession of the railroad property, and
+even took possession of, and regulated the running of passenger trains
+and the United States mail trains. At all interviews, they insisted
+that it was not their intention to destroy property, but to protect the
+railroad property, and that they wouldn't commit any overt act in
+violation of law, as they understood it. Many of them believed they
+were not violating any law, and assumed that they had a right to
+accomplish the object they had in view, by the method they then were
+pursuing. The authorities and the citizens of Allegheny City knew that
+they were dealing with a powerful, intelligent, and well organized body
+of men, who were determined and resolute in their purposes. To have
+attempted to force those men from their position, would have
+precipitated the same troubles that culminated in Pittsburgh a few days
+subsequently. So the citizens appealed to the better judgment of those
+strikers, they reasoned with them, and instead of irritating them, or
+attempting to force them, they permitted them to have their own way,
+believing that the railroad officials and their employés, would, in a
+few days, adjust all differences. This policy, under the circumstances,
+proved to be a wise one, as when danger came, and when the mob were
+burning and destroying in Pittsburgh, the strikers in Allegheny
+actually removed all the rolling stock out of the way of danger, and
+volunteered to assist the organized citizens in protecting the depots
+and workshops, and all other railroad property in the city of
+Allegheny. Had the same policy been pursued in Pittsburgh, there would
+have been no destruction of property.
+
+Q. You were in the army. What position in the army did you hold during
+the late war?
+
+A. In 1861--in May, 1861--1 enlisted as a soldier, and was elected
+lieutenant of my company, and went out as a member of the Second
+Virginia regiment, as lieutenant, and afterwards became captain of my
+company.
+
+Q. Was it a Union regiment?
+
+A. Yes. We went to Wheeling to protect the people, and our services
+were accepted by the people of West Virginia. On the 19th of February,
+1862, I was appointed commissary assistant by the Secretary of War, and
+that position I held until about the 1st day of September, 1862, when I
+was assigned to duty as chief commissary of the Twelfth army corps.
+About the 15th of March, 1863, I was assigned to duty as chief
+commissary of the Fifth army corps, with the rank of lieutenant
+colonel, on General Meade's staff.
+
+Q. How long did you occupy that position?
+
+A. Until I was mustered out of the service, or until the corps was
+disbanded, in September, 1865. I remained in service until March, 1866.
+
+Q. What business have you been engaged in since the war?
+
+A. For the last eight years I have been an alderman of the city of
+Allegheny. The year before that, 1 was a member of the Legislature.
+
+Q. From the time you left the army until you were elected a member of
+the Legislature what business were you engaged in?
+
+A. 1 was following my occupation as a scrivener.
+
+Q. Where did you reside before going into the army?
+
+A. From the year 1836, until I went into the army, in this county.
+
+Q. What business were you engaged in?
+
+A. When I went into the army I was chief clerk in the county
+commissioners' office of Allegheny county. Prior to that I was a clerk
+in a store.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Something has been said about picketing the railroad track where the
+riot occurred. Now, taking into consideration the number of cars around
+there, how many troops would it have taken to reasonably picket the
+track and the ground there in possession of the mob?
+
+A. The ground in possession of the mob, from the round-house out to
+Lawrenceville, I think could have been sufficiently picketed by one
+hundred men on both sides. At no time were more than one hundred
+persons on the ground from twelve o'clock that night until four o'clock
+in the morning, from the round-house out to Two Mile run. I consider
+that the movement of the military into the round-house, at the time,
+was a good one, but they should have picketed the railroad, and all the
+approaches to the round-house. To have retired on the bluff, above the
+railroad tracks, would have been a military blunder, for if they were
+not strong enough to protect themselves where the cars and buildings
+afforded them shelter, they certainly could not have held a position on
+the hill face, where they could have been attacked from the open fields
+above them, and been within easy range of masked or rifle shots from
+the houses fronting on Liberty street. No officer of any military
+experience would have selected that hill face to bivouac his troops,
+under the circumstances then existing, but the retreat of two regiments
+of well armed and equipped soldiers, commanded by officers of undoubted
+courage, and large military experience in the face of a disorganized
+mob, was certainly a inexplicable blunder.
+
+Q. You did not see the crowd before it was fired into and dispersed by
+the military?
+
+A. I did not. I only arrived there afterward.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Now in your judgment, as a military man, do you think that there was
+any necessity for calling on the military to quell this riot?
+
+A. I do not. I honestly believe that if the authorities of the county
+or Allegheny, or the city of Pittsburgh, had summoned a sufficient
+_posse comitatus_, they could have preserved the peace. They might
+not have been able to run the railroad cars, but the peace could have
+been preserved without calling the military.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. From your observations during this disturbance, what opinion have
+you of the conduct of the officers and those in charge of the military?
+
+A. I was not brought in contact with them, except with Colonel Gray, of
+one of our regiments, after the firing. I went to where he had
+bivouacked on the railroad track, and he had one hundred and twenty men
+with him at the time. He said he was there for the purpose of obeying
+orders, and that his men would stay by him. He had no orders at that
+time. I asked him particularly whether he had any orders, and he said
+he had none. I asked him whether he thought he could preserve the
+peace, and he said he could. I think he said that the firing on the
+people was a mistake, and was done without orders, but if I had been
+there I would have ordered the mob to disperse, and then fired on them
+with blank cartridges.
+
+Q. From your knowledge of these men as soldiers during the war, do you
+think they were competent or incompetent men?
+
+A. I know General Pearson well. I knew him in the army, and I know what
+his military record was in the army, and there is no young officer in
+the United States service who has a prouder record as a brave, a
+careful, and discreet soldier. He served in our own corps, and I had
+daily opportunity of knowing what his military services and military
+abilities were, and his record in the army was certainty vary
+creditable to him. I also knew General Brinton in our corps, and I know
+that his record is equally good.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. They were good soldiers, ready to obey orders at all times?
+
+A. Yes; and had those two officers had the management of this affair,
+without being amenable to superiors, much of the destruction would have
+been avoided.
+
+Q. You mean Generals Pearson and Brinton?
+
+A. Yes; they had, to my certain knowledge, years of experience in the
+army--active experience as soldiers.
+
+Adjourned.
+
+
+    MORNING SESSION.
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Wednesday, February 20, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at ten o'clock, A.M. Mr.
+Lindsey in the chair. All the members present except Messrs. Reyburn
+and Torbert.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Daniel Corbus, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    Examined by Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. New Brighton, Beaver county.
+
+Q. How long have you resided there?
+
+A. I was born there in 1839.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Wire drawer by trade.
+
+Q. State whether you were in Pittsburgh when the disturbances of last
+July first broke out?
+
+A. I was not there at the breaking out of it. I arrived here the same
+day, about a quarter past one, I suppose--Liberty street.
+
+Q. State what you saw and heard?
+
+A. Saturday night the news was very exciting out home, and Sunday
+morning at eleven o'clock I took the express and arrive I here at the
+city--Federal street--about twelve o'clock I should judge it was. Came
+over to Fifth street and got my dinner. Went to the market-house and
+saw a crowd of people there. Went down to see what was going on, and
+found it was a peace convention.
+
+Q. A what?
+
+A. A peace convention.
+
+Q. At what point was that?
+
+A. It was some place near the old City Hall--I should judge it was. It
+was in the street. I went from there up Liberty street until I met the
+fire. I couldn't state how far it was from the Union depot--how many
+squares it was; but I stopped at the first crossing below the last car
+that was on fire. I staid there until a car load of spirits exploded,
+and the flames ran down from there about a hundred feet.
+
+Q. Where was this explosion--at what point?
+
+A. It was on the railroad in a railroad car.
+
+Q. What street?
+
+A. It was on Liberty street--I should judge that was the street that
+the cars go out of. I am not well enough acquainted to state
+positively--it was on the Pennsylvania railroad.
+
+Q. Was that on the Allegheny Valley track?
+
+A. No, sir; on the Pennsylvania tracks.
+
+Q. Near what cross street?
+
+A. That I am not well enough informed to know, but I should judge it
+was four squares above the Union depot, right up the track.
+
+Q. Four squares?
+
+A. Yes; four squares.
+
+Q. Go on now?
+
+A. While standing there looking at the flames going on, I made a remark
+to some person: "Ain't they going to try to stop it?" and he said, "no,
+we don't care anything whether it is stopped or not." I hadn't staid
+there long until I heard the gong of a hose carriage. The crowd didn't
+seem disposed to give way or do anything--just standing in the road. I
+asked the crowd if they would stand back and let the hose carriage come
+in. I was a perfect stranger to every person around. There was a
+movement made in the crowd, and the hose carriage came up. Says I, "do
+you want any assistance?" says he, "yes." Says I, "give me the end of
+the hose and I will make the attachment." He was taking it off the reel
+and one man jumped from the reel and went to the plug, and him and I
+made the attachment. The reel started on--there was barrels being
+rolled down this street, and everything was in confusion, and no person
+seemed to make any effort to check anything. I seen that the hose were
+in danger of being blocked, and I told some parties who were rolling
+some barrels down, "stop that! put that barrel in here." They stopped.
+I took the barrel out of their hands, and rolled it into the gutter. I
+staid there for ten minutes afterwards, when one of my companions came
+along, and says he, "let us get out of here." We walked on down do the
+Union depot, passed the Union depot and went up to, I should judge it
+would be Washington street, from the description given--not being well
+acquainted with the streets--and stepped into a segar store, got some
+segars, and told the proprietor of the store, says I, "I think you had
+better move." And says he, "no, I don't think there is any danger."
+Says I, "in a couple of hours you will be burned out--they ain't making
+any effort up there to stop it." I went out, passed around on to the
+side of the hill above the Union depot, where I had a view of the whole
+transaction that was going on; just seen the burners going along and
+doing just as they pleased, having everything in their own hands. I was
+on the side of the hill when the office beyond the shed attached to the
+Union depot building was set on fire.
+
+Q. Did you see it set on fire?
+
+A. I seen a man go into the building, and in a few minutes I seen the
+flames coming out.
+
+Q. Do you know the man?
+
+A. No, sir; I was too far away. The smoke coming up over the hill, I
+moved around and came back, then down to the Union depot by the same
+route I had went up, and there stopped by the elevator. As I came by
+the Union depot, I saw, I suppose, twenty armed men leaving it, some
+with parts of uniform on, some with caps, and some with pants, and
+others with citizens overcoats. They were going through the gangway to
+the hill, passing out of the side entrance to the gangway that runs
+across the Pan-Handle road on to the hill. I stood down by the
+elevator, and saw the parties making their escape from the upper
+stories of the Union depot, and then I got in conversation with a
+gentleman about it. Says I, "I suppose they will be satisfied when that
+is burned." "No;" says he, "we won't be satisfied until this elevator
+is down." Says I, "do you intend to burn this?" Says he, "everything in
+these monopolies has got to burn"--he made use of that expression. Says
+he, "I am a citizen here, and I own property, and I expect to help pay
+for it." Says I, "this is not railroad property." Says he, "it don't
+make a damned bit of difference, it has got to come down; it is a
+monopoly, and we are tired of it."
+
+Q. Did you know that man?
+
+A. I am personally acquainted with him, but I would rather not give his
+name publicly.
+
+Q. I think we ought to have his name?
+
+A. I would give it to you privately. He is a friend of mine from
+boyhood up. I can give you his name, and you can have him before you. I
+would like to be excused from giving his name publicly.
+
+Q. What kind of a citizen is he--what is his business standing?
+
+A. He is a machinist, and of good character, so far as I know.
+
+Q. How long has he resided in the city of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I suppose he must have resided in this neighborhood for twenty
+years.
+
+Q. Does he work in the railroad shops as a machinist?
+
+A. No, sir; one of the city shops.
+
+Q. How old a man is he?
+
+A. I suppose he would be between thirty-five and forty years. About
+near my age. We were boys together when we were in Brighton, and he
+came to the city.
+
+Q. A man of family?
+
+A. Yes; he is a man of family.
+
+Q. He said he expected to help pay for it?
+
+A. He says, "I expect to help pay for it."
+
+Q. Did he set fire then to the elevator?
+
+A. Oh! no, sir.
+
+Q. Who did fire that?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. Did he take any part?
+
+A. No; he didn't seem to take any part. He seemed to know and
+understand what was going to be done, though.
+
+Q. Was he leading or giving directions in any way to the crowd?
+
+A. No, sir. He stood with me in the crowd back. He seemed to know
+certain parties that were in it, although he mentioned no names.
+
+Q. Did he say where the parties were from that were in it?
+
+A. Yes; he made that remark--said he, "Our shop boys came home this
+morning tired out with the night's work."
+
+Q. With Saturday night's work, did he allude to?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Our shop boys?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What shop was that he alluded to?
+
+A. Jones & Laughus, I believe--the American iron works.
+
+Q. How many men do the American iron works employ, do you know?
+
+A. I can only give an estimate of the reports--from one thousand five
+hundred to two thousand. They are very large works. I have been through
+them.
+
+Q. When he said, "our boys came home tired out from last night's work,"
+what work did he allude to?
+
+A. The conversation was on this burning altogether--on the destruction
+of the property. My inference was that it was the work we had
+witnessed.
+
+Q. Were you talking about any other subject at the time?
+
+A. No, sir; nothing but the disturbance then in progress.
+
+Q. Did you see any attempt while you were there to destroy or set fire
+to individual property?
+
+A. No; I did not.
+
+Q. When you arrived at the scene of the riot, how large a crowd was
+there?
+
+A. On the streets--it would be impossible to judge the number.
+
+Q. Engaged in actual burning and rioting?
+
+A. I think twenty-five good men would have cleaned the crowd out.
+
+Q. I asked you how large the crowd was?
+
+A. Averaging from three to five hundred, not over that--boys--young
+fellows.
+
+Q. Did you see any efforts made by anybody to stop the burning?
+
+A. No, sir; not an effort.
+
+Q. See any policemen around there?
+
+A. I saw two or three policemen about two squares below, but none in
+the immediate neighborhood of the burning.
+
+Q. Did you see the sheriff or any posse about?
+
+A. I did not--no person in authority, or any person using any
+authority.
+
+Q. When you attempted to make the connection, were you interfered with
+in any way?
+
+A. No, sir; not in the least.
+
+Q. When you undertook to stop the rolling down of barrels, what seemed
+to be the feeling in the crowd?
+
+A. They just stopped and let me have my own way.
+
+Q. Obeyed orders?
+
+A. Obeyed orders.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort to stop those that were setting fire to
+property and burning?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not; I held back from them on account of not being a
+citizen of the town.
+
+Q. The crowd that was standing around, of whom were they composed?
+
+A. They seemed to be composed of the better class of citizens of the
+two cities, you could see--quiet, orderly.
+
+Q. Were there any women and children among them in the crowd?
+
+A. Yes; there were a great number.
+
+Q. Did you see any business men of the city standing about?
+
+A. No, sir; I can't say that I did. I am not well enough acquainted
+with the business men of the city to know whether there was any in the
+crowd or not.
+
+Q. Did you see the mayor?
+
+A. I haven't seen the mayor to know him since 1860; I probably would not
+know him on the street.
+
+Q. Did you find any difficulty in getting into the city that day, from
+New Brighton, Beaver county?
+
+A. No, sir; I found no difficulty at all. Trains came in on time. At
+the Allegheny depot the strikers boarded the train and run it to
+Federal street station, and said they would not run it over to
+Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Did the trains go out on the roads leading west?
+
+A. Yes; they went out whenever Boss Amnion, as he was called, said that
+train should go.
+
+Q. He allowed the passenger trains to run?
+
+A. No interference, so far as I know, in regard to passenger trains. I
+had no trouble at all in getting home.
+
+Q. Did you see anything of General Latta that day?
+
+A. I did not; I am not personally acquainted with him: probably might
+have seen him, and not known him.
+
+Q. Were you at the city hall that day or any other day?
+
+A. I was at the city hall at seven o'clock, Monday morning.
+
+Q. Who was there?
+
+A. I can say that the mayor was not there, as I heard him inquired for
+half a dozen times. The rest were strangers to me.
+
+Q. Did you see the chief of police or any of the officials there?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge--there was not. I made inquiry for the chief of
+police--if the chief of police was in, and I was told he was not.
+
+Q. What class of people were there?
+
+A. They seemed to be employés around there, or some persons that seem
+to be well acquainted with the office; they were sitting there.
+
+Q. Tell us what you heard said there?
+
+A. I went into the chief of police's office--the left hand entrance
+going into the city hall--and seen one gentlemen that I was slightly
+acquainted with, Mr. Carrigan, and spoke to him. He got up and went
+out. There were two or three gentlemen--strangers--I got into
+conversation with them about it, and one of them, a large, tall man,
+with heavy black whiskers, says he, "We won't be satisfied here until
+this track is torn up to the point." He brought his fist down; says he,
+"We have been imposed on long enough."
+
+Q. Until the track was torn up to the point--what track did he refer
+to?
+
+A. He mentioned the Liberty street track?
+
+Q. What was referred to by the word "point?"
+
+A. I suppose it is the old Duquesne depot on the point.
+
+Q. At the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. He referred to the Liberty street track?
+
+A. Referred to the Liberty street track to be torn up to satisfy the
+citizens.
+
+Q. Who was the man?
+
+A. I can't name him. He was a stranger to me.
+
+Q. Do you know where he belonged?
+
+A. I do not know, but judged from his conversation that he belonged to
+the city of Pittsburgh, from the manner in which he used that
+expression.
+
+Q. What else did you hear said there?
+
+A. People were commenting about it in general terms. I came down Sunday
+night, after the fire had got cooled down somewhat. I went to the Saint
+James hotel, opposite the Union depot, to take a look. I went out of
+curiosity, and got in over the hot coals, so as to have it said that I
+ate a meal in the Saint James while it was hot. I walked all around the
+burned district; that is, the elevator, Union depot, and Pan Handle
+yard, watched the firemen, went down to where the firemen were playing
+on the ruins, and came down then through what is known as the metal
+yard, and there I heard a conversation amongst the men. I couldn't tell
+you the exact number, but I should think there was a hundred and fifty
+congregated around there, some of them dead drunk, and some half drunk,
+and some of them drunk enough to go any place. I heard them say: "We
+must go to this place. There is no police, and they won't interfere
+with us any way."
+
+Q. What place did he refer to?
+
+A. I don't know what place they referred to. I thought it was a rather
+dangerous place for me, being without any arms, any more than natural
+fists, and I didn't stay any longer.
+
+Q. Did you hear any conversation, while at the city hall, from the
+mayor's clerks in reference to the riot and burning?
+
+A. No; I don't know as I did. There was a gentleman came in there, and
+inquired for the mayor. Says he: "There is a big lot of miners coming
+down here," and, says he, "we don't know what to do." He inquired where
+he was, and wanted something done to stop them. No person seemed to
+know what to do.
+
+Q. How long did you remain at the city hall?
+
+A. I remained there until Monday evening--at the city hall?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Probably I was there an hour.
+
+Q. Was the mayor away all the time that you were there?
+
+A. I didn't hear of the mayor coming in while I was there at all. He
+might have went to his office while I was in there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. What time were you at the city hall?
+
+A. I should judge about seven o'clock in the morning--Monday morning.
+
+Q. When you went into the tobacco store, and told this man he had
+better be moving, what reply did he make?
+
+A. Says he: "I think not. They won't let it come down this far will
+they?"
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. How did you happen to be here?
+
+A. I came up on purpose to see it. Heard of it at home, and came up.
+
+Q. On purpose to see the riot?
+
+A. On purpose to see what was going on, like hundreds of others.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. This man that was in the city hall that said they would not be
+satisfied until the track was torn up down to the point--was he dressed
+in citizen's clothes?
+
+A. Yes; I judged by his dress and conversation that he was a resident
+of the place.
+
+Q. Did the other men make any reply when he made that remark?
+
+A. No; no reply was made.
+
+Q. You would take him then to be a citizen of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many men from Beaver county came up?
+
+A. Indeed, I could hardly state--I should judge a hundred or one
+hundred and fifty.
+
+Q. At the same time?
+
+A. Yes; and some of them were railroad men down there, and were
+interested here.
+
+Q. Were they with you at the time you had the conversation with that
+man?
+
+A. No, sir; at that time I was by myself.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You spoke about some armed men you saw going up the hill--did you
+ascertain who they were?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. I was told they were some Philadelphia men that
+had been left in there.
+
+Q. Left in the depot?
+
+A. Left in the depot as a guard.
+
+Q. How were they uniformed?
+
+A. Some had caps on, some pants--I would judge they belonged to the
+soldiers, on account of the weapons they had in their hands--they were
+breech-loaders.
+
+Q. Did they make any effort to prevent any destruction of property?
+
+A. In what way.
+
+Q. You spoke about marching along the hill, or up the hill?
+
+A. When I spoke about them they were escaping from the Union depot. At
+that time the flames were coming in from the shed. They were going over
+the hill towards the reservoir.
+
+Q. This man you had the conversation with down at the municipal hall,
+at the office of the chief of police, did he appear to be connected
+with the office there in any way?
+
+A. Well, indeed I can't say. He was in this office, and I struck up a
+conversation with him. I don't know how we got to talking about it. I
+spoke to Mr. Carrigan, the only one I knew. He went out, and there was
+no other person I had conversation with but him, and he seemed to be at
+home.
+
+Q. Do you know where Mr. Carrigan lives?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What is Carrigan's name?
+
+A. I can't tell you that.
+
+Q. Does he live here in Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I believe he does.
+
+Q. Can you give his place of business or residence?
+
+A. No, sir; I can't do that. I met him on special duty at one time--he
+appeared to be connected with the detective force at one time here.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Can you name any gentlemen that came up from Beaver with you?
+
+A. Mr. Robinson.
+
+Q. What is his first name?
+
+A. Hugh Robinson.
+
+Q. Any other?
+
+A. Mr. Edgar.
+
+Q. Mr. Edgar--what is his first name?
+
+A. John P.
+
+Q. Who else?
+
+A. Mr. Jagger.
+
+Q. What is his first name?
+
+A. Fred.
+
+Q. All these men were with you on the ground?
+
+A. They were scattered through the crowd. I was separated from them
+pretty much all the time. Only just occasionally we would meet.
+
+Q. Are they from the town of Beaver?
+
+A. New Brighton.
+
+Q. Any others?
+
+A. There was Major Henry, from Beaver, and Mr. Macomber, of Beaver
+Falls file works.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Doctor Edward Donnelly, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    Examined of Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Reside at 62 Stevenson street. My office is 133 Grand street.
+
+Q. You are a practicing physician in city?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Just go on and make a brief statement of what you saw in relation to
+the riots?
+
+A. My first knowledge of the riots was on Saturday, the 21st of July,
+about an hour or so previous to the arrival of the troops from the
+east. I was induced to go to Twenty-eighth street, hearing that there
+was a large concourse of people assemble there, and they were there for
+the purpose of preventing any trains leaving the city--any freight
+trains, and having the dread of riots before my eyes--I had seen other
+riots in Philadelphia, in 1844--I apprehended that there might be some
+little difficulty, and as I have some influence with the Irish portion
+of the people of the city, I thought it my duty to go there, and try to
+induce them to leave the place, and not enter into any measures that
+would tend to criminate themselves or break the laws of the country.
+That was the reason I went there. When I arrived at the ground--I drove
+out in my buggy--when I arrived there, I found about fifteen hundred
+people. I presume, assembled--fifteen hundred to two thousand, and
+several companies of soldiers--the Fourteenth regiment, Greys, I
+believe, some of them, and the Nineteenth. I am not sure that there was
+any Greys there--I think it was the Fourteenth and the Nineteenth
+regiments. I saw Colonel Grey's command on the side of the hill, and I
+inquired of him who had charge of the troops here, as they were in
+rather a disorderly condition, I consider, in a military point of view.
+They were mingling freely with the crowd in groups here and there, and
+seemed to have no order or discipline amongst them. They told me
+General Brown had command; and I then went down amongst the crowd on
+the railroad track, where Twenty-eighth street intersects the road, and
+I met General Brown, and inquired of him if he was in command of the
+troops. He said he was. Said I, "you are not in military uniform--you
+have no uniform on." He was dressed as a citizen. I thought it was a
+very remarkable thing. He then asked me if I would make a speech to the
+crowd, so as to disperse them, or induce them to disperse, and leave
+the track free for the cars to go out--engines and so on. I told him
+that I did not think it was my place, but if it would be of any benefit
+I would certainly do so; and he said "yes," he thought it would be
+necessary, because there was troops coming from Philadelphia and
+Easton; that the railroad company had sent for troops to disperse any
+mob that would attempt to interfere with the running of trains; and,
+perhaps, it would be best, in order to prevent any disturbance, for me
+to address the crowd to that effect. I hesitated somewhat, and inquired
+then before I consented. Said I, "who is the leader of the strikers?"
+Said he "there he is," pointing to a tall man that was very busy in the
+crowd, making motions with his fingers to his companions--that is,
+trainmen, firemen, and engineers. Said I "call him here and see what he
+says about my addressing this crowd." This man was called, and he also
+thought it advisable for me to do so--they did not want any
+disturbance, and they would like the crowd to disperse--they could
+manage this business themselves without any outsiders; and at this
+solicitation of Brown, and this chief man amongst the strikers, I got
+up on the steps of a small oil house, that is fronting the
+round-house--standing there yet--and I addressed the crowd present, and
+what I said on that day to them was published in the afternoon
+paper--in the _Leader_--I have a copy of it here. I told them that
+it was necessary for them to disperse--if you would like to here the
+exact words I would read them for you.
+
+Q. Is it lengthy?
+
+A. No, sir; it is very short. It was so to the point at the time that I
+thought it best to preserve it, and this is copied from the _Leader_ of
+the 21st, the afternoon of the-day of the occurrence, and this address
+was delivered about one hour before the arrival of the troops. The
+reporter says he addressed--that is. Doctor Donnelly--addressed the
+strikers as his fellow-countrymen. I did so because I have been in the
+habit of addressing Irishmen in public meetings, and it was more of a
+habit than anything else. Instead of saying "fellow-citizens," I said
+countrymen; not because they were all Irish, but because it is a habit
+I had in using that term, and exhorted them not to resort to violence.
+"No striker," he said, "had ever yet succeeded where violence was
+resorted to. Violence was invariably met with violence, and ended in
+the discomfiture of the strikers. It was opposed and contrary to the
+fundamental laws of the land. He entreated them to maintain law and
+order. To reflect before taking any rash step, and to remember that
+law-breakers must, in the natural course of things, suffer. He urged
+them to be prudent upon the arrival of the troops from the east. The
+troops from Philadelphia, said he, and the troops from Easton and
+elsewhere are not to you like the Duquesne Greys or the Fourteenth
+regiment or the Nineteenth regiment. They are not, I might say, your
+brothers. You cannot go to them and take their hands and say to them,
+'how are you, Jim?' or 'how are you, Tom' or 'how is it with you,
+Patrick?' These men will come here strangers to you, and they will come
+here regarding you as we regarded the rebels during the rebellion, and
+there will be no friendly feeling between you and them. For this
+reason, I implore you, for God's sake, to stand back when they arrive.
+To stand off and allow your leaders, who hold the throttle of this
+movement, to deal with them. For this reason I implore those of you who
+have no business here to go home to your families. It is your duty to
+do so. It is your duty to them, to your country, and to the laws of
+your country. Leave the matter in the hands of your leaders, who know
+what is for the best, better than you do, and you will leave it in good
+hands. I have been assured of this. I have been informed by the men who
+are leading this strike that they will exercise the greatest caution
+and forbearance when the soldiers arrive, and I entreat you to stand
+back, and let them manage the thing in their own way." That was the
+import of it.
+
+Q. Were you near Twenty-eighth street when you made that?
+
+A. I was right amongst them, sir.
+
+Q. At Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. At Twenty-eighth street and the round-house. The crowd was between
+the round-house and myself--some fifteen hundred or two thousand,
+including; soldiers and all.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. It was on the steps of the watch-box?
+
+A. I was on the steps of a small building where oil is kept. The steps
+are high up, and I had a good location and a good view of the
+surroundings. They listened very patiently, and as there was a great
+number of women and children among them, I deemed it my duty to warn
+them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Before you go on, state to us what effect this address had upon
+them?
+
+A. It seemed to have a good effect upon them as far as the women and
+children, and a great number of men retired and went away; and there
+was a kindly feeling apparent amongst the people and amongst the
+soldiers that were there. There was no evidence of violence, nor none
+apprehended, except when the troops would arrive from the cast. The
+only fear that appeared to exist amongst the bystanders and those I
+conversed with, was a conflict between the eastern troops and the
+people.
+
+Q. Were the troops--the soldiers of the Fourteenth and Nineteenth
+regiments--mixed up with the crowd at that time?
+
+A. Yes; there was neither order nor discipline amongst them.
+
+Q. Did they have their arms with them?
+
+A. They had some arms on the ground. Some had them with them and some
+were stacked in different places along the side of the hill and at the
+bottom of the hill.
+
+Q. Were they dressed in uniform?
+
+A. Yes; with the exception of General Brown, who was in citizen's
+dress, and he was the commander-in-chief. I inquired for General
+Pearson. I understood he was with the Philadelphia troops.
+
+Q. Go on, now, Doctor.
+
+A. My address seemed to have considerable influence with the strikers
+and trainmen and others; and they had their meeting-place on Penn
+street, near Twenty-eighth. I think it was over a segar store; and I
+was requested to meet them that afternoon. I did so, and they delegated
+me to wait on the officials of the road to make terms, to put an end to
+any further disturbances. They requested me to see Mr. Thaw. I think he
+is an official of the road, one of the vice presidents, if I am not
+mistaken--William Thaw, I think his name is, and Mr. McCullough and Mr.
+Layng. I went to Mr. Thaw's house two or three times, but was unable to
+find him. I then went to Allegheny, and met Mr. Layng and Colonel
+McCullough, and told them what the strikers wanted, and endeavored to
+persuade them to meet the strikers or to make some promise that would
+put an end to further difficulty and trouble, or the shooting of people
+or destruction of property. They were both together, and I conversed
+with them, and I gave them the terms the strikers had authorized me to
+make. I took it from the strikers and wrote it down in pencil at the
+time, and it is here--the terms they wished me to propose to the
+officers of the road, to Mr. Thaw and Colonel Scott, if he was in town.
+After informing these gentlemen what the strikers demanded, they told
+me they could do nothing in the matter whatever--it was above their
+power to do anything.
+
+Q. You may read what the strikers demanded.
+
+A. This is what they demanded: "Authorized by strikers to visit Colonel
+McCullough and Mr. Layng to effect a compromise on the basis of taking
+off double-headers; same wages as prior to June 1, 1877; each man to
+receive his position prior to strike."
+
+Q. Retain his position prior to strike--receive or retain?
+
+A. They said receive at that time--"classification of engines done away
+with; each engineer to receive first-class wages, same as prior to June
+1, 1877; each engine, road or shifting, to have own fireman"--that was
+the conditions on which they wished to make a compromise with the
+officials of the road, and by all means to endeavor to have them meet
+them, so as to make some kind of a compromise. Their great object
+seemed to be to have a conference with the officials.
+
+Q. What time did you get that proposition?
+
+A. It was in the afternoon of Saturday.
+
+Q. Before the collision with the troops?
+
+A. It was after the collision. I had not heard of the collision at that
+time. I had been hunting Mr. Thaw in the afternoon, and then had gone
+to Allegheny, and I had to procure the aid of a gentleman to go with me
+to learn where Mr. McCullough and Mr. Layng lived.
+
+Q. Did you get the proposition before the collision from the strikers?
+
+A. The strikers gave me the proposition previous to the collision, I
+think.
+
+Q. What time did you present it?
+
+A. I presented it--it must have been, perhaps, four o'clock or five--it
+was in the afternoon.
+
+Q. What response did you get--reply?
+
+A. They told me they could do nothing at all in the matter, nor did
+they seemed disposed to do anything. They conversed about the matter as
+indifferently as if it was a thing on the other side of the
+Atlantic--took no interest in it, but referred me to President Scott.
+
+Q. Did you return to Twenty-eighth street that night again--Saturday
+night?
+
+A. I did, sir; went there several times. I reported the interview, and
+they said they would try to meet the officers--they would meet the
+officers at East Liberty, and that they had sent out word to some of
+the officers--I think Mr. Pitcairn and some other officers--to meet
+them at East Liberty, and they had gone out there. This was late in the
+evening. They had gone out to East Liberty, but they could get no
+satisfaction out of the officers there; and they had also telegraphed
+to Mr. Scott, president of the road, and had received no answer, and
+that they had used every means in their power to make some compromise
+with the officers of the road, but had failed.
+
+Q. Were you present when the fire occurred and the first car was fired?
+
+A. No, sir; I was not present at any firing. I was pretty late that
+evening out at Twenty-eighth street, and there was an immense concourse
+of people all along Liberty street for several squares, but, as I had
+my horse with me I did not go amongst them at all on the tracks. I
+merely reported my interview between myself and Colonel McCullough and
+Mr. Layng, and I then went home.
+
+Q. Your effort was particularly confined to adjusting the compromise
+and difficulty between the strikers and the railroad?
+
+A. Railroad officials at that time.
+
+Q. Did you have any negotiations with the mayor about additional
+policemen?
+
+A. That Saturday I had not. On Saturday I had not, but on the next
+morning, Sunday morning, I was very active, indeed, to endeavor to
+raise and organize a vigilance committee for the purpose of suppressing
+the riot and saving the property of the railroad company, and other
+property; dreading that the city would be set on fire and plundered by
+mobs.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. These railroad officials you called to see in Allegheny--General
+McCullough and Thaw and Layng--what railroad company are they connected
+with? Pennsylvania Central?
+
+A. They are all connected with the same company. I presume they
+represent the Cleveland and Cincinnati--that western part of the
+Pennsylvania Central.
+
+Q. Pennsylvania Company--not the Pennsylvania Central?
+
+A. I didn't know that there was any difference. Mr. Thaw is certainly
+connected with the Pennsylvania Central. I think he is one of the vice
+presidents.
+
+Q. The Pennsylvania Company managed the road west of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I don't really know what their positions were. I was solicited by
+these men to interview them, supposing that they were the proper
+authorities in the matter. Mr. Thaw was proper authority in the absence
+of Colonel Scott or other officials that could not be found.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What success did you meet with in trying to organize a force on
+Sunday morning?
+
+A. On Sunday morning the citizens met near the old city hall and formed
+a kind of organization there, and finally adjourned to the new city
+hall, and there we organized a committee of safety, composed of
+citizens, to take measures to assist the mayor--employ a force of
+policemen, as he was very deficient in a police force at the time, and
+had but a few men on duty; and the object was to organize a strong
+police force to aid and assist the mayor in suppressing the riot, which
+then had become very alarming. We were all day nearly in doing a very
+little. The citizens seemed to be panic stricken, and there seemed to
+be no head at all in the city amongst the officials or amongst the
+people. The mayor seemed to be powerless. The sheriff, I believe, had
+ran away, and, in fact, we seemed to have no city government for the
+protection of the city or the people.
+
+Q. What did the mayor do in the way of assisting in this organization?
+
+A. The mayor--he didn't do a great deal, he seemed to be running around
+at one thing and another, and he seemed to be so confused and incapable
+of organizing anything, that he really did do nothing. I understood
+there was two companies of troops come down from up the Monongahela in
+charge of an old army companion of mine. I suggested that he had better
+try to get those two companies, and take them down where the riot was
+going on, and do something. We found that these troops had returned
+again, and they were not there, and we came back again, and, finding
+that the riot was still going on and nothing being done, he authorized
+me to collect as many citizens as I possibly could, and go down there
+and see if we could suppress the disturbance, and I organized about
+sixty men, composed partly of lawyers, a few physicians, and other
+gentlemen, who were determined to use every effort to suppress the
+disturbance; and we first armed ourselves with axe handles, which a
+gentleman on Wood street procured for us out of his store. I considered
+that didn't look very military, and somebody suggested that there were
+rifles at the Western University, up on Diamond street, and we
+concluded to make a raid on the university. We did so, with the
+sanction of the mayor, and we got the rifles, and then there was no
+ammunition, and we put the bayonets on them, and with a company of
+sixty men, and myself as the colonel--I had been commissioned by the
+mayor to act as such--we marched down to the scene of the riot and
+arson, each gentleman had a white handkerchief tied on his arm to
+distinguish them from the rest of the crowd that was there
+assembled--it may look very ludicrous just now, but it was a very
+serious matter then. We marched down amongst them, and the crowd sort
+of stood to one side and let us pass through. I arranged the men on
+each side of Liberty street, where I supposed they were going to set
+lire to the large stores. At that time the grain elevator had been
+destroyed, and the property adjoining the metal yard, adjoining this
+large ware-house, was also on fire. There was a fence running from the
+middle yard up to one of the stores, I proposed to some of the rioters
+present to tear that fence down and save that property, two or three of
+them said, well, what do you want, I said we didn't want private
+property destroyed, so a gang of them went over and tore the fence
+down, and the flames didn't extend any further in that direction. After
+staying there some time, and seeing that there was no evidence of
+breaking into stores or setting fire to private property, we retired;
+that is, we retreated to the city hall, and stacked our arms in the
+building, and dispersed for the night. The next morning we were not
+organized again, the city seemed pretty quiet, and the crowd had
+understood that the citizens were taking an active part in protecting
+the city.
+
+Q. Let me ask you a question there. Supposing you had arrived with your
+regiment--you say you were a commissioned colonel--suppose you had
+arrived on the ground before the fire reached the Union depot, do you
+think that you could have kept the mob back and prevented the firing of
+the Union depot with that body?
+
+A. I do think that if I had been authorized and given me fifty or sixty
+good men, that understood their duty, and were obedient to orders and
+had loaded rifles before that depot burned, it could have been saved. I
+went there and tried to save that depot, and took Bishop Tuigg with me
+to go out there, thinking that there might be a number of our
+countrymen there engaged in that, and that he would have some influence
+with them, to save the property of the company, and save the building.
+I stood on the platform of a car with the bishop, and he first
+addressed them, and in looking over the crowd, I found that the crowd
+were not Irishmen. As we soon discovered, they began throwing iron ore
+and other missiles at the bishop's head, which no good Catholic would
+do, unless he was an Orangeman. I also addressed them, and a burly
+fellow came up and said, get down from here, Doctor, we are going to
+set fire to this, and I considered it most prudent to get down. With
+fifty good men, I would have cleared that place in a very few minutes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Do you know that man that came up to you?
+
+A. I would know him if I ever saw him. I felt very vindictive towards
+him at that moment. I did try to save an engine by pulling a fellow off
+who would not allow the engineer to try to run it off. I pulled him off
+and said let that man take the engine off. He was drunk at the time,
+and he said something to me, but anyhow they kept the engine there
+until it was burned. If the officials even of the depot--if the
+officials of the road, or the employés of the road, had any courage at
+all on Monday, they could have saved that building. There was no
+trouble about it, because the outside people were perfectly
+indifferent, looking on and affording no resistance.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Supposing the officials connected with the road there had made an
+effort to have driven them back, what effect would that have had upon
+the crowd?
+
+A. The crowd that was there at that time could have been easily driven
+away.
+
+Q. Would it have excited them worse?
+
+A. I think not. I think the citizens were all disposed at that time to
+aid to enforce law and order. It was the feeling. That was on Sunday,
+mind you. On Sunday afternoon at that time I believe every citizen was
+disposed to enforce law and order, and that the rioting element would
+not have had any chance whatever, and they would not have been
+supported.
+
+Q. How many were actually engaged in the arson and rioting at that
+time?
+
+A. From my looking at them and looking amongst them, and as they were
+assembled together to listen to what we had to say, I don't think there
+was fifty men really.
+
+Q. Engaged in the riot?
+
+A. I don't think there was that many, because they were dispersed
+amongst the crowd of people, and you could only tell the bad element
+amongst them by their appearance, and by their dress, and by their half
+drunken condition.
+
+Q. Had you any talk with the mayor during the day, Sunday, about
+sending out a posse of policemen there?
+
+A. I had talked with the mayor on several occasions. I urged him to try
+to organize a force, and I asked him several times very plainly why he
+had not arrested these rioters, I mean the strikers, the head of them,
+that were inciting riot, and he said that he had done his duty in that
+respect, but that he had been superseded Ivy Mr. Hampton and Dalzell,
+and other persons connected with the railroad, in taking it out of his
+hands, and placing the authority in the hands of the sheriff, and that
+he would let them manage the matter--something to that effect--and that
+seemed to be his principal reason for not having acted more
+energetically--that the officers of the road had taken the matter out
+of his hands.
+
+Q. He was out there during the day Sunday looking over the crowd?
+
+A. I didn't see him out there, I think, unless he was there, and I
+didn't see him. I was going to say that these are some of the strikers
+who sent the communication [indicating a paper] to the mayor and
+myself. This is addressed to the Honorable Mr. McCarthy and Doctor
+Donnelly. Metzgar was chief clerk of the mayor at that time, and this
+communication was sent. I had been soliciting these strikers to aid us
+in suppressing the riot, to enter in with us, and make their appearance
+amongst us, to show that they were not in favor of pillaging, burning,
+&c. This is addressed to the Honorable M. J. McCarthy: "Have gone to
+the Twenty-sixth street, with Cunningham, of the strikers, with McKeon.
+Say they will try to go down at once to new city hall to join you, and
+will do my best." That is underlined: "Will do my very best. Tell
+Donnelly, if they come, see that they get instructions." That is, I was
+to go down with the force, at that time, with proper instructions. That
+is the name of the gentleman, I can hardly make it out, it is very
+peculiar writing, "W. N. Riddle," I should think it was. He was to aid
+and assist us, with his strikers, to suppress these disturbances.
+
+Q. Riddle--was this the man that requested you----
+
+A. That was not the man. That man I could never find afterwards. He was
+a tall man, a thin spare-faced man, a very active man, he seemed to
+have some influence over them. One of the strikers gave me that,
+[indicating paper.] I understood it was from a principal one of them,
+at the time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. How long did it take you to raise that force of yours?
+
+A. It took me all day. 1 never saw such apathy or cowardice among the
+citizens.
+
+Q. They did not appear to be anxious?
+
+A. Men that should have done their duty, as citizens, were promenading
+Fifth avenue, and it was very difficult to get citizens. I must say to
+the credit of the bar, that they did their duty.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Will you give us the names of some of the lawyers that were members
+of that company?
+
+A. Colonel Haymaker was one of them, Mr. Harper was another--there was
+quite a number, Dr. Sutton was one, he was second in command. I have
+the names of most of them.
+
+Q. I believe you find lawyers and doctors among the best citizens, as a
+general thing?
+
+A. We do our duty, if we can.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Could you have got fifty or sixty good men, with rifles and
+ammunition, at the time that you and Bishop Tuigg went up to
+remonstrate with the mob?
+
+A. We could not--not at that time. We had been ineffectual all day to
+organize a company, and there was no arms to be had yet; there was
+troops at the old city hall, but there seemed to be nobody in command
+to do anything, to take the responsibility, there seemed to be really
+no person at the head of anything.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. This whole machine appeared to have no head?
+
+A. Yes; it appeared, as I said before, it appeared that the mayor was
+indifferent. He said that it was the railroad company that was running
+this thing, and he would let them run it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say there was troops at the city hall. How many, and who were
+they--what organization?
+
+A. There was part of a company of the Nineteenth regiment--a company
+there of the Nineteenth regiment. I forget who had charge of them. I
+know the gentleman very well, but I cannot think of his name. He went
+out afterwards in command of one of the regiments to the east from
+here. A tall, nice-looking young man. He had charge of the regiment.
+Howard, I think it was--Hartley Howard, I think, was the gentleman.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Had the mayor intimated to you that the railroad officials had taken
+this matter into their own hands?
+
+A. They had interfered with him in executing an order. They had
+interfered in arresting some man. He had not acted as promptly as they
+thought. It appears that Mr. Hampton and Dalzell--I think he used the
+names jointly--had taken these writs from him and given them into the
+hands of the sheriff.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. And that he would not interfere?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. You said a while ago that the sheriff had run away. How did you know
+he had run away?
+
+A. He was not to be found anywhere. I had not seen him that day. I
+heard he had left. They had threatened to burn his house, and he had
+left the city. As the sheriff is a man subject to heart disease, I
+presume it was his duty not to risk his life amongst them. I heard
+there was a strong feeling against him, and he had left. I had not seen
+the sheriff after that day.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What day was this you were speaking of?
+
+A. That was on Sunday.
+
+Q. Did you see him there on Saturday with the troops?
+
+A. No, sir; I did see the sheriff on Saturday.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You stated in your speech to the people that you had been informed
+by those who led the strike that they would manage the matter
+prudently, so as to have no trouble. Who were those parties that
+informed you they were leading the strike? Can you give us the names?
+
+A. I can ascertain the names of some of them, but I don't know the
+names now. I don't remember them. There was one little man very active.
+His brother keeps a drug store at the corner of Twenty-eighth and Penn
+streets. He seemed to be very active amongst them.
+
+Q. Do you know his name?
+
+A. No, sir; I can find out his name. I can find out the names of
+several of them. I think I have them written down. This gent--I thought
+his name was attached to that paper--was a city man, very active. He
+seemed to be the leading spirit amongst them, but I found he was the
+man that brought that document there.
+
+Q. He is not the one that signed it?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How do you account for the apathy or cowardice that existed in the
+city about going out to take steps to stop this?
+
+A. The only way I can account for it is that there was a feeling
+amongst the people that these men had been treated very unjustly by the
+railroad company; that it had reduced their wages down to a starvation
+point, and that they had been treated unjustly. There has been a
+feeling here more or less ever since I have been in Pittsburgh--twelve
+years--since the war, against the railroad company, on account of its
+unjust actions against the mercantile interests of Pittsburgh. There
+has always been more or less of that kind of feeling against the
+company, as I told the Governor in my interview with him on the Sunday
+night that he was here. That feeling has existed against Tom Scott and
+the railroad company. The overbearing manner of their officials, and
+their want of making any compromise whatever, or showing any
+disposition whatever to compromise with their employés; that has been
+the feeling engendered in this city for years.
+
+Q. How extensive is that disposition?
+
+A. It is amongst almost the whole class of people, intelligent as well
+as ignorant, that feeling has existed.
+
+Q. The business men and professional men?
+
+A. The business men--many of the business men--have been bitter enemies
+of the road on account of the discrimination in freights that has
+existed. That feeling has permeated the whole community--it permeated
+the whole community, and I had that same feeling and that same
+antagonism to the road myself. As I told the Governor, Tom Scott should
+come down from his empyrean and mingle amongst the people, and he
+should assert his right of being Governor of the State, and not Tom
+Scott.
+
+Q. What reply did the Governor make?
+
+A. The Governor made one of his bland smiles.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. He is a good listener?
+
+A. Yes; that was up in the hotel where he stopped the Sunday night.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In your negotiations, mingling with the strikers and endeavoring to
+adjust matters, did you ascertain the reason or the cause of the
+strike?
+
+A. This was the cause that I stated, just what is set forth in this
+paper, [indicating paper,] that was the cause, and that was what they
+wanted, an adjustment on that basis.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did any one sign that paper setting forth their grievances?
+
+A. Only I had a meeting with them. I wrote down what they wanted.
+
+Q. You wrote that down yourself?
+
+A. They would not permit anybody, they had confidence in me or they
+wouldn't have entrusted me. They saw I was disposed to do what was
+right. I acted prudently with them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were any of the strikers, that is the railroad employés, who first
+struck, engaged in this arson, burning, and pillaging?
+
+A. The persons whom I saw engaged in this arson business, and the crowd
+that I addressed on Sunday were rioters. They appeared to me to be all
+strangers. They were not really citizens of Pittsburgh. They appeared
+to me to be all strangers. There was no strikers. I saw none of the
+strikers that I knew, whose countenances I would remember amongst the
+rioters. They appeared to keep aloof. They appeared to keep away, and
+when we wanted to find them or have any conversation with them, we had
+our meeting down at their place. The bishop and the delegation of
+citizens from this committee of public safety, went down to meet them
+away down at their head-quarters, at Twenty-eighth street, where we had
+a conference with them. They were perfectly powerless, yet disposed to
+do all they could to save the property and suppress the riot.
+
+Q. Who were the men engaged in this arson and burning?
+
+A. That is more than I can tell you who they were. They appeared to be
+a class of men I had never seen before.
+
+Q. Were they mill men?
+
+A. Many of them looked like laboring men. Most of them were young men,
+reckless young fellows, half drunk, and of a class you would call
+roughs, which you will find always around cities and places where there
+is anything going on, you don't know who they are--they appeared to be
+all young men.
+
+Q. From the works about the city?
+
+A. They might have been; I don't know. I couldn't recognize them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Didn't one recognize and call to you "Doctor, get down from that?"
+
+A. They knew me well enough--these men knew me well enough.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Told you to get down from there, and said they were going to burn
+that car?
+
+A. Yes; they had made up their minds to burn the depot.
+
+Q. Did he say that?
+
+A. No, sir; I judged that. That was our effort to save the depot. I
+induced the bishop to go down myself.
+
+Q. In the practice of your profession, have you become acquainted, more
+or less, with the laboring men about the city?
+
+A. Yes; I have. I am a great deal amongst them--factories, mills, and
+all around the neighborhood. I have a great deal of intercourse with
+that class of people as a surgeon amongst them.
+
+Q. Did you recognize any of that class in this crowd?
+
+A. I didn't recognize--yes, I recognized two men, that I have since
+endeavored to find, who were amongst the rioters--that was the only
+two.
+
+Q. On Sunday?
+
+A. Yes; they were there present, and one of them, when I was addressing
+the crowd, made the remark to me that they wouldn't put confidence in
+any man, no matter what he said, and that man I would know again. He
+was one of them, and he was an aider and abettor. I have gone
+frequently around the depot since; and I think he was employed by the
+company. I would know him if I was to see him. The other man, that
+threw the piece of iron ore at my head, I would know him. I have never
+met him.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know whether any of your command--of your company had been
+called upon by the sheriff to join his posse to suppress the riot the
+day before, or at any time.
+
+A. I don't know whether they ever had or not. I don't think the sheriff
+was about on Sunday.
+
+Q. The day before?
+
+A. I don't know whether he was Saturday night or not. I don't know,
+sir, anything about the sheriff and his posse. There was no sheriff or
+posse that I saw at all.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Captain P. Grallisath, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you at the Union depot at any time during the riots of July
+last--first you may state where you reside?
+
+A. No. 660 Diamond street.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Tavern.
+
+Q. Keep hotel?
+
+A. No; tavern--restaurant.
+
+Q. State whether you were at the Union hotel or not, and what time it
+was?
+
+A. I was at the Union depot about half past two in the afternoon.
+
+Q. Of what day?
+
+A. On Saturday. I think it was.
+
+Q. When the Philadelphia troops arrived?
+
+A. I got notice from my colonel, who is captain of the Black Hussars,
+who sent a man to me with a note that one of his men lost a cap on the
+road, and for me to bring him one. I went out myself and met them at
+the depot there--the Black Hussars, and I saw--I suppose it was the
+First regiment or Second Philadelphia--the infantry getting ready to
+march out the track; and I was talking to my colonel, and asking him
+how things goes, and what he came on here for. Says he: "I don't know."
+He says: "I suppose we came on here to keep peace here in Pittsburgh."
+I staid there with him for about an hour and a half. I told him, says
+I: "Colonel, you better come down to my house. There is nothing going
+on here. It is all nonsense to remain here. Leave your men here and
+come down with me;" and so he did.
+
+Q. What was the Colonel's name?
+
+A. Captain Chues, of the Black Hussars. He was my colonel in the army.
+We went down home and got something to eat and a few glasses of beer,
+and all at once an orderly sent word to say: "Captain hurry up, they
+are firing on front." I went out with him to the depot, and staid there
+until dark with him. They had charge of the ammunition from General
+Brinton, at the Union depot. I staid there until dark, and the infantry
+was out, and a great many people passing along Liberty street, and
+hollering and cheering over to the boys, but they didn't take any
+notice. I told the colonel, says I, "never mind, just leave them talk
+and mind their own business." So they did, I says, "colonel, I am going
+home. I will be back again in a short time." I had to see how business
+was at home. Everything was upside down in the city. I came back about
+eight o'clock, and went to the depot again, and I found there was
+nobody there. I asked where they were, and they said they were in the
+round-house. I could not go out there, because I was alone myself, and
+I understood they were at the same time in the Union depot, up
+stairs--all of them--hid up.
+
+Q. Who did you understand that from?
+
+A. I had it from Major Howard, of the Fourteenth regiment, whose
+company was there stationed in the Union depot. This was after this.
+
+Q. Did he say that all the Black Hussars----
+
+A. He says "they are not there." Then I went back home again in the
+street cars, and I see a great mob making raids on the bonds for
+whisky--anything they could find--nearly opposite the street car where
+I was in. I went home. About twelve o'clock I went to the depot again.
+I thought it was the best thing for me to see where these boys are.
+
+Q. The Hussars?
+
+A. Yes. I went out with one of my men to find out where they were. I
+saw General Howard, of the Fourteenth regiment, right at the gate where
+the train comes in. I went to him. Says I, "Do you know anything about
+the Black Hussars." Says he, "Captain, I don't." Says I, "Are they in
+the round-house." Says he, "I don't know anything about it." I went out
+over where the ammunition was, and didn't see anybody except two or
+three watchmen around with lanterns. I ask them where they were, and
+they said they didn't know, that they must be in the round-house. I
+couldn't believe it, because I know Colonel Clines ain't going to block
+himself up in a cage. Says I, "If I can't find them, there is no use
+for me to go out in the round-house." I went home again, and couldn't
+get any satisfaction. All at once, Sergeant Wilder, from Philadelphia,
+orderly sergeant of the company of Black Hussars, about half-past two
+o'clock in the morning, I was sitting on the bed, and he asked some
+policeman where my house was, and he told him he didn't know. Everybody
+knows me, where my house is, especially policemen, and he says he
+didn't know where Captain Gallisath lived. He passed my house two or
+three times before he could find it. All at once, he asked somebody,
+and they told him, and he rang the bell, and I was sitting on the bed.
+I was not going to undress until I heard some news. A darkey, he showed
+him the road. He came up and told me the whole thing as it stands. Says
+he, "We are in the Union depot, and I don't know how to get out." I got
+all my boys up, and said they should throw out every stitch of clothes
+they had in their possession. I went out and took them all out in two
+squads over the hill. They couldn't get through Liberty street.
+
+Q. You gave them citizens' clothes?
+
+A. All my own and all my men's.
+
+Q. For the Hussars to go out in disguise?
+
+A. Yes; I kept them there for three days at my house.
+
+Q. How many of them?
+
+A. There was sixteen or seventeen. I think there was seventeen. I kept
+them there until I got word from General Brinton, and I took them over
+to the West Penn road, and sent them home. General Pearson, I suppose,
+gave them a pass. The Black Hussars were on the road to Philadelphia,
+and were telegraphed to come back to the junction again.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. There were sixteen or seventeen?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did they have arms?
+
+A. Nothing but sabers.
+
+Q. Where were their guns?
+
+A. They had none.
+
+Q. Did they have guns when they came in from Philadelphia?
+
+A. Nothing at all but sabers.
+
+Q. They were placed in the Union depot to guard the ammunition, Captain
+Clines at the head?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was that all that came there Saturday--Saturday afternoon--sixteen
+in number?
+
+A. That is all they had, seventeen--I suppose it was seventeen--I had
+them in my house. They had nothing but sabers. They had no carbines nor
+pistols nor anything.
+
+Q. Where did they leave the ammunition when they came out?
+
+A. The ammunition was at the same place still--and burned up too.
+
+Q. In the Union depot?
+
+A. That is the report that I heard afterwards, that it was set afire on
+Sunday.
+
+Q. They didn't bring the ammunition out with them?
+
+A. General Brinton gave Captain Clines orders to take charge of the
+ammunition, so they could ship it to the front, but they never came
+back again, the Philadelphia troops.
+
+Q. General Brinton didn't come back again?
+
+A. No; they were up in the round-house, and Sunday morning went away to
+the other side of the river.
+
+Q. Captain Clines left the ammunition in the depot?
+
+A. The understanding was, that they were cut off from General Brinton,
+and nobody knew the ammunition was in there, except himself and his
+boys.
+
+Q. Do you know whether he left it there in the depot or not?
+
+A. I am very well satisfied he couldn't take it away. I heard the
+cartridges cracking around there on Sunday when they burned up. General
+Brinton had no ammunition, whatever, when he was cut off, and he
+couldn't get none--not what he brought from Philadelphia.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did Captain Clines and his command carry anything away from there?
+
+A. They left their sabers there when I took them up the hill, but they
+got them back afterwards, and I shipped them to Philadelphia my own
+self.
+
+Q. How far do you live from Union depot?
+
+A. Three squares and a half.
+
+Q. What street?
+
+A. Diamond.
+
+Q. How many people were there along Diamond street when you took these
+clothes out?
+
+A. Nobody--everything quiet.
+
+Q. Couldn't these Black Hussars have marched out and down to your
+house?
+
+A. They couldn't march from Union depot on Liberty street, they had to
+go around the hill and over the Pan-Handle road by the tunnel and back
+here--that is where the nigger took them around.
+
+Q. In citizens dress?
+
+A. I sent the clothes out. They went in two squads. We hadn't so many
+clothes to dress them all at once, the mob was waiting for them to come
+out.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You are a military man, and have had a great deal of experience in
+the army. In your opinion, could these sixteen men have cut their way
+out with their sabers?
+
+A. No, sir; they couldn't.
+
+Q. Why not?
+
+A. I couldn't see how. They didn't know the road, nor anything. They
+were strangers.
+
+Q. If they had had a guide?
+
+A. I don't see how they could do it with sabers, when the mob was
+standing outside with stones and pistols. What did them sixteen men
+want to do with sabers.
+
+Q. Was there a large crowd?
+
+A. There was a big crowd there. They couldn't, I am satisfied. I
+wouldn't have risked it, and I wouldn't be afraid if I were acquainted
+in the city, and know my road.
+
+Q. If you had had sixteen men well armed----
+
+A. Yes; well armed, that is all right; but they were not.
+
+Q. Were there no arms there. Were there not some stacks of muskets?
+
+A. They had nothing but their sabers, that is all. I saw them all. They
+had nothing but their pocket knives. Some of them had no knives,
+because they went away so quick, they didn't know where they were
+going, and they thought they were going a few miles outside of
+Philadelphia.
+
+Q. Do you know whether there was any effort made to take any provisions
+or ammunition to the troops in the round-house on Saturday night?
+
+A. Not as I know of.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. These Black Hussars are generally intended as cavalry, are they not?
+
+A. Yes; they are all mounted.
+
+Q. The general cry was against the Philadelphia soldiers. That
+intimidated these men, did it?
+
+A. I heard them hollering in the street for to kill them--in Liberty
+street.
+
+Q. That is a good way to intimidate a person, isn't it?
+
+A. Oh! yes; I was right with them. I suppose they would if they could.
+A man says to me, what I got business to do with the Philadelphia
+troops, keeping conversation with them. I told him that is my business.
+
+Q. What business you had with them?
+
+A. Yes. I said that is my business.
+
+Q. They didn't pretend to interfere with you--did they?
+
+A. I suppose they would, if they could. I don't know, I wasn't afraid.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was it known to the crowd that these Black Hussars were quartered in
+your house? Did the crowd know that the Black Hussars were in your
+house?
+
+A. No; not that Sunday. They found it out on Monday, though. The people
+came in the house keeping very nice, quiet conversation with them. I
+never heard a wrong word on Wednesday. The house was crowded, and they
+were sitting around with them, drinking beer. It was all right; very
+nice, quiet conversation.
+
+Q. The Black Hussars did?
+
+A. Our Pittsburgh friends treated them very kind.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Robert B. Carnahan, being duly _sworn_, was examined as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside, Mr. Carnahan?
+
+A. I reside in Pittsburgh, Nineteenth ward. We call it the east end
+here.
+
+Q. Practicing attorney?
+
+A. Practicing attorney.
+
+Q. Solicitor for the sheriff, I believe?
+
+A. Yes; I am at this time, and have been for two years past.
+
+Q. Just state what you know of the movements of the sheriff during the
+riots of July last?
+
+A. At the time of the first disturbance, which occurred on Thursday
+evening, it was preceding the Saturday on which----
+
+Q. That was the 19th--Thursday evening, the 19th?
+
+A. Yes; the 19th. I knew nothing whatever of anything the sheriff had
+done, or had been called on to do. I was informed the next morning that
+during the night of Thursday the sheriff had been called on by the
+solicitor of one of the railroads--Mr. Scott--by some of the railroad
+officials, during the night, and that he had been at Twenty-eighth
+street during that night, but I knew nothing of it personally. My
+residence is five miles--nearly six miles--from here, though in the
+city of Pittsburgh, and I was not sent for that night. The next day I
+became acquainted with what had been done, but I think I did not see
+the sheriff at all. He was out at Torrens station during a considerable
+portion of the day, with the railroad officers, and I don't remember to
+have seen him that day. I think he had been up pretty much all the
+night before, and was out, away from his office, the greater part of
+Friday, and I don't think I saw him at all on Friday. On Saturday
+morning I saw the sheriff, and had a full conference with him in his
+office. The sheriff submitted to me what he had done. Gave me an
+account of his meeting the rioters on Thursday night, and of his being
+out at Torrens station on Friday, where I think he was a considerable
+part of the day--at one place or the other--at least, I did not find
+him during business hours; and of his notification of the Governor that
+he was not able to deal, in his opinion, with the rioters or mob that
+had obstructed the running of the trains. Of course, I made inquiry as
+to the magnitude of the gatherings, to learn something about their
+threatening, hostile character. In fact, had known myself, personally,
+coming in on the road, that the trains were detained. I said to him
+that I entirely approved, as a matter of law, of what he had done in
+notifying the Governor to send on troops. The view I had of the act of
+1864, I think it is, was that the Governor, on reliable information
+from any quarter where there was insurrection that the legal
+authorities were not able to deal with, might call out the troops, and
+I approved of that; but on Saturday morning the attorneys of the
+Pennsylvania railroad went into the court of common pleas No. 2, and
+obtained warrants for the arrest of a number of persons--my
+recollection is, fifteen in number--who were charged as leaders of this
+riotous movement. I think the warrants were addressed to a constable of
+the name of Richardson, and the solicitors of the road made a demand on
+the sheriff that morning for a _posse comitatus_ to attend the
+arresting officers, and support him in the discharge of that duty. This
+took place sometime in the morning, at or after eleven o'clock in the
+morning--it was after eleven o'clock, I think--and I advised the
+sheriff to assemble a _posse comitatus_--as large a number of men
+as he could obtain--that three or four hundred would not be too large,
+and it was understood, at that time, that troops would arrive that
+evening. They would arrive here at twelve o'clock, or about twelve
+o'clock, perhaps earlier than twelve, on a train that arrived here
+between eleven and twelve o'clock, and it was understood the
+arrangement was, that the civil authorities were to make these arrests,
+the constable supported by the sheriff and his _posse comitatus_,
+and that the military were to be on the ground. There was, indeed, very
+little time for obtaining a _posse comitatus_ at that time, but
+the sheriff sent out his deputies, some fifteen or sixteen of them,
+with instructions to bring in a _posse comitatus_. There was not
+time to write out summonses and serve them in any way, but I said to
+him that it would be a sufficient demand upon a person to attend if
+given verbally, that it was better to have a written notice, if there
+was time, which there was not then--less than an hour to do it all in.
+These deputies went out, some fourteen or fifteen of them, but they
+severally came in and reported at an interval of an hour, or an hour
+and a half--it was nearly one o'clock--and the result was, I think, but
+two men were obtained. I remember of one man being brought into the
+office who was very much alarmed. The sheriff asked him if he was
+willing to go. He said he was not willing to go; he was afraid to go.
+The sheriff reproached him with cowardice, and said he did not want
+that kind of a fellow to attend him. I think not more than two men were
+obtained. Sometime between twelve and one--I think nearer one than
+twelve--the sheriff, with his own deputies, went up to the Union depot.
+I think all his deputies, with the exception of one or two, perhaps,
+who were not then in the city. Every deputy he had in the city attended
+him, including his two sons and his brother, and they went up to the
+Union depot, and I think the constable was with him. I am not entirely
+sure about that. I attended them myself up as far as the Union depot. I
+know we went there, and some of the military had arrived there from
+Philadelphia at that time, but I think not all of them. I know nothing
+more as to what occurred on that afternoon, for I was not at
+Twenty-eighth street when the firing took place, and my personal
+knowledge ends with this, that the sheriff himself personally went. I
+cannot relate about anything that took place on Saturday night, or
+after that time, for I was not in that part of the city, but was at
+home.
+
+Q. Do you know when it was that she sheriff made the call on the
+Governor for troops to support him?
+
+A. I only know from what he told me himself, and what I have heard
+others say, and what I have seen printed--it must have been on Thursday
+night, the 19th.
+
+Q. In your opinion, had the sheriff then exhausted his powers and
+resources to cope with the mob?
+
+A. I, of course, cannot judge that; that is a question of fact. I can
+only judge of it from what other people have told me. I can judge from
+what I personally have seen of this mob myself, coming in on the train
+every day, for these trains had been delayed for two or three days. The
+freight trains were accumulating, and had been detained for some days
+before that or some time before that--at least one day--one whole day,
+if not another. I should judge from the crowds I saw assembled about
+the trains myself, and from descriptions of them by others, that it was
+not possible for the sheriff with any _posse comitatus_ that he
+could obtain to deal with them, and I will tell you on what I found my
+opinion. This was a combination, I may say, of what we call here in
+Pittsburgh, the striking element. I don't think any man will say that
+he found a preponderance of the railroad men in their assemblages about
+Twenty-eighth street, or the Union depot, or other places on the road.
+Everybody out of work who belonged to what we call the striking
+population, were directed by sympathy or opinion towards these people.
+It was not a body of railroad men alone, and I don't think that the
+larger part of them were railroad men--the iron workers, the people who
+work in rolling mills, and the people who work in the various branches
+of industry, were all in sympathy with them, so far as I observed, and
+so far as my knowledge, derived from others, extends, and it was a sort
+of massing of the striking element here. The strike of the Pennsylvania
+railroad men being simply the occasion that brought them together.
+
+Q. Let me ask you another question: In your judgment, had the sheriff
+at that time, under the act of 1864, laid the grounds for calling on
+the Governor for aid?
+
+A. I don't remember--I have not the act of 1864 before me, and I don't
+remember whether it defines any ground. My recollection is, that the
+act itself does not define more than in general terms, at least, the
+ground upon which the executive aid maybe invoked. I was satisfied of
+this, and I think Senator Scott was. I know from his conversations with
+me that it was such a gathering, with such a purpose, and with such a
+determination that, at least, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company did not
+expect to deal with them without military forces to aid them, and I
+think that that was the prevalent impression. One of the sheriffs
+deputies told me that, though he had served in the army three years, he
+never had encountered any danger that alarmed him like the danger he
+expected to encounter here. He was a man willing to do his duty. It was
+a mob that inspired some terror, even at that time. Before any blood
+was shed, there was a general apprehension of trouble. I have seen many
+strikes here of coal diggers, of men engaged in iron mills and glass
+houses, and the various departments of industry. In fact, we have been
+a good deal accustomed to them, but there had never before been very
+much actual, positive mischief coming from them, and I never before saw
+a mob the people were afraid of, before that one in this city. However,
+I must say I saw but little of it until Saturday, and then the soldiers
+had been called out under the command of General Pearson, and some
+Philadelphia soldiers had arrived. On Saturday, the feeling was angry,
+it was threatening and severe.
+
+Q. What preparations is it necessary for the sheriff to make, or what
+are his duties under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania before
+calling on the Governor for aid?
+
+A. Well, gentlemen, I think the law on that subject has been very much
+changed by the act of 1864. That is here. I would like to refer you to
+it. I think very radical changes were made in the law relative to
+calling out the militia, by the act of 1864, that has been much
+adverted to lately. I think it establishes a very different system.
+
+Q. From that heretofore in practice?
+
+A. I think so. I think it is altogether different. As I understand that
+law, it is not necessary at all that the sheriff should notify the
+Governor. It might be done by the mayor, or alderman, or even by any
+citizen. The Governor himself judges of the sufficiency.
+
+Q. As you understand the law, is it necessary for the sheriff to make
+an effort to obtain a _posse comitatus_ before calling on the Governor?
+
+A. I certainly would think the sheriff, the principal peace officer of
+the county, ought to make some effort to get a _posse comitatus_
+to control that riot; but there are cases where the riot has taken such
+proportions, as I think this one had--I do not regard it as local at
+all, for it extended from the Mississippi to the Atlantic--there are
+such cases where no _posse comitatus_ could deal with them at all.
+
+Q. At the time the sheriff made the call on the Governor, was it not
+principally local?
+
+A. As to that I cannot speak from personal knowledge. What has been
+told to me was, in substance, this: That when the sheriff first met the
+gathering at Twenty-eighth street, there was a large collection of
+people, numbering, I don't know how many, but one or two thousand
+people, and this was in the middle of the night--towards eleven o'clock
+at night. They were gathered there. They insulted the sheriff, threw
+all sorts of reproaches upon him, blasphemy and obscenity of the very
+worst character were employed--this I don't know personally, but it has
+been told to me--and threats were made. Now, it is a question upon
+which you can judge as well as I, whether, when a crowd can be brought
+together at that hour of the night--a crowd greatly in excess of all
+the railroad men in this part of the country--whether any collection of
+citizens you might obtain, would be able to successfully disperse them,
+and it is a question very hard to determine.
+
+Q. Would it, in your judgment, be the duty of the sheriff to make an
+effort to obtain a posse before calling on the Governor?
+
+A. Unless the effort was plainly fruitless, I would not understand the
+law to require him to do a thing that is plainly unnecessary. If an
+armed force would come into the county which the sheriff evidently
+could not deal with citizens, especially without arms, I would not
+think it necessary to expose himself to any sacrifice of life. If the
+disturbance were local, I think he ought to make a serious effort to
+disperse it, before calling on the Governor. The law, as I understand
+it, and the only law in force on this subject, is the act of 1864,
+which was passed during the war--during the time of the rebellion, and
+when there were disturbances in different parts of this State. I
+understand it authorizes the Governor to call out the militia, on any
+information that satisfies his mind, whether it is of an official
+character or not. It is in these terms:
+
+"When an invasion of, or insurrection in, the State is made
+or threatened, or a tumult, riot, or mob shall exist, the
+commander-in-chief shall call upon the militia to repel or suppress the
+same, and may order our divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, or
+companies, or may order to be detached parts or companies thereof, or
+any number of men to be drafted therefrom, and may cause officers to be
+detailed, sufficient with those attached to the troops to organize the
+forces."
+
+That was not the law until 1864. At one period in Pennsylvania, when
+the military were called out, they were to be under the command of the
+sheriffs. That was changed by the act of 1857--I am not entirely sure
+about that--it was about that time, and in case of an insurrection,
+application was to be made to a judge, and so forth. But it will be
+observed that that law seems to supply all existing legislation on the
+subject, and applies to cases of insurrection, invasion, mobs, tumults,
+and riots, and also authorized the Governor when these exist, to call
+them out, though it don't prescribe on what terms or conditions he
+shall call them out. I take it that if you, Mr. Chairman, or any
+gentleman in whom the Governor had confidence, were to communicate with
+him information that a mob or tumult existed, and it was necessary to
+call out forces to deal with them, he would be perfectly authorized in
+calling out the militia, whether his information is of official
+character or not.
+
+Q. Did you communicate your views, as you have given them to us, to
+Sheriff Fife?
+
+A. Yes; I said I approved of what he had done. He had sent these
+telegrams on Thursday night, and as I stated to you, I didn't see him
+until afternoon.
+
+Q. You approved of what he had done?
+
+A. I approved of what he had done, and I think that view was the view
+of Mr. Scott, the solicitor of the railroad, and I think of everybody
+that were cognizant of the fact. At a later period, during the week
+succeeding the destruction of the property, the various railroads
+here--the Fort Wayne and Chicago, the Pittsburgh and Cleveland, and the
+Allegheny Valley, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Charleston and
+Virginia road sent written demands to the sheriff, setting forth that a
+tumultuous body of men were holding their property, and threatening to
+destroy it, and calling upon him to protect the property. The sheriff
+made a demand for aid upon General Brown, who was in command of the
+Sixth division, having succeeded General Pearson, who had been
+relieved, to enable him to protect this property. I cannot give you the
+views the military had of their duty here----
+
+Q. We will take the evidence of the military men?
+
+A. There is a communication, and a copy of the communication, written
+by myself, and sent to General Brown, in fact, it is the original
+letter, which I have here, to General Brown, making a demand, and I
+have a copy of his reply. The sheriff, at the same time, or before that
+time, had constituted General James S. Negley his deputy, for the
+purpose of preserving the public peace and dispersing the rioters.
+General Negley was recruiting a body of men to act in preserving the
+peace. It was said he had several hundred men, and the sheriff, after
+consultation, clothed him with all the civil character which the
+sheriff himself had in dealing with these disturbances.
+
+Q. What time was that done?
+
+A. That was done somewhere about the 25th of July. It is about the date
+of this letter. [Indicating.] This letter will, perhaps, explain about
+what the sheriff's views of duty were, if you will permit me to read
+it.
+
+Q. I don't see hardly how that would be necessary, because he called
+upon the Governor as commander-in-chief to send troops?
+
+A. But the Governor was not here with his troops.
+
+Q. Well, he ordered his troops out?
+
+A. There were no troops here at that time, except the Sixth regiment.
+General Brinton had been here on Saturday, but he had left with his
+troops. There were no troops here, except the Sixth division, commanded
+then by General Brown, and composed of the Fourteenth, Eighteenth, and
+Nineteenth regiments.
+
+Q. Is this of a character to give directions to General Brown or asking
+him for aid?
+
+A. Asking him for aid.
+
+Q. I think it would be proper to have it read.
+
+The witness then read the following communication:
+
+    SHERIFF'S OFFICE, PITTSBURGH, _July 26, 1877_.
+
+    _To GENERAL JOSEPH BROWN, in command of the Sixth Division National
+    Guard of Pennsylvania_:
+
+    SIR: I have the honor to enclose to you copies of the
+    following communications, addressed to me under date of the 25th
+    and 26th days of July, inst., by Messrs. Hampton and Dalzell,
+    solicitors for the Pennsylvania company, operating the Pittsburgh,
+    Fort Wayne and Chicago railway, and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh
+    railroad; also by the same parties, solicitors of the Pittsburgh,
+    Cincinnati and St. Louis Railway Company; also by the same parties,
+    solicitors of the Pittsburgh, Virginia and Charleston Railroad
+    Company, and by Welty McCullough, solicitor of the Baltimore and
+    Ohio Railroad Company and the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad
+    Company, representing, in substance, that the property of the
+    respective railway companies is in immediate and constant danger of
+    destruction at the hands of a body of rioters and disaffected
+    workmen, which may at any time become a mob, and which said
+    companies believe has an intention of destroying said property.
+
+    I beg leave to inform you that since the present disturbances began
+    I have made efforts to summon a _posse comitatus_ to suppress
+    the unlawful and riotous proceedings of the persons referred to in
+    the enclosed communications, but have been hereto unsuccessful in
+    procuring the services of any considerable number of men willing to
+    come to my aid as a _posse comitatus_. My consequent inability
+    to disperse the unlawful assemblages referred to (or some of them)
+    has been communicated to the Governor, who has ordered out the
+    military power of the State for that purpose. I cannot protect the
+    property referred to without your aid. Can you give it? I am well
+    persuaded that no mere civil force that I can raise can protect
+    this property. If you can give me the aid of your military force
+    please inform in writing immediately.
+
+    Yours respectfully,
+
+    R. H. FIFE,
+    _Sheriff_.
+
+Signed by the sheriff. It was dated the 26th, and the answer of General
+Brown came two days afterwards, July 28th, and is as follows:
+
+    [Official Business.]
+
+    HEADQUARTERS SIXTH DIVISION, NATIONAL GUARD, PENNSYLVANIA.
+
+    (Copy.)
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _July 28, 1877_.
+
+    Hon. R. H. FIFE, _Sheriff Allegheny county, Pennsylvania_:
+
+    SIR: Yours of date 25th instant came to hand July 26, at 7.20,
+    P.M., in which you request the aid of the National Guard of
+    Pennsylvania to protect the property of the several railroad
+    companies centering in the city of Pittsburgh, now threatened by
+    mobs. You will, wherever there may be any riotous proceedings,
+    bring all the powers with which you are clothed to disperse the
+    rioters. After you have made such effort and are overpowered, your
+    _posse comitatus_ completely driven from the ground, then I am
+    ready and fully able to assist you, and am now ready to assist you,
+    when assured your power is exhausted.
+
+    Very respectfully,
+
+    _Joseph Brown_,
+    _Brigadier General commanding Sixth Division N.G.P._
+
+    Received July 28, 1877, at 9.30, A.M.
+
+I sent a verbal message to ask General Brown whether he thought it was
+his duty to wait until the _posse comitatus_ was completely driven
+from the ground. If his duty was merely to bury the dead, we could get
+somebody to do that as well as him.
+
+Q. This is dated the 28th?
+
+A. It was after any actual destruction of property, and this railroad
+property was still held by the rioters, and they wouldn't allow trains
+to move.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. It was a week after the Saturday?
+
+A. It was just a week. The Governor hadn't arrived with his troops, and
+didn't arrive until some days afterwards--the next week.
+
+Q. What troops did General Brown have under his control?
+
+A. General Brown had under his control the Fourteenth regiment and the
+Eighteenth regiment and the Nineteenth regiment, Pennsylvania National
+Guards, all raised in and about this place.
+
+Q. Do you know how many of them were on duty at that time?
+
+A. I cannot say how many were on duty, except from what I have heard,
+but I have heard the number estimated, and I think I have heard
+military men say some three or four hundred altogether. General Brown's
+head-quarters was less than one square from the court-house, and we
+could get no answer from him at all until two days afterwards. He says
+in his reply he received the communication, twenty minutes past seven,
+P.M., on the 26th. After waiting two days he replied, and replied in
+the manner set forth.
+
+Q. I wish you to state where Sheriff Fife was on Sunday, during the
+riot, so far as you know?
+
+A. Sheriff Fife was in the city, at home, as I have learned.
+
+Q. During the day, Sunday?
+
+A. The whole day Sunday. I have never heard he was out of the city at
+all.
+
+Q. Did you see him any time during Sunday in the city?
+
+A. I didn't see him any time during the day, but I saw him on Monday,
+the next day. It was reported that the sheriff had been killed--it was
+telegraphed all over the country. I saw the sheriff on Monday, was in
+his company, and in his office. As to the sheriff himself, I may say
+this about it, that I personally advised the sheriff, when he went up
+on Saturday, to constitute a deputy to take charge of this force. The
+sheriff had, three times during the year preceding, been at the point
+of death with heart disease, and I don't think he was in a fit
+condition to go at all, but he insisted on going, and did go, both on
+Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. I know nothing more, gentlemen, that I
+can tell you about this.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until three o'clock, this
+afternoon.
+
+
+    AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Wednesday, February 20, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee met at three o'clock. All
+present except Messrs. Means, Reyburn, and Torbert.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William N. Riddle, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the city of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Cashier of the Penn Rank.
+
+Q. State whether you had any negotiations or any conference with the
+strikers during the riots of July last, and if so, what it was?
+
+A. I had conversations with the strikers on, I think, Friday before the
+riot, and Sunday of the riot.
+
+Q. State what the conference was on Friday--that is, you mean Friday,
+the 21st of July?
+
+A. Friday before the riot. The conversation was at East Liberty, with
+the strikers. I went there to see about some stock that had been
+consigned to us. While there, I got in conversation with them. They
+seemed to demand their rights of the railroad, but they didn't want to
+inconvenience any stock dealers there, nor anybody else--didn't seem to
+want to interfere with the business--wanted their rights--seemed
+peaceable enough to me on Sunday. I suppose the paper that is
+here--that is what I am to testify--in regard to that, (the paper
+referred to by the witness is the paper written to W. C. McCarthy, and
+will be found in the testimony of Doctor Donnelly,) I was requested, I
+think, by Major McCarthy, after the citizens meeting on Sunday, at the
+city hall, to go to Twenty-eighth street and see if I could make any
+arrangements, or see what the feeling was out among the strikers. I
+went there, and found this man Cunningham--I don't say it was him, it
+was a man that was pointed out to me as Cunningham. He said he was
+willing to go down and join Captain McMunn, and help us citizens
+suppress the mob. Then this paper was to go to the mayor. I met some
+one on the corner who said he was going there, and he, this man
+Cunningham said, would deliver the note properly, and he sent this note
+to the mayor. This man Cunningham said, that he also thought the
+Pennsylvania railroad had treated them wrong, but that he was very much
+opposed to the destruction of property, and that he was willing to join
+with the citizens, and go down and help suppress the mob then going
+on--I suppose they were at that time. I couldn't state what hour this
+was. They must have been in and about the Union depot and elevator.
+
+Q. Who is the man Cunningham. Do you know about his history?
+
+A. I know nothing at all. Never saw him before or since this day.
+Wouldn't know him now.
+
+Q. Was he a railroad man?
+
+Q. He was a brakeman or engineer on the railroad--one of the strikers
+said to be at the meeting at the city hall. I cannot testify that that
+was the man.
+
+Q. This is the note you sent to the mayor after the conversation with
+Cunningham?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Will you read this, so the reporter can take it down?
+
+"HONORABLE W. C. MCCARTHY: I have gone to Twenty-sixth street.
+Cunningham, of the strikers, with Captain McMunn, say they will try to
+go down at once to new city hall to join you. I will do my best. Tell
+Doctor Donnelly; and if they come, see that they get instructions."
+"Instructions" meant--I suppose that means get instruction where to go.
+
+Q. Do you know whether this was delivered to the mayor or not?
+
+A. That I cannot say.
+
+Q. What time did you send this to him?
+
+A. That I wouldn't like to say. I suppose it was about four o'clock in
+the afternoon--Sunday afternoon.
+
+Q. Who is Captain McMunn?
+
+A. He was also a prominent man among the strikers. He made a speech at
+the city hall that is recorded. A very good hearted man. I knew him
+before.
+
+Q. What was his situation on the railroad; do you know?
+
+A. I don't.
+
+Q. Was he in the employ of the railroad company at the time the strike
+broke out?
+
+A. I cannot say that he was then. I was always led to believe he was
+before. I used to live at the Union depot, and I know most of these
+people by sight. I have seen him several times, and talked to him on
+the street since the riot.
+
+Q. Do you know whether he is in the employ of the company now or not?
+
+A. I don't, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you understand from the conference you had with Cunningham that
+the strikers would unite with good citizens to suppress the riot and
+disperse the mob?
+
+A. Yes; that some of the strikers would--the ones inclined peaceably?
+
+Q. What did Mayor McCarthy say in reply to this note? Did you ever
+learn?
+
+A. I never got an answer. In fact, I don't think I ever asked, because
+when I came down the people had all gone up to the depot--all that
+seemed to want to join. In fact I am positive I never said anything
+about it afterwards. I suppose if they had gone there they would have
+been assigned to proper places.
+
+Q. Were they to act in conjunction with Doctor Donnelly and his armed
+force?
+
+A. Yes; that was the understanding. I think Captain McMunn told me to
+go to this man Cunningham, and that he would help us.
+
+Q. They were to join Doctor Donnelly?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did they ever join Doctor Donnelly?
+
+A. That I can't say. I don't know. They might have joined without my
+knowing it.
+
+Q. State, if you know, what efforts were made by the city authorities
+to get a force to suppress the riot and disperse the mob?
+
+A. At what particular time, or do you mean in general?
+
+Q. At any time during the riots--during the violence?
+
+A. I can tell you very briefly--it would have to be----
+
+Q. Only what you know of your own personal knowledge what effort was
+made by the mayor and his subordinates to suppress the riots and
+disperse the mob?
+
+A. I only know that in the morning I went to the mayor and asked--early
+in the morning----
+
+Q. The day it commenced?
+
+A. On Saturday. I was in Allegheny that night. I went to the mayor
+early in the morning, and asked him if there was anything that could be
+done--asked him if he couldn't get a few extra police by issuing a call
+for extra police.
+
+Q. That is the mayor of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Mayor McCarthy; yes, sir. He said the police committee were then in
+session up stairs. I asked him if he would allow me to go up, and
+request them to issue a call and guarantee their payment. He said, I
+might. I went up and stated the case, and they said to me, that they
+had authorized the mayor to employ a certain number, which I don't know
+now, of police. I went to the mayor and asked him if he would--after
+that there was a meeting at the city hall, pretty shortly after that--I
+asked the mayor if he could get any extra police. He said, he couldn't
+get them, he had tried, and couldn't get them. I joined the mayor after
+that, and went to the city hall meeting. Going down Fifth avenue, I
+asked the mayor if he was going to make an attempt to get additional
+police, as he had been authorized by the police committee. He said he
+was, but who was going to guarantee the payment of this money. I told
+him we would fix that part of it, if that was all the hang there was to
+it. We got to the city hall meeting, went on and got partly through. If
+I remember right, I said I would be one of so many that would pay the
+police, if he felt backward about employing them. Then I know after
+that, he made an attempt to get men, and succeeded, I don't how far,
+but he got a few, at least, later in the day. I asked him if he was
+going to send out police, and he said he had not been asked to do so.
+
+Q. Send them to the scene of the riots?
+
+A. Yes; I am a friend of Mayor McCarthy, and I am simply testifying as
+a citizen. I think there is very much of a mix somewheres--who it
+belongs to or where it rests--it ought to be placed somewhere. There is
+a very decided mix.
+
+Q. I wish to ask you another question. Do you know what efforts were
+made by the sheriff and his subordinates or the county authorities to
+suppress the riot?
+
+A. I don't know anything about that, nothing at all except hearsay.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Had you had any talk with Mayor McCarthy before Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir; not on this subject.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Reverend Sylvester F. Scoville, being duly _sworn_, testified as
+follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you at the citizen's meeting on Sunday?
+
+A. I arrived just at the close of it.
+
+Q. What occurred then?
+
+A. I had been appointed a member of the citizens' committee. I went
+with them to city hall, and from that went in carriages to the mob.
+
+Q. Who accompanied you?
+
+A. Bishop Tuigg, a father of the catholic church, whose name I have
+forgotten--Mr. Bennett, I think his name is J. I. Bennett--Mr. J.
+Parker, junior, and others, whose names I forget at the moment. There
+were two carriages. Doctor Donnelly, I remember him distinctly, he was
+there. Our contact with the mob was very brief. Railings were torn from
+the fence on Liberty street; but we made our way to the end of the
+platform of the car--the rear platform of the car. One of the gentlemen
+sought to call the people to order, and introduced Bishop Tuigg, who
+endeavoured to address them. They listened for a few moments, and then
+interrupted with questions. After a few moments further they began to
+throw clinkers or pieces of iron, and we were warned by apparent
+friends to withdraw, with the words, "It is growing very hot here."
+Other ineffectual attempts were made to address the meeting. After
+withdrawing we proceeded to Twenty-sixth street, with a view of meeting
+the strikers, and attempting to dissociate them from the rioters, with
+the hope that they would assist in suppressing the riot. It was
+impossible to find the leaders. One or two, who seemed to have some
+influence, were finally seen. Then the citizens' committee went to
+visit the railroad authorities at a private house in Allegheny.
+
+Q. What was said to the strikers that you found, and what did the
+strikers say?
+
+A. Those who were found disclaimed any sympathy with the riot, and they
+were appealed to do what they could to suppress it.
+
+Q. Did they seem willing to help in suppressing the arson and riot that
+was then going on?
+
+A. They made no motion in that direction, but there were very few--they
+were so scattered here and there. So far as I could see, all that was
+accomplished by that committee was to direct the attention of the few
+to the efforts that were going on in the city to organize a force. The
+character of the rioters appeared to me to be such as belonged to
+people habitually in Pittsburgh. I saw no evidence of their being
+strangers.
+
+Q. What class of people were they?
+
+A. By their dress and language, they were laborers.
+
+Q. Laborers from the factories, and rolling-mills, &c.?
+
+A. I should think so. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were there no railroad employés that were actually engaged in the
+arson and burning and riot?
+
+A. I recognized none whom I knew as railroad employés, but it was
+evident that somebody that understood the management of engines were
+there, and the crowd was not wholly confined to those whose dress
+looked like laboring men. They seemed to have no wish to injure
+anything but the railroad, and clamored to know whether any proposition
+came directly from the chief of the road, Mr. Scott, and when they
+found no such proposition was to be given to them, they would not
+listen to any other.
+
+Q. What time was it that you visited the scene of the riot?
+
+A. From half past two to three. Do you wish to know anything in regard
+to the interview with the authorities?
+
+Q. Yes; I would like to have you relate the interview with the city
+authorities?
+
+A. I mean with the railroad authorities.
+
+Q. Relate the interview with the railroad authorities?
+
+A. By the time we had arrived at the private house, in Allegheny, the
+depot was in flames, and I think also the elevator. So that they
+answered in a word, that all the mischief had been done which they
+could sustain, and they had no proposition for a compromise to make,
+and it is just to say, that they would have said the same if they had
+other interests. They plead also the general interest of the community
+as a reason for not treating with those in rebellion against the
+authorities. I know nothing whatever in regard to the conduct of the
+city authorities, except what could be observed from the outside of the
+building--the city hall--the new city hall--from five to seven
+o'clock--the formation of the companies--they went up to the scene of
+the riot, and their return, which I witnessed, that was all.
+
+Q. Companies of citizens?
+
+A. Citizens--young men mainly. Mr. McCune, and myself, and some others
+were with the mayor at the time of the issuance of the first
+proclamation, reading, I think, in this way: "Veterans, to the rescue.
+Meet at city hall at ten o'clock," I think, "the citizens will follow
+you."
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Whose proclamation was that?
+
+A. Written, I think, by myself, at the instance of the mayor. That was
+on Monday. There was no citizens' meeting then, that I knew of. This
+proclamation was designed to meet the necessity which came upon us,
+through the information of other persons coming from a distance--a boat
+load down the Monongahela, and the cars full from McKeesport. That was
+very soon afterward superceded by another notice, and General Negley
+took the whole charge from that. I was engaged in visiting the wounded.
+That is all I know in regard to it, except these expressions of opinion
+I heard here and there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many were actually engaged in the burning and riot, when you
+were out at the scene of the riot?
+
+A. At the time we were there, before the firing of the depot, the
+multitude was in an elongated form, stretching up the railway, so that
+all were not visible at any one point. But those that were visible to
+us, would number anywhere from two to three hundred who seemed actually
+participating, while towards the city there was a large crowd.
+
+Q. Bystanders and lookers on?
+
+A. Yes; many of whom I recognized as our citizens, and persons of
+standing in the community. Many statements have been made with regard
+to the ease of checking the multitude at that point, which are
+certainly hard to prove. No small force could have stopped them at that
+time--that is, of course, in my judgment. I know very little about such
+things. Some boys were in the multitude, and several of them evidently
+under the influence of drink, and fainting from exhaustion and
+excitement. But the most of them were stalwart men, under most powerful
+excitement.
+
+Q. Under the influence of spirits?
+
+A. We could see that only in a few cases, of course, where it come to
+such evidence that they were overcome by it. It is evident, there were
+a number of boys who were on the point of falling, from exposure to the
+sun.
+
+Q. Were these two or three hundred that you speak of armed, so far as
+you could see?
+
+A. We saw no arms. The engine that was near us--there seemed to be an
+effort of some to move it; but, if I understood rightly, those who
+wished to remove the engine were pulled down from it, and not suffered
+to move it.
+
+Q. Who had called the meeting that appointed you a committee?
+
+A. The notice I received and read from the pulpit was signed J. I.
+Burnett, but his name was crossed out, as though he desired it to be
+impersonal--written hurriedly on a piece of paper with a pencil. I
+announced, at the time, that "this notice comes to me without
+signature, and I am unable to say in whose name it is."
+
+Q. Was that read in the pulpit of the churches pretty generally?
+
+A. I am not advised as to that.
+
+Q. At what hour?
+
+A. At the close of the service.
+
+Q. Morning service--that would be about twelve o'clock?
+
+A. Yes; about twelve o'clock.
+
+Q. How large was the gathering of the citizens at the meeting?
+
+A. I came just at its close, but I suppose, from the area they occupied
+in the street, that it was from one hundred and fifty to two hundred.
+
+Q. This appointment of this committee was with a view of trying to stop
+the arson and riot by peaceable measures?
+
+A. Conciliation--yes. Our effort with the railroad authorities was
+based upon previous efforts to dissociate the rioters from the
+strikers, and remove that cause of complaint, and the only proposition
+that was made was whether they could make any proposition.
+
+Q. Did you report back to the citizens' meeting?
+
+A. We started for the citizens' meeting. We arrived shortly before its
+close, but for what reason, I could not understand, our chairman made
+no report. Probably because there was nothing to report--nothing that
+had been done, or could be done.
+
+Q. How soon after you came back was it before the citizens began to
+organize into companies for the purpose of protection?
+
+A. Almost within half an hour. While we were standing on the verge of
+the assembled crowd, they began to form in line, and march to the city
+hall. I remember the person who headed the column.
+
+Q. Were these companies armed that night?
+
+A. They were armed when they reached the city hall.
+
+Q. With what?
+
+A. With muskets, as I understood, taken from the armory of the
+university, as I was afterwards told, without ammunition.
+
+Q. How many citizens were there in arms that night do you think?
+
+A. Do you mean at night or at that time?
+
+Q. At that time?
+
+A. At that time, I saw probably a hundred.
+
+Q. Did it increase in number?
+
+A. No; it seemed to diminish. Going down to the Duquesne depot, at nine
+o'clock, I was told that quite a large number had come originally to
+guard the depot, but all had dispersed, except six.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Frank Haymaker, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    Examined by Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Part of the time in the city and part of the time at Laurel station,
+four miles below the city.
+
+Q. A deputy of Sheriff Fife's?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. State whether you accompanied Sheriff Fife to Twenty-eighth street,
+on the night of Thursday, the 19th of July last, and what took place
+there?
+
+A. On the 18th of the month, I went to the country. On the 19th I got
+back. I heard they were striking in town here, and there were a good
+many men got on the cars coming in along, and they were talking
+considerably about it on the road coming in--talking that they were
+coming in to take part in the strike. That was on Thursday, the 19th of
+the month. I noticed men along the road, on the road coming in, and
+some of them yelled at those parties who got on the train to send them
+out grub--they had been out for some time, and hadn't had anything to
+eat. They were out at East Liberty. I came in town. Didn't notice much
+of a crowd in the city. That was late in the evening, and I went to bed
+that evening about nine o'clock. I think it was about two o'clock I was
+wakened by Sheriff Fife himself. He said they wished us to go to
+Twenty-eighth street. We got in a carriage and went to Mr. Pitcairn's
+office, and from there we went out to where there was a considerable of
+a crowd gathered.
+
+Q. What occurred there--what was said by the sheriff and done.
+
+A. The sheriff talked to them, and he told them what the result of it
+would be, and they would have to go away. If they did not, he would
+have to send for the military. He said he would use all the power that
+he could, but, he said, if they would not disperse he would have to
+send for the military. They hooted him and hissed him and gave him a
+great deal of bad language while I was there. I turned around and came
+back to Pitcairn's office, and he told me he would not need me any
+longer, I might go home. I went home and went to bed.
+
+Q. Did he make any attempt to arrest anybody that night?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I know. They were not doing anything at the time
+we went out there, any more than standing there.
+
+Q. Were they interfering with the trains that were passing?
+
+A. No, sir. I believe they said, though, that they would not--they were
+not going to let any more trains go out, or something to that effect.
+
+Q. The sheriff made no attempt to disperse the crowd that night, did
+he?
+
+A. No, sir; the two of us--I don't think there was much use of us
+making any attempt.
+
+Q. Did he make any attempt to raise a posse?
+
+A. He told me he could not find any other of his deputies--he had sent
+for several of them, but they were not at home, or something of that
+kind. He said I was all the one he could find.
+
+Q. Did he call upon citizens to go out?
+
+A. That night?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. No, sir; not to my knowledge--he did not.
+
+Q. Do you know when he sent to the Governor for troops?
+
+A. These men that came for him, told him all they wanted of him, was to
+go out and make a demand of the crowd to disperse.
+
+Q. Who told him that?
+
+A. I believe it was Mr. Scott told him that.
+
+Q. Did you hear him tell him that?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I am not certain it was Mr. Scott, but I think it was.
+
+Q. Was it one of the railroad officials?
+
+A. It was one of the railroad officials and one of the men that came
+for the sheriff.
+
+Q. When did the sheriff call on the Governor to furnish him with
+troops?
+
+A. That night, sir.
+
+Q. After he returned?
+
+A. After he returned.
+
+Q. And before morning?
+
+A. And before morning; yes, sir.
+
+Q. State whether you were with him at any other time?
+
+A. On Friday I was out--Friday morning--to serve some writs, and didn't
+get back until pretty late in the morning. When I got in, he told me he
+wanted me to go along out to Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. That was the next day?
+
+A. Yes; that was on Friday. We two went down to the depot. The militia
+was gathered there. We stood there several hours. I think he came to
+the conclusion not to go out on that day. He told us we could go home
+again--would not go out before the next day. The next day I was out
+some place attending to some business in my district, and came back. He
+told me that the rest of the deputies were all out and they wanted men
+to go to Twenty-eighth street. That was the day before--that was on
+Friday, I think it was Friday--he attempted to raise a posse, I would
+not be certain. He said the rest of the deputies were all through town
+trying to get a posse to go and assist in making arrests, and told me
+he wanted me to go out and raise all the men I could--if I could find
+any, to bring them in. I went out and met a good many men that I knew,
+and some that I was not acquainted with, anymore than I knew their
+faces, and spoke to them about going out, and none of them would go.
+
+Q. Where did you go to raise a posse?
+
+A. I went around through the city.
+
+Q. On what streets?
+
+A. I believe all the time I was on Fifth street.
+
+Q. What class of men did you ask to go?
+
+A. Just any man at all that I thought there was any show of getting.
+
+Q. Did you ask any of the business men?
+
+A. I don't remember that I did.
+
+Q. Who did you ask--anybody you met in the street?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You didn't ask strangers, did you?
+
+A. There are a great many men in the city that their faces are
+familiar, but I don't know their names.
+
+Q. Any citizens?
+
+A. Yes, sir; any citizens I met.
+
+Q. What replies did you get.
+
+A. Some of them stated they didn't want to have anything to do with
+fighting against the workingmen, other men said, damned if they wanted
+to go out there to get killed, and such replies as that.
+
+Q. Did you demand--make a demand on them to go?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And they absolutely refused?
+
+A. They absolutely refused.
+
+Q. What was done with those men that refused?
+
+A. I never knew of anything being done to them.
+
+Q. Was any report of it made to the court?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Nor no arrests made?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. State in what way the demand was made?
+
+A. Well, sir, I just made a verbal demand.
+
+Q. In what words?
+
+A. I asked if they would go out, and assist in making arrests at
+Twenty-eighth street.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did you say to any of them that you commanded them as a peace
+officer--you demanded their assistance as a posse to assist in
+suppressing the riot?
+
+A. No, sir; I believe I didn't.
+
+Q. It was a mere request, then, and not a command?
+
+A. I suppose it was.
+
+Q. And they declined?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you go outside of the city in search of men?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you call upon professional men?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What class of professional men?
+
+A. Attorneys.
+
+Q. Did you succeed in getting any?
+
+A. They just laughed at me.
+
+Q. Did you call on any physicians?
+
+A. I believe not.
+
+Q. Any dentists?
+
+A. Not that I know of. We don't go to that class of men.
+
+Q. I believe you cannot state anything but what has already been
+stated?
+
+A. I believe not, sir. I have not heard----
+
+Q. We have had a great many witnesses on that subject?
+
+A. I don't think I can enlighten you any on that subject.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. The sheriff issued no proclamation?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did the sheriff go out himself, and command men to join him in
+putting down the riot?
+
+A. I couldn't state that, whether he did or didn't. I was not in the
+office much. I was away in the morning, and when I came back, he
+requested me to go out.
+
+Q. What were his directions to you?
+
+A. His directions were to go out in town, and get all the men I could
+to assist in making arrests in Twenty-eighth street. He said there was
+three or four men there they had warrants for, and they expected
+trouble, and wanted a posse.
+
+Q. Didn't tell you to make your demands, or what language to use, nor
+gave you no written summons.
+
+A. Nothing more than what I have told you.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James H. Fife, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Allegheny City.
+
+Q. Brother of Sheriff Fife, of Allegheny county?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you with your brother at any time during the riots of July
+last?
+
+A. I was with him on Saturday.
+
+Q. With him on Saturday?
+
+A. Yes, sir; went with him from the Union depot up to Twenty-eighth
+street.
+
+Q. What time did you meet him at the Union depot?
+
+A. I think about two o'clock, as near as I can recollect.
+
+Q. Go on and state what took place from that time on.
+
+A. There was considerable delay, at least I thought so, before we made
+a start to go from the depot to Twenty-eighth street. There appeared to
+be a delay with the military. They had not all arrived at the one time,
+and those that had, had to have something to eat, before they were
+ready to go on. There appeared to be considerable delay. I think it was
+near four o'clock before a start was made from the depot--somewheres
+between three and four o'clock. The sheriff and I think seventeen
+assistants were in advance of the military, and marched up the railroad
+street in that way. I understood the object that we were taken for was
+to assist Constable Richardson in making some arrests. I understood
+that there was an order issued from court to arrest some ten or eleven
+of the ring-leaders of the strikers, and we were to assist Richardson
+in making the rescue, and the military, as I understood it at the time,
+was to protect us. I walked with my brother the greater part of the
+way. We went two by two, in advance of the military. We reached the
+neighborhood of Twenty-eighth street, and the crowd was so dense it was
+with difficulty that we could get through it. We worked our way on up
+to Twenty-eighth street. I stood about the center of the street for a
+considerable length of time, at Twenty-eighth street, where the
+railroad crosses. You have heard the statements made in regard to the
+disposition that was made of the military there, and my own views are
+just the same. They were put into what is termed a hollow square, and
+then what followed after that----
+
+Q. Did you find any of the men you went to arrest?
+
+A. No, sir; my understanding before we started, and on the way there,
+and afterwards, was, that Mr. Pitcairn was to point out the men to this
+Constable Richardson, but I have never seen Mr. Pitcairn but once
+since, and that was before your honorable body, and I saw no men
+pointed out. There was no attempt made to arrest that I know of, and I
+think it was very well that it was so.
+
+Q. When you got to a certain point, the crowd resisted your further
+progress?
+
+A. It was an impossibility to get through, that was just about it. They
+were there in large numbers. In front of us appeared to be one dense
+mass of people, for a square or more, and on either side. Of course
+they gave away to the military, to a certain extent, up to
+Twenty-eighth street, and there the military halted, and appeared not
+able to go any further.
+
+Q. When the hollow square was formed, where was the sheriff's posse?
+
+A. The sheriff was just--the last place I saw him was just at what we
+would call the corner of this hollow square, on the left hand side as
+you go up. His posse was--the principal part of them--right in front
+among the crowd--immediately in front. I know that was my position, and
+there was several others, I noticed, that went with us, that were
+within a few feet of me at the time the order to charge bayonets was
+made. I was, perhaps, no further than to that wall, [indicating about
+fifteen feet,] from where I am sitting to where the charge was made.
+
+Q. Was any attack made upon the sheriff's posse?
+
+A. None that I know of. I was looking for it; but there was nothing of
+the kind made. We were distinguished by a badge, so that we could have
+been known by any person.
+
+Q. Did the sheriff say anything to the crowd?
+
+A. He tried to; but the noise was so great I don't think he was heard,
+only by a very few in the immediate neighborhood.
+
+Q. What did he say?
+
+A. I don't know really what he did say. I could see that he was
+talking; but I don't know what he did say. He was perhaps twenty (20)
+feet from me.
+
+Q. Was any attack made on the military by the crowd?
+
+A. Yes; I presume you gentlemen were up there and can understand me.
+Just where Twenty-eighth street crosses the railroad there is a road
+which leads diagonally up the hill to the hospital. Just where that
+road connects with Twenty-eighth street there was a gate that was hung
+to close up that road. That gate was swung back, about two parts that
+way, and here was a pile of stones behind it--between it and this
+fence. There were two men standing behind that gate, and from the time
+that these men attempted to make a charge, these men commenced throwing
+stones at the military.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The stones came from the right and front of the military?
+
+A. Yes; and there was quite a number of pieces of coal and other
+missiles thrown from the front or from this side here. These two men
+that throwed them were behind this gate.
+
+Q. This gate is east of the street, isn't it--Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. East of the street; it is to close that road that runs up the hill
+to the hospital.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. They commenced throwing when the military got in reach?
+
+A. No, sir; not until the time the charge of bayonets was made.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Where was it on Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Just at the edge of it.
+
+Q. Just reaching the street?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I saw the two soldiers that were struck with missiles. One
+of them was knocked down. He got up in a minute. When he dropped his
+cap had dropped off, and when he got up he held his gun in his left
+hand this way, butt on the street, and he was wiping his face so,
+[indicating] it was bleeding very profusely. The other one didn't fall;
+he was struck some place about the shoulder. These are the only two
+that I saw that I knew to be struck, and it was over in that
+neighborhood where these two were struck that the firing commenced, the
+firing was in that direction, over towards the hill. I didn't see any
+stone thrown immediately in front, but there was coal and other
+missiles--pieces of sticks and things of that kind.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Have you any new facts to communicate to us that have not been gone
+through?
+
+A. I don't know that I have, unless there will be some question
+occurring to you.
+
+Q. Do you know what efforts were made by the mayor to suppress the
+riots?
+
+A. I know nothing about that, only from hearsay.
+
+Q. You live in Allegheny City?
+
+A. Yes; I live in Allegheny City. I live on Anderson street--that is,
+at the far end of the bridge.
+
+Q. Was there any riot over there?
+
+A. We didn't permit it over there.
+
+Q. Was there any strike?
+
+A. Yes; there was a strike, and the railroad, as I understood it, and
+to all appearance, was in the possession of the strikers. There was no
+destruction of property.
+
+Q. How large a crowd of strikers was together at any one time?
+
+A. At one time, I suppose, I saw two or three or four hundred together
+at the outer depot.
+
+Q. What day was that?
+
+A. That was on Sunday. They didn't appear to destroy any property,
+everything appeared to be just at a stand-still. There was men standing
+talking, and didn't appear to molest anybody.
+
+Q. What preparations were made by the city authorities of Allegheny
+City, to protect themselves and to keep down the riot?
+
+A. Meetings of the citizens were called at the public square--the
+mayor's office--and of course there was a great deal of talk like there
+is at all these kind of meetings, and a good many propositions made,
+but the one that was adopted, was, that they should organize the
+citizens into a military force, and did it, so that General
+Lesieur--General Lesieur was the colonel of the round-head regiment
+during the late trouble. He is now a practicing physician in Allegheny
+City.
+
+Q. What time was it organized?
+
+A. Sunday afternoon or Monday afternoon, the time of the troublest
+times, anyhow.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Go on?
+
+A. To let you know a part of what was done, I live adjacent to the
+bridge. There was a piece of artillery planted there, and sixteen men,
+armed with muskets, stood there as a guard for a week, every night, and
+I was informed it was so down at the other bridges, and the street cars
+that run over that line, many of them, were stopped just at the end of
+the bridge, and one of these military would look in to see who was in.
+There was persons coming, as I understood, from a distance here, roughs
+and rowdies, &c., and the object was that they shouldn't come in
+Allegheny City--they had to go back on this side.
+
+Q. How long did that crowd continue there at the outer depot--of
+strikers?
+
+A. I don't know the length of time it continued; there was more or less
+of them there for several days, until the thing got settled.
+
+Q. What was done by the mayor and his subordinates prior to the
+citizens' meeting in Allegheny City--Mayor Philips?
+
+A. Well, I don't know precisely what was done, it is only from hearsay,
+and that, of course, is not evidence.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was this meeting called by the mayor?
+
+A. Called by the mayor, as I understood.
+
+Q. Organized a force?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I don't know the number, but the number is quite small,
+compared with this city. I saw myself, on Sabbath day, a policeman stop
+two persons that were carrying stuff away, that afternoon, they had got
+from some of the cars here. It was plunder. They stopped them and took
+them with them, I presume to the lock-up. I don't know, but I suppose
+so.
+
+Q. Plunder and all?
+
+A. Plunder and all. A question has been raised here frequently about
+who gave orders to fire up there. I think I was in a position that I
+would have known.
+
+Q. That is, at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Yes; I heard no order given by any one, and during the time the
+firing was in progress, I saw a man that was represented, that I
+understood to be General Brinton, trying, apparently, to stop it. He
+was using his sword this way, [indicating,] under their guns, to get
+them to shoot up or quit. That was the idea conveyed to my mind.
+
+Q. I would like to ask you another question or two in relation to this
+citizens' meeting in Allegheny City. Were the people generally in
+Allegheny City unwilling to respond, or did they willingly respond to
+the call of the mayor, and organize themselves into a military
+organization.
+
+A. I think so--all that was needed. I think there was no difficulty
+there.
+
+Q. How large was the response--was the meeting in response to the
+mayor's call?
+
+A. This thing of fixing numbers is kind of guess work. I don't know.
+There was two or three hundred, perhaps, when I saw them. I think, if
+you would call Mayor Philips, he could give you that perhaps better
+than I could.
+
+Q. Was there anybody who refused, to your knowledge?
+
+A. I don't know of a single one that refused in Allegheny City--I don't
+know of any.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did Mayor Philips take active measures to raise a force for the
+purpose of preventing or suppressing violence and riot?
+
+A. I so understood that he did.
+
+Q. He did his duty well?
+
+A. I think so; and the evidence of it is, that he had his men at these
+bridges, guarding them, and keeping them there for a week, a piece of
+artillery and twelve or sixteen men at every bridge.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+George Olnhausen, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Over on the south side, on Carson street.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Window glass business.
+
+Q. Were you a member of any of the military companies?
+
+A. Yes; pay-master of the Fourteenth regiment.
+
+Q. On the ground or scene of the riots?
+
+A. Yes; I was there.
+
+Q. What day first?
+
+A. It was on Saturday. We started on Friday afternoon, or rather
+Saturday morning, to go up there, about four or five o'clock.
+
+Q. Were you there before the arrival of the Philadelphia troops?
+
+A. Yes; we arrived about three or four o'clock.
+
+Q. Colonel Gray and the entire Fourteenth regiment?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was he there on Saturday?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In command of his regiment?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How many men did he have on arrival?
+
+A. On arrival we had twenty-seven officers and one hundred and
+seventy-eight men on Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. How long were you on duty there before the arrival of General
+Brinton and his troops.
+
+A. I think when we got there it was between four and five o'clock, and
+stayed there until Brinton came. It was, I think, perhaps two or three
+o'clock; I think somewheres near that time.
+
+Q. Was anything said or done by Colonel Gray about clearing the track
+before the arrival of General Brinton?
+
+A. Yes. In the morning when we first got there there was a little
+excitement--it didn't amount to really very much, but by ten or eleven
+or twelve o'clock, one, &c., it got on worse all the time; that is,
+there was a great many more men got there, and Colonel Gray sent me
+down--I think it was between two and three o'clock--to give Colonel
+Hartley Howard his compliments, and said, if they would cooperate with
+them he would clean that track. Colonel Howard acknowledged the
+compliments, and said he didn't think it was proper to do that.
+
+Q. What regiment did Colonel Gray command?
+
+A. The Nineteenth.
+
+Q. Where was he stationed then?
+
+A. He was laying just about this gate Mr. Fife spoke about here a
+little while ago.
+
+Q. Where abouts was the Fourteenth regiment then?
+
+A. Right up on the hill.
+
+Q. Commanding the hill?
+
+A. Commanding the hill--that is, we were laying there. I went and
+reported the matter to the colonel, that Colonel Howard didn't think it
+was justifiable in doing that, and that ended the matter.
+
+Q. Which officer was senior in command then, Colonel Gray or Colonel
+Howard?
+
+A. Colonel Gray is senior in command. Colonel Gray sent down that word.
+I don't suppose that he meant or wanted to shoot or use any extra
+force, just simply wanted to get them to go away from the track; at
+least that is my impression.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was the message in the form of an order to Colonel Howard from
+Colonel Gray?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't think it was in the form of an order. Just simply
+stating, that, if he would cooperate, they would clear the track
+together. At that time we had four or five companies, and just as soon
+as one company would march by they would rush in again, and kept on
+that way all the time, from ten o'clock until the afternoon. It was
+very annoying, because the men were very nearly played out.
+
+Q. You may state what condition Colonel Gray's regiment was in, as to
+obeying orders, and whether it was disposed to obey orders.
+
+A. The majority of the men were. Of course, there were some few that
+were in sympathy with the strikers. In fact, almost everybody in
+Pittsburgh was in sympathy with the strikers.
+
+Q. How many of Colonel Gray's regiment was in sympathy with the
+strikers?
+
+A. I should judge there would be about thirty-two.
+
+Q. That couldn't be depended upon in case of an attack on the mob?
+
+A. I suppose there might not have been that many, not quite thirty-two
+you couldn't depend on, but there was thirty-two missing that night,
+and I didn't hear of any of them being shot, and I suppose they must
+have gone away.
+
+Q. They skulked, in military parlance?
+
+A. Yes; that was generally the case. I would also state, that when we
+were disbanded at the Union depot we had twenty-eight officers and one
+hundred and forty-six men. We had one officer more.
+
+Q. When were you disbanded?
+
+A. It was about eleven o'clock Saturday afternoon.
+
+Q. For what purpose--why did you disband?
+
+A. So far as I can learn, as General Brinton gave the orders to Colonel
+Gray, Colonel Gray gave it to the officers and his men, and he
+disbanded--staff officers.
+
+Q. I would like the general to explain what he means by disband.
+
+A. He meant that we should go to our homes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Broke ranks for the evening?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you re-assembled the next morning?
+
+A. No, sir; we didn't re-assemble the next morning. I was over, and a
+great many of the other officers were over, to see what we could do,
+but we didn't re-assemble.
+
+Q. To whom did you communicate these facts?
+
+A. I communicated them to a number of persons.
+
+
+    By Senator Clark:
+
+Q. Will you give the names of those persons?
+
+A. I want to state this fact right here, that I understand this
+committee to be appointed for the purpose of investigating this
+transaction. Now, with all due respect to the committee, my idea is,
+that the committee is appointed for the purpose of investigating the
+facts.
+
+Q. As a regiment you were not re-organized until Monday morning?
+
+A. Yes, sir; a great many of the officers were there, and I suppose a
+great many of the men. Everything was so exciting we could not get them
+together.
+
+Q. While you were on the hill, during Saturday, did your soldiers
+mingle among the rioters, or did they preserve order?
+
+A. They preserved order. There was a few that would get leave of
+absence to go down street for something or other--very few.
+
+Q. Did they remain in ranks.
+
+A. Remained in ranks.
+
+Q. You staid there until what hour?
+
+A. We all remained there until the Philadelphia regiments were coming
+up there, and I got instructions from Colonel Grey to have the troops
+got ready to move.
+
+Q. At what time did you abandon the hill?
+
+A. I think we received orders to move down there about six o'clock. I
+guess, perhaps, a little later than that--perhaps a little earlier--I
+am not positive. We marched down there.
+
+Q. Down where?
+
+A. Down the hill, on to the railroad track at Twenty-eighth street, and
+then down to the transfer depot, and stayed there until eleven o'clock,
+or near eleven--half past ten, anyway.
+
+Q. Did you hold your position on the hill until six o'clock----
+
+Senator Yutzy: On Saturday, at the time of the firing?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did the Nineteenth regiment remain on the hill?
+
+A. They were laying below us at the gate.
+
+Q. Did they hold their position until six o'clock?
+
+A. There was some of them did, and some of them did not.
+
+Q. How far is the transfer depot from the round-house.
+
+A. I think the transfer depot is on Sixteenth street--six or eight
+blocks.
+
+Q. Where were the mob when you marched down to the transfer depot?
+
+A. They were mostly all down along the railroad, at Twenty-eighth
+street.
+
+Q. Did you meet with any resistance in marching down?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Where were they when you disbanded, at eleven o'clock?
+
+A. They were most everywhere then, because, it seemed to me, that all
+the workmen from the south side, Allegheny City, Sharpsburg, and all
+from the country had come in here, and so far as I could learn, they
+were going to clean out the Philadelphia troops.
+
+Q. Had the burning commenced when you disbanded?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I know of. When I got home, I could see over that
+they were burning--that was about twelve o'clock.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Your regiment was resting on the hill, in good order. What position
+did they have during the day. Were they at rest--stacked arms?
+
+A. Yes, sir; stacked arms, and we had a guard there.
+
+Q. Your men laid close by the arms?
+
+A. Close by the arms.
+
+0. When you broke ranks down by the Union depot, did you have orders to
+re-assemble at any time?
+
+A. No, sir; we did not.
+
+Q. Who gave the order to break ranks?
+
+A. Colonel Grey gave orders to his regiment. So far as I could learn,
+General Brown gave him the orders.
+
+Q. Did they take their arms to the armory, or did they go away, each
+one taking his own gun home with him?
+
+A. Yes, sir; we were not marched to the armory.
+
+Q. Broke ranks right there at the depot?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any mob there at the depot?
+
+A. Yes, sir; they were running all up and down the street, yelling and
+shouting.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Was there any effort made by your regiment on the 19th to clear the
+crossing, or keep it clear that day?
+
+A. We were there from three or four o'clock in the morning and until
+the Philadelphians came in that day, and kept it clear.
+
+Q. How happened there to be such a large----
+
+A. That is to say, suppose this was the track. We would go and clear
+this off, and then they would get in behind us, shouting and howling
+and cursing. It kept three or four companies going there all day.
+
+Q. Did you undertake to hold possession of the crossing of the track
+any distance there at the crossing, or merely clear it off and fall
+back?
+
+A. Then they would rush in behind us, and we would have to send another
+company.
+
+Q. How happened there to be such a large crowd on the crossing at the
+time the Philadelphia troops marched up?
+
+A. I think our regiment had orders--that is the companies--had orders
+to fall back and let the Philadelphians in. Our orders were, so far as
+I can remember, that we were to go on a train, and go out.
+
+Q. How long previous to the Philadelphia troops coming up there had you
+fallen back?
+
+A. I suppose it was about a minute.
+
+Q. Some testify that the mob was mixed up with the troops there near
+the crossing, and on the side of the hill?
+
+A. They were only mixed up in that way, just as I told you.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The troops were mixed in the crowd?
+
+A. Yes; mixing in the crowd.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. How; were they on good terms--the crowd and the troops?
+
+A. They didn't say anything. Some of them said they were going to clean
+out the militia, we didn't take any notice of that at all.
+
+Q. No particular hard feeling by the crowd against your troops?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. They showed considerable feeling against the Philadelphia troops--it
+was supposed that they would clear the crossing there.
+
+A. They were, of course, from Philadelphia, and they didn't like
+them--that was about it.
+
+Q. Could not the force you had there--these two regiments--could not
+that crossing there, and the immediate neighborhood, been kept clear
+entirely by the force you had there?
+
+A. I think they could. That is very hard to tell. We didn't know what
+might have happened.
+
+Q. Were the efforts of the officers directed in that way--to keep it
+clear?
+
+A. Yes; of course some of our men were in sympathy with the strikers,
+but if we were to take away two or three regiments, away to different
+cities or somewhere out away from Pittsburgh, 1 think they could pretty
+nearly clean out a city of this size.
+
+Q. You don't think they were as firm in their duty as they would have
+been in some other city?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. They were a little more tender of the people they were dealing with?
+
+A. Yes; they were friends and relatives.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Fraternize with the people--with the crowd?
+
+A. I think if you would take the Fourteenth regiment out, in fact, even
+in another riot, they would do their duty. All of our officers were men
+in the army during the war except one or two. It is like all these
+other things that are unexpected, and like in the war at first; they
+were all demoralized, and didn't stand up as well as they did in the
+last part of the war.
+
+Q. Was the military at any time deployed on the railroad track, and any
+attempt made to drive them off the track in both directions?
+
+A. That was done all the time--they were kept off most of the time.
+
+Q. Were the military deployed along the track of the railroad?
+
+A. Yes; marched back and forward.
+
+Q. Were they stationed with a skirmish line?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. In your opinion, as a military man, couldn't that mob or crowd have
+been kept off the track by deploying the men along the track as a
+skirmish line, or, say two skirmish lines, one on each side of the
+track?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't think it could, unless you did some shooting.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Could it have been done by doing some shooting?
+
+A. If they had shot everybody that came they couldn't have got on.
+
+Q. Could a skirmish line have maintained its position and kept the
+crowd back?
+
+A. I don't think they could by shooting, for the reason men, women, and
+children would come in, and they couldn't have kept it clear--not kept
+the whole track clear.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The reason I asked him that, was that he said the companies marched
+over on the railroad and they would fall in behind. I want to know if
+the military had been deployed with two skirmish lines, why they
+couldn't have kept the crowd away?
+
+A. There was too many people.
+
+Q. Were the people armed?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I saw. They all might have had revolvers and such
+things as that, but they had no guns.
+
+Q. Did all that crowd appear to be violent and riotous, or were there a
+great many there that were simply there out of curiosity?
+
+A. Yes; there was a great many out of curiosity--three or four that
+were working for me.
+
+Q. How many hundred men do you think there were there that were riotous
+or disposed to be lawless?
+
+A. I should judge--of course it is a pretty hard thing to tell--there
+was a great many, indeed--two thousand, anyhow.
+
+Q. What proportion of that crowd were disposed to be riotous or
+lawless?
+
+A. There might have been five hundred in the first place, but after the
+shooting commenced all were or pretty nearly all.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. At any time before the Philadelphia troops came, could you have or
+could the military have dispersed the mob at any time?
+
+A. I think they could, yes.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James I. Bennett, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you reside, Mr. Bennett?
+
+A. Allegheny city is my residence.
+
+Q. Where is your business?
+
+A. In Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. And what is it?
+
+A. Manufacturing of iron nails, &c.
+
+Q. Been engaged in the business a long time?
+
+A. Twenty years or more. About twenty years.
+
+Q. What is your firm name?
+
+A. Graff, Bennett & Co.
+
+Q. Were you in the city during the riots of July last?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. Just give us a statement of what you saw, the hour and date
+commencing----
+
+A. I was not in the riots. I was in the city, but I was not up to the
+depot until Sunday--until Sunday afternoon. I didn't feel very much
+concerned. Saturday is generally a busy day with us, but Saturday
+afternoon I became anxious about the matter. I had been accustomed to
+be in a good many of these quarrels with laboring men, and supposed the
+thing would be adjusted; but on coming home on Saturday evening, from
+what I heard, learned of the condition of affairs, I became
+considerably alarmed and very much concerned. I live down that side of
+the river at my residence, about three miles. After going home, I
+hitched up my buggy, and came back to the city. When I came into the
+city, the crowd was just coming, I think, out of Bowers' store. They
+had cleaned out a gun store--hardware store, on Third street. The first
+intimation I had of that was seeing a man with a gun, and I asked him
+what was going on. I was satisfied that he had no business with the
+gun. He told me there was a large crowd of men had been into Bowers'
+store and broken it open and taken all the arms that they could get
+there, and that they were marching then to the railroad. At one point I
+turned around my horse and buggy and drove back to Mr. Thaw's house,
+which is on Fifth street. I went to Mr. Thaw's house and I called him
+out, and we talked about the matter. Thaw didn't appear to be alarmed;
+he said he was going to his business. He thought there was no danger. I
+went up again to Third street and Fifth street, and was satisfied in my
+mind that there was a great deal of trouble, or was likely to be a
+great deal, and I went back to Mr. Thaw. He spoke of the military
+coming in, and he thought there was enough to protect. I advised him
+not to go up to the offices of the Fort Wayne road at all. I think I
+went back to Mr. Thaw's house the third time, and he then appeared to
+be very much more concerned and alarmed this time. I think one of his
+neighbors came down that had been up there. I left him then, and on my
+way home, in Allegheny city, I went to Mr. McCullough's house. We sat
+until perhaps eleven o'clock, talking together. Mr. McCullough at first
+felt entirely satisfied that the military would be sufficient to
+prevent any serious damage. I felt very much concerned, and advised him
+to be very careful and not put himself in the way of danger or any
+trouble.
+
+Q. Who is Mr. McCullough?
+
+A. Mr. McCullough is vice president of the Pennsylvania Company. He is
+managing man of the Pennsylvania Company's lines.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. I would like you to state what the Pennsylvania lines were?
+
+A. The leased lines west of this.
+
+Q. Pennsylvania Central?
+
+A. Their offices are altogether; but they are connecting lines. I live
+in Allegheny city, and I felt concerned----
+
+Q. What is Mr. McCollough's first name?
+
+A. J. M. He told me there was a regiment coming up on the line of the
+road that night, and that there was a sufficient number of troops
+coming in that would prevent any trouble. He felt secure; but, as I
+said before, I did not. I told him that there was trouble certain
+ahead, and I felt very much concerned from what I could learn all
+around, that there was gathering into our city a very bad set of men,
+and it was hard to tell what the consequences might be. I left him, and
+started home about eleven o'clock, or perhaps a little after eleven. I
+got down to Strawberry lane, which is below the shops of the Fort Wayne
+road. I drove right into a crowd, I presume, of several thousand
+persons. I had come up that way that night, and there was no person
+there.
+
+Q. The evening before?
+
+A. That same evening. There were no parties there when I came up, and I
+drove in and called some of them to know what it meant. I was
+considerably taken aback, coming unexpected into it, and they told me
+they were waiting for a train of soldiers that were coming up. Three or
+four came out that knew me, and said, "Don't you go away;" says I,
+"Why?" Says he, "they have rifle pits just above there, and if the train
+comes in you will be in the line of their fire," and I was in sight of
+my house and my family was there, and I could see the situation, and
+drove rapidly past them, after inquiring what was going on there. When
+I came to the bridge crossing, perhaps, a quarter of a mile below
+there, as I drove up there, there appeared to be sentinels stationed
+along the line of the railroad across this bridge.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. At what point was this?
+
+A. A quarter of a mile below this place where they were waiting.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. On the line of the Fort Wayne and Chicago?
+
+A. They were there patrolling the streets with their guns, as orderly
+as any soldiers. They were all very sober and polite men, nothing like
+rioters, and ladies from the adjoining neighborhood had come down to
+the bridge to see--that was the only place they could see anything--and
+about the time they expected the train in, these men had gone up to
+them and asked them to retire back behind the hill, lest a stray shot
+would reach them. There appeared to be a perfect organization.
+
+Q. What bridge?
+
+A. This was a bridge in Allegheny City, below the outer depot of the
+Fort Wayne.
+
+Q. Bridge across the railroad?
+
+A. Bridge across the railroad. There appeared to be an entirely perfect
+organization on that side of the river. They were armed, and were sober
+men. Some of them knew me--they all knew me--I could not name a great
+many of them, but most of them knew me.
+
+Q. Were they railroad men--employés?
+
+A. There were a great many of them employés. I was told by other
+persons they were employés. I could not tell certain, but I made an
+inquiry, and was told that a great many of those men were employés of
+the railroad company, and this organization appeared to me to be very
+perfect, and they were very orderly, and appeared to be very
+systematic. There was no fighting in this tremendous crowd above. The
+crowd was there, but they were orderly--no quarreling nor fighting
+going on.
+
+Q. Were they all men that were in that crowd?
+
+A. No; there was a great many boys, but the most of them were men. I
+think the great majority of them were men. I stayed there until about
+twelve o'clock at night, about half past twelve or one, and the report
+came down about the firing on this side, and the burning of the
+round-house, and the soldiers having been burned up. We were all very
+much alarmed. I could do nothing but stay at home, seeing the crowd
+there, and not knowing what was coming, but in the morning I came to
+town--on Sunday morning. I stopped in Allegheny, and saw one or two
+gentlemen, and got them to go over with me. I went to Mr. Barr's office
+at the _Post_, but he was not there. He had been there, but had gone
+out to the outer depot of the Pennsylvania railroad. I went around and
+saw some other parties, and went down to the _Chronicle_ office. Mr.
+Sieblich was there, and, I think, the _Dispatch_ people. At the office
+there were posters out, one for a public meeting of the citizens at
+twelve o'clock--at half past twelve, at the old city hall, notices of
+which were then sent to the different churches, that there would be a
+citizens' meeting--to be read from the pulpits in that neighborhood.
+There was a large number of churches in the neighborhood There were no
+citizens but what were extremely anxious to do anything and everything
+they could do, but they appeared to be paralyzed, and did not know what
+to do. The reports came in that the military had gone, and that the mob
+had everything in their own hands, and no one appeared to know just how
+things stood. That meeting came together, and they adjourned to the
+mayor's office. I understood that there was a reason for that: that the
+city hall then was used as an armory, and they had adjourned, as they
+did not think it was prudent to open that. Some gentlemen I was talking
+to had made a suggestion that we should go and see Bishop Tuigg, and
+some other parties who would go out, and see what persuasion would do,
+and there was no man that was more extensively known than Bishop Tuigg.
+He said he would do so, and they proposed to get another minister that
+he would nominate himself to go along with him. At our meeting in the
+mayor's office, the minister of the First church, Mr. Scoville, was at
+the meeting, and Mr. Scoville accompanied Bishop Tuigg. Mr. Parke and
+some other gentlemen went up. At this time the fire had got down--it
+had burned all the way down to the old market-house--that is a few
+squares above the depot. We went up, and he addressed these people.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy.
+
+Q. Who addressed them?
+
+A. Bishop Tuigg. He did everything he could to get these people to
+desist. I saw a few there that I knew of our own people, and these I do
+say were not engaged in burning. After that, we went up to try and find
+the engineers of the railroad--locomotive engineers. We went up to see
+them. We got some of the citizens to go to their houses and tell them
+that we would meet them. We went up there, and were not able to meet
+any, but two or three of them at a time came in, and Mr. Slagle
+remained there. Bishop Tuigg and the Reverend Scoville and I went over
+there to Allegheny City to see the officials of the Pennsylvania
+Company and Pennsylvania railroad. Mr. Cassatt was there, Mr. Thaw, Mr.
+McCullough, and their solicitor, Senator Scott. We talked with them
+upon the subject, but previous to that I had gone down to the
+Monongahela house, and had met Mr. Cassatt there, and I think Mr. Quay,
+and a number of gentlemen that were there. I took him in my buggy and
+took him across to Allegheny City.
+
+Q. Mr. Cassatt?
+
+A. And left him there with the other gentlemen connected with the
+railroad.
+
+Q. What is Mr. Thaw's first name?
+
+A. William Thaw.
+
+Q. What is his official position?
+
+A. He is also connected with the Pennsylvania Company, in charge of the
+leased lines of the Pennsylvania railroad.
+
+Q. In what capacity?
+
+A. I think he is vice president.
+
+Q. Mr. Cassatt is connected with what road?
+
+A. Connected with the Pennsylvania Central.
+
+Q. And Mr. Thaw with the Pennsylvania?
+
+A. Mr. Thaw with the Pennsylvania. Mr. Cassatt was at the Monongahela
+house, and these gentlemen had connection with the two roads running
+together. He said he would like to go over. I said I would take him
+over, and took him in my open buggy, which he did not appear to relish
+very well just at that moment, but really there was no danger. I went
+down and crossed the lower bridge, and over into the street where Mr.
+Layng is living. I do not think we saw fifty people. The people had
+gone up to the fire. Allegheny City was at that time as quiet as it is
+on any Sabbath day, outside of the immediate neighborhood of the depot.
+I met no person on Sunday who was not just as anxious as they could be
+to do anything and everything they could to put down the rebellion, as
+I called it, for as I have said, I never could recognize it as a riot
+or anything else than an uprising of the people. On our own side of the
+river it was comparative quietness, but these men were settled on
+having their own way. If they had not commenced it before, it was not
+likely that they could organize as quickly and as thoroughly as they
+had done.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was the result of the interview with Cassatt and McCullough and
+Thaw?
+
+A. I think Bishop Tuigg asked them to make some concessions to those
+parties, which they declined to make. I think the bishop's idea was to
+have some little concession made, and the difficulty might be adjusted
+as between the men and them. That was declined on their part.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What reason did they give?
+
+A. The reason, so far as I understood it at the time it was given, was
+this: That they would not make any arrangement with men that were in
+open rebellion against law, and everything of that kind--could not
+recognize anything of that kind.
+
+Q. What did your committee do then?
+
+A. We came back to the city again, and there was a meeting in the
+afternoon, and I was at the mayor's office again in the afternoon. The
+mayor appeared to be entirely powerless. He had no police to do
+anything with, that amounted to anything. After that we then went to
+work and organized a citizens' meeting, which was perfected on the next
+Monday morning, and everything was done by those men that could be
+done. I do not think I ever saw men work more earnestly in trying to
+protect the city, and railroad, and everything else.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. At whose instance was the citizens' meeting organized--who were the
+movers in it?
+
+A. The first I recollect of it was the bulletin boards that were put
+out on Sunday--that was as soon as the citizens could be got together.
+
+Q. What bulletin boards?
+
+A. The bulletin boards of the _Post_, and, I think, the _Dispatch_, the
+_Commercial_ and _Gazette_, and I think the _Chronicle_ and _Leader_.
+They are nearly all in that neighborhood. I think Mr. Barr was at the
+organization of the meeting. He was at the meeting they had on Sunday
+and Monday morning. The citizens were called together again and
+adjourned until Monday morning. There were a good many of our leading
+manufacturers that were out of the city, their families were out in the
+country, and they had gone out on Saturday.
+
+Q. How long did that crowd you speak of in Allegheny City, that you ran
+into on Saturday nights--how long had that crowd remained in force
+there?
+
+A. They were there I think nearly all that night. They were away the
+next morning. When I came up the next morning they were not there, that
+is, there was no crowd in comparison to what had been there--perhaps
+not more than usual there.
+
+Q. There were some there?
+
+A. There were some few that were there. They had possession then of the
+trains.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The strikers had?
+
+A. The strikers had possession of the trains on Sunday morning. They
+were in possession there at that time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many were engaged in actual riot and arson out at Twenty-eighth
+street, when you were there with the bishop?
+
+A. I do not think it was so far as Twenty-eighth street--it was within
+a few squares of the depot. It would be impossible for any one to say
+how many were actually engaged in it, but the whole railway connection,
+so far as you could see, was filled with people on both sides of
+it--the street on both sides of the railway track. The number that was
+engaged in it appeared to be but few compared with the great crowd that
+was there--very few.
+
+Q. What class was the crowd that was there composed of?
+
+A. The citizens you speak of along the street?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. There appeared to be a general outpouring from the entire
+city--every person. They were attracted there from every place.
+
+Q. By curiosity?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. They were lookers-on?
+
+A. They were lookers-on.
+
+Q. Was there a crowd of sympathizers around, immediately around these
+parties that were engaged in actual riot and arson?
+
+A. There were some that were sympathizers, but so far as my own
+knowledge went, men of any standing expressed no sympathy with them. A
+great many of the workingmen felt that the railroad was oppressing
+these men, and they were in sympathy with them--that is not taking any
+part in it. There were a great many of our laboring men that were there
+in their Sunday clothes that were taking no part, but walking around,
+and a great many of them absolutely appeared to me to be alarmed and
+frightened. That paralyzed them--not doing anything. I begged of the
+men, for their own sakes, to try and stop that, and they felt as though
+their lives were at stake in doing it. They were afraid to say a word;
+did not know who was their friend or enemy. The men appeared to be
+going on in a quiet way without saying much to anybody, except this
+crowd that was before us--we were right in the immediate neighborhood
+of the burning--as rough a looking set of characters as I ever saw. I
+have no desire to get amongst such a crowd again very soon.
+
+Q. Were these men laborers or men that you had ever seen in and about
+Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I could not say that any I saw in the burning were men I ever saw
+before--could not say that they were men I ever saw before.
+
+Q. Could you tell from their dress what class of people they were?
+
+A. It would be very hard to tell that. I saw a great many of our own
+men walking around looking on that were employed with us at our mills.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Have you an extensive acquaintance with the laboring men?
+
+A. I know a great many of them by sight, and where they work. At the
+two mills were employed six or seven hundred men, one way or another;
+and back and forwards I have become quite familiar with them, without
+knowing their names. Indeed, all the laboring men about the mills, as a
+general rule they know me by sight, and I know a great many that have
+worked with us, that are not working with us now, among the better
+class of mill men and laboring men about the mills. I do not think they
+were engaged. We have some men engaged with us that are very bad men.
+
+Q. What was it that alarmed you on Saturday and made you apprehensive
+of the future on Saturday afternoon?
+
+A. What alarmed me first was this, when I began to make an
+inquiry--that our mills all stopped on Saturday from eleven to twelve
+o'clock, and the men about the mills had from one to two o'clock. They
+usually dressed, and generally we see them about in the city, and they
+are free from any employment. You can imagine the number of laboring
+men there are about the city; and that, as a rule, would apply to
+nearly all branches of manufacture.
+
+Q. From your knowledge of the city and manufacturing establishments,
+give us an estimate of the number of laborers that would be out of
+employment and at leisure on Saturday afternoon.
+
+A. I could not give you an estimate. I should say you could count it at
+thousands, though--thousands of men that would be unemployed at that
+time.
+
+Q. Have you any idea of the number of thousands of laborers employed in
+and about Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I could not give any correct estimate of that.
+
+Q. Have you had experience before with strikers? Has there been
+strikes?
+
+A. I have had a great deal to do with them at one time and another in
+our own business--men that we had employed ourselves.
+
+Q. Is it a thing of very frequent occurrence--strikes among laboring
+men?
+
+A. It is a common thing, but not so very frequent, these large
+strikes--what we would call large strikes, where the mill hands in all
+the mills strike. We frequently have difficulties of that kind in our
+own mill when it does not occur in any others--upon a particular branch
+of the business; something of that kind. We have had a number of very
+large strikes here in the city where all the rolling mills were stopped
+at one time.
+
+Q. And it was your experience with the strikes, and knowing the number
+of men that would be idle Saturday afternoon, that made you
+apprehensive of the result?
+
+A. That made me apprehensive; because these men were idle. They were
+all idle, and a great many of them are men. For instance, to explain
+more fully to you: A man comes along and he wants labor. We have our
+labor bosses. We do not inquire into his character, or anything else.
+If we need a man badly we put him in. He may be one of the worst men
+possible, and we may have quite a number of these men about our mills
+without knowing it. Tramps may come into our town, and if it is a time
+that labor is a little scarce, we might have fifty of them about us
+without knowing it--if they behave themselves just whilst they are
+employed. Bad men may come in and settle down upon us in that way.
+
+Q. Had you been up at the scene of the riot before Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir; I had not been there before that.
+
+Q. Did you at any time during the riot have any talk with the rioters
+themselves, or the railroad employés, to ascertain their grievances, or
+the causes of the strike?
+
+A. Not on the Pennsylvania railroad; but I did on the other side of the
+river, with them over there.
+
+Q. Go on and give us the facts.
+
+A. I had on the Fort Wayne and Chicago. I was among these men at the
+shops. I went over there one night or two in the shops with those men,
+talking to them, and they claimed that the railroad company had ground
+them down; that their wages were such that they could not live. That
+was their real grievance, and they wanted their wages restored. And
+they complained of a large portion of the men unnecessarily being
+thrown out of employment by doubling up the trains. That was the
+complaint. They had their unions--there are unions existing among the
+laboring men in our mills. Puddlers have their unions, and we have what
+is called "The Amalgamated Iron Works Union," which embraces nearly
+all. The railroad employés had their unions. These unions are all in
+sympathy with each other, and as a rule, will aid each other. There
+would be a sympathy existing among these men of all classes, for they
+felt that they were oppressed by the railroad company; and, as I say,
+they had the sympathy of the other workingmen of nearly every
+class--there can be no question of that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Are these unions secret organizations?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I think they are all secret organizations. I have never
+known any that were not secret organizations. I was there with them,
+and after some time Mr. McCullough--I don't recollect what day it
+was--I was with Mr. McCullough, at his office, to get information.
+Telegraphs were coming there, and I went there to get the news--to see
+what was going on along the road. Mr. McCullough had not seen any of
+the men of his own road. I got a gentleman to go and see them and tell
+them that I thought there should be an interview between them and Mr.
+McCullough, and I arranged that interview. I think there was one
+engineer, a fireman, a brakeman, and a conductor--there were four, and
+they agreed to meet Mr. McCullough, and I went with them and made the
+arrangement to meet at B. F. Jones' house in Allegheny City. Mr.
+McCullough came there and met them, and Mr. Layng also. They had a
+conversation there.
+
+Q. Give us the summary of that conversation?
+
+A. They stated to Mr. McCullough what the grievances were with regard
+to what the hands wanted. A portion of them denied that they had
+anything to do with the strike.
+
+Q. That was after the Sunday?
+
+A. This was after the Sunday of the burning. Mr. McCullough talked with
+them, and the interview was a very pleasant one. Mr. McCullough said he
+would do all that he could to have everything made right and
+satisfactory to them whenever the property was once placed in their
+hands, but whilst they stood out and kept them from their property he
+could not do anything at all. I told these men--I said to them
+afterwards that Mr. McCullough was right in his position; that they
+were in violation of law, and they claimed they were there, and they
+were not interfering with anybody nor anything, nor had they purposed
+to interfere with anybody. I told them that their simple presence was
+enough to show that they were in sympathy with these people. They might
+almost as well be guilty as to be doing what they were doing. I went
+down and talked to a number of the engineers with regard to the matter.
+As a rule, they were vary reticent and very careful about giving any
+expression at all.
+
+Q. Did they claim a right to stop trains--interfere with trains?
+
+A. Of course, they didn't to me. They were men of too good sense. They
+denied having anything to do with it. It was always somebody else. As I
+said, they were there giving countenance.
+
+Q. How did these people define a strike?
+
+A. They said this was not a strike of the engineers. This was a strike
+of the firemen--the firemen and brakemen, I believe. They threw it on
+them. I thought things were settled, and they were going to work. I
+came up and said, "Boys, how is it, I thought you were going to work"
+They said they were going to have a meeting, and asked me to go with
+them. I said I would go. They said they were going to have it then. I
+went down to the meeting in the Odd Fellows' Hall, and went in with
+them, and was there, and they denied that it was them solely. They said
+the engineers had as much to do with it as they had--just the same--and
+that they were encouraging them. I stated to them, then, that I would
+do all I could to have their pay made right, but there was only one way
+to do it, that I could see, and that was to report themselves ready for
+work, and take their positions, and after the road was once running,
+and in order, then the citizens would see to it that their case was
+properly represented, and that they would be more likely to get their
+rights in that way than in any other.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. At this time they had possession of the railroad property?
+
+A. They disclaimed having possession of the property. They would not
+admit that fact. They appeared to understand that that was in violation
+of the law.
+
+Q. Was that the fact?
+
+A. This was the fact--there was no doubt of that. You could not get any
+of them to admit it, though.
+
+Q. Did they understand that they had no right to interfere with the
+running of trains, or with any other employé who desired to work?
+
+A. They denied interfering with any employé. There never was a man yet
+that said he interfered with any one--never got an admission of that
+kind from any one. They said if a man wanted to go to work, there was
+his engine. At the same time, Mr. Layng, superintendent of the road,
+whilst he was but a few squares from the depot, I think he didn't care
+about going over to the railroad at that time, I met them the same day,
+and they went and reported themselves to the officers at the outer
+depot, and went to work.
+
+Q. From the interviews that you had with the railroad employés, what
+did you gather as being the cause--the real cause of the strike?
+
+A. From all I could gather from the employés in one way or another, my
+impression is that it was an organization. That perhaps the strike was
+a little sooner than was intended. It was a regular organization,
+intending to make a general strike throughout the whole country at the
+same time, and it was not the intention to be commenced at Pittsburgh.
+I think it was all over our country. We might call it an insurrection
+of these people to take possession and enforce their demands on the
+people. They then knew that the other labor organizations were in
+sympathy with them.
+
+Q. What led you to that conclusion?
+
+A. From the fact that these uprisings at Fort Wayne and Chicago and St.
+Louis, and on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio and Altoona and
+Harrisburg and Philadelphia. If it had been of an ordinary character,
+it would have had no influence, except where it originated.
+
+Q. Did you ascertain from the men that there was any communication
+between the rioters here and the rioters at the other places you have
+mentioned?
+
+A. I think one told me that they were in possession of the telegraph
+lines, and knew all that was going on, and one stated to me at one time
+something like this: He says, "We knew what was going on, because one
+of the men with us is an operator, who stood outside of the window, and
+he could hear the instrument and could tell us what was going over the
+line." I think they had possession of the telegraph line, and a good
+many were operators.
+
+Q. He told you they knew what was going on--that was between the
+authorities, &c., in reference to the matter; but did he say that they
+had any communication through the rioters themselves by telegraph?
+
+A. No; I do not know that any one admitted anything of the kind. They
+were very careful in making any admissions. These men you will find, so
+far as the law was concerned, they really understood that as well as
+any other class of men, where they are liable and where they are not.
+
+Q. The strikes at Fort Wayne and Chicago and Altoona and Philadelphia
+that you have mentioned, were not until after the strike here--were
+they?
+
+A. I think it was almost simultaneous--it was very nearly the same
+time--on the Sunday following right along--immediately on the heels of
+it, and I should think it was all during two or three days.
+
+Q. Do you know what days the strike was at its height in Chicago?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Nor Fort Wayne?
+
+A. I have no recollection now of just when this was, for I took no note
+of that.
+
+Q. Nor in Philadelphia?
+
+A. Nor in Philadelphia. I think it was unfortunate that they attempted
+to start these trains out--these double-headers here on Saturday.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. Why?
+
+A. Because there were so many men loose--the laboring men of our
+town--you may say that certainly four fifths of the laboring men were
+unemployed after twelve or one o'clock, and that is the best reason I
+could give you for it. If I was going to do anything to a crowd, I
+should have postponed it until these men were at work. I think it was
+unfortunate, because, as I stated before, we all knew of the existence
+of these organizations, and we knew that these men that were in these
+organizations were all in sympathy, the one with the other.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was the fact that there would be so large a number of unemployed men
+on Saturday afternoon, known to the railroad officers?
+
+A. I do not know that of my own knowledge. Mr. James Park, I think,
+told me that he had remonstrated with some of the railroad officials--I
+think he had spoken to Mr. Cassatt on the subject.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation?
+
+A. I had no conversation on the subject, because I was engaged and busy
+on Saturday, and was not alarmed in regard to this. Mr. Park's
+manufacturing establishment was in the immediate vicinity of the
+trouble, and you might say he was in it. He was located right in it,
+and he was there, and I think what I say in regard to that, will be the
+testimony of every manufacturer in the city. I believe if the thing had
+been left until Monday or Tuesday, that the probabilities are that men
+would be generally about their employment at one thing or another, that
+there might have been no burning here at all. We might have had trouble
+and loss of life, and things of that kind. Why I say I think there was
+an organization, when I went home on Saturday night, coming up after
+dark, they were expecting this train in. These men certainly knew that
+train was coming with soldiers, and they were prepared to meet them.
+They were orderly--a quarter of a mile below, at the bridge--there
+appeared to be entirely too much order for a riot. When there is a
+riot, they generally do things up very quickly, without regard to who
+is in the way. These men were orderly and systematic.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. This train you speak of--was that train from Erie?
+
+A. I think that was the Erie train. Mr. McCullough told me he expected
+that train in. I was informed that they had no ammunition or anything
+of that kind.
+
+Q. These men you conversed with gave as a reason for their strike that
+the wages were so low they could not live?
+
+A. That was the general complaint.
+
+Q. Do you know what they were actually getting?
+
+A. I did know, and I had it from the railroad officials--I had it from
+them, but I have forgotten what it was.
+
+Q. Were any of them getting less than a dollar a day--trainmen?
+
+A. I think they were paid by the trip, but I do not recollect that any
+of them were getting less than that. I would not speak positively in
+regard to that. It may be possible. I have a memorandum of that in my
+pocket-book. I never expected to be called before a committee, or I
+would have saved some of these things that I had. It may be I have
+something here that will enable me to answer that question.
+
+Q. If you find it hereafter you can send it to us, and we can attach it
+to your testimony.
+
+A. It was a copy of a telegraph--you asked me a question; it would have
+answered it. It was a copy of a telegraph I had sent to Mr. McCullough
+on the subject, and his reply to it, but I think that, supposing that
+the thing was ended, my impression is that I have destroyed it.
+
+Q. Have you anything else to communicate, Mr. Bennett?
+
+A. Nothing; but I would bear testimony to the fact that the citizens of
+Pittsburgh appeared to be anxious to do everything they could to put
+down this riot, and there was no sympathy with the rioters--none
+whatever.
+
+Q. You had a good deal to do in raising the force of citizens to put
+down the riot?
+
+A. I had, perhaps. The first move, I told you, was on Sunday. A good
+many of my most intimate acquaintances were among the rolling mills,
+and quite a large number of them were out of the city. I sent for Mr.
+Park.
+
+Q. Did you meet with any opposition in your efforts to raise the men?
+
+A. Not a single instance. Upon the contrary, every man I saw was
+anxious to do anything, and were willing and did go up there at the
+risk of their lives, to do everything they could do, and no man I met
+anywhere at all, among my own acquaintances, but what were ready to do
+anything they would deem in reason, to try to stop it; and I think it
+was stopped by the citizens at last. I was not present, but from what I
+heard afterwards, the citizens prevented the burning of the Fort Wayne
+depot.
+
+Q. Was there any move by the citizens prior to Sunday morning?
+
+A. Not that I know of. I have no knowledge of any--no recollection of
+any now. It was early Sunday morning that they set fire to things in
+the first place, and the citizens appeared to be completely paralyzed.
+I saw men coming along, carrying provisions, bacon, hams, and articles
+that they had taken from the cars they had broken open--carrying them
+away back two or three miles into the country, and I saw them walking
+along the streets, and it appeared to me that people were afraid to say
+a word to them. They were alarmed--they did not know what to make of
+it. It appeared to come upon them like a clap of thunder--they were
+unprepared for it in any way. I never saw men labor more earnestly, and
+labor harder to try to do their whole duty than that citizens'
+committee did. It was through their individual efforts that there was
+an additional police, and it was by private subscription to pay these
+men, that they were put upon the force. Our city was in a helpless
+condition, and these bad men, of which we have a large number around
+the city--they knew exactly what the police force was, better than we
+did.
+
+Q. Did you know the police force had been reduced in the city, and, if
+so, when were you informed of that fact?
+
+A. I had no knowledge that our city was in so helpless a condition. I
+was amazed when I heard it.
+
+Q. Was it known to the business men--I mean generally--that your city
+was in such a condition, in regard to the police force?
+
+A. I do not think they generally understood the matter. They might have
+been under the impression that there was a reduction of police, but so
+few----
+
+Q. Was it the subject of conversation when it became known?
+
+A. Of course it was, and the very moment it was discovered, they sought
+to apply the remedy by making contributions of money themselves, to
+have the force put on, and agreeing to pay for it.
+
+Q. Did you have any talk with the mayor yourself in relation to that
+subject?
+
+A. 1 did, at his office. He told me then that he had no power to do
+anything, but expressed a willingness and a desire to do anything he
+could, and I do not think that any suggestion I made to him, he ever
+refused to do anything it was in his power to do.
+
+Q. What day was that?
+
+A. I had a conversation with him on Sunday, and again on Monday, and as
+I met him at different times, I would have a talk with the mayor.
+
+Q. Was it known to you that the mayor had full authority and control
+over the police, to increase the number of police, or to call out--was
+it known to you that he had the same authority that the sheriff had in
+calling out the police?
+
+A. No, sir; it was not.
+
+Q. Did he make any proclamation calling for police?
+
+A. He made some proclamation. I cannot tell you what it was--do not
+recollect what it was.
+
+Q. Did you ever examine to see what powers are given to the mayor by
+your city charter?
+
+A. I did not in regard to Allegheny City. After Sunday, I was more with
+Mayor Phillips, and more on that side than I was on this. I believe
+Colonel Scott telegraphed to me himself, and said that they would
+commence laying the tracks, if their men would be protected, and I went
+to Mr. Shinn and got him to send an answer to him that they would be,
+and I would lay the matter before the committee the next morning.
+Immediately on the committee convening, I brought the matter before
+them, and the committee answered Colonel Scott that they would be
+protected. I went out of the committee myself, and started up to meet
+Mr. Pitcairn at the office of Mr. Layng, and stated to Mr. Layng in
+regard to that telegram, and my own impression that they should put the
+men on to work to feel their way, and if they were interfered with to
+withdraw them, that I believed that before night would come that they
+would have more men than they would know what to do with, and that was
+the result. I spoke of being out on Sunday and not seeing any of the
+officials of the railroad at all. I think they did right. I do not
+think it would have been prudent for them to be there. I advised those
+I knew to keep away. You could not tell to what extent this excitement
+would lead a man, nor you could not tell how bad men were. They might
+have been seriously injured, if not killed, if any one of them had gone
+into a crowd of that kind.
+
+Q. Would the presence of the railroad officials have tended to
+exasperate the crowd, do you think?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I don't think it would have been safe for them to have
+been there. I think it would have exasperated them.
+
+Q. Where was Adjutant Latta during the day--Sunday?
+
+A. I think he was at the Monongahela house, with Cassatt--I think he
+was there.
+
+Q. Until what hour?
+
+A. I was introduced to him when I took Mr. Cassatt across to Allegheny
+City. It must have been between eleven and twelve o'clock. I left him
+there, and I was not back to the Monongahela house after that. I
+learned they had gone down the river to Beaver. I think General Latta
+was along. There was a number of gentlemen there. Mr. Cassatt was
+anxious in regard to the soldiers that they had. I did not know the
+condition of them, nor did he--how these men that had come from
+Philadelphia were. He appeared to be under the impression that they had
+got out, and had neither provision nor ammunition, and I said that I
+could fix a way that they could have the supplies--that there were
+parties in Allegheny who would attend to that. I went down on Monday to
+Mr. Ray, and he sent them out provisions, and told me afterwards that
+they had removed their head-quarters, and he had followed them up to
+Blairsville, and had delivered them cooked provisions.
+
+Q. Who is Mr. Ray?
+
+A. He is a grocer on Liberty street.
+
+Q. In Allegheny City?
+
+A. No, sir; Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Would it have been prudent for the Adjutant General to have remained
+in the city during the day, Sunday?
+
+A. To have gone into the crowd?
+
+Q. Yes; or remained in the city?
+
+A. I do not think there would have been a hair of his head harmed.
+
+Q. Would it have been prudent for the other State officials?
+
+A. If they had remained at the Monongahela house they would not have
+been disturbed.
+
+Q. If the Adjutant General had gone to the scene of the riot, would he
+have been disturbed?
+
+A. I think there would have been danger. Any man went in at the peril
+of his life--any officer went in single-handed, alone.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You have a very extensive knowledge of what transpired here during
+the riots. I want to know whether, in your opinion, there was a
+disposition on the part of the city and county authorities to protect
+property and to suppress the riot. If so, could they have done so?
+
+A. I have not any doubt in my own mind, but the----
+
+Q. Not the citizens. I am speaking of the city and county officials?
+
+A. In regard to the county officials, I was not with them. So far as my
+knowledge goes, I was acquainted, at the time, from talking as I would
+with Mr. Barr, or Slagle, or any of the gentlemen, and I believe they
+were all anxious to try to prevent any loss of life or property, and do
+all that was in their power.
+
+Q. And could they have done so, if they had made a vigorous effort to
+do so--protect the property and prevent the lawlessness?
+
+A. After the riot got started they could not have done it. If we had
+the full force we would have only had about two hundred policemen, and
+they would not have been able to have done very much, and the sheriff
+could not have done very much by calling upon the people and telling
+them that he wanted them to stop. Nothing but imperiling their lives.
+They would keep away from him. I do not think he had much chance of
+doing anything.
+
+Q. It is only a matter of opinion?
+
+A. You could readily understand that those men, with the force that
+they could command, would be small in comparison. After the firing I
+have no doubt the report that there was ten or twenty killed, where
+there was one, did create a fearful excitement, and I do not think any
+sheriff of any county could have done anything at all that would have
+stopped it, after it had once got started as it had on Sunday morning.
+
+
+    By Mr. Englebert:
+
+Q. Did you take any active steps prior to Saturday evening?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not really feel very uneasy about the matter until
+Saturday afternoon, when I learned--I was not taking much interest in
+the matter, and I got very much this way--the railroad people, this was
+a matter they were tending to, but that there was going to be any
+riot--there might be some quarreling, fighting, or something of that
+kind, but I didn't expect there was going to be anything of the
+magnitude it was. On Saturday, I felt concerned about the matter, and
+the reason for being concerned was, that I knew that the manufacturing
+establishments were idle, and the men were off work, and that they were
+there, and if you have had anything to do with iron men, you know they
+are a class of men who are easily excited.
+
+Q. You, as a business man, would have closed up all business at that
+time, under this state of excitement?
+
+A. As a business man, when I found it was necessary to get the military
+in there, I would not have undertaken to have done that on Saturday
+afternoon. I would have waited until the men were employed on Monday,
+or Tuesday, and then there would not be the danger that there was in
+doing it on Saturday.
+
+Q. The majority of men being off, of course there was great travel on
+the streets?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You felt satisfied and easy that there would not be any disturbance
+up to Saturday--why did you feel easy and satisfied that there would be
+no trouble up to Saturday?
+
+A. I understood that the military were here, and that would intimidate
+them. I was tending to my own business, and really. I had not gone out
+at all to see what was going on on the railroad, although we have a
+mill opposite, within a mile, perhaps, of the outer depot, across the
+river, and I came back and forward and everything was quiet; but when I
+heard of the loss of life and of the firing, which, I think took place
+on Saturday, and the men coming across and going into the gun shops in
+the town, breaking them open and destroying them, then I felt that
+there was danger, because there is this fact: there is a large number
+of men that were through the war that are not afraid as those who have
+never smelled powder--they are not very much afraid of it, and they are
+brave men, and if you understood that there is danger, they say "we
+know," and you cannot do anything with them. The idea was this: The
+first I heard of it that they had shot into a crowd, killing men,
+women, and children indiscriminately. These men are men who are ready
+to believe anything of the kind, and they will believe what is said
+among themselves quicker than they would from you or me or anybody else
+on the outside. They were excited and exasperated, and then you cannot
+control them, but the men about our mills are not bad men, all of them.
+We have bad men there and they will get into the mills, but I do not
+think there is a better class of men anywhere than in Pittsburgh. My
+own theory is, that these tramps along the line of the railroad had a
+knowledge of this strike, and might have been congregating in here for
+two weeks, and these men are always ready to apply the torch at any
+moment. They came in here and got into it. I think a great many of the
+railroad men had nothing to do, and had no idea whatever of getting
+anything but their wages--no idea of any loss of life or destruction of
+property; but when they got in there they had no control of this thing,
+and they did not know themselves whether the men that had been in the
+lodge room, perhaps, were with them or against them. The people were
+paralyzed at the magnitude of this thing.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You have a general acquaintance and knowledge of the manufacturing
+interests of this State. Is there a larger proportion of employés in
+the manufactories and mining in this vicinity than there is elsewhere
+in this State?
+
+A. I think there is; I am not familiar with any place where the
+proportion is so large as it is just here in our city.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. Howard Logan being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you live?
+
+A. Lincoln avenue, Allegheny.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. 1 have a foundry in New Brighton. Doing business in Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. State whether you were with Doctor Donnelly on Sunday, the 22d of
+July?
+
+A. I went to the meeting at the old city hall, in Market street, four
+o'clock, Sunday afternoon, and joined the citizens' organization to go
+up and stop the riot and firing. We had great trouble getting arms. At
+first we went to the university, and failed to get them there. Then
+went down and got pick-handles from a hardware store on Wood street.
+After that we were marched up to the university again, but failed to
+get them, and from there we went to one of the armories of the
+Fourteenth regiment or Nineteenth, and failed to get any arms there. We
+marched back again to the university, and we got some old rusty
+muskets, with bayonets. There were plenty of men willing to go; but
+being marched around from one place to another they dropped off. We got
+these old muskets, and had about a hundred. We marched down to the
+mayor's office, and from there we went up Liberty street to Wood, right
+into the midst of the crowd, and attempted to form a line right across
+Liberty street, at the edge of the crowd; but we were surrounded,
+individually, and failed to do that. Doctor Donnelly, who was leading,
+seemed to have lost control of the men, and seemed to be very much
+excited. We stayed there about ten minutes without accomplishing
+anything, except having pistols at our heads all around, and nothing to
+defend ourselves with but these rusty muskets.
+
+Q. Without any ammunition?
+
+A. Without any ammunition or anything else. Probably one or two of the
+party, or a few of them, had revolvers, but the majority of us had not.
+
+Q. What did you do then?
+
+A. We got started, and about half of the company went out, and the
+balance of us turned around and came out then, feeling that we were
+whipped.
+
+Q. Then you had not the means to cope--arms or weapons to cope with the
+crowd?
+
+A. No, sir. There were a number lost their muskets in wrestling with
+the crowd, but they were willing to fight or do anything to hold on to
+them, but we were powerless because we had nothing to defend ourselves
+with.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were the muskets wrenched from their hands?
+
+A. In some cases they were.
+
+Q. Did your men fight them, or use the bayonet?
+
+A. Didn't use the bayonets. We held on to them, and pulled them away.
+It was very fortunate for us that there were no pistol shots fired, or
+we would all have been cut to pieces, because all the crowd were armed,
+and we were not.
+
+Q. If you had had a bold, deliberate leader, and been well armed, could
+you have accomplished anything in the way of driving away the crowd?
+
+A. We might have done something just at that place, but we did not have
+more than enough to protect that one spot which we were at.
+
+Q. Where was that?
+
+A. That was on Liberty street, just in front of the elevator.
+
+Q. In front of the elevator?
+
+A. Yes; down from the elevator.
+
+Q. What time was it?
+
+A. About six o'clock.
+
+Q. Sunday evening?
+
+A. Between five and six.
+
+Q. Was there any trouble in raising a company of citizens at that time?
+
+A. No, sir; there were more than we had arms for--more ready to go than
+we could get muskets for, and some, when we could get these imperfect
+muskets, were afraid to go into the crowd with them. When we came down
+from there we deposited what arms we had in the mayor's office, in
+charge of a policeman there, and some of them scattered and went to the
+depot--the Duquesne depot--and others to the depots or upon the street,
+individually.
+
+Q. What did you do Sunday night yourself?
+
+A. I went over to Allegheny; found the citizens were organizing there
+and about starting out to guard the bridges. I went with a party to the
+railroad bridge and was there that night. I had a revolver with me
+then.
+
+Q. The railroad bridge?
+
+A. The railroad bridge across the Allegheny river at the Fort Wayne
+road.
+
+Q. Was that well guarded by citizens?
+
+A. There was about fifteen or twenty, armed with muskets and revolvers.
+
+Q. What class of citizens?
+
+A. There were several policemen and some officers and men from
+Allegheny.
+
+Q. Were you molested during the night?
+
+A. No, sir; the orders were from the mayor to stop every person coming
+over that bridge, and let no one pass. We turned a great many men
+coming over there--we turned them back, and made them go around to the
+other bridges.
+
+Q. Allowed nobody to pass?
+
+A. Allowed no person except a few whom the policemen recognized as
+living right near there, and were respectable people. Any person we
+didn't know we made them go back.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James I. Bennett, being recalled, testified as follows:
+
+The Witness. Our city is surrounded by large mining interests, in which
+thousands of men are engaged, and they come in on the trains Saturday
+to do their marketing and other trading. When we learned of all this
+thing--of what was going on Sunday--they came in a distance of four or
+five or six miles, and perhaps there might have been thousands of these
+men that came in on Sunday and on Monday. The works were nearly all
+stopped, and these men were flowing in here in any number, and I think
+only for the organization that the citizens had themselves perfected on
+Monday, that I do not know what the consequences might have been later
+in the week, but they saw that there was a preparation to meet them,
+and the thing was stopped.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until to-morrow morning, at ten
+o'clock.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Thursday, February 21, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at ten o'clock, A.M., Mr.
+Lindsey in the chair, and continued the taking of testimony.
+
+All members present except Senator Reyburn.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John H. Webster, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Twenty-fourth ward, south side.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Machinist.
+
+Q. What firm are you at work for--Jones & Laughlin?
+
+A. American Iron Works.
+
+Q. Were you at work for them last July?
+
+A. I have worked for them for over twelve years.
+
+Q. Were you at the scene of the riots, near the Union depot, on
+Saturday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you on Saturday night?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you on Sunday?
+
+A. I was on a hill immediately above.
+
+Q. On Sunday?
+
+A. Yes; got there about ten o'clock. I suppose it was somewhere in the
+neighborhood of ten o'clock.
+
+Q. That was your first appearance in the vicinity of the riots?
+
+A. First appearance.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was there, when you got there Sunday?
+
+A. There was an immense crowd.
+
+Q. Of what class of people was the crowd composed principally?
+
+A. All classes.
+
+Q. Were there railroad employés there?
+
+A. I couldn't say whether there was or not.
+
+Q. Were there mill men and factory men and employés in the shops about
+Pittsburgh there?
+
+A. Not that I seen of upon the hill where I was. I don't know what was
+done on the track, I was away up top of the hill.
+
+Q. How long did you remain up at the top of the hill?
+
+A. I followed the firing down until the Union depot got fired, then it
+got too warm for me, and I came away.
+
+Q. Were you down near the track when you followed the firing along?
+
+A. I was up on the hill.
+
+Q. Were you near the elevator?
+
+A. Coming down I passed the elevator, and got on Liberty street, and
+the crowd made a rush, and came near knocking me down. I got down near
+the corner of Penn street and stayed there, and watched the Union depot
+burn.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with those that were engaged in
+burning?
+
+A. When I first made my way on the upper part of the hill, there was a
+number of young men lying on the ground under a fence, a tree, or
+something, and I asked one of them--he appeared to be lively, he was
+lying, kicking, and looked as though he was hard at work. Says I, "When
+is this thing going to stop?" Says he, "At the elevator." Says I, "You
+ain't gone that far." Says he, "Yes, that has got to come down, too;"
+and I left him, after talking a few minutes about that.
+
+Q. Who was he?
+
+A. I don't know who he was.
+
+Q. Strangers?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where did you go?
+
+A. I went on from there down to look at the firing, and see all that
+could be seen.
+
+Q. When you arrived at the elevator, did you have any conversation with
+anybody there?
+
+A. Oh, yes; had a conversation with almost everybody--talking to each
+other.
+
+Q. Did you say that the elevator was going to be burned?
+
+A. I told several parties what this party had told me on the hill, that
+he allowed it would come to the elevator, and I began to think there
+was a good deal of truth in it, because the Union depot was on fire.
+
+Q. Did you see Daniel Corbus near the elevator?
+
+A. I met him at the corner of Fifth and Fulton streets, and we walked
+down together. I told him what these parties had told me--they were
+going to burn down the elevator, that was a damn monopoly, too.
+
+Q. Did you say to Daniel Corbus that the elevator had got to be
+burned--that it was a monopoly, and had got to be burned?
+
+A. I didn't tell him that, because I was taking no active part in it.
+
+Q. Did you tell him that the other party said it was a damn monopoly,
+and had got to come down.
+
+A. Yes, sir. The railroad officials had stock in it, and they were
+death on railroads.
+
+Q. You had no participation at all in what was going on?
+
+A. No, sir; just went over to see the fire, and to see what was going
+on.
+
+Q. How many were with this fellow that made this remark to you?
+
+A. There was some four or five of them laying there, I think.
+
+Q. Was this fellow intoxicated, did you think?
+
+A. He appeared to be perfectly sober.
+
+Q. What for a dressed man was he? How was he dressed?
+
+A. From the appearance of him--he was not dressed any better than I am
+just at the present time--dirty.
+
+Q. Did his dress indicate a railroad employé or a factory man?
+
+A. I couldn't judge that from his dress. Couldn't say what he was by
+that--by his dress.
+
+Q. He was dressed like a laboring man?
+
+A. Yes; he was dressed like a workingman.
+
+Q. What time did you leave the depot or elevator?
+
+A. I left when I was standing on Liberty street. I left the time the
+Union depot fell.
+
+Q. About what time in the afternoon was that?
+
+A. Somewhere very near six o'clock.
+
+Q. Did you go back again?
+
+A. No, sir; stayed home all night. I overheard a couple of gentlemen
+saying that a committee had been talking to the crowd, and gotten the
+promise not to burn the elevator. I thought the firing had stopped
+there.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Irvin K. Campbell, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Ninth ward, Allegheny City.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am a foreman of the hinge factory of Lewis, Oliver & Philips.
+
+Q. How long have you occupied that position?
+
+A. About three years--possibly four. Between three and four.
+
+Q. Were you near the scene of the riots any time during July last, in
+any of the days and nights?
+
+A. I heard of the firing on the citizens about six o'clock, and I came
+up on what we call the Cleveland train, and got to Twenty-eighth
+street, probably at eight o'clock.
+
+Q. What was?
+
+A. That was on Saturday evening--the evening after the firing.
+
+Q. Twenty-eighth street? What time?
+
+A. It was probably half past eight o'clock.
+
+Q. When you got there how much of a crowd did you find there?
+
+A. There was not much of a crowd when I was there. The troops had gone
+into the round-house, and I inquired why they went in, and received no
+satisfactory answer. I supposed I was acquainted with some of the
+troops that went in, and inquired for Colonel Howard, of the
+Nineteenth. I was acquainted with Mr. Howard, and served in the same
+regiment in the army, and talked of going in and advising Colonel
+Howard to get out of the round-house, and was advised not to go in;
+that the men were scared enough to shoot any man.
+
+Q. Who advised you this?
+
+A. Alderman Conlan, of the Ninth ward, said they were scared bad enough
+to shoot any man. I came out--I just stepped--probably had one foot
+inside of the fence where you go into the round-house track--going into
+the round-house at Twenty-eighth street. I went down Liberty street,
+and there was two shots fired. I was with a gentleman named Joseph
+Steen, son-in-law of Mr. Bown's, on Third street. I spoke then and said
+something about firing out there when there was no occasion for it. I
+don't mind what my conversation was, but kept on down the street, and
+heard no more firing until I got down a little ways, and I heard
+several rambling shots fired. At this time there was no organization,
+or any crowd to amount to anything. I had been up to the hospital in
+the meantime to see if there was anybody hurt that I knew. I formerly
+worked for the railroad company there, and was a little interested to
+see if there was anybody killed or wounded that I was acquainted with.
+
+Q. Where were those shots fired from?
+
+A. They were fired from one of the windows of what we call the
+round-house for passenger engines--the round-house this way. You might
+call it the Twenty-eighth street round-house.
+
+Q. Were there any soldiers there?
+
+A. I presume there was. I couldn't see from the outside.
+
+Q. You didn't know whether they were soldiers or part of the mob?
+
+A. I knew there were none of the mob in there at that time. They were
+soldiers I knew, but I did not see them.
+
+Q. Was there any burning going on at that time?
+
+A. No burning at that time. 1 think after I came from there down the
+street I heard burning talked of; and, if I recollect right, I heard it
+intimated before I left Twenty-eighth street. I think that was my
+reason for wishing to see Colonel Howard, to advise these men to come
+out.
+
+Q. By whom did you hear it talked of?
+
+A. I couldn't tell. Although I formerly worked on the railroad, I
+didn't see a man there that I was acquainted with.
+
+Q. Was it the rioters that were talking about the burning?
+
+A. At that time you couldn't tell who was rioters. They stood around in
+crowds of four, or five, or a dozen. The only active rioters I noticed
+was when the way passenger came in I seen probably five or six men that
+looked liked brakesmen on the road run up to uncouple the engines, and
+the engineer, Tom Wilson, told them that the car behind him had one
+horse in, and asked them to let him take it on through--there was no
+ammunition, or provision, or anything of that kind. I listened to some
+of the arguments whether they would side-track the freight car or allow
+it to go through, and they finally told Wilson to back and they took
+the train into the Union depot.
+
+Q. Mow long did you remain there?
+
+A. I was in the vicinity of the crossing probably ten minutes--not
+long. The train moved down, and I started to go towards my home.
+
+Q. What time did you get home?
+
+A. I came down Penn street with this Mr. Steen, son-in-law of Mr.
+Bown's, and we heard of the trouble at Mr. Bown's hardware store, and
+we stopped there for a few minutes--we stopped there probably three
+quarters of an hour. I don't recollect, positively, how long, but when
+I left there I got over in Allegheny, and in time to make the late
+train, and got down to the Ninth ward. The train, at that time, left
+Allegheny sometime after eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. When you got to Bown's store, had the rabble been in and ransacked
+things?
+
+A. They had been in and ransacked things and had gone off. They had
+apparently taken things that were of no account at all, so far as the
+riot was concerned.
+
+Q. Were there any rioters still around the store?
+
+A. No rioters at all. The police were standing in front of the store
+and refused to let us in, and I explained that Mr. Steen was son-in-law
+of Mr. Bown's and wanted to see if the family was hurt.
+
+Q. Did you see any police up at the crossing near the scene of the
+riots?
+
+A. Not on Saturday afternoon.
+
+Q. How many came up on the train from the Ninth ward of Allegheny City
+with you?
+
+A. There was quite a number. The word came down that there had been
+firing up there, and parties killed and wounded--I could not tell
+positively how many I came up with--two parties with me.
+
+Q. Did any of the men from your works come up?
+
+A. Not that I know of--there was none came up with me.
+
+Q. Were there any of the men at these works that came up and remained
+and participated, to your knowledge?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. Are you well acquainted with the laboring men about the city?
+
+A. I am in the neighborhood in which I reside.
+
+Q. Did you see any that you knew in that vicinity?
+
+A. Not one--didn't see a man taking an active part in the riot that I
+knew. I was pretty well acquainted with both sides, and I thought that
+there was something strange about that--men that were supposed to be
+easy led by excitement of the kind--and I rather wondered at it. The
+only man I noticed making any resistance, was one man who said he was a
+son of a bitch from Brownstone.
+
+Q. That is in the vicinity of the iron works?
+
+A. On the south side. That was on Sunday, near the elevator.
+
+Q. He was near the elevator?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. He was engaged in the riot?
+
+A. He said he had been at it all night and all day, and was nearly done
+out, and at the time I seen him he had a keg--I forget whether it was
+wine or beer, but he was very liberal with it, giving it to any parties
+that wanted it, urging them to turn in and help, that he was tired.
+
+Q. What time did you return on Sunday to the scene of the riot?
+
+A. It might have been half past eight or nine. We could see the smoke
+from down where I lived. That was the first I knew of the burning, when
+I got up next morning, and came up to see what was burning. I got to
+Twentieth street about the time, or just before the police made their
+appearance there to stop the burning of cars.
+
+Q. How far had the fire progressed towards the depot when you got
+there?
+
+A. I am not positive the street, exactly, but it was in the
+neighborhood of Twentieth street.
+
+Q. Was there any effort made by the police or any other parties to stop
+it there?
+
+A. In the vicinity of Twentieth street, the police came along the wall
+that holds the embankment the tracks are laid on, and drove parties
+away from the cars. Just as the fire would catch a car, the rabble,
+composed of all parties, not rioters, but thieves or whatever you
+choose to call them, they would break into a car and commence carrying
+the things off--men, women, and children. The police drove the parties
+off the wall. Some of them fell down, and one, I noticed, got hurt,
+and, apparently, the police at that time had possession, and I thought
+it was going to stop, but in a short time I noticed smoke starting up
+below, further down, and the police went down that way.
+
+Q. How many policemen were there?
+
+A. I am not positive of the number, but there must have been twenty or
+thirty, the mayor at the head of the police.
+
+Q. The mayor at the head of them?
+
+A. That is my recollection. I am almost positive of that, because I
+know the mayor by sight when I see him.
+
+Q. Did they succeed in clearing the track and driving them away from
+that point?
+
+A. There was five or six tracks in that vicinity. They entirely cleared
+them on the side next to Liberty street, but there was at least six
+tracks there, and most of the tracks had trains laying on them. Smoke
+started over a little further amongst some of the other cars.
+
+Q. Did the rioters make any resistance to the police?
+
+A. Not any that I noticed. Some, according to their creed or
+nationality, held on longer to their goods.
+
+Q. What nationality seemed to hold on the longest?
+
+A. I must say that the Germans carried the heaviest loads. I noticed
+that, and commented on it coming up in a street car, that the Germans
+had the heaviest loads. I mean no disrespect to anybody.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. About what time was it that the police cleared the crowd off the
+wall?
+
+A. It might have been half-past ten or eleven.
+
+Q. On Sunday?
+
+A. On Sunday, but I could not be positive; during the excitement there
+I was paying more attention to what I could see, and wondering what
+would turn up next.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you remain there during the entire day?
+
+A. I remained on the Pittsburgh side until probably six o'clock in the
+afternoon. I then heard they were organizing in Allegheny, and that is
+the side I lived on, and that there was likely to be trouble over
+there, and I went over to the other side. The elevator was partially
+burned down when I left the ground.
+
+Q. Did you see any further efforts of the policemen after eleven
+o'clock to stop the riot and stop the fire?
+
+A. After that time the police appeared to be scattered in squads. I did
+not see them in one body after that. I believe they were distributed
+around after that. I seen a few policemen after that, but not in a
+body. At the time I lost sight of the policemen I started to go up to
+see the condition of the round-house. From there I went up to
+Thirty-third street--I had formerly lived up in that neighborhood--and
+then down to what they call Lawrenceville, and back down to the Union
+depot in that direction. I will just say that I met Captain McMunn on
+Twenty-sixth street coming down, and inquired of him if there was any
+effort being made to stop it, and my recollection is that he said they
+had made a proposition to try and organize the employés and try to stop
+it, but it had not been entertained. I would not say that on oath, but
+I think so.
+
+Q. Captain McMunn?
+
+A. Yes; he was one of the strikers. Another employé standing looking at
+the engine in the morning was Robert Aitchison, known on the road as
+old Bobby Aitchison. He was lamenting about the destruction, and
+finding fault, and said it was wrong, and he told me he was sure the
+railroad men had nothing to do with it.
+
+Q. What is Mr. Aitchison's first name?
+
+A. Robert.
+
+Q. That is the old man?
+
+A. That is the old man. At the time I speak of seeing Aitchison, he was
+standing where he could see the engine he had formerly run--engine 281.
+I was acquainted with him, and had fired the engine myself at one time.
+This act was rather impressed upon my memory more than any other things
+that occurred.
+
+Q. Did you go close to the men that were engaged in the arson and riot
+during the day, Sunday, so as to ascertain who they were--that is, the
+leaders in the burning, I mean?
+
+A. I could not recognize any man, but they were what I would call
+roughs--hard cases, desperate men, most of them. I was told that some,
+I think, were men that had been--I do not know what the best word
+is--proscribed, or whatever you choose to call it, been discharged from
+one railroad, and got a situation on another, and been discharged from
+there, by this last company receiving a letter. There are a great many
+men in this country now, that, if they are discharged on the Fort Wayne
+road, they come to the Pennsylvania railroad, and that company will
+discharge them, and give no reason for it. There are a great many of
+this kind in the country to-day, that are desperate men, ready to do
+anything at all. I have no doubt that some of the leaders in this
+movement were men of that kind, because the men that were engaged in
+the riot, were used to railroading, because they could not have run
+these cars in and burned the round-house as they did. If they had been
+men belonging to the Pennsylvania railroad, I would have recognized
+them. I was standing by the elevator when the firemen attempted to
+throw water on there. I was close by the hose when somebody cut the
+hose, and the water went over the crowd. I received some of it myself.
+
+Q. When you got back to Allegheny City, you said they were organized
+there--how large was the crowd there?
+
+A. It was probably six or half past, when I got back there. There was
+no complete organization--they were just gathering.
+
+Q. At what point?
+
+A. The center appeared to be, that I noticed, near the round-houses of
+the Fort Wayne road. I noticed parties there that were employés in the
+shops, and probably there might have been some on the road, but some
+that I knew belonged to the shops.
+
+Q. Did the crowd increase there?
+
+A. The crowd increased there, but I did not stay there. I kept on down
+to my own home.
+
+Q. Remained at home during the night--Sunday night?
+
+A. I remained at home all night--was not outside.
+
+Q. Monday morning did you return?
+
+A. Monday morning I reported at the works, and we organized there, and
+I was placed in charge of a patrol or guard we had round the company's
+works.
+
+Q. For protecting the works?
+
+A. For protecting the works and do what we could for the whole
+neighborhood.
+
+Q. Did your men all join in that organization?
+
+A. Just what was asked. They did not make an indiscriminate thing of
+it. We just selected men and placed them on guard, and kept them on all
+night, and let them off in the morning, but were ready for a call at
+any time.
+
+Q. Were the men all willing to unite in such a scheme of protection?
+
+A. All that I seen--I heard no objection.
+
+Q. If there is anything else you can enlighten us on state it? I do not
+think of any further question to ask.
+
+A. I will just say that the first night we were on we arrested two
+different parties down there. The first one was on Pike street,
+Pittsburgh. We found him skulking around the works. I inquired what his
+business was, and he said he heard there was going to be fun down
+there, and he came down to see it, and gave no excuse--said he didn't
+intend to do anything, but he heard there was going to be fun; and
+there was a lot of freight cars laying full of freight. We put the fear
+in him a little, and let him go--didn't keep him.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. There were two arrested?
+
+A. I arrested another--that was a boy about sixteen or eighteen. I
+found him laying in a metal pile. He gave the same excuse. He heard
+there was going to be fun down there, and he came down to see it. We
+found out that he lived a mile or two back in the country from our
+neighborhood.
+
+Q. The first man lived in Pike street?
+
+A. He said so. He gave his name there, and the young man, too.
+
+Q. How far is that from the destruction of the property?
+
+A. It is right in the vicinity--down a little. Pike street and
+Sixteenth street, I think that is in the vicinity of Zug's mill, out
+along Penn, between Penn and the river. The city was full of men at
+that time, that, while the excitement was up, they wanted to see what
+was going on. There was a great many outsiders that were tramps, I
+suppose. They appeared to be strangers. It appears this strike had been
+talked of for sometime, and the tramps appeared to understand it, and
+they appeared to be gathered in for the spoil.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you observe, during the time of this destruction, whether there
+were two separate classes of individuals, one destroying the property
+and breaking up cars, and the others carrying away?
+
+A. I noticed that there were men destroying that appeared not to do it
+for personal gain. Just appeared fonder of destruction than anything
+else.
+
+Q. Did you think that either of these two parties--the parties carrying
+away, and the parties breaking up the cars, were citizens?
+
+A. The parties carrying away were citizens, but just appeared to be
+carrying away because it was there to be had, and wanted to get it.
+
+Q. Those who broke up cars, did they appear to be citizens, too?
+
+A. I could not say about that. The reason that I suppose these parties
+that carried away were citizens was because they were all making for
+different localities, and I have every reason to believe they were
+citizens from some of the things they were carrying away, such as
+rolling away barrels of flour, and rolling away barrels of lard.
+
+Q. Looked as if they had a place to put it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Would these goods have been consumed by the fire, had they not been
+carried off?
+
+A. That was the excuse which some of them gave for it. There were some
+that would be ashamed to steal that were carrying the things off.
+
+Q. Because they were being destroyed by the fire?
+
+A. Because they would be destroyed any way.
+
+Q. You said you had no difficulty in getting citizens to volunteer and
+organize into bodies to assist in suppressing the riot or keeping the
+peace?
+
+A. There was no riot in Allegheny.
+
+Q. You said they were willing to organize?
+
+A. They were very ready.
+
+Q. Did the citizens generally express a willingness to go elsewhere,
+where there was riot or lawlessness besides in their own locality?
+
+A. That question I do not think was brought up at all. I heard nothing
+of the kind mentioned. I know citizens of Allegheny, that they were in
+Pittsburgh, and took an active part in organizing to put down this
+riot.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Captain W. J. Glenn, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I reside at Mansfield, about five miles out of the city--west of the
+city.
+
+Q. You belong to the National Guard?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Captain of a company?
+
+A. I command company K, of the Fourteenth regiment.
+
+Q. When were you called upon--called out?
+
+A. I received an order to report my company at head-quarters from
+Pittsburgh on the 20th day of July. I think was the date--on Friday.
+
+Q. To report your company in Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes; at the head-quarters of the regiment.
+
+Q. From where did you receive the order?
+
+A. Lieutenant Colonel Glenn, commanding the regiment, in the absence of
+Colonel Gray.
+
+Q. Did you report as ordered?
+
+A. I did, sir.
+
+Q. At what time did you report at head-quarters, and with how many men?
+
+A. I reported at the Union depot at seven o'clock--I think it was about
+seven o'clock--with twenty-one men.
+
+Q. How many men composed your company?
+
+A. I had forty men on my roll--thirty-nine men.
+
+Q. Did you have any difficulty in getting your men together?
+
+A. I had difficulty in getting them together from the fact that they
+are scattered. I live in a country town. The majority I got word to
+reported promptly. There was a few exceptions that I knew of that were
+restrained from coming by their friends that thought differently.
+
+Q. Restrained from coming by friends who were opposed to putting down
+the riot?
+
+A. As they said, they were opposed to fighting the workingmen; that is
+it.
+
+Q. What was done Friday night after you reported at the Union depot?
+
+A. The first thing we did was to partake of a very excellent supper in
+Union depot, and then staid at the Union depot until sometime early in
+the morning. Two o'clock, perhaps, at the Union depot.
+
+Q. What time in the morning?
+
+A. Until about two, I think. I would not say for certain.
+
+Q. Where did you go then?
+
+A. We marched to Twenty-eighth street, by a circuitous route, by the
+way of Wylie avenue and Webster avenue, I think, are the streets, and
+then down on the hill to Twenty-eighth street--to the hill above
+Twenty-eighth street, right opposite.
+
+Q. Were you joined by any other companies; if so, state what?
+
+A. We there met our regiment--we there found the Nineteenth regiment,
+and a battery called the Hutchinson battery, that I understood had gone
+out on the train.
+
+Q. How long did you remain there?
+
+A. We remained in about the same position all day, with the exception
+of details that were made to go down to the crossing, until about five
+o'clock in the evening, I think it was. We marched to the transfer
+station--perhaps later than that.
+
+Q. What was done then, after you arrived at the transfer?
+
+A. We stayed there until ten o'clock at night, then we were ordered to
+the Union depot, and about eleven o'clock--I think it was near eleven
+o'clock--we were ordered to go to our armories.
+
+Q. Where were the armories?
+
+A. Our armory is at Mansfield.
+
+Q. Did you go?
+
+A. There was an eleven o'clock train--11.02--which starts for
+Mansfield. I took that train and went to Mansfield.
+
+Q. How long did you remain there?
+
+A. I remained until Monday.
+
+Q. Called into action again Monday?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Reported, where?
+
+A. I reported at the Central armory, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. During the day on Saturday, while occupying the hill, you had a view
+of the track, and the scene of the riot, did you not?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I had.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd during Saturday--and what was their--were
+they demonstrative or not?
+
+A. Very much so, and the crowd was very large. They seemed to increase
+after three o'clock.
+
+Q. Was any attempt made by the Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments
+during Saturday, to drive the crowd from the tracks?
+
+A. Yes; I was, with my company, several times ordered to go down to the
+track, and clear the crossing at Twenty-eighth street, which I did, and
+it was immediately filled up again by some on the other side. My
+company being small, would, of course, sweep but a small space of the
+ground.
+
+Q. Tell us in what manner you cleared the crossing.
+
+A. I marched company front across the track towards the river, and then
+I would wheel from the left to right, and marched back again, asking
+the crowd to get off the track, which they would do reluctantly, but I
+had no trouble.
+
+Q. At a charge bayonet?
+
+A. I do not think I came to a charge bayonet at all.
+
+Q. Just simply marched through and back?
+
+A. Yes; at a carry.
+
+Q. In what order was your company drawn up--in two lines?
+
+A. Sometimes in double rank, and sometimes in single rank.
+
+Q. Would you sweep the track the width of your company?
+
+A. There was generally two companies detailed. One would be passing,
+perhaps east, keeping the crowd towards East Liberty, and the other
+would face the river.
+
+Q. Were there any other companies of your own regiment there?
+
+A. Where--on the track?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. My regiment was on the hill, with the exceptions----
+
+Q. Was your regiment on there?
+
+A. I believe I said in my testimony, that the Fourteenth regiment
+marched that way in a circuitous route, while the Nineteenth went out
+the other way. I reported to my colonel, who was then in
+command--Colonel Gray.
+
+Q. Was there any resistance to your attempt at clearing the track?
+
+A. There was some little said. They were obstinate, some of them, and
+considerably mean about it, and would not go away, as we were marched
+up, but a few words would make them go away, but they would go round,
+and get on the track again.
+
+Q. Were they stopping trains?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not see them stop any trains there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. During the time while you were not engaged in clearing the crossing,
+in what position were the companies of the Fourteenth regiment
+stationed, up on the top of the hill?
+
+A. We were in what I would call line of battle, on the face of the
+hill.
+
+Q. Was the crowd mingling with the regiment--mixed up with the
+regiment?
+
+A. With very few exceptions. I mind, during the day, talking to several
+citizens, but I did not consider them rioters.
+
+Q. While you were stationed in line of battle, on the brow of the hill,
+where was the Nineteenth regiment stationed?
+
+A. The Nineteenth was to our front and right in advance, on the road
+that leads up to the hospital.
+
+Q. What position were they in during the day?
+
+A. My recollection is, they were in line the same as we were, with the
+exception of this: that we were detailed a guard.
+
+Q. There was something said by some of the witnesses about the mob and
+the troops being mixed up indiscriminately. Did you see anything of
+that kind?
+
+A. I do not think I would say that.
+
+Q. There seemed to be a friendly feeling?
+
+A. There was no picket line out, to keep it entirely clear. The orders
+were to keep the crowd away, and not to mingle with the men. Still
+there was no pickets put out, and no driving them away. I heard some
+remarks made to the men: "You won't shoot workingmen."
+
+Q. Were there any efforts made that day to form any line, by either of
+the regiments, or both of them, to form a line, so as to keep the mob
+off from the tracks? What I mean is, to occupy the vicinity of the
+track, so as to keep the crowd off from it?
+
+A. I have said, already, that my company----
+
+Q. You were marched down and marched back, and took your position with
+the regiment again? There was no effort made to keep the track clear at
+any place, except the crossing?
+
+A. No, sir; because they would go right on the track again.
+
+Q. There was no effort made to string out a line, so as to keep the
+crowd from the track?
+
+A. Only at the crossing, sir.
+
+Q. Where were you at the time General Brinton's troops came up there?
+
+A. I was a very short distance from that little watch-house at
+Twenty-eighth street, at the foot of the hill--the base of the hill.
+Perhaps twenty-five yards from where the company was.
+
+Q. In full view of what was going on?
+
+A. Yes; Colonel Gray, I heard him get the order from General Brown to
+send a company down to support Breck's battery. He turned around and
+ordered me to take my company out, and also ordered another captain to
+report to me, and we went down the hill and supported the battery.
+
+Q. The battery was near the crossing at that time?
+
+A. Yes; very near the crossing.
+
+Q. What did you see as General Brinton came up the track? Were there
+any deputies in advance of them?
+
+A. Yes; the sheriff and his posse was there, and General Pearson, I
+believe.
+
+Q. State the occurrence as you saw it, just immediately preceding and
+including the firing on the mob?
+
+A. There was a company came up the track--at least one company, I
+say--there were, perhaps, two. They came up company front. The
+regiment--the First Pennsylvania regiment, I believe--came up by flank,
+the sheriff in front. The railroad came this way [indicating] and they
+met the troops and the sheriff.
+
+Q. Advanced to meet them part way?
+
+A. Yes; they were going out to see. The troops were stopped--the
+sheriff was--and I saw him talking, but could not state what he said,
+be cause there was a very loud clamor and talk from the hillside then,
+about that time. There was quite a crowd accumulated on the hill,
+immediately in my rear and right and left. The crowd ran that way to
+see what was going on--men, women, and children--and it became very
+noisy; they were crying to the mob, as I call it, to hold the fort.
+
+Q. Men, women, and children, that were spectators, crying to the mob to
+hold the fort?
+
+A. Yes; "Stand to your post, &c.," and they appeared to obey the
+command, for they stood pretty solidly, and the sheriff appeared to
+become so mixed up with the crowd that I could not tell where he was.
+The only front I saw was these Black Hussars, I think they call them,
+came right up and told them to go back and came to an arms port, and
+finally to a charge bayonet, and in the meantime Colonel Benson got his
+regiment to a front about faced his rear rank, and marched out across
+the railroad with the rear facing my company, and they formed, what
+some have termed, a hollow square. It was simply the front facing one
+way and the rank about facing and marching across the railroad, and
+that cleared the tracks, and the rear was protected by another
+battalion, and these troops in front tried to come on through--that was
+their order as I understood it--they were to forward, and it was hard
+work for them to go forward very fast. Just about that time,
+demonstrations became very lively, clubs were flying, stones, coal, and
+pieces of iron ore. There was a difficulty about this time over some
+soldier, that some man had got the bayonet, or something, and at least
+one pistol shot was fired from the mob into the troops, and somebody
+there--some soldier--he was carried away--I do not know whether he was
+shot or not, but just then there was firing commenced on the right of
+the third rank of the First regiment.
+
+Q. How far distant from you was that first firing by the troops?
+
+A. It was not very far--I suppose twenty yards.
+
+Q. What order did you hear given by any of the commanding officers
+there?
+
+A. I heard no order, except this captain commanding the front company
+to forward.
+
+Q. That is all the orders you heard given?
+
+A. That is all I heard given.
+
+Q. Heard no order to fire?
+
+A. There was not any order to fire, to the best of my knowledge. I was
+paying strict attention and I could have heard it if the battalion had
+heard it.
+
+Q. What was the effect of the firing--what was the result?
+
+A. There was a general clearing out of that mob for about ten
+minutes--five or ten minutes.
+
+Q. They scattered and left that neighborhood?
+
+A. Yes, sir; the firing commenced, and the troops appeared not to
+understand exactly where their enemies was. They fired too much towards
+where your humble servant was, I thought, and I undertook to help them
+to stop the firing, and the companies were fronted down Twenty-eighth
+street.
+
+Q. The time this firing commenced, was the crowd all about, on each
+side of this body of troops that were coming up the track--they were
+each side of them--the crowd was all about on each side of your
+company?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were scattered all about there?
+
+A. Yes; they became very thick in a very short time.
+
+Q. Then the crowd scattered after the firing?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any attempt made to prevent their gathering again there by
+any of the troops?
+
+A. Nothing more. When they would go to come up again they were ordered
+to right and prepare to fire, and that scattered them. Some of the mob
+kept on throwing stones and clubs from behind cars until this company
+wheeled to the left and faced the river, so as they could see behind
+the cars.
+
+Q. How long before General Brinton's command left the ground there?
+
+A. After the firing; 1 do not think it was over half an hour. I cannot
+remember the exact time.
+
+Q. After his command left the ground you stayed there some little
+time--your regiment?
+
+A. My regiment did. I went up on the hill to my regiment.
+
+Q. Was there any effort made by the Fourteenth or Nineteenth regiment,
+after General Brinton left, to keep the crowd from the crossing?
+
+A. My regiment was not at the crossing at all.
+
+Q. Was any effort made by either of the commands to prevent their
+gathering there again?
+
+A. Yes; the troops from Philadelphia went that way, and they would go
+up above, further towards East Liberty, and congregate in the street
+again--in Twenty-eighth street--immediately after that and would make
+demonstrations.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. That is not answering the question. Did the Fourteenth or Nineteenth
+make any effort?
+
+A. I said no--the Fourteenth regiment did not. I do not know about the
+Nineteenth. I did not see them. We were not down on the track; we were
+on the hill.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You kept your position on the hill. After the firing you went back
+there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. On Monday you say you came back to the city and reported with your
+command. Where were you sent then--on what duty?
+
+A. We stayed at the central armory for several days, then we were
+ordered to the court-house.
+
+Q. There was nothing of any importance occurred?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was your company the only company of your regiment at the crossing
+at Twenty-eighth street and the railroad?
+
+A. No, sir; there were others.
+
+Q. Was the whole regiment there at any one time?
+
+A. No, sir; at no one time.
+
+Q. How many companies were there of your regiment at one time?
+
+A. I think mostly we had two companies at a time.
+
+Q. And the balance of the regiment were up on the hill?
+
+A. Or if there was only one company the cavalry company would support
+us.
+
+Q. What was the strength of your regiment about that time?
+
+A. I do not remember the figures. There were two or three companies had
+not yet reported.
+
+Q. Never did report?
+
+A. Yes; they had not yet reported on Saturday. One company had
+reported, and was still at the Union depot, up the river. Another
+company was kept up the Allegheny railroad by orders.
+
+Q. Can you form an estimate of the strength of your regiment on
+Saturday?
+
+A. I did know the figures. I think there were two hundred, perhaps, or
+one hundred and fifty.
+
+Q. After the firing on the Philadelphia troops, you rejoined your
+regiment on the hill--your company?
+
+A. Yes; General Brinton relieved me, and told me he would support that
+battery, and I could be relieved, and I reported to my colonel by my
+sergeant, and he ordered me up on the hill again.
+
+Q. Bid you take the battery with you?
+
+A. No, sir; General Brinton said he would support the battery. Company
+C, Captain Nesbitt, was ordered to go down the hill with me.
+
+Q. Did you get any order after this firing, and after the Philadelphia
+troops had entered the round-house, to clear the tracks with your
+regiment?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. There was no effort made?
+
+A. We marched down through the crowd to the transfer station, after the
+Philadelphia troops left to go to the round-house.
+
+Q. Where is this transfer station?
+
+A. It was two hundred yards or so outside of the round-house. That is
+my recollection of the distance--perhaps two hundred yards.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. From there you went to the Union depot?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was the track clear down to the Union depot?
+
+A. No, sir; there were parties of men standing along here and there.
+
+Q. They gave way so that you could march through?
+
+A. Yes; they didn't molest us. Some remarks made that we were not the
+Philadelphians, etc.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did the mob appear to discriminate between the Philadelphia troops
+and the Pittsburgh troops.
+
+A. There appeared to be a feeling against the Philadelphia troops.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did there appear to be any feeling on the part of your regiment men
+against the Philadelphia troops?
+
+A. No, sir; I heard no such remarks made.
+
+Q. That feeling was expressed in the mob?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. The one soldier would respect another?
+
+A. We knew they were soldiers and obeyed orders.
+
+Q. That was our training in the army?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you in the late war, captain?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What position did you hold there?
+
+A. I was captain of company E, Sixty-first Pennsylvania regiment.
+
+Q. Served how long?
+
+A. Three years.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. If you had deployed your regiment, or probably both your regiment
+and the Nineteenth, too, along the line of the railroad forming a line
+on each side of the track, could you have kept the crowd and mob away
+from the railroad with the force you had there?
+
+A. If I had been ordered to do so, I think so, certainly. We would have
+tried hard anyway.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+General Joseph Brown, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Hardware merchant.
+
+Q. A member of the National Guard?
+
+A. No, sir; not a member of it now. My time expired on November 1st or
+2d.
+
+Q. 1877?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you in July, 1877?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And what position did you hold?
+
+A. Brigadier General.
+
+Q. What regiments were under your command?
+
+A. The Fourteenth and the Nineteenth.
+
+Q. Did you receive any orders, and if so, what were they in relation to
+the riots of July?
+
+A. Yes; on the Friday morning I came to the city, about ten o'clock, I
+presume, and passing by the city hall, I saw the troops.
+
+Q. Friday morning, the 20th?
+
+A. Yes. I went into the city hall, and found that the Eighteenth
+regiment, of my brigade--one of the regiments of my brigade--had
+received orders to go out to the depot, that there was trouble there. I
+went up with them, as far as the depot, and they went out to the end
+from there. General Pearson ordered me to get out my other two
+regiments, and I did so as quickly as possible.
+
+Q. What regiments were they?
+
+A. The Fourteenth and the Nineteenth. About three o'clock I got about
+one hundred men--I do not remember now which companies they were--which
+regiments--but I started to go to the outer depot with a battery of two
+guns, and after I started, about three squares, or two squares, I
+suppose, I got orders to return, that the force was not strong enough.
+
+Q. From whom?
+
+A. From General Pearson. I returned and saw General Pearson. The idea
+was to get more troops before they could do anything. We were ordered
+to lay by until during the morning of the next day, and go out to the
+outer depot--to this place where the rioters were supposed to be.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What time was this?
+
+A. This was along in the evening about five o'clock.
+
+Q. What hour did you get the orders to remain at rest until morning?
+
+A. About that same time--about four o'clock. We considered which would
+be the best way to get the upper hand of the rioters. I supposed they
+were in full force. About four o'clock, I suppose, I went out with the
+Fourth regiment, up through the city.
+
+Q. About four o'clock in the evening?
+
+A. Four o'clock in the morning--Saturday morning--and we occupied the
+ground immediately back of the depot.
+
+Q. Of the Union depot?
+
+A. No, sir; at this outer Twenty-eighth street crossing. We there met
+General Pearson, with Hutchinson's battery and the Nineteenth regiment,
+and I deployed them--placed the battery fronting on Twenty-eighth
+street and the regiment up on the side of the hill, in front of the
+Fourteenth regiment.
+
+Q. Define fully the position of the battery--was it on the railroad
+track?
+
+A. The battery was right at the railroad track, on a space probably as
+wide as this room.
+
+Q. At the side of the track?
+
+A. Yes; and pointing down toward the depot--towards the other depot.
+
+Q. How many pieces?
+
+A. Two pieces. I placed two companies on the crossing at Twenty-eighth
+street there, and kept them there for an hour at a time, I believe, to
+keep the track clear--to keep everything in order.
+
+Q. You had one company to relieve the other?
+
+A. Two companies to relieve each other from each regiment--two
+companies from each regiment.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Alternately from each regiment?
+
+A. Yes; alternately from each regiment.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Well?
+
+A. We cleared the ground every time that there was any gathering,
+apparently, upon the track. There might be a few persons--fifteen or
+twenty persons, probably--on the track at that time. The companies
+would move across--probably there might be more--they would move across
+the track and clear it off entirely. At about the time the Philadelphia
+troops came through, I had the place cleared off thoroughly, and had
+Doctor Donnelly make a speech to the people there, and tried to tell
+them about the trouble that they were getting into. He made a few
+remarks there, and while he was making the speech I cleared the whole
+place off thoroughly. Then I remained about there. I was in my
+citizen's clothes all this time.
+
+Q. You were in citizen's clothes?
+
+A. Yes. I came up to the city--I live about a mile and a half below the
+city--my uniform was at home. I was in citizen's clothes and, of
+course, they did not know me so well--the men who were about me. I
+suppose there was one hundred and fifty to two hundred men.
+
+Q. You mean of the mob--the crowd?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You say you cleared the track completely, before the Philadelphia
+troops arrived at the crossing--by what means or disposition of your
+troops did you do so?
+
+A. The two companies of one of the regiments.
+
+Q. Tell me how you did that?
+
+A. By forming in line and moving them back down the street, back of the
+crossing.
+
+Q. Threw your companies across the street, and across the railroad
+track, and drawing them down Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Yes; across over the railroad track, and passed on back to where
+these brick houses came up. Part of the column was there, the other was
+across the other way. Therefore we had them all on this side, except
+what was on the hill.
+
+Q. In your efforts to keep the crossing clear, what course did you
+pursue?
+
+A. Just merely to march--whenever I would see a few men on the track, I
+would move these troops across there.
+
+Q. March across company front?
+
+A. Yes; division front, and clear the track off.
+
+Q. Then march back?
+
+A. March the other side of the track again--up on the track all the
+time. They were on the track next to the hill--they were in line from
+this brick building across all the way, and whenever they would get in
+the rear of the soldiers they would fall back.
+
+Q. During this time, the balance of your regiment reserved, was up on
+the hill--how far from the crossing?
+
+A. Probably seventy-five yards.
+
+Q. The whole brigade?
+
+A. The two regiments.
+
+Q. Not over seventy-five yards away from the crossing?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. They were not on the brow of the hill?
+
+A. The Fourteenth regiment was up on the brow of the hill, probably
+seventy-five or eighty yards from the railroad track, and the
+Nineteenth regiment was down on the road, within twenty yards of the
+track. At about half past one to two o'clock, I went into the Union
+depot to see General Pearson, what he was going to do. The Philadelphia
+troops were in there lunching at the time. I thought that they were so
+long in there, I would go in to see what was going on, and make
+calculations what I should do. I saw General Pearson, and he told me we
+would do nothing at all, except to go out on two trains, that they were
+there ready for us to go out on.
+
+Q. He said you were not to do anything at all, except to go out with
+those trains?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What time was this?
+
+A. It was, I suppose, one or two o'clock. I cannot tell the time. While
+I was in there, he told me this was all he had to do--to get on these
+two trains to go out there.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you make any further effort to keep the track clear?
+
+A. Yes; the track was kept clear, until the Philadelphia troops came
+out, and there was such a rush of people, and gathering when they
+arrived at the depot, that it was utterly impossible to keep them from
+surrounding.
+
+Q. Did you understand, from what Pearson said to you then, that he had
+countermanded the order to keep the track clear?
+
+A. Oh, no; the track was being kept clear.
+
+Q. To do nothing but that--to take out these trains?
+
+A. To take out these trains.
+
+Q. Were you in the immediate vicinity, when the firing took place?
+
+A. Yes; I suppose twenty or thirty yards--well I was at the guns at the
+time--five or ten yards away from them.
+
+Q. Was General Pearson there?
+
+A. I did not see him.
+
+Q. Who was in command of the troops that came up--the Philadelphia
+troops--at that time?
+
+A. General Pearson, I thought, was in command of the troops--he was in
+command.
+
+Q. Was he present?
+
+A. That I could not say.
+
+Q. Was Brinton present?
+
+A. Yes; all I know is--I was watching everything as close as I
+could--the general outline of thousands of people at the time, and I
+was trying to watch it as much as I could, to see how the thing was
+going to get on, and the first things I saw was the firing, when the
+stones were thrown.
+
+Q. The first thing you saw was the firing after the stones were thrown?
+
+A. Yes; after the stones were thrown.
+
+Q. Did you see the sheriff in front of the military?
+
+A. I saw him there.
+
+Q. With a posse?
+
+A. Yes; with twelve or fifteen men.
+
+Q. Were they assaulted by the mob?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. Any stones or missiles thrown at them?
+
+A. Oh, no; they were thrown at them--the stones were thrown at the
+military.
+
+Q. Were any of the military injured before the firing took place?
+
+A. There might have been. I do not know. They say there was. I do not
+know.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command given to fire?
+
+A. No, sir; the first I heard was the firing.
+
+Q. Were you in a position where you could have heard the command to
+fire if there had been one given?
+
+A. I guess the noise was so great, the hooting and yelling was so
+great, I could not have heard.
+
+Q. What was the effect of the firing?
+
+A. The people all ran.
+
+Q. Scattered?
+
+A. Scattered in every direction--there was not a man about at all,
+except one man I saw standing there, and he did not seem to pay any
+attention at all to us.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort after this firing to keep the track clear?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any effort made by any of the military to keep the track
+clear?
+
+A. They rested a short time on the track, and whilst they were resting
+Colonel Glenn showed me an order, signed by General Pearson, for his
+regiment to move down to some place at the depot--one of the sheds.
+
+Q. You saw an order from General Pearson to Colonel Glenn?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was it directed to colonel or to you?
+
+A. It was directed to Colonel Glenn and Colonel Howard, the same.
+
+Q. That was the 19th?
+
+A. Yes; I received one, may be six o'clock.
+
+Q. You did receive an order from General Pearson?
+
+A. Yes; at six o'clock.
+
+Q. There was no effort made then to prevent the crowd or mob from
+re-assembling?
+
+A. They did assemble two or three times, and the soldiers would raise
+their guns.
+
+Q. They were persuaded away by military persuasion?
+
+A. Yes; by military persuasion.
+
+Q. Was any effort made by your brigade to rescue the Philadelphia
+troops while they were in the round-house?
+
+A. They were very nearly three to our one, I suppose. Two to one
+anyhow.
+
+Q. You mean there were three times as many of the Philadelphia troops?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Would not your force have added to the strength of their force if
+you had re-inforced them?
+
+A. We did not receive any such orders to relieve them.
+
+Q. Who was in chief command during all this time of your troops?
+
+A. General Pearson was chief in command of the round-house until I
+found out after dark some time that he had left.
+
+Q. You found he had left? Had you any superior officer present then?
+
+A. Nobody except General Brinton.
+
+Q. Did you receive any orders from him?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. And if he had been disposed to give you orders----
+
+A. I do not know whether he could have got out or not. There was no
+trouble until after he fired and killed those citizens. Then there was
+a great feeling against him, of course.
+
+Q. In the absence of any superior officer, did you consider yourself
+chief in command of your troops, or the brigade?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. I commanded what troops I had.
+
+Q. You considered yourself justified in exercising your own discretion
+in any military movement after that?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Then what did you do?
+
+A. About ten or eleven o'clock I received word that the crowd was so
+very great, and the excitement so terrible, that it would be hardly
+worth my while to do anything.
+
+Q. You got such information?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Who did you get this information from?
+
+A. Different persons.
+
+Q. In your judgment, did you think it was useless to attempt to drive
+away the mob?
+
+A. It was at that time with what troops I had.
+
+Q. How many troops had you then?
+
+A. I suppose I had one hundred and fifty or one hundred and
+seventy-five.
+
+Q. Of the two regiments?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What had become of the balance of your troops?
+
+A. Some of them had left.
+
+Q. By orders?
+
+A. No, sir; not by orders.
+
+Q. By any orders that you know of?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you mean to say that they had deserted?
+
+A. They left. There was quite a large number left.
+
+Q. Were they missing?
+
+A. They were among the missing.
+
+Q. That was not more than about one fourth of your command--one hundred
+and fifty men?
+
+A. One hundred and seventy-five men was not much more than one fourth.
+
+Q. Any of your officers missing--subordinates?
+
+A. No; I could not say that.
+
+Q. How many hours had you been in active service and on duty?
+
+A. From the morning previous--say ten o'clock--until Saturday evening.
+
+Q. From ten o'clock Friday until ten o'clock Saturday evening?
+
+A. I was up continuously until Sunday at noon.
+
+Q. Your troops were in active service all that time?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were they provisioned regularly?
+
+A. They were to a certain extent. Grub was brought to them in baskets.
+It was regular feeding.
+
+Q. Not regular rations?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You did not suffer from want of rations, however?
+
+A. They did not to a certain extent.
+
+Q. How did you account for the absence of the names of your men?
+
+A. I suppose it might have been in sympathy with the movement.
+
+Q. With the mob movement?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. It was not out of fear the desertion took place?
+
+A. No; I do not think it was.
+
+Q. Did you regard the conduct of your subordinate officers commendable
+during those troubles?
+
+A. They all did their duty. I do not know of any to-day but what stayed
+there.
+
+Q. Rank and file, do you think their conduct commendable as soldiers?
+
+A. There were some few that left. There was not a full gathering of the
+command at the first start of it.
+
+Q. Those that deserted you or left, was their conduct commendable?
+
+A. I did not say it was.
+
+Q. The conduct of those that remained was good as soldiers?
+
+A. Oh, yes.
+
+Q. Had a great portion of your command seen service?
+
+A. Well, yes; I think a good many of them--quite a large number of them
+had seen service.
+
+Q. What experience had you in active military service during the last
+war, or any other war?
+
+A. About nearly three years.
+
+Q. Active service?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In what capacity?
+
+A. I was captain adjutant, major, lieutenant colonel.
+
+Q. What regiment?
+
+A. The One Hundred and Second and One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania.
+
+Q. Heavy artillery?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How long did you remain at the Union depot with your command?
+
+A. Until about, I suppose, it was eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. On Saturday night?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Then what did you do?
+
+A. I received messages from different persons who came there to see me.
+They stated to me that they thought I had better disband my command.
+That was on Saturday evening about eleven o'clock, I suppose.
+
+Q. Will you name some of those persons?
+
+A. No, I could not.
+
+Q. Gave you gratuitous advice?
+
+A. Yes; just talked to me.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were they citizens?
+
+A. Yes; citizens and military besides.
+
+Q. What military men?
+
+A. Captain Macfarland was one military man that I remember distinctly.
+
+Q. Was he under your command?
+
+A. He was not out with his command.
+
+Q. Any other military men?
+
+A. I do not know, there was quite a number of persons there. We talked
+the matter over.
+
+Q. Did you receive any orders from General Pearson, or from any of your
+superior officers?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You took the responsibility of disbanding them without orders from
+your superiors?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You considered yourself supreme in command at that time?
+
+A. Yes; I considered I was in command of all the troops that were
+there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Why did you think it was best to disband your troops at that
+time--what reasons?
+
+A. We did not have enough to compete with the crowd that was
+surrounding us--that was about the whole thing.
+
+Q. Was that all the reason that was given?
+
+A. That we were not sufficient.
+
+Q. Not able to compete with the crowd?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And therefore you should disband entirely?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You said you considered yourself superior in command at that time?
+
+A. Of the post where I was.
+
+Q. Where was General Pearson?
+
+A. That I could not tell you.
+
+Q. Had you any communication with him?
+
+A. I heard that General Pearson had left.
+
+Q. You heard he had left?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. When did you receive the last communication from him?
+
+A. The last communication I received from him was at the Union depot
+when I went in there--noon sometime, or near two o'clock.
+
+Q. Where was Adjutant General Latta at that time?
+
+A. I suppose he was at the Union depot hotel.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. At all this time I suppose he was there.
+
+Q. Eleven o'clock Saturday night?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you receive any communication or order from him?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you send for any?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you understand that he was acting commander-in-chief of the
+forces?
+
+A. I only understood he was acting adjutant general, and that the
+orders emanated from him as from some higher authority.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you know at that time that the adjutant general was in the Union
+depot?
+
+A. I had an impression that he was.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort before you disbanded to see him?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Knowing him to be there, or believing him to be there?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not make any effort to see him. At this time I
+suppose that the mob was gathered in such great crowds it would be
+advisable for the military to be out of the road of the mob so as not
+to get their ill will.
+
+Q. In your military experience, in your judgment, could you have taken
+a position and intrenched yourself and held your ground against the mob
+during the night?
+
+A. Oh, no.
+
+Q. Nowhere in the vicinity?
+
+A. No, sir; unless I had been in the round-house.
+
+Q. Could you not have marched out away from there and held your body?
+
+A. They would have suffered great loss to have marched away.
+
+Q. You did march to the depot, did you not, the Union depot?
+
+A. Oh, yes.
+
+Q. Were you interfered with in any way?
+
+A. No, sir; not much.
+
+Q. Marched all the way down the track?
+
+A. Yes, sir. It would not have been advisable to march down the street.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Could you have taken a position in the Union depot, and used it as a
+fortification to defend yourself against the mob?
+
+A. There was no mob at the Union depot.
+
+Q. Why could you not have held the position then?
+
+A. At the Union depot, the idea was to get away so as we would not get
+the ill will of these men; that they would probably disperse at this
+time.
+
+Q. Did I understand you, that you disbanded for fear of exasperating
+the mob?
+
+A. Yes--with this number of troops that I had.
+
+Q. Was it your opinion that that was the way to disperse the mob, by
+the military disbanding?
+
+A. I thought it was probably the best way.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you receive any order from. General Pearson, after the firing at
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I received one order.
+
+Q. What was that?
+
+A. For to adjourn these two regiments to this depot.
+
+Q. The transfer depot?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you to take your regiments to the transfer depot?
+
+A. Yes, sir. The colonels of the regiments had already received the
+orders sometime previous, and they did not want to move until they saw
+me, and they showed me the order.
+
+Q. In that order, did he tell you to hold your position?
+
+A. As long as possible, I believe.
+
+Q. To take your regiments to the transfer depot, and to hold that?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And at eleven o'clock you marched down?
+
+A. We marched down as a command down there.
+
+Q. You disbanded at the transfer depot?
+
+A. We disbanded, and the men got away the best they could.
+
+Q. Left the transfer depot?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Were these orders addressed to you, or to the colonel?
+
+A. Addressed to me, and the orders addressed to the colonels of the
+regiments, too.
+
+Q. Of the same purport?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you consider that they had superceded you by the order?
+
+A. I did not know what was the matter.
+
+Q. Did it not look to you like it?
+
+A. Yes; it did look to me very strange for them to receive a written
+order.
+
+Q. You, as a military man, of course, felt aggrieved at that?
+
+A. No, sir. I said that they could obey the order cheerfully, and I
+marched down to the depot with them.
+
+Q. You did not consider that under your order?
+
+A. Things were mixed up so I did not know.
+
+Q. Which way which?
+
+A. Which way which, and I obeyed the order. Afterwards I received this
+order.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Received by the same order?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. When you left the transfer depot, did your men go in a body,
+together, or did they strike out?
+
+A. Each came away by himself.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you called--did you call your men together after that?
+
+A. Yes; we did on Monday morning, and I reported to the mayor whatever
+he wished me to do. I took one company up on Second avenue, and
+dispersed a crowd that were coming here on boats in large crowds. There
+must have been towards three hundred.
+
+Q. How long did you remain in service?
+
+A. I remained in service then half a month, or three weeks. On
+Wednesday night Governor Hartranft passed through here, and he gave me
+an order to assume command of the troops here, and I did so. I went
+over to the Union depot in Allegheny, and I had them turn over the
+property to me at the Fort Wayne road.
+
+Q. Maintained order there, did you?
+
+A. I had no troops there. I only went over as a citizen, and I put on
+my citizen's clothes, and went over there and talked to them. The
+second--I believe they turned over their property to me. I called out
+Mr. Cassatt, I think--not Mr. Cassatt, but the agent of the Fort Wayne
+road.
+
+Q. Pitcairn?
+
+A. Not Pitcairn. The agent of the Fort Wayne road--I forget his name
+now. I told him the cars and property were there, and he could do as he
+pleased with them. That the crowd had given them to me. That I turned
+them over to him.
+
+Q. There was no further trouble here about the city?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no further trouble.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Henry King being duly _affirmed_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where is your residence?
+
+A. In Allegheny City.
+
+Q. And what is your business?
+
+A. Furnace man, engaged in the manufacture of pig iron, interested in
+the manufacture of pig iron.
+
+Q. I wish you would state, Mr. King, all the facts in relation to the
+riot here, that came under your observation--that you know personally
+yourself?
+
+A. On this side of the river I do not know so much about what was going
+on. I was over here, of course, every day attending to my business, and
+I got glimpses of this matter once in a while. I think probably that I
+had better first state as to the origin. I think that is what my
+testimony probably would have the most weight in.
+
+Q. That is what we called you to find out about?
+
+A. At one time, from 1849 to 1855, I was engaged in railroading. First
+as a civil engineer; next as a mechanical engineer; and had made
+acquaintance of many railroad men--pretty extended--a great many were
+of the men who are railroading at the present day, and were railroading
+previous to this strike and during the strike, and for a length of time
+previous to the strike were men I was acquainted with, and I, perhaps,
+knew as much about their grievances as they did themselves, or what
+they considered their grievances. They talked to me very freely, most
+of them, and I told several of my acquaintances in the city here that I
+thought there would be a great deal of trouble amongst railroad men;
+that there seemed to me to be a great deal of dissatisfaction.
+
+Q. When was that?
+
+A. This was in the early part of last summer, commencing in May
+perhaps. These men talked to me a great deal. I traveled a great deal
+on the railroad, and these men talked freely to me. I felt pretty
+confident from what they told me that there would be a great deal of
+trouble; there appeared to be a great amount of dissatisfaction.
+
+Q. You communicated that to your acquaintances in the city?
+
+A. Yes; my business connections.
+
+Q. Business men?
+
+A. Yes; business men. Some believed and some didn't believe, of course.
+I felt very confident there would be a great deal of trouble, and was
+satisfied, too, that it was not going to be a local matter, but would
+be very general, and it proved so.
+
+Q. On what did you base your opinion, if anything?
+
+A. As to whether it would be general?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. From the manner in which these men spoke about what they considered
+grievances. I didn't wholly agree with them on that.
+
+Q. What did they consider as their grievances?
+
+A. Reduction of pay; that seemed to be the chief complaint.
+
+Q. They complained of the reduction?
+
+A. Complained very bitterly about that.
+
+Q. Did you talk with the men on different roads--did you converse with
+men on different roads?
+
+A. Yes; on several different roads.
+
+Q. What roads?
+
+A. There were some on the Pennsylvania railroad; some on the Pittsburgh
+and Fort Wayne road; some on the Cleveland and Pittsburgh run, and also
+some men on the Atlantic and Great Western road.
+
+Q. Did you ever converse with any of the employés on the Baltimore and
+Ohio road?
+
+A. No, sir; I had no acquaintances amongst these men. That is a road I
+travel on very little. Didn't go out of my way to hunt up any
+information; it all came to me incidentally.
+
+Q. Were all these roads reducing the wages of their employés?
+
+A. It was so reported to me--it was so talked among the men.
+
+Q. How was it throughout the country? Did you know, of your own
+knowledge, that the leading railroads throughout the whole country were
+reducing the wages of the employés?
+
+A. Speaking of it in a general way, I have no authority, except
+newspaper account, that wages were being very generally reduced.
+
+Q. Speaking then of your own knowledge, you simply speak of roads
+leading in and out of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. My knowledge in this particular is from the employés of the road.
+
+Q. And your conversation was with the employés of the roads leading in
+and out of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Mostly roads leading in and out of Pittsburgh. I may say wholly so,
+with the exception of the Atlantic and Great Western.
+
+Q. In conversation with these men did they mention, or did you find out
+from them, that there was any organization among them?
+
+A. Oh! yes; I knew of an organization--the Trainmen's Union--I knew
+there was such an organization as that.
+
+Q. As the Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know the object and purpose of that organization?
+
+A. Yes; they talked to me that there were several objects they wished
+to accomplish by that organization. We had a great many discussions
+about the thing. The only object they had, of course, was to make an
+organization that they thought would be sufficiently strong to enable
+them to have something to say about the rate of pay. Another was to
+re-instate some men who had been discharge for cause.
+
+Q. Did you gather from these conversations that their object was to
+force the railroads to pay them the wages which they demanded?
+
+A. They expected to put it to that as a finality. They expected to
+resort to that before giving it up.
+
+Q. Did you talk with them--did they state to you how they intended to
+force the railroad?
+
+A. Well, by stopping work and stopping business.
+
+Q. Themselves only?
+
+A. They talked about it, that they would stop themselves, and they
+would stop others. Of course, I expressed my opinions. Everybody said
+what they pleased. I told them it was every persons right to stop work.
+If the work did not suit them they had a perfect right to quit, and to
+go off; but whatever they did, not to do anything they would be sorry
+for afterwards, because the matter would be settled, undoubtedly,
+sooner or later, and they had better not do anything they would
+afterwards have cause to regret. As I said before, they would have a
+perfect right to stop work, but they had no right to interfere with
+others.
+
+Q. Did they claim that they had the right to interfere with others?
+
+A. They did not claim they had a right, but they claimed the ability to
+do that.
+
+Q. And their purpose of doing it?
+
+A. Well, they expected to do that.
+
+Q. Did they say anything to you or did they expect to ally other
+classes of laboring men with them?
+
+A. No; they did not care about having any help from outside parties; at
+least if they did, there was no intimation of that kind to me. They
+expected to accomplish it themselves. I have no knowledge of their
+making any effort whatever to induce other trades unions--I do not know
+that they made any effort to have others coöperate with them; if they
+did, I do not know of it.
+
+Q. This intercourse you had with the men, and from talking, led you to
+be apprehensive of the results?
+
+A. Yes; I felt very confident----
+
+Q. Did you communicate that very freely to your acquaintances here?
+
+A. With my more intimate business acquaintances the matter was talked
+over pretty freely.
+
+Q. Did you have any communication with the railroad officials in regard
+to it?
+
+A. No; I supposed them capable of taking care of their own business. I
+fortified myself in regard to the strike. I have occasion to have a
+great deal of freight moved, and I put myself in a condition against
+any strike.
+
+Q. In what way?
+
+A. In getting in a good supply. If the strike had continued a month it
+would not have hurt me, anything more than I could not have shipped
+anything away. I had plenty of raw material on hand--it answered a very
+good purpose, too.
+
+Q. Did you communicate these facts and your apprehensions to the city
+officials, any of them, of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Or the county officials?
+
+A. No, sir; I only talked with parties who were interested in the same
+manner that I am myself and others, perhaps, I am well acquainted with,
+in the same line of business, by fortifying in the way of getting in
+plenty of raw material. I was so certain it would come to pass, that I
+advised it all the time.
+
+Q. Did you gather facts enough to enable you to determine when this
+strike would probably take place?
+
+A. Yes; I had a very good idea when it would come. I do not know that I
+could see that my idea was so clear upon that, that I could fix the
+hour or perhaps the day, but I think I could have named a time of ten
+days that it would have occurred within that time. I could have done
+that, perhaps, twenty days before the strike occurred.
+
+Q. Did you, in any conversation with these railroad men, have any talk
+with them about the wages they were receiving, and whether it was
+adequate for their support?
+
+A. Yes; that was talked about considerably.
+
+Q. In the business that you are engaged in you employed a large number
+of laborers?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How did their wages compare with the wages of your men?
+
+A. If they had steady employment--if they had been employed each and
+every day--the wages they had would have been sufficient, and would
+have compared very favorably with the employment in other lines of
+business--in other departments. As I looked upon it, the prime cause of
+the trouble was that there were more men than there was work for, and
+they undertook to make a little work divide around amongst a great many
+men, and that, of course, made a small amount of pay for each one. In
+many other businesses, an employer so situated would have--I know I
+should have discharged my men down until I had full employment for
+those that were retained.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. From that I would infer that it was not the pay, but it was the time
+they were making?
+
+A. They did not make enough time.
+
+Q. Had they made full time they would have made ample pay?
+
+A. Perhaps satisfactory.
+
+
+    By Mr. Englebert:
+
+Q. Has not that been the case in all business for the last year?
+
+A. I think that some employers have made the same mistake as the
+railroad men. It was out of the goodness of their hearts that they kept
+men about that they had not employment for. I would either give them
+work or not give them work.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In your opinion, it is bad policy to keep men working on half time?
+
+A. It is very bad policy.
+
+Q. That was the policy adopted by the railroad company?
+
+A. It seems to have been.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I simply want to know this: Did the railroad officials believe that
+half a loaf was better than no bread?
+
+A. I have heard them talk that way. I think the railroad officials took
+that view.
+
+Q. That half a loaf was better than no bread?
+
+A. Yes, sir; but as opinions are going, I would say, a man had better
+go and try to make a whole loaf somewhere else, than hang around and
+make a half loaf.
+
+Q. Suppose he could not get the work?
+
+A. There is a way where there is a will. I never kept a man half
+employed.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you visit the scene of the riot at any time during its progress?
+
+A. Yes, sir; Sunday I was up in that part of the city. I did not go up
+to where it was said to be the worst, but far enough to see all that I
+cared about seeing.
+
+Q. What class of men were engaged in the actual burning and pillage so
+far as----
+
+A. So far as I observed, and judging by appearance, it was about the
+class of men you see going backwards and forwards on the railroads and
+thoroughfares, known as tramps.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the railroad employés with whom you had
+conversations before and were acquainted?
+
+A. I saw some there; yes, sir. They appeared to be lookers-on only.
+
+Q. Not engaged in the actual arson and riot?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not see one of them that had anything except what
+appeared to belong to him.
+
+Q. Were any engaged in burning and setting afire?
+
+A. Not that I saw--none that I had any acquaintance with.
+
+Q. Did you meet any of them to have conversation with them on that day?
+
+A. Yes; Sunday I saw a great many of them.
+
+Q. How did they talk then?
+
+A. They appeared to regret very much that there was any destruction of
+property.
+
+Q. Have you talked with them since any?
+
+A. Yes: I talked--I believe three days out of six I am more or less on
+the railroads, and acquainted with a great many railroad men. It has
+pretty much ceased to be the subject of conversation now, but for a
+time afterwards it was the principal topic.
+
+Q. Did you ascertain from them, or from any reliable source, whether
+they had anything to do with the attack that was made on the
+Philadelphia troops at Twenty-eighth street on Sunday, when the firing
+took place?
+
+A. I have never seen any of them that acknowledged having anything to
+do with making that attack on the troops. They spoke of it as the
+attack having been made by--well, tramps and roughs they called them.
+There was a pretty strong organization among the men on the north side
+of the river to prevent any force coming over to shoot the Pennsylvania
+boys, or, as they termed them, P.R.R. boys. That is the way they talked
+about it. They did not propose to have anybody coming in there to shoot
+them down. That was a pretty thoroughly organized force.
+
+Q. That is, to stop the trains having troops in?
+
+A. Yes; and they were expected in with troops. That occurred in the
+immediate neighborhood where I live. The whole region was patrolled.
+
+Q. Patrolled by the railroad men?
+
+A. By the railroad men; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you learn from these men where the first strike was to be made?
+
+A. No. They talked of it as though it would be a general uprising
+throughout the whole country. They did not designate any particular
+place.
+
+Q. You did not get the particulars?
+
+A. I never heard the particular place designated as to how it would
+start, but simply it would be a strike; that they would all quit work;
+not work themselves nor allow others to work, and block travel and
+traffic in that way, expecting as the result it would bring the
+managers of railroads to their terms.
+
+Q. You travel on the roads a great deal you say, and have a great deal
+of shipping?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. From your knowledge was there a less amount of work to be done on
+the railroads by the men than there had been formerly?
+
+A. There appeared to be a very decided falling off in through traffic;
+the local traffic is holding its own, perhaps; furnace work and mineral
+traffic appeared to be about the same as it had been.
+
+Q. It was in the through traffic that there was a falling off?
+
+A. Principally in the through traffic.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Who was in command of this armed force you speak of that was on the
+other side of the river?
+
+A. I never heard the commander's name mentioned. Those men whom I met
+in the street in my neighborhood said that their commander says so and
+so, and requested citizens to keep away--that the trains were about
+due--that the commander says so and so. I do not know who the commander
+was.
+
+Q. They had apparently an organization?
+
+A. They had apparently an organization, and obeyed instructions,
+perhaps, as well as the soldiers on this side.
+
+Q. What train had that reference to?
+
+A. The Erie train.
+
+Q. With troops?
+
+A. The train that was expected to arrive with troops.
+
+Q. What steps did this armed force take to prevent trains from coming
+from Erie to assist the military?
+
+A. The plan that they had proposed was to give the signal to that train
+and stop it.
+
+Q. But if that was not heeded?
+
+A. They had a rifle pit shortly above there, and if the train had not
+heeded the signals they would have undoubtedly fired into it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was the man who was called Boss Ammon--was he in command of that
+force?
+
+A. I did not hear Ammon's name mentioned in connection with the matter
+to any extent until the day following. I know that Ammon was not
+installed in the dispatcher's office on that side until the Sunday.
+This attempt to stop the Erie train was on Saturday night, and Sunday
+afternoon Ammon was installed as head man in the dispatcher's office. I
+did not hear that name. I have no recollection of hearing his name
+mentioned in connection with the matter at all, until some time during
+the forenoon of Sunday. I had heard of a man of that name; but did not
+know he was in this part of the country at all. I did not know who
+their commander was Saturday night. The name was not mentioned, except
+as I spoke of, as our commander says so and so, and requested people to
+keep out of the way in a certain locality in the immediate vicinity of
+the station.
+
+Q. What time did that organization first show itself in Allegheny to
+stop trains with troops?
+
+A. That was on Saturday night.
+
+Q. When was the first freight train stopped?
+
+A. Friday; I think it was Friday morning.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Did you see any trenches dug along the road?
+
+A. Strawberry lane; yes, sir.
+
+Q. What was the object of that?
+
+A. To intercept the Erie train in the event of their disobeying the
+signal.
+
+Q. Were they along the road, or across the road?
+
+A. Parallel with the road.
+
+Q. Where is Strawberry lane?
+
+A. It is in the Ninth ward of Allegheny City--one of the lower wards.
+
+Q. Who put in the rifle pits?
+
+A. The railroaders--strikers.
+
+Q. This mob?
+
+A. It did not partake of the nature of a mob over there. It was a very
+thoroughly organized force--armed and equipped.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many railroad men did you converse with, do you think, that led
+you to form your conclusions?
+
+A. On the different roads, perhaps fifty men.
+
+Q. What class of men principally?
+
+A. They were conductors and engineers, chiefly, I talked with.
+
+Q. Any brakemen?
+
+A. With many brakemen.
+
+Q. Fifty men on the different roads that you have mentioned before--you
+mentioned the roads?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. When did that restlessness begin to show itself among the men?
+
+A. Began to manifest itself in the latter part of May.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. The persons that dug that trench, were they Allegheny railroad men
+or were they tramps? What do you suppose they were?
+
+A. Most of them were railroad men. There did not seem to be many tramps
+connected with those men over there. These men were acting on their own
+account, and did not ask anybody to help them. They said they were
+working for the right, and appeared to be very earnest. They were very
+orderly.
+
+Q. Things were done systematically?
+
+A. Things were done very systematically.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Were these men in the employ of the railroad company or were they
+discharged men?
+
+A. There were a few discharged men. Of course I do not know how many of
+them were discharged, but from their talk I got the impression that
+there were some six or eight that had been discharged.
+
+Q. That was a part of the grievances?
+
+A. Yes; that was the object--to have them re-instated. They made that
+one of the conditions--of those men going to work again. I was amongst
+these men a great deal during the time that they were discharging them
+and reducing the work. I was very desirous that they should go to work,
+for as long as they were not at work it brought a class of people in
+our part of the city that I did not want to have around there. I knew
+if they went to work, and the trains were moved--I talked with them
+whenever I could--they would all gather about me.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You say you thought you could have named within ten days of when the
+strike would take place. Did you hear anything about the proposed
+strike of the 27th of June that was talked about by the Trainmen's
+Union?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You heard them talk about that?
+
+A. I heard them talk about that.
+
+Q. Did you hear the railroad men fix that time or talk about that time
+as there would likely be a strike?
+
+A. There seemed to be a difference of opinion in their views as to that
+being the right time. They would talk of it in that way--some thought
+it would be a good time, and others did not.
+
+Q. Did you ever hear them name any special day, or any particular time
+when there would likely be a strike, or when there would probably be a
+strike?
+
+A. After the 27th of June they felt pretty certain that it would be
+sometime not far from the middle of July. They talked like this. They
+wanted the money for the work that had been done during the month of
+June before they struck. If they had their money in their pocket it
+would be fortifying themselves.
+
+Q. What time was the pay day of the railroad company?
+
+A. I believe the usual pay day--of course it varies along the line of
+the road--I think on most of the roads they commence paying sometime
+from the seventh to the tenth, and go along various places until they
+get paid.
+
+Q. You supposed from that that probably if the strike occurred it would
+probably occur pretty soon after they got their pay?
+
+A. As soon as the men along the line of the road had been paid off.
+
+Q. Was there anything done by the railroad men on your side of the
+river that you know of towards organizing for the strike, or committing
+any overt act until after the strike occurred here?
+
+A. I think the trains had been moving regularly up to that time.
+
+Q. It did not really break out there--no overt act was done nor any
+trains prevented from going out until the Saturday after the Thursday
+it broke out on this side?
+
+A. It broke out here on Thursday, and I think the first there was
+Friday morning.
+
+Q. Were you talking or did you talk on this Thursday or Friday with
+those classes of railroad men you had previously had conversation with,
+in regard to what was going on?
+
+A. On Friday I had some talk. I went out on a train that leaves here at
+nine o'clock in the morning, on the Fort Wayne road, and had
+considerable talk with some of the freight train conductors.
+
+Q. What did they say about the difficulties that had occurred here?
+
+A. There is a schedule of quite a number of freights following
+immediately after that passenger train, and of course they talked about
+the strike being in fact over here, and talked with some of the men at
+the station before the train left there. I was on the lookout to see
+whether the trains were moving out, and the trains appeared to be ready
+to go out. When I got some thirty-five or forty miles up the road, the
+conductor on the train I was on told me that the freights that would
+follow immediately after the nine o'clock train, had been intercepted,
+and that the strike had organized.
+
+Q. As this strike finally did take place, there was no general
+understanding on all the roads that it should take place on each
+railroad on a certain day, that you found out. It did not actually take
+place on the different roads on the same day?
+
+A. No; I do not think the strike became general throughout the country
+until, perhaps, three--it may have been four--days after its first
+commencement. The first general demonstration was on the Baltimore and
+Ohio road.
+
+Q. You heard nothing in any of these conversations of any fixed day
+after the 27th of June--any date named?
+
+A. As I said early in my testimony here, I do not know that I could fix
+the hour or the day, but I think I could have named the time within ten
+days, from the information I had in talking with the various employés,
+and that was, to wait until the payments had been pretty generally made
+on all the roads throughout the country--that seemed to be the time.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did the railroad strikers in Allegheny City, on the Fort Wayne and
+Chicago railroad, show any disposition to destroy property or commit
+any violence or illegal acts except stopping the trains?
+
+A. No, sir; there was a great effort made upon their part to preserve
+all property--railroad property and private property.
+
+Q. They made efforts to prevent the destruction of property?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Private property and railroad property?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In what way or what efforts did they make?
+
+A. On Sunday afternoon the report became current over there that these
+destructionists--I do not know what else to call them--were coming to
+Allegheny, and the railroad men talked amongst themselves like this:
+That this is the employment we are living on, and it shall not be
+destroyed; we will take care of it. The trade of the road is such there
+that from the upper end, or what is known as the outer depot, cars and
+locomotives and everything--I suppose they run twenty miles up--laying
+on the tracks, and within a very brief space of time there was some
+fourteen or fifteen miles of locomotives taken entirely out.
+
+Q. By the strikers?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. To protect them?
+
+A. Yes; and they did protect them most effectually. Many of those cars
+were loaded with very valuable merchandise, and there was an armed
+force of these strikers who protected these cars--regularly stood guard
+over them--fourteen or fifteen miles of cars--every day and every
+night, relieved regularly.
+
+Q. Did you see them or any of them commit any illegal acts--railroad
+men?
+
+A. I suppose that would have been an illegal--would have been
+considered an illegal act to stop that train.
+
+Q. Didn't they stop other trains--freight trains?
+
+A. The regular trains were stopped.
+
+Q. Forcibly?
+
+A. Not forcibly. They seemed to be stopped at the dispatcher's office.
+If they got a permit they would allow them to pass. If a train went out
+with a permit they would not trouble it.
+
+Q. Did they take forcible possession of the dispatcher's office?
+
+A. I do not know whether it was forcible or not, they seemed to have
+possession of it.
+
+Q. Did they use any violence towards men that were willing to run
+trains?
+
+A. I did not hear of an instance of intimidation.
+
+Q. Do you know of any effort being made to have trainmen take out
+trains?
+
+A. I do not think there was any effort made. They appeared to be all of
+one mind about that.
+
+Q. Did the strikers say they would prevent them from going out by
+violence?
+
+A. I think I heard some talk that would amount to about that. Passenger
+trains were allowed to come and go as they had done before. A good many
+of the passenger trains stopped at the dispatcher's office to get a
+permit that would enable them to pass other localities where the
+strikers were congregated.
+
+Q. That would be called, in railroad parlance, orders?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Who was the dispatcher during the riots there?
+
+A. Ammon was known as dispatcher.
+
+Q. He took possession of the dispatcher's office?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was he the man that issued these orders?
+
+A. I think the orders were signed with his name. I never saw any of the
+orders. I heard the passenger train conductor speaking of them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. He was general superintendent and dispatcher both?
+
+A. Yes; he seemed to be the principal man on that side. I have thought
+of that matter frequently since then, and it appeared to me that it was
+a fortunate circumstance that these men were willing to recognize some
+man as a head, if they had not done that matters would have been worse
+than they were.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Did the mayor of Allegheny City send a relief guard?
+
+A. I heard that he did. I do not know that I ever saw it.
+
+Q. You do not know that as a fact?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was not the force that he organized in other parts of Allegheny City
+at the bridges?
+
+A. I suppose that is where his force was employed chiefly.
+
+Q. Was there a general disposition manifested on the part of the
+citizens to quiet the troubles?
+
+A. Yes; all the talk was with a view to get to work again.
+
+Q. I am speaking of the citizens?
+
+A. All the citizens desired to have these men go to work, so far as I
+talked with any of them.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Colonel P. N. Guthrie, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I reside at East Liberty, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your business at the present time?
+
+A. I am a book-keeper in the Exchange National Bank.
+
+Q. How long have you held that position?
+
+A. About twelve years.
+
+Q. Are you a member of the National Guard?
+
+A. I am Colonel of the Eighteenth regiment.
+
+Q. How long have you held that position?
+
+A. Since 1874. I think my commission dates 1874.
+
+Q. Just state to us now what orders you received, and when you first
+received them, and from whom, in relation to the riot last summer?
+
+A. Well, on Friday morning, about half past four o'clock, I was
+awakened by a knock, and received an order, a telegraphic order, from
+General Pearson, informing me that by orders of the Governor, my
+regiment was ordered out for service, and ordered me to report at seven
+o'clock, at the Union Depot hotel. I have one company whose
+head-quarters is at East Liberty, where I reside, some five miles out.
+I notified them by hunting up the captain, and then came into town,
+sent off, the best way I knew how, to get my officers together, and
+notified them. They notified their subordinate officers, and assembled
+the regiment. It was too late to get any orders in the newspapers, they
+had all gone to press. It was too early to find messengers, and the
+work had to be all done by carrying messages from man to man, by the
+corporals and sergeants of companies. My command was ready at half past
+eleven o'clock, and by a little after twelve I was at the Union Depot
+hotel.
+
+Q. With how many men?
+
+A. I had then about two hundred and twenty-five men.
+
+Q. How many men have you in all the regiment?
+
+A. I have about three hundred and twenty-six uniformed men. Well, the
+regiment was formed in my armory. There was present, Major General
+Pearson, commanding the division, and the sheriff of the county. When I
+deemed that I had sufficient men for service, I marched down to the
+Union Depot hotel, accompanied by the sheriff. At that time I thought
+that my regiment was the only regiment ordered into service, and had
+the direction of military affairs, and so far as my regiment was
+concerned was with me. I had my own ideas what should be done, but when
+I got to the Union Depot hotel, Major General Pearson had ordered out
+the division, which made me a subordinate officer. My regiment was then
+ordered out to the stock-yards, five miles and a half from here, where
+I remained until Sunday night on duty.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive at the stock-yards?
+
+A. Torrens station--that is the stock-yards. I arrived there about half
+past one o'clock. We remained at the Union Depot hotel, waiting there
+for a consultation between General Pearson, the railroad officials, and
+myself, as to what was the best course to be pursued. My regiment was
+finally ordered out to the stock-yards, with the understanding that the
+Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments would soon report, and they be sent
+to Twenty-eighth street. Upon their arrival at Twenty-eighth street,
+trains were immediately to be started. Sending me to the stock-yards
+was to secure the passage of trains through and beyond the stock-yards.
+
+Q. That was the result of your consultation there at the depot?
+
+A. That was the result of the decision of Major General Pearson. My
+opinion was that I should go to Twenty-eighth street, and the
+Fourteenth and Nineteenth go to the stock-yards. I believe no
+interference with the trains had been made at the stock-yards, and up
+to that time. If there had been, I don't know it, and there certainly
+had been interference at Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. You desired to stop at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I desired to stop at Twenty-eighth street. I could have taken
+possession there without any trouble, I think, at that time.
+
+Q. In going out to Torrens, were you interfered with on the route?
+
+A. Not at all. There were about two hundred or three hundred men at
+Twenty-eighth street--I guess twelve hundred or thirteen hundred when I
+got there.
+
+Q. You went out on the train, did you?
+
+A. Went out on the train.
+
+Q. Did you have any trouble or meet with any resistance in disembarking
+your command?
+
+A. I had one company at East Liberty that I had ordered at once to
+Torrens station, and they had taken possession of the platforms there,
+and we disembarked from the cars without any trouble whatever, or any
+demonstration of any kind--not even noise. Everything was quiet and
+still.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until three o'clock, this
+afternoon.
+
+
+    AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Thursday, February 21, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at three o'clock, P.M. Mr.
+Lindsey in the chair, and continued the taking of testimony. All
+members present except Senator Reyburn.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    Colonel P. N. Guthrie, resumed:
+
+Q. When we adjourned you had got at Torrens station. I wish you would
+state to us how large a crowd you found there, what the appearance of
+the crowd was, and so on, and give your movements from that time?
+
+A. When I got to Torrens station I found at least twelve hundred men
+there, composed of strikers, and the crowd and mob--not a mob--lookers
+on. I had no trouble in getting into position, no trouble of any kind.
+Was not greeted with hisses, noise, or demonstration of any kind
+whatever. As soon as I got my command in the position I wanted them in,
+I brought them to a rest. Then I went around on the tracks to see what
+the condition of affairs was. I found, as I stated before, that the mob
+contained two elements there--strikers and lookers on. I sent for the
+man who was represented to me to be a leader among the strikers, had
+him brought down to my position, and had a long conversation with him.
+I informed him that I had been sent out there with orders from General
+Pearson to see that all trains passed through the stock-yards. It was
+my duty to keep the tracks clear, and keep the crowd from interfering
+with the passage of trains, &c. I didn't want to have any trouble or
+any disturbance of any kind; but the moment a train approached there it
+was going to go through. He told me that the strikers had no intention,
+no disposition to interfere with the passage of the trains, that the
+Pennsylvania railroad might send all the trains through they had got.
+He said they could not send any through because they could not get the
+men to man them; but if they could, they could send them through; they
+didn't intend to interfere. I told him I was glad to hear that, that it
+would probably make things a great deal easier, because if the crowd
+interfered outside of the strikers a man would have less hesitation in
+dealing with them. This conversation with this leader of the strikers
+occurred immediately after I got there, as soon as I got my command
+into a position and gave the command rest. Almost immediately after,
+and during my conversation with this man, a train came up to the
+stock-yards from Pittsburgh. That was a freight train or a passenger
+train--I have forgotten. I did not probably look at that time; but I
+think it was a freight train; but that train was loaded down with
+roughs on the cars, and platforms of the cars, the engine, cow-catcher,
+and every available space. I think the train was crowded with the most
+infernal lot of scoundrels that a man ever saw. I do not think that
+they were strikers entirely, though. There were a great many men from
+Pittsburgh that I recognized; but there was a large element on that
+train I could not account for at all. They became very noisy and
+offensive. All of them got off that train and crowded on to any trains
+that were stationary there--cars standing on the track, which brought
+them within a very few feet of my regiment. Their remarks became so
+offensive to me that I was afraid that if it was allowed to continue it
+might bring about trouble. I had the bayonets fixed on my guns, and I
+charged bayonets on this crowd. They broke and fled away, and got some
+distance off. In the interval I formed my men in another position more
+satisfactory to me--got them on the street, and in what we call column
+of companies. Before, I was in line of battle. I remained in that
+position for some time. I would say here that the understanding between
+General Pearson and myself, when I went to the stock-yards, was that
+the trains would be sent out immediately. I urged it upon General
+Pearson. I believed it was the best thing then, and I believe so now,
+that a train should have been started, that if one train could have got
+through, all the rest would have followed, and even one train would
+have broken the force of the strike; but I waited and waited and waited
+in position there until the men could stand it no longer. The crowd
+three times during my stay at the stock-yards annoyed me, and crowded
+close on my lines, and became somewhat demonstrative, so much so that I
+was afraid to allow the thing to continue, and I charged bayonets.
+Every time I charged bayonets the crowd dispersed, and twice I loaded
+the guns in the presence of the mob, and the moment the guns were
+loaded the crowd fled and dispersed; but would return almost
+immediately after. As soon as the crowd would go away from my front I
+would take the cartridges out of the guns to prevent the men from
+recklessly firing and bringing about any conflict between the troops
+and the crowd. That continued time after time during my whole stay at
+the stock-yards. These men were easily driven away by me. At any
+appearance I would make of a disposition to fire upon them or use force
+against them, the mob would disperse--the crowd would disperse, because
+it was hardly a mob. I could not see that they were armed at all. If
+they were armed they had pistols--they had no guns of any kind.
+
+Q. Had they thrown any missiles?
+
+A. The second time I charged on them, they began throwing, but it
+didn't amount to anything--no more than five or six men were engaged.
+One man who stood on the top of the cars--a man known as Monkey John, a
+man who has since been tried by the courts here--was the most offensive
+in the whole crowd. He expressed a great desire on his part to split my
+head open, but he didn't try it. He was within a few feet of me, and I
+was strongly tempted to split his head open, but I thought I had better
+not. During the time I remained at the stock-yards, I was frequently
+visited by General Pearson, and to all of my inquiries, why trains had
+not started out, his answer was, the troops were not ready in the town,
+and hadn't been able to get possession of Twenty-eighth street, which
+brings me back to my original assertion, that, if the first troops had
+gone to Twenty-eighth street, we might have had the trains moving.
+General Pearson, every time he came out, was accompanied by some of the
+railroad officials, and all of them seemed to be very anxious with
+regard to my ability to hold that place; but I told them there was no
+mob in front of me, only a crowd, that might become a mob if they got
+the upper hand, and so long as they didn't have the upper hand they
+were a crowd. That was the state of affairs until the arrival of the
+troops from Philadelphia. At the time they arrived, General Pearson
+informed me that as soon as they got into the Union Depot hotel they
+would be disembarked, and brought out to Twenty-eighth street, and
+placed in position at Twenty-eighth street, and the Fourteenth, and
+Nineteenth, and Breck's battery would be sent out to me, and the trains
+moved. I waited until nearly two o'clock that night, (Saturday,)
+waiting for trains, and waiting for information. Not a train appeared,
+and not a word of official information reached me until Sunday morning.
+On Sunday morning, about half past two o'clock, I received a
+communication from James W. Latta, Adjutant General, which was the
+first information I had that General Pearson was not in command, and
+that General Latta was directing affairs--informing me that ammunition
+would be sent out to me by wagon, under the charge of an officer of the
+staff. Upon the arrival of that ammunition, I would be joined by troops
+from Walls station, and, when that junction was formed, I was to march
+into town to the relief of General Brinton, besieged in the
+round-house. I prepared my men for marching, and waited the arrival of
+the ammunition. Sometime after that the ammunition arrived, and I am
+not able to state the time exactly, because my watch had run down, and
+everybody else's around. When the ammunition reached me, an order also
+came with it, stating that the troops at Walls station were without
+ammunition, that the engineer was unable to bring the train in, and
+they could not make a movement until they had ammunition. That all the
+approaches to the city from Walls station were crowded by rioters. That
+all points along the railroad, suitable for their purpose, was in
+possession of the rioters--a fact which I demonstrated afterwards by
+sending men out of my own command to determine whether that was the
+case or not. I received orders also to send ammunition by wagon out to
+these men. As soon as that ammunition was received, they were directed
+to continue to march in to me, and, when they joined me, I was directed
+to complete the movement as ordered in my first dispatch. I hired a
+wagon, and sent a squad of men out with it. They had to take a
+roundabout way to get there. I sent, I think, five thousand rounds of
+ammunition out to these men. Time was passing away very rapidly, and it
+was nearly ten o'clock before these men got to Walls station with that
+ammunition.
+
+Q. Ten o'clock on what day?
+
+A. On Sunday morning. In the meantime I had made up my mind that the
+Walls station troops could not get in. About five o'clock I had made up
+my mind that the troops from Walls station could not get in to me in
+time to make the junction and march in to the relief of General
+Brinton, and I sent Captain Aull, of my regiment, in to General Latta,
+with instructions to tell him that, in my opinion, these forces
+couldn't join me, and to countermand the order so far as Walls station
+troops were concerned, and order me into the city. On the way in to
+General Latta, Captain Aull witnessed the leaving of the round-house by
+General Brinton's command. He conveyed that information to General
+Latta. General Latta then sat down and wrote an order to General
+Brinton, ordering him to unite with me at the stock-yards, and sent a
+copy of that order out to me. Of course that prevented me acting on my
+own responsibility, and I was compelled to remain at the stock-yards.
+The order reached General Brinton, and General Brinton refused to join
+me--at all events he didn't join me. I waited there until about twelve
+o'clock, and I was satisfied then that it was not General Brinton's
+intention to come to me--that he had left the city, and he didn't
+intend to return. I then made up my mind I would go into town and see
+myself what was going on. In all this time I hadn't one word of
+official information concerning what was going on in town. Colonel
+Smith came to my camp on Sunday morning, and gave me the first
+information of the state of affairs in Pittsburgh. Of course I could
+see a dim light in town, but the extent of what had occurred I didn't
+understand--I could hardly believe--and I could hardly believe that the
+large force of well drilled men under General Brinton could not control
+any mob that might be brought against them. At twelve o'clock and about
+ten minutes, these troops from Walls station came down to Torrens
+station.
+
+Q. Twelve o'clock Sunday night?
+
+A. Twelve o'clock noon on Sunday. At that time I knew, from the
+officers I had sent out after Brinton, that Brinton was not going to
+come back to Pittsburgh. I had official information from the staff of
+the Sixth division that the Fourteenth regiment and the Nineteenth had
+been disbanded by General Brown, and there was no military force in the
+city of Pittsburgh. I didn't deem that the troops from Walls station
+were of any assistance to me whatever, at that time. I thought they
+were a great hinderance to my efforts. I ordered them back to Walls
+station, and to go from there to Blairsville, which would be, I thought,
+almost necessary that Brinton should make a junction. 1 didn't see how
+he was to get home unless he did go to Blairsville in some way or
+another. I then came into town to see how affairs stood. I went to the
+Union Depot hotel; reached the Union Depot hotel just about the time it
+had been fired--it was then in a blaze, commencing to burn, though the
+fire was not thoroughly under way. I went to the end of the building,
+and I saw some fifty or sixty men on the tracks engaged in burning and
+pillaging. I think at that time that twenty-five good men could have
+checked that whole business. There was a large crowd in the open space
+in front of the Union Depot hotel, and a large crowd on Liberty street.
+I went through the crowd in front of the hotel, and went through the
+crowd on Liberty street, and I am satisfied there were not men enough
+in the Sixth division to stop that burning. The crowd on Liberty street
+and in the space in front of the Union Depot hotel was merely
+lookers-on, but it only needed a demonstration of some kind against
+them to have made every one of those men, or nearly every one of those
+men, part and parcel of that mob engaged in pillaging and burning. They
+would have gone to the defense of those men without any question. I
+satisfied myself of this matter pretty thoroughly. I was not hasty
+about it--calmly went through that crowd and heard them talk, and knew
+exactly what they meant. They were men that were not disposed to take
+upon themselves to burn or pillage, because there was no necessity,
+since they had other men to do it for them.
+
+Q. Were you in military uniform?
+
+A. No, sir; I was not. I could never have got into town with a military
+uniform on. I came into town not only disguised, but in a great measure
+hidden. I did that for the reason that men that joined my command,
+within a few moments of leaving, had told me of being stopped on the
+way themselves. They had to take a roundabout way to go out to the
+camp. I saw on my way in there were crowds of men everywhere who would
+have put a stop to any person coming into town in uniform. I went to
+the Union Depot hotel for the purpose of finding General Latta, and
+discover what was being done and what had been done. The moment I got
+there I saw for myself what had been done by the rioters, but what the
+military authorities were doing, of course, I couldn't ascertain until
+I had found General Latta. 1 hunted around through the town and found
+General Latta at the Monongahela House. He was regretting very much, at
+that time, that General Brinton had gone out of the city instead of
+going out to me or coming into the city. He was powerless to do
+anything, he had no troops under his command except my own regiment. I
+went to my armory, and I sent out to Colonel Smith and the adjutant
+general of the Fourth brigade instructions to my regiment to march into
+town. Through some delay on the part of Captain Aull, the regiment was
+delayed about two hours. They reached here about dark.
+
+Q. By what route?
+
+A. They came in on Fifth avenue, the only route they could have gotten
+into town. The crowd was very large on Penn avenue. Notwithstanding,
+they came into town, I believe, without any demonstrations of any kind
+against them whatever; marched down to the armory. We remained there on
+duty continually. Colonel Howard came in and he brought his regiment
+together. Colonel Gray, of the Fourteenth, got his regiment together.
+On Monday morning the three regiments were here in the city of
+Pittsburgh ready for duty, and on Monday morning, the three regiments,
+I believe, paraded through the streets. Colonel Howard's and my own
+regiment paraded together. I think I remember, after going back to the
+armory, seeing Colonel Gray's regiment return to the armory after their
+parade. I am not certain about that, but I think I did. Those two
+regiments returned to their armory, were ready, and could have been
+assembled had anybody taken the trouble to order them--could have been
+assembled in a very short time. On Monday morning, I believed that I
+was in command of the troops of the Sixth division. I certainly was in
+command of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth regiments, because Colonel
+Howard was then in my armory with his regiment and had agreed to obey
+orders under me. General Brown came in and assumed command on Monday
+morning, and I refused to recognize or obey any orders from him. He
+remonstrated, but I insisted that I wouldn't obey his orders. I was in
+command of the troops, and I intended to handle them, and he went out
+and various men came in and thought it was a very serious thing to have
+dissensions in the military at that time--the city was apparently in
+the hands of the mob, and it would be better for the military to
+proceed as a military body, without any dissensions in rank. After
+listening to them, I agreed to serve under General Brown, and I so
+notified him. From that time until the troops were ordered to Luzerne,
+and until we returned, I served immediately under the command of
+Brigadier General Brown. That is the outline of my service.
+
+Q. Did you receive any orders from General Brown to disband your
+regiment at any time?
+
+A. On the 31st of July, about one o'clock in the afternoon, General
+Brown sent an officer of his staff to my head-quarters, requesting my
+presence at his head-quarters. I think it was the 31st of July. I went
+up to General Brown's head-quarters, and he gave me a verbal order to
+dismiss my regiment. I asked him by what authority the regiment was
+disbanded. He said he had just come from the Governor's head-quarters,
+or he had received an official communication from the Governor's
+head-quarters, I have forgotten which. At all events, the orders were
+from his superior officers that my regiment, and also Colonel Gray's
+and Colonel Howard's were to be disbanded. I think he had sent to
+Colonel Howard and Colonel Gray also. I determined that I wouldn't
+disband my regiment, and I couldn't see why the Sixth division should
+be dismissed when the Governor was rapidly assembling all the troops of
+the State in this city. Could not understand it, and felt there was a
+mistake of some kind about it. I went back to the armory. That
+afternoon I paraded my regiment, and before I got through the parade I
+had official knowledge that the Sixth division was to go to the coal
+regions, which demonstrates fully to my mind that there had been a
+mistake made somewhere, or there never was a communication of the
+Governor's that the Sixth division should be dismissed at all. So far
+as official knowledge of what took place in the city of Pittsburgh on
+Friday after half-past one o'clock, and on Saturday until six o'clock,
+I know nothing at all. I was not present with my regiment and knew
+nothing at all about it, except on Sunday afternoon, when I came in
+myself. With the burning of the elevator on Sunday afternoon, I think
+all danger of a mob had passed. The men had got all the whisky they
+could get hold of, and the whisky had worked its effect on these men.
+The burning and pillaging of this city was stopped by the giving out of
+whisky, and with the natural working of the whisky on the human body.
+The men were dead drunk. On Monday morning there was no mob in the city
+of Pittsburgh that I could see, though the railroad property and trains
+were in the possession of the strikers, and remained so until the
+arrival of Governor Hartranft with the national guard.
+
+Q. What day was that?
+
+A. I do not remember what day that was; that was probably the 25th or
+26th of July--it was later than that. I cannot state the date of his
+arrival. They were here on the 31st of July. I remember that, because I
+went to out to see General Brinton on that day.
+
+Q. Did you have any trouble in assembling your regiment--in getting
+them together?
+
+A. When they were first ordered out?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. Oh, I had a great deal.
+
+Q. What I mean is, were the men willing to serve?
+
+A. Oh, yes; no trouble of that kind in my regiment whatever. The only
+trouble was in getting hold of the men.
+
+Q. Was there any disposition among your men to aid or sympathize with
+the strikers?
+
+A. Not a bit, sir.
+
+Q. Could you have depended on them, do you think, for any emergency?
+
+A. Depended on them for any emergency whatever. I had no trouble of
+that kind. I never gave a thought of trouble of that kind. I had no
+personal worry or annoyance with the men in my regiment. I do not
+believe there was much of that thing in any of the other regiments.
+
+Q. How much, or under what circumstances, would you deem it proper for
+an officer under command, in the face of a mob, to give the order to
+fire. That is, how much resistance on the part of the mob, or
+demonstration on their part, before an officer would be justifiable in
+firing, or giving the word of command to his men to fire?
+
+A. I would hesitate some before I would give an order to fire, unless
+there was a shot fired. The firing of a gun or pistol into the ranks of
+my men would, I believe, justify me in giving an order to fire, and I
+would at once do it. A man in command of troops has to judge a good
+deal of the disposition of the crowd, as he can see it. I can hardly
+tell you exactly what I mean. Sometimes you find a crowd in front of
+you good-natured, meaning no harm, and you generally find among the
+crowd a lot of men who are working the mischief--see an element of that
+kind in a crowd. I do not think an officer is justified in hesitating
+at all, because these men can soon influence a crowd to do as they want
+to. If a crowd attempted to seize hold of the guns of my command, I
+should certainly give an order to fire. I would not give the order
+recklessly to fire. I would give the crowd time to get out of the way,
+by simply announcing to them that I would fire if the crowd did not
+disperse. If they had been firing into me, and committing acts
+imperiling the lives of my men, I do not know that I would give them
+that warning. These are little things a man would have to judge of as
+they occurred. I believe an overt act committed by a mob justifies the
+officer who commands the troops to fire.
+
+Q. Would the hurling of missiles into your men by the mob be a
+provocation sufficient to justify the commander giving an order to
+fire?
+
+A. I believe it would, but the commander would consider the previous
+acts of the mob and all the conditions of it, the character of it, and
+the character of the people in it, &c. I believe whenever a mob in the
+presence of the military does damage to the military that the military
+are justified in doing damage to the mob, and doing it right quick.
+
+Q. And use the necessary efforts to disperse the mob?
+
+A. Yes; fire at them, and do it quickly, and do enough of it to prevent
+them ever coming back. I do not believe a man in command of troops has
+any right to act rashly, and would hesitate some before he would do a
+thing of that kind. My idea of the military has always been that they
+are subordinate until the sheriff is satisfied he can do nothing--that
+then they step in and act quickly. Probably there would be no
+demonstration against the military if the military officer would inform
+the mob that if they did not disperse within a certain time, he would
+fire upon them, and if necessary, load in the presence of the mob, and
+ninety-nine times out of one hundred, I believe, there would be no mob
+by the time they got loaded.
+
+Q. Did the mob flee or disperse before your men every time you gave the
+order to load?
+
+A. They scattered every time. I had no trouble at all with the mob--I
+did not consider that I had a mob in front of me. I simply had a large
+crowd, which I believe would have been a mob if they could have got the
+upper hand in any way.
+
+Q. You ordered to charge bayonets once or twice?
+
+A. Three times.
+
+Q. In the charge bayonets, did the crowd stand until your men came
+close to them?
+
+A. No, sir; they fled in a good natured way. Laughed--no trouble at all
+to get rid of them. My object only was to prevent them coming too
+close. If the men get close enough some men in the crowd might feel
+like taking a musket away, and that would bring about a disturbance. It
+is better to prevent anything of that kind than to allow it to come and
+then act afterwards.
+
+Q. Your object was to preserve the military character of your regiment?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Keep the troops and the mob separate?
+
+A. Yes. I never let the mob in with my troops at all, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You were in active service during the last war, were you not?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. In what capacity?
+
+A. I went out in the service as second lieutenant, and came back a
+major--filled all the intermediate ranks.
+
+Q. How long were you in the service?
+
+A. Three years and seven months.
+
+Q. You were speaking about taking command of the three regiments--the
+regiments commanded by Colonel Howard and Colonel Gray--did you take
+command by virtue of your seniority over them?
+
+A. I would, but I do not think I spoke of taking command of the three
+regiments, as I had not seen Colonel Gray. I do not know what he would
+do if he had been dismissed by General Brown. I suppose he would think
+General Brown had his reasons for that. Colonel Howard had voluntarily
+offered to join with me, and I did assume command. I had no
+conversation with Colonel Gray at that time, nor for weeks afterwards.
+I did say that on Monday, when Colonel Gray and myself were parading
+the streets, that, to the best of my knowledge, as we were returning, I
+saw Colonel Gray out with his regiment doing the same thing. That
+continued during the time we remained in our armory afterwards. In
+other words, I am satisfied that the Fourteenth regiment was organized
+and ready for duty on Monday.
+
+Q. After they had been dismissed by General Brown?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You say you refused to receive orders from General Brown on Monday?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Give us the reason for that?
+
+A. My reason for that was, that General Brown had dismissed his
+command, and when he dismissed his command, his authority ceased over
+them until he re-organized. The act of re-organizing or bringing
+together the Nineteenth regiment, was a personal matter on the part of
+Colonel Howard; General Brown had nothing to do with that; it was
+between Colonel Howard and myself, until General Brown got a brigade
+together. He could not command me. One regiment does not need a
+brigadier general and a colonel to command it; there would be a
+conflict of authority at once; those were my reasons.
+
+Q. Did you not regard him as your superior officer, if you were the
+only man in his brigade?
+
+A. I would regard him as my superior officer. I believe I could have
+done better service than he. I was willing to take the responsibility.
+I think that is the trouble with all the National Guard--there are too
+many officers.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. And not enough men?
+
+A. And not enough men.
+
+Q. Was there any reason you had for disobeying his orders or receiving
+orders from him?
+
+A. There was. I believe that General Brown has been suffering from
+sickness more or less. He was physically weak, and I did not believe
+was fully equal to the fatigues and annoyance of the command. I had no
+disposition to ignore General Brown, but I did think that in the great
+excitement of that day I could have handled my regiments better without
+being hindered by orders from brigadier generals.
+
+Q. In other words, you regarded him incapacitated for his position in
+consequence of his illness and mental distress?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. And that would justify you?
+
+A. That would have been my defense if I had got into any trouble.
+
+Q. If it had not been that, as a disciplinarian and a military man, you
+would have considered it your duty to obey?
+
+A. I would. I considered General Brown, under ordinary circumstances,
+was fully competent for his command; a braver man, I know, never
+breathed than General Brown--possesses every quality for bravery. His
+military capacity can hardly be doubted, when a man has filled the
+various commands that he had in the army.
+
+Q. That is, when he is in good health?
+
+A. When he is in good health, he is a good man.
+
+Q. Did you see anything of General Brinton's command during this
+trouble, up to the time the collision occurred at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I saw nothing of any troops, except my own regiment, until Sunday
+night or Monday morning, when I came to town. I saw the troops of
+General Brinton in the cars, as the passed the stock-yards on their way
+to Pittsburgh. That is all I saw of them.
+
+Q. As an officer of experience in the army and active service, did you
+think it was prudent for General Brinton to retire to the round-house
+when he did?
+
+A. I would not like to have done it. If I had had command enough to
+have guarded every approach to the round-house, and to have had a guard
+around the round-house, for the purpose of allowing one portion to
+sleep while the other was on duty, I might have taken the round-house.
+
+Q. For the reserves?
+
+A. Yes, for the reserves; but under no circumstances would I go into
+the round-house, without I was certain that every approach to the
+round-house was thoroughly and properly guarded, and, if it was going
+to take too many men to guard the approaches to the round-house, I
+would not go into it then.
+
+Q. Where would you have stationed your men?
+
+A. The hill side there furnished an excellent position. Men could have
+slept there, and with a small portion of them guarding it, and been
+free from attack. They could have been free from danger. I like to be
+out in the open air myself, where I can swing free and clear.
+
+Q. Could you have intrenched yourself on the hill side, so as to make
+the position secure and safe?
+
+A. I do not think it needed any--it is naturally a strong position. If
+it was necessary they could have gone to the top of the hill, and
+nothing could have come in there. A very small force would have guarded
+any approach. It would not be likely that anybody would have crawled up
+there.
+
+Q. If there would have been an assault made, would not the troops have
+been exposed without entrenchments?
+
+A. Not to any extent. Men could have hidden behind a house here and
+there, and might have taken advantage of the inequalities of the
+ground, and no large body could have got there.
+
+Q. That hillside is terraced with ravines and wash-outs, which would
+have given your men as much protection as the enemy?
+
+A. Just as much, and with the advantage that a man in command of the
+troops would have the selection of the ground. I never walked over the
+ground particularly--I walk by there twice a day, and I am familiar
+with the appearance of the hill. What the number of inequalities of the
+ground are, I do not know, but it is a hill, at all events, and the mob
+would come from below.
+
+Q. The hill would have been the most eligible position for the force
+From your knowledge of the Union depot, would that have served as a
+fortification for General Brown's command to repel the mob, in case
+they had made an attack on the depot?
+
+A. To go down to the Union depot?
+
+Q. For instance, if they were in the depot?
+
+A. Oh, no; I think not. I do not think that depot was a desirable place
+for any defense, because there was too much space between there and the
+transfer station, where General Brown was, but the Union depot was
+certainly the only place where these troops could get supplies, and it
+would have been a good thing to have kept that space open, between the
+Union depot and General Brown. I do not think that the force could have
+scattered them to the extent that you speak of, defending the Union
+Depot hotel and transfer station and the round-house. I do not think
+they had enough men for it.
+
+Q. Was there any available position between the transfer station and
+the Union depot, where he could have entrenched himself and secured a
+position?
+
+A. The hillside was there. I think there was too much space between
+Twenty-eighth street and the Union depot for General Brinton to have
+attempted to protect all that line of property. He had not enough for
+that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Could he, with his men stationed at the Union depot, have gone out
+and driven off any crowd of men that might attempt to set fire to the
+cars and thus keep the space clear by sallying from the Union depot.
+
+A. I think he could; and, if it was necessary for him to go into any
+house, I would have preferred taking the whole command down to the
+Union depot, than going into the round-house and transfer station.
+
+Q. And then guarded it as far out as you could?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. The reason for that would have been that the supplies were all at
+the Union depot?
+
+A. All at the Union depot.
+
+Q. And the ammunition?
+
+A. The ammunition was there. However, I do not think that General
+Brinton knew anything about the ammunition, where that was, or anything
+about it, when he went into the round-house, and neither do I believe
+that General Brinton anticipated any trouble when he went into the
+round-house. Firing upon the mob and dispersing it, he was left without
+any disposition for some time, and then he went into the round-house.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know whether General Brinton received the order from General
+Latta, to join you at the stock-yards?
+
+A. No; I can only answer that by hearsay.
+
+Q. Did he report that he received that order?
+
+A. Yes, he does. The adjutant general in his report states that Colonel
+Norris and Colonel Stewart went out to deliver an order to General
+Brinton. General Brinton in his report states that at a certain time,
+Colonel Norris did join; he did not state whether Colonel Norris gave
+him, or what answer he gave Colonel Norris; but the two put together,
+demonstrate pretty clearly that he did receive an order.
+
+Q. Was there anything to prevent General Brinton from joining you at
+the stock-yards?
+
+A. Nothing at all, except, probably he might have not known the way
+out, but he could have found that by inquiring. There was not even that
+excuse, because he had an officer of the Sixth division with him, I
+believe, showing him the way.
+
+Q. In his retreat or march from the city to Blairsville, how far did he
+pass from you, from the stock-yards, how near?
+
+A. He was going away from me within fifteen minutes of the time he left
+the round-house--about fifteen minutes' march from the round-house he
+came to the junction of the Sharpsburg and East Liberty roads. The East
+Liberty led to the right and the Sharpsburg road to the left. He took
+the road to the left, so he was going away from me all the time after
+he got to where these two roads united. General Brinton did not get
+this order that General Latta speaks of in his report and that Colonel
+Norris carried to him--he did not get that order, and Colonel Norris
+did not join him until he got to the Sharpsburg bridge.
+
+Q. Until he got to it--he received it before he crossed the river?
+
+A. I think he did. This is only hearsay on my part. I do know that
+General Brinton had not received that order until he got to the
+Sharpsburg bridge, because Captain Aull of my regiment had a copy of
+the order. He had the written order. Colonel Norris had a verbal copy.
+Stewart and Norris reached General Brinton. Captain Aull did not.
+Captain Aull was in uniform, and had not the same facilities for
+passing through crowds that the other two men had who were in citizens'
+clothes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In the absence of the commander-in-chief, who is the senior?
+
+A. The next officer of the line, the senior officer?
+
+Q. Who is he--what person would be the next?
+
+A. In these troops out here I believe General Pearson would be in
+command.
+
+Q. Of the troops of the State who would be?
+
+A. The Governor is the commander-in-chief. After the Governor, the next
+senior major general. I believe the senior major general was General
+Dobson or General Osborne. I have forgotten which. After him comes
+General Pearson in order of seniority, and after all the major generals
+had been exhausted the brigadier generals would come in; then the
+colonels.
+
+Q. Is there any other person except the Governor as commander-in-chief
+who has authority to call out the militia?
+
+A. I think not. That is a matter of law, and that I am not exactly able
+to give an opinion upon. My understanding as a military officer is that
+no one but the Governor can call the troops out. I certainly would
+hesitate a long time before I would obey an order from anybody else.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. In the absence of the Governor from the State is there any one that
+could call out the troops?
+
+A. Unless he left orders with his adjutant general.
+
+Q. Can he delegate that power as commander-in-chief to any person?
+
+A. That is another fine legal point. I will say this: That if the
+Governor is absent and an order came signed by order of the
+commander-in-chief, James W. Latta, Adjutant General, I should obey it.
+It is not my business to know whether the Governor is present or not.
+The order the official----
+
+Q. He might exercise his powers as commander-in-chief out of the State,
+and without the exercise of the power from him, could any other person
+exercise that power of commander-in-chief?
+
+A. No, sir; there is no power can order out the militia but the
+Governor.
+
+Q. Is there such a thing as a Governor _pro tem._ in the absence of the
+Governor?
+
+A. I do not think there is such a thing as a Governor _pro tem._
+
+Q. The Lieutenant Governor, would he exercise the functions of Governor
+in case of the death of the Governor?
+
+A. Of course in event of his death he becomes Governor at once. I do
+not understand that anybody can exercise the functions of the Governor
+but the Governor. That is a little bit of teaching I learned in the
+Democratic party when I was a very little bit of a fellow, and never
+forgot it. We have a respect for law and authority in our party.
+
+Q. Is there anything else you can enlighten us on in regard to the
+military movements of the mob that you can think of?
+
+A. There is nothing that I can say, except to give an opinion about the
+character of this mob, and the sufficiency of the military, and civil
+authorities, &c. I looked around very closely into this matter, and I
+am perfectly satisfied, in my own mind, that this mob was not to be
+dealt with by a trifling force. I do not believe it was in the power of
+the civil authorities to have put it down. I do not believe it was
+within the power of the small military force that was first called out
+to have put it down. It ceased to be a riot and got to be an
+insurrection almost instantly. The time was very short that intervened
+between the mob and the insurrection.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What distinction do you make between a mob and an insurrection?
+
+A. I believe that a mob is an uprising in a locality, either here or
+anywhere else--a small uprising that is within the power of the sheriff
+to look after. The sheriff, with what posse he might get together, may
+attempt to restore peace, and, failing in that, call out the local
+military. I make the dividing line as to when it becomes an
+insurrection when the executive of the state is compelled to interfere.
+If the sheriff and the Eighteenth regiment and the Fourteenth regiment
+and the Nineteenth regiment had put down that thing and restored peace
+and order, and placed the cars of the railroad in the hands of the
+company, I would have called it a riot.
+
+Q. And then the difference between a mob and an insurrection is in
+strength and power?
+
+A. Strength and power. If they overcome the local authorities and the
+State authorities have to interfere, then it is an insurrection. The
+sheriff is one arm of the executive. If he cannot quell it, then the
+executive himself has to come in.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When you first arrived at the Union depot, that was on----
+
+A. Friday, at noon.
+
+Q. Would it have required a large force to disperse the mob then?
+
+A. It would not--not at Twenty-eighth street. I did not get off the
+cars at Twenty-eighth street; and I did not go up to Twenty-eighth
+street; and I did not know what the disposition of the crowd was; and I
+do not know what was back there--what could be seen--but those that
+could be seen certainly did not appear over two hundred or two hundred
+and fifty men.
+
+Q. If there had been active measures taken on Friday or Saturday, could
+not that mob have been dispersed and the rioting suppressed?
+
+A. I believe it could on Friday. I do not believe it could on Saturday.
+On Friday it could, because the strikers were determined themselves not
+to go to work, and some of them were rioters. There is no doubt about
+it; because some of them had interfered with the civil authorities, and
+a great portion of them were simply determined that they would not
+work, and they would not furnish any assistance to the Pennsylvania
+railroad in running their trains. For that reason, I believe the trains
+ought to have been started at once. I believe if a train had been
+started, the backbone of the thing would have been broken. I believe so
+to-day; but it was impossible to move trains, because you could not get
+men to man them. They were afraid of the strikers. It was not necessary
+for a striker to go up and stick a pistol at a man's head, or say, "I
+will shoot you." Some of them would give a wink and lift a finger,
+which would be just as effectual as if they had shot at you. I saw one
+striker go on the back part of an engine tender of a locomotive and
+take hold of a brake that was there. The engineer attempted to start
+the train. He just lifted his finger and the engineer never moved that
+train.
+
+Q. If these trainmen that were willing to run had received the
+protection either of the military or civil authorities, could they not
+have run out these trains, and do you not think they would have been
+run out?
+
+A. I think everybody got all the protection it was possible to give
+them. The Pennsylvania railroad were not prepared to run these trains,
+and they knew what the riot was, and what it would amount to more than
+we did. I knew no reason why troops should be called out on the morning
+I was called out. Never heard of a disturbance of any kind. After the
+military had been called out, then affairs had progressed so far that
+to have started a train from Twenty-eighth street would have required
+to place upon that train a large force of military to protect it. You
+could have moved it, probably to the stock-yards, and through the
+stock-yards, because there was a military force to protect it there,
+but as soon as they got a little west, why something might be thrown
+upon the track--a demonstration made of some kind that would block the
+cars up. There was no certainty it could go very far after it had
+started. But for the reason that there had been no demonstration made
+at any point, I believe if the train had been started, it could have
+gone through; not that it was in the power of the small force, civil or
+military, to put down the strikers, had they determined to resist,
+because there were too many of those strikers and fellow helpers in the
+mob.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You think there was a necessity for calling on the military?
+
+A. Oh, undoubtedly. There is no question about it in my mind. The only
+thing I find to regret was that the military did not have proper
+information as to what it meant. I am but an humble citizen of the city
+of Pittsburgh, and I know nothing about the strike on the Pennsylvania
+railroad, and what led to it, and what it meant. I went down to Union
+depot, and until I met General Pearson, or the sheriff, I knew no
+reason why the military should be called out. When I got back I could
+see why. There was a demonstration against law and order.
+
+Q. There was a necessity?
+
+A. There was a necessity, for the evidence proved that.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Colonel Joseph H. Gray, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside, Colonel?
+
+A. I reside in Pittsburgh, East End.
+
+Q. What is your official position in the National Guard?
+
+A. I am colonel of the Fourteenth regiment.
+
+Q. Were you in the war of the late rebellion?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What rank did you hold?
+
+A. I was orderly sergeant of a company in the One Hundred and Fifth
+Pennsylvania regiment.
+
+Q. How long were you in the army?
+
+A. I went in in 1861, and remained in the service until the battle of
+Fair Oaks, where I was laid up from service.
+
+Q. State when you received the orders calling you into service in July
+last--what day it was and what time?
+
+A. I was not present. I had left Thursday morning and gone to the
+country, fourteen miles, and on Friday the order reached head-quarters
+for Colonel Glenn to assemble the regiment, about noon or after dinner
+some time.
+
+Q. Was he lieutenant colonel?
+
+A. Yes; lieutenant colonel. About Friday evening I heard that there was
+trouble in the city, and that the military was called out, and I also
+heard that the men could not be depended on--that they were not going
+to respond. Citizens from East Liberty came up. I jumped in my buggy
+and started to the city, and I met one company at East Liberty. I
+stopped there and, to my astonishment, found that the company had been
+assembled, and that a large majority of the company had responded to
+the call, and were ready for service, in their armory. I spoke a few
+words to the captain and told him to remain there until I came from the
+city, and he requested me to telegraph him immediately, and send him
+some orders. I stopped at my home, and put on my fatigue uniform, and
+came to the city, and went to the central armory and found there my
+adjutant, and that Lieutenant Colonel Glenn had taken what men had
+assembled there--there are three companies who have their armories
+there--and he had taken them to the Union Depot hotel. I immediately
+went there and reported for duty to General Brown. I inquired of my
+officers as to the number of men that had reported for duty, and then I
+had six companies in the city and four in the country. I inquired
+whether Captain Shof had been ordered out at East Liberty--he told me
+not. I went to the dispatcher's office, at the end of the hotel, and
+telegraphed to those companies to report to me immediately, at the
+Union Depot hotel. However, at that time they could not very well get
+in, and I changed the order to report to me on the first morning train
+coming into the city. About 7 o'clock Captain Nesbitt came up and
+Captain Glenn, of Mansfield, reported with their companies. That was
+Friday evening. It was six o'clock when I came to the Union depot, and
+they arrived at seven. I went out to the dispatcher's office the second
+time, to order Captain Perchman in. I then met, for the first time,
+General Pearson and told him what I proposed doing, and he said that he
+preferred that Captain Perchman should remain in his armory there for
+the present, and Colonel Moore, as chief of staff, told me he had
+communicated with Captain Perchman to this effect, that he should go
+and get his men rations and remain there, so that I then turned my
+attention to having my men fed. I asked the gentleman in charge of the
+depot if he had any cars in the ... he should run them down, so that I
+could put my men into them for the night, until further orders. He
+immediately had cars run down. I did that because I wanted to get my
+men--there was a great deal of talking on the platform around the depot
+about the future operations. General Latta had just come in, and there
+was a good deal of excitement, and I did not want my men to know
+anything about it. I put them in the cars and kept them there until
+three o'clock, in the morning. Then I received an order, about twelve
+or one o'clock, to take my command, at three o'clock, sharp, to
+Twenty-eighth street, by way of Webster avenue. I marched out of the
+Union depot precisely at three o'clock, and General Brown and Colonel
+Smith and another gentleman. We went to Twenty-eighth street by a
+circuitous route, and took a position on the hill side center, opposite
+Twenty-eighth street, in line. There we remained during the day. I
+should say about nine o'clock, perhaps between eight and nine o'clock,
+General Brown sent his adjutant to me, asking the detail of one or two
+companies--I think he said fifty men.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. That was on Saturday?
+
+A. That was on Saturday morning. I sent two companies to the foot of
+the hill, and they were on duty there for an hour, perhaps an hour and
+a half, and they were relieved by two other companies.
+
+Q. From your regiment?
+
+A. Yes, sir; during the forenoon I sent a request to General Brown that
+my two companies should be relieved. They had all been down, and I
+asked that they be relieved by the Nineteenth regiment. I thought we
+were doing more than our share of duty, and for other reasons I asked
+to be relieved.
+
+Q. You speak here of Colonel Glenn?
+
+A. Lieutenant Colonel Glenn. He assembled my regiment in the city, and
+reported to the Union depot.
+
+Q. You say you were accompanied by Colonel Smith?
+
+A. Colonel Smith.
+
+Q. What regiment?
+
+A. He is connected with another regiment.
+
+Q. During the day, what companies were on duty at the foot of the hill?
+
+A. They were not under my command. I never knew what orders they had
+that were detailed. I do not know to-day what their orders were. I know
+what duty they were performing. I was never down on the railroad myself
+until I was ordered off the hill. We were there when the Philadelphia
+troops came there, and we were witnesses of the conflict. About two
+o'clock in the afternoon I received an order--I think it was about that
+time--the only order I received from the time I had got an order to go
+to Twenty-eighth street--I received an order to have my command in
+readiness to move, at a moment's notice, on board a train. I
+immediately sent my commissary, Captain Wallace, to provide rations.
+While there was no explanation of that order, I understood his meaning
+that we should take charge of a freight train. I had the provisions
+there. The captain got the provisions at Twenty-eighth street, three
+days' rations, and we remained, momentarily expecting an order to move
+down the hill and get on board a train. At the time that the
+Philadelphia troops came out----
+
+Q. Before you come to that--did I understand you to say that you had no
+knowledge of what orders those companies had that were detailed, and
+sent down to the crossing of the railroad?
+
+A. They were detailed away from my command, and I had no knowledge of
+what was to be done.
+
+Q. Who did they report to?
+
+A. They reported to General Brown. I know what duty they were
+performing there--could see it all. I might just say here that I had
+great apprehensions of the whole matter. They were not the impressions
+I had since. Those were what I had then. I want to say this: that I
+gave orders distinctly and positively that my men should not be allowed
+to talk with, or in any way have any conversation with, the strikers,
+and I say, also, that that order was positive. Of course, men sometimes
+were away; it was a pretty hot day, and they had to go for water, and
+occasionally, perhaps, they talked; but I do not think my orders were
+violated at all in any respect. I stayed with my men all day long
+watching their behavior, and at this time I received an order to get
+my men ready to go on a train. I felt pleased at this, for I thought
+those who were at the head of affairs understood the situation. I had
+my doubts before that whether they did. Though we did not go on the
+train, we were there, ready to go on after the firing was over.
+
+Q. Give us the circumstances of the affair; how it occurred--you were
+present there at the time, were you not?--as briefly as you can?
+
+A. I would say, first, that the Philadelphia troops came out in as
+grand style as ever men went to any duty, and their position was good.
+There can be no exceptions taken to the position. They moved up the
+tracks. My recollection of the matter is that there was one company in
+advance of the First regiment. I did not know it was the First regiment
+at that time. I know that from the report. They moved, and they were
+formed in line and marched to the left to the round-house, cleared the
+tracks, and then the rear rank was about faced, and cleared the track,
+leaving an open space. Two other companies were brought up, and a
+Gatling gun brought up to that space, and the company in advance
+marched right into the crowd. They were as determined men as ever stood
+before anybody. I looked very earnestly, and with a good deal of
+solicitation, when the stones were thrown and pistol shots fired. I
+could not see whether there was many or not. There was a great deal of
+confusion, and the firing began and was kept up--a continuous firing.
+
+Q. You say that pistol shots were fired from the mob?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And stones thrown from the mob and other missiles?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any firing from the troops before that?
+
+A. There was not a shot fired until after they were attacked. The first
+thing I saw--I knew it was coming. I was not disappointed a particle in
+regard to the whole matter--the company charge bayonets on the crowd,
+and the first thing I saw was a man in the mob take hold of a gun, and
+one man wrenched the gun away from him, and struck him with the bayonet
+with a good deal of force.
+
+Q. That is, one of the soldiers?
+
+A. Yes; and then the pistol shots were fired. It was all done in a
+moment, and then the fire began by the soldiers.
+
+Q. Was there any command given to fire?
+
+A. It was too far away for hearing the command; but I may say it was
+effectually done, and if that was so, it was only a pity the command
+had not been given.
+
+Q. Was it a volley or was it a scattering fire?
+
+A. It was a scattering fire, but it extended all along the line. We
+were immediately in front of the rear rank that faced to the rear, and
+received a good share of the fire.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was there a rush made by the mob towards the troops before the
+firing began?
+
+A. The thing had been gathering momentum from ten o'clock. It was not a
+mob--the mob in front--that I was afraid of at all. It was the feeling
+that existed there, apparently strong outside, and when the mills
+closed that afternoon, it seemed to me they just came up there in
+hundreds.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Rolling mills, iron mills, and so forth?
+
+A. Yes, sir; the crowd accumulated rapidly. They were going and coming
+all the time, and they were there in force.
+
+Q. The mill hands are generally at leisure on Saturday afternoon?
+
+A. I think they came right out of the mills, when they closed down. A
+great many, perhaps, came there out of curiosity, but there was a great
+many added to the mob down on Twenty-eighth street. The crowd increased
+rapidly at that time.
+
+Q. From what you saw, would you consider an order to fire justifiable?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What took place after that?
+
+A. The crowd ran away. Those that were on the hill side came up and
+devoted themselves to the carrying away of the wounded for a time. The
+Philadelphia troops moved up and took their position by the crossing,
+at Twenty-eighth street, and placed their Gatling gun in position
+there, and I ordered my companies, Captain Glenn and Captain Nesbitt,
+up in line of battalion. The crowd down the road, that had been there,
+collected again. However, they did not make any attempt to force
+themselves on to the railroad. The Philadelphia troops would strike
+terror into the crowd and they would run away for a time, and then
+would find there was no danger, and then they would come back.
+
+Q. When did you go after that?
+
+A. Five or six o'clock, after quiet had been restored, and the wounded
+had all been carried away, I received an order from General Pearson, to
+assist Colonel Howard, in moving Breck's guns to the round-house, and
+then go to the transfer office, and hold it against any attack. I sent
+that order--it was a written order--with my adjutant, to General Brown,
+who was with Colonel Howard, on my right and front, and reported to him
+that I was ready to move, in obedience to the order. However, I want to
+say, that was very reluctantly done.
+
+Q. What was reluctantly done?
+
+A. That movement by me. That was done, because their officers and their
+commands were there. Captain Breck came to me at that time, and said he
+had such an order, and asked me if I would not see General Pearson, and
+protest against the matter. I said to him that there were my men
+immediately in my line, and he commenced to explain the situation that
+he could be in, and I said to him, "Captain, I won't allow any
+discussion of that kind here." I told him to step to one side, and this
+order reached me, just at that time, and after I read the order, I
+found Captain Breck was waiting and I went to him. He asked me if I had
+concluded to do anything in the matter, and I said to him, we will obey
+the order. I felt then it was a great mistake.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. For what reason?
+
+A. I did not think we had any business down on Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. You went down to obey the order?
+
+A. We obeyed the order. However, just immediately at that time the
+Philadelphia troops began moving into the round-house, commencing on
+the left, and moving in all the way up, and Captain Breck took this
+battery, and then went away, and left me on the hill. When I moved up
+they were all in the round-house, and the mob was pressing down this
+track. I moved down the hill. Had to go down by a flank movement. I
+anticipated trouble then, because I knew by their actions--they hooted
+and jeered and taunted the soldiers--the Philadelphians--as they went
+away. I anticipated trouble. However, we marched down by the gate-way,
+and marched through the crowd, and to the transfer station. Upon my
+arrival at the transfer station, I took a view of the station myself.
+Colonel Howard came and asked me in regard to the matter. Colonel
+Howard asked me if I would take command of the station. I told him
+General Brown was here, and he was in authority. I told him that I
+would throw out pickets on my front. The transfer station was separated
+by tracks in between. Colonel Howard was on the side next to the hill,
+and I was on Liberty street, and I told him I would take care of my
+side; that he could dispose of his own troops. We remained there, and
+the most of them went and laid down to sleep. It was dark, and most of
+my men, except those on duty, went to sleep. During the night General
+Brown came to me, and said that the place was untenable, and he advised
+me to get out of it. We commenced to consult about the matter, and I
+told him there was no trouble there, that it was a good place to rest,
+and that if we got into any trouble we could get out of it. A short
+time afterwards he and Colonel Howard came back, and I had the
+situation in my own mind, and had sent my officers out on the hill
+side, and at that very time I had sent Doctor McCandless, surgeon on my
+staff. He was well acquainted with the hill side in that part of town.
+I sent him up there to look at the situation--it is a very ragged
+hill--to see in case there was a necessity to pick out the best way, of
+a return by the way of the hill side to my old position on the hill
+side. When General Brown and Colonel Howard came to me, I told them
+what I had done, that I expected that our position was such we could
+not do any fighting, but we could from the hill side, and I had sent
+officers out to select a way by which we could get out, if necessary.
+There was no immediate danger. About ten o'clock General Brown came to
+me again, and said we must get out. He had information that we must
+leave that place. Says I, "General Brown, you cannot persuade me to
+leave this, I will obey your orders, but I do not see any necessity for
+leaving this position at this time." He immediately ordered me to take
+my command, and go to the Union depot. I formed my command, and we
+started, but the road was full of cars, and we had to go out the best
+way we could. We got out into the open track below, and when I got out
+there, I halted the advance of the regiment, re-formed and marched into
+the Union depot in good order.
+
+Q. Will you please tell me about how far it is from the transfer
+station to the round-house, where the Philadelphia troops were?
+
+A. From the transfer station?
+
+Q. From where you were stationed?
+
+A. I have very little knowledge as to the location of that transfer
+depot. I never passed through there, except going east on the train at
+night, but I do not think it is very far, probably two hundred yards.
+
+Q. That is where you were stationed, about two hundred yards from the
+round-house?
+
+A. I should think so. That is my idea of the distance there. When I
+arrived at the Union depot, I was pretty disgusted with the thing--had
+been all day, for that matter. After I re-formed my men, I had expected
+to get some rations. I knew my commissary was there getting some, and I
+sent an officer to inquire and find out. General Brown, I went to him,
+and asked him for orders, and to my utter astonishment he told me I
+could dismiss my command.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you obey him?
+
+A. Not then. I called around my officers--those that were nearest to
+me--surrounded the general, and protested in the strongest terms that I
+was allowed to, in regard to the matter, that it was a disgrace to the
+officers and men that I had there willing to do their duty; that it was
+a disgrace also to desert the Philadelphia troops. The general was a
+little startled at my talk, and he says, "You remain here a few
+minutes, and I will see you again." He left me, and I did not see him
+again.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I would like to know where and when your regiment was disbanded?
+
+A. When and where it was disbanded. It was disbanded a few minutes
+before eleven o'clock at the Union Depot hotel, by myself, in obedience
+to General Brown's order. And I want to say this in regard to that
+matter: After I remained there awhile, I went up to the office of the
+Union Depot hotel, and inquired for General Pearson, and they told me
+that the general was not there. I inquired for General Latta, and they
+told me he was not there. I wondered where he could have gone to, and I
+saw Mr. Murdock, who is one of the officers, and he made the same
+reply; and I had great confidence in him.
+
+Q. Your head-quarters is here at the market-house, isn't it?
+
+A. I had my head-quarters at my office. That is, our armory.
+
+Q. Your regiment was not brought there, then, as a regiment, and
+disbanded?
+
+A. Not that night. No, sir; because I had four companies who had to go
+home by railroad.
+
+Q. Were any of the companies brought down here and disbanded?
+
+A. That night?
+
+Q. Yes, sir?
+
+A. No, sir. I directed my staff officers to notify the commanding
+officers of companies that their services were not needed, and to take
+their men to the armories and dismiss them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What the captain wishes to get at is, did your men break ranks there
+at the Union depot?
+
+A. I had a company in the next day at ten o'clock.
+
+Q. They marched out by companies?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. What I want to get at is this: If your regiment was disbanded at the
+Union depot; and after that, did you not have command of them as a
+regiment?
+
+A. Well, sir, I dismissed my regiment at the Union depot. I also sent
+word to the companies who had to leave the city--I had four
+companies--that they were perfectly safe, and they better not go away
+till morning.
+
+Q. What did they do with their arms, when you dismissed them?
+
+A. They took them home, except one company; they could not get away
+that night, and stayed there. At ten the next day, I had three
+companies that went out on the eleven o'clock train.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. The companies that left lived in the rural districts; they took
+their arms with them to their homes?
+
+A. I think they all did, so far as I know, except one company.
+
+Q. And they remained in the city?
+
+A. That company was a home company, and remained at the Union depot
+until ten o'clock next day, before it left.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many rounds of ammunition had you?
+
+A. I think we had about eight or ten rounds to a man. It was not very
+equally divided, but we averaged that during the morning. We had
+received our ammunition, our share of the ammunition, by requisition, a
+few weeks before that time, and had sent out to the arsenal, and they
+had not received it, and it was left at Captain Fox's armory, in
+Lawrenceville, and on that morning, I think that we hadn't enough, and
+I sent out a wagon and had a box of a thousand rounds brought in, and
+it was carried up from the crossing to my regiment, and a great many of
+the strikers came up to see what kind it was, and that was the only
+time that any of them was up there in any considerable number. That is,
+if there were any up there, they were strikers away from the fold. They
+came up, and I allowed them to remain there until the ammunition was
+distributed and issued, so that they could see what it was. Then I
+ordered them down the hill and they went. A few minutes after that one
+of their number, I presume him to be one of their number, came up and
+commenced to me about our being there, and I asked him who he was, and
+he said he was a striker, and that they were armed and that they were
+going to fight for their rights.
+
+Q. This was on Saturday?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Before the Philadelphia troops came out there?
+
+A. Yes, sir; he said they were armed and they were going to fight for
+their rights. I heard him, and told him if that was all the business
+they had up there he had better get down the hill, or I would arrest
+him. He left. That is the only man I talked to that day outside of my
+own regiment.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you know who that man was?
+
+A. No; I did not know him.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. At the time your dismissed your troops at the Union Depot hotel,
+about eleven o'clock, was the whole number with you that you took out
+in the morning?
+
+A. No, sir; there was not.
+
+Q. What had become of those that were not there?
+
+A. I dismissed some men early in the day of Saturday morning, men whom
+I think were not in a condition to do service there under the
+circumstances.
+
+Q. For what reason?
+
+A. There was two of them got something to drink and got drunk. I think
+they were drunk, and I relieved them from duty and sent them away. That
+was one thing I had great care about. I believe that a commander is
+responsible for the morality of his men, and I was looking after that
+particularly on that occasion.
+
+Q. How many less men did you have at night?
+
+A. I had between thirty and forty.
+
+Q. That were missing--some of those went off on their own account?
+
+A. No, sir. I dismissed one company entire. I had one company after the
+firing of the troops--a great many of the killed and wounded were
+killed immediately in front of my line, and I saw the men raising their
+guns to fire, and I ordered my men to lie down, and I think I saved the
+lives of some of them by so doing. Immediately after that there was a
+great deal of excitement, and the crowd down on the hill side came
+rushing back and got in the rear of my line. I ordered the captains to
+examine the men to see that they had not loaded their arms. I did not
+anticipate that that was the end of it, but I wanted to know whether
+any of my men had loaded their arms under the excitement, and I found
+it was reported that some of them had. I saw some myself, and this
+company--the lieutenant had an altercation and tussle, and took a
+gun--the man refused to obey, and the lieutenant took hold of the gun
+and took it from him. It created a panic in the company, and they ran
+back of the line for a few yards, and I sent Colonel Glenn to see what
+the trouble was, and the men were a good deal excited. Afterwards the
+captain came to me and I sent an order to have them remain there in
+that position, and the captain came to me afterwards and asked me to
+order them back into the line, which I refused to do. I determined to
+send them home. I dismissed twenty-eight men in one company. I want to
+say that I believe I did these men a great injustice. Some of these men
+tried to get back here at night. I did not know the circumstances, and
+I supposed that under the excitement of the firing that they had run
+back. And when the matter was explained to me afterwards, I believe I
+did them a great injustice. I know I did, because they did service
+after worthy of all praise.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did any of your men straggle off and desert?
+
+A. Some men went away--not many.
+
+Q. How many men had you at night, or about how many, when you dismissed
+the regiment?
+
+A. I had about one hundred and forty-six men and twenty-seven officers.
+I had my men counted before I dismissed them. I was not deceived in
+regard to them from first to last.
+
+Q. What was the captain's name of that company you sent off?
+
+A. Captain Graham.
+
+Q. Were they veterans as a general thing--had seen service?
+
+A. Which?
+
+Q. These men in the company.
+
+A. I could not answer that; some of them were, I know that. All my
+officers are old veterans, except one.
+
+Q. You have seen service in the war?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In what capacity did you serve in the army?
+
+A. Orderly sergeant.
+
+Q. For how long were you in the service?
+
+A. From September, 1861, until the last day of May, 1861.
+
+Q. When you were wounded?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What explanation did you have from General Brown for disbanding the
+regiment or dismissing the regiment at that time?
+
+A. There was no explanation of it at that time.
+
+Q. Did you think that that order of General Brown's to dismiss the
+regiment could be justified on any grounds?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. You dismissed your regiment upon that order, simply because you
+consider it your duty to do so. You obeyed orders?
+
+A. Yes; I obeyed orders.
+
+Q. Where was the Nineteenth regiment at that time?
+
+A. I only saw one of the officers of the Nineteenth regiment at the
+Union depot, and that was Captain Bingham.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+General A. L. Pearson, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I live in the city, sir.
+
+Q. What is your profession?
+
+A. I am a member of the bar of this city.
+
+Q. Member of the National Guard?
+
+A. Yes; I command the Sixth division National Guard.
+
+Q. With what rank?
+
+A. The rank of major general.
+
+Q. Were you in the late war of the rebellion?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How long?
+
+A. I entered the service in the beginning of 1862, as captain, and went
+through the intermediate ranks of major, lieutenant colonel, colonel,
+and was afterwards brevetted brigadier and major general--commanded a
+brigade at the end of the war.
+
+Q. Were you in the city on the 19th of July last?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I was.
+
+Q. State when you first heard of the disturbance among the railroad
+employés, and your connection with it thereafter?
+
+A. On the evening of the 19th July--Thursday, I believe--I was going
+home-I live just at the Allegheny arsenal--I live on Thirty-ninth, just
+directly opposite the Allegheny arsenal--going out in the street car,
+and I observed numbers of men standing up along the railroad. At that
+time I knew there was no difficulty. Had not heard of any strike or any
+disturbance of any kind or character. I suppose I retired about
+half-past nine o'clock. In the neighborhood of ten, or probably
+half-past, a carriage drove up to my door, and the bell rang, and I
+went to the door and found a telegraph dispatch from General Latta,
+asking if I knew anything relative to the disturbance on the
+Pennsylvania railroad. The messenger who was in the carriage requested
+me to go with him. Who the gentleman was I do not know. I went with
+him.
+
+Q. What time was the message received at the office?
+
+A. That is what I cannot tell you.
+
+Q. Did not notice that?
+
+A. I did not notice it. I supposed it had just been received, and
+brought directly from the office to my residence. I received it
+probably a few minutes after ten--between ten and eleven. I got in the
+carriage and accompanied the gentleman down to Mr. Pitcairn's office,
+which is at the corner of Twenty-sixth and Liberty avenue. When I got
+there I think Mr. Scott was present, who was the solicitor of the road,
+and several other gentlemen. They told me about the difficulties, and
+stated that they had sent to Sheriff Fife. At that time I knew of no
+difficulties. Did not know there were any troubles at all, and I waited
+a long time, and I presume it was in the neighborhood of twelve o'clock
+when Sheriff Fife arrived, and they talked over the situation of
+affairs, and at the request of the sheriff I accompanied him to
+Twenty-eighth street, walking up the track.
+
+Q. Twelve o'clock at night?
+
+A. I suppose in the neighborhood of twelve o'clock in the night. When
+we arrived in the neighborhood of Twenty-eighth street, several shots
+were fired--not at us, however. They were fired, I presume, in the air,
+at least, nobody was hurt, and we went in among the crowd, and the
+sheriff mounted a little pile of lumber or so, and told this crowd who
+he was, and was answered with most outrageous language. He told them he
+was there as a law officer of the county, and insisted upon them
+dispersing. Told them the consequences of their illegal acts. After he
+had spoken sometime, some one, who evidently was leader of the party,
+cried out, "Why, you can go and bring your posse, we don't care a damn
+for you or your posse. Mayor McCarthy and his police are with us." Then
+they mentioned the name of some merchant who had promised them a
+thousand barrels of flour, and another gentleman who promised them one
+thousand dollars if they would continue. After they had made these
+remarks, two or three of the fellows took me one side, and told me
+about a man named McCall, who had been arrested for striking Mr. Watt,
+and wanted to know if I would defend him next morning at the mayor's
+office at ten o'clock. I told them if it was necessary; that I was an
+attorney, and I would go with them, and advised them to leave the
+railroad property at that time. Talked to them quietly, and promised to
+meet them the next morning to defend this fellow who had struck Mr.
+Watt. Sheriff Fife still talked with the crowd. The crowd was very
+large, and, while he was talking, one or two, maybe three,
+dispatches--whether they were telegraphic dispatches or not, I do not
+know--but they received one or two, and probably three dispatches.
+
+Q. The mob?
+
+A. The mob; and as some person would announce the fact that they
+received these dispatches they would run hurriedly with a lantern, and
+he would read it out. They said we don't care a damn for you, or your
+posse, to-morrow at eleven o'clock we will stop every road in the
+Commonwealth. There will not be a railroad train run to-morrow after
+eleven o'clock. Their language was simply outrageous. One or two women
+in the party were, if anything, worse than the men, and extended
+invitations to the sheriff which he did not accept at that time.
+Whether he has or not, I don't know. No such invitations were extended
+to me, however. At that time I was treated very civil, indeed. They
+treated me very nicely with the exception of the boisterous language
+which had been used more directly to the sheriff. Finding nothing could
+be done they insisted upon remaining where they were, and stopping the
+trains. We walked down to the telegraph office where we had left, and
+there in consultation with Mr. Scott and others who were present, the
+sheriff sent communications to the Governor, to the Lieutenant
+Governor, to the Adjutant General, and Mr. Quay, and whether he sent to
+any other State officers or not I can't say. He hesitated at first in
+regard to writing these communications, and said he would prefer to
+have his attorney. Says he: "I can't reach Mr. Carnochan, but I will
+submit and ask your advice in regard to this matter."
+
+Q. That is, addressing himself to you?
+
+A. Addressing himself to me. I told him I was very free to confess that
+after having heard what had been said by the mob at Twenty-eighth
+street, and the fact that there was not a single police officer to be
+seen in that neighborhood, although large crowds had congregated there,
+that it was more than likely that what they said in regard to the mayor
+was true, that everything looked very serious, that he had but one duty
+to perform, and that was to call out his _posse comitatus_, and in
+view of the fact that everything looked so badly just then, that I
+would not hesitate, were I the sheriff of the county, under the
+circumstances, to notify the Adjutant General of the true state of
+affairs. He then sent the telegraphic dispatches as I have stated.
+
+Q. By whom were they written?
+
+A. That is what I cannot tell you, sir. They were sent, I know, by the
+sheriff. They were not written by myself, and I do not think they were
+written by Sheriff Fife.
+
+Q. Were they written by Mr. Scott, the solicitor?
+
+A. I think it is more than probable that Mr. Scott wrote the
+dispatches. When I knew he was going to send the dispatches I had other
+things to think about. I knew my command was scattered, and I would
+have a good deal of work to get them out if I was so ordered.
+
+Q. Who first suggested the calling out of the militia in that
+conversation?
+
+A. That would be hard to tell. The conversation was a general one.
+Probably there were half a dozen gentlemen present at that meeting.
+
+Q. Between yourself and the sheriff?
+
+A. There was Mr. Scott was there, and I think Mr. Watt and the sheriff,
+and two or three other railroad officials, and myself. The dispatches
+were sent. I telegraphed General Latta that I was then at the telegraph
+office, and subject to any orders that he might send. At about three
+o'clock, probably half past three o'clock in the morning, I received a
+telegraphic communication--order from General Latta--ordering me to
+place one regiment--ordering out one regiment for duty. Upon that order
+I telegraphed Colonel Guthrie, who resided at the East End, telling him
+I had ordered out his regiment--the Eighteenth regiment. I came down to
+the city and stopped one or two of the newspaper presses, and got my
+order--I think it was in the _Gazette_ and the _Dispatch_--calling upon
+the Eighteenth regiment to assemble at their armory at six o'clock in
+the morning, and report at the Union depot at seven. My adjutant was
+out of town, and I had no means of reaching any members of my staff;
+but having telegraphed Colonel Guthrie, I fortunately met him early on
+the following morning, and he had been at work from the time he had
+received my dispatch in getting his men together. From the fact that
+his regiment was scattered all over town, it was almost impossible for
+him to have access to the members of his command, and they did not
+report at the hour named, to wit: seven o'clock in the morning, but at
+about twelve o'clock. Colonel Guthrie reported at the Union Depot
+hotel. I deemed it then--at that time, at Torrens station, where the
+stock-yards were--there was a large number of sheds, and a great many
+cattle congregated there, and a large crowd had been there, and I
+considered it was the principal point of attack--that there was more
+danger to be apprehended there than any place else. I consequently sent
+Guthrie and his command to Torrens station by rail. I had telegraphed
+General Latta of the situation of affairs, and suggested the propriety
+of calling out the remainder of my division, and received an answer
+thereto, with orders to that effect. General Brown lived at McKee's,
+some distance below the city, and I had no means of communicating. I
+consequently issued my orders directly to the regimental commanders,
+Colonel Gray and Colonel Howard; also, instructing Captain Breck to
+report with two pieces of artillery. Late in the afternoon of Friday,
+probably in the neighborhood of half past three o'clock, Captain Breck
+reported with his two pieces of artillery, and Colonel Howard reported
+with but a very few men--I suppose, all told, not fifty from his
+regiment. I then ordered Colonel Howard and Captain Breck, with his two
+pieces of artillery, to take their position on Liberty avenue, with the
+expectation of moving out to Twenty-eighth street. Mr. Thaw, Mr. Scott,
+and Mr. Cassatt, and one or two other gentlemen, met at the office of
+Mr. Butler, who was the depot master, and wanted to know whether I
+could clear Twenty-eighth street with the number of men I then
+had--that was about seventy-five. I told them there was no doubt about
+my----
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. That was at four o'clock. I told them there was no doubt about my
+ability to clear the tracks, at that time, with the number of men. That
+I had already ordered them to start, to go out Liberty avenue to
+Twenty-eighth street, and up Twenty-eighth, and take possession of the
+tracks at that point. I had no doubt of my ability to clear the tracks,
+at that time, but I was compelled to say that it would be at a fearful
+loss of life, a thing that I preferred to avert, if possible. Mr. Thaw
+and Mr. Scott both expostulated, and asked if I would send an aid, and
+stop the troops from going at that time, which I did. They halted at
+the Catholic church, and we then talked the matter over. Mr. Cassatt
+thought it much better to go out and take possession of the property
+then, even if there should be a trouble. I told them, then, that I
+could go and take possession of the track, that I thought, from the
+feeling that was existing then, it would be impossible for me, with
+seventy-five men, to hold the position. I would clear the tracks, but I
+would not promise to hold the position at that locality. After
+considerable conversation, believing it better to avert bloodshed and
+loss of life, and, acting upon the suggestion of Mr. William Thaw and
+Mr. Scott, I re-called the troops, and brought them into the Union
+depot, but, in the meantime, I had visited Torrens station, in company
+with the sheriff, and he there had spoken to the crowd, and commanded
+and demanded that they should disperse. They treated him with a very
+great deal of disrespect, hurling all sorts of outrageous epithets at
+him, and, seeing quite a number in the crowd whom I knew, not by name,
+but whom I knew, I thought if I would talk to them I might have some
+influence, and I got up on a tender, and spoke to them. It just had the
+opposite effect. They said, we don't care a damn for you or your
+troops. One man in particular said, "I have been in the army for four
+years, and many of us have been, and we are going to have bread or
+blood, and we will wade up to our waists in blood before this thing is
+over." I told them that was the language generally used by fellows who
+ran away. There was a good many women and children, and I begged that
+they would go away. We then returned to Twenty-eighth street, and I
+again spoke to the crowd there, with a like result. After the troops
+had been re-called into the Union Depot hotel, it was suggested that,
+inasmuch as very many of the men of my division were workingmen, who,
+probably, had fathers or brothers who were directly interested in the
+railroads, being employés of the road, that their sympathies would be
+with those that were opposing law and order, that some other troops
+should be called, and Mr. Cassatt suggested that a Philadelphia
+regiment be sent for. I telegraphed to General Latta what had been
+suggested, and, in answer thereto, he asked what I thought of affairs.
+I told him, from the situation of affairs, that I thought it would be
+much better to bring additional troops here, and that we ought not to
+have less than two thousand. That there was but one way to avoid the
+shedding of blood and loss of life, and that was to overawe the
+strikers and rioters by an appearance of strength. Acting upon that
+suggestion, I think General Brinton's command was ordered here. In the
+evening, I received a telegraphic dispatch from General Latta, stating
+that he had ordered General Brinton's division to report to me. I
+received a dispatch from General Brinton, stating that he would leave
+at one o'clock with eighteen hundred men, fully armed and equipped. At
+that time, Colonel Gray had reported with the Fourteenth regiment at
+the Union depot, and a considerable number of the Nineteenth
+regiment--Colonel Howard's regiment--had also reported, swelling the
+entire strength of the division to the neighborhood, probably, of six
+hundred men. Of that number Colonel Guthrie, probably, had two hundred,
+and over, men at Torrens station. Anticipating the arrival of General
+Brinton early on Saturday morning before daylight, I ordered Colonel
+Gray, and Colonel Howard, and Captain Breck to have their men under
+arms, and ready for any movement I might suggest.
+
+Q. On Saturday morning?
+
+A. Yes, sir; and I think about two-thirty o'clock that morning, I sent
+Colonel Gray out, taking a circuitous route--taking Bedford avenue, so
+as to strike the top of the hill directly opposite Twenty-eighth
+street, with orders to deploy on the summit of the hill, and move down,
+and giving him time to get to that locality. I had taken out Breck's
+two guns upon gondola cars and what troops of the Nineteenth had
+reported under Colonel Howard, and just as we reached Twenty-eighth
+street, Colonel Gray's regiment could be seen coming down from the
+summit of the hill, and moving down towards the pieces. At that time
+there were not many men there--not many of the mob. We disembarked
+Captain Breck's guns, and placed them in position, facing Twenty-eighth
+street, and commanding that position. Colonel Gray moved his command
+down, probably half way down the hill and halted. Colonel Howard took
+possession of the railroad tracks, and I walked up to meet Colonel
+Gray's command, and found half a dozen men who had evidently been
+posted there, and we drove them off the hill. We pushed the crowd back
+clear to the westerly track, and I told them then and there, that the
+Philadelphia troops had been ordered here, and that we had no blank
+ammunition, that these men were all sworn into the service, that they
+had but one duty to perform, and that was to obey orders, and that they
+were there in opposition to the law, and that they must leave.
+
+Q. The mob was there in opposition?
+
+A. The mob was there in opposition to the law, and they must leave the
+tracks, that they had no right there, and that the orders that I would
+give to my troops would be to keep the hill side clear, and the tracks
+open for the passage of any trains the railroad officials might see fit
+to send. There was considerable howling at that time, and some of them
+spoke about wanting bread, and says I, "If you want bread, if you will
+go away from there, I will send you a car load of bread. I will furnish
+you with all the bread you want, if you go away and let these tracks
+alone." The tracks then were comparatively clear. There was no person
+on the hill side with the exception of the troops. I then gave
+directions to General Brown, who had command of the infantry portion of
+the division, to keep the hill side clear, and allow no person upon the
+track, and to hold it in the position until he received further orders
+from me. He spoke of the fact that Twenty-eighth street was a public
+street, and that the public had a right to use it. I told him that was
+a matter he had no concern about whatever. I had the responsibility of
+closing up that street, and I gave him an order to keep the hill side
+clear, and the people off the track, and anything he might do to carry
+out that order I would be responsible for, and he would be doing what
+would place him in no false position. I then jumped on the locomotive,
+and returned to the Union Depot hotel. During this time numbers of
+people had come to me to expostulate with me for calling out the
+troops. I told them that was a matter in which I had no concern
+whatever; I was merely obeying orders. I was a sworn officer of the
+Commonwealth, and that every officer and every man in my command had
+filed their oaths to obey orders. I was there to obey orders, and
+anything that might happen would not be upon my shoulders, but upon
+those who were breaking the laws. I received telegrams from General
+Brinton from various points on his route to Pittsburgh from
+Philadelphia. When he reached Pittsburgh, it was then in the
+neighborhood of two o'clock. He had about five hundred and fifty men
+and two Gatling guns, and I think twenty thousand rounds of extra
+ammunition. Upon his arrival, we furnished his command--they came in
+two sections--when the first section arrived, we furnished the troops
+of that section with such rations as we could procure, which was
+nothing more or less than a sandwich and cup of coffee, and probably
+thirty minutes after the second section arrived, and we furnished the
+troops in that section with sandwiches and coffee. We took the
+ammunition and placed it in the small building near the track, and I
+then took General Brinton out and had a consultation with General
+Latta, who was then in the Union Depot hotel. He wanted to know what my
+plans were, and I told him, and he asked me the question, "Do you still
+think that it is better to overawe the mob with the large number of
+troops?" And I told him, certainly I did, and General Latta agreed with
+me. Says he, "I think you are pursuing a wise policy. We will try to
+avert the shedding of blood and loss of life if possible." He then
+wanted me to show General Brinton the situation of affairs, and I drew
+a small plot of Twenty-eighth street and the hill, and the track, the
+round-house, &c. And General Latta asked me, "Who will you send out
+with General Brinton to show him the situation?" I told him I had
+better go out myself. We started out the tracks, taking the two Gatling
+guns by hand. At that time a large crowd was congregated in the
+neighborhood of the Union Depot hotel, many of them looking over the
+fences, and others had got inside, and were mingling with the troops,
+but we pushed out the tracks, and in the neighborhood of Twenty-fourth
+street there was quite a crowd lining the tracks, standing on the cars,
+occupying the side of the hill. Probably at that time there was in the
+neighborhood of one thousand five hundred or two thousand cars laden
+with all kinds of goods there, and I suggested to General Brinton the
+propriety of leaving a portion of his troops to guard his flank and
+rear, as well as to protect the cars, which he did. I think that was
+probably General Loud's brigade, consisting probably of three hundred
+men. They were deployed over that locality clear up to the lower
+round-house. We pushed on with the balance of the troops, headed by the
+sheriff and his posse. When we got to Twenty-eighth street, instead of
+finding the tracks clear, and the hill side clear of people, there was
+one dense mass of humanity, men, women, and children--the hill side was
+crowded with people. I could not see Colonel Gray's regiment, the
+Fourteenth. I found a small portion of the Nineteenth occupying the
+right hand track of the railroad, and the entire tracks in possession
+of the mob. As we went up the track the sheriff was received with all
+manner of derisive shouts, calling him all sorts of names. I was
+received in a like manner, but the crowd seemed to know me very well by
+name. They pointed me out, and everything that a dirty, low man could
+say was said. At that time one of the mob pushed through the line of
+soldiers and struck at one of the officers--whether it was General
+Brinton, or General Mathews, who commanded one of his brigades, I don't
+know.
+
+Q. What did he strike with?
+
+A. Struck him with his fist. I got the fellow by the shoulder and
+quickly pushed him towards the sheriff. Says I, "Here is a fellow that
+will make trouble; take charge of this man." The sheriff pushed him
+into the midst of his posse. At that time there was a fellow standing
+upon my right, just off the railroad tracks, and he was doing a good
+deal of loud talking and making all sorts of threats. I pointed him out
+to the sheriff, and says I, "Here is another fellow you had better
+arrest; he will make trouble." I pushed through the mob and started up
+the hillside to find where General Brown was--to find where the
+Fourteenth regiment was, and the remainder of the Nineteenth was. I
+found Colonel Howard, who commanded the Nineteenth regiment, occupying
+a position on a private road leading to the West Pennsylvania hospital,
+and asked him the question what he was doing there. He said he had been
+ordered to report there, and, says he, "I am sorry to say you can place
+but little dependence upon the troops of your division, and some of the
+men have thrown down their arms and others have left, and I fear the
+situation very much;" and spoke in like terms--says he, "I think the
+Fourteenth regiment is in the same position." I then gave orders to
+Colonel Howard to move his command in such a position that they would
+be of some use in case of attack, which he immediately proceeded to do.
+I then came down, pushed through the mob, and having heard this
+information from Colonel Howard of the situation of affairs, and
+finding General Brown was not to be found, I did not see him, and did
+not know where he was--had not seen him that day at all--and finding
+the hill side occupied with people, the tracks in complete possession
+of the mob, the troops outnumbered in a very large degree, I concluded
+it was my duty then to notify General Latta of the state of affairs,
+and to ask that additional troops be sent for. I knew that four
+divisions had been ordered under arms prior to that--General White's,
+General Huidekoper's, General Gallagher's, and probably General
+Bolton's, had been ordered under arms prior to that. As I pushed
+through the mob I found that General Brinton had deployed, by what
+command I cannot state. But one single line of his troops occupied a
+portion of the westerly track. There was a single rank facing the hill
+side, and as I passed down the company was moving up from his rear and
+moving directly up the tracks towards Twenty-eighth street. I left my
+station there with Major Evans, walked down the tracks, entered the
+telegraph office at the corner of Twenty-sixth and Liberty avenue, and
+telegraphed General Latta of the situation of affairs, asking if he
+would immediately telegraph to the Fourth division commanders and order
+them at once. Probably that had hardly taken place, and in looking out
+of the window I found a man carrying a boy across his arms with his
+legs dangling down. I remarked to Major Evans that I feared there had
+been a conflict. He went out and came back with the report that a boy
+had been sun-struck. Just then I heard a cry on Liberty avenue, and
+looking out of the window I found the dead and wounded being carried
+past, and the crowd rushing down to the workshops of the railroad. At
+that instant Mr. Cassatt came in. He had been up in the cupola of one
+of the workshops, and had seen the firing and was the first to
+communicate the fact to me that the firing had taken place. I had not
+even heard the reports of the muskets. I presume the noise of the
+ticking of the telegraphic instruments and the steam which was up in
+half a dozen locomotives in the adjoining round-house was such that I
+did not hear the explosion of the pieces. Mr. Cassatt stated that as
+the mob was rushing round Twenty-eighth street and down Liberty,
+towards the round-houses, he feared destruction of property. The
+round-houses were filled with locomotives, the workshops filled full of
+valuable machinery, and the tracks lined with cars laden with all sorts
+of valuables of every kind and character, and stated that he feared
+that property would be destroyed. I had sent word to General Brinton
+asking him, if necessary, to send a staff officer to me or communicate
+in person. He came in in a moment or two, stating that he had cleared
+the tracks; that the mob had fired upon his troops; that many of the
+men had been knocked down by stones and pieces of iron, and without
+orders his troops had fired into the crowd; that the tracks were
+cleared, and that he was ready, and if they had any trains to send them
+out. It was then stated by some of the railroad officials that they had
+no crews to send out trains, and Brinton suggested that in as much as
+nothing could be done that night, and his men were almost in a famished
+condition, that they be brought into the round-houses or workshops. I
+then stated that it was the only thing to be done to save the property
+of the road. I issued orders to General Brinton to bring his troops in
+and to occupy the round-house, and I sent direct communications to
+Colonel Howard and Colonel Gray ordering them to bring their regiments
+in and take possession of the transfer offices, which were long wooden
+sheds, extending from Twenty-third, I think, to Twenty-fourth street.
+My orders were obeyed. Captain Breck brought two pieces of his battery
+in and placed them in position, facing Twenty-sixth street. Brinton's
+two Gatling guns were brought in and placed in a like position. The
+gates fronting Twenty-eighth street were closed, and everything at that
+time in as good a condition as could possibly be. Mr. Pitcairn,
+superintendent of the western division of the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company, who had been an observer of all the Twenty-eighth street
+troubles, came in, and I suggested the propriety that they should go
+down and send out rations from the depot hotel. They said they would,
+and they started off for that purpose. Towards evening an express wagon
+came up. General Brinton and his staff was occupying the second story,
+then, of the telegraph office, and I had my station there. We were
+congratulating ourselves upon the fact that we were going to have at
+least one decent meal. We could see the express wagon coming up with
+the supper, and just at that time the crowd made a rush upon the wagon
+and took entire possession, and instead of supper we got broken dishes
+through the windows, which did not add much to the good feeling
+existing in the building at that time. And after that an Irishman--I
+know he was an Irishman by the cut of his jib and his language--drove
+up on a bob-tailed, lantern-jawed horse and made a very inflammatory
+speech to the mob right in front of the gate. It was a very ludicrous
+speech, and the mob seemed to take it as such, because one of them
+pulled off a piece of board off a fence and struck the horse over the
+back, and the last we could see of this Irish orator he was going down
+Liberty avenue. Then a few shots were fired through the windows, and
+stones thrown, and General Brinton insisted upon firing into the crowd
+with his Gatling guns. I expostulated with him, telling him the
+situation was not serious enough to use his guns at that time, because
+then on Liberty avenue, directly in connection with where we were,
+there were very few of the rioters. Down Twenty-sixth and up there
+probably there were a thousand men, women, and children congregated,
+and particularly women and children, and as his officers would go up to
+his Gatling guns the active rioters who were on Liberty avenue would
+get behind the stone wall, leaving Twenty-sixth street exposed. I ran
+out and called attention to the fact. Says I, "If you fire now instead
+of killing these people that should be killed, you will kill a large
+number of women and children who are merely idle spectators," and gave
+direct orders to one of the officers not to fire that gun. They
+apparently cooled down and returned into the building, and the thing
+was repeated. I then gave orders again that until the affairs became
+more desperate that there was no occasion to use the Gatling gun,
+because the active rioters would not be injured--that merely women and
+children would be knocked down in the streets. At eight o'clock--in the
+neighborhood of eight and nine o'clock--General Brinton had been
+complaining during this time of the half-famished condition of his
+troops, and I knew the fact that they were in a half-famished
+condition, and I knew my own troops were no better off. My
+commissary--the officer who attended to the commissary of my
+division--was at Torrens station. General Brinton was at the Union
+depot, and he asked me the question, "Can you not go down and try to
+get some provisions of some kind to carry to my troops?" Says I, "I
+think I can." At that time everything was apparently quiet, and,
+accompanied by the members of my staff, we started down the railroad
+track, leaving General Brinton in command at that place, leaving him
+with orders to hold the position.
+
+Q. Where was Cassatt?
+
+A. Mr. Cassatt had, long before this, gone to the Union Depot hotel. I
+do not think any of the railroad employés were there at all.
+
+Q. What time was it you started?
+
+A. I think it was between eight and nine o'clock that night. We started
+down the tracks, and when we reached the depot----
+
+Q. Were you dressed in uniform?
+
+A. Yes; my entire staff was in uniform. All had our swords and
+everything. When we reached the depot, everything was silent as a
+graveyard in and about the depot, and we passed down and entered the
+Union Depot hotel. We went up to General Latta's room, and there found
+General Latta, Colonel Quay, and Mr. Farr, the Governor's private
+secretary, Colonel Norris, of the Governor's staff, and several other
+gentlemen. There seemed to be a very great deal of surprise manifested
+at the fact that we had got through the crowd and reached the Union
+depot. I had established my head-quarters there at the beginning of the
+entire affair, and it was then suggested that, inasmuch as the rioters
+had blamed me for ordering the firing and killing the citizens, that my
+remaining in further command of the troops would only aggravate
+affairs, and that was doing a very material injury to the troops, and
+it was stated by some one in the room that the rioters had gone through
+the hotel looking for me. That they had gone from the cellar to the
+roof, and if found, I and any with me, would be hanged. I thought the
+threat was an idle one, and wanted to know what they wanted me to do.
+At that time we could hear bodies of men marching up with drums and
+fifes, and hear them shouting.
+
+Q. What room was that?
+
+A. General Latta's room, at the Union Depot hotel. And then General
+Latta suggested me--he asked the question--and says he, "Is General
+Brinton in command out at the round-house." Says I, "He is." Says he,
+"Then I think the best thing we can do for the situation of affairs and
+the protection of your troops, and to try and quell this disturbance,
+is for you to go away from here. If you do not go, you will be hanged."
+I told him there was a sufficient number of us there to make a hanging
+very agreeable to all, and I did not think there was much danger; if
+any one was hanged, somebody would be hurt. He said it was no time to
+use any levity; the situation was very serious, and my life was not
+worth a penny, and that my remaining in command of the troops was doing
+an injury; that I had been blamed for the whole thing. I asked him what
+he wanted me to do.
+
+Q. What time was that in the evening?
+
+A. It was between nine and ten o'clock.
+
+Q. Saturday night?
+
+A. Saturday night. Says I, "What do you want me to do? Do you wish me
+to change my head-quarters? If so, will I go to the Monongahela house?"
+"No; you will just be as bad off there as here," and then Major Evans,
+of my staff, spoke up, and said, "General Latta, if you insist that
+this ought to be done, let General Pearson come to my house." General
+Latta said, "Yes; that is the very thing to do." I had never been at
+Major Evans' house, but knew it was in the neighborhood. The address
+was taken by General Latta, and I think by Mr. Farr, of the Governor's
+staff. At that time, Mr. Dalzell, one of the attorneys of the road,
+came into the room, and I spoke to him, and I spoke to Quay. Says I,
+"Mr. Quay, do you think I ought to leave this place?" Says he: "I
+certainly do. The situation of affairs is such in the manner in which
+you are blamed for this, that you are doing an injury to the troops;"
+and others of the Governor's staff spoke up in the same way. Says I,
+"Very well, I take this as an order, but before I go I will leave you
+three members of the staff." I left my brother, Mr. Murray, and Major
+Steen, stating that I would be prepared to perform any duty. That these
+officers knew where I could be found, and anything they wished done, I
+would do. Major Evans and myself left. There was no possible way of
+getting out front, and we crossed a small bridge, and went up over the
+hill-side, and reached Major Evans' house. At that time there had not
+been a car fired, and there had been no torch communicated to
+anything--buildings or cars.
+
+Q. Where was Major Evans' house?
+
+A. Major Evans' house is situated in what is known as Oakland. I do not
+know what street he does live on.
+
+Q. What distance from the Union depot?
+
+A. I suppose it is in the neighborhood of a mile and a half. We reached
+Mayor Evans' house, and I then sent him over to find out, if he could
+ascertain anything about my family. I had heard my house was ransacked,
+and I know that my daughter had been driven away. She drove down in an
+open buggy after the firing. Came down to Twenty-sixth street and the
+round-house, where the troops were, drove through the mob, and tried to
+get some communication from me. It had been reported that I was shot.
+It was impossible to get any communication with her, and the mob drove
+her off. I sent Major Evans over to see if he could find out anything
+about my family. While he was gone, Colonel Moore and my brother came
+out for me to give him an order for ammunition at the Allegheny
+arsenal. The ammunition had been stored there and could not be taken
+out, except by my order. I gave the necessary orders. At that time
+everything was quiet. They started away with the orders for ammunition.
+Subsequently Major Evans came in and reported that so far as he could
+learn everything was quiet. At about ten o'clock, Sunday morning, I was
+wakened up and told of the fact that the rioters and mob had set fire
+to the cars and burned out the round-house, and I immediately sent a
+written communication to General Latta, by Major Evans, stating that I
+had heard what had taken place, and desired to receive some
+instructions from him. That I was ready to perform any service, and to
+do any duty, and to go any place, and suggested the propriety of
+immediately telegraphing the Governor for his return. Probably about
+one or two--it might have been after that--Sunday afternoon I received
+a verbal reply by Major Evans stating that General Latta had stated for
+me to remain where I was until I got further orders. My appearance then
+would only aggravate matters and do more harm than good, and for Major
+Evans to report on the Monday following. I sent Major Evans in on the
+Monday morning, and at the same time General Latta had left. I believe
+he did not see him. I know nothing at all about the situation of
+affairs from that time up.
+
+Q. How long did you remain at Major Evans'?
+
+A. I remained several days there, and the family being a strange family
+to me--had never seen his family. I knew the major very well--and
+having received intelligence that there was a likelihood of the major's
+house being mobbed, and not desiring to put them in a situation of that
+kind, I left Major Evans' house. Subsequent to that--of course, when I
+left the Union Depot hotel, I looked upon that as being virtually a
+relief from my command, and found, by reading the daily papers, that
+General Brown had assumed command of the division. I think it was the
+1st of August--a number of days subsequent, anyhow--I received an
+official communication from the Governor, instructing me to hold my
+command in readiness to move at an hour not later than eight o'clock,
+and to go up to Luzerne coal regions, where difficulties were
+apprehended.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you go?
+
+A. At that time I found that the division had been ordered to
+disband--verbal orders had been given by General Brown to disband the
+troops, and by accident I was at Colonel Guthrie's head-quarters, and I
+suggested the propriety of him not disbanding just at that time, and he
+concluded that he would not. That he would have a street parade of his
+regiment that evening. I returned to my head-quarters, and when I
+returned, I got orders from the Governor, ordering me to have my
+division in readiness to start off at an hour not later than eight
+o'clock. I immediately communicated with various officers of the
+division, and at the hour indicated I was ready to move with the entire
+command. Transportation could not be procured at that time, and we did
+not leave until the neighborhood of twelve o'clock--started off with, I
+think, one thousand and thirty-five men, and went to Luzerne county. Do
+you desire me to give an account of how we proceeded there, and what
+took place?
+
+Q. You might state whether the mob went to your house in search of you?
+
+A. Of my own personal knowledge, of course, I do not know. From what I
+have heard, they did go.
+
+Q. You ordered Colonel Gray and Colonel Howard to move their commands
+to the transfer station, I believe you said?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I did that, because I considered it my duty to put these
+men in positions I considered the most dangerous--they were my own
+troops. The transfer sheds were long, low frame buildings, extending
+probably in the neighborhood of a square, open and unprotected, and I
+thought it was my duty at least to expose my own troops much more than
+strangers who were coming here from a long distance. I placed General
+Brinton's command in brick buildings.
+
+Q. Was it General Brinton's suggestion, or because you deemed it the
+best position, that you placed him in the round-house?
+
+A. I found that no trains were to be run at all, that it would be mere
+and utter foolishness to keep General Brinton's troops standing upon
+the railroad tracks, and to place them upon the hill side would be
+exposing that command to danger, as all the hill side and all the
+buildings on it were filled up by railroaders, I believe, and
+consequently, to place General Brinton's command on the hill side would
+subject them to any troubles that might occur from the railroaders
+living above them, and of the mob getting round on top. Then, the
+further fact that the mob would have taken possession of the
+round-house and used the cars as barricades, and he could do nothing.
+He suggested the propriety of bringing them into the round-house, and
+giving them some chance to rest, and getting them provisions; and I say
+now, that knowing all the facts of the case, if the thing was to be
+done over again to-morrow, I would do exactly what was done. To have
+placed them in any other position than that in which they were placed,
+would have been a piece of folly that I would not be guilty of. A man
+that would have taken troops and placed them upon the hill side, under
+the situation of affairs, I would characterize as an ass, and not
+worthy of commanding troops.
+
+Q. Would it not have been better to have retired the troops to the
+Union depot, inasmuch as there were no trains to be moved that night?
+
+A. It would have been a great deal pleasanter to the troops, but it
+would have given entire possession of the cars, round-houses,
+workshops, locomotives, and the entire moving machinery of the
+Pennsylvania railroad--placed it entirely in the hands of the mob.
+
+Q. Could you not have sent out detachments to have driven away any mob
+that might have gathered for the purpose of burning buildings?
+
+A. That might have been done in an open field, but the fact that the
+railroad tracks ran along Liberty avenue, are probably ten or twelve
+feet above the grade on Liberty avenue, and then on the right of the
+tracks is a hill side, and Brinton did not bring one thousand eight
+hundred men, Brinton brought about six hundred men, and Colonel Guthrie
+was at Torrens, and to have scattered the few men out along the
+railroad tracks--men who did not know the situation of affairs, and did
+not know the general locality of the ground, they would be subject to
+all sorts of annoyance, and could be shot down at pleasure by those
+people. There is one thing the committee must understand, that this mob
+did not only congregate at Twenty-eighth street. They formed in
+position on the south side; that they came over in a compact body by
+regiments. They formed in different localities in Allegheny City, and
+different places, and they were all marched to a given point, and to
+have sent a few troops along the line of the track they could have
+picked them up, one by one, and carried them off body and breeches.
+There was but one thing to do, and it was to take possession of the
+buildings, and the only mistake that was made was General Brinton's not
+calling out his pickets and shooting down the people, as they should
+have been shot down, and the property would have been saved, and if it
+had been saved, General Brinton and others would have been hanged for
+murder, because the feeling in this community at that time was such
+that if it had not been for the fact that the railroad property had
+been burned down, and private property had been taken and robbed, and
+private buildings burned down, there was no officer in command of
+troops safe, and his life was not worth a penny. The feeling in the
+community was such that I have no hesitancy in saying indictments would
+have been found and the officers convicted of manslaughter.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Is there no similarity between this riot, and the military force
+meeting the enemy in the field of battle?
+
+A. Certainly not. Meeting an enemy on a field of battle, you go there
+to kill. The more you kill, and the quicker you do it, the better; but
+in this instance you had a division of six hundred men--my division was
+six hundred men. Colonel Guthrie was at Torrens, surrounded by a mob.
+The balance of my troops were at Twenty-eighth street, and here you had
+men who had fathers and brothers and relatives mingled in the crowd of
+rioters, and it was very natural for them to have a feeling that to
+fire then and kill these men, was like shooting their own relatives.
+The sympathy of the people, the sympathy of the troops, my own
+sympathy, was with the strikers proper. We all felt that those men were
+not receiving enough wages.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You say you meet an enemy on a field of battle, and you go there to
+kill. What was the purpose of the troops in going out to Twenty-eighth
+street?
+
+A. The purpose of the troops was to try to preserve order and preserve
+peace. There would be no difficulty of us going out there and
+commencing to shoot if that had been an enemy. The first thing we would
+have done, would be to throw out a skirmish line and commence to shoot.
+
+Q. You were to preserve the peace at all hazards--if necessary to
+preserve the peace to call, you are justifiable in doing it?
+
+A. Certainly.
+
+Q. When an attack is made upon your troops with clubs and stones, and
+firing into your troops, are you not justified in killing?
+
+A. My opinion may be different from a great many other military men. I
+look at it in this way: when troops are officered, it is the duty of
+the officers to do the thinking. If every man that carries a musket has
+a right to think and shoot just as he thinks, there is no occasion to
+have any officers at all, because, when we started out from the Union
+Depot hotel these Philadelphia men were insulted long before they
+arrived. Colonel Guthrie was insulted at Torrens, and if each man had
+carried out his own thoughts and commenced to shoot, it would have
+showed a great want of discipline.
+
+Q. Would not the commanding officer be justifiable in giving the
+command to fire?
+
+A. Most undoubtedly so. He would not only be justifiable, but it would
+be his duty so to do, and I have no hesitancy in saying, from what I
+have learned from the manner in which General Brinton's troops were
+received and treated, and the shots that were fired at them, the stones
+that were hurled at them, and the fact that these men were knocked
+down, it was his duty to have given the order to fire, and if I had
+been there I would have had no hesitancy in giving the order.
+
+Q. What I understand you to say is, that there was not a public
+sentiment that would have justified the commanding officer in giving
+that command to kill?
+
+A. The sentiment afterwards showed that the sentiment was directly
+against the firing.
+
+Q. Do you mean to say that the civil authorities, the civil arm of the
+government, would not have protected the military officer in giving a
+command to fire under circumstances of the attack made there at
+Twenty-eighth street on the militia?
+
+A. I have got to answer that in a twofold capacity. As a lawyer, I
+believe that the courts would most undoubtedly have sustained the
+officer. I believe that the mayor and his police were in direct
+opposition to the troops--after having heard the crowd state that the
+mayor and his police were in sympathy with them, and finding that no
+arrests had been made, and knowing the fact that upon every occasion
+that mayor's police were only too anxious to protect men up for
+disorderly conduct, that there was not a police officer to be found at
+Twenty-eighth street, and that no arrests had been made, although there
+was any number of chances to arrest for disorderly conduct and other
+offenses--finding that none of those officers were there, I had no
+other way to think that these men had said truly, that Mayor McCarthy
+and his police were in sympathy with the mob. I telegraphed Mayor
+McCarthy after the troops had been taken into the round-house--I
+telegraphed him, and I told him I thought his presence there might be
+the means of saving life. I believe then, and I believe now, that if
+Mayor McCarthy had come at that time and talked to the crowd, something
+might have been done. There was then a terrible feeling against the
+troops, and no feeling against the police. I believed then, and I
+believe now, that if he had responded to my telegraph, many valuable
+lives might have been saved. There was no sympathy extended to the
+troops by anybody outside of the sheriff and his posse. The sheriff and
+his posse were the only ones that gave any aid or assistance to the
+troops. He did all that he knew how and all that he could.
+
+Q. Did you have any communication with the sheriff, after the firing at
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not see the sheriff after that.
+
+Q. Do you know where he went?
+
+A. I have no idea.
+
+Q. You were in communication with him up to that time?
+
+A. Certainly; he was at the head of the troops.
+
+Q. And you, as commanding officer, were to protect him in making his
+arrests?
+
+A. Yes; he was armed with warrants from Judge Young to arrest certain
+parties therein named, and we went out with him.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You speak of an order you received from General Latta. Did that
+order purport to be signed by order of the Governor, sent by him as
+Adjutant General?
+
+A. No, sir; it was not by order of the Governor; it was a telegraphic
+communication, ordering me to order out one regiment.
+
+Q. Was it official?
+
+A. I think so. I have not got it, because they were destroyed at the
+Union depot. I think the Adjutant General's report shows all those
+telegrams. I think that gives all the telegrams that passed.
+
+Q. Did you, at any time, give an order to the troops to fire?
+
+A. I am sorry to say that I did not. I am sorry to say I was not there
+when the occasion required such an order. If I had been there, I would
+have given the order, and in such a manner that the active rioters
+would receive their reward of merit. They deserved it, and they ought
+to have had it. I am only sorry to say I was not there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You said the people expostulated with you about calling out the
+troops. What people were they that came to you and expostulated?
+
+A. Oh, very early in the morning. Of course, the Friday morning papers
+had the order, and people came to me, at the Union Depot hotel, and
+say, "You ought not to do this thing; these men are workingmen; they
+have their rights."
+
+Q. Were there many of them--more than two or three?
+
+A. I was stopped on the street by women--respectable women. I was
+stopped in the streets by business men of the place.
+
+Q. Business men of the place expostulated with you?
+
+A. Yes; and after the firing, men came to me and insisted upon my
+taking the troops out of the round-house. I want to say this in
+regard--there may be an impression in regard to the manner in which the
+Sixth division responded to my order--that it may not be known to the
+committee that we have no direct way of calling out the troops--that
+is, by any alarm--not by a fire alarm or anything of that kind. An
+officer has to hunt up his officers, and they, in turn, have got to
+hunt up their men, who are scattered all over through two cities, and
+when I notified Colonel Guthrie, I found him early in the morning and
+he was hard at work, and they responded as promptly as any regiment
+could possibly respond. There was no way to get his men together any
+sooner than they did. They went to Torrens station, as per order, and I
+believe remained intact until the 6th or 7th day of September. I do not
+know of them having disbanded for a single instant, from the time that
+they were first called out, until the end of the trouble in Luzerne
+county, and the Fourteenth regiment, as I have subsequently learned,
+performed their service as well as a regiment could. They had been
+ordered to disband, contrary to the wishes of Colonel Gray and his
+officers, and nearly obeyed an order made by a superior officer.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You knew nothing of the command which General Brown gave?
+
+A. No, sir; there are officers who heard the command and know all about
+that.
+
+Q. He did it upon his own responsibility?
+
+A. Certainly. Had General Brown carried out the instructions he
+received at Twenty-eighty street, and kept the hill side and the tracks
+clear, with the plans I had adopted of taking General Brinton out, and
+letting him occupy the position, and sending a portion of General
+Brown's command to Colonel Guthrie, and used a portion for the taking
+out of trains, I think there would have been no subsequent troubles.
+Instead of that we found the ground entirely occupied and in possession
+of the rioters and sympathizers, and the result was just as you know.
+
+Q. Could the destruction of property have been prevented by any other
+distribution of the troops that night, do you think?
+
+A. I presume, had we known the fact that the rioters had converted
+themselves from men to devils, and had concluded to roast everybody
+alive, and gone into it in the manner in which they did, that something
+might have been done. Of course, no one could anticipate the fact that
+those men would send burning flames of oil down upon the troops in the
+round-house. No man living could ever think of such a thing.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until ten o'clock, to-morrow
+morning.
+
+
+    MORNING SESSION.
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Friday, February 22, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at ten o'clock. Mr. Lindsey
+in the chair. All members present.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Mayor W. C. McCarthy, _affirmed_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where is your residence?
+
+A. My residence is 95, Robert street, Eleventh ward.
+
+Q. What official position did you hold in this city last July?
+
+A. I was mayor of the city.
+
+Q. How long had you occupied that position?
+
+A. Since the 1st day of February, 1875--the last time--I occupied it
+before.
+
+Q. When did you first learn of any disturbance at the Pennsylvania
+railroad?
+
+A. On Thursday, the 19th of July, in the forenoon.
+
+Q. About what time?
+
+A. That I am not able to say, but I suppose it was in the early
+forenoon.
+
+Q. How did you learn of the fact?
+
+A. Mr. Watt came to me in the mayor's office, asking me if I could
+furnish him with ten men. I told him no. By and by--before I come to
+that, I will give you the police force and the disposition of it. Every
+person connected with the police force consisted entirely of one
+hundred and twenty, having a supervision over twenty-seven square
+miles. Five of them were simply lamp watchmen, leaving one hundred and
+fifteen policemen. They were divided as follows: One captain, one
+chief, two turn-keys at the central station, eight station-house
+keepers, eight front office men. These eight men were all the men we
+had in daylight, all told, the rest were put on night duty. One night
+watchman at the city hall, two roundsmen. These roundsmen are men who
+perambulate the whole city, for the purpose of having an eye to the
+different police, that they were attending to their duty, and we had
+one corner man--a man stationed at the corner of Fifth avenue and
+Smithfield street--and nine lieutenants, and eighty-two patrolmen.
+These eighty-two patrolmen are men whose metes and bounds were set out
+to travel. We had one hundred and fifteen police of all kinds, classes,
+and individuals.
+
+Q. How much ground was covered by each one of these patrolmen?
+
+A. Some less and some more, if you knew the city I think you would know
+it. Well, take for instance, starting at the corner of Fourth avenue
+and Smithfield street, go following the cars down to the river;
+downwards, go down Fourth avenue in that direction and you cross Wood
+street, and you cross Market street, and you come to Ferry street, then
+you go along Ferry street, which may be called the lower end of town,
+to Second, then you reverse and come up this way, you come to
+Smithfield street, and you walk up to the corner of Fourth avenue and
+Smithfield street, the place of beginning, a route that really would be
+too much for two men, one man had to do it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. How much ground would a man have to cover taking in all the side
+streets?
+
+A. He would have to cover six squares, and extraordinarily large
+squares at that, and I think that it would take him over twenty minutes
+to rapidly walk it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. These police were night watchmen then all of them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Had you before that had any day police?
+
+A. Oh, yes. Previous to that, altogether the whole police force of
+policemen, including ten lamp-watchmen, consisted of two hundred and
+twenty-six men, and in consequence of the heavy taxation, and the
+absolute inability of the treasurer to pay for the policemen, they were
+compelled to cut it down one hundred and eleven men, or rather one
+hundred and sixteen men altogether--I am talking about policemen, I
+leave the lamp watchmen out--and then there was a deficiency of sixteen
+to eighteen thousand dollars for the year.
+
+Q. When was that done?
+
+A. That was done on the 1st of July, or thereabouts, maybe a little
+before that.
+
+Q. You may state what occurred when Mr. Watt came to your office, on
+Thursday, the 19th?
+
+A. Mr. Watt came and stated that he wanted ten men. I told him I
+couldn't furnish him ten men. I would furnish him with what we could,
+but if he would pay for them, we could pick up some of those discharged
+policemen who were not employed, and he very promptly answered that he
+would pay for them. So I told Detective McGovern and some others to
+take what they could, and all our own men, and fill up with the idle
+policemen, and that the policemen would be paid by Mr. Watt. Mr. Watt
+requested me to go up with them, which I declined to do. I couldn't see
+any reason why the mayor of the city of Pittsburgh should go to the
+Pennsylvania depot to take cognizance of a disturbance that only
+required ten men, in his own opinion, and I sent a very faithful and
+one of the best officers in charge of the men, Detective McGovern, a
+very clear-headed man.
+
+Q. What did he say as to the extent of the disturbance up there?
+
+A. He made no remarks about that.
+
+Q. Did you ask him anything about it?
+
+A. No, sir. Gave him what he asked for.
+
+Q. Was any report made to you by Officer McGovern.
+
+A. Oh, yes. We had reports all the time from that until this morning.
+Officer McGovern reported to me--I cannot say whether it was McGovern,
+or who it was--but the first intimation I had of any violence was a
+report come to me that a man by the name of McCall had struck Mr. Watt;
+that he was arrested and taken to the station-house by the police. Then
+I heard afterwards from this time out--what I have got to say about
+Thursday will be hearsay. You can produce evidence and substantiate
+whatever I may say--I heard there was a train somewhere about three
+o'clock to go out, and the police aboard the train told the engineer
+they would protect him. The track was clear, and the engineer refused
+to go on, and got down and left the engine in the possession of the
+police.
+
+Q. What police was on the train?
+
+A. That was in the afternoon.
+
+Q. What police was on the train?
+
+A. I cannot exactly tell you, but I think that Mr. Motts, Mr. Coulson,
+and some others were there.
+
+Q. How did you obtain this information?
+
+A. From the police.
+
+Q. An official report from the police?
+
+A. Oh, no. We didn't have that much red tape about these things. The
+only red tape we had was the morning report of the different
+lieutenants. I can produce the men; I suppose you will want them to
+verify it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. They would report to the lieutenant would they?
+
+A. No; they were in charge of Mr. Watt. The truth is, these men are
+under the control of the officers of the Pennsylvania railroad, and I
+felt it my duty to send as many men as I could there, who were paid by
+the city, and the others had to be paid by the railroad company, as I
+told you, but all the men we had in July was nine men.
+
+Q. Did you send any of those nine men?
+
+A. Oh, yes; McGovern and White and some more of them--I am a little
+mixed; and there was another order given for men as I understand. I
+started Mr. Davis to get them, but on that I am not so clear--I am a
+little mixed on that; Mr. Davis, however, can tell. He told me he met
+me on Fifth avenue and told me an order had come for more men, and I
+started then from Fifth avenue to get them.
+
+Q. Did you receive any word from Mr. Watt after he left you with the
+ten police?
+
+A. Directly from Mr. Watt?
+
+Q. Yes, sir.
+
+A. No; not a word.
+
+Q. Did you receive any telegram from him calling for fifteen more men
+or twenty-five more men?
+
+A. I didn't receive anything of the kind; but I guess that must be the
+word Mr. Davis speaks about when he says he met me on Fifth avenue, and
+I told him to get the men.
+
+Q. Didn't your clerks or any of your subordinates notify you that such
+a telegram had been received from Mr. Watt?
+
+A. I don't know what Mr. Davis says he told me on Fifth avenue.
+
+Q. For fifty men?
+
+A. No, sir; I took supper at Castle Shannon. I left at a quarter to
+five, and came back at eight, and then there were some persons from the
+Pennsylvania had been there for policemen, and the Pennsylvania
+railroad got all the policemen they wanted. They got so many that they
+sent back word that they did not want any more.
+
+Q. Did they send any such word to you personally?
+
+A. No; I can prove it.
+
+Q. I want just what they said about--the next that took place between
+you and the officers?
+
+A. I got no communication directly from the officers of the
+Pennsylvania, from the time Mr. Watt had been there in the forenoon.
+
+Q. Did you receive any telegram from Mr. Watt calling for fifty police?
+
+A. I didn't.
+
+Q. Were you notified by your clerks or subordinates that such a
+telegram had been received at your office?
+
+A. Not in the shape you put it.
+
+Q. Did you see Mr. Watt after he left with the ten men?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't think that I did. I have no recollection of it
+whatever. I don't believe I did.
+
+Q. Where were you from eight o'clock Thursday night, during the balance
+of the night?
+
+A. I was at the office, and in the neighborhood.
+
+Q. Were any reports made to you during the night, from the policemen?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In regard to the situation?
+
+A. Yes; that everything was quiet.
+
+Q. From what men?
+
+A. I cannot name them, but I can bring the men here who were there to
+testify. Let me tell you what the police told me--the men that were out
+there.
+
+Q. It is hearsay evidence. I think it is hardly proper?
+
+A. Hear my statement, then, for your own guidance.
+
+Q. I understand you to say that you didn't receive any dispatch from
+Mr. Watt, calling for fifty men, nor it was not communicated about in
+that form?
+
+A. No, sir; it was not. Nothing of that kind occurred. He may have sent
+a dispatch, but I think I can very conscientiously affirm that I never
+saw it.
+
+Q. Do you allow your clerks to act upon intelligence received at the
+office, without instructions from you?
+
+A. Most undoubtedly. When I am away a riot or disturbance ought not to
+be going along until I come back. They know the general rules I act
+upon.
+
+Q. Communications, in the shape of letters and dispatches, are they
+placed on file in your office, when received in your absence?
+
+A. No, sir; not placed on file at any time. They are attended to and
+thrown away.
+
+Q. Attended to by your clerks?
+
+A. Yes; the chief of police and the clerks. If I am up in the Eleventh
+ward, they would have to wait an hour and a half until I got down.
+
+Q. If a dispatch was received at your office, notifying you of a
+disturbance in one part of the city, and you are in another part of the
+city?
+
+A. It would be attended to.
+
+Q. It would be attended to without notifying you of the fact?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You have telegraphic communications to all parts of the city, I
+suppose--stations?
+
+A. With the station-house. We have got one station-house in the
+Thirty-sixth ward, Thirtieth ward, one in the Twenty-first, and one in
+the Second, or rather the telegraph is in the Third, one in the
+Eleventh, one in the Twelfth, and one in the Fourteenth, one in the
+Seventeenth, and one in the Nineteenth.
+
+Q. Did you receive any reports during the night--Thursday night?
+
+A. Yes; and everything was quiet.
+
+Q. What officer had charge of that part of the city near Twenty-eighth
+street--what police officer?
+
+A. Lieutenant Coates had.
+
+Q. Did you receive any reports from him during the night?
+
+A. I do not know that I did.
+
+Q. Were there any affidavits made before you against parties--against
+any disorderly conduct?
+
+A. There was on Friday forenoon.
+
+Q. Did you issue warrants for that?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. For how many?
+
+A. Well, I guess there was eight or nine, maybe more--I have forgotten.
+
+Q. In whose hands were those warrants placed to execute?
+
+A. I cannot tell distinctly, but I think it was in the hands of Mr.
+McGovern.
+
+Q. Did he execute the warrants? What instructions did you give him
+about that?
+
+A. I told him that in consequence of the calling out of the soldiers
+that the public mind excited, and it would be very dangerous to act as
+we usually acted, and for him to be exceedingly cautious, and cause no
+disturbance.
+
+Q. When you placed the warrants in his hands, what instructions did you
+give him?
+
+A. That is what I gave him.
+
+Q. Had the soldiers been called out?
+
+A. Yes; I was perfectly astonished when I took up the newspapers. Here
+was a whole lot of telegraphic dispatches, that had been flying from
+one end of the State to the other.
+
+Q. On Thursday morning or Friday morning?
+
+A. On Friday morning.
+
+Q. You did not tell him to make the arrests?
+
+A. Absolutely?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. No, sir; I knew too much for that. The policemen at any time create
+a riot in the street by going at it brashly, and after the soldiers
+were in it, I thought it very dangerous.
+
+Q. Why?
+
+A. Because they were under the control of men who were rather of the
+narrow gauge pattern, about 2×3.
+
+They were men who knew no law but the law of force, and had no
+knowledge that truculent defiance always begets truculent defiance. Had
+the force been in the hands of men who thought with Coleridge, when he
+said:
+
+    "He prayeth well who loveth well, Both man, and bird, and beast."
+
+Had it been in the hands of men, who had any idea like Coleridge, there
+would not have been a life lost, nor a dollar of property destroyed, in
+my deliberate opinion.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You speak of those two or three, do you allude to the military now?
+
+A. I allude to the men assuming charge--that had control of the force
+after I was displaced by the military and counsel.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you not have charge of these in the beginning of the riot or
+disturbance?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Why not?
+
+A. Because Mr. Watt came over and asked for ten men, and they were
+given to him.
+
+Q. He asked you to go out, didn't he?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You refused?
+
+A. I did, for the reason that I could see no reason from anything he
+said that the mayor should start out to take charge of ten men, and
+control it--it must have been a very small affair.
+
+Q. You received notice that another call had been made by Mr. Watt,
+didn't you?
+
+A. No, sir; I have reason to believe, from what I heard--that Mr. Davis
+informs me--that I told him to go ahead and send them.
+
+Q. Didn't Mr. Watt inform you that your presence could do a good deal
+towards quelling the disturbance there?
+
+A. Not that I can remember.
+
+Q. Would not it have had that effect, in your opinion?
+
+A. Indeed, I do not know. I think a disturbance that in Mr. Watt's
+opinion only required ten men, didn't require the city to go there in
+the person of the mayor, because it was a very slight affair, as he
+represented it--it made no impression upon me.
+
+Q. A man, such as Mr. Coleridge described in that quotation you have
+made, would have had that effect?
+
+A. No, sir; he would have been called upon, and if he had been asked to
+call for troops, it would have come in. Let me say about calling for
+troops, that if Mr. Mackey and Mr. Hartranft--but I should say Governor
+Hartranft and Mr. Mackey--had been in Harrisburg, there would not have
+been a troop brought here, and peace would have been preserved, but,
+unfortunately, neither of these two gentlemen were there. Let me tell
+you, sir, we had a puddler's strike here, and that I had some hand in,
+and the peace of the city was preserved; and notwithstanding the peace
+of the city was preserved all the time, some person, I don't know who,
+sent a request to the Governor for troops, that the peace of the city
+was disturbed and it could not be preserved. Mr. Hartranft did not know
+what to do, so he sent for Mr. Mackey. Mr. Mackey came to him and told
+him, says he, "Wait a few minutes, and I will let you know what to do."
+Mr. Mackey told him----
+
+Q. Are you testifying to facts within your knowledge?
+
+A. Within my knowledge. Mr. Mackey telegraphed to a gentlemen that I
+know very well, as to what the condition of affairs was. The gentleman
+telegraphed back that it was idle and futile to send soldiers here, and
+it would only create a disturbance. They could keep them away. They
+were kept away, and there was not a man killed, and not a dollar's
+worth of property destroyed.
+
+Q. When was that?
+
+A. It was two years ago.
+
+Q. You say that you acted in attempting to keep and preserve the peace
+here and keep down violence until superseded by the military?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Is not the military always in subjection to the civil authorities?
+
+A. The Constitution says so, but the facts of the case are otherwise.
+
+Q. Had you not entire authority and control, at all times, within the
+limits and jurisdiction of the city?
+
+A. Not when the sheriff comes to the front. He is the chief peace
+officer of the county, and has the whole county at his beck and nod.
+The mayor is simply the city.
+
+Q. Is not it the duty of other head officers to coöperate with the
+sheriff?
+
+A. That depends upon circumstances. I could not coöperate with the
+sheriff, because the matter was under control of men who were acting
+entirely different from any way that I would have acted in the case,
+and I could not assume responsibility in a state of facts that I
+believe would lead to what was the ultimate result.
+
+Q. Is not your power as magistrate, within the city limits, identical
+with those of the sheriff?
+
+A. They are.
+
+Q. What hindered you from acting then?
+
+A. Because the sheriff took possession of the case, and called upon the
+troops. Had the sheriff come to consult me, instead of going to the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company's office, and assumed control in calling
+for troops, the result would have been different. But I was thrown
+aside. I didn't suit.
+
+Q. You were asked to go up to the scene of the disturbance, were you
+not?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Didn't Mr. Watt ask you?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Did he at ten o'clock, on Thursday, ask you to go to the scene of
+the disturbance?
+
+A. He did.
+
+Q. And you refused to go?
+
+A. Yes, for the reason that I told you, that he asked for ten men, and
+I knew no reason--when he got all the men he asked for, and it was only
+ten men--I didn't see any reason why the mayor should go up there.
+
+Q. Did you go up to the scene of the disturbance at any time during
+Friday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Friday night?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Saturday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Saturday night?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. Well, I think when I got out there, it must have been ten o'clock.
+
+Q. What did you find there?
+
+A. I found a howling mob, many of them armed.
+
+Q. Did you know that this firing was going on all this time between ten
+o'clock Thursday and ten o'clock Saturday night, when you went to the
+scene of the disturbance?
+
+A. I knew nothing of the disturbance at all. I heard that the soldiers
+had fired upon the crowd.
+
+Q. You knew that there were crowds there, didn't you?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You knew they prevented freights from running?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. You know that they prevented freight trains from going out?
+
+A. No, sir; I believe the fact is otherwise. I believe the fact is that
+after the police got possession of a train, on Thursday afternoon, that
+the engineer deserted, and that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+didn't attempt to put another freight out--that is what I heard.
+
+Q. That is hearsay, isn't it?
+
+A. That is, and I guess it is very true, too.
+
+Q. You had come out then to see?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't.
+
+Q. On Friday, did you increase your police force any?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you increase them any on Friday night?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. On Saturday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Saturday night?
+
+A. Saturday night, when we heard of the shooting I directed the
+officers to go round and inform the proprietors of the gun shops of
+what had taken place, and to put themselves in a state of defense, and
+to get their arms out of the road; for they might be assailed, and
+directed the chief of police to insert an advertisement in the Sunday
+papers, calling upon the discharged policemen to appear at the mayor's
+office for duty. My idea of that was that there might be a necessity
+for these men performing police duty in the streets. I had no idea,
+until at that time, that where the city and county authorities had a
+thousand men under their command, in the Twelfth ward, that any
+policemen would be required or needed on the property of the
+Pennsylvania railroad, but I did think there would be very great
+excitement, and it would be necessary to have a force on the streets,
+not knowing what would happen, and I directed a call to be made for an
+immediate meeting of the police committee, on Sunday morning.
+
+Q. Were the day force placed back on duty on Sunday morning?
+
+A. Let me go on, as nigh as I can, in a chronological order of events.
+My mind, as to hours, after I got in the Twelfth ward and saw the state
+of affairs there, is a blank. I could not give you an hour from that
+time up to Monday morning, but I was on deck all that time. I went up
+to the Twelfth ward, saw a crowd there, and mixed in among them. Had a
+talk with quite a number of them, and tried to dissuade them from acts
+of violence and disorder, but I was talking to a lot of crazy men.
+Words were nowhere. Somewhere, as nigh as I can guess, I was in front
+of the Twelfth ward station-house, immediately above Twenty-sixth
+street or Penn avenue, and I was too late. It struck me then that there
+must be some cars set on fire. I left there and went up to the corner
+of Liberty and Twenty-fifth street, and saw a car on fire immediately
+above Twenty-fifth street. I looked at the situation, and turned back
+to the corner of Twenty-eighth and Penn streets, and I there met a
+policeman, who I think was Mr. Scribner. Says I, "Has the box been
+pulled?" Says he, "No; the crowd won't let us, but the alarm has been
+sent down to the police telegraph." I then waited there a very, very
+long time, expecting the fire department to come. When I stayed there
+long enough, and hearing nothing of the fire department, I came to the
+conclusion that the message sent by the police telegraph had failed. By
+this time Alderman Barclay was along side of a police officer, and a
+large man, whom I knew by sight, but not by name, and I said to the
+alderman, says I, "Can't we send an alarm in on this box." The alderman
+said, "We can try it." He went, I think, into the drug store and got a
+key, and four of us went to the box, and nobody interfered with
+us--there were very few up at that corner, and the alderman opened the
+box, and this man, I believe, he pulled it. We waited another long
+time--a very long time--and heard nothing of the fire department. Then
+I began to make inquiries, and I ascertained that a portion of the fire
+department had come up Penn avenue, and for reasons satisfactory to
+themselves, had stopped immediately below the Independence engine
+house, on Penn avenue, somewhere about Twenty-first or Twentieth
+street--I cannot give you the number--and that they had been stopped
+there, and were afraid to go on. I do not know what reason they
+had--they had some reason. I then went to the station-house; but, by
+the by, I may say here, when I left the lower end of the city the mob
+was still going through the streets, and I should have stated before,
+chronologically--what I forgot--that I issued orders by telegraph, and
+the men met at eight o'clock in the evening, at the station-house,
+after having lit the lamps.
+
+Q. Saturday evening?
+
+A. Saturday evening. I ordered all the policemen from the first,
+second, fourth, seventh, eighth, ninth districts, to leave their
+station-houses, and to come at once to the central station, as soon as
+the men would come to the station-house. These men came between eight
+and nine o'clock, most of them nine o'clock, may be later. Some of them
+had to walk a distance of two miles, and they were put on duty
+immediately through the streets, and when I thought that I could leave
+things safely to the direction of the police, I went to the Twelfth
+ward to see how things were standing. That was the position of matters.
+When I found that the fire department had not or could not come, I went
+to the station-house--the Twelfth ward station-house--and telegraphed
+down to the central station to send up all the police that could be
+spared. That was done, and as these policemen came up, two or three or
+four or five or six, &c.--there was a great quantity of stealing going
+on.
+
+Q. How many policemen came up?
+
+A. I will get at that in a few minutes. As they came there was a great
+deal of stealing going on, and as fast as they came to the
+station-house, I started them out on to Penn street, to arrest the
+people that were carrying off goods. They continued at that work until
+such times as I thought I had enough policemen to assist the firemen,
+at which time possibly I may have had fifty or sixty, may be forty. I
+do not suppose I had over forty or fifty. When I thought I had enough
+to protect the firemen, I told officer Coulston to go to the fire
+department and tell them that we now had police sufficient, I thought,
+to protect them, and to come on, and we would do the best we could.
+Coulston started off with that message. After a lapse of sufficient
+time he came back and told me he had informed the parties in charge, of
+my message, that they replied to them that they would not move until
+they were ordered by the chief of the fire department and the fire
+commissioners, and I supposed, that at that time I may have had, all
+told, fifty or sixty--about fifty policemen--the fifth district and the
+sixth district had not been called in. The fifth district and the
+Lawrenceville district immediately adjoining the point where the
+Allegheny Valley railroad runs through, they were not called in because
+I supposed they would have as much to do in their own districts. The
+sixth district was not called in because Torrens station and the
+stock-yards were in that district, and I thought it altogether likely
+that the police of these two districts would be wanted to take care of
+things there for the reason I have given you.
+
+Q. How long did you keep those policemen there in the Twelfth ward?
+
+A. They were kept there until their regular time of going on duty.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. Well, the regular time was six o'clock, but they were there long
+after that.
+
+Q. Sunday morning?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I will tell you about that. I stayed up there until
+somewhere in the neighborhood of daylight. The soldiers, I had
+supposed, that had taken refuge in the houses there, that their
+strategy was to stay until daylight would come, and then they would
+come out upon the railroad track and take possession. That is what I
+supposed--nobody communicated to me what they would do.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort to communicate with General Brinton or
+General Pearson?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. I thought those gentlemen had the matter in
+their own hands, and didn't want any advice from me; and about
+daylight, or thereabouts, I came down town, and somewhere in the
+neighborhood of seven o'clock, or thereabouts, it might have been a
+little after seven--might have been half an hour, but I just name that
+at random, approximate it--I received a telegraphic dispatch from the
+Twelfth ward station that the soldiers were on Penn avenue, marching
+past the Twelfth ward station-house. That struck me that it was an
+admirable strategic movement. I thought they had come off the railroad
+property with their full strength, five hundred or six hundred strong,
+to march through the streets, to intimidate the crowd, and I was highly
+delighted at that idea, and I requested Mr. Davis to go and get a buggy
+that we might go up and witness the effect of it. He came with the
+buggy, and we both started out, and after we got a considerable
+distance up town, in the neighborhood of the Twelfth ward, I received
+information that these men were retreating from the city--six hundred
+armed men. It sent my heart down about my thighs. I could not
+understand it. I could not believe it. Then the idea struck me that
+these men were not retreating from the city, but they were following a
+line of march by which they had two roads to go to East Liberty. I
+thought they were going either one of those two roads to join the
+forces out there, and possibly to come in together. When I got as far
+as the car stables, in Lawrenceville, just about Forty-second street, I
+think, I bethought myself it was hardly worth while to make that horse
+pull two hundred and ten pounds unnecessarily, and I stopped the buggy
+and got out. I told Mr. Davis to go on after the troops, and not to
+return until he knew where they had gone to. They might have gone by
+Stanton avenue to East Liberty, from the upper side of the cemetery, or
+they might have gone by the Morning side road up to the Sharpsburg
+bridge. I told him to go on, and not give it up until he could locate
+them, and then to come back to the Twelfth ward station-house, and
+report to me, and I then got in a street car at the car stables and
+came down to the Twelfth ward station-house. Then I telegraphed down to
+the central station to detain all the police that were there, and send
+them to the Twelfth ward, and I got tired waiting on Mr. Davis, and
+knowing that the police committee was to meet, I went over to where the
+firemen were at work, for the purpose of seeing the chief engineer, and
+concert with him some plan of action by which I could assist them. I
+could not find the chief engineer, high nor low. I asked the firemen
+where he was, and they didn't know, and I took that the work upon the
+fire--this was not on the railroad property, but on the opposite side
+of Liberty street where they were at work. I thought the work was
+ineffective, and I spoke to the firemen about it, and they told me the
+reason of it was that the water in the basin was low. I thought that a
+little strange, because it was a rule with the water department, with
+which I had been connected a great many years, to always have it full
+on Sunday, but I determined to see about that. Failing to see the chief
+engineer, I could not waste my time in hunting him, and I came down
+town. On my way down, I met the superintendent of the water-works, and
+I says to him, "Jim, the firemen complain they cannot work effectively
+up in the Twelfth ward, because there is no water in the basin," I
+think that is the way I put it to him. Says he "I think they are
+mistaken; the basin is full of water." I think it was at Eleventh
+street I met him. I came down to the central station, and, on the
+pavement, I met the secretary of the fire commission, Mr. Case. I says
+to him, "Frank, the firemen tell me that there is no water in the
+basin"--I meant a small quantity of water in the basin--"I saw Jim
+Atkinson on my way down, and he tells me the basin is full. You take my
+buggy at once, and go up and tell them that the basin is full, that
+they need not be afraid of the supply of water, and you leave the buggy
+at Rosewell's stables." He departed, and I suppose gave my message.
+
+Q. What time did the fire commence on Saturday night?
+
+A. It is a guess with me, but I think it must have been about eleven
+o'clock. I don't think I am far wrong.
+
+Q. You stayed there during the night?
+
+A. Yes; I was going through the crowd during the whole night.
+
+Q. When you got fifty policemen, did you make any effort with those
+policemen to drive the crowd from the cars that were burning?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Your efforts were simply confined to arresting men that were
+carrying off plunder?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Your policemen armed?
+
+A. Some are and some are not.
+
+Q. They are all armed with maces, I suppose?
+
+A. Yes; they all have maces.
+
+Q. Why didn't you make some effort to stop the burning?
+
+A. Because, in my judgment, it could not be done.
+
+Q. How many men would it have taken to have stopped that that night?
+
+A. Lord knows! I can't tell. I think it would have taken a good many.
+Near a thousand men cooped themselves up in some houses, and cooped all
+those men up in those houses after having done the firing. It was
+yielding to the mob. It was just saying plainly, that the mob was
+stronger than the soldiers, and that forty or fifty policemen, who had
+never been in a disturbance of this nature or kind, would simply have
+been suicidal?
+
+Q. After coming to the central station, Sunday morning, did you return
+again?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I did.
+
+Q. What hour?
+
+A. That I could not tell you. As I told you before, I took no note of
+time. It was after I had seen the police committee, and had talked with
+some of the citizens, with regard to a citizens' meeting, I went up on.
+
+Q. During the day, on Sunday, how many policemen had you in the
+vicinity of the riot?
+
+A. That I can't tell. I did not suppose, that all told, so far as I
+could guess or know, there were not more than thirty or forty.
+
+Q. Did you make any demand to recruit your police--demand upon men to
+serve on the police?
+
+A. That had been done by advertisement in the Sunday morning papers, by
+the chief of police?
+
+Q. Did you issue an order calling on men, demanding them to join your
+police force?
+
+A. Which, on Sunday?
+
+Q. At any time?
+
+A. Nothing, except that on Saturday morning for the police.
+
+Q. It was in the shape of a request, was it not?
+
+A. Yes; it was an order.
+
+Q. It was not a command such as would be a command under the laws of
+the Commonwealth?
+
+A. I don't think it was. I didn't see it. I didn't look for it.
+
+Q. It was placed in the papers by your clerk?
+
+A. By the chief of police.
+
+Q. When you went to the scene of the riot on Saturday night, did you
+use efforts yourself to suppress the riot or stop it?
+
+A. I went into the crowd and talked with them, but I might as well have
+talked to the moon.
+
+Q. Who did you talk with?
+
+A. There were several that I talked to that I did not know. I only met
+one man that I did know, and he had been a lieutenant of police.
+
+Q. He was engaged in rioting?
+
+A. He was there with the crowd and very muddled.
+
+Q. How long before that had he been lieutenant of police?
+
+A. He had been lieutenant of police, I suppose, as near as I can judge,
+some three weeks before.
+
+Q. And discharged under the order discharging the day force?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you meet any other persons that had been members of the police
+force?
+
+A. No; not in that position?
+
+Q. What replies did you get from the men when admonishing them to
+desist?
+
+A. Everybody was filled with the idea that the troops the citizens
+causelessly, and that had excited the indignation and made men wild. It
+was a fearful sentiment on Saturday night.
+
+Q. I understood you to state that the reason why you did not go to the
+Twelfth ward during the Friday and Saturday before, was that you had
+been superseded by the military?
+
+A. Yes; and because I was perfectly satisfied that the influence that
+controlled would be disastrous, and that I could not prevent it, and I
+was not going to permit myself to be compromised by it.
+
+Q. You did go to the scene on Saturday night?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Or rather on Sunday?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Had you gone there on Thursday, or Friday, or Saturday morning, and
+made use of the police that you had under your command, could you not
+have prevented the disturbance?
+
+A. Permit me to say again that it was impossible for me to have any
+connection with the men who had charge of that, because I could not
+control them. They are men that would not listen to me, and that I
+could have no influence with.
+
+Q. Whom do you refer to?
+
+A. I refer to the leading officers of the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company.
+
+Q. You had control of your police force, hadn't you?
+
+A. I had.
+
+Q. You have control of the affairs of the city.
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And the organization of the police?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You could have control of the force--you are the peace officer of
+the city?
+
+A. Yes, sir; and there is the sheriff.
+
+Q. Why did not you then assert your rights as peace officer?
+
+A. Because I recognized the fact that I have no right to come in
+conflict with the sheriff and the military. I was utterly hostile to
+their movements and to their plan of operations, and I felt satisfied
+that it could have no other end than the end that was reached. I,
+surely, under those circumstances, would have been of no more use than
+a painted ship upon a painted sea. They would not listen to me.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did you go to them and talk with them, or did you try and see
+whether you could cooperate with them in any manner?
+
+A. No, sir; I knew the men. That was enough for me.
+
+Q. Do I understand you to say that there was an antagonism between you
+and the sheriff of the county?
+
+A. It could not be otherwise in this matter, because they had adopted a
+plan of action that I could have nothing at all to do with.
+
+Q. Were you called on first by the railroad officials?
+
+A. Yes; and gave them all they wanted, and gave them so many men--I
+will prove to you that they said they didn't want them.
+
+Q. You were asked to go to the scene of the disturbance?
+
+A. Yes; we have talked that matter over several times.
+
+Q. Did you receive any communication from Mr. Scott, the solicitor of
+the road, on Thursday?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. On Friday?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. Did he make a request to you that you would order the saloons of the
+city closed?
+
+A. I got a document on Saturday afternoon--I don't know, some time on
+Saturday it was, according to my recollection--it was by Mr. Thaw, I
+think by Mr. McCullough, and I think by Mr. Quay, and I think by Mr.
+Latta, requesting me to request the saloons to be closed, which
+request, on my part, was complied with.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. That I could not say. I had no right to compel the closing of
+them--none whatever. I could only request.
+
+Q. You had a riot and disorder in the city then. Do I understand that
+you had no right to order the saloons closed?
+
+A. No, sir; I have no right to order them closed, under any
+circumstances, except upon Sunday or upon election days. Then the laws
+forbid them to be open.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you have any knowledge of the disturbance, and the extent of the
+disturbance during Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, out in the vicinity
+of the Union depot, on the railroad?
+
+A. I did not know of any disturbance occurring.
+
+Q. During any of those days?
+
+A. None of those days, except what I told you as having occurred on
+Thursday. I had reason to believe that there was no disturbance from
+Thursday afternoon until Saturday afternoon.
+
+Q. Didn't you know of a large collection of people in that vicinity?
+
+A. Oh, yes, sir. I knew they were coming there--went there to see the
+soldiers--what was going on. People went there as they would to a
+county fair or a boat race, to see what was to be seen. Men with their
+families, women with their children, even children in their arms, went
+there from curiosity.
+
+Q. Don't you know that there was a large crowd there before the
+military arrived?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. No knowledge of that?
+
+A. No knowledge of what we would call a large crowd. I know there was
+quite a crowd there on Thursday. I know from what I am told, there was
+a crowd there at the time of the alleged disturbance with Mr. Watt and
+Mr. McCall.
+
+Q. Hadn't you been told by citizens and others, that there was a large
+crowd there--likely to be trouble?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Hadn't any idea?
+
+A. I had an idea that there was to be trouble, because when the
+military came out they were subject to the thousand contingencies that
+would produce disturbance.
+
+Q. Had you any intimation of trouble before the military were ordered
+out?
+
+A. As much as I told you occurred on Friday, after the arrest by the
+police of this man who was alleged to have struck Mr. Watt. Think there
+was no disturbance after that during the whole of Thursday night, and
+to Friday morning, when the police were dismissed.
+
+Q. Did you go to any trouble to ascertain the extent of that
+disturbance, on the first disturbance on Thursday?
+
+A. Of course, I knew the extent of it from what the police told me.
+
+Q. You were shortly informed of what was going on--made all efforts
+necessary to ascertain?
+
+A. It came to me without an effort.
+
+Q. Didn't require any effort to ascertain?
+
+A. No, sir; I inquired what going on, and ascertained what was going
+on.
+
+Q. Didn't your police inform you that the mob had overpowered the
+police, and also the railroad authorities, on Thursday?
+
+A. Why, no! they didn't overpower them. I proved that here. They were
+not overpowered.
+
+Q. They had every control of their railroad and their rolling stock
+without interference?
+
+A. I will prove it to you by the police.
+
+Q. I want to know what you were informed of the situation of
+affairs--what you know of your own knowledge?
+
+A. I was not there. I don't know anything of my own knowledge. I can
+tell you what can be proved by the police.
+
+Q. I ask you the question, what reports you got from your officers?
+
+A. That everything was quiet and peaceable after the arrest of McCall.
+
+Q. Did you receive any reports from your officers on Friday, that
+everything was quiet?
+
+A. On Friday morning I received word that the police had been dismissed
+by the Pennsylvania railroad men.
+
+Q. Who informed you of that fact?
+
+A. I can't tell you.
+
+Q. An officer of your force?
+
+A. I presume so; in fact it must have been; that state of facts I can
+prove here and demonstrate.
+
+Q. Did you at any time deem it necessary to increase your force of
+police?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. But did you do so?
+
+A. Done what I could to increase.
+
+Q. To what extent did you increase your force?
+
+A. It was increased upwards of one hundred men, by the order of the
+committee of public safety, and after I got about one hundred, their
+orders were that I should increase the force to three hundred, but I
+came to the conclusion that that number of men were not needed, and I
+didn't employ any more. I suppose we had altogether about two hundred
+and forty or two hundred and fifty men.
+
+Q. Did you increase your police force before you were ordered to do so
+by the public committee?
+
+A. Yes; to the extent of ordering the police who were unemployed to
+report to the city hall for duty on Sunday forenoon. A portion of them
+came, not many. They considered they had been very badly treated, and
+they did not care about risking their lives under those circumstances.
+
+Q. Could you have demanded citizens to serve as police on your force?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And did you do so?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you have all you needed?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Why did not you make this demand?
+
+A. Because I had no time to do it. My time was fully occupied. I had
+met several gentlemen in the morning, and they called a citizens'
+meeting for the forenoon, and I expected them to make arrangements to
+go out, in what we might call, in a non-legal way, in a posse, but
+instead of doing that they thought it more advisable to send a number
+of gentlemen up to address the crowd.
+
+Q. Who thought so?
+
+A. The meeting.
+
+Q. Citizens' meeting?
+
+A. Yes, sir; they were there and addressed the crowd from the upper end
+of the platform of the Union depot, but it was of no avail, talking was
+of no use. Then they were to have a meeting in the afternoon. I came
+down to that meeting and met the committee at the city hall, talked a
+little there, and then they adjourned to meet on Market street, and
+there was considerable talk. Doctor Donnelly was there, he was one of
+the spokesmen, and he talked there about having offered, with the
+permission of the mayor, a company. He is slightly mistaken as to
+having formed a company; it was I who formed it.
+
+Q. A military company with arms?
+
+A. No, sir; a company of citizens.
+
+Q. Armed citizens?
+
+A. They were not armed. They had nothing.
+
+Q. You subsequently armed them, didn't you?
+
+A. Yes, sir. To properly understand the spirit with which I was
+actuated, with permission of the committee, I will read two extracts,
+one from the _Post_ of Monday, and one from the _Gazette_ of Monday
+morning, these extracts are not literally reported, but to show the
+spirit that was there, and with permission of the committee, I will
+read them.
+
+Q. Are they long?
+
+A. No, sir; they are not long. This is from the _Post_ of Monday, July
+23, 1877.
+
+Q. An editorial?
+
+A. A local report. This is the extract: "An enterprising individual
+here endeavored to throw cold water on the spirit of the meeting, by
+saying they needed a thousand men; but he was suppressed. Mayor
+McCarthy rushed to the stand, and said there was no use of any more
+fooling. 'Let all who wanted to save their city fall into line, and go
+at once to the mayor's office, and be sworn in as extra policemen. The
+fire was spreading, and the incendiaries were still at work, and we
+must act now.'" Then the reporter puts in this: "This suited the
+meeting, and a portion of the meeting formed in line, and, under head
+of the mayor, marched off." That is from the _Post_.
+
+Q. Before you go any further, did you command that force?
+
+A. I led them; went at their head. I will give you a history of that.
+
+Q. As commander of them?
+
+A. Yes; they were not going into action. There is a history about this,
+which I will give you after reading this. This is from the
+_Gazette_ of Monday, July 23, an extract: "There was now a
+loud call for the mayor, who was in the crowd. He stepped to the front,
+and said, 'The city is on fire. There is no time to be lost. I want
+every man, who is ready to help me, to go up here to join this band to
+go and put down incendiaries.' Mr. Henry Pilipps, junior, said, 'Let us
+go to the city hall at once, and be perfectly organized as a vigilance
+committee, and let the mayor swear his policemen in.' The mayor then
+said, 'I can swear them in now,' and suiting the action to the word,
+the mayor made his way to one end of the crowd, and countermarched
+through them. The ranks were quickly filled up, as soon as the movement
+was understood. The meeting adjourned to call of the chair, and the
+company proceeded up Fifth avenue." Now this company that I formed
+there. Doctor Donnelly was present, and he had been spoken of as a fit
+person to command. I intended to have taken them down Diamond alley to
+Gregg's store, and arm them with axe-handles or pick-handles, or
+whatever could be got; but the large majority of them were indisposed
+to do that, and we started off to the university building, across the
+way here, and two or three portions of the building were broken in in
+search of some drilling arms that the cadets in the university use.
+After a considerable waste of time there, they couldn't get the arms.
+We succeeded in getting them into line again, and we marched off to
+Gregg's. Mr. Gregg opened the door, and the line formed outside in the
+street, and some men went into the store, and they carried enough of
+those ax-handles to arm the crowd. When that was done, I turned them
+over to Doctor Donnelly. In anticipation of the formation of this
+company, I had given orders for a number of police to collect at the
+city hall, to the end that they would lead this company and precede
+them, and in that position go and attack the rioters. When I had put
+Doctor Donnelly in charge, I told him to bring his men to the city
+hall, and I would give him a police force to precede them and march at
+their head to go to the scene of the riot. I don't know whether the
+Doctor understood me or not; but his police force did go. His company
+didn't go to the city hall, and right here, permit me to say that you
+have heard a great deal about fifty men squelching this mob, and a
+hundred determined men. I suppose Doctor Donnelly thought he had
+determined men, and he didn't go for police assistance. Possibly he
+expected he could accomplish it all without the aid of police. He went;
+he was repulsed horse, foot, and dragoon. The next thing I saw of them
+they came to the city hall in a demoralized condition. I said to the
+doctor when he came there, says I, "Doctor, keep your men here. I
+understand that there is a company of soldiers on a steamboat at the
+lock. You and I will go up and see if we can get them." He got into the
+buggy, and we went up there. We saw the lady of the house at the lock,
+and she told me that these men had had orders to go into camp at the
+poor farm. We came back to the city hall, and was informed that Doctor
+Donnelly's troops had gone to their supper, and would be back after
+supper. After supper there came some eight or ten of them--they were
+there ready for action. That was all that came back, and so you see
+what fifty determined men could do.
+
+Q. Did this company of Doctor Donnelly's go up there armed with
+anything else but pick handles?
+
+A. I don't know. I think that after I left them ready to come to the
+city hall, that they went some place and got some arms, because they
+came back to the mayor's office with some instruments----
+
+Q. Muskets?
+
+A. I guess there were some muskets the university had used. I know the
+university authorities created quite a disturbance about their not
+being returned to them.
+
+Q. You spoke about different parties coming there to suppress this
+riot. Who were those parties, besides your officers--I mean outside of
+the city authorities?
+
+A. This meeting of the citizens.
+
+Q. Who else?
+
+A. I don't know any others.
+
+Q. The sheriff and the county authorities?
+
+A. I saw nothing of them on Sunday.
+
+Q. You were speaking of those parties attempting command or change of
+affairs in trying to suppress the riots. Did you have reference to the
+citizens' committee?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Was it the sheriff's posse?
+
+A. I have reference to the county authorities, the Pennsylvania
+railroad, and the military.
+
+Q. Then what was it you had reference to--the citizens?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Nor Doctor Donnelly's command?
+
+A. I think Doctor Donnelly's command went in good faith, to do what
+they could--they were not able.
+
+Q. You said you were utterly hostile to all those parties in their
+efforts?
+
+A. I said I was hostile to their plan of operations, because I didn't
+think it was called for at the time it was done, because I believed it
+would end in disaster, which it did.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort to have any conference with these parties to
+agree on some plan that would be effected?
+
+A. No, sir; they went to work independent of me, and had called out the
+troops without consulting me at all. I was at my office all night
+waiting if anything would occur, and I knew nothing of this movement to
+call troops out until I saw the dispatches on Friday morning.
+
+Q. Do I understand you that because they did not consult you, you put
+yourself in hostility to all these parties?
+
+A. If you understand me that way, you understand me entirely wrong.
+
+Q. I want to know that?
+
+A. I have time and again here to-day stated that I was utterly hostile
+to their plan of operations, and that I had nothing to do with them,
+because I knew I would be powerless with these men.
+
+Q. You made no effort to see them or converse with them, and had no
+conference with them?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Made no attempt to have any conference with them?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. I am satisfied they did not want me.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was it not your duty as mayor of the city, to take charge,
+notwithstanding these men, and if they put themselves in your way, to
+take them and make them behave themselves?
+
+A. No; I could not do that. The sheriff is the leading officer.
+
+Q. Here among the powers, I find set forth is, "To prevent riots,
+noises, disturbances, or disorderly assemblages--" that is a part of
+your powers.
+
+A. I will show you something stronger than that there. That is very
+weak--wishy-washy. Do not understand me as being offensive--you have
+got a pretty good-natured face, and I like to talk to you. There it is,
+"The mayor of the city, shall be its executive officer, and the
+conservator of its peace. He shall have and exercise within the city
+limits, the powers conferred on sheriffs of counties, to suppress
+disorder, and keep the peace.
+
+Q. That is what I meant. Was it not part of your duty to take charge
+yourself, as mayor?
+
+A. Not under the circumstances. I had been superseded by the power that
+had the whole county at its beck, who had without my knowledge, and, as
+I thought, entirely unnecessary, laid out a plan of action I could have
+nothing at all to do with.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. I would like at this point, for the mayor to explain why he
+considered himself superseded, having acted without his knowledge.
+
+A. Why I considered I had been superseded?
+
+Q. You say that they acted without your knowledge. I want to know why
+you considered yourself superseded?
+
+A. I did not consider myself superseded because they acted without my
+knowledge. If I said anything of that kind I have been misunderstood. I
+have time and again tried to express myself upon that point, and that
+is this, that the sheriff of the county, together with the military,
+had taken possession of this matter, and superseded the mayor.
+
+Q. Had you been so informed?
+
+A. I was superseded by the dismissal of the police on Friday morning,
+and the taking possession by soldiers who had been called out by the
+State authorities.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you know the fact of your own knowledge that the police had been
+dismissed?
+
+A. I know that fact from the statement of the police--made to me and to
+the office.
+
+Q. That is the only way you know that?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You received no intelligence of that fact from the railroad
+officials?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Is it their prerogative to dismiss the police, or have you got
+control of them?
+
+A. They were under control of the railroad authorities. They directed
+them where to go, and according to their orders they went.
+
+Q. Have they got control, equal to yourself, with any police in this
+city?
+
+A. Under the circumstances they had.
+
+Q. You delegated that power to them?
+
+A. They were sent there for that purpose, to do just as they said for
+them to do.
+
+Q. You delegated the power to the railroad officials to have charge of
+these men?
+
+A. I cannot say that I delegated them, because there were not over four
+or five that were under my control.
+
+Q. Did you consider, under all the circumstances, that the railroad
+officials or anybody else had the right to dismiss police without
+consulting you, or had any control over them?
+
+A. Under those circumstances, I did.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Was that dismissal anything more than a mere taking of those
+warrants from the hands of the police, and putting them in the hands of
+the sheriff?
+
+A. There was nothing of the kind took place, and now understand me:
+policemen, at the suggestion of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, were
+sent there during the afternoon and the night. They were there under
+the control of the railroad authorities, and when the railroad
+authorities did not want them any more, they dismissed them, which was
+on Friday morning.
+
+Q. You understand they gave them a formal dismissal, and told them
+their services were not needed to keep the peace any longer?
+
+A. I do not know in what form it was done.
+
+Q. Was it not merely taking warrants from their hands, and telling
+these policemen they would put the warrants that were in their hands
+for execution into the hands of the sheriff to execute--was not that
+all the dismissal there was?
+
+A. At that time no warrants had been issued.
+
+Q. On Friday?
+
+A. On Friday morning, when the police were dismissed by the railroad
+authorities, no warrants had been issued--no information had been made.
+
+Q. After their dismissal, did you think then you had no further
+occasion to keep the police force there?
+
+A. Not because they were dismissed, but because I had been superseded
+by the military and the county.
+
+Q. I want to know why you thought you were superseded--were you so
+informed by either of those parties, either the sheriff or the mayor,
+or anybody acting for them?
+
+A. No, sir; I was not informed by them.
+
+Q. Why did you consider yourself superseded? Simply because they took
+action to suppress the riot?
+
+A. They took possession of the whole business. There was no room for
+me.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Would not your police force which you could have gathered together
+have been some assistance to them in keeping the peace?
+
+A. If the sheriff had asked me for the police as a posse to help him I
+could have given a hundred men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I want to ask you this question, if you think that you can be
+superseded by the military?
+
+A. If I am not?
+
+Q. Yes; can you be superseded by the military in your powers and
+duties?
+
+A. If I had charge they would not supersede me.
+
+Q. Is it not your duty to take charge?
+
+A. That duty had been performed by the sheriff.
+
+Q. Is it not your duty to take charge of your police and put down any
+riots or disturbance within the city limits, regardless of any power on
+earth?
+
+A. No, sir; in the event that the sheriff does not interfere, it would
+be. If I got possession first I would hold.
+
+Q. Were you not called upon first by the railroad officials?
+
+A. I was called upon first by the railroad officials to furnish them
+with ten men.
+
+Q. And you acted?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Why did you not keep control?
+
+A. Because they had taken it out of my hands by dismissing the police,
+calling upon the sheriff, and the sheriff called upon the State for
+troops.
+
+Q. Then I understand you to say that the sheriff superseded you, in
+your judgment?
+
+A. That is what I said a dozen times.
+
+Q. Did the military supersede you?
+
+A. Certainly they did.
+
+Q. I want to know if you think the military can supersede you?
+
+A. Mr. Chairman, you are getting too hair-splitting here. If I had
+charge the military could not supersede me--it would not be in their
+power.
+
+Q. Did you not have charge at the commencement?
+
+A. At the commencement I had, but on Friday morning I was thrown to the
+dogs. In the night they had sent for the sheriff. They did not come
+down to the mayor's office, where I was ready and waiting to hear what
+was going on there the whole night, but they went for the sheriff and
+they took him out.
+
+Q. Did they not telegraph you for fifty more additional police?
+
+A. Did I not tell you half a dozen times that I knew nothing about
+that--I received no dispatch--how often must I repeat that?
+
+Q. Was it not received at your office?
+
+A. I was told that they sent there for more men, and that they got
+them.
+
+Q. Did they get fifty more policemen that they called for?
+
+A. No, sir. Wait a moment, and I will prove to you that at supper
+time--after supper--they sent word from the outer depot to the inner
+depot that they would not furnish transportation to the policemen that
+went there--they had enough, and they did not want any more.
+
+Q. You did not send them the fifty policemen?
+
+A. I do not know anything at all about it. They got all they wanted.
+
+Q. Now, in not getting them, they called upon the sheriff?
+
+A. No, sir. I will prove to you they got all they wanted. They said
+they wanted no more, and they would not furnish transportation to the
+men at the Union depot; but if these men wanted to go they would have
+to walk.
+
+Q. They did not get the fifty policemen. You have stated they sent for
+fifty policemen, and they did not get them?
+
+A. I do not know that they sent for fifty policemen, but I have a moral
+conviction they sent for more men. How many I do not know. It may have
+been fifty. I have a moral conviction that more men were sent to them
+than they wanted, for they said so. Whether it was fifty men, I do not
+know. I do not think it was fifty.
+
+Q. You were not at your office, and did not receive that dispatch
+calling for fifty men?
+
+A. I was not at the office from quarter to five in the afternoon until
+eight in the evening. From eight in the evening I was there all night.
+
+Q. I understand your position, Mr. McCarthy, to be this: that you may
+be superseded by the sheriff of the county, but not by the military?
+
+A. No, sir; that is not my position, by a long slap. My position is
+that the military were sent here at the request of the sheriff--that
+the sheriff took possession of the business, and that the police were
+dismissed, and then I had nothing more to do with them. That is my
+position.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. That is, when the sheriff takes possession that then there is no
+further call on you or any further duty for you to perform--is that the
+position?
+
+A. Under the circumstances as they existed at that time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Why, then, did you assume command on Saturday evening?
+
+A. Because I had reason to believe from what I saw that outside of the
+railroad property there was work to be done.
+
+Q. It was not then for the purpose of protecting the railroad property
+that you acted on Saturday?
+
+A. My good conscience, didn't the railroad company and the sheriff have
+one thousand men right on that ground, or thereabouts.
+
+Q. It was not for that purpose, then, but it was for the purpose of
+protecting the city you acted on Saturday?
+
+A. Yes; outside of that.
+
+Q. What time was the information made by Mr. Watt before you on which
+the warrants were issued for these nine or ten men?
+
+A. Sometime during Friday forenoon.
+
+Q. Made by Mr. Watt?
+
+A. I do not know. May be it was.
+
+Q. Warrants were immediately issued, were they?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Placed in the hands of your policemen?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How long were they kept by the policemen?
+
+A. Until Saturday morning.
+
+Q. And no arrests were made?
+
+A. No arrests were made.
+
+Q. And then what was done with them?
+
+A. They came there and wanted to take the information away--the law
+authorities--I think Mr. Housey was one of them. We would not give them
+the information--would not let go of that. Then they wanted the names
+of the men who were implicated in it for the purpose of getting out
+bench warrants, and they got the names. We gave them to them.
+
+Q. Why were these men not arrested on Friday?
+
+A. Because a troubled state of feeling had been existing in the
+community by calling out the troops, and I instructed the policemen to
+be very cautious, and if they made any arrests, an arrest any time
+before the meeting of the grand jury would be sufficient, simply for
+the purposes of this information.
+
+Q. Did you not understand these persons were the leaders in the
+disturbances on Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I would understand they were engaged in it.
+
+Q. That was the charge contained in the affidavit, was it not?
+
+A. No, no; it was not a charge. I think that the information was made
+under an act of Assembly, passed within the last two or three years,
+about people interfering with the running of trains. I think that was
+it, though I am not quite sure.
+
+Q. Would it not have been better to have made these arrests as soon as
+possible, before the arrival of the military?
+
+A. No, sir; I think, under the circumstances, it would have been a very
+bad move to have made these arrests. I was conscious, at the time I
+gave the warrants to the officer, that it was a dangerous thing, on
+account of the public excitement that had been created by calling out
+the troops, and I told him to be very cautious about what he would do,
+and I was satisfied he would be cautious, as to rush pell-mell, right
+up there, and snatch these men right out, would have created a
+disturbance at once. At least, I thought so.
+
+Q. On Saturday night, when you went out and ordered all the police you
+could get, consistently, to the Twelfth ward, I understand you to say
+that it was not for the purpose of protecting the railroad property,
+but to protect the city particularly?
+
+A. I conceived that the railroad property had eight hundred or nine
+hundred--at least eight hundred men there, for that purpose.
+
+Q. You took these policemen, you say, to arrest men that were carrying
+off railroad property?
+
+A. Presumed to be railroad property.
+
+Q. Or carrying off plunder?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How many did they arrest?
+
+A. I could not tell you. I suppose there may have been about a hundred.
+
+Q. What was done with these men?
+
+A. They were taken to the station-house, and Alderman Butler, I
+believe, who was in charge--I was not in charge for a week; I had
+something else to do--I believe they came to the conclusion that they
+could not be convicted of larceny, from not being able to identify what
+goods they had. All things were thrown together in the hurry of the
+moment, and they could not identify them nor the goods, and I believe
+they came to the conclusion that an action of larceny would not lie,
+and it would be troublesome to prove it, and he fined them.
+
+Q. How many of them did he fine?
+
+A. Indeed, I cannot tell. I never looked to see.
+
+Q. Did he discharge any of them?
+
+A. That I do not know. I had too much to do, to look after them.
+
+Q. Was any record made of it?
+
+A. Oh! yes; they have their names down in the watch-house docket.
+
+Q. You never examined the record?
+
+A. No, sir; I never examined it because it was a trifling matter
+compared with other things that had to be done, and I paid no attention
+to it.
+
+Q. Had you any intimation from any source prior to the appearance of
+Mr. Watt on Thursday at your office of an outbreak among the railroad
+employés?
+
+A. No, sir; but on the contrary, I happened to know from the president
+of the Trainmen's Union that when he was told that, eleven o'clock that
+day, he disputed the accuracy of the statement. He knew nothing of it,
+but when he was assured in such a way that he thought there must be
+something in it, he left the corner of Eleventh and Liberty streets for
+Twenty-eighth street, to know what the facts were. He himself did not
+believe it.
+
+Q. You had no reason at all to anticipate anything of the kind?
+
+A. No; I never dreamed that there would be an outbreak such as there
+was.
+
+Q. That there would be a strike at all on the railroad?
+
+A. Oh, no; had no idea of it at all. I very seldom come in contact with
+railroad men.
+
+Q. In the conversations that you had with the men who went out in the
+Twelfth ward, did they give you any reasons for the outbreak and the
+strike?
+
+A. No, sir; never entered into a critical examination of the question
+there at that time.
+
+Q. Your conversation with them was simply in relation to----
+
+A. What was occurring at the moment. I think from all I could gather
+from the railroad men, that they were averse to what took place.
+
+Q. Had you noticed any influx of people in the city, prior to this
+time--within a few days?
+
+A. No, sir; I had not, but there was one thing struck me with surprise,
+that I did not know the faces of vast numbers of people. I was born and
+raised in Pittsburgh, and I know an immense number of faces. I almost
+think I can tell a Pittsburgher when I see him, but on that day there
+were vast numbers of people I could not recognize. I got into close
+quarters with them twice. By the by, I have not told you that I came in
+contact with them at the head of the platform of the Union depot, but,
+like Doctor Donnelly's men, in about ten seconds I was placed _hors
+du combat_. They invited me to take a little walk--one fellow struck
+me. A good man in the crowd interfered, and told me they did not want
+to hurt me, but if I stayed there I would have to take the consequence.
+I looked around at Officer Jones, who went into the crowd with me, and
+I saw him looking pretty black, and he made up his mind to the
+situation, and he left. He came over to me, and says, "Mayor, you had
+better get out of this." I was disposed to kick. I did not feel very
+afraid of them. I am not a man of courage. He gave me a nudge, says he,
+"Get out quick." And I thought I had better go. With that the mob
+picked me up and carried me from the head of the platform and landed me
+out in front of the depot, and Alderman O'Donnell and Dan Hall, and
+four or five policemen then came up, and I was led into the Union
+depot.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. I cannot tell the time--it was when the mob was coming down the
+Pennsylvania railroad yard, smashing up cars and things.
+
+Q. Some time Sunday?
+
+A. I got a little angry, and lost my head. I did not care what I did,
+and Jones and I, and two or three others, I do not know who they were,
+went in.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. I would like to ask a few more questions in regard to the sheriff
+and military superseding the mayor?
+
+A. Never ending and always beginning. Do you expect to put me in the
+hole, Mr. Yutzy?
+
+Q. Not at all. I would like to know why you considered yourself
+superseded by any other authorities here in the city, the disturbance
+having commenced?
+
+A. I have tried to impress that upon you half a dozen times.
+
+Q. Were you informed, by either of those parties, that you were not
+needed?
+
+A. I have told you two or three times _no_, and I shall have to
+continue answering it _no_ every time you ask me.
+
+Q. Did you not consider it your duty to make an effort to suppress the
+riot and disturbance after they had made an effort to do so?
+
+A. After they had made an effort and abandoned it, I did make an
+effort.
+
+Q. During the time you were making that effort, did you not consider it
+your duty also, as chief officer of the city, to suppress any riot or
+disturbance?
+
+A. I think I told you several times.
+
+Q. Answer that question?
+
+A. I say I have already told you several times, that they pursued a
+course so diametrically opposed to anything I would have done or could
+have approved of, and having a firm conviction that no persuasion of
+mine could alter the determination of the authorities who had it in
+charge, that I could not interfere.
+
+Q. You made no effort, then, to disperse or suppress the riot?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. After they had made an effort?
+
+A. After they had made an effort, I did.
+
+Q. During the time they were making an effort?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Made no effort?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. And not until after they had failed, in your judgment?
+
+A. Yes, sir. What more evidence would you want than that everybody had
+run away--they had left. I do not charge the soldiers with running
+away--do not understand that. I meant among the men who said the
+Philadelphia troops murdered the people there. I am not among those
+men. I believe they were murdered, but the Philadelphia troops are not
+responsible for it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. During the time that the sheriff or the State authorities were
+making an effort to suppress this riot and disperse the mob, was it not
+your duty, just as much as if they had not been here, to preserve the
+peace, and make every effort in your power to the same end?
+
+A. I have already answered that question half a dozen times. I answered
+it a moment ago.
+
+Q. Will you please answer that, yes or no.
+
+A. Under the circumstances, I do not think that I had anything to do
+with it.
+
+Q. I would like you to answer that question. It may not be so very
+material, but I would like to have that question answered, yes or no?
+
+A. I have answered it?
+
+Q. Can you answer it, yes or no.
+
+A. I have already answered it. Under the circumstances, I do not think
+so.
+
+Q. The sheriff and the military, or even the United States Government,
+attempting to suppress a riot unless there was military law declared,
+did you not consider it your duty to make every effort in your power to
+preserve the peace and prevent any disturbance in your city?
+
+A. I would consider it my duty to do so if there was nothing to
+interfere with me.
+
+Q. Was there anybody interfering with your duties by any manner of
+means?
+
+A. I have already said that I considered I was relieved by the sheriff
+and the State authorities.
+
+Q. Did they interfere with you?
+
+A. It just comes down to this; that is my platform, and that is what I
+believe, and you happen to think differently.
+
+Q. I wish to ask you the question whether they interfered with you by
+any manner of means in the performance of your duties?
+
+A. They did not.
+
+Q. And still you suspended your operations or your efforts to suppress
+this riot and keep the peace?
+
+A. Because these gentlemen superseded me and took possession.
+
+Q. In what way did they supersede you?
+
+A. By dismissing the police that they had in charge, the railroad men,
+and by the sheriff going there and performing his duties as sheriff,
+and by calling out the State troops.
+
+Q. Who dismissed these police?
+
+A. The railroad men.
+
+Q. Are you subordinate to the railroad authorities?
+
+A. No, sir; I am not subordinate to them, not by a long slap. There
+cannot be two kings where I am one.
+
+Q. Still you regarded the railroad company as superseding you when they
+dismissed your police?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Did they supersede you at any time--the railroad authorities?
+
+A. Why, certainly they did.
+
+Q. By calling upon the sheriff?
+
+A. By the sheriff undertaking to order the crowd to disperse at
+Twenty-eighth street, and then immediately coming to the conclusion
+that the civil power had become exhausted, and then sending a dispatch
+by Senator Scott calling for the troops, and the troops being ordered
+out--that superseded me, suspended me. I went over that a dozen times.
+I am on this stand doing the swearing, and I am swearing for myself.
+
+Q. I would not ask you any question that I did not think was a proper
+one?
+
+A. I don't think that, but we differ.
+
+Q. There appears to be a conflict of authority in this matter between
+the city and the county and the State authorities?
+
+A. Not a particle of conflict of authority. I took pretty good care
+that there should be no conflict. When the county and the military and
+the railroad authority undertook to follow a course which I would have
+nothing to do with, that I could not approve of, that I believed would
+end in disaster, as it did, I stepped aside and let them have their
+way, because I could not control these men.
+
+Q. We want to know where the responsibility should rest--which of those
+authorities should have taken command?
+
+A. You have a right to form your opinion from the evidence before you.
+I have given my evidence, what I thought about the matter.
+
+Q. For that reason I ask you the question whether you considered
+yourself superseded by other authorities, and should refrain from
+making any effort?
+
+A. I have told you I thought so, and gave you my reasons for it.
+
+Q. During the pillage and the carrying away of goods at the Union depot
+and in that vicinity, from the railroad, did you see any of the
+citizens carrying away any of those goods?
+
+A. Oh, yes; there must have been citizens--they must have been
+citizens--it was not the fellows who were stealing that there was any
+danger from. It was the fellows standing around with their hands in
+their pockets.
+
+Q. Did you know anyone in particular who was carrying away goods there?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the policemen carrying away any goods?
+
+A. I did not; and don't believe they did.
+
+Q. Did you see any of them taking cigars or anything of that kind?
+
+A. Yes; I know what you are coming at now; I had forgotten all about
+it. We have not been going on chronology, we have been switching off. I
+saw a number of police throwing what I supposed to be segars, in fact I
+might say I know, to the mob. The circumstances were these.
+
+Q. Thrown by the police to the mob?
+
+A. O, yes; precisely that and nothing else. You will remember that I
+said that I telegraphed to detain the policemen, and send them up there
+on Sunday morning. I got up there pretty late, and the policemen were
+waiting on me. I hadn't much confidence in any person we had, because I
+knew that the retreat and dispersal of the soldiers had emboldened the
+disorderly, and they thought when the soldiers would leave the mob,
+that the citizens had no chance, and the community were demoralized. I
+got about twenty policemen, I think, and I thought it would be a good
+thing to put them to light work and put a little spirit in them. I took
+them around and told them to go up the wall and drive those thieves
+away. I didn't get on the wall, I walked down alongside the wall to
+witness their operations. As soon as the police mounted the wall and
+the thieves saw them--I kept down with the police the great body of
+them; I followed on the street and they upon the wall, and the wall was
+clear for a very few minutes, and I happened to turn my eye up, and I
+saw a policeman with a bundle of those soft felt hats that are piled on
+top of one another, and he was throwing them down to the crowd in the
+street, and I rushed up for him, and shook my fist at him, and used
+some choice Italian, and then he stopped, and after talking a little
+string to him I turned, and down the line I saw a couple of policemen
+jump into a car and throw things out--they were cigars--and they threw
+things down to the crowd. I rushed down there and bellowed like a mad
+bull at them, and they stopped finally, but the moral effect of their
+previous conduct was gone, and the crowd mounted the hill like so many
+rats, and that was the end of that business. The men engaged in that
+were two lieutenants, and I am free to say there were not two better
+men in the force, but they lost their heads; they were completely
+surrounded by fire, and they thought those things would burn up, and as
+they would be burned up they just thought they might mollify the
+crowd--a very mistaken idea--by throwing these things to the crowd. It
+was from no desire to help the mob, but they had ignored the moral
+principle involved that they had no right to touch anything, except for
+the sole and only purpose of preserving it for its owner, and no other
+purpose. They had forgotten that part of their catechism.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. In other words, the police were demoralized as well as the citizens?
+
+A. At that moment they were. I don't think these men would ever do a
+thing of that kind again.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was done with those policemen for that act?
+
+A. I dropped them. I could not do anything else.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Discharged them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Are they on the force now?
+
+A. That I can't say. I do not know anything about the present force?
+
+Q. Did you discharge them permanently?
+
+A. They left, certainly, and were never on again. They were on again
+for some days afterwards, for I had too many things to attend to, to
+attend to them just at once. I pitied the men, because I knew them to
+be good men, and I am very confident they will never do so again. It
+took the starch out of me. I was demoralized by it. There are some
+things you haven't asked me questions about. There was some talk here
+the other day about protection to the fire department.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. There has been some testimony that citizens, about the time they
+were breaking into these gun stores, came and offered to be
+sworn--state what you know about that?
+
+A. That was by Follensbee. Mr. Follensbee came there and offered. He
+came to the office very much demoralized.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Just state the fact whether he offered his services, and then
+whether you accepted or not, and then give the reason why you didn't
+accept him?
+
+A. I don't know whether he offered his services or not. There were more
+men, during these two or three hours that I was assigning these men to
+duty--there were more men who came in there, in the capacity of
+military strategists, than would be enough to run the United States and
+Confederate army during the rebellion, and I was annoyed to death with
+every man coming in there who had some plan. I could not get my wits
+together. This Mr. Follensbee came there. I have no recollection
+personally of what he said, but I do know that he was very sadly
+demoralized with something stronger than I am going to take now. He is
+a good gentleman, as honest a man as ever lived.
+
+Q. You did not swear him in?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was that the reason why you did not?
+
+A. Oh, yes.
+
+Q. Did any other gentlemen with him offer their services?
+
+A. Not that I know of. There was so many people came in and talked
+about so many things, and how this, that, and the other thing could be
+done, that I thought of getting a stuffed club to beat them out with.
+
+Q. Did you send any policemen to Mr. Bown's store?
+
+A. Undoubtedly. I suppose there was a dozen there. They were
+over-powered by the momentum of the mob, and Lieutenant Chalfant was
+knocked down, as I was told by the policemen a few days afterwards,
+when we began to gather up our wits. I was told that some of the
+policemen that were there tried to keep the pavement clear, and took
+out their pistols, and citizens who were there requested them to put
+them up, and not use them--that they would be murdered.
+
+Q. Just state what you know--what came under your own observation?
+
+A. Nothing came under my observation there. You won't know how to probe
+this thing, unless I told you what can be shown.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. I am inclined to think that anything in the police officers'
+reports--the police officers reporting to you, in an official
+capacity--would be testimony?
+
+A. Now, about Follensbee. The city clerk was down in front of Mr.
+Bown's, and there was not a very great many people. They had been
+trying to keep the people moving. Mr. Follensbee was standing there,
+and the city clerk appeared to go that way----
+
+Q. We have had the city clerk's report of that, from himself, which is
+much better evidence than coming from a second party. All we want to
+know, is just what came under your observation, and what was officially
+reported to you by your policemen?
+
+A. I sent men there, and I know they went there.
+
+Q. You say you sent about a dozen policemen there?
+
+A. I suppose there must have been a dozen, and I know, from the report
+of the police to me, that they endeavored to keep the crowd back, and
+did keep the crowd back, and that one man in the crowd counted one,
+two, three, four, and up to ten--they are no count, and the whole crowd
+made a rush at them, and Lieutenant Chalfant was knocked down, and the
+momentum of the crowd carried the crowd out of sight. They had thrown
+stones at the heads of them, and broken the windows.
+
+Q. You didn't make any effort to get any greater number of policemen to
+send there?
+
+A. We had to ... half a dozen places at the same time. We just done the
+best we could, and possibly might have done better, if there had not
+been so many strategists coming there to bother us.
+
+Q. Did you send any policemen to protect the fire companies?
+
+A. Why, yes, sir.
+
+Q. Whom did you send?
+
+A. I was there myself, with fifteen policemen.
+
+Q. Whom did you offer assistance to?
+
+A. Let me tell you.
+
+Q. Just answer the question?
+
+A. We can get to that better.
+
+Q. Whom did you offer assistance to?
+
+A. To the man in charge.
+
+Q. Who was he?
+
+A. I don't know what his name was.
+
+Q. What street was it?
+
+A. It was, as I think, at the corner of Twentieth and Liberty. You
+can't understand this, unless you let me tell the story.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. I can't give you any hour. I know nothing of time.
+
+Q. You offered assistance to the man in charge. What was he doing?
+
+A. He was throwing water on French's spring works. You better let me
+tell the story. You are cutting it up.
+
+Q. What did he say?
+
+A. He says to me, says he, "I won't do it--I am not going to risk my
+life--if you want to take charge of this thing you can do it."
+
+Q. He was throwing water at that time without any molestation from the
+mob?
+
+A. Certainly; and the police was stationed across the street to protect
+them. Whether they would have stood fire or not, I can't tell.
+
+Q. What assistance did you offer him?
+
+A. The police that were there within thirty feet of me.
+
+Q. If he was not molested by the mob at that time, he wanted no further
+assistance?
+
+A. You won't let me tell this story straight. If you let me commence at
+the beginning you will understand it.
+
+Q. Did you offer assistance at any other time than the one you speak of
+now?
+
+A. I told you that I offered assistance on Saturday night, and it was
+refused.
+
+Q. To whom did you offer the assistance on Saturday night?
+
+A. I sent Officer Coulson to the fire department to tell them to come
+and aid the police.
+
+Q. We have had Officer Coulson and his story?
+
+A. On Sunday morning, when the fire had crossed Liberty street, I went
+to hunt the chief of the fire department, and could not find him, to
+concert measures with him. That is the time I talked about the water
+arrangement. Then a man connected with the Pennsylvania railroad came
+to me, and says he, "If I get an engine at the corner of Twentieth
+street to throw water on the railroad cars will you have the police
+force there to protect me?" Says I, "I will." I immediately went and I
+gathered about fifteen policemen, as nigh as I can guess, and had them
+at the corner of Twentieth street. I think it is at the lower end of
+French's spring works. I had them there a very long time, and no
+engine appeared. John Coyle, a member of the bar here, came along and
+spoke to me, and I said to him, says I, "John"--I told him the
+facts--"come along with me, I want to hunt this thing up," and we
+went up to find the chief, and we didn't find him. We found
+Commissioner Coates, the man that had a pistol at his head and lived
+to tell the tale. He said he had an engine. I left Mr. Coyle and came
+down. Coyle went about his business; and I saw an engine coming down
+one of the cross-streets--Penn street--and I went over to see where
+it was going, and it went away down town. I went back to where I had
+the police stationed waiting for the engine to come. After a very
+great delay, the engine came and attached to a fire plug; but instead
+of throwing water upon the burning cars, opposite to this street
+where we were, he commenced throwing upon French's spring works. Then
+Mr. Houseman I think it is--the gentleman who had made the request of
+me--I went to him and said something to him, and he came back to me
+and said, "These men won't do anything. You come and see what you can
+do." I went over to him, and the answer he made was he was not going
+to risk his life, but if I wanted to take charge of it I could do so.
+But I didn't do so. Then the police--they were few in number, and not
+able to do anything--I just told them to go and do what they could.
+Then I went down town, and knew the result of the citizens' meeting.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You said you did not agree, nor could not agree with the plan
+adopted by the sheriff and the troops, or the officers of the troops,
+in charge of matters, and at the same time the directions you gave your
+police was to be careful, and not excite the crowd, and not make these
+arrests. Are we to infer from that, that your plan was that you must
+not oppose force to them, you must handle them gingerly and tenderly.
+Is that what we must infer?
+
+A. No, sir; every occasion presents its own line of action.
+
+Q. The troops and the sheriff were trying to oppose the crowd by force
+and stop the riot, and you say you did not agree with their plan of
+action?
+
+A. I don't. I think that the military force is only to be used in case
+of the very last resort.
+
+Q. In ordering your policemen not to make these arrests, are we to
+infer----
+
+A. Infer and understand this, that in ordering these policemen to be
+careful how they made arrests, it was after I had considered I had been
+superseded, and I wanted them to make the arrests when they made them
+in such a way as not to create any disturbance.
+
+Q. Are we to infer from your evidence upon that point that your manner
+of managing such a mob would be to give way to them, and not oppose
+force to the crowd?
+
+A. I have said nothing, I think, to indicate that.
+
+Q. What would be your plan in such a case?
+
+A. I would have policemen to do it. I don't think the policemen would
+create such a truculent feeling as an arrest by the use of military.
+
+Q. You think then that the police are the proper force to use on such
+occasions?
+
+A. Until you ascertain you can do nothing with them, until all other
+means have failed, and then, and not till then, are the military to be
+used.
+
+Q. Did you attempt at any time on Sunday to gather your police force in
+a body so as to have an organized force large enough to accomplish
+something?
+
+A. I could not get any force on Sunday large enough.
+
+Q. You got fifteen--you say there was fifty or sixty policemen--did you
+undertake to gather that body?
+
+A. I did not say there was fifty or sixty policemen. I am talking now
+about the night before.
+
+Q. I think the question was asked you how many there was about there on
+Sunday?
+
+A. I could not tell how many were there. I know only a small body of
+them could be got together, and then they began to collect the men who
+had went home in the morning before we knew that the soldiers had been
+withdrawn--they began to gather in before dark--then we had a pretty
+good force, and then with such assistance as citizens gave, we broke
+the back of the riot--we knocked them right and left.
+
+Q. Hadn't whisky helped a good deal at that time to place them _hors
+du combat_?
+
+A. I don't know about it myself, I do not drink it.
+
+Q. I did not ask you as a connoisseur.
+
+A. I think it had the effect to make the crowd vicious. I thought so
+when I was in their hands.
+
+Q. This Sunday night and Monday morning was when you first began to
+regain some control there?
+
+A. We got control--from dark on Sunday evening we had control.
+
+Q. The mob had kind of petered out then?
+
+A. Yes, and they had been licked out by the police and citizens.
+
+Q. Where had there been any set-to where the mob had been licked--at
+what place?
+
+A. At the Fort Wayne depot, at the intersection of Tenth and Liberty
+street.
+
+Q. What police had had the set-to with the crowd at the Fort Wayne
+depot?
+
+A. There was eight or ten policemen went there when the car was afire,
+and they put that out, and they were assisted by citizens also.
+
+Q. How large a crowd did they find to contend with?
+
+A. I don't know, it was an accomplished fact. The mob began to break in
+stores, and commenced at the corner opposite to Tenth on Liberty
+street, and the police and the mob had the battle there.
+
+Q. How many police were there engaged in that battle?
+
+A. There was a considerable number.
+
+Q. Do you know how large a crowd there was there?
+
+A. I am told the streets are full.
+
+Q. What kind of a crowd was it?
+
+A. Breaking into stores.
+
+Q. The same crowd that had been burning cars?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. What was it composed of--this crowd running about the streets?
+
+A. They were composed of men and boys. We had another battle with them
+at Seventeenth.
+
+Q. This crowd that was plundering was easily dispersed at any time?
+
+A. Easy. They were not people to be afraid of.
+
+Q. Who were the people to be afraid of?
+
+A. Those standing around doing nothing.
+
+Q. Was there an apparent organization among them?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. Could you judge?
+
+A. I don't know whether there was an organization; there appeared to be
+a common feeling. I was astonished from the fact that I didn't know
+them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. They appeared to be strangers?
+
+A. They were strangers to me, I did not recognize them.
+
+Q. In your intimate acquaintance with the people, you would take them
+to be people from elsewhere?
+
+A. I thought I knew the people about Pittsburgh, but I didn't know
+these. I don't want to swear that they were strangers. I don't know
+that I know. I was recognized, and I thought I ought to recognize a
+great many of them.
+
+Q. Those that were engaged in the act of rioting and police?
+
+A. I am speaking more especially of those who captured me in the
+railroad yard, and carried me out in front of the depot.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. They did that systematically, did they?
+
+A. Oh, yes; carried me right out.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you, at any time during the riots, employ your night force in
+the day time?
+
+A. Such of them as we could get. Understand this, my idea of this
+matter was that the soldiers, having possession of the railroad
+property, were cooped up for the night, and that when daylight would
+appear they would go out into the open ground, and take possession of
+things. My idea was, they went into this place to prevent being pushed
+back during the night. The great body of the police force went off at
+six o'clock in the morning. I, supposing that the police would have
+nothing to do, except to do street duty under this excitement, and had
+instructed the chief of police to call upon the discharged policemen,
+supposing that he could get plenty of them, but that expectation was
+not realized, and not expecting that the soldiers would leave the city
+at the time they did, had given no orders to keep the night policemen
+on duty that morning; but when I found that the soldiers had all
+dispersed, I telegraphed down to the central station to detain such
+policemen as were there--and there were some there--and they were
+detained, and they were on duty all day.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort to re-assemble the night police after you
+ascertained they had left?
+
+A. Could not do it.
+
+Q. Did you make any effort?
+
+A. Could not do it.
+
+Q. Could not you find them?
+
+A. You couldn't get a man to go after them--the great body of
+them--until night would come. You would get them just as soon by
+waiting until they came on duty.
+
+Q. Didn't you have the address in your mind?
+
+A. Yes; and knew where they lived. We had plenty to do without doing
+that.
+
+Q. Any more important duty to perform than to get these men to
+assemble?
+
+A. That would depend altogether upon what the man in charge thought. I
+thought the most important duty was to have the police up there--all we
+could get--and let them do what they could.
+
+Q. Without calling on the night police?
+
+A. If we had means of calling on the night force to gather them in, it
+would have been done, but, to do so, we would have had to abandon
+everything else for the time being. Possibly, that might have been as
+well, though. When I went to the corner of Seventh and Grant streets, I
+found the firemen playing there, and the police having charge of the
+ropes--keeping the crowd away from them.
+
+Q. Did you employ all your powers during these riots, regardless of any
+other efforts adopted to subdue the riots, in preserving the peace?
+
+A. What do you call during the riots?
+
+Q. The time from Thursday until Sunday?
+
+A. Because I didn't think there was any riot before five o'clock on
+Saturday.
+
+Mr. Lindsey: That question requires a direct answer--yes or no.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you exhaust all your powers during the riots, irrespective of
+these other parties?
+
+A. I say there was no riot until four or five o'clock in the morning,
+when the soldiers charged bayonets on the crowd.
+
+Q. Including all within the time from Thursday until Monday, did you
+exhaust----
+
+A. I knew of no riots until the soldiers charged bayonets on the
+people. I have answered that question a dozen of times.
+
+Q. Answer it yes or no?
+
+A. I will not answer it yes or no. All my powers were exhausted in
+preserving the peace so far as I thought I could exercise them. That is
+the answer to that question.
+
+Q. Have you any call--is there any call to assemble the police, by
+telegraph or otherwise?
+
+A. We have a police telegraph from each station-house. We send messages
+on it every day.
+
+Q. There is no particular call by which you assemble your police?
+
+A. There is no alarm.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I want to ask the mayor a question in connection with his answer to
+this. He says he used all his powers in preserving the peace, so far as
+he could exercise them. Was there anything to prevent you from
+exercising your powers as mayor?
+
+A. Yes; the ground had been occupied by the State military and the
+sheriff, and occupied in a way that it was utterly impossible for me to
+act with them.
+
+Q. And it was the only thing that prevented you from exercising your
+powers?
+
+A. I will say that there was a party went down to the depot--the
+Duquesne depot--Sunday afternoon, stating he was going to set it afire.
+That man was arrested by the police, assisted by some citizens, and
+taken to the lock-up.
+
+Q. You know that there was an assemblage of men at or near
+Twenty-eighth street during the day, on Friday, don't you?
+
+A. I presume there was, or Mr. Watt would not have come down there and
+asked for police?
+
+Q. For the purpose of protecting trains going out?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't know that. I don't think I knew that.
+
+Q. For what purpose were they assembled there, so far as you know?
+
+A. I only knew about them from Mr. Watt, and what he told me, I have
+forgotten now.
+
+Q. You have forgotten what he told you?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you take any measures to ascertain what the purpose of the
+assemblage was?
+
+A. I think Mr. Watt must have told me what it was, and I judge so. The
+first thing I heard after the police went there, was that a man had
+struck Mr. Watt.
+
+Q. I want to know if you don't know that during the day on Friday, and
+during the day Saturday, there was a large assemblage of men at or near
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I knew that by common report, and hearing the police talk.
+
+Q. Was not that an unlawful assemblage of men?
+
+A. It may have been an unlawful assemblage of men.
+
+Q. Didn't you know it was an unlawful assemblage of men?
+
+A. I don't know, I presume it would have been an unlawful assemblage. I
+presume that they were there for an unlawful purpose.
+
+Q. You did not take any pains to disperse that assemblage?
+
+A. Have I not answered that question a dozen times?
+
+Q. What is your answer? Did you take any measures to disperse that
+assemblage?
+
+A. I didn't for the reason that I have given you--for the reason I
+repeated a dozen times to different other questions, in different
+forms. There is a good deal more I would like to tell you.
+
+Q. You say on Thursday you sent police officers there, and they got on
+a train, and they attempted to run that train out?
+
+A. And couldn't run it out.
+
+Q. Why didn't they run it out?
+
+A. Because the engineer stepped down and out.
+
+Q. Why did he step down and out?
+
+A. Because he wanted to.
+
+Q. Was there any men taken by force?
+
+A. Oh, no.
+
+Q. Was there a crowd there at that time?
+
+A. I suppose there were a great many people there. I have no doubt
+there was.
+
+Q. Don't you think it was an unlawful assemblage, and that it was your
+duty, as mayor, to have gone there, and have dispersed that crowd?
+
+A. The police were there preserving the peace. They were there and
+preserved the peace to such an extent, that the police say that they
+were on that train, and that train could go out. There was nothing to
+hinder it, if the engineer had stuck to his post; but, instead of that,
+he stepped off his engine, and left the police in charge. That is the
+report of the police to me?
+
+Q. Wasn't it your duty to disperse that crowd there, as mayor of the
+city?
+
+A. No; because I knew nothing of the details of that, at this time;
+because Mr. Watt got all the police that he needed, and they got more
+than they wanted--said they had more than they wanted, and they had the
+direction of them there, and the presumption is that the police did
+just what they wanted them to, and the only breach of the peace that
+occurred there was that of which Mr. McCall was arrested for--striking
+Mr. Watt--and taken to the station.
+
+Q. Was not the train uncoupled? When they attempted to start that
+train, didn't they rush on and uncouple the cars?
+
+A. I guess you are talking about the trains they attempted to run early
+in the morning, before the police came there. That is what I think. It
+was on that occasion that Mr. Watt came down after the ten policemen.
+
+Q. Didn't Mr. Watt tell you of the circumstances?
+
+A. I suppose he did.
+
+Q. Didn't you have knowledge then that there had been a riot, or, at
+least, a disorderly crowd there, and wasn't it your duty then to
+protect those people?
+
+A. And for the purpose of doing that, Mr. Watt came and asked for a
+certain number of policemen--for what he thought was sufficient--and
+they were soon there?
+
+Q. And still you allowed that crowd to remain there?
+
+A. That is not a fair way to put it.
+
+Q. I want to get at the reasons that actuated you?
+
+A. I didn't know anything of the nature of that crowd. I knew nothing
+more at the time than that Mr. Watt wanted ten men, and ten men was
+sufficient to control it. That was sufficient. They were there, and
+there was only one breach of the peace, and that man was arrested, and
+when this train, between three and four o'clock, undertook to be run
+out, it could have been run out.
+
+Q. Did the crowd intimidate the engineer in any way, do you know?
+
+A. I understood the police that he was not intimidated--that he could
+have gone out with the train, if he thought proper. They were there to
+protect him in so doing. They told me he could have gone out, if he had
+chosen. I don't know who he is, anything about him. I guess it was the
+last effort made to run a train out.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you consider at any time until the military arrived that the
+crowd that assembled there was an illegal crowd?
+
+A. Oh, no; I didn't think it amounted to shucks.
+
+Q. You consider there was no riot or mob nor illegal assemblage at any
+time before the military arrived?
+
+A. I knew that there were men in a crowd.
+
+Q. Answer that question now. You consider there was no illegal
+assemblage, mob, or riot previous to the arrival of the military?
+
+A. I think that in the ordinary acceptation of the word mob and riot,
+there was no mob and riot previous to the military coming there.
+
+Q. Or illegal assemblage of people?
+
+A. I think any persons that go on the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's
+ground, don't obey their lawful orders and proper orders, that it is an
+unlawful assemblage.
+
+Q. Was there any illegal assemblage?
+
+A. I have no doubt there was.
+
+Q. Were you aware of that?
+
+A. I must have been aware. It could not have been otherwise.
+
+Q. Did you make any efforts to disperse them?
+
+A. Yes; I gave the Pennsylvania Railroad Company all the police they
+asked for.
+
+Q. Did you drive them off?
+
+A. I don't think they were driven off, but the Pennsylvania railroad
+got all the police they asked for.
+
+Q. You didn't give them the officer they asked for?
+
+A. In asking for me?
+
+Q. Yes; you?
+
+A. No; I was not going up to head ten policemen.
+
+Q. You required them to pay the police also?
+
+A. No, sir; you put your statement too broad. These policemen--we took
+what policemen we could belonging to the city and filled up with the
+others who were not in the pay of the city.
+
+Q. And those others were paid?
+
+A. I think there must have been about twenty-nine policemen outside of
+such of the city folks as were considered.
+
+Q. The extras were paid off by the Pennsylvania railroad?
+
+A. Yes; they were paid by them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You didn't call on any of the night force to go at that time?
+
+A. No, sir; we couldn't do that. Nothing but the most imperative
+necessity would require that. We only had patrolmen to cover
+twenty-seven square miles. At the riot on Saturday night every man was
+called in from the first, second, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth
+districts; they were left entirely unprotected.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until this afternoon, at two
+o'clock.
+
+
+    AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Friday, February 22, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, in the orphans' court room
+at three o'clock, P.M., Mr. Lindsey in the chair.
+
+All members present.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+R. L. Hamilton, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. 810 Penn avenue.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. I am a clerk for the water-works of the city of Pittsburgh--clerk of
+the water-works. I believe it is called, sometimes, clerk of the water
+extension committee.
+
+Q. How long have you held that position?
+
+A. I have held the position of clerk of the water-works since February,
+1876--February 4, I believe.
+
+Q. Where is your office?
+
+A. City hall. Third floor of the city hall. Municipal hall as it is
+called.
+
+Q. State whether you were at or in the vicinity of Twenty-eighth
+street, on Saturday the 21st day of July?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. When the firing occurred?
+
+A. I was in the vicinity at the time of the firing.
+
+Q. Where were you--what was your position?
+
+A. I can hardly understand the question.
+
+Q. Where were you in relation to where the troops stood--explain the
+situation you occupied?
+
+A. At the time of the firing I was running.
+
+Q. Which direction?
+
+A. Well, towards Liberty street and Twenty-ninth street, to get a brick
+house between me and the troops.
+
+Q. Go on, and relate what you saw, commencing at the time you arrived
+at, or in the vicinity of Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. To explain the question, there was a meeting of the water committee
+called for Monday evening, and some two or three members of the water
+committee lived out in that direction. I started at that notice, and at
+two o'clock I arrived at Twenty-eighth street. I went up Twenty-eighth
+street to the Pennsylvania railroad tracks, and when there, I was
+informed that the Philadelphia troops were about to come out, and I
+waited to see them until sometime after four o'clock. These troops came
+out headed by the sheriff and several citizens of Pittsburgh, and after
+they had formed themselves in position, the sheriff commenced speaking
+to the crowd, and I couldn't hear what he was saying from where I was
+standing, and I got on a coal truck where I thought I could hear what
+he was saying. When I was on this truck, one company of the
+Philadelphia troops--the troops, at that time, were formed in two lines
+facing the hill, that is, the line next me was facing the hill. I
+wouldn't say positively about the line nearest the hill. I was near the
+round-house. There was one company of the Philadelphia troops brought
+up in single rank, they marched up very quietly until they got to the
+switch below Twenty-eighth street. They were met by the crowd, that is,
+a crowd of men that refused to go any further. There were orders given
+very quietly, and another company, with black plumes on their hats,
+came up, and this first company was put in double rank. They tried to
+force the crowd back, and the order was given to charge bayonets. The
+officers of the Philadelphia troops were in the rear of those two
+companies, they were charged up on the track, and after sometime, there
+was an order given to fire by the different officers of the
+Philadelphia troops.
+
+Q. I wish you would now repeat what you said, beginning with the order
+which was given to charge bayonets, commencing about there, and repeat
+what you said?
+
+A. After the second company had been brought up--the company with dark
+plumes on their hats, I cannot tell what the uniform was--after that,
+there was an order given to charge bayonets, and it was a very short
+time after this order to charge bayonets--that was only given to the
+two companies, the other files were standing, the rest of the
+Philadelphia troops were standing in two lines on each side of the
+railroad track--after that order given to charge bayonets, almost
+immediately, I heard the command given by several officers of
+Philadelphia companies, that is, I suppose they were from Philadelphia.
+I don't know them personally, but from their uniform, and from the
+position in which they were. The order to fire was given by several men
+in the uniform of officers of that regiment.
+
+Q. Where did you stand during this time?
+
+A. I stood on a truck loaded with coal. The left of the railroad tracks
+going out almost immediately in front of the sand-house of the
+Pennsylvania railroad, this side of Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. How far from the tracks?
+
+A. I could have stooped down and touched three of the militia with my
+hands, by stooping.
+
+Q. How far were you from them at the time the order to charge bayonets
+was given?
+
+A. I was in the same position. I had not left that position from the
+time I got up there to see what was said by the sheriff until I heard
+the order given.
+
+Q. What officers gave the order to charge bayonets?
+
+A. I couldn't say. I heard, but I couldn't say how it was given. The
+orders at that time were given very low. It was not to the whole
+regiment.
+
+Q. From what direction did the order come?
+
+A. Right from the rear of the two companies that were marched up the
+track, and they were not charging when the order was given.
+
+Q. How did they have their arms when the order to charge bayonets was
+given?
+
+A. The two companies, I think the whole of them, were at carry arms,
+from what I know of the present tactics.
+
+Q. Were any of them at arms port?
+
+A. Some of them in the charging parties had their guns at arms
+port--some of the charging party.
+
+Q. Did you hear that command given?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't hear that command given, but I know now that some
+of them had their guns at arms port, because I remember the guns being
+in the position of arms port--some of them. A party directly in front
+of me were at carry arms.
+
+Q. They were standing still?
+
+A. Yes. They were in line. I think they were at a carry, so far as I
+can remember. I cannot swear positively as to that.
+
+Q. When you heard the command given to charge bayonets, how close were
+those two companies to the mob?
+
+A. Just as close as they could get.
+
+Q. And the mob resisted them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. When the order was given to charge bayonets, did the two companies
+obey the order.
+
+A. Part of them did. I could see them lunge with their bayonets--try to
+force them back.
+
+Q. Did the crowd resist that charge?
+
+A. Some of them did; yes, sir.
+
+Q. And attempted to pull----
+
+A. I heard parties say that if they would let them out in any way, they
+would be glad to do so. It was the crowd back of them that was holding
+them in. Others resisted.
+
+Q. Did they try to pull the bayonets off the guns?
+
+A. I saw them wrenching with the guns. Saw them wrenching the guns, and
+heard remarks made by different parties in front of the party charging
+bayonets that if they would give them room to get back they didn't want
+to interfere. I heard these remarks made from where I was.
+
+Q. And the command to fire, you say, was given by captains?
+
+A. I don't know about captains. I say officers of the Philadelphia
+companies that the word "fire" was given by.
+
+Q. By officers of companies?
+
+A. Company officers is what I say the word was given by.
+
+Q. And not by field officers?
+
+A. I wouldn't know that the field officers were with that regiment, but
+I knew from the position----
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. You mean from the position they occupied, they were company
+officers?
+
+A. I suppose they were company officers. They were in the rear of the
+two ranks facing me.
+
+Q. Had any stones and missiles been thrown at the soldiers before the
+command to charge bayonets was given?
+
+A. I cannot say positively as to before the command to charge bayonets
+was given.
+
+Q. Were any thrown at the troops before the command to fire was given?
+Were there any shots fired by the crowd before the command to fire was
+given?
+
+A. Not that I either saw or heard--not before the command to fire.
+
+Q. Missiles had been thrown?
+
+A. They had been thrown--I saw them thrown.
+
+Q. Were any of the soldiers hurt?
+
+A. Not that I saw. I saw one of the officers--I supposed to be a field
+officer--saw him hit, and it staggered him, but he didn't seem to be
+hurt--kind of shoved him to one side--it seemed to be a piece of a
+board or piece of wood--something like a block of wood--it was thrown
+from the hill side, and hit one of the officers. I saw that myself--not
+thrown from the hill side, but from what they call the watch-box--it is
+a watch-box. It was thrown from the back of that by a boy.
+
+Q. You saw the boy?
+
+A. It was a young fellow about sixteen or seventeen years of age, from
+what I could judge from his appearance.
+
+Q. When the firing commenced, you ran?
+
+A. I ran before the firing commenced. I was back of what they call the
+Hill house.
+
+Q. Did you run before the command was given?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't. Whenever I heard the command given, I thought I
+had no business there, and I got out of the road, that is one thing
+that made me so positive the command was given. My idea of getting out
+of the road was on account of that command to fire.
+
+Q. In what words--was there more than one command?
+
+A. There was no more than one command. The word fire was given by
+different men in uniform. They were standing not in the rear, but in
+front of the line of militia that was right in front of me. I heard
+that from more than one voice.
+
+Q. In what words was the command given?
+
+A. The command I speak of as given by those parties, was the word
+"fire."
+
+Q. Addressed to any particular person?
+
+A. Not by those parties--just "fire."
+
+Q. How do you know who gave that command?
+
+A. I could hear them; I don't suppose I was six feet from some of them.
+
+Q. Could you pick out the men who gave the command?
+
+A. That gave the word fire?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. No, sir; I couldn't.
+
+Q. Then you don't know who it was that gave the command?
+
+A. That gave these commands? No, sir.
+
+Q. You say it came from officers in command of a company?
+
+A. It came from what I supposed by the position they held--they were
+strangers to me.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Couldn't you distinguish the officers from the private?
+
+A. I thought I could. It was what I consider officers. I didn't pay
+that much attention. I had no idea there was going to be such a command
+given, and paid no attention to officers nor privates. These parties
+had no guns. Whether they were captains or lieutenants, or what, I
+couldn't say.
+
+Q. You wouldn't pretend to say what man it was gave the command, or
+pick out the man?
+
+A. That gave this command I speak of? No, sir.
+
+Q. You could only tell the direction in which the words came?
+
+A. If they had been Pittsburgh troops had been there, I suppose I could
+have told every man of them. I could not point out the men if they were
+brought before me now.
+
+Q. Could you see the man who uttered the words?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. So as to pick him out?
+
+A. I could, provided I had seen enough of the man. I couldn't remember
+him now. I believe if I could see the man that I first heard these
+words "fire" from; if I would have seen him the next morning, I could
+point him out. I don't remember of having seen him since, and I don't
+know that I could point him out if he was here.
+
+Q. How was he dressed?
+
+A. Dressed in a gray uniform? He was in full uniform, with gold lace on
+it.
+
+Q. What rank did his uniform indicate?
+
+A. I didn't pay that much attention to him to find out what his rank
+was. The militia uniform is so badly mixed, I could hardly tell what
+the man's rank would be. The uniform seemed to be about the same in all
+the officers. I didn't pay any attention to these troops as regards
+that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Had he a plume, the same as the privates?
+
+A. I couldn't say.
+
+Q. Didn't notice?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How many officers did you hear give this command to fire?
+
+A. I couldn't say exactly. I suppose seven or eight.
+
+Q. All gave the command to fire?
+
+A. Yes, sir; that is, I heard it in that many different voices; I
+couldn't say how many officers, but in that many different voices.
+
+Q. Not at one and the same time?
+
+A. Not at one and the same time.
+
+Q. Did any other words precede the word "fire?"
+
+A. Not by the officers I speak of.
+
+Q. Nothing but simply "fire?"
+
+A. Simply "fire."
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You are sure they didn't say not to fire, and you only heard the
+word "fire?"
+
+A. I am sure of the parties I speak of.
+
+Q. That they were not cautioning their men not to fire on the crowd?
+
+A. No, sir; I am sure of that.
+
+Q. Couldn't you have made a mistake, and only heard the last word?
+
+A. Not from the position I was. The parties may have been mistaken in
+regard to where they got their order.
+
+Q. When they were ordered to charge bayonets, what was the command
+given to charge bayonets?
+
+A. As I spoke before, the command was given, that I could hear the
+command but couldn't hear what was said to the troops. It was given to
+two companies in a low tone of voice, but what I understood to be
+"charge bayonets," and a charge bayonets was immediately made after
+this order. It was in a low tone of voice.
+
+Q. Not as a military officer ought to give a command?
+
+A. Not as I would suppose a military officer should give a command. I
+am not posted in regard to how they should give it.
+
+Q. He didn't say it as though he meant business?
+
+A. It looked very much like it.
+
+Q. He gave it in a low tone of voice?
+
+A. Just gave it in a low tone of voice to those two companies--it was a
+command to those two companies.
+
+Q. When he gave the command fire, did he speak it distinctly as though
+he meant exactly what he said?
+
+A. Who are you speaking of?
+
+Q. The officers that gave the command?
+
+A. Yes; they spoke it distinctly.
+
+Q. As though they meant exactly what they said?
+
+A. I supposed from that they meant it, that is the reason I got out of
+the road. I thought they meant what they said.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What position did those officers occupy when this command to fire
+was given. The officers I speak of giving the word "fire?"
+
+A. They were in front of the command.
+
+Q. In front of the rank?
+
+A. In front of the rank. There was no room for them in place else.
+
+Q. You are sure they were in front of the rank?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Seven or eight of them, you say?
+
+A. If you will allow me to explain about the officers. Six, seven, or
+eight. There was two ranks of troops, stretching from the switch at
+Twenty-eighth street down the track in two ranks, and those two
+companies were at the upper end. What I supposed to be the general
+officers were in the rear of those two officers, and the other officers
+were scattered down along. There was two lines. There was seven or
+eight not scattered along, because they were over near to what I
+considered to be the generals.
+
+Q. They were in front of the rank?
+
+A. The line was facing this way. [Illustrating.] There was no officers
+outside of this rank [indicating] that I could see, and there was no
+room in this rank, because here is a truck--a coal truck. I stood from
+where I could stoop down and touch the soldiers.
+
+Q. Wouldn't you suppose this was a pretty bad place for an officer to
+stand?
+
+A. I should think it was.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. These officers stood between the mob and their men?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. They were behind the men?
+
+A. What I consider the mob was at the switch at Twenty-eighth street.
+That was the switch here. [Illustrating.] The Philadelphia troops were
+formed in two ranks. There was the two companies coming up here,
+[indicating,] one in single file, and when they got to the switch the
+men stopped them. They were in single line. This company was brought up
+between the two lines, forcing every person out, keeping that part of
+the track clear. They succeeded until they got to this switch. When
+they got to the switch one company was not successful in driving them
+back.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You said the officers were in front of the men, did you mean those
+men that were standing in line? The officers were in front of them, was
+the ones you speak of?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. It was these officers gave the command to fire?
+
+A. These officers I was speaking of.
+
+Q. It was not the men that were marching up to clear the crowd--I mean
+marching towards the crowd?
+
+A. It was not those officers I heard.
+
+Q. It was the bystanders? Those officers had nothing to do with those
+companies?
+
+A. No, sir; not with those two companies up the track--no, sir.
+
+Q. Did the companies commanded by the officers who gave the command,
+fire?
+
+A. I didn't wait to see.
+
+Q. You don't know that they did fire?
+
+A. Not from my own knowledge, but from the parties wounded and killed,
+I would suppose so.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. How long after the command was given did you hear the firing?
+
+A. I got back of this house before I heard any firing.
+
+Q. What distance was you from the crowd, where you stood, when the
+command was given, when the firing began?
+
+A. I suppose I would be a distance about forty yards, before I heard
+any firing.
+
+Q. After the command to fire was given, you retreated to the oil-house?
+
+A. I got the oil-house between me and the Philadelphia troops.
+
+Q. How far was that from where you stood when the command was given?
+
+A. I think it was forty yards from where I stood on the track.
+
+Q. How long after you got to the oil-house, did you hear the firing?
+
+A. I could hardly tell--it was a very short time. I don't think you
+could count a minute.
+
+Q. You think you were not behind the oil-house one minute before the
+firing began?
+
+A. Until I heard the firing.
+
+Q. You started as soon as ever you heard the command to fire?
+
+A. Just as soon as I could get off the track. As soon as I heard the
+command "fire," I commenced my way back in this crowd on the track,
+just as quick as I could get off and run.
+
+Q. About how long did it take you to get through that crowd and behind
+the oil-house?
+
+A. Didn't take me very long. I was not very long getting there, I know
+that.
+
+Q. A minute?
+
+A. I do not think I was a minute getting off the track. I was over a
+minute getting behind the oil-house.
+
+Q. You were there not over a minute before you heard the firing?
+
+A. I am sure of that.
+
+Q. Do you think it was two minutes after the order to fire was given,
+before the firing began?
+
+A. I think so; yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where did these stones and missiles come from?
+
+A. The things I saw thrown were right from back of what we call a
+switch-tender's shanty. There is a little shanty we call the
+switch-tender's shanty. It was parties standing back of that--I could
+see it from where I was standing--most of them that were thrown.
+
+Q. How much of a shower of stones was it?
+
+A. There was no shower. There was not even a slight storm. It was not
+what I would call a shower of stones.
+
+Q. Only two or three stones thrown?
+
+A. There might have been--I guess I saw six or seven. There were lumps
+of mud and pieces of wood. I do not think I saw a stone. I did see
+mud--that is, hard mud seemed to be taken from the side of the hill.
+
+Q. Did you see one of those soldiers fall, in the ranks that marched
+down there?
+
+A. Yes, sir; there was one of them fell, and they picked him up, and
+took him into the hospital grounds. He was sun-struck, or something of
+that kind.
+
+Q. How do you know he was sun-struck?
+
+A. That is what some of his comrades claimed. Before they got to
+Twenty-eighth street this man dropped. He seemed to be a Jew, from his
+looks. The boys used the expression: "Let the damned Jew lay there."
+The railroaders got water for him, and bathed him.
+
+Q. Have you ever told anybody that you heard the firing there, and
+heard the command given to fire?
+
+A. I was a witness in the criminal court, in the murder case against
+General Pearson.
+
+Q. Have you told anybody outside that you heard the command to fire
+given?
+
+A. I believe I did.
+
+Q. Have you told persons you heard General Pearson give the command to
+fire?
+
+A. Not in direct words.
+
+Q. Have you not stated several times, on the street corners, to
+different parties, that you heard General Pearson give the command to
+fire?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not think I ever did--not in those words.
+
+Q. Did you ever state to anybody that you had heard the commanders of
+companies give the command to fire, before stating it here?
+
+A. I do not know. I forget exactly just what words my testimony was in
+the court.
+
+Q. I am not asking you what testimony you gave in the court. Have you
+ever stated to any person before to-day, outside of the court, or
+anywhere, that you heard officers of companies give the command to
+fire?
+
+A. I believe I have. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And you have stated that you heard General Pearson give the command
+to fire?
+
+A. Not in those words.
+
+Q. What do you mean by "Not in those words?"
+
+A. I think the order to fire emanated from General Pearson, but I never
+said, in direct words, that General Pearson gave the order to fire.
+
+Q. It was only a supposition of yours?
+
+A. No; it was from the remark that I have sworn--I heard General
+Pearson give this--my remark was that General Pearson had turned around
+to other officers, with whom I am not acquainted, and used the
+expression, "Your men to fire;" but I did not say he had coupled those
+words with "Order your men to fire."
+
+Q. Did you hear him say those words?
+
+A. I have sworn. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. To whom?
+
+A. As I told you, I was not acquainted with the officers to whom he
+addressed himself. He was speaking to parties in gray uniform. He was
+standing almost immediately in his rear.
+
+Q. He said, "Your men to fire?"
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How far were you from him?
+
+A. I suppose I would be--I could hardly judge the distance--I would
+take it to be about ten feet or so.
+
+Q. Did he speak it in a low tone?
+
+A. It was not very loud. It was not a low tone.
+
+Q. Was there a good deal of noise and confusion about at that time?
+
+A. Oh, considerable, just in certain localities.
+
+Q. The crowd was boisterous, were they not?
+
+A. To a certain extent.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You did not hear any command given to fire, positively, by General
+Pearson?
+
+A. No, sir; I never said so.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How do you account for the long interval of time intervening between
+the command to fire and the firing.
+
+A. I could not say.
+
+Q. Did they load after the command to fire was given?
+
+A. I could not say.
+
+Q. Did you see them load?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not see them fire.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. There was nothing preparatory at all, to this word fire.
+
+A. No, sir; I thought it very strange myself, at the time the command
+to fire was given. They were not even ready.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say you heard General Pearson speak to those officers, and said
+something about firing. You do not know whether he said not allow the
+men to fire, or to fire?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. How long after he made this remark to those officers did the command
+to fire come from those officers, and did it come from those same
+officers he was talking to?
+
+A. I could not say whether it came from the same officers he was
+talking to. There were about fifteen or twenty of them in the crowd. I
+cannot say who he was addressing. It was started from that crowd, and
+carried by others still further down the line.
+
+Q. How long after that was that order given to fire?
+
+A. I do not think it was a minute. I cannot recollect the time.
+
+Q. How far was General Pearson from the place when he had this
+conversation with those officers--how far was he from the position
+where those officers did give the command to fire?
+
+A. I can hardly know.
+
+Q. The word passed along the line?
+
+A. It was passed by parties in front.
+
+Q. How far did it pass until it got to those officers that did give the
+command?
+
+A. It did not pass any further than, I suppose, seven or eight feet.
+
+Q. The officers were pretty thick, were they not?
+
+A. Yes, sir; very thick.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. General Pearson appeared to stand at the head of the column?
+
+A. He stood in the rear of the two companies that were charging up the
+track between the two lines and the side of the track.
+
+Q. It appears from your testimony that the firing was sometime after
+the command to fire was given.
+
+A. Yes; it was sometime. I had time enough to get away.
+
+Q. Do you think that this firing was in consequence of the order to
+fire?
+
+A. I did not wait to see anything about that. As soon as I heard the
+word "fire," I thought that was enough for me.
+
+Q. Have you ever had any military experience in the army?
+
+A. No, sir; never in the army. I served two or three years in the
+militia.
+
+Q. Ever practiced firing any in the militia?
+
+A. Some little.
+
+Q. How long after the command to fire was given do you discharge your
+piece?
+
+A. If in position to fire, we generally pulled as quick as we could get
+it off.
+
+Q. When this firing began, was it a volley, or was it a scattering
+fire?
+
+A. It was kind of mixed, I thought. I did not think it was what I
+considered a volley from a number of men that were present.
+
+Q. Was it a scattering fire that lasted some little time?
+
+A. The firing was kept up. Scattering fire was kept up for three or
+four minutes.
+
+Q. The first fire?
+
+A. The first volley, though not what I consider a volley from the
+number of men that were present. It sounded more like a volley than a
+scattering fire--the first fire. After that it was a scattering fire.
+
+Q. There appeared to be a number of simultaneous discharges of muskets?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any one else present there where you stood that heard and
+saw what you said, or was likely to see and hear?
+
+A. There were plenty there that could have seen.
+
+Q. Any one that you know?
+
+A. No, sir: no person that I know. I was not paying much attention to
+who was standing around me. No person that I knew of was in that
+locality at that time.
+
+Q. Did you see the arms loaded at any time?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. G. McConnell, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I reside in the Nineteenth ward, city of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your profession?
+
+A. Practicing law.
+
+Q. State whether you were at or in the vicinity of the elevator on the
+22d of July last, about the time it was burned?
+
+A. I was, sir.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive at that place?
+
+A. I arrived there just about the time that the fire was taking hold of
+the elevator.
+
+Q. Just about the time the fire was taking hold of the elevator?
+
+A. Just about the time the inside of the elevator----
+
+Q. Were there any policemen there at the time?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not see any.
+
+Q. Did any come there?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. Did you send for any?
+
+A. Not at that time, sir.
+
+Q. Afterwards did you?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see who set the elevator on fire?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. And how it caught?
+
+A. No, sir; but after the elevator was on fire. The person who gave you
+that information has not given you the correct information. After the
+elevator was on fire some little time, I was standing on Eleventh
+street, probably halfway between Penn and Liberty. While standing
+there, a man came up alongside of me and stood there. I did not say
+anything, and directly there was another man joined him. The first one
+was a short thick-set man, with a light colored moustache and imperial
+and light hair; a man I should say weighing about one hundred and
+sixty-five pounds, probably about five feet eight inches in height. The
+person who joined him was somewhat taller, nearly six feet in height,
+and they got into a conversation. They were evidently well acquainted
+with each other; and then the short thick man made a remark. Says he,
+"The elevator makes a very handsome fire." I spoke up and said I
+thought it was a very great shame and outrage that property should be
+destroyed, and this man turned around and said, "What is it your
+business?" I told him it was my business to a certain extent, as I was
+solicitor for the elevator company. I said to him that I thought the
+firemen ought to turn their hose on it. I then went to see Mr. Evans,
+and asked him if he could turn the hose on, and he informed me that it
+was impossible to do so. He had been deterred by the mob, and they had
+cut his hose, or threatened to cut his hose, and some man had put a
+revolver to his head; that he had two streams on, but had to take them
+off. I walked down pretty close to Penn avenue and these two men were
+still standing there. I stopped opposite them and they were still in
+conversation. The short thick-set man turned around to the other one
+and in a whisper made this remark to him, "Has the Pan Handle bridge
+been set fire to yet?" The other one says, "No, I think not." He said,
+"Somebody ought to send a party to do that;" and I then, left and went
+down towards Wayne street, went down to the river, went down the river,
+came up towards Fifth avenue, and on Thursday or Friday subsequent to
+the destruction of the elevator, on my way out home, in the evening,
+about half past four o'clock, passing the ruins of the Union Depot
+hotel, I saw this man standing there--this short thick-set man. There
+was a policeman standing on the corner. I went up to the policeman and
+pointed this man out and said, "That man, I think, was a ring leader in
+the riot. If you will arrest him, I will make information against him."
+The policeman did not reply, but walked up towards the avenue.
+
+Q. Do you know the policeman?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not take notice of his number.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you see the grain elevator set on fire?
+
+A. No, sir; I was standing out in front, and from where I stood the
+burning apparently began at the back side, towards the Pan Handle side
+of the road, towards the Washington street bridge.
+
+Q. How many policemen did you see around the vicinity at that time?
+
+A. Did not see any.
+
+Q. The only one you saw was on this bridge?
+
+A. I did not see any at all that day--that evening.
+
+Q. When was it you saw this policeman?
+
+A. Thursday or Friday, subsequent to the destruction.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you make any report of the policeman who refused?
+
+A. No, sir; only to the officers of the elevator company.
+
+Q. Did they make any effort to find out who the policeman was,
+afterwards?
+
+A. I do not know, sir--that is, I made no official report to the
+company. I just reported it to one or two of the officers, and their
+instructions were, if I recognized the party, to report it, and if I
+recognized the party I saw on Monday evening to report it.
+
+Q. You made no report of that policeman to the mayor of his refusal to
+act?
+
+A. No, sir; if I had known his number I certainly should; but I did not
+know his number.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You did not hear enough of the conversation between those men, to
+find out whether there was an organization?
+
+A. None, whatever. I did not hear sufficient of that. I believe that is
+all the conversation I heard in regard to the matter. There was a
+remark made that rather implied I had better get out of the way, and I
+stood over by the engine.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. These men were both strangers to you, the short man and the large
+one?
+
+A. They were men who were working. I evidently took them to be mill men
+about the city here. I do not think they were strangers in the city at
+all, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were they railroad men?
+
+A. I do not think so. I could not judge from their appearance. Just
+from their appearance, I took them to be men working about some of the
+mills or about some heavy employment in the city. I judged that more
+from their general appearance and from their hands. I noticed one man
+put up his fist. He had a very large heavy fist, and it looked like a
+work-man's fist.
+
+Q. That was Thursday or Friday subsequent to the burning, that you met
+this other man?
+
+A. Yes; Thursday or Friday?
+
+Q. What time of day was it you met him?
+
+A. I think it was about half past four in the afternoon. I left my
+office to go home, and it took me, I suppose, eight or nine minutes to
+walk up to where the Union Depot hotel stood at that time. Probably I
+stood around there ten minutes looking at the ruins, and it was just as
+I was moving off--probably it was about five o'clock.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Doctor James B. Murdock, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Please state where you reside?
+
+A. I reside on Centre avenue, No. 99. Up over the hill from the
+railroad--over that side of the hill--back from it.
+
+Q. A practicing physician in the city of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Practicing physician and surgeon.
+
+Q. State what knowledge you have of the late riots?
+
+A. When I heard I was to be subpoenaed here, I wrote down what I know
+about it, and perhaps that would be the quickest way of telling. My
+first knowledge of the riot was on the evening of the day of the riot,
+the 21st of July, about half past five o'clock in the afternoon, when I
+was returning to my office from my calls, and one of my neighbors came
+running to me in a hurried manner, and stated that a little boy had
+been shot and needed my services. I accompanied the messenger to a drug
+store in the vicinity of my house, and on my way there this messenger
+informed me how it happened, and told me the boy had been sitting on
+the hill side above the Twenty-eighth street crossing, and that he also
+was there, and that there was a volley of musketry fired from the
+soldiers, who were down on the railroad track, and that the little boy
+had screamed out----
+
+Q. I hardly think this comes within the scope of our investigation,
+unless you can give us the number of persons killed and wounded. That
+might be within the scope of our investigation; but testimony as to the
+persons that were wounded is hardly within the scope of our
+investigation?
+
+A. I do not know what I was subpoenaed here for. I was one of the
+surgeons in charge of the wounded at the West Pennsylvania hospital.
+
+Q. State the number that were brought there wounded?
+
+A. There were seven wounded men brought there that evening.
+
+Q. How many soldiers?
+
+A. Two soldiers. One of them wounded with a stone and the other
+sun-struck.
+
+Q. Who were the other parties?
+
+A. I do not know who they were. They were citizens--I do not know
+whether they were citizens or not. They were strangers to me.
+
+Q. Do you know the number that were killed in that fire?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not.
+
+Q. You know nothing, I suppose, as to the wounded, except those that
+were brought to the West Penn Hospital?
+
+A. Only just this little boy. I saw from there the attack on the
+round-house during the night.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see the firing of the cars when it commenced?
+
+A. I saw the whole of that attack.
+
+Q. You might give us a description of that?
+
+A. The grade is down from Thirty-third to Twenty-eighth, and the cars
+ran from their own gravity. When they were let go they would run. The
+first car came down between ten and eleven, and it was run down the
+grade, and when it got opposite the round-house it seemed to run off
+the track. You could observe it from the hospital grounds. Soon after
+that a whole train of cars, loaded with coke, came down the track, and
+struck this first one. We could hear the collision. It stopped near the
+round-house. They continued the passing down of fired cars from the
+vicinity of Lawrenceville, until I left the hospital, about two o'clock
+in the morning, and the cars were burning there, and the sand-house was
+then on fire, when I left.
+
+Q. From your position you could not see who done the firing?
+
+A. No, sir; but I could see in front of the hospital grounds when a car
+would stop, as it sometimes would in its descent, there would be people
+take hold of it, and push it on down towards the round-house. I observe
+that those who did that pushing were nearly all boys, fourteen to
+sixteen or seventeen years of age.
+
+Q. Twenty-five engaged in it?
+
+A. I do not think I saw over twenty-five at this place. I could not see
+where the cars were started from, I could see them just as they were
+passing the hospital grounds.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was gathered there?
+
+A. On my way to the hospital there was an immense crowd. I had to go
+through Liberty street, but just at the Twenty-eighth street crossing
+and down on the track, as you may say, Twenty-eighth to Twenty-ninth
+street, there was not a hundred people visible. There were a great many
+on the side hill looking down.
+
+Q. Were you present on Sunday?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I saw the burning of the Union depot and the elevator.
+There is one circumstance that I, perhaps, might state to the committee
+if it is of interest. I do not know that it is, though. On my way
+around through the city, I saw a great deal of the plunder being
+carried off, and on Gazzam's hill Sunday morning, at eleven o'clock, I
+saw a boy some twelve years of age who seemed to be gazing over in the
+direction of the railroad. I asked him what he was looking at. He said
+that the round-house had been burned last night and that the depot and
+the elevator was going to be burned to-night. I asked him how he knew
+that. He said his father had told him he had been out all last night
+was going out to-night.
+
+Q. Did you ascertain who he was?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. I did not think anything of it at the time. I
+did not think anything of it. When it occurred I remembered then of
+that statement.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you notice any firing by the mob, musketry or pistols, at the
+troops in the round-house?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not see any.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You do not know whether this boy's father was an employé of the
+Pennsylvania railroad or not, that told you that the elevator and the
+other buildings were to be burned?
+
+A. No, sir; the boy was in a part of the city where it would not be
+likely that an employé of the company would live.
+
+Q. You do not know who the boy was?
+
+A. No, sir; did not pay enough attention to it at that time.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. R. McCune, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the Fourteenth ward, this city.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. I am president of the Union National Bank.
+
+Q. Were you at the scene of the riots at any time during their
+progress?
+
+A. I saw the burning--partly saw it on Sunday for the first. I was not
+at the scene of the riots prior to Sunday, and know very little or most
+nothing of my own knowledge--prior to Sunday.
+
+Q. You may state what efforts you made in connection with others to
+suppress the riot on Sunday, and stop the pillaging and plundering?
+
+A. I came down town on Sunday morning in conference with some other
+citizens, and thought it desirable to call a meeting of citizens. I
+then learned for the first time that the troops had left the city, and
+there were placards posted on the bulletin boards calling a meeting of
+citizens, I think, at twelve o'clock. I participated in that meeting,
+and was appointed on a committee to take such action as was deemed
+advisable. The committee was a large one, and adjourned to the council
+chamber, and it was there determined to appoint a sub-committee to
+visit the scene of destruction, and take whatever action seemed
+judicious. I think our duties were not restricted. I went with that
+committee, but cannot say that we effected much of anything. I believe
+that has been detailed to you before how the committee went up there,
+and got on a platform of a car, and Bishop Tuigg undertook to address
+the audience.
+
+Q. Doctor Scovill's testimony in regard to that was correct?
+
+A. So far as I saw. The doctor was immediately along side of me on the
+platform of the car. After leaving, there the committee was divided,
+and went to different points, one of which being to ascertain, if
+possible, if the railroad strikers were actively engaged in this
+burning, and we endeavored to hunt up the railroad men. We went up as
+far as Twentieth street, and interviewed railroad men wherever we could
+find them. They, I believe, universally disclaimed all participation in
+the riot. That is in the burning.
+
+Q. In the destruction of property?
+
+A. In the destruction of property. That was a point we inquired into
+particularly.
+
+Q. Did they state who was engaged in the destruction of property?
+
+A. My recollection is that they generally professed not to know. They
+promised to coöperate with us in efforts to stop the burning.
+
+Q. Did they do that--did they coöperate?
+
+A. I don't know how much they did in that direction. There was some of
+them came down to attend the meeting, and this committee reported to an
+adjourned meeting that was to be held, I think, at four o'clock in the
+afternoon. The committee returned, and stated briefly what had been
+done and the condition of affairs, and I think we suggested that there
+would be a large increase of the police force. The mayor was present,
+and the committee authorized him to employ as many policemen as they
+could get--five hundred if he could obtain them--and a number of
+gentlemen present pledged themselves for the payment of this police
+force.
+
+Q. At four o'clock Sunday afternoon?
+
+A. Yes; four o'clock Sunday afternoon, and there was also a sort of
+militia force organized, of which Mayor McCarthy told you this morning.
+
+Q. This suggestion of employing five hundred police was made to the
+mayor, was it?
+
+A. I don't remember from where the suggestion emanated. It seemed to be
+the unanimous wish of those present.
+
+Q. Did you so inform the mayor of that week?
+
+A. Yes; and the question was raised as to how they were to be paid, and
+quite a number of citizens there pledged themselves for the payment,
+and the mayor was asked if that would be satisfactory, and he said it
+was entirely so.
+
+Q. Did the mayor issue any call, or any command, or summon any posse of
+citizens as a police force?
+
+A. Immediately a call was made for citizens to unite with the mayor,
+and I think there was quite a force congregated together, and started
+to procure such arms as were available.
+
+Q. That was the request made, was it?
+
+A. I am not able to recall whether the request was made by the mayor.
+It was suggested from some source, and matters were done under a good
+deal of excitement. There was not much formality about that.
+
+Q. Doctor Donnelly's command was organized at that time?
+
+A. Donnelly had charge of it. An hour afterwards or so there were some
+others that repaired to the Duquesne depot. There are others can tell
+you more about that than I. The next morning I was at the mayor's
+office, when a sort of militia force was organized.
+
+Q. How large a force was organized?
+
+A. It is difficult to tell; I could only guess at it. There were,
+perhaps, two hundred.
+
+Q. Composed of citizens?
+
+A. Of citizens; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Under whose command.
+
+A. I think General Negley was made commander of them, temporarily.
+There was a telegram there from the burgess of Elizabeth, stating that
+a party of roughs or rioters were en route to the city by steamer, and
+this force went down there to meet them when they would arrive. Also
+during that morning there was a meeting of citizens convened, for the
+purpose of organizing a committee of safety. This meeting, held on
+Sunday, did not organize any permanent committee. On Monday there was a
+permanent committee organized, of which I was a member.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was there during the day Monday, or was there any?
+
+A. On Monday?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. The streets were full of people. I think, possibly, I never have
+seen so many people in the streets, unless it was during the time of an
+immense convention.
+
+Q. What class of people?
+
+A. I could not undertake to say, sir. Seemed to me that everybody was
+there. There were comparatively few of them that I was acquainted with.
+
+Q. This body of rioters, were they in force on Monday?
+
+A. Thought there were a great many very rough looking characters on the
+street--that I had never seen so many.
+
+Q. Were there any attacks made upon any property or persons, on Monday?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I remember. I cannot re-call any.
+
+Q. Were the business places open on Monday, throughout the city?
+
+A. I think a good many were opened--some were closed. There was a great
+deal of fear expressed.
+
+Q. Among the citizens?
+
+A. Yes; the committee of public safety began immediately to organize a
+military force. They organized a force of infantry, and they organized
+a company of horsemen, and got them under way as rapidly as possible.
+
+Q. To patrol the streets?
+
+A. Yes; to go outside of the city limits, and endeavor to guard against
+any turbulence anywhere, or any organizations that might show
+themselves.
+
+Q. Were you up about the railroad works any, during Monday?
+
+A. I think I was not. No, sir; I was not at the scene of the burning on
+Monday.
+
+Q. This crowd in the streets on Monday, did it seem to be just a
+promiscuous crowd everywhere on the streets, or was there an
+organization of men--roughs about?
+
+A. There was nothing to enable me to determine that there was an
+organization.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was the crowd attracted by curiosity to see what was going on?
+
+A. It was largely so, I think--attracted by curiosity, although it
+seemed to me there were an immense number of strange faces amongst
+them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You had no trouble in preserving the peace after Monday morning?
+
+A. The peace was preserved on Monday without trouble, because I think
+these organizations had a very wholesome effect. The committee of
+public safety then formally instructed the mayor to increase his police
+force. He had instructions to employ twenty additional men, and under
+that authority he did employ, I think, one hundred and thirty men, whom
+the committee on public safety paid.
+
+Q. For how long a time did he keep these men employed?
+
+A. A portion of them were discharged about ten days thereafter--perhaps
+in all the half of them--and the remainder were continued for forty or
+fifty days. I would state that the committee of public safety and other
+citizens united in a paper, whereby they pledged themselves to pay all
+expenses that might be incurred by this committee, without any limit
+whatever, and that we subsequently obtained specific subscriptions to
+the amount of about fifty thousand dollars.
+
+Q. How much of that was expended in the operation?
+
+A. I can't say positively, but a small portion of it, probably fifteen
+thousand dollars.
+
+Q. And after the organization of that committee of public safety, the
+peace was preserved from that time forward?
+
+A. Yes, sir; how much the committee had to do with it is a question I
+could not determine.
+
+Q. Did the people unite heartily in carrying out the suggestions made
+by that committee?
+
+A. Yes; I think the committee had no cause of complaint. They had the
+sympathy and coöperation of the community generally.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You know nothing of the causes leading to the riot?
+
+A. Nothing; no, sir; nothing but what is patent to everybody. I had no
+special facilities for learning anything. Everybody had their own
+opinion. I was not on the ground prior to Sunday.
+
+Q. Do you know whether this mounted citizens' police force went out of
+the city, and patrolled the streets leading to the city?
+
+A. That is my impression. I was not with them, but I think they did.
+
+Q. Along the lines of the Pan Handle railroad.
+
+A. Yes; we were a good deal concerned about the Pan Handle road. There
+were rumors come to the committee that there was very imminent danger
+of them burning the cars in the tunnel and other points out the Pan
+Handle road. I think, however, you can glean the facts pertaining to
+the committee better from Mr. Johnson, who is chairman of that
+committee. He has examined the minutes, I think, and has charged his
+memory with the details.
+
+Q. Do you know whether any men were arrested or not that attempted to
+come in on that road by this citizens' police force?
+
+A. No, sir; my opinion is very vague on that point.
+
+Q. Was not there some disturbance on Monday on some of your streets
+here in the city?
+
+A. There was a good deal of turbulence all over the city. I remember
+one instance now. The committee was sent after some guns, and while
+they were being brought down Market street there was a halt made. They
+stopped the gun carriages, and somebody went up and boldly spiked the
+guns, which created a good deal of excitement for the moment.
+
+Q. The crowd spiked the guns?
+
+A. Spiked the guns.
+
+Q. How many guns?
+
+A. There were three of them, I think.
+
+Q. What battery did they belong to?
+
+A. I can't answer. I am not up on military affairs.
+
+Q. Was not there some disturbance on Fifth avenue there that day?
+
+A. There were disturbances, more or less, in many parts of the city.
+The city was disordered that day--decidedly disorderly.
+
+Q. There was an effort made by the citizens generally, to suppress
+everything of that kind on Monday?
+
+A. Yes; there was a decided effort made by the citizens.
+
+Q. An organized effort?
+
+A. Yes; the committee of public safety, organized for this special
+purpose. They acted promptly and vigorously.
+
+Q. Do you know of any disturbance at Limerick, south side, on that day?
+
+A. I cannot recollect it.
+
+Q. Do you know of any disturbance on Second Avenue park?
+
+A. No, sir; I cannot of my own personal knowledge--I cannot recollect.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Robert Atchison, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. 873 Penn avenue.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Engineer.
+
+Q. On what railroad?
+
+A. P.R.R.
+
+Q. Pennsylvania?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Are you in the employ of the Pennsylvania Company now?
+
+A. I am.
+
+Q. Were you in July last, the 19th of July?
+
+A. I have been employed on the road for seventeen years, in the
+capacity of engineer. If it is necessary, I will just state what I know
+about it, if it is in evidence. On the morning of Thursday, 19th July,
+I think it was, the trains were all to be run double. I took out the
+first train. I was called at three o'clock in the morning, to take out
+the first train, and there was no trouble then, nor knew of any
+trouble. We went out--went to Derry.
+
+Q. What hour did you leave?
+
+A. I left at three o'clock in the morning, and got to Derry about
+seven, and returned. Coming back, before I got to the city, the other
+side of Walls station, I remarked to my fireman, that I thought there
+must be a wreck on the road. We had met no freights. We should have met
+some east of that, several miles. But paid no attention much to it,
+until I came in sight of Walls station. The accommodation is due there,
+then, twelve-forty, and I just remarked that if there was a wreck, I
+suppose they could run the accommodation round, as they often did, in
+such cases. When I came down--the conductor lives just a little way
+below--he got on my engine and rode down with me, and I asked him what
+was the matter, there was nothing out. He just made the remark, that
+the boys would not let anything go out this morning. That is the first
+intimation I had of anything, or I believe even the crews. They did not
+seem to know anything about it.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. It was about twelve-forty. We came on to the city unmolested by any
+person, until we came to Torrens station, that is a little way from
+East Liberty. There was a crowd there, but didn't seem to be doing
+anything--nobody was doing anything. We had some work to do, to put
+some cars in or something, and I just remarked to the crowd that was on
+the other side, says I, "What's going on here?" Says one, "Lots of
+fun." Mr. Garrett, the train master, gave the signal to me, and we went
+on, and came down to Twenty-eighth street, and what astonished me more
+than anything else was the crowd that was there, and the few people
+that I knew. They were strangers to me. At Twenty-eighth street I could
+not recognize but a few of our own men. They were all strangers to me.
+I passed on down with the train, took it to the west end of the yard,
+and put it away, and backed up my engine to the round-house, and put it
+in the round-house, and went home. Then I hadn't had any dinner--it was
+nearly three o'clock. I went home to dinner, and I didn't come up that
+afternoon, I don't think, again. I was up the next day around, but
+there was nothing going out, and the way we were running--some one
+remarked to me, I could not tell who it was--says he, "Go ahead, you
+can go in, but you can't go out." Says I, "Never mind, it is not my
+turn to go out."
+
+Q. Were you put on Friday?
+
+A. Yes; I was about.
+
+Q. Was you ready to take out your train?
+
+A. I was ready, and came up there on Friday. One of the officers
+remarked to me, there was nothing going out. It seemed to be this way:
+that if they got a train ready and the engine, there was no crew, and
+if you got a crew, there was no engine or anything else there. Some of
+the officers remarked to me that the Philadelphia soldiers were coming
+in, and everything would go on then as usual. I think I went home, and
+I didn't come back again that night. In the morning--Saturday morning,
+six o'clock--I was sent for to come up and go out. I believe before I
+had my breakfast. As soon as I got breakfast I went out, but I didn't
+see nothing for me to go out on, and I stood around there until eleven
+o'clock on Saturday, I think eleven or twelve, and I then just remarked
+to the foreman--I think it was the foreman, in the round-house--that I
+was going down home, and that if they wanted me, to send a watchman
+down to me, I would be at home--I would not be away from home. I said
+to my family, I believed I would go to bed and take some sleep, for I
+might have to come out to-night. I suppose it was fortunate for me I
+was not up in the crowd at the time of the shooting. I might have been
+there.
+
+Q. Were you ready at all times to take out your train?
+
+A. Provided everything had been all right I would. I would not like the
+idea of starting out there on Sunday morning. I didn't think I would
+like to take out a train then.
+
+Q. Thought there was too big a crowd to get through?
+
+A. I didn't feel like it.
+
+Q. You were ready to go if the track was clear?
+
+A. Yes; oh, yes.
+
+Q. Had you heard, prior to your information at Walls, anything about
+the strike?
+
+A. Never had the least intimation, because I do not think it was a
+pre-arranged matter at all. It did not seem to me that anybody seemed
+to know. No; I knew nothing about it, and nobody else seemed to know
+anything about it. The order was given on Wednesday, I think, that all
+trains would be run double from Thursday. That seemed to be a kind of
+sticker on some of them. They didn't care much whether they started or
+not, and some of them that morning, on the eight-forty train, refused
+to go out. They didn't care whether they went out or not, and just
+quit.
+
+Q. There had been no pre-arranged plan for a strike to take place at
+that time?
+
+A. Not that I had ever heard of.
+
+Q. Had there been any arrangement made for a strike at or near that
+time?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge. Not among the engineers, or so far as I know.
+
+Q. Did you know of the existence of what was called the Trainmen's
+Union?
+
+A. I did not at that time.
+
+Q. Had no knowledge of that?
+
+A. Had no knowledge nor no idea of anything of the kind going on.
+
+Q. Had you talked with the conductors or brakesmen--had intercourse
+with them?
+
+A. Oh, yes; there was never one of them mentioned anything of the kind
+to me, nothing of the kind at all. In fact, I don't have as much
+intercourse with the trainmen on the road as we did formerly when they
+had no caboose. Of late years they have been running cabooses, and they
+generally congregate there themselves.
+
+Q. Engineers congregate more on their engine?
+
+A. Yes; all the time train men go back in the caboose.
+
+Q. You have an organization among the engineers?
+
+A. There is an organization existing.
+
+Q. Is that for engineers especially?
+
+A. Especially, yes.
+
+Q. Was there any talk of that kind in that organization that you know
+of--of striking?
+
+A. Not a particle, not at the time.
+
+Q. During the progress of the depredations or burning on Sunday were
+you present?
+
+A. I was; I live close by.
+
+Q. What class of men were engaged in active arson and destruction of
+property--burning?
+
+A. It appears to me the roughest class of people I ever saw. They
+appeared to be all strangers to me. I was present when the alarm of
+fire was struck. I was at the corner of Twenty-sixth street, right
+opposite the round-house, where the soldiers were. I was coming down, I
+guess it was ten o'clock or near eleven, and the firemen responded to
+the alarm, and came up Penn avenue a little above my house, and they
+was stopped by the crowd. They told them they could not go any further.
+I was across the street. I heard one man say, "I will shoot the horse,
+and if you undertake to go, I will shoot you." They ran across the
+street, and came right beside me, and I heard them say they would have
+them out of there if they would have to burn them out. I just said,
+said I, "my God, men, don't set anything on fire here, you will burn it
+all up," and the answer he made was, "Go to hell, you son of a bitch."
+That was the very words he made use of. I thought the least I could say
+was the best, as I was by myself.
+
+Q. Were there any railroad men engaged during the day Sunday?
+
+A. I didn't see one railroad man to my knowledge, not an employé of the
+Pennsylvania railroad.
+
+Q. Men that had been discharged, did you see any of that kind?
+
+A. I did not see any of the kind.
+
+Q. What did you, in connection with other railroad men, do to try and
+stop this?
+
+A. We did not do very much, for we could not. It seemed as though
+everybody was intimidated, and felt himself afraid to undertake to do
+anything. I did, I know, as one by myself. I do not think, in a crowd
+of men, it would have been useless to try to stop the burning at nine
+o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. Sunday morning?
+
+A. Sunday morning. The whole yard was in flames.
+
+Q. Did you have any communication with the committee that was sent up
+from Harrisburg?
+
+A. I did; I believe I did.
+
+Q. State what that was?
+
+A. General Brown came to me in the morning--about five o'clock.
+
+Q. Sunday morning?
+
+A. Sunday morning; and said to me--he wanted to know where this
+committee of railroad men was. I told him that I did not know where it
+was, but, says I, maybe I could find some of them. If we could get past
+Twenty-sixth street we might get some of them; but you can't pass
+through, they are shooting us there. Says he, tell them to come down to
+the Union depot, that I am authorized to give the men what they ask.
+There was a party went down there, and they could not find General
+Brown or any one else.
+
+Q. Who was it went down?
+
+A. I went down for one, and I didn't mind who else went down, it was
+impossible to get one of that committee, because they were scattered
+all through the city.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you on this committee of safety or any sub-committee, appointed
+by them, to go and confer with the strikers at any time.
+
+A. No, I do not think--I think we went down. There was a committee of
+safety come up there, and I think Captain McMunn and myself and some of
+our ward boys, several of us, went down.
+
+Q. As railroad men?
+
+A. As railroad men, we went down. I got into the crowd down here, right
+below the elevator there, tried to find the leading man of the
+citizens' committee, and they got to shooting, and the crowd ran down
+there. There was a tremendous crowd there, and carried us along with
+them. I do not think there was any use to try to do anything at all.
+
+Q. You said you would not like to have attempted to get out with that
+train on Saturday?
+
+A. No; I would not.
+
+Q. Did you apprehend any danger from any one?
+
+A. None. I would not have apprehended any danger, I think, from anybody
+but from outsiders.
+
+Q. Not from the railroad men?
+
+A. Not from the railroad men. I did not think that they would interfere
+with me.
+
+Q. Did you hear any threats of violence from the railroad men or
+engineers or any railroad strikers?
+
+A. No; not to me at all.
+
+Q. From any one else?
+
+A. I did from outsiders--remarks--but I didn't know who they were--that
+the first man that would attempt to go out had better hunt his coffin.
+
+Q. You saw the handling of cars and engines by the rioters during the
+destruction of property there in the vicinity of Twenty-eighth street
+and at the depot--did these men handle the cars and engines as if they
+had been accustomed to handling cars and engines?
+
+A. I didn't see anybody handling an engine. After the soldiers went
+into the round-house, I never went up near the place, that is, further
+than going up some of the side streets to look over the burning. All
+the engines were further up, at Twenty-eighth street. I was not up
+there.
+
+Q. You saw none of the mob taking engines and running them on the
+track?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see them handling the cars and switches?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. You were speaking of an association of engineers. Is that the
+Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any coöperation or action between that association and the
+Trainmen's Union at any time that you know of?
+
+A. I do not think there was any of any account?
+
+Q. If there was, you would know it?
+
+A. I believe I should know it. There was a disposition on the part of
+all the men, when the strike had occurred, to stand out for their ten
+per cent. That was their object.
+
+Q. That is, you mean all the trainmen, and engineers as well?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Are you a member of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers?
+
+A. I was. I believe the order in this vicinity has disappeared.
+
+Q. That association was got up for protection--a charitable institution
+for those that were connected with it?
+
+A. Nothing to interfere with the railroad.
+
+Q. If there had been any coöperation between the Trainmen's Union, or
+any connection between them and your association, you would likely know
+something about it.
+
+A. Yes; there was this, so far as the ten per cent. went. That I
+believe was all after the burning. I do not think there was any
+connection with it before.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was there any coöperation or pre-arranged plan to strike for the
+purpose of securing this ten per cent.?
+
+A. No, sir; not at all. The trouble had originated not until after
+there had been a committee to see Mr. Scott; but the thing had dropped,
+and I had heard nothing of it from the time that committee reported,
+and I do not remember the report they made, either.
+
+Q. Was there a general dissatisfaction and complaint on the part of the
+railroad employés on account of this reduction of pay?
+
+A. There was. That seemed to be a great deal of the trouble. They were
+dissatisfied with the pay they were getting.
+
+Q. In your opinion, did that lead to the strike and trouble here?
+
+A. I do not think it did. No, sir; I do not think so.
+
+Q. What was it that led to the disturbance?
+
+A. I do not think that would lead to it, because if the committee of
+engineers went to see the general officers, and they didn't get
+satisfaction, or claimed that the business that they were doing could
+not pay it, the men would have waited until such time as they would.
+They claimed that they were in pretty close quarters financially, but
+as soon as business would warrant, why they would restore it.
+
+Q. What led to immediate troubles here? What was the immediate cause?
+
+A. Running these double trains.
+
+Q. Double-headers, as they were called?
+
+A. Double-headers, as we called them.
+
+Q. Why was there less objection to running double-headers?
+
+A. In the first place it is very disagreeable for the men, and they
+consider it dangerous for one thing, and in running these trains it
+cuts a good many of them out of employment.
+
+Q. Reduce the force of train men, not engineers?
+
+A. Not of engineers, of trainmen.
+
+Q. Wherein consisted the danger of running double-headers?
+
+A. In the first place you hold just twice as many cars, and you don't
+have any more men on the train to hold them. Brakemen would hold
+thirty-four cars with two engines, and seventeen cars with one. If
+these trains get started they are pretty hard to manage.
+
+Q. Did you have these engines at the head of the trains at all times,
+or did you have one in the front and one in the rear?
+
+A. At the head all the time, they consider it safer that way to run
+them than to run one behind. Going through these up and down grades and
+turning is liable to break.
+
+Q. The only danger there was in not having the same number of brakesmen
+to the same number of cars as you do when you run the single train?
+
+A. That would have helped the matter considerably, I believe.
+
+Q. There was no other danger?
+
+A. There was no other danger.
+
+Q. Could not that danger have been counteracted by having less trains?
+
+A. They would not think that was safer.
+
+Q. Would not there have been less danger by taking two trains and
+making one, and running them on the track--less danger of collisions
+than if you had to have two trains instead of one?
+
+A. There is more danger running this double train than the single
+trains, because they are harder to manage.
+
+Q. You can handle a train more readily?
+
+A. Yes; check it up quicker. You can check a train much quicker--a
+light train than a heavy one--and they are less liable to break in the
+dark and in the fog. In the fog you can't tell whether they are broken
+or not. They might stop, and the hind part run into the front part,
+which has been frequently done.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. F. Cluley, _sworn_.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Where do you live?
+
+A. Centre avenue, city.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Painter.
+
+Q. Go on and state what you know in relation to the riots of last July?
+
+A. On the Saturday, probably about half-past two, I went up to the
+depot and went in, and the Philadelphia soldiers were about starting
+out. I got up to Twenty-eighth street probably half an hour before they
+did. Everything was quiet there--at Twenty-eighth street. There was a
+company keeping the street clear--a company of troops.
+
+Q. Who was that company commanded by?
+
+A. I do not know. It looked like a cavalry company on foot from the
+trimmings on their clothes. As soon as the Philadelphia troops came up
+the mob closed round, and commenced hooting and hollering.
+
+Q. Go on and state what took place there?
+
+A. I suppose I had been up there probably twenty minutes, when they
+formed a double line and cleared the track. I was throwed over toward
+the round-house. I went round the cars at Twenty-eighth street,
+probably two hundred feet up the hill. There was a ravine coming down
+there, and I got outside of it. I don't mind how long I had been in
+there before the troops formed. At that time they had swept the tracks,
+and there was two or three lines formed outside the tracks. The troops
+had done some manoeuvering, they had marched up right against the
+track. At that time Twentieth street was blocked, and they marched, and
+the crowd did not get away, and they stepped back and made a bayonet
+charge. It seems to me after they had marched up against them I saw
+some men stagger, but I was too far off. About the time they made the
+bayonet charge there was a stone or three or four stones came from the
+direction of the hospital, and a pistol shot fired.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. From the direction of the hospital?
+
+A. There is a watch-box there--it was not more than three stones, I
+think, they throwed. It was done just about the time the bayonet charge
+was made, and then there was a pistol shot about the same time.
+
+Q. From the crowd?
+
+A. It was generally in that direction; I suppose it was in the crowd.
+Then the firing was done just after.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command to fire?
+
+A. No; I was two hundred feet back. I was in a position that I could
+see the whole thing take place.
+
+Q. Did the men fire as if they had received a command?
+
+A. It appeared to be a scattered fire. As soon as they commenced
+firing, I started up on the hill. Some one called out they were firing
+blank cartridges, and I seen the dust flying around, and I threw myself
+down like everybody else. There was a man shot within the length of
+this room from me, and killed--a man named Ray, I think. I then started
+down hill, and when I was coming down I saw a man on the far side of
+Twenty-eighth street swing round a freight car, and throw into the
+company--he threw three or four stones or some missiles in among them,
+the last, when I was down almost to the track, and I thought every
+stone I seen throwed, I thought they would fire.
+
+Q. Was it before they had fired?
+
+A. After the firing, he swung around, and seemed to be inviting them, I
+thought, to do something.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Inviting the soldiers?
+
+A. It looked as though he was. He was holding on to the iron rod on the
+car, and was swinging on in front of them. He was a large man, about
+six feet, very genteelly dressed--more so than the common run of them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. This man you saw swinging on round there, trying to make an effort
+to exasperate them?
+
+A. It looked as though he was inviting them.
+
+Q. It looked as though he was trying to exasperate them?
+
+A. It looked as though he was inviting them to fire. I crossed the
+track ten minutes after the firing was over. The soldiers seemed to be
+laying huddled together. This stone throwing was right in among them.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the soldiers struck down by missiles before the
+firing took place?
+
+A. When the first advance was made, I thought I saw one of them
+stagger. I cannot tell whether they were hit. After they made the
+bayonet charge the parties took their hands and threw the guns up.
+
+Q. What was the appearance of the class of men that threw the stones?
+
+A. This I think was a half grown boy that threw the missiles from the
+back of the house.
+
+Q. A boy?
+
+A. It looked to me. Three or four have grown boys there.
+
+Q. Did you see any men there throwing stones?
+
+A. I don't recollect of seeing any stones throwed, except at this
+watch-box, until I saw this man, after the firing was all over. The
+track was perfectly clear when I crossed.
+
+Q. What was the character of the crowd immediately in front of the
+military, or near the military?
+
+A. Rough looking. I had seen the same crowd around for two or three
+days. I had been out and in on the railroad. I had seen them at ...
+street and Twenty-eighth street, for two or three days.
+
+Q. Would you take them to be citizens of Harrisburg?
+
+A. Yes, sir; not as a general thing. I know some of the conductors of
+the trains remarked to me that everybody was going in and nobody was
+coming out--all the tramps come in town and none going out.
+
+Q. These men--would you take them to be what is generally denominated
+tramps?
+
+A. Not all of them. Generally a pretty rough looking set. On the hill
+side there was plenty of women and children.
+
+Q. I mean in the immediate vicinity of where the troubles were?
+
+A. These were a rough looking set of men. I won't say they were all
+tramps. They were a rough looking set of men. I noticed them before the
+military came up. There was no disturbance at all until after the
+military came up. They were all quiet.
+
+Q. They resisted the military, when they came up?
+
+A. After they formed a line and made a charge.
+
+Q. They resisted the military before the firing?
+
+A. Yes; they stood right like a wall. The military marched up, and they
+didn't give the least bit. Then they stepped back a piece or two, and
+made a bayonet charge. I was not close enough to hear any orders given.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+C. H. Armstrong, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Thirty-second street.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Coal business.
+
+Q. Where is your office?
+
+A. Liberty street, between Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth.
+
+Q. Were you at your office on the 19th--Thursday, 19th of July last?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How large a crowd of men was there gathered about there during
+Thursday?
+
+A. There was quite a large crowd there during Thursday morning. Towards
+the afternoon a great number had come up to see the strikers. There was
+very few railroad men among the crowd.
+
+Q. What class of men were there?
+
+A. Parties that lived around the railroad there, just come up to see
+the excitement.
+
+Q. Where they demonstrative?
+
+A. No, sir; they were not. They were all talking about double-headers,
+I do not know what they meant, and I asked them, and they told me about
+putting two engines on a long train.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was there at any one time during the day,
+Thursday?
+
+A. I guess three or four hundred--in the afternoon about four o'clock.
+
+Q. Did they remain there during the night, Thursday?
+
+A. Yes; I was up there about twelve o'clock, and there was a few men
+there--about thirty remained there during the night waiting for trains
+to go out.
+
+Q. How many on Friday?
+
+A. There was seven or eight hundred. They were expecting the soldiers
+in that evening. Were also expecting the Harrisburg men up that
+evening. They did not come up. I went down Saturday morning and went
+down the railroad from our house. I saw the Harrisburg soldiers there
+on the side of the hill and also down by the railroad.
+
+Q. How large was it Saturday?
+
+A. I don't know how large it was; the streets were just jammed and the
+side of the hill on Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Was you present when the firing took place?
+
+A. Yes; I was up on the side of the hill about seventy yards from where
+the troops were.
+
+Q. Did you see troops as they marched up?
+
+A. Yes; I saw them before they left the Union depot. Saw them get their
+cartridges before they left there.
+
+Q. Did you go up ahead of them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you have any talk with the mob?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I talked with some of the railroad men.
+
+Q. Tell them that the troops were coming?
+
+A. Told them that the Philadelphia troops were coming.
+
+Q. What did they say?
+
+A. They said that they were not afraid of that; as long as they didn't
+hurt them, they would not hurt them.
+
+Q. Was the sheriff's posse ahead of the line?
+
+A. Yes; I recognized a few of them, I believe the sheriff was ahead,
+and, I think, Deputy Sheriff Steward, and, I think, Mr. Pitcairn was
+also ahead of them. He was walking beside Sheriff Fife.
+
+Q. Did you see any stones or missiles thrown by the crowd at the
+soldiers?
+
+A. Yes; about the time they were charging bayonets.
+
+Q. Was there any pistols fired by the crowd?
+
+A. There was one or two fired. A pistol about the center of
+Twenty-eighth street; held it over, and shot down the road. By that
+time there were stone throwing. There were two cannons, and there was
+some boys started to throw stones, and one of them hit a soldier
+against a car, and the moment he fell they started firing. He threw up
+his arm about the time they charged bayonets--the crowd was throwing
+the bayonets up. The crowd catched hold of the bayonets, and threw the
+guns up to save themselves.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command given by any of the officers to fire?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. I heard them charge bayonets. I heard that
+command, and I heard them give their military manoeuvres, but I heard
+no command to fire at all.
+
+Q. Did you remain there during the night--Saturday night?
+
+A. Yes; I was there until Sunday, at dinner time.
+
+Q. What time did the mob begin to fire the cars?
+
+A. At half past ten o'clock.
+
+Q. Do you know who set the first on fire?
+
+A. No, sir; I could not say, I heard them say it was small boys done
+it. It was right back of our office it first started. The time I saw it
+there was first one car on fire, and they started to run oil cars down
+against it.
+
+Q. Were you there during the time, Thursday or Friday, when the police
+force came out?
+
+A. They were there. I did not see them come up, they were up there when
+I was there.
+
+Q. How many policemen?
+
+A. I do not know how many there was, only about ten or twelve, I think.
+I think there was only three or four on Thursday.
+
+Q. Did they make any efforts to disperse the mob?
+
+A. Not as I saw.
+
+Q. Did they assist in trying to start the train?
+
+A. I did not see them trying to do that at all.
+
+Q. Do you know who was in charge of the police?
+
+A. No, sir; I could not say.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You heard the command given by the officers to charge bayonets?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you remain in the same position after you heard that command
+until after the firing commenced?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not, after the first volley was fired.
+
+Q. But from the time you heard the command given to charge bayonets up
+to the time of the firing, were you still in the same position?
+
+A. Yes; I was in the same position.
+
+Q. If there had been a command given by the officers to fire, you think
+you would have heard it?
+
+A. I think so. I heard most of the other commands and the manoeuvres
+they went through before they charged bayonets.
+
+Q. You heard that distinctly?
+
+A. I heard the order to carry arms, shoulder arms----
+
+Q. Arms port?
+
+A. I do not know whether I heard arms port or not.
+
+Q. How long after the command was given to charge bayonets before the
+firing commenced?
+
+A. About two minutes. It was a different body of men that came up
+through the hollow-square.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. How did they fire. Did they fire altogether, as if they were ordered
+to fire?
+
+A. The parties next to the cars. The men in their company did the first
+shooting, and they shot very low. At the same time those in front shot
+higher.
+
+Q. They commenced?
+
+A. Commenced right where these men fell.
+
+Q. On the road?
+
+A. No; that was, I run back against the car--a lot of flat cars filled
+with coal.
+
+Q. Was this the line that was formed parallel with the railroad tracks,
+on the right towards the hill side?
+
+A. No; towards the round-house.
+
+Q. There is where the first shot was fired?
+
+A. Yes, sir. A man standing near the end of the cars fell, and just as
+he fell, they just put their guns up and shot.
+
+Q. Did you notice in what direction they fired?
+
+A. Towards the hill.
+
+Q. Over the heads of the other line?
+
+A. Yes, over the heads; I could see the dirt fly; the party in front of
+them shot.
+
+Q. Did they appear to fire in the direction of where the missiles and
+stones came from?
+
+A. The missiles came right in front of this other body of men that shot
+towards the side of the hill. The stones were right at the foot of the
+hill, and they shot up on the side of the hill. The boys that threw the
+stones, were down at the foot of the hill, right back of the tracks.
+There was two cannons there, and those boys were right among them
+throwing.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you say the troops came out of the round-house, Sunday?
+
+A. I didn't say they came out of the round-house; I say they passed
+Twenty-eighth street. I was on the corner of Twenty-eighth and Penn
+when they passed.
+
+Q. Was anybody shooting at them?
+
+A. I saw one man following them up as they came down Twenty-eighth
+street.
+
+Q. He followed them up?
+
+A. Followed them so far as I could see, about the middle of
+Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth. I was afraid they would shoot at me.
+
+Q. What did he do while he was following up?
+
+A. Threatened to shoot several times--threatened to shoot on an alley
+in Twenty-eighth street. We put up our hands at him. He got up again
+and followed them at Penn street. I got back of a sign and I believe he
+shot after he got a piece further up.
+
+Q. You didn't see him fire?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. He had a gun?
+
+A. A breech-loader.
+
+Q. Musket?
+
+A. It was one of those breech-loaders. I saw him throw it up and
+examine the cartridges.
+
+Q. Did you know the man?
+
+A. No; I knew he wore a linen coat and a white straw hat.
+
+Q. Was it a rifle or a shot gun?
+
+A. Yes; regular musket, called breech-loaders, something similar to
+what the militia have.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned, to meet at the arsenal, at
+half-past eight o'clock, this evening.
+
+
+    ALLEGHENY ARSENAL,
+    FRIDAY EVENING, _February 22, 1878_.
+
+The committee met pursuant to adjournment, at the United States
+Arsenal, at half-past eight o'clock. All members present.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Major A. R. Buffington, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. First state your rank and official position here under the United
+States Government?
+
+A. Major ordnance United States Army, commanding Allegheny
+arsenal--commandant Allegheny arsenal--which ever way you choose to put
+it.
+
+Q. If you will go on and get at the facts, probably it will be as easy
+as any other way to come at a statement of the facts that came within
+your knowledge?
+
+A. I presume what you want from me are simple facts. You want no
+opinions, nor anything else--my knowledge of the riot. I have here
+three or four little notes addressed to me:
+
+    _July 21, 5, P.M._
+
+    Major BUFFINGTON,
+    _Commanding U.S. Arsenal_:
+
+    The troops of the first division, after having been fired at by the
+    rioters, returned the fire, killing and wounding a number. It is
+    said the rioters will take the arsenal, and take the arms and
+    ammunition. It may be a rumor; I will give it to you for what it is
+    worth. It would be well for you to be on your guard.
+
+    (Signed)
+
+    A. L. PEARSON,
+    _Major General_.
+
+Q. What time did you receive that note?
+
+A. I received that note somewhere about six o'clock. It is dated
+five-thirty, P.M., July 21, about half an hour afterwards--about six
+o'clock, I should judge. Previous to this, I would state that three
+gentlemen came here from the city--came to my quarters--and informed me
+in substance the same thing, before this was received--perhaps an hour.
+Was received somewhere about that time. That was the first notice I had
+of it.
+
+Q. Who were those gentlemen?
+
+A. Their names I don't know. They were strangers to me, and they
+introduced themselves. I have forgotten their names.
+
+Q. Were they citizens of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes, sir; and when they came they were very much afraid that the mob
+would see their vehicle out in front of the gate, and they immediately
+left and went away on that account, saying they were afraid their
+vehicle would be recognized, and they were afraid of the mob. This word
+I mention was brought to me by Doctor Speers, of Pittsburgh, in a
+buggy, and he also was very much afraid of the mob. Cautioned me saying
+anything about it; that they would spot me, or something to that
+purpose. I also received this one. Here is a copy of that one written
+in the handwriting of General Latta. This was handed through the picket
+fence, which is by my quarters, to a young lady visiting my house at
+that time, with a request to give it to me, which she did. She refused
+to take it, and told him to take it to the guard-house, and he
+expressed a fear about taking it to the guard-house, and insisted on
+her taking it. In addition, I received this one. It is headed,
+
+    "O.D. 7, 21--7th month 21st day.
+
+    "COMMANDANT ARSENAL: Mob has started to the arsenal for the
+    purpose of taking arms. Serious trouble at Twenty-eighth street
+    between them and military.
+
+    (Signed)
+
+    "J. M. or T. M. KING,
+    _Superintendent_."
+
+I believe he is superintendent of the Allegheny Valley railroad. Having
+received information from those gentlemen previous to those notes, I
+immediately took steps to receive the mob if they should come out
+there. Lieutenant Lyon was staying over there. He came to the office,
+and I told him to tell my sergeant to go out quietly and couple the six
+pounder guns, have one of them brought down to the inside of the gate,
+as you come in. I had but one box of ammunition. All my men had
+Springfield rifles, and I had a part of a box of ammunition for them--I
+had plenty of ammunition, but none of that kind. My sergeant got some
+for my men, and I gave him some general instructions to guard and close
+the gates, and lock them, and let no one in without my knowledge. These
+preparations were carried on, and we got in readiness, and matters
+remained so until night came on, and there was no signs of anybody
+coming, and at night I thought I would go out in the street and see
+what was going on. Lieutenant Lyon, I believe, went with me. We struck
+down street and consulted with various people. Very few people know me
+here. I went out in the street and talked with a few of them. In a
+field below here--about two squares--is a new livery stable, and over
+that building there was some sort of a meeting going on, and we went to
+the door. They had sentries at the door. There was quite a concourse of
+citizens around. We could not get in, and we waited there until they
+came out. They were cheering inside, and somebody making speeches.
+Presently they came out, about twenty armed with some muskets they had
+gotten out of an armory below here somewhere--half-grown boys they
+were, and a few men--and filed off down street cheered by the populace
+surrounding them, and one man along side of me fired a musket in the
+air, and that is all that I saw. I didn't see any disposition of any of
+them to come here at all, and I returned, telling Lieutenant Lyon I had
+no doubt they would come out here, but I did not anticipate any trouble
+with them at all, and instructed the men to keep in their quarters with
+their clothing on--to lie down with their clothing on, ready at a
+moment's call. Between ten and eleven o'clock I heard drums beating
+down street, and I concluded the rioters were coming. I went out, and
+the men were turned out and placed up here behind that building, where
+they could not be seen, and by that time the mob had got at the gate.
+There was nobody there except a sentry and that six pounder gun there.
+I went out in citizen's dress. They were yelling and screaming about
+the gate. As I approached, one of them said, "Here comes the commanding
+officer, we will talk to him." I walked up to the gate, too--the gate
+is armed with open pickets--they stopped their noise, and I said,
+"Boys, what is the matter?" They said, "A party of Philadelphia troops
+have fired into a crowd down here and killed a lot of women and
+children, and we come to get arms; we want to fight them." I says, "I
+cannot give you any arms." I said, "I cannot help you, it is impossible
+for me to help you." He said women and children had been shot down, and
+I said, "It was a sad thing, but it is impossible for me to help you."
+"We don't want you, we want that gun." I ignored that request, and kept
+talking quiet to them. They seemed to be peaceable enough, except one
+man, and I imagined he was slightly intoxicated. "I know there are only
+twenty men in the place, and if twenty-five will join me we scale the
+walls." He abused them for not following. Presently one of them said,
+"He talks well, come on." Finally the better disposed of them called
+the others off, and they went up the street a short distance and
+returned again. This belligerent fellow staid near the gate and called
+for volunteers. There was nobody there except myself and the sentry. I
+kept the men out of sight, for I didn't wish to flourish a red
+handkerchief in the face of the bull. I was determined to exhaust all
+peaceable means. They came back again, and about the time they got
+opposite the gate, a cry of fire was raised, and an alarm struck on the
+bell, and they all raised the cry of fire, and they went off down the
+street. This man who was calling for volunteers, says he, "The guns are
+spiked, we will all go;" and they all went off again. That is my
+knowledge of the mob.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What stores of ammunition were here at that time that the mob could
+have got if they had entered?
+
+A. We have here many buildings full of ordinance stores. We had for
+years, and have yet, something like thirty-six or forty thousand stand
+of arms. Don't put these down as the exact figures. We had a great many
+thousand stand of arms, and two magazines full of powder and
+ammunition, prepared and partially prepared for service; that is, the
+powder in the shells, the powder in the cartridges, two large magazines
+full. We have there, in fact, two of them full, and another partially
+so in the upper park. Besides these arms I speak of, we have many
+thousand stands of arms, revolvers, carbines, muskets, and all sorts of
+things. We have many large warehouses here. There is one there,
+[indicating,] and here is one, [indicating,] and one on the other side
+of the street; above that are the magazines. We have got a great deal
+of property here, valuable property, too, but we had no small arm
+ammunition except some of the old style ammunition--a lot of the old
+style paper cartridges which I had broken up. The arms we had are
+mostly loaders, except fifty breech-loading muskets, and my men here
+are armed with caliber fifty. A year before the riot began I was
+impressed with the dangerous position of this place, and I drew the
+attention of the authorities in Washington to it. There is a map
+showing the arsenal, [indicating.] That is Butler street. There, you
+see, are four buildings called temporary magazines. Those are wooden
+buildings. There are a great mass of breech-loading ammunition in
+there, partially prepared for service. There is one magazine, and there
+is the other one. There is Penn avenue--it is called a pike there. A
+man might have thrown a lighted cigar over and set fire to this place.
+I drew the attention of my chief to it, and called particular attention
+to this dangerous place. He saw the importance of it, and ordered me to
+break up the ammunition and otherwise get rid of it. Fortunately, all
+that was cleared out before the riot began. These magazines were all
+full, and the small arm ammunition I had broken up. Here the shops are
+below the work-shops, on a plateau just below this, and here is the
+road over which you came. Here is a sort of open space, and nothing but
+a low wall here with a picket. Right opposite, there is another gate
+leading into the upper park. My men were here, and this part is utterly
+defenseless, and in that place were a number of cannon. The mob would
+have cleaned me out here. There is not a man there, but a man in charge
+of the magazine, and twenty men, you see, would be a small force to
+defend it. It is not a fortified place, it is the same as houses
+surrounded by a wall with a wooden picket fence. The mob could push it
+over and come in, and there would be no trouble about it.
+
+Q. Not a very strong fortification?
+
+A. It is utterly defenseless; but, at the same time, I was not afraid
+the mob would do me any injury.
+
+Q. How many cannon had you that they could have taken and moved off?
+
+A. I don't know how many are in that shed. I have five or six pieces
+which I call in current service. Those pieces are mounted. Those are
+six-pounder guns, and there is plenty of ammunition which could be used
+for that purpose in those magazines. I had one of them on this side,
+[indicating,] and one on the other side. As mobs generally do, they
+always come where the danger is. Here was those six-pounder guns, with
+canister. The only hostile demonstration they made was to rush for the
+gate, but I merely raised my hands, and says, that won't do, and they
+stopped instantly. To show what the state of affairs was here, and my
+information of what was going on, sometime on Saturday night I received
+this communication from General Latta, addressed to the commanding
+officer, United States arsenal, Pittsburgh, without date, or anything
+else. He says:
+
+    "Have you communicated with General Government about prospects of
+    attack on your arsenal.
+
+    (Signed)
+
+    "GEN. LATTA."
+
+That was sometime late in the night. I don't know whether it was before
+the mob came or not. Here is the reply I sent to him:
+
+    "UNITED STATES ARSENAL, _July 21_.
+
+    "JAMES W. LATTA: In reply to your pencil note, without
+    date, I have to say I have not communicated with General Government
+    about prospects of attack on me, and shall not until such a course
+    is necessary."
+
+I had no communication with Washington, and none with the State
+authorities, except just what I showed you. They didn't advise me about
+what was going on. I knew nothing but just what you see here, except to
+give them all the assistance I could, and, by a strange mistake, I gave
+them all the defense I had. Here is a communication:
+
+    "HEAD-QUARTERS SIXTH DIVISION, PITTSBURGH, _July 21, 1877, 11.30,
+    P.M._
+
+    "Major E. R. BUFFINGTON: It is of the utmost importance
+    that I should have two hundred rounds metallic ball cartridges.
+    Please deliver them to Colonel Moore. In case I have none in store,
+    I will deliver you the order of the Secretary of War to-morrow.
+
+    (Signed)
+
+    "A. L. PEARSON,
+    _Major General_."
+
+To explain, the State had here some ammunition which I had been giving
+to them as they wanted all along, and we had given it all out. General
+Pearson had been informed that there was no more here belonging to the
+State, but he said if he had none to give him some, and he would get
+authority from Washington. Down here is the note of the man in charge
+of the magazines. This is dated eleven-thirty, P.M. It did not come to
+me till long afterwards. I sent them with a guard to the upper park
+with instructions to tell the magazine man to give them if they had any
+of the State stores, and to tell this gentleman that I had none except
+a part of a box for my own men. It was just nine hundred rounds, and
+the guard carried the written order, and down to the bottom, pasted to
+it, is:
+
+    "_July 22, '77._--4.20 A.M."
+
+You see how late it was in the morning.
+
+    "Deliver to General Pearson's messengers eight hundred and sixty
+    center prime metallic ball cartridges United States property, there
+    being no ball cartridges belonging to the State at this arsenal.
+
+    (Signed)
+
+    "JAMES FITZSIMMONS."
+
+By mistake, the State troops got all the cartridges I had. My men got
+forty out of the nine hundred. Each man had two rounds simply.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do I understand you to say that you had no ammunition for any of
+your arms?
+
+A. I had not a round of ammunition suitable for any arm I had in here,
+for the simple reason that we are in profound peace, surrounded by
+friends. Since the Frankford arsenal got making metallic cartridges, we
+had a few rounds here for the use of my men, in case we wanted to
+shoot. We had a few blank cartridges. We had cannon ammunition, but all
+the small arm ammunition was broken up and powder taken out of it and
+balls thrown into the lead pile. We did not have any for arms we had
+here except, perhaps, a few cartridges for revolvers, which I issued
+afterwards to the citizens in the town to defend the city--two or three
+days afterwards.
+
+Q. You have some muzzle loaders?
+
+A. All the muskets are muzzle loaders except----
+
+Q. And no ammunition for them?
+
+A. No; we had powder and ball. I had paper cartridges made for the
+committee since that, as the controller will tell you. They came to get
+muskets, and I had cartridges made.
+
+Q. You may state to what extent you supplied the citizens with
+ammunition?
+
+A. Well, to quite a large extent. This is a statement which I have made
+up for General Negley. He represents the committee of safety. Here are
+fifty Cosmopolitan carbines; three hundred and ninety-nine Springfield
+rifled muskets; fifty Remington revolvers; fifty cavalry sabers;
+forty-nine belt holsters; forty-seven pistol pouches; forty-seven
+cavalry saber belts; fifty carbine slings; forty-eight carbine slings
+swivels; two hundred bayonet scabbards; one hundred and ninety cap
+pouches; two hundred cartridge boxes; two hundred cartridge-box belts;
+two hundred and fifteen waist belts; two hundred waist-belt plaits;
+fifty bridles--curb bridles; forty-nine holsters and straps; fifty
+saddles; fifty saddle bags; fifty saddle blankets; thirty-eight pounds
+of buckshot; four hundred and eighty-three musket percussion caps.
+These were to make buck and ball cartridges. Those were returned back
+to me since then.
+
+These are to be added: One hundred and twenty-six Springfield rifled
+muskets, caliber fifty-eight; twenty-six Remington revolvers, caliber
+forty-four; thirteen Whitney revolvers, caliber thirty-six; six cavalry
+sabers, thirty-nine pistol holsters, sixty cap pouches, eighteen waist
+belts, thirty-three waist belt plaits. That was to the committee of
+safety; besides that, to the mayor of Allegheny City I issued--I am not
+sure--I think it was three hundred muskets, and powder, and balls, and
+buckshot, and cartridge paper for making cartridges.
+
+Q. These cartridges were not paper, buck, and ball?
+
+A. Oh, no; just the material I had, which was the balls and the powder.
+In order to get the powder, I broke up cannon ammunition--one pound
+cartridges--broke it up.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you witness any of the scenes of Sunday, the 22d.
+
+A. Yes; for a very short time.
+
+Q. Tell us what you saw on Sunday?
+
+A. By these papers I was nearly all night. I went to bed to get some
+rest, and was in bed when I heard firing down this street. That is what
+first wakened me was the sound of firing down the street. Otherwise,
+before that it was perfectly peaceable and quiet. That officer had his
+twenty men out on this side of that building, for Sunday morning
+inspection, and he had just dismissed them, and hearing this firing
+down street, I jumped out of bed, and got into my pantaloons, and put
+my night shirt in my breeches, and got my coat on, and rushed out of
+the room, and before I got out I saw that, from the exclamations of
+those in the house, there were a number of men running through the
+grounds. Whoever they were, they were unauthorizedly coming in without
+any permission, and when I appeared on the grounds, there were a number
+of soldiers inside, how many, I do not know, and as I opened the door,
+the firing had ceased. I started towards the gate, and upon looking
+around in this direction, I saw Lieutenant Lyons coming towards my
+quarters, and an officer coming towards my house, and I turned to meet
+him. As he came up, I said to him, "You must take your men right out,
+sir; there is no protection here for you." He answered, "You have
+walls." "Yes," I said, "we have walls," raising my hand that way. He
+says, "Have you any suggestion to make." I said, "None, sir; except to
+organize your men and assault them." I supposed there was some fight
+going on, from what I saw and heard. That is all the words passed
+between me and the officer--who he was I do not know. He had a blouse
+coat, and looked like a second lieutenant. It does not matter who he
+was; under the circumstances there was no time, at that time, for
+wasting words, in my estimation. My orders were orders that were
+peremptory. I ordered him and his men out. As I told him these last
+words he started towards the gate, and I immediately turned and went
+towards the building, where a wounded man was brought in. Says I, "I
+will take care of the wounded." I called my men, and ordered him taken
+to the hospital. There was a man lying inside of the gate, one of my
+men bathing his temples. I asked what was the matter. He did not know.
+I called my man and instructed him to take him to the hospital. I went
+to the gate, and I saw nothing there, except a few citizens--workingmen
+in their Sunday clothes--going to church. I did not see an armed man
+anywhere. Brinton and his command had gone up the street in the
+meantime, and left the arsenal. In a few moments I was joined by
+Lieutenant Lyon, and I authorized him to go immediately for a surgeon
+for these wounded men, and he went down to Doctor Robinson's office,
+which is one square below, and brought Doctor Robinson in immediately,
+by a private entrance, to save time. I went to the hospital--there was
+no signs of any riot in the street, or anything of the kind--I went to
+the hospital, and there saw Doctor Robinson, who referred to Lieutenant
+Ash, and said his leg must come off, but I prefer to have some surgeon
+to consult with. I suggested to him Doctor Lemoyne, and he agreed to
+that, and I went to my quarters and wrote Doctor Lemoyne a note,
+telling him, in the letter, Doctor Robinson had been called in, and
+that he wished to consult with him, and I sent one of my own horses and
+a messenger into the city, for Doctor Lemoyne, and he came out. He
+lives, maybe, three miles from here. In the meantime, the wounded had
+the attention of Doctor Robinson and his partner, Doctor Evans. Doctor
+Lemoyne soon came, accompanied by Doctor Reed, and then the wounded had
+the attention of all four of them. That is all I saw. As to the
+condition of the Philadelphia men, Lieutenant Lyon can tell more than I
+can, because he saw the whole thing. The stragglers were inside here;
+were kept here, and fed, and taken care of until Tuesday evening, and
+they were clothed like my men. They were so demoralized that one of
+them, it was reported, could not eat, and in order to divert their
+minds, Lieutenant Lyon put them to work--they were so afraid they would
+be shot by somebody. Lieutenant Ash died here, and his brother and his
+wife were here at the time he died.
+
+Q. When did he die?
+
+A. Died on Tuesday about two o'clock.
+
+Q. What become of the other wounded man that was brought in?
+
+A. The other wounded man was playing possum. There was not anything the
+matter with him. When he went to the hospital he was lying on a bed,
+and I said, "what is the matter with you?" He did not answer. Says I,
+"get up, we do not want anybody in the hospital except sick men." The
+other men wounded themselves getting over the pickets. They came over
+the pickets, and I am satisfied they wounded themselves in getting over
+the pickets. One man had a wound in the center of the hand, which he
+said was caused by a piece of shell. I think he put his hand on a
+picket of the fence, and one man had his pantaloons torn. They had some
+little scratches on them. In a few minutes they got out, and went to
+the works with the other men. There was only one wounded man, that was
+Lieutenant Ash. One man was wounded down street here, and ran into the
+Catholic church--Corporal Ash--and a few days ago he came in here to
+see me. He was shot in the abdomen, and strange to say he got well.
+Those were the only wounded men down street here.
+
+Q. You did not know, at the time that this soldier approached you, that
+it was General Brinton?
+
+A. No; I do not know who it was. It did not make any difference who he
+was. As I wrote afterwards to Washington, they virtually forced my
+guard. It is a very different thing for a man outside and a man inside.
+I know what the place is, and it is presumed that I ought to know how
+to take care of it; and, in addition to that, I am responsible to the
+civil authority for every act of mine which comes in conflict with it.
+I am amenable, in other words, to the civil authorities, and it seems
+to me I ought to know beforehand what I am doing before I enter into a
+fight--to know what is going on. I shall certainly take care to do so.
+Suppose I had opened on some of those men; they would have had me up
+here for murder, sure, the next day. If it had once begun, it would
+have been a serious business. I questioned my guard. I said to him,
+when did you hear that firing--when that firing began, did you see
+anything in the streets? "No," he said, "there was a small boy in
+front, a newspaper boy, and I asked him to look down the street, and he
+said he saw no one. That is the fire that got me out." I said, "were
+there any shots fired after you heard that?" He said, "there was not a
+shot fired while the men were here at all." I did not hear a shot fired
+after I left my quarters, until along sometimes afterwards, way down
+below here somewhere. Some man--so it was reported, and I believe it
+was so--some man shot two of them with the same shot, from behind the
+cemetery wall, or somewhere near there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. If that mob on Saturday night had made an attempt to enter your
+grounds here, would you have considered you were justifiable in
+resisting it with any amount of force?
+
+A. Unmistakably. I had it there ready to use, and the beck of my hand
+would have brought my men there.
+
+Q. Did you know this officer that approached you and asked permission
+to bring his men inside?
+
+A. He did not ask any permission--just as I have reported to you. The
+words were no more or less than just what I have said. The mere fact of
+his being there revealed to me that he had come there for that purpose.
+I did not wait for any request at all. The mere presence of himself and
+his men was sufficient for me. I took my action from what I saw.
+
+Q. How many men were inside of the grounds?
+
+A. That I do not know. Lieutenant Lyon can answer that better than I
+can.
+
+Q. The number of men that stayed here?
+
+A. The number of men that stayed here were eight besides Lieutenant
+Ash. These men I kept--afterwards, when I saw the command was gone,
+these men, I allowed them to stay in because I would not send them out
+in the streets. I told the men to join the command, but the command
+moved off, and these men were allowed to remain in, and were fed and
+kept.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was there any formal demand made by any officer of the militia to be
+admitted, or request to be admitted here?
+
+A. None, sir; except just what I told you.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Lieutenant M. W. Lyon, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Just state your rank?
+
+A. First lieutenant of ordinance.
+
+Q. Stationed at----
+
+A. Allegheny arsenal.
+
+Q. State what came under your observation here on the morning of the
+22d--Sunday morning?
+
+A. We have Sunday morning inspection about eight o'clock. I finished
+the inspection, and returned to my quarters and had hold of the door,
+when I heard the firing down street. I turned to look out to see what
+it was, when I heard a yell and a lot of men running over the
+wall--jumping over the wall. I ran up to the gate in that direction. I
+thought they were the mob. Soldiers were running. I thought it was our
+own guard. When I got as far as that large warehouse, I met this
+officer, and I took him to Major Buffington's quarters.
+
+Q. Did you know who the officer was?
+
+A. No, sir; there were several officers, and the only way I now know it
+was General Brinton, is the fact, that some of them say that he wore a
+blouse, and he was the only one that had a blouse. The others were in
+full dress uniform.
+
+Q. Did he state to you what he wanted?
+
+A. No; he seemed to be commanding officer, and I took him to the
+major's quarters. He was in a great hurry. There were several officers
+with him.
+
+Q. What was the result of his interview with Major Buffington?
+
+A. As the major says, he made the remark to him, as he stated in his
+statement, and after that this officer, with the other officers, walked
+toward the entrance and went out, and I followed more leisurely. When
+we arrived there, they were bringing in the wounded, and the major told
+them all the wounded they had they might leave, and he ordered those
+that were bringing them in, to re-join the company--these eight men
+came in under the pretense that they were wounded, excepting one man,
+who had brought--I think he helped carry Lieutenant Ash in, and the
+major told him he would have to join his command, and he went to the
+gate and found the command had moved on, and he came to me and said he
+would willingly hide anywhere. He would hide in the coal-shed. He had
+never fired a gun off in his life, and only belonged to the militia
+three weeks.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did the general commanding leave his command, in your opinion--the
+man that wore the blouse--had he left his command, and come in here for
+protection?
+
+A. I do not think he came in here for protection.
+
+Q. What brought him here?
+
+A. He came in to see if he could get admittance for his troops.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton then move on with his command?
+
+A. As far as I know. I went down with some of these men that were
+carrying the wounded, to show them the direction to the hospital; then
+I returned to the gate to go for Doctor Robinson, and I do not think
+they stopped there more than a minute.
+
+Q. Did you see any mob following in the rear?
+
+A. There was none, I am quite positive. When I went to the gate, there
+was a man who keeps a beer saloon standing at the gate, and he said
+there was only one man following, and he gave the name of this one man.
+I went up to him and asked him, and he immediately stopped talking, and
+he said he did not know the man's name.
+
+Q. When you went for Doctor Robinson, did you see any of the mob?
+
+A. I saw no mob. I saw quite a number of people in the street that had
+come out of curiosity, hearing the firing, but they had no arms with
+them at all.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with these wounded men to ascertain
+how they were wounded?
+
+A. Oh! yes; I asked them all how they were wounded. One man said that
+they kept firing away from the middle of the street. They had two
+cannons, and loaded them up with glass and nails--little toy cannons.
+He said he got struck that way two or three times.
+
+Q. How long after Lieutenant Ash was brought into the hospital was it
+before Doctor Robinson arrived?
+
+A. I should think it was not more than five minutes, because I did not
+go down all the way to the hospital--the hospital is halfway between
+here and the guard-house, and I went immediately back to the gate, and
+went down to Thirty-seventh street, where Doctor Robinson lives, and he
+was sitting in his chair, reading the morning paper, and he came with
+me immediately, and I did not think it was more than five minutes,
+certainly not more than ten.
+
+Q. How long was it before Doctor Lemoyne arrived?
+
+A. I do not think he came until about two hours afterwards.
+
+Q. Was there any amputation performed?
+
+A. No, sir; they tried to perform an amputation, but Lieutenant Ash was
+not strong enough.
+
+Q. Did you learn where he was wounded--where he was when he was shot?
+
+A. I never could learn. I did not ask him, because the doctors did not
+want him to have any conversation.
+
+Q. You do not know how far he had been carried?
+
+A. No, sir; it was my impression he was shot near Thirty-seventh
+street. Some of the men said he was shot near the round-house.
+Lieutenant Dermott, who was stationed at the university here as
+assistant professor in engineering, he was up here while these wounded
+men were in the arsenal, and together we went over to the commissary
+where their cartridge boxes were, and I found the cartridges they had
+in their boxes, and they all averaged twenty rounds a piece, and one
+man he had forty. Some had less than twenty.
+
+Q. Of the soldiers?
+
+A. Of those eight that were here. I asked him--he was an old man. In
+fact, he had been wounded in the hand at the battle of Gettysburg, he
+said. When they were passing them around, there were several extra
+cartridge boxes, and he took one.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you in the vicinity of the crossing of Twenty-eighth street and
+the railroad, the scene of the riot, on Saturday?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. At the time the military arrived there?
+
+A. I was not there the time the military arrived there. I was there
+about an hour before they arrived. I was talking with Captain Breck. He
+had two six-pounder guns, and I told him they were not of much use. He
+ought to have Gatling guns. He said the Philadelphia troops did have a
+pair of them. I waited until my patience was exhausted, and I came
+home.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the movements of the military in that vicinity,
+or while you were there?
+
+A. They made no movement while I was there. They simply remained
+stationary where they were. There were some on the hill side with their
+arms all stacked.
+
+Q. None at the crossing of the railroad, were there?
+
+A. I am not positive about that. At any rate, I did not keep account of
+them. They could get across the track very readily, for I went across.
+I do not think there were any there. I think they were mostly on the
+hill, and those had their guns stacked, but they were down at the
+crossing and on Twenty-eighth street, talking with the people, about
+the same as though they were going to have a party.
+
+Q. That is, the soldiers were away from their command?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Mingling with the crowd?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In conversation with them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any considerable number of them with their arms where they
+were stacked?
+
+A. They were stacked there, and there were several sentinels along the
+line where the arms were stacked, but the men, as a rule, had their
+guns stacked.
+
+Q. They had broken ranks?
+
+A. They had broken ranks.
+
+Q. Did you see them make any effort to keep any portion of the track
+clear?
+
+A. Not while I was there; no, sir.
+
+Q. How long were you there.
+
+A. I was there three quarters of an hour, perhaps an hour.
+
+Q. Did you see any portion of the military in ranks?
+
+A. I saw no portion of them drawn up in line of battle, or anything
+like it; no, sir; or company front either. I think the only men I saw,
+were those that were without arms, walking up and down with the crowd,
+talking to them, and the sentinels on post over the stacked arms.
+
+Q. They appeared to be the only ones on duty?
+
+A. They appeared to be the only ones on duty at that time.
+
+Q. As the militia were passing here, did they throw away their arms or
+ammunition?
+
+A. Well, not that I saw, except that Major Buffington found a case
+filled with cartridges belonging to the Gatling guns.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until to-morrow morning, at ten
+o'clock.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Saturday, February 23, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at half-past ten, in the
+orphans' court room, Mr. Lindsey in the chair.
+
+All the members present.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+O. Phillips, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence and your official position in July last, and
+then go on and give us the facts?
+
+A. My residence is 344 Ridge avenue, Allegheny. I was mayor of the city
+for the last three years, up to January, 1878.
+
+Q. Of the city of Allegheny?
+
+A. Yes; of the city of Allegheny.
+
+Q. Just commence and give us a statement in your own way,
+chronologically--give us the facts?
+
+A. On Thursday or Friday, the 19th or 20th of July last, I had been
+over in Pittsburgh during the day, and went back to my office in the
+afternoon, and there I found that the railroad officials of the
+Pennsylvania company had sent up the office for police assistance,
+stating that a crowd of men were interfering with the running of trains
+near the outer depot, and that Chief of Police Ross and ten or twelve
+policemen had gone down there.
+
+Q. The outer depot of the Fort Wayne road?
+
+A. Yes; I jumped in a horse car and went down there myself, deeming it
+my duty to go and see what was the trouble, and when I got to the outer
+depot I saw a number of men walking up and down the track, and quite a
+large number of men at Strawberry lane. I noticed a locomotive pass me
+and go down. It was interrupted or stopped by some men climbing up on
+the engine, and gesticulating in a threatening way, but what they said
+I do not know, but the engine stopped, and returned to the round-house.
+I went down then to where this crowd of men was, and saw it was a very
+large assemblage--several hundreds--and the police force were an atom,
+a mere drop in the bucket. Some of the men wanted to talk to me about
+their troubles. I told them, as mayor of the city, I had nothing to do
+with that. I was simply there as a representative of peace and good
+order, and spoke to the men, cautioning prudence, asking them if they
+realized the seriousness of what they were doing. I noticed that a man
+by the name of Robert Ammon was recognized as their ring-leader. He
+came up to me and introduced himself as having known me at my factory,
+on the South Side, and said he would like to talk to me. I stepped
+aside to converse with him, and while we were talking, men would come
+up and say: "What shall we do now, Bob?" He would say: "Stand aside, I
+do not want to be interrupted." He told me he had been an employé of
+the railroad company six weeks or two months before that, but had been
+discharged, and since that he had been around the country organizing
+Trainmen's Unions. He told me he had influence to stop these troubles;
+that if he had sent a telegram to Martinsburg the troubles would have
+been stopped. He said it was not worth while to go to the railroad men;
+he asked me to make a speech to the men; I told him that was not my
+style. The men gave me their assurance they would protect the railroad
+property, both day and night, and when they could not do anything
+further they would send to me for police. I then left my officers
+quietly mingling with these men, and then I went back to the mayor's
+office, which was on Thursday or Friday, I am not sure which, or
+Saturday. Word came to me that some of the supposed strikers had gone
+to one of the military organizations in Allegheny, and had taken thirty
+or forty arms, and had taken them down towards where the men were on a
+strike, and they expected to come up in a short time and remove the
+guns from Captain Bigham's armory, a company of the Nineteenth
+regiment. I went over there, and, assisted by the postmaster of
+Allegheny, and two or three of my police, we carried over thirty or
+forty arms and ammunition and placed them in our watch-house. A
+messenger came up hurriedly and said that the crowd were coming up to
+take these guns from me. My force were all out in the districts, and I
+then had the locks and bayonets taken off these muskets, so that if
+they got the guns they would be of no service to them. On Sunday, the
+day of the serious trouble, I had Knapp's battery taken out of the
+armory, by some of the battery men, under the command of Captain
+Walker, and these guns, four field pieces, were loaded with small
+square iron nuts. We had not any ammunition. We had blank cartridges
+but no balls, and I had these things loaded, and then, assisted by
+citizens, armed with axe handles and wagon spokes, I had gotten from
+one of the wagon-yards, and their old fowling pieces, and everything of
+the sort. They posted these guns at the Allegheny end of the bridges. I
+had been notified that the mob were coming over Sunday afternoon and
+Sunday night to burn the Allegheny shops, and release the inmates from
+the penitentiary. I notified the warden of that fact, and he kept his
+force on day and night, heavily armed, for a number of days. I selected
+two or three gentlemen of cool judgment and discretion, and those on
+horseback, and went to Pittsburgh and rode around among the rioters on
+this Sunday night to try and find out which bridge they proposed to
+come over, and then hurry back and notify me, and my intention was to
+concentrate all these field pieces at that bridge and stop them. I had
+taken the police pretty much away from the city of Allegheny and put
+them at the bridges, and sent squads of private citizens to patrol the
+streets. My force consisted of about fifty-five men. I kept the police
+on both day and night, until their strength was exhausted, and they
+could not stand it any more. On Monday I telegraphed the Secretary of
+War, and asked permission to draw five hundred muskets from the
+arsenal. That permission was granted, and I sent out two wagons,
+guarded by twenty-five or thirty veteran soldiers, and they went and
+brought me the guns. I called a special meeting of councils on that
+same day, and asked permission to increase the police force, which
+permission was granted me. I swore in a hundred special policemen, and
+armed them with maces. A hundred of those veteran soldiers were armed
+with Springfield muskets, and we made our own ammunition and
+cartridges, with either five or six buckshot. A hundred veterans were
+in reserve in the armory, to come out along with the citizens at ten
+taps of the big bell. The employés sent me word there were so many
+tramps coming over that they could not protect railroad property, and
+asked for police assistance, and I detailed a squad of policemen, and
+guarded all the crossings from Irwin avenue to Strawberry lane, and
+kept the crowd back. There was a meeting of these railroad employés in
+Allegheny, to which they asked me to attend. I was very kindly treated
+by them, and quite a number of them would come to my office and confer
+with me. I received a communication from the railroad officials, Mr.
+Thaw, General McCollough, indorsed by Mr. Quay and Mr. Latta, and asked
+me to close the liquor saloons. I requested the chief and one or two
+officers to go around and close them, and they did. I do not know
+whether I had the power, but I thought the emergency required it should
+be done, and I ordered them closed, and I sent officers to see that
+they were kept closed. When the Governor came through, he sent for me,
+and I went to see him at his car, and he asked me what protection I
+had, and I told him just as I have related to you, and told him I did
+not want any military until I was completely overpowered, and that I
+thought I could protect the city, and if I could not, I would call on
+him, and he said he would send me a thousand effective men. I had
+submitted to the railroad employés in Allegheny that if they would go
+down and bring these ten miles of stuff they had run down the road--all
+this stuff--to Allegheny, and take the eastern bound over to
+Pittsburgh, &c., I would see that their wages were paid, and then I
+would take the road off their hands. The railroad company had declined
+to receive the road until the stuff was brought back. On the day
+proposed to raise the blockade, I went down to the depot with thirty
+picked policemen, and when I got there in the dispatcher's office,
+there were seven or eight hundred people, or more. I stepped upon a
+pile of railroad ties, and ordered all the men that did not belong to
+the railroad to step on the other side of the railroad track. Said that
+they would settle their difficulties without outside assistance, and at
+least four of the men went on that side of the track. There were
+private detectives going through them, and they would ask, "Who is that
+man?" and they told him it was Mayor Phillips, of Allegheny. I then
+proposed to the men, employés of the company, to go down and bring up
+the first draft of cars, knowing that if we would get the first draft
+up, the back-bone of the trouble would be broken; and they all got up
+in a hurrah and got the first draft up, and then all the stuff was
+brought up.
+
+Q. Then you turned it over to the railroad company?
+
+A. Yes; the railroad company took it after the stuff had been brought
+up. I know little or nothing of the trouble that took place in
+Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What day was that that you brought up this stuff?
+
+A. Several days afterwards. I cannot tell you the date. I do not
+exactly remember the date. On Sunday, the day of the burning, there was
+a committee of railroad strikers met Mr. Layng at my house, that Sunday
+morning, and had a conference with him, and agreed to take care of the
+property of the company, and they did it well and manfully.
+
+Q. The first day you went out and met the crowd of several hundred,
+were they composed entirely of railroad employés?
+
+A. No, sir; they were not. Very few appeared to be railroad men.
+
+Q. What class of men were in the crowd?
+
+A. Workingmen--rough-looking men--men that I did not know.
+
+Q. After the railroad employés agreed with you that they would protect
+the railroad property, did they permit the crowd of roughs to remain
+with them?
+
+A. No, sir; because they sent me word that the roughs were coming
+there, and they were apprehensive there would be trouble, and wanted
+policemen, and they guarded all this property, until at last they said
+they were tired and worn out, and asked me to protect this ten miles of
+property down below. I had not any authority to go outside of the city
+with police, but the railroad company agreed to pay, and I sent a
+police force ten or twelve miles down the road, and protected the
+property until the troubles were over.
+
+Q. Do you know anything of the crowd trying to prevent, or making
+preparations to prevent, trains from coming in with soldiers on the
+Pittsburgh and Erie road?
+
+A. We were notified there that none of the soldiers would be allowed to
+come in that way. Some of the men intimated to the effect that they
+would be stopped. It was in the early part of the troubles.
+
+Q. Notified by railroad employés?
+
+A. Some of the men notified the police, and the police told me. I do
+not remember exactly how. I told the men we would not have any military
+over there as long as we could do without them. A squad of men came up
+and said United States soldiers had come there, and it was contrary to
+the contract. I told them that that was answered simply, and that the
+United States Government would send their troops when, and how, and
+where they pleased, but I had seen the military authorities of
+Pittsburgh, and asked them not to send any troops to Allegheny until I
+called for them. I thought I could protect the city. I was assisted by
+the people of Allegheny all I could ask for.
+
+Q. Under what circumstances or condition of this order would you
+consider yourself justifiable in calling on the Governor to send you
+troops?
+
+A. Well, sir, when I went down that day, and I felt I could not control
+the multitude, and they attempted any threatening, I proposed to fight
+them. I would not give up without. I had armed the police with
+revolvers and maces. I had something myself, and when we could not
+fight, I proposed to call on the military, and not till then.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You determined to make a fight before you called on the military?
+
+A. That is the English of it.
+
+Q. And to head the police yourself?
+
+A. I did, sir. I head them all the time. I thought that was my place.
+
+Q. In case of a ... occurring in any part of the city, did you regard
+it as your duty to visit the point and ascertain?
+
+A. Yes. I was up day and night for a week, and I was nearly worn out. I
+kept the battery in camp in the city hall yard. Kept them there day and
+night, and had these veteran soldiers sleep on the floor of city hall,
+so that we could call on them at any moment.
+
+Q. Would you consider it your duty to have called out a posse of
+citizens, and to exhaust your power in that direction, before calling
+on the State for military aid.
+
+A. Most decidedly. I had arranged and published hand-bills all over the
+city, that at ten taps of the bell the citizens of Allegheny were to
+come forward to protect their firesides and homes. I swore in a goodly
+number of them to go on duty.
+
+Q. You did swear them in?
+
+A. Quite a large number of them.
+
+Q. Do you regard your authority and powers subordinate to those of the
+sheriff of the county--within the limits of your city, I mean?
+
+A. No, sir. I thought I was the chief executive, and the man the people
+looked to.
+
+Q. You regard yourself as superior within the limits of the city?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Would you have allowed yourself to have been superseded by the
+sheriff in authority or power?
+
+A. That is pretty hard to answer. I do not think I would. I thought I
+was placed there to protect the city by the people, and I would try to
+do that.
+
+Q. You would do your duty as long as anybody else would?
+
+A. That is my idea.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. As far as the military is concerned: if you had called for the
+military, you would have considered it was your duty to give general
+supervision and direction, within the limits of the city, in putting
+down the disturbance?
+
+A. I would have done all I could. I would have assisted the military
+all in my power.
+
+Q. You regard the military subordinate to the civil authorities?
+
+A. I think so; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did Robert Ammon tell you how many lodges of Trainmen's Unions he
+had established?
+
+A. I do not remember the number, sir, but he said a goodly number?
+
+Q. Did he tell you on what roads he had established them?
+
+A. He told me he had been on different roads. Eastern and western
+roads, if I remember rightly.
+
+Q. Did he tell you the object of that Union?
+
+A. As I gathered, it was to see about regulating the wages--to
+control--to compel--that is the substance of it. A very hurried
+conversation we had, and a good deal of excitement at the time.
+
+Q. Did he say that there was a pre-arranged plan for a strike at this
+time.
+
+A. Yes, and if I remember rightly, it came a little premature--a little
+too soon.
+
+Q. Did he say that he had direction of the different strikes?
+
+A. He said that if he sent a telegram to Martinsburg the strike would
+stop, and if he would turn over his hand here, the thing would be
+stopped.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Does anything more of importance occur to you?
+
+A. I only visited Pittsburgh once during the riot, and that was that
+Sunday afternoon, and made a statement to the citizens that the
+railroad men had agreed to protect the property. I stayed in my own
+place.
+
+Q. Did you have any talk with any of the other strikers besides Ammon
+about their places?
+
+A. No, sir. I talked with a great many of the employés. I attended
+their meetings.
+
+Q. What reason did they give for going on a strike at that time?
+
+A. I did not hear any reason. I did not understand the strike was
+coming from them at that time.
+
+Q. They were on a strike?
+
+A. That, on account of the wages, they could not live on what they were
+getting.
+
+Q. That was the reason they struck, because the wages were not high
+enough?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear any other cause of complaint from the men that struck?
+
+A. No, sir; that was the substance of it.
+
+Q. Did you learn what reductions had been made in the wages of these
+men?
+
+A. No; I did not. They told me their troubles. I listened to them
+quietly and politely, but did not think it was what I was for. I told
+them I was simply a representative of peace and good order, and protect
+their property as well as my own.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. There appears in a statement made by Boss Ammon, a report made
+public in the _Leader_ of January 28. He says: "Meanwhile prominent
+citizens came forward and supplied me with arms and ammunition for my
+men." Do you know anything about that?
+
+A. I deny it, sir, _in toto_--emphatically--that any prominent citizens
+gave arms to any of the men there. They helped themselves to
+arms--somebody did--at this armory. I just related how I was afraid
+they were going to help themselves to some more, and I got them myself,
+and carried them to the watch-house.
+
+Q. Do you know whether there was any coöperation between Bob Ammon and
+the railroad officials during these troubles, working together?
+
+A. I do not know of my own knowledge. I would say I do not know a thing
+about it, and I did not believe there was anything of the sort--work
+together in harmony?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Not a bit of it.
+
+Q. Here is a statement he makes in regard to you: "I pledged my honor
+that they would be guilty of no violence, and they heartily and
+unanimously seconded my pledge. The mayor expressed his satisfaction at
+the aspect of affairs, and ordered the police off the ground. The train
+dispatcher wished to retain ten policemen as a guard for the property,
+and the question was referred to me whether they should remain or not.
+I put it to the men, and they responded 'Do as you please about that,
+Bob; you're boss now, and we'll follow where you lead.'" Mayor Phillips
+said to them: "If you are determined to strike, I beg to state that I
+have known Mr. Ammon from his childhood, and have full confidence in
+his honor and judgment, and I don't think he would give you any wrong
+advice?"
+
+A. That is stuff. I did not know Bob Ammon more than five minutes
+before that. He introduced himself to me, and he was a young man. I
+could not express satisfaction with men who were doing wrong and
+breaking the laws of the city. That would not do. I emphatically deny
+the whole thing.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Thomas Furlong, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside, Mr. Furlong?
+
+A. I reside in Oil City, Venango county.
+
+Q. Were you in the city of Pittsburgh in July last?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. Were you present at the scene of the riots during any of the days?
+
+A. I was. I arrived in the city of Pittsburgh on Friday morning, about
+nine o'clock, and remained here after that during the riot.
+
+Q. I wish you would state, Mr. Furlong, what knowledge you have of any
+of the police of the city of Philadelphia having fired upon any of the
+troops, the soldiers?
+
+A. Well, while working in my capacity of detective officer, I was
+called to Philadelphia--the city of Philadelphia--to get evidence in
+regard to certain things that occurred during the riot. While there, I
+received information that some of the mayor's police had fired on the
+Philadelphia soldiers during their retreat on Sunday morning, on Butler
+street, on the morning of the 22.
+
+Q. What did you learn in relation to it?
+
+A. I saw one gentleman in Philadelphia that said he would swear he saw
+a uniformed police officer fire at the Philadelphia from the curbstone
+or from the pavement.
+
+Q. Who was this gentleman?
+
+A. I disremember his name now. I have his name and all the facts.
+
+Q. Do you know where he lives?
+
+A. I do know where he can be found. He lives in Philadelphia.
+
+Mr. Lindsey: I think we hardly ought to take his testimony--what this
+gentleman said. We ought to have the gentleman himself. You can go on
+and state what you found out yourself about the truth, either in
+admissions that the police may have made in your presence, or from
+facts that you have dug up, that is, in relation to the matter you may
+state, and not what the gent said.
+
+A. All the evidence that I obtained in that line in reference to the
+matter came in that way. It is hearsay evidence. There has never been
+information made against this party.
+
+Q. Against the policeman?
+
+A. Against the policeman charged with having done this shooting. For
+that reason I didn't bring these records along. I should have brought
+those records if there had been information made against him, and I saw
+no police officers fire at the Philadelphia soldiers myself.
+
+Q. Have you any other evidence to show that a policeman fired upon the
+Philadelphia soldiers except what was told to you by the gentleman that
+you spoke of in Philadelphia?
+
+A. I have interviewed the other gentleman upon the same subject, and
+the statement of this first gentleman--Philadelphia gentleman--has been
+corroborated by other parties. There is a police officer in the city at
+the present time, a member of the force now, that saw a police officer,
+who was a police officer at that time, on the 22d of July, saw him
+engaged in supplying ammunition to be fired at the Philadelphia
+soldiers.
+
+Q. Can you give us the name of that police officer?
+
+A. I could give you the name of that police officer and the name of the
+man that supplied the ammunition. I would rather not do it, though. I
+have been working in connection with our council.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+F. S. Bissell, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I reside in the Eighteenth ward.
+
+Q. What is you business?
+
+A. Foundry business.
+
+Q. Please state what you saw and heard of the riot, in a brief way?
+
+A. I will state briefly, that about, I think, after twelve o'clock, on
+Sunday, I had learned what had transpired in the city.--I live quite a
+distance out--and I came to the city and walked down Liberty street,
+and saw the wrecking, and went down past the Union depot, and waited, I
+suppose, ten or fifteen minutes there, went around towards Adam's
+Express depot, saw what transpired there, although I was on the
+outskirts of the crowd, and although I didn't mingle in the crowd, and
+learned from some parties that a meeting was to be held at the city
+hall, for the purpose of rallying a number of citizens to quell the
+riot or insurrection. After a number of ineffectual efforts to get a
+body of citizens together, I went with a few parties down to the
+Duquesne depot. I made up my mind that that would be the next place
+burned.
+
+Q. Please state where the Duquesne depot is?
+
+A. Duquesne depot is at the foot of Liberty street, on the river, at
+lower end, fronting on the Monongahela.
+
+Q. What road is the depot on?
+
+A. The Pennsylvania depot--it is the old Pennsylvania depot.
+
+Q. Go on Mr. Bissell?
+
+A. During the afternoon we arrested two parties there in the act of
+firing--one in the act of firing a car, and the other inquiring how to
+get into the depot--how to set it on fire. I state this briefly--these
+parties have been tried. I remained around there all the afternoon,
+until ten o'clock that night, and about six or half-past six, along
+about there, after the elevator had burned or was about falling, a
+wagon came very rapidly down street--it was one of the express
+wagons--and informed some one there that the next attempt would be that
+depot, that the mob were surging that way. I then started with a few
+citizens, Mr. Little and McCandless and others, to get a cable to
+stretch around that building, our object being to keep back the crowd,
+and allow nobody inside that line if possible, so as to distinguish who
+the parties might be who would come to burn it. We got a few of the
+young men who belonged to the military--belonged to some of the militia
+companies--to stand guard inside of the rope during the night, and some
+other persons living at that place. There was nothing particularly
+transpired after that that I know of. We stayed there until half-past
+ten, or about that, and then went home.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How many men went with you to the Duquesne depot?
+
+A. We started from the city hall. That was the organization that we
+called Doctor Donnelly's brigade. They had marched up street, and I
+think there was about a dozen of us remained at the depot, and we made
+up our minds to stay there. This was on Sunday afternoon. We expended
+our breath in trying to impress upon the citizens around about there,
+that if they burned that depot, it would burn their property.
+
+Q. Was there a large crowd of people then in that vicinity?
+
+A. Quite a large crowd. I suppose somewhere in the neighborhood of a
+thousand or more scattered around. There is a pretty large extent of
+ground.
+
+Q. Did many participate in riotous conduct there?
+
+A. No, sir; it seemed to be a few parties. They were pretty much all
+under the influence of liquor.
+
+Q. Many of this crowd were there from curiosity?
+
+A. A good many, I have no doubt. The report was, that they were coming
+down towards the Duquesne depot, and the next place would likely be the
+Duquesne depot and the bridges. That was only, doubtless, the opinions
+of the people.
+
+Q. These men you arrested there in the act of applying the torch to the
+depot and the cars you speak of, were they accompanied by any
+considerable number of men appearing to be participating in it?
+
+A. A few sympathizers, and men who were standing out there appeared to
+be sympathizers. That was the party who was arrested by Doctor Dixon.
+He was tried.
+
+Q. Was he a citizen of the place?
+
+A. I think he lived down on the south side, somewhere.
+
+Q. The other man, was he a citizen of the city?
+
+A. I couldn't say. I don't know anything about him.
+
+Q. Have both of those men been tried?
+
+A. They have, sir. I think they have been tried.
+
+Q. Were there any police in the vicinity at the time you were stationed
+there?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't see any. We clubbed together, a number of us then,
+and made up a little purse and hired a few police.
+
+Q. Private police?
+
+A. No; only to look after the building at night, and help us arrest
+anybody that should attempt to burn.
+
+Q. Were those men sworn in by you men as special police?
+
+A. I think they had belonged to the police force--the men who had been
+discharged, owing to the inadequacy of the funds to meet bills.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with the mayor in regard to these
+policemen?
+
+A. No, sir; I had no conversation myself. We put down what we could
+pay, and paid it when we were called upon.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you go down to the scene of the riot and burning on Sunday?
+
+A. Sunday afternoon a good deal of the firing had been done before I
+got to the city, and walked on down Liberty street past the
+wrecking--just made a pretty quick trip.
+
+Q. What kind of people were engaged?
+
+A. Some of them appeared to be about as rough a crowd as I ever saw.
+
+Q. Was there much of a crowd actively engaged?
+
+A. I thought so. Down about the Union depot there was an immense crowd
+of people carrying off all sorts of baggage--seemed to be more engaged
+at that than anything else, outside of the firemen.
+
+Q. Would it have been impossible for a force of men to have stopped
+that?
+
+A. I don't think it would have been possible. I didn't see how. I think
+women would have been shot--a great many innocent people. People were
+panic stricken, and every thing seemed to be upside down.
+
+Q. Wild?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Thomas Furlong, _re-called_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Mr. Furlong, were you at the Twenty-eighth street crossing at the
+time the firing occurred?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. I wish you would go on and state what you saw there?
+
+A. I was at Twenty-eighth street nearly all day on Saturday, the 21st.
+I was there at the time the train came in from the east, bearing the
+Philadelphia soldiers. I followed the train from Twenty-eighth street
+down to the Union depot, and when I got down there, I found the
+Philadelphia soldiers had gotten out of the cars and were at lunch on
+the platform, drinking coffee and eating sandwiches. I had some
+conversation with them, and finally they fell into line and were
+marched up the railroad track back towards Twenty-eighth street. I
+started to go up with them, walking near the head of the column. The
+sheriff was first in front of the troops with a squad of men, and I was
+ordered to keep away from the head of the column by some of the
+sheriffs men. I walked faster than they did--they made rather slow
+progress. I got up to Twenty-eighth street perhaps ten minutes or
+thereabouts, before the head of the column reached there. There was a
+great crowd of people congregated at Twenty-eighth street, and below,
+and on the hill all around there--a terrible crowd of people. As soon
+as the soldiers got in sight of this crowd, they commenced shouting,
+jeering, swearing, using abusive and profane language, and the closer
+the soldiers got to them the more boisterous the crowd grew. The
+soldiers came advancing slowly until the head of the column got almost
+to where Twenty-eighth street crosses the railroad track. The crowd
+didn't give way, they just stood there blockading the crossing. It was
+a solid mass of people. The soldiers walked right up against them, and
+I was standing, at that time, in the neighborhood of forty feet below
+the lower side of Twenty-eighth street, on the east side of the track,
+on the right hand side of the track going out of the depot, standing
+close by the track, but about forty feet below the watch box that is
+situated there. There was a young man--I don't know his name, I never
+saw him--nor have seen him since, although I looked for him a good
+deal, too--standing within about three feet of where I was, at the time
+the soldiers marched up against this crowd. He picked up some
+stones--he had some stones gathered up--a little pile of stones. He
+picked up these stones, and commenced to throw down into the soldiers.
+I remonstrated with him, told him he ought not to do it, the soldiers
+would be likely to fire up there. He replied, they daresn't shoot. He
+then pulled a revolver out of his hip pocket and fired down towards the
+soldiers. When I saw him point his revolver, and I followed the
+direction at that time, there was just a shower of missiles and stones
+of one kind or another. Every person appeared to be throwing something;
+and from the other side of the track they were throwing coal. The coal
+just appeared to be raising off the cars and dropping on the soldiers.
+This man fired two shots out of his pistol.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did he shoot as if he was taking aim?
+
+A. Yes he aimed toward the soldiers. I couldn't see that he took
+deliberate aim at any particular person, but he fired down into the
+troops.
+
+Q. He didn't fire up into the air?
+
+A. No, sir. We were standing on an elevated position. We were above the
+soldiers, standing, perhaps, three feet higher than the soldiers were
+standing. I don't see how he could have fired down there, without
+hurting some of the soldiers or citizens, or some of the mob. The
+people were so thick down there. There was another man standing behind
+this watch-box, and he also fired into the crowd, with a revolver.
+
+Q. How many shots were fired by the mob, before there was any firing
+from the soldiers?
+
+A. I saw smoke come from behind this watch-box. I thought at the time
+it was some person. I saw a man there, this man wore a cap, and from
+where I was standing, I could see him very plainly in looking that way,
+and I thought he was shooting. I could see the smoke, but there was so
+much noise, that I could not hear the report of the pistol. I saw two
+shots fired by this man, immediately in front of me, and before the
+report of his last shot quit ringing in my ears, the soldiers commenced
+firing.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command given to the soldiers to fire?
+
+A. I didn't; I stood there for, I suppose, a minute and a half after
+the mob threw coal, and stones, clubs, and missiles of that kind, at
+the soldiers, and I was very much afraid that the soldiers wouldn't
+fire. I was afraid that they were going to lay down their guns, and not
+fire. I wanted to see them fire. I was afraid they would lay their guns
+down, and not fire. In fact, I was very glad to hear them commence
+firing.
+
+Q. What effect did the firing by the soldiers have upon the mob?
+
+A. It scattered that mob quicker than any mob I ever saw scattered
+before in my life. The first shot that was fired, I thought the ball
+came pretty close to where I was. I could hear it whistle, and I laid
+down. The crowd was so that I did not consider it safe to run, and I
+dropped down on my face right where I was standing, and I laid there
+until the firing ceased, and when I got up, there was no rioter to be
+seen anyplace; that is, in that immediate vicinity.
+
+Q. Where did they go to?
+
+A. There was a ditch or a washout; there was a ridge running diagonally
+down the hill off Twenty-eighth street then, and there was an old water
+course alongside of this ridge, in some places that was several feet
+deep, and they piled in there and laid down on the side of the hill,
+and behind coal cars and behind houses, and they got just wherever they
+could.
+
+Q. How long was the crowd in re-assembling.
+
+A. Well. I remained there. This firing occurred shortly after five
+o'clock in the afternoon--it couldn't have been quarter after five--I
+think it was hardly that late--five or ten minutes after five o'clock,
+perhaps--along there--and I remained there on the ground until after
+six o'clock, and the crowd hadn't re-assembled on the crossing, while I
+was there. A very large crowd gathered down on Liberty and
+Twenty-eighth street, down on Penn and Twenty-eighth, and in that
+neighborhood, there was large crowds of people, but they didn't come to
+where the soldiers were--kept away from the soldiers. The soldiers,
+after the firing was over, they threw out a guard line, and took
+possession of the track, and didn't allow parties to walk up or down
+the track.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. The soldiers had entire control of the track?
+
+A. They had entire control of the track at that time; yes, sir. I came
+down town and got my supper, and after that I went to Twenty-eighth
+street. At that time the soldiers were in the round-house, so I was
+informed.
+
+Q. Was this picket line still out?
+
+A. No; I didn't find any picket. I did not go up the railroad track. I
+went up Penn street at that time. I was not up on the railroad track,
+and I could not say whether there was a picket line on the railroad
+track or not, at that time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. If you were present at any of the efforts made by the railroad
+company to start their trains, you might state what occurred on Friday
+and Saturday?
+
+A. On Friday I was up there all day, in the vicinity of Twenty-eighth
+street--in the neighborhood, back and forward--and I saw a number of
+engines making steam, and heard, from time to time, that they were
+going to start trains out, and also heard the railroad strikers say
+that they couldn't take any trains out. They were not going to permit
+any trains to go out--any double-headers. I saw no trains go out, that
+is, no freight trains. Saturday morning I saw a few cars of stock. They
+came over, I believe, from Allegheny, and were taken out to the
+stock-yards. There must have been, at least, a couple of hundred men on
+top of the cars.
+
+Q. What class of men?
+
+A. They appeared to be strikers. I didn't know the men. They appeared
+to me like railroad men, and a good many of them were strangers to me.
+The cars were just covered with them--as many as could possibly get on.
+I recollect that Monkey John Richardson, as they called him, was on the
+train. I think it was his crowd. He seemed to have control of the
+party.
+
+Q. It was run by the strikers themselves?
+
+A. I believe that the train was run by the strikers; yes, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. P. Moore, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the city.
+
+Q. Are you a member of the National Guard?
+
+A. Yes, sir; adjutant general, Sixth division, for the last three
+years.
+
+Q. Adjutant, Sixth division?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. It is not necessary to go over the whole history; General Pearson
+has given us a full history. I would like you to state what occurred on
+Saturday, beginning with the arrival of the Philadelphia troops, and
+state what came to your knowledge. Give us a full history of what
+occurred after that time?
+
+A. I accompanied General Pearson with the Philadelphia troops as far as
+the outer round-house. Upon our arrival there, General Pearson had
+notice of the displacement of the troops he had posted at three o'clock
+in the morning.
+
+Q. What troops were those?
+
+A. The Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments, and Breck's battery. He
+immediately went to the crossing, and taking Major Evans with us, we
+went up to Colonel Howard--not seeing General Brown--and inquired the
+reason of the displacement of the Nineteenth regiment from the position
+he placed it in in the morning. The general was not satisfied with the
+answer of Colonel Howard, and returned, and found as we were coming
+down, that the sheriff was addressing the people, or notifying them to
+leave the scene. The Nineteenth was in the hospital grounds. On our
+arrival at Twenty-eighth street, the general directed me to remain with
+General Brinton, and he went to the telegraph office--Mr. Pitcairn's
+office--and telegraph communication with the Adjutant General was
+established. General Brinton then formed the First regiment, one line
+facing towards the hill and one towards Liberty street, and directed
+the company in grey uniform, one of which I think was the Weccacoe
+Legion, and a portion of the Washington Greys, to clear the people from
+between the ranks. They started on that movement, followed by the two
+Gatling guns, and went up with the two guns as far as Twenty-eighth
+street, when they came as far as crossing of Twenty-eighth street. In
+order to move the crowd back, the Legion endeavored to make a wheel to
+the left. In making that wheel, the order was given to charge bayonets,
+and the front rank came to an arms port; the rear rank stepped back
+about a pace, the crowd being so dense in front of them, that the men
+in the front rank could not get to the position of charge bayonets. The
+rear rank kept back about a pace, and they came to the charge.
+
+Q. Who gave the order to charge bayonets?
+
+A. I am not certain whether it was General Matthews or not. I heard
+General Matthews give the order to load, but I could not say whether it
+was General Matthews or a company officer that gave the command to
+charge. At the same instant, a man by the name of Horn, who was about
+three files from the left of the company, stooped down and passed
+through the front rank, raised up and struck at General Brinton, and at
+the same instant a pistol shot was fired either by the man Horn or a
+man immediately in his rear. Stones were hurled, and one of the men of
+the--I cannot say whether he belonged to the Greys or the Weccacoe
+Legion, but it was one of the party that was charging--was struck on
+the shoulder and knocked against one of the Gatling guns. There had
+been no firing done by the troops at that time, but the crowd outside
+were hurling epithets at the soldiers, and asking, "Why don't you
+shoot, you sons of bitches. Why don't you shoot?"
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did they shoot or fire?
+
+A. Some of them said: "Why don't you fire? Why don't you shoot;" and
+some of them said: "Shoot, you sons of bitches! Why don't you shoot,"
+General Brinton gave the order to cease firing a very few moments
+afterwards. There was one point I wished to call your attention
+to--this man of the Weccacoe Legion--and I believe he is the same man
+Doctor Murdock spoke of yesterday--that man firing his piece three
+times after instructions; wiping the blood out of his eyes, loaded and
+fired his piece.
+
+Q. Where was he struck?
+
+A. He was struck about the head, and blood was running down over his
+face.
+
+Q. Then he wiped the blood out of his eyes and fired his piece
+afterwards?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was the command to fire given by any of the officers?
+
+A. I think it was.
+
+Q. What ones?
+
+A. I could not designate the officer. I heard the word fire so
+frequently between the parties outside casting their anathemas at the
+soldiers. As I understood, the order came from an officer; but I could
+not distinguish which one it was. I heard the order to load very
+distinctly.
+
+Q. Did you hear the order from an officer to fire?
+
+A. I did so.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Which men fired? These men endeavoring to press back the crowd, did
+they fire? You say they wheeled to clear the crowd off Twenty-eighth
+street; did they fire into this crowd?
+
+A. I think not, sir.
+
+Q. Where did the firing come from?
+
+A. From the First regiment.
+
+Q. They were standing back by the cars, were they?
+
+A. One line here--it was standing towards Liberty street, and the other
+facing towards the hill.
+
+Q. The two ranks--the one in front facing to the right, and the rear
+facing to the left?
+
+A. I think the front rank was facing towards Liberty street. I think
+they were moved out by the left flank from Union depot.
+
+Q. The front rank would be facing towards the hillside and the rear
+rank facing towards Liberty street?
+
+A. I think not, sir. They marched left and front. Their proper front
+would be by left face. They were marched out that way; consequently the
+front rank would face towards Liberty street.
+
+Q. The other rank would face towards the hill?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where did this firing come from--the front rank, facing the hill?
+
+A. The rank facing the hill fired. The first shots that were fired from
+the front rank were fired towards Liberty street, and they turned round
+then and commenced firing in another direction, over their heads and
+through the files of officers, and General Brinton gave the order to
+cease firing, with Colonel Benson and Major Lazarus. Colonel Stewart,
+of the Governor's staff, who was then in citizen's clothes at that
+time, came down and volunteered to assist in anything which was to be
+done. Major Fife and myself went down the line and assisted in stopping
+the firing.
+
+Q. Did they fire as if they had been commanded or ordered to fire?
+
+A. The first round or so evidenced that fact to me. Immediately after
+the firing, I received an order from General Pearson to take one half a
+regiment of General Loud's brigade. I reported to General Brinton the
+order on General Loud, and he informed me he had seen General Pearson,
+and the matter was arranged. I asked him where General Pearson was, and
+he said he was in Pitcairn's office.
+
+Q. You say General Pearson ordered you to take a portion of the
+regiment?
+
+A. To the Union depot. I reported to Brinton for an order on General
+Loud.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Where was General Pearson at the time the firing took place?
+
+A. He was in Pitcairn's office.
+
+Q. He was not present?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no officer of the division at Twenty-eighth
+street, except myself at the crossing. The cars were taken out for the
+removal of the Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments--an order had been
+issued to that effect. The train was taken out and left about, maybe,
+one hundred and fifty feet below Twenty-eighth street. Immediately at
+the end of the train, I left Major Dickson, Captain Denney, of Colonel
+Guthrie's staff, Major Fife, and Major Stroff. Major Evans went over to
+the Nineteenth regiment.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You say General Pearson was in Pitcairn's office?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. He was not there at all--how far is that from where the firing was?
+
+A. About eleven hundred feet, according to my estimate of it. There was
+not an officer of the sixth division there except myself.
+
+Q. Then it was impossible for him to have given the order?
+
+A. He did not give any order to fire. General Brinton left immediately
+after the firing to see General Pearson in answer to an inquiry which
+was brought by Major Evans to him in regard to the firing. When I
+received this order I started to report to General Brinton to get the
+order spoken of a few moments ago, and I met General Brinton at
+the--going into the office of Mr. Pitcairn, and received from him the
+information that General Pearson was in Pitcairn's office. The first
+authentic information that General Pearson had of the firing was what I
+communicated to him in Pitcairn's office.
+
+Q. What was the reason given for you sending this portion of the
+regiment--it was not sent anywhere, was it--to the Union depot?
+
+A. There was no reason assigned. It had been arranged not to send that
+half regiment to the Union depot. I asked for General Pearson, and went
+to ascertain the cause of it, and the general said it was not necessary
+and directed me to remain there. At the request of General Brinton, he
+was going to bring the Philadelphia troops into the building, and a
+little after six o'clock they commenced to come in.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James Park, junior, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Will you please give us your residence and business?
+
+A. My residence is Allegheny city. My business is manufacturer of steel
+and copper.
+
+Q. I wish you to state now, in your own way, what knowledge you have of
+the riots that occurred in July last, and the efforts made to suppress
+them?
+
+A. Some days previous to the Saturday when the riot was started, I was
+aware of the strike on the part of the employés of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company. On Saturday, the 21st of July, I believe it was, I
+was at the Pennsylvania railroad depot at the time of the arrival of
+the Pennsylvania regiments----
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Philadelphia regiments?
+
+A. Philadelphia, I mean, sir. I was there when they disembarked, and
+during the time they were engaged in taking their lunch. I felt very
+greatly exercised in reference to the whole matter, fearing that, with
+the small force of military, in the event of anything that would
+precipitate firing upon the people, very disastrous consequences might
+follow. Seeing Mr. Cassatt on the back porch of the hotel building, I
+went up to him, and cautioned him with some earnestness. I told him
+that Saturday was an idle day with our workingmen, and I thought I knew
+the temper of our men pretty well. Sunday would be an idle day, and it
+would be great wisdom on his part not to attempt to do anything until
+the following Monday.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What hour was that?
+
+A. It was about four o'clock, as near as I can recollect.
+
+Q. Before the troops went out?
+
+A. Before they marched out. I told him it was very natural for our home
+military to feel some sympathy, if it were ever so little, in behalf of
+those who were termed strikers, and that they ought not to expect to
+place full dependence upon their efficiency in case of anything like a
+riot. He referred to the Philadelphia regiment as being composed of men
+who would not fire over the heads of the mob in case of any mob being
+started, but I told him that in case of necessity for firing that he
+ought not to have less than ten thousand men, and that I doubted with
+that force whether he would be able, in case of firing upon the people,
+to quell the mob that might be precipitated upon us from the firing of
+the militia, but at all events not to do anything with less than five
+thousand men. He said in reply that they must have their property. That
+if the State authorities will not give them possession of it they will
+call upon the general Government. He took out his watch and said they
+had now lost an hour and a half's time, meaning that the military
+should have been marched from the hotel to the place where the great
+crowd was congregated an hour and a half before the time which I am
+speaking of. I left for Allegheny just after talking to Mr. Cassatt,
+and went to my home on a matter of business--to see my son--and came
+back, taking the car up Penn avenue, and leaving the car at Thirtieth
+street. Just as I left the car the volley of firing took place. There
+was an immense crowd of people on the side of the hill. From the number
+that fell, I supposed there were a very great many killed, but it
+turned out afterwards that two thirds who fell had fallen to roll into
+a ditch that was cut on the other side of the road running up the hill,
+to save themselves. I thought it strange that the firing took place
+upon the people on the hillside. I could not see, from where I stood,
+what was going on close to the military, but it struck me, I recollect,
+at that time, as being very strange that the firing should be made
+about the line of the angle of the slope of the hill. I don't know that
+I can say anything more on that point. I went to my works, and I found
+great excitement all over that region of the city. I went to crowds of
+men, women, and children, warning them to go into their houses, for the
+reason that a little while before there was a good deal of commotion on
+Penn avenue, near Twenty-eighth street, and I thought giving evidence
+that some fighting was going on that might reach up into the
+neighborhood of these crowds of people, but I found that, with all my
+efforts, I did not accomplish anything, people still remained, and a
+great many run in that direction, just as people will. I cannot account
+for it, but no doubt gentlemen are well aware of the fact, just as I
+am, that people will do that thoughtlessly. My own son, who was just by
+my side the moment the firing took place, ran and got probably a
+hundred feet from me before I checked him. I told him he must not go in
+that direction at all. He came to his mind in a minute, and said he did
+not think what he was doing. I state this just to show how easy it is
+for a crowd of people to congregate where there is any excitement,
+particularly when the military are about. I went to my residence in
+Allegheny and heard nothing at all what was going on, supposing
+everything was quiet, and that there was no disturbance. Nor did I know
+that there was anything in the way of burning of property until Sunday
+morning. My partner, Mr. Charles L. Caldwell, came to my house and said
+he thought I better come to the city; that something ought to be done;
+that the Pennsylvania railroad property was being destroyed, and there
+ought to be some effort in the way of getting up organizations to
+arrest the work of the mob. He told me to go to the Chamber of
+Commerce; that James I. Bennett and others would meet me there. We
+repaired to the Chamber of Commerce and found the door closed, and we
+went to the printing office, and finally stopped at the office of the
+_Pittsburgh Post_, meeting Mr. Barr and Mr. Wakes, I think it was,
+and prepared for a meeting that we had bulletined to take place at
+twelve o'clock at the city hall, on Market street. That meeting was
+very well attended. A great many people on the way from church noticed
+the announcement on the bulletin boards, and repaired to the place of
+meeting. I felt very proud, on that occasion, of the people of
+Pittsburgh, and ever since that day, when away from home, I have
+registered from Pittsburgh, a thing I never did before. I always
+registered in Europe, and in this country, from Allegheny. Ever since
+that I have registered from Pittsburgh, and always will do so. I found
+wealthy men at that meeting, who pledged all that they were worth--not
+five thousand or ten thousand dollars--but all that they were worth, to
+put down the mob. John Moorhead, John Harper, John Slagle, and John R.
+McCuen signed a pledge that they would pay their proportion of all the
+necessary expenses to check that mob. A committee of twenty-five, I
+think, was appointed to meet at two or three o'clock at the mayor's
+office, city hall. This meeting I speak of was at the old city hall.
+That committee of twenty-five convened and appointed a committee to go
+to the mob and try to bring it to reason. There were no preparations to
+do it then, on the part of the citizens, but it was thought that the
+committee might appeal to them and stay the conflagration and
+destruction of property. That committee did go there, and went into the
+midst of the mob, and did appeal to them. I thought that they had about
+checked the matter, and that the Union depot would be saved, but the
+committee went from there to meet with some of the men who were on a
+strike. The committee met a number of them--I was present during all
+this time, and I know what the committee did, and do not state from
+hearsay--the committee met quite a number of the railroad men, who were
+there at that time--the strikers--and found them to express very great
+regret at the destruction of property. We proposed to them that they
+would attend an adjourned meeting, at the old city hall, to take place
+at three o'clock, or half past three o'clock, and proposed that they
+would organize and assist the citizens in saving the property. They
+talked very nicely about it, and one of their number--I think two of
+their number--attended that meeting. He was authorized to get up an
+organization of those men who were then termed strikers. I was a little
+too busy for some days to notice, but I believe they did make an effort
+in that direction. Then this committee of public safety went to work on
+Monday. I am speaking now of what took place on Sabbath afternoon. On
+Monday, Pittsburgh was certainly in a very deplorable condition. I
+noticed that the streets--some of them--particularly Fourth avenue and
+Third street, were crowded almost from curb to curb with strangers--not
+railroad men, because I think I should have recognized, from their
+appearance, the class of men that work in our work-shops from this
+crowd. They seemed to be composed of strangers, miners, and others from
+the neighboring parts here, up and down the river. Of course, the most
+of that crowd were idlers, men who would be ready to join in almost any
+destruction of property. They were not, I think, citizens--probably
+very few of them. Efforts were made by the committee of public safety
+to get organized. The mayor sent to Washington and got permission to
+take some of the Government arms. They were brought into the city, and
+General Negley and others were called in to assist, and, I think, the
+preparations that were made were done in a very short time, because on
+Tuesday the city seemed to be entirely quiet, and these crowds started
+for home. One very large crowd, that came down from the upper
+Monongahela river, were met by the mayor and General Negley, and many
+citizens that we organized, some with weapons and arms, and they agreed
+to go home, and said they had understood that men, women, and children
+were being shot down by the soldiers from a distance, and they came
+down to protect them, but they agreed to go home quietly. I believe I
+have told the story about as near as I can recollect--about all I know
+of it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Anything in relation to the Duquesne depot that you know of?
+
+A. At the meeting on Sunday, we started organizations, and were very
+much pleased to find our young men, particularly, falling into line. I
+think it could not have been five minutes after the announcement was
+made, that we wanted all to organize a company to go to the Duquesne
+depot--fearing that it might be set on fire--I think it was not five
+minutes after that, that I noticed, I think a hundred, probably,
+marching right past where I stood. I was presiding at the meeting, and
+I believe they were led in the wrong direction--they were taken up
+Third street, I believe--some person took them up to the elevator.
+Another company that formed--I do not know how many--went down to the
+Duquesne depot to protect that.
+
+Q. Was any attempt made to destroy the Duquesne depot?
+
+A. I understand there was some arrests there. I was present at the
+mayor's office when a man was brought in there, and Doctor Dickson and
+some others testified that he was caught in the act.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you know anything about the events before the strike, the dispute
+between the railroad employés and the railroad company--the causes
+leading to these disturbances?
+
+A. Nothing more than from general information, that it was because of
+reduction of wages, and that the men thought the reduction was more
+than they were willing to accept, and that it had eventuated in a
+strike. I understand from quite a number that they were not committing
+any violence. Mr. Shinn, vice president of the Allegheny Valley
+railroad, and Mr. McCargo, superintendent of the Allegheny Valley
+railroad, said to me just before the arrival of the Philadelphia
+regiment, that there was no effort made at all by the railroad strikers
+to prevent the running out of trains. I think I can recollect very
+nearly Mr. McCargo's words. Says he, "Mr. Park, you or I can get on a
+locomotive and run out any train, and nobody will disturb a hair of our
+heads." He then followed that up by saying the difficulty was to get
+anybody to go on to a locomotive.
+
+Q. To man the train?
+
+A. That understood the moving of a locomotive, and running a train out.
+After seeing Mr. Cassatt, after this interview with Mr. McCargo, I
+mentioned that to Mr. Cassatt, and he said their presence intimidated
+them, and he said they made no act of resistance; but their presence
+intimidated persons--that the strikers were on the ground or on the
+road, intimidating persons that would take out trains.
+
+Q. Was any threats made by yourself and other citizens to prevent a
+collision between the military and the people? You related an interview
+with Mr. Cassatt. Was there any other threats made by citizens like
+yourself to prevent a collision?
+
+A. I don't know of anything done in that way. I suppose persons would
+have felt that they were interfering. I felt a little in that way. When
+I was advising Mr. Cassatt, I felt that the State, or the railroad
+company, or one power, was directing that sheriff--somebody was
+directing the whole movement, and believed for me to give advice on
+that, probably it was a little premature, or at least Mr. Cassatt might
+have thought it was uncalled for, and I was greatly in fear that some
+stone might be thrown or pistol shot, and that the military might fire,
+and I felt sure the strength was not there if the mob was started--if a
+mob was precipitated upon the citizens of Pittsburgh, there was not
+military enough to put it down.
+
+Q. Did you know that the trains had been stopped during Thursday and
+Friday?
+
+A. Yes; I knew by general rumor, and was told by a great many that the
+Pennsylvania railroad were not able to operate.
+
+Q. Why didn't you make a suggestion to the railroad officials sooner?
+
+A. I never thought of doing it; but if I had thought of doing it, I
+would have thought that they might have told me to attend to my
+business, just as I would have done, if I had any difficulty at my
+works, and railroad men came to advise me--"you mind your own business,
+and I will attend to my strikers."
+
+Q. In the suggestions that you made to Mr. Cassatt, did you suggest any
+plan to preserve the property and prevent its destruction from Saturday
+until Monday?
+
+A. I said the better way would be to wait. I am not very clear in my
+recollection. I tried to fix it upon my memory, but it is a little
+misty just how I put that to Mr. Cassatt; but as near as I can
+recollect, it was like this--of course, in substance it would be the
+same--that Saturday was an idle day, and Sunday would be an idle day,
+and to-night these people would be in their beds and with the force he
+had--he said, I think, eight hundred men would be expected in
+momentarily--I said, as near as I can recollect, that to-night these
+people will be in their beds, and with the force you will have, take
+possession of your grounds, but don't attempt to move any train until
+Monday. I recollect very clearly impressing that upon him, not to move
+a train until Monday. I knew on Monday all the mills would be running
+and the men would be at their places, and if there was any little
+disturbance in the moving of trains, the civil authorities could manage
+it, even if the military didn't take any part in it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. From your knowledge of the kind of people, did you regard it as
+necessary to call the military to suppress them?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't. I think it was a mistake, a very serious mistake.
+I knew that the day police of Pittsburgh had been discharged--that is,
+most of them, and that the mayor was left with a very small force, but
+I knew at the same time, that the class of men that was engaged by the
+railroad companies--they are a pretty intelligent set of men--they can
+be reasoned with, and if arrangements had been made to have had their
+ground protected by police, not allowing any one to come up
+Twenty-sixth or Twenty-eighth streets--done that at night, I don't
+think there would have been any trouble. I don't think any of those men
+that were termed strikers--I think they would have hardly violated the
+law in knocking down police, if the police had said the orders were
+that nobody was to come. I forgot to say that very soon after the
+firing, after I had warned these little crowds on Penn street to go
+into their houses, I went over to my mill--the mills generally stopped
+about half past three o'clock, sometimes as late as four o'clock, and I
+found that some of our men had been a good deal excited--one man had
+rushed into the office, and wanted to know from our time-keeper if his
+gun was at home. He told him he must not have his gun, must not attempt
+to go for it, because if he did he would alarm his wife, who was then
+sick, but he went for, and brought his gun back, and handed it to our
+time-keeper, and went out in the mill for something, and the
+time-keeper gave it to our manager, and he took it back in our office,
+and broke the stock of it, then our time-keeper bet five dollars with
+this man that he had not a gun, and the gun was brought in, and it was
+broke up, and this man rejoiced over it, and said he had been making a
+fool of himself, he was very glad he had come to his senses, and he
+didn't take time to reason, nor did, I think, any of these men. Their
+general life and their education and training has been more or less
+different from yours or mine. If your son had been in that crowd or
+your brother, and you had heard he was shot, you would have just done
+as I would have done, sat down and reasoned whether he had any business
+to be there, and you would not have run in and shot down Philadelphia
+soldiers, or any other soldiers. They just heard somebody was killed,
+and they rushed for arms, all being done on the impulse of the moment,
+and done in a way that you or I would not have done, because if my son
+had been there and shot, I would have lamented it terribly, but I would
+not have gone there with a pistol or gun. I would have reasoned,
+undoubtedly, as you would have done, that he had no business to be
+there, or ought to have been home. These men didn't reason in that way.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Have you not had quite a number of strikes among the employés in the
+mills or factories in this vicinity, during the last five or six years?
+
+A. I can call to mind quite a number of them.
+
+Q. You are a manufacturer?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Employ a large number of men, do you not, sir?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Have you ever had any strikes in your works?
+
+A. Yes, a number.
+
+Q. Did the strikers attempt to prevent other men from working, that you
+employed?
+
+A. Not by force. I never knew of any attempt by force. They did it by
+persuasion. I have twenty odd men out now. My rule is never to take any
+man into my employ that has ever struck on me. I will keep them from
+starving, with money, but not with work. I don't think there is any
+occasion for a strike. We require notice, and we give notice, and let
+every man know that if he ever strikes, he never can work for us as
+long as God spares me on this earth. I will lend him money, or do
+anything for him, but he will never work for me.
+
+Q. In the different strikes, in your works, was there ever any violence
+used by the strikers, to prevent men from working, you put in there?
+
+A. I don't recollect of any cases.
+
+Q. Did you ever have any difficulty in getting strikers
+quiet--dispersed from your works?
+
+A. No, sir; they were always very quiet, and when told to
+leave--sometimes they were not inclined to go out, and they called to
+me and I requested them to go, spoke to them mildly about it, and told
+them that my rules were to be carried out. I did once have to bring in
+a policeman, but the man was very drunk and did not know what he was
+doing. I am satisfied that if he had been sober, he would have left the
+building without calling in a policeman.
+
+Q. You have had strikes in the city where there have been a larger
+number engaged than in this?
+
+A. Oh, yes; we have had strikes where the aggregate number would have
+amounted to many more than those engaged at the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company's works. We have had ten strikes here.
+
+Q. Was there any violence resulting from them at all?
+
+A. No; I don't recollect only in the case of a strike on the part of
+the puddlers, probably about twenty-five years or so ago. There was
+some little trouble at Bailey's mill. They brought on some eastern
+puddlers, and when they attempted to start the furnaces--it was
+principally women, the wives of some of the men--they struck them with
+stones a little, and had some few knock-downs, but they soon quieted.
+
+Q. Have you had any difficulties lately--any violence, that is the last
+few years?
+
+A. No, sir; none at all.
+
+Q. Have you not had a strike among your puddlers, within the last few
+years?
+
+A. Yes; about two years and a half or three years ago, and I couldn't
+employ them again just for the reason that my rules were, that any man
+that strikes can never work for me again, and I thought, of course, as
+there were so many idle puddlers at that time, that I would have no
+trouble in starting up my puddling forge. A puddler came around and
+says, "I can get men and can start you puddling." Says I, "I would like
+very much to start." Says he, "I can get up a gang by Monday." Says he,
+"Did you have any trouble?" Says I, "Yes; they struck." Well, they
+wouldn't work. That lasted for three or four months, and I concluded
+that some determination had been agreed upon, that these men that
+struck, must work for me, and I determined they never would--I
+determined before we started up. I would lend them money at any time,
+but they might starve, or their families starve, for want of work. I
+dedicated that forge to negro labor. My men was a little disposed to
+interfere by violence with the men who engaged themselves to carry on
+that work, but I have never known any serious interference with my
+negro workmen at all. We have had peace and quiet, so far as I can
+learn, and white puddlers have never molested them at all, and we have
+had them two or three years.
+
+Q. Still working?
+
+A. Yes; we pay them the same price as white men, because I told them
+when they came that we would pay them just the same price as white
+puddlers got in other mills, and we have had to do so.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Have you an idea how many employés are employed in the different
+mills in the cities of Allegheny and Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I guess twenty or twenty-five thousand, probably; that is merely a
+guess. I would have to think over the number of mills. I suppose
+something like twenty thousand, and probably more.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You are speaking about a strike about twenty or twenty-five years
+ago. Have you any recollection of the military being called out at that
+time?
+
+A. I don't recollect of them being called out--they might have been.
+
+Q. At any other time within the last twenty-five years, were the
+military called out to preserve the peace?
+
+A. I think one time I recollect of them being called out--I think it
+was at the time of starting the negro puddlers at the bolt company's
+works. I think then the military was called on; that is about two or
+three years ago.
+
+Q. Was there any serious opposition to those new men working there?
+
+A. There was some quarreling and knocking down. I think there was
+nothing very serious.
+
+Q. As a general thing, in strikes among your men here in the mills or
+manufactories, you think it is bad policy to call out the military to
+suppress any trouble that might arise from them?
+
+A. Yes; I do so. I think so for the reason that the military would do
+very well, if they could overawe, but the fear is that somebody would
+throw a stone, or somebody would fire a pistol, and then they would
+fire into the citizens. You understand as well as I do, that you put up
+proclamations and warn people to disperse, and you can go in and talk
+and plead with them, and still the crowd will be there, and it is
+almost certain that innocent people will be shot down, if there is any
+firing.
+
+Q. In your testimony, you state you saw Mr. Cassatt in the rear porch
+of the Union depot, and advised him not to attempt to move trains on
+Saturday, as the men in your mills and manufactories were idle on that
+day--not to attempt to move trains until Monday--what reply did you get
+from him to that advice?
+
+A. He said they must have possession of their property. If the State
+authorities did not give it to them, they would call on the general
+Government, taking his watch out, and said that they had now lost an
+hour and a half. That is about as near as I can recollect. The idea was
+they had lost an hour and a half in moving the Philadelphia regiment up
+to Twenty-eighth street--up to where the crowd was congregated over
+their property; that is, the railroad men as a general thing, on their
+property. I think the citizens were, as a general thing, on the
+hillside, as near as I can understand it--the most of the citizens,
+spectators, &c., were up on the hillside--some of them were up as high
+as the pest-house, on the hill. One young lad was shot there through
+the wrist--he was in a line with the pest-house.
+
+Q. Were you a member of the citizens' committee waiting on Mr. Cassatt
+at that time?
+
+A. No, sir. We had no citizens' committee at that time.
+
+Q. Were you a member of the committee that waited on the Governor and
+the officials of the railroad company, at any time after that, to give
+him some advice?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State that?
+
+A. I have forgotten the day. I don't recollect the day he arrived, but
+I think it was--I don't recollect the day he did arrive--it was some
+time in the week after the riot.
+
+Q. The latter part of the week?
+
+A. Probably it was; by the way, it was Saturday. I recollect very
+distinctly, because I spoke of Sunday just about as I did to Mr.
+Cassatt. Joseph F. Dilworth, Mr. Johnson, and myself were appointed a
+committee to visit the Governor. We got word to meet him Saturday
+morning at Thirty-third street, in a car, and we went up there and met
+him. I believe I did the first talking, and advised that nothing should
+be done until Monday to take possession of the ground. He said he was
+going to do nothing in a hurry--was going to take his time, and move
+with caution.
+
+Q. Was this the conference with the Governor?
+
+A. With the Governor himself. He said he was not out here in the
+interest of any railroad, but in the interest of peace, or something to
+that effect. He left me to understand that he didn't come to look after
+the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, but to look after the safety of this
+community. He had an impression that our water-works were stopped, and
+he did just as he said he would do. He waited quietly and did not do
+anything at all until Saturday night, until everybody was in bed. He
+put out pickets along Penn avenue, and up and down the streets, to keep
+everybody from going on the railroad property, and then commenced to
+work, and tore up the track and relay. That could have been done before
+the Governor came.
+
+Q. Could the trains have been run.
+
+A. I think so. I don't think there would have been any disturbance at
+all. If they had the trains there, they could have taken them out
+without any disturbance.
+
+Q. In your opinion, from what you know, would there have been any
+disturbance, if they had attempted to move trains on Saturday or
+Sunday, when the Governor was here, at the time you had this conference
+with the Governor?
+
+A. I think there would have been no disturbance--I am satisfied that
+the men who were designated as railroad strikers, regretted, probably
+as much as any other set of men, the destruction of the railroad
+property, and probably they would have been about as ready as any other
+men to have interfered with any outside people annoying the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company in its moving trains. They might not have
+gone on to the locomotives and moved them themselves, but if any
+persons could have been procured to take out the trains, I don't think
+that the railroad strikers would have interfered.
+
+Q. Would the crowd of people have interfered on that Saturday?
+
+A. I don't think they would have interfered on that Saturday--that was
+about a week after the riot.
+
+Q. Did I understand you to say you appealed to the Governor not to
+attempt to move trains on that Saturday?
+
+A. Yes, I did.
+
+Q. Did you think at that time there might be trouble?
+
+A. I think so. I thought it was wise to take time, and do nothing until
+Monday.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. Guy McCandles, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State whether you were present at the firing of the militia, on
+Saturday afternoon?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. Go on and state what you saw, and what occurred.
+
+A. I was there the whole of Saturday. Went up Saturday morning, and was
+there during the day, and was there at the time of the firing, and when
+the Philadelphia troops came up, and whenever the troops came up, the
+crowd increased in front of them on Twenty-eighth street, until it was
+very dense, and there was a company deployed across the street to push
+them back. They marched up in front, with arms port, and marched up
+against the crowd, in order to push them back, but it was too dense,
+they could not do it. They retreated back a step or two, and charged
+bayonet. I was up on the hill, about two or three rods up on the hill,
+so that I could not hear any orders given of anything of that kind--I
+could only see their movements. I could see all their movements well.
+They attempted to charge bayonets, walked up slowly, got nearer and
+closer every moment, until the bayonets began to infringe on the crowd.
+Then one of the crowd got hold of a bayonet, and tried to pull the
+musket from the soldier. He jerked it from him, and he then gave him a
+sort of a push, and knocked him, I do not know which. Right immediately
+back of them, I saw a man draw out a pistol, and shoot right into the
+crowd. At the same time, there was two or three other pistol shots
+heard at different points. Almost simultaneously, we had a scattering
+fire from the soldiery, directed mostly right up on the hill towards
+where our troops were lying.
+
+Q. Hid you hear any order to fire given?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. How close were you?
+
+A. About three rods off, at least. I could not have heard an order to
+fire. There was a good deal of noise and confusion.
+
+Q. How many were wounded in the conflict?
+
+A. I really don't know. I saw about fifteen or sixteen that were
+wounded, around on the hill where we were standing. I saw about that
+many there. There was one of the soldiers that was killed, shot through
+the head, twenty or thirty feet off, and when I went to him he was
+dead--a soldier of the Nineteenth regiment. I thought it was one of our
+own men. He was dead when we reached him. It was not one of our men,
+but the Nineteenth regiment, that was lying on our right and front.
+There was a very heavy volley of stones thrown into the soldiers
+previous to the fire.
+
+Q. You were surgeon of the Fourteenth?
+
+A. I was surgeon of the Fourteenth regiment.
+
+Q. It was commanded by ----
+
+A. Colonel Gray.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know whether this soldier was killed by a shot fired from the
+mob or not?
+
+A. It was not a pistol shot, I know that from the character of the
+wound.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. He was not one of the soldiers who put the mob back?
+
+A. No, sir; he was one of the soldiers on the hill. They were facing
+towards the hill, and there was a great many of the mob that were there
+on the side of the hill, between the other soldiers, before us and
+Twenty-eighth street--a dense mass of them there.
+
+Q. Was he standing in his command?
+
+A. He was away from his command. He was not exactly in the crowd--the
+crowd was below him.
+
+Q. He was not with his command?
+
+A. Was not standing in rank at the time.
+
+Q. How far away from his command?
+
+A. About a rod from where the command was at the time. There was one or
+two companies on the hill in the same line with the others, and then
+two or more--three rods down, in front, near the hospital grounds. Had
+he been down with his command he would not have been shot--the shooting
+was higher.
+
+Q. Was he back of his command?
+
+A. As I say, his command was, at the time--some of the companies
+were--down near the railroad tracks, and there was a couple of
+companies up to the right of our regiment, three rods back of them on
+the hill, and it was between two--he was just between the two.
+
+Q. Was he immediately behind any particular company, close----
+
+A. He was some little distance to the right.
+
+Q. Was he a non-commissioned officer, do you know?
+
+A. No, sir; he was a private.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Doctor John S. Dixon, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. 273 Penn avenue.
+
+Q. Practicing physician?
+
+A. Yes, sir; for ten years, in the city of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. State what knowledge you have of the riot, and what was done to
+suppress it?
+
+A. The first part I took in any suppressing the riot--on Sunday I
+stayed at home, thought I might be needed, and that that was the best
+place for me. When it got so bad, and the Union depot had been fired, I
+thought it was my duty to go to the side of the hill to see what I
+could do there, and somebody proposed, or said, that as the grain
+elevator had already been set afire, that the next would be the
+Duquesne depot, and Mr. Bissell and myself and some others--quite a
+number started. I think he and I were the only ones of our party that
+got there. We went down to the Duquesne depot, and met a few persons
+there we knew and a great many we did not know. I do not know who was
+in sympathy with us or not. After being there some time, and trying to
+devise means of preventing the depot from being fired, if an attempt
+was made, we talked of getting a cable, and shutting off the leading
+avenues to the depot. There was a man rode up in a buggy and stated
+there was an attempt to fire the lower end of the depot. We were then
+at the upper end. We walked down, and there was a party examining a
+car. I went up and looked into the car, and there was some smoke and
+embers there, which somebody had scattered before I got there, to
+prevent it from catching fire. There was a barrel of oil rolled under
+the car--I do not know for what purpose it was, I suppose to set fire
+to it, and there was one man in particular by the name of David Carney
+or Carter. He was arrested afterwards; he was ringleader. I talked to
+him, and tried to persuade him not to do anything of the kind. He said
+he had been up all day at the fire above, and that he was one of the
+advance to set fire to the Duquesne depot. I asked him where he was
+from. He told me he was first an engineer on the Oil City railroad, and
+then he said he was from Ohio, then he told me he was from Greene
+county. He was so drunk and so excited and wild, with the burning, that
+he didn't know what he was talking about. He was bound to do mischief,
+and we talked to him one after the other, trying to persuade him, while
+one was holding him in control, and the party, the rest of the
+gentlemen, were interested in protecting the depot. They talked to a
+crowd, trying to persuade the people that lived there, if the Duquesne
+depot was fired, the whole lower part of the town would be burned, that
+the fire department were trying to save property on Wilder street on
+the hill, and that there would be several squares of valuable property
+destroyed if this depot was set on fire, as it is a mere shell, an old
+frame building, and very large. This man who was a ringleader of them,
+he said he didn't care a damn; he said that the property holders would
+have to pay for it, and the rich would have to pay for it, and he was a
+friend of the workingman. I told him if he would burn this property the
+working people, so many of them, would be burned out of house and home.
+He said there would be good come of it, at any rate, and that he was
+bound to burn that, and that they would burn the Connellsville depot,
+and that they would burn the bridges, and then they didn't care a damn
+what became of the rest of the town. I told him he had better not do
+that, that it was a very bad thing to do. Mr. Bissell told him, to try
+and keep him under control, that he had sent for policemen. The
+policemen came and I made information against him, and as soon as a
+couple of policemen nabbed him he wilted right away. He was very
+willing to be marched off to the lock-up. In his testimony at court, he
+said that he had arrived in the city Saturday afternoon, at two
+o'clock, from the oil regions, that he had been working that summer on
+his father's farm, some place up there, I have forgotten where he
+said--at some place, Parker, Oil City--had been working there during
+the summer, and heard there was going to be some fun down in
+Harrisburg, and he was coming down to have some of it, and that he had
+gotten drunk and didn't know what he was doing--that was according to
+his own testimony in the criminal court. He was convicted, I believe,
+for something like four years, that was about the total of my
+experience. I made an information against him.
+
+Q. How did you learn his name?
+
+A. I asked his name at the time, and he told me. He gave me two or
+three names, but his right name is either Carney or Carter. He gave one
+four or five days afterwards, at municipal hall, and at first he denied
+that he was the man at all--he never had seen me. Said he had been
+arrested on the south side for drunkenness, but he was recognized by
+Bissell and others, and he owned up he had been there. His name is
+Carney _alias_ Carter.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Alexander King, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you live?
+
+A. Pittsburgh, Nineteenth ward.
+
+Q. What is your business here?
+
+A. Merchant.
+
+Q. In what kind of mercantile business are you engaged?
+
+A. In glass material. I am not doing much now--winding up.
+
+Q. Employ a large number of men?
+
+A. No, sir; we have only two. I have been manufacturing heretofore, and
+have had quite a lot of them in a glass manufactory.
+
+Q. You may go on and state what you desire to on the subject?
+
+A. I noticed a few days ago, in an evening paper, a statement made by
+Sheriff Fife, or said to have been by him--of course, I do not know, I
+only read it in the papers--that I had offered the rioters a thousand
+barrels of flour.
+
+Q. That was in Sheriff Fife's statement?
+
+A. You gentlemen know, of course, what he did say. It was in the
+evening papers. It is altogether unfounded; it was neither flour nor
+money, nor have I ever offered nor paid one cent, or spoken to anybody
+on the subject. It is utterly without foundation.
+
+Q. What you desire is to correct----
+
+A. Any impression of that kind.
+
+Q. And if such statements were made by the crowd, they were made
+without authority?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was it not an assertion made here that that was the strikers this
+side, not the rioters?
+
+A. The strikers. The crowd there claimed that the citizens were in
+sympathy with them, and they, too, had offered them a thousand barrels
+of flour. I think that was mentioned in the _Chronicle_. I should just
+say, I had never seen one of the strikers or rioters until I saw one of
+them in July--that is the first I ever saw any of them.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+C. L. Jackson, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. 202 Juniata street, Allegheny.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Engineer of the Fort Wayne railroad.
+
+Q. Were you an engineer of that road in July last?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. State, Mr. Jackson, whether you had any knowledge of any
+pre-arranged plan among the railroad employés to strike?
+
+A. I had not.
+
+Q. Before the day of the 19th of July?
+
+A. I had not. The first time I heard of it I came in in the evening at
+nine-twenty, Friday evening. I heard that they were stopping the trains
+from coming out.
+
+Q. You came in from the west on Friday evening?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. That was the first you knew anything about it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know anything about the organization of the Trainmen's
+Union?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. For what class of employés was that organized?
+
+A. Brakesmen and firemen.
+
+Q. Conductors?
+
+A. Conductors.
+
+Q. Engineers, too?
+
+A. Engineers, I think.
+
+Q. What was the purpose and object of that union?
+
+A. Indeed, I could not say.
+
+Q. Were you connected with it?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Don't belong to it?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Had you any talk with men that did belong to it?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you solicited by other employés to join it?
+
+A. Yes; I was asked to join it.
+
+Q. What reasons did they give--what inducements did they hold out for
+your joining it?
+
+A. Indeed, I hardly know what they were.
+
+Q. Who asked you to join it?
+
+A. Conductors.
+
+Q. What persons?
+
+A. Indeed, I could not say.
+
+Q. Conductors asked you to join it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What did they say was the object of the union?
+
+A. They did not say.
+
+Q. Didn't they give you any object?
+
+A. Didn't give me any information.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did they say to you how much advantage it would be to you to join
+it?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was it secret?
+
+A. Yes; I believe it was.
+
+Q. You know how extensive it was?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not.
+
+Q. Don't you know how many lodges there were organized?
+
+A. Lodges organized all over the country, I think.
+
+Q. You say you knew nothing of any pre-arranged plan for a strike?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you go out again after coming in on Friday night?
+
+A. No, sir; not until after it was settled.
+
+Q. And remained in the city of Allegheny all the time?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I was over Sunday afternoon.
+
+Q. Were you over Saturday to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I came over Saturday about two-thirty, or near two-thirty to three
+o'clock.
+
+Q. Where did you go Friday night?
+
+A. During the night I stayed in about two squares of home--Washington
+avenue, there.
+
+Q. With the crowd?
+
+A. There was a crowd around there. There was not very many.
+
+Q. What class of men--railroad employés?
+
+A. There was very few railroad men there.
+
+Q. What were you staying there for?
+
+A. I thought it was best to stay there. I heard of the trouble over in
+the city here, and I thought I would not come over, and that the best
+place to stay was at home.
+
+Q. You were not at home?
+
+A. Within two squares of home.
+
+Q. How many men were there with you?
+
+A. I suppose the forepart of the evening there was a good many men
+around there.
+
+Q. How many would you judge?
+
+A. I suppose maybe fifty or hundred; but they scattered away.
+
+Q. All railroad men?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. What other men were there, besides railroad employés?
+
+A. There was men that lived around there.
+
+Q. And you remained there all night?
+
+A. I remained there. I stayed there until about two o'clock in the
+morning.
+
+Q. What was the object of that meeting?
+
+A. There was no meeting.
+
+Q. About fifty of you together. Would not you call that a meeting?
+
+A. There was only two or three of us at seven or eight o'clock.
+
+Q. What was the purposes or the objects of the coming there?
+
+A. The men were just waiting. They saw the fire over at Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Was there any fire Friday night?
+
+A. This was Saturday night.
+
+Q. Friday night, you said?
+
+A. I went right home Friday night.
+
+Q. And stayed at home?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Then it was Saturday night you spoke of the coming there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Sunday morning, where were you?
+
+A. I did not get up at all until about ten o'clock.
+
+Q. What time did you come over to the depot?
+
+A. I came over about half-past two.
+
+Q. How long did you remain at Union depot?
+
+A. About ten or fifteen minutes.
+
+Q. Did you come up to Twenty-fifth street?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Where did you go from Union depot?
+
+A. I came down Smithfield street, and went over the bridge to Allegheny
+again.
+
+Q. You remained with this crowd until two o'clock, that you have spoken
+of?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where were you during the day on Sunday?
+
+A. Sunday night came over to the city, between one and two o'clock on
+Sunday.
+
+Q. Go up to the ground?
+
+A. I was over at the Union depot. I was up on the hill side.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was engaged in burning and plundering?
+
+A. I do not know. I could see eighteen or twenty in the crowd.
+
+Q. Did you see any railroad men among them?
+
+A. I did not see a railroad man.
+
+Q. Did you know any of the men?
+
+A. I know some of them.
+
+Q. Who were they?
+
+A. I thought you asked me if I knew any of the railroad men--no, I did
+not know the men there.
+
+Q. Did you know any of the men you saw there?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. How long have you been working on the railroad?
+
+A. About seventeen years.
+
+Q. Then you knew most of the men who were working on railroads leading
+out of Pittsburgh, did you not?
+
+A. I did not know a very few of them, except on our own road.
+
+Q. Except on the Fort Wayne road?
+
+A. I have stopped right there.
+
+Q. You know nothing of any pre-arranged plan among the men for a
+strike?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. You belong to the Engineers' Brotherhood?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there anything talked of in that organization of strikes?
+
+A. No, sir; there was not.
+
+Q. Was there anything communicated from the Trainmen's Union to the
+Engineers' Brotherhood of a strike?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. If you know anything of the origin or the cause of the strike, I
+wish you to state it to us fully?
+
+A. All I know about it, is the reduction of the wages ten per cent.
+
+Q. That you think was the cause of it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any order on the Fort Wayne road for running
+double-headers?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Then the only thing that they had to complain of on the Fort Wayne
+and Chicago road, was the ten per cent. reduction, was it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. When did that take effect?
+
+A. I think it was on the 1st of July. I could not say certain.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was there a necessity to run double-headers on the Fort Wayne and
+Chicago road, if they want to do it?
+
+A. I do not know. I guess there is about as much necessity as there is
+on the Central road, if they wanted to do it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Are double-headers used as a general thing where there are heavy
+grades?
+
+A. Not on our road, there ain't.
+
+Q. You have no very heavy grades on the Fort Wayne road?
+
+A. We pull seventeen cars as our load.
+
+Q. Don't you know, as a railroad man, that double-headers are used
+generally on heavy grades, if at all?
+
+A. I know they are used on the Pennsylvania road.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were there any other complaints or grievances by the men of that
+road?
+
+A. Indeed, I can't say that there was.
+
+Q. Have you ever heard?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Is there any other secret organization of railroad men, besides the
+Engineers' Brotherhood, that you know of?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Are you at liberty to state the object of the Engineers'
+Brotherhood?
+
+A. It is a more beneficial thing than anything else.
+
+Q. The object of that association is not to control railroad companies,
+is it?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Simply for their own benefit?
+
+A. Benefit; yes, sir.
+
+Q. During the trouble at the outer depot, or on the Fort Wayne, did you
+know of any armed force of railroad men that were prepared to protect
+any trains from coming into the city of Pittsburgh that had troops on?
+
+A. I know there was a lot of them went to get some guns. Went down to
+the lower end of the yard.
+
+Q. Railroad men?
+
+A. I could say I did not see that. I saw a crowd about two squares off
+from our house. I could see them move down the track. I understood
+afterwards that was who they were.
+
+Q. In your conversation with railroad men of the Pennsylvania Central,
+did you learn what their grievances were?
+
+A. No; not particularly.
+
+Q. Did they not complain of double-headers?
+
+A. Yes; I believe there was a complaint of double-headers.
+
+Q. Anything else?
+
+A. Indeed, I could not say that there was.
+
+Q. On your road it was on account of reduction of wages, was it, that
+they struck?
+
+A. I think that is what it was.
+
+Q. Are you acquainted with Bob Ammon?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you receive any orders from him?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. During the strike?
+
+A. Never saw him during the strike.
+
+Q. Did you assist the railroad men in protecting the property of the
+company?
+
+A. I did, sir.
+
+Q. Help to guard it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Against the mob?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any violence used to prevent the running of trains that
+you know of?
+
+A. Not as I know of.
+
+Q. No threats made?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't hear any.
+
+Q. Were you on duty during the riots--were you at work, or did you run
+your engines during the troubles?
+
+A. I would if they had wanted me to.
+
+Q. If the company wanted you to?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you assist the strikers in running the cars down out of danger?
+
+A. I was over at the city the afternoon they were taken out.
+
+Q. Take any of the cars out yourself?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you run any engine during that time--from Thursday until Monday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you called on by the railroad officials?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Or by Bob Ammon?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. You are still in the employment of the road?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until three o'clock, this
+afternoon.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Saturday, February 23, 1878_.
+
+The committee met at three o'clock, pursuant to adjournment, Mr.
+Lindsey in the chair. All members present.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William W. Thompson, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Fourth ward, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Attorney.
+
+Q. State, Mr. Thompson, what knowledge you have of the riots and means
+taken to suppress--I do not know the fact that you are called to prove
+particularly, but go on and state it?
+
+A. I just say this: That during the time of the riots, I was chairman
+of the police committee of the city of Pittsburgh, and that on the
+evening of Saturday, the 21st of July, I was up at city hall. The mayor
+had called a special meeting in order to enable him to employ
+additional police, and he employed the policemen round about the city
+hall at that time to deliver the notices, and we had a meeting on
+Sunday morning, at ten o'clock, and authorized the mayor to employ as
+many additional policemen as he deemed necessary for the emergency.
+That was all that the police committee had authority to stop.
+
+Q. What time was that meeting?
+
+A. On Sunday, the 22d of July, at ten o'clock.
+
+Q. You then authorized him to employ as many police as he deemed
+necessary?
+
+A. Yes; for the emergency that was all we could do. Afterwards that
+evening I was at city hall, and Colonel Howard--I do not remember the
+number of his regiment--
+
+Q. The Nineteenth, I believe?
+
+A. I think it was the Nineteenth--asked me to call a meeting of the
+councils. At that time, on account of the absence of Negley, I was
+president of common council, and at his instance I called a meeting of
+the common council, and also issued a call, in the name of Mr. Aiken,
+president of the select council, for a meeting of the select council
+the next morning at ten o'clock, for the meeting to authorize the
+payment of any expenses that might be necessary for the purpose of
+suppressing the riot. We had a meeting next morning, at ten o'clock,
+and authorized the payment of whatever expenses were necessary for that
+purpose.
+
+Q. Did the mayor increase his police force after that, to your
+knowledge?
+
+A. I know before that time the policemen had been reduced, on account
+of want of appropriation--had been reduced one half--and he sent out
+notices for all the discharged policemen to come in and be sworn in as
+additional policemen. That was Saturday, and on Sunday morning there
+were some of them there, but not many of them. There were a good many
+of the police refused to serve on account of being employed for an
+emergency. They said if they were to be employed for the balance of the
+year they would serve, but if they were to be employed for a few days,
+to go into this fight, they would not act. That evening--that Sunday
+evening--there were several residents down in the Fourth ward, in the
+neighborhood of the Duquesne depot, employed a force to guard the
+Duquesne depot there that night. It was said there was going to be an
+attack on it, and they had a guard around it to protect it that
+night--to prevent the rioters from setting it on fire. There were two
+men arrested for making an attempt to burn it. I believe they were
+tried and convicted afterwards for attempted arson.
+
+Q. Was there any disposition on the part of either branch to employ all
+the force required in the city to suppress the riot?
+
+A. That whole matter rested with the police committee, and the vote of
+the police committee was unanimous authorizing the mayor to employ as
+many men as he deemed necessary. There was no opposition. We held a
+joint session Monday morning for the purpose of authorizing the payment
+of all expenses necessary for that purpose. My recollection for that
+purpose has been paid without any objection that I know of.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+E. P. Jones, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In the Thirteenth ward, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Attorney.
+
+Q. I do not know the fact you are called upon to prove, but if you will
+just go on and state it----
+
+A. I hardly know myself. I saw a good deal of the riot, but I think
+some one mentioned to me that it was with reference to the
+circumstances that I saw Saturday night. I rode past the round-house
+between nine and ten o'clock, on Saturday night.
+
+Q. What time?
+
+A. Between nine and ten o'clock. When I got to the round-house, and was
+just passing it, there was a two horse carriage drove up. It stopped,
+or was stopped, just when I was there, and they had something in the
+carriage that they delivered to the crowd, taking the articles from
+under the seats, and as soon as they delivered them to the crowd, the
+whole crowd burst in one applause and hurrah. I presume, too, without
+knowing the fact--I did not see the articles--but I thought they were
+ammunition and arms. I went on, after that. There was a great crowd of
+people there, and I rode by way of Liberty street from that point down
+to the depot. Every avenue leading on Liberty street, and to the
+round-house, were crowded with people going that way. They were all in
+a great hurry.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You did not see what was in the carriage?
+
+A. No; I could not say that I saw the articles, positively. I happened
+to mention that circumstance, and some one----
+
+Q. Did you hear in the crowd anything expressive of what it was?
+
+A. Nothing but applause. They received whatever there was there, with
+great applause and excitement. I saw the burning on Sunday.
+
+Q. Do you know who drove the carriage?
+
+A. No, sir; the driver was sitting up in one of those high sitting
+carriages--a two horse carriage. It stopped right at the round-house,
+in the midst of the crowd, and the articles, whatever they were, were
+delivered.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you know the carriage?
+
+A. No, sir; it appeared to be a hired carriage. I am satisfied of that.
+
+Q. Belonging to----
+
+A. I would take it that it was one of those livery stable rigs.
+
+Q. A hack?
+
+A. Yes, one of those carriages. It was not a private carriage. I do not
+know any other facts.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Where were you during Sunday, during the burning of the property
+there and rioting?
+
+A. I was on the hill--I was on Grant street, and different places
+during the day. Went to church in the morning, and then in the
+afternoon I was among the rioters.
+
+Q. Were you near the scene of the riot?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What kind of people appeared to be engaged in this riot?
+
+A. They appeared to be foreigners, and I must say that looking at them,
+and being among them, I could not recognize one face.
+
+Q. You speak of foreigners. You mean not living in this vicinity?
+
+A. Yes, sir; and I saw some Germans, but the burners were Irish--a few
+negroes, but very few.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with many of those people?
+
+A. Yes; talked with them some.
+
+Q. Did you remonstrate with any of them for the rioting?
+
+A. Yes; talked of the impropriety of what they were doing. I was
+stationed at the last part of the riot at Grant street, when the
+elevator was burning. There were a great many there. I had some talk
+with people there. I was struck by one--it was an Irishman that struck
+me.
+
+Q. How did it happen--how did he come to strike you?
+
+A. I was just in the street there, and he struck me.
+
+Q. Without any provocation?
+
+A. Without any provocation at all.
+
+Q. What did he say?
+
+A. He damned me.
+
+Q. Give any reasons for striking you?
+
+A. No reasons at all.
+
+Q. Was it for remonstrating with him?
+
+A. No; I was not talking with him. I was standing in the street,
+talking to another man, and he came along, and I believe he jostled
+against somebody, and his hat went off, and I heard him command some
+one to take up his hat, and I paid no attention to it. The gent I was
+talking to, said we had better get away from here. He stepped in the
+street and went away, and this fellow made a pitch at me, and struck
+me.
+
+Q. Without assigning any reason?
+
+A. He says, "Damn you, pick up that hat, or I will make you do it."
+
+Q. Did you pick it up?
+
+A. No; I did not. After he struck me, I knocked him down, and kicked
+him twice. I struck him. Knocked him down, and kicked him twice, and
+wheeled right in the crowd and remained there, and did not go away.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Henry Warner, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence?
+
+A. Allegheny City.
+
+Q. And official position?
+
+A. Comptroller of Allegheny City.
+
+Q. You may just go on and state the facts.
+
+A. My testimony will bear entirely on the restoration of order and
+closing scenes of the riot. I will state that on Saturday, the day the
+riot broke out, I left my office here, at fifteen minutes after five
+o'clock in the evening, and took the train to a place I was boarding
+at, in the country, with my family. I did not hear before I left the
+office, nor hear on the train, one word of any disturbance that had
+taken place on the Pennsylvania railroad. I knew that there had been a
+strike. I knew that the trains were prevented from running by the
+strikers, but I did not know of any overt act of violence having been
+committed, either by the public authorities or the strikers. There is
+no telegraphic communication with the place I was boarding at, and on
+Sabbath day, late in the day, rumors commenced to circulate throughout
+the country of the scenes that were occurring in the city, and when the
+night was pretty far advanced, the light from the burning could be seen
+at that distance, over twelve miles--the glare in the sky. I made
+arrangements with some persons, thinking that, probably, the train
+might be detained at Little Washington, and not come in. I made
+arrangements to come with some other gentlemen by private conveyance,
+but the train came along that day, and I arrived at my office on Monday
+at half past eight o'clock. The first message I received was from Mayor
+McCarthy to come to his office without delay, and I took one of the
+county commissioners and started for his office. I had no opportunity
+of learning the extent of the disaster that had occurred. I met him on
+the corner of Fifth and Smithfield. He appeared to me to have been
+coming up in this direction. As soon as he saw me, he hallooed me, and
+said that the Philadelphia military had been driven from the city, and
+had taken refuge at the Allegheny county work-house, and the
+authorities had refused to provide them with victuals, and requested me
+to order the authorities at the work-house to provide the soldiers with
+something to eat. Mr. Begard and I--Mr. Begard is the county
+commissioner--started for the Western Union telegraph office, and at my
+request, the telegraph company put one of their lines--gave me the use
+of one of their lines to communicate as long and much as I wished. The
+nearest telegraph station to the work-house was a mile and a half away
+from the work-house. The operator tried his line, and found that they
+were down, and reported the fact, and stated, that probably if I would
+go to Allegheny City, and the West Penn station, that probably I would
+get communication there. I went over to the West Penn station, and the
+proprietor there tried the lines also, and his lines were down--could
+not get any communication. He then advised me to go to the transfer
+station of the West Penn railroad, about three quarters of a mile out,
+and probably I could get communication there. When I went out there, we
+got telegraphic communication, and discovered that the soldiers were
+all loaded on cars, and were then on their way to Blairsville. On my
+return to the Allegheny depot, I met one of the soldiers of the
+Philadelphia command, who had straggled away from his regiment, and who
+was in citizen's dress. Some citizens called my attention to the man,
+and said that he was eager for protection, that he was in fear of
+personal danger, and they requested that I would take charge of him and
+do something for him. I told him the circumstances, where his command
+had been shipped to, and went to one of the officials of the West Penn
+railroad, and got him transportation on the first line that left the
+depot. I took a card out of my pocket, and directed it to the
+commanding officer, requesting him to come back with his command to the
+work-house, and that he would be provisioned there and be taken care
+of. I don't know whether that note ever reached the commanding officer
+or not. It certainly had no effect. That and the meeting of the
+committee of safety, in Pittsburgh, on Monday afternoon, in which they
+requested the prompt coöperation of the county authorities, and
+especially the use of the means under our control, and restore order,
+was my first day's work. On Tuesday, at the request of the committee of
+public safety, I went to Colonel Howe, superintendent Western Union
+Telegraph Company, and requested him to send a man to Claremont to put
+the work-house in telegraphic communication with the city, as there
+were very serious rumors prevailing that the coopers, who were much
+opposed, in this vicinity, to prison labor, were about to assault the
+work-house, and probably destroy it. Colonel Rowe did so. He sent his
+men there, and in less than two hours I had a dispatch from the
+superintendent of the work-house. The dispatch was to the effect that I
+should send him out arms and ammunition. Senator McNeil was then in the
+city, and he and I got a buggy, and went out to the arsenal, stated our
+case to the commandant of the Allegheny arsenal, and he told us he had
+authority to issue five hundred stand of arms from the Secretary of
+War--authority from the Secretary of War to issue five hundred stand of
+arms to the mayor of Allegheny City. As the mayor of Allegheny had only
+drawn four hundred, he had one hundred left, and suggested that we
+should get an order for the balance. We took a flour wagon over to the
+arsenal. The mayor of Allegheny told McNeil, and some citizens also
+told us, that we could not possibly get away from the arsenal with arms
+and ammunition, as we should be watched, and that all avenues leading
+to and from the city were carefully guarded by the rioters. We got one
+hundred stand of arms from the arsenal, five thousand rounds of
+ammunition, and loaded it in our flour wagon, and, with a single
+driver, and McNeil and myself in the buggy, took them to the Allegheny
+work-house, a distance of eight miles, by country roads. We were not
+misled nor questioned by any person. At the time we left the arsenal,
+the commandant showed us out a private entrance. I might state here
+that the superintendent of the work-house proposed to defend that
+institution with the employés of the institution, and with some trusty
+criminals that he had in charge. He thought that if he had the arms and
+ammunition he would be perfectly safe. We remained all night at the
+work-house, and on Wednesday morning instructed the sheriff of the
+county--the county commissioner and myself, instructed the sheriff of
+the county, in view of the fact that the railroad officials had
+appeared to have abandoned their property entirely, to immediately
+throw a guard of men of not less than one hundred around all the burned
+district to protect what remaining property was on the ground, scrap
+iron, &c., and it was rumored that a car load of bullion had been
+melted and run into the debris, and the sheriff immediately did so. We
+also called into our aid--although we were advised that it was out of
+our jurisdiction--that is, there appeared to be no person to undertake
+these things--we called into our aid the county detective, and
+instructed him to employ as many detectives, and as many wagons as he
+could possibly use, and to hunt for and restore the stolen property
+that had been taken away, and to bring it to a warehouse that we rented
+on Liberty street--a large warehouse for the purpose, and also put
+notices--had notices inserted in all the papers, morning and evening,
+directing any persons who had any property in their possession that had
+been taken during the riot to deliver it to those detectives, or at
+that warehouse. A very large amount of property was recovered--property
+of all descriptions, and under an arrangement with the officials of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, as this property was nearly all theirs
+and taken from their cars, they were delivered over to the officials of
+the railroad company, and their receipts were taken for the same. That
+covers a period of probably two weeks, and various instances happened
+in regard to that property that would scarcely be necessary for me to
+repeat. Some of them were very curious. A great deal of the property
+was voluntarily brought back, and the excuse was given that, as it
+seemed to be a general thing, and as every person was taking property,
+thought that that property, a barrel of flour, or a ham, or box of
+cigars, or whatever it may be, might as well be taken by them as be
+lost. I had a conversation with the president of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company a few days after that--Colonel Thomas A. Scott--and
+an arrangement was entered into in regard to those losses--in regard
+to an account being taken of them, and to have them as definitely
+settled as possible. The county commissioners and myself appointed a
+commission, composed of the fire marshal of Allegheny county, and
+Robert Thorn, an experienced insurance adjuster, and Mr. Trimble,
+an experienced carpenter, to go upon the ground and thoroughly
+investigate any claims for loss or damage, which they did, and I have
+in my office now over one hundred and sixty-nine adjusted claims;
+that is, claims that were settled--the amount settled by this
+commission. Colonel Scott was to investigate the losses of freights,
+which would take a very considerable time, and obtain such proofs as
+were in the possession of the railroad company in regard to the
+losses; and the estimated value of the goods that were returned to
+the Pennsylvania Railroad Company could not have been much short of
+sixty thousand dollars, at first cost--the cost to the owners. They
+were disposed of by auction, many of them being broken packages, and
+much of the goods being such as would spoil by being kept on hand. We
+also appointed a commission, composed of three experienced locomotive
+and car builders, to go upon the ground and carefully estimate the
+damage that was done to locomotives and cars. I have also that report
+on file in my office; and after a period of about four weeks we
+suspended, as the civil officers--as the financial officers really
+had no jurisdiction in thosematters--suspended all operations in that
+line, and handed it over to the civil authorities of the county. I
+may say here, in addition to that, that we considered, as financial
+officers of the county, that no expense should be spared nor efforts
+spared to make restitution, and return all the property it was
+possible to get hold of. A great deal of property was returned to
+private individuals, besides that that was returned to the railroad
+company.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was the amount of losses adjusted by the two commissions?
+
+A. The amount that was adjusted of strictly private property, that has
+been finished by the fire marshall's commission, as we call it, has
+been fixed at about $160,000, in round figures. The locomotive
+engineers' report----
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Let me understand. What do you mean by strictly private property,
+does that include furniture?
+
+A. No; that includes houses that were burned, and furniture destroyed.
+
+Q. Any railroad property?
+
+A. No railroad property. I will also state that there was some claims
+of that nature, that the parties who had the claims refused to present
+them to the commission, and have them adjusted by the commission. A
+notable instance of that kind is the Pittsburgh elevator. Their claim
+for loss is above, I believe, $200,000, alone. Some person will come
+along with a claim for a suit of clothes, or something of that kind,
+that was lost in a hotel, or in some house. The commissions reported in
+regard to locomotive property--railroad property. I considered it
+private, and have not given the figures to the public.
+
+Q. Have you any estimate of the loss of freight?
+
+A. We have no authentic estimate. I wrote to Colonel Scott in regard to
+that before I published my annual report, and got no reply, but I
+understood that the matter was in the hands of a gentleman in Altoona,
+who had not got through with it. I want to impress the committee with
+the fact that every effort was made to make restitution.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James Little, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Twenty-first ward, city of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Wholesale liquor.
+
+Q. I believe you are called to give us some information as to what was
+done to suppress the riot on Sunday night?
+
+A. The trouble is to know where to begin and not detain you with
+unnecessary ideas. I came in on Sabbath morning, when I heard of it. As
+I came down street, William Smith, the pipeman, proposed we would hold
+a meeting, and I went down street, and as I went down every prominent
+man I met I announced it to them, and went on down at the meeting--down
+at the old market-house.
+
+Q. Citizens' meeting?
+
+A. Citizens' meeting, Sunday. When the meeting was called to order,
+James Parke was called to the chair, and he assumed to run the whole
+meeting. He didn't want any one else to speak but himself, and he had
+been managing the strikers for twenty-five years, and cut me out
+entirely, and I felt, perhaps, a little personal disgust with how it
+was managed. I went up to the depot. Citizens came to me and pleaded
+with me to take part. I went among the railroad men I knew, and asked,
+Where are the leaders--where is the man that has this thing in charge,
+where can we go to get parties to prevail on them to stop? They would
+say, That man over there, pointing to some man; and the first answer he
+would give would be a rebuff, very harsh generally. I would tell them,
+That is no use--I don't want to be treated in that way. This thing is
+disgracing and injuring you and all of us. I treated them as railroad
+men. Railroad men would send me to those parties. They were invariably
+strangers. Those that took command were men that were not known
+here--that is, gave the hints to stand along and managed the guards
+that were keeping the citizens back that were interfering with them
+firing the cars.
+
+Q. Railroad men seemed to know who they were?
+
+A. Railroad men knew who they were. At first they denied me any
+conversation, then I would get and talk with them, and after awhile
+they would say. So far as I am concerned we will consent to have the
+thing stopped. Then here was a crowd that I did see some among--I knew
+the faces of a large number--that would not permit the fire to stop.
+Told them to burn, apparently, through spite they had of the employers.
+About the time the fire got round to Seventh street, they had exhausted
+the line of railroad there--it goes into the tunnel--and we heard the
+remark, "Now for the point depot." They were quite drunk. There was a
+car of whisky behind the elevator--they had broken open the car--high
+wines--and it was perhaps the saving of any further destruction--had
+made them dead drunk. We gathered up five or six and started with them,
+explaining to them what districts would be burned, if they didn't
+furnish assistance. One or two men set fire to cars and in a short time
+we prevailed on the citizens. I made a speech on a barrel, and we found
+we had backing enough to call in the police officers and have one of
+the men arrested, and to stop the riot there. They made declarations
+that have come before the courts here--that the attorney who has been
+attending to these courts will recollect--how they were going to
+proceed to burn the railroad property on the south side.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did these men tell you how they were going to proceed?
+
+A. They said they would not stop until they would burn the cars that
+were standing on the south side, and the different depots--they were
+going to burn these depots, and so forth. Some of them made remarks,
+and some of them did not, on that question. I was treated with perfect
+respect--announced myself, and we discussed it there. I was one of
+those unfortunate men that thought I could stop that riot with fifty
+men.
+
+Q. You mean by remonstrances?
+
+A. By talking, not by force.
+
+Q. Pick handle persuasion?
+
+A. No; white handkerchief. Go right at it, and when a man won't submit
+to be arrested, try to put him out of the way; if we had to hurt him,
+hurt him. I served a short time in the military, and we done things
+very quick in that way there. We would try to handle men gently, and if
+he would not submit, he was handled roughly.
+
+
+    By Mr. Englebert:
+
+Q. What you would call knock down arguments?
+
+A. There was no chance for white handkerchief nor pick handle arguments
+there. The crowd was too close.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Could you have quelled the disturbance without the use of fire arms?
+
+A. No, sir; not at all. Perhaps, without the use of them. I would think
+that, if they had seen men determined to do their work, there would be
+no necessity for any trouble.
+
+Q. The idea was to be prepared, in case there was a necessity for using
+fire arms.
+
+A. I, unfortunately, employed in the army, on police duty, through the
+country, and would arrest many a man who shot a dozen, and you come at
+them quietly and determined, and they would surrender.
+
+Q. You thought it was necessary to use a show of force and resolution?
+
+A. Yes; and I consider State officers and all were interested by "don't
+hurt anybody," that that idea got through the crowd, and they were
+confident that there was nobody going to be hurt.
+
+Q. Do you know of anybody waiting upon the city authorities?
+
+A. I was not connected with that part. I had connection with the
+mayor's proceeding, to some extent, as a councilor.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What efforts did he make?
+
+A. He sent for some of the leading councilmen, and called a meeting of
+the council, and we met in general session, and resolved that we would
+sustain the mayor in paying any expense that he would incur.
+
+Q. When was that?
+
+A. I think on Monday.
+
+Q. After the riot?
+
+A. They supposed the riot was still unquelled.
+
+Q. What I mean is, before the breaking out of the riot--before Saturday
+night--during Thursday and Friday--was there any steps taken before any
+consultations with the councilmen?
+
+A. There was, to some extent, but in the shape of a meeting of council.
+
+Q. Was there any talk about calling a meeting, and it would be
+necessary to take means to suppress any disturbance that might grow out
+of it?
+
+A. There was, up to the time the county and the military took hold.
+Then it looked as if the force was immense to a great many--the
+military force being called out--they had called on them, and the
+exertions, perhaps, relaxed on the part of the city authorities.
+
+Q. What seemed to animate these men among this crowd?
+
+A. These men that stood back and threatened to shoot any man that would
+interfere--was a man that appeared to be animated by a spirit of
+opposition to the railroad--to burn out the railroad--and those that
+were doing the burning were parties that apparently acted under this
+direction and were generally strangers that none of us could recognize.
+On the other hand, it was citizens of Harrisburg that was generally
+doing the wrecking and carrying away goods. That is as near as I can
+judge from my connection with them, and I mingled right among them.
+
+Q. Were you among them there Thursday or Friday--have you any
+knowledge?
+
+A. The first that surprised me in the transactions--I went up to the
+Union depot on--I think it was Saturday, and the military there--some
+of the companies--were marched out to go to East Liberty, and instead
+of ridding the crowd away, they bundled through the crowd, so that they
+could hardly hold ranks--got out as best they could. I was surprised at
+it. I thought there was no disposition shown by the military to
+disperse these crowds.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of the causes leading to the riot, at all?
+
+A. Oh, yes.
+
+Q. From personal knowledge?
+
+A. Yes; I suppose I have as good a knowledge of that as most people,
+because you mingled with railroad men and heard them talk. They were
+clamoring on account of the reduction of wages and the double-headers.
+These two were the arguments they plead their cases on. As a general
+thing they had a good deal of sympathy, I think.
+
+Q. What do you mean by sympathy?
+
+A. They represented their case so that a great many people thought that
+they were imposed on.
+
+Q. What cause did they assign--a reduction in wages?
+
+A. The reduction in wages was such that, for instance, one brakesman I
+know to be of good character, he had his last check or warrant, showing
+that eighteen dollars and some cents was all he could make during the
+month. His argument was in this shape: Brakesmen would not go out for a
+day or so, and they could not make a living at the wages they paid;
+that too many of them were employed. He did not use that argument, but
+his argument went to show that there was too many of them employed, and
+that they could not get steady work, and it was still being cut down
+lower. That was the argument of one man, as a sample.
+
+Q. He seemed to express the ideas of all of them--he was a man of
+intelligence?
+
+A. He was a very nice man, a man I have known for some time. I think he
+has a wife and some children. He pulled out his warrant and showed me,
+as a part of his argument.
+
+Q. He only received eighteen dollars a month?
+
+A. Only got in time enough to make that. While the railroad men stood
+in the position of defending themselves, they had a great many friends,
+until it got into the shape of a riot, and then people began to
+complain. They were uneasy, and saw that things were changed.
+
+Q. Have you any other information on that subject--the cause, which is,
+as you have expressed, this man's opinion?
+
+A. No other argument that was used in regard to the double-headers.
+They were on these heavy trains, with only the same number of brakemen
+as on a single train, and it was so hard to work, and at the same time
+it was throwing a part of them out of work, and making their time so
+much less to the men--the same as that man described--he only made
+eighteen dollars. Numbers of them talked. There was a neighborhood
+handy to me, where railroad men live, and I often dropped in with them,
+and talked with them to see what their views are during the week, and
+that was a leading argument among the common men. I can explain that
+almost as fully as a road man. I am so familiar with that--any question
+you wish to ask about it. Double-header is where there is a locomotive
+put to thirty-six cars, and where they will take about half of that
+with a single one, and then they would put on a crew to break the cars
+and attend to them--one conductor and one or two brakemen--the same
+number that was put on a single train, and they would have to do the
+work of a number of hands, and they objected to that work--was too
+heavy, with the mountains and the heavy grades, and with the heavy
+trains, made their breaking so heavy that it was very hard and
+dangerous. They complained, of the way they were abused by handling
+these heavy trains.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did the men appear to think that they should be allowed to make ...
+and higher up, and none of them discharged?
+
+A. They argued, that the pay should not be reduced and the labor
+increased. They talked against these double-headers, the reduction
+being made on their wages, and their labor increased by doubling up the
+train, making their labor heavier and those who were doing the work.
+This is the shape they objected.
+
+Q. Did you learn whether it was their idea that they should be getting
+full time, or were they willing that part should be discharged, and
+then let them make full time?
+
+A. I never heard them express their views on that point, but they
+complained they were not getting full time. Were standing, waiting for
+days, looking for a job, and that if they were not there for a moment,
+they would lose their chance.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. L. Kennedy, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where is your residence, Mr. Kennedy?
+
+A. Claremont.
+
+Q. What is your official business?
+
+A. Warden of the county work-house, at present.
+
+Q. Were you in July last?
+
+A. I was assistant warden at that time.
+
+Q. State whether the militia under the command of General Brinton came
+to the work-house, and what you saw and heard?
+
+A. On the Sunday afternoon General Brinton came to the building, about
+two o'clock, I guess, him and another gentleman from Philadelphia came
+there in a buggy, and wanted to know if he could put his troops inside.
+I told him the superintendent was not at home, and I did not feel like
+them going inside, as they would not be more secure than outside. I
+advised him to take his men up on the hill in camp. They said they had
+been driven from the city, and the mob was following them. I told him I
+did not think there would be much danger in taking the men up on the
+hill. They would be just as secure. He inquired the way back to
+Sharpsburg. He had not his troops with him. He was in advance of them.
+I told him the way to Sharpsburg, and he wanted to know if he could get
+back without going back on the public road. I told him he could not,
+unless he would leave his horse there, and walk through the field. He
+appeared to be very much frightened, and very much demoralized. He
+started back to meet his troops, and took them upon the hill, and kept
+them in camp there. The next morning he left, I believe, and put them
+aboard cars, and took them to Blairsville. In the evening some men came
+down, and asked if we could give them some provisions. We gave them as
+much bread as they wanted, and all the meat about the institution. At
+that time the superintendent came back, and him and I went up, and we
+saw more bread than the troops had any use for. I believe the
+poor-house gave them all the coffee they wanted.
+
+Q. Did you converse with the troops any?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see them when they marched up?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did they march in regular order?
+
+A. Some of them, and some did not--kept straggling up there all the
+evening, after the main body came through, they kept straggling up all
+the evening. In fact, the next two days they came there one or two at a
+time. Some of them had their uniforms on, and several came around with
+citizen's clothes on. The next day after they left, there were two came
+there, one of them had been wounded. We took him inside, and had our
+hospital steward dress his wound, and kept him there until we got
+transportation for them, and they were sent to Blairsville.
+
+Q. Did any of the mob follow them up Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir; no person came after them at all.
+
+Q. Was there any attack made upon this institution, or threatened?
+
+A. It was threatened very strongly, but they never made any attack.
+
+Q. What preparations did you make to meet them?
+
+A. There had been a lot of arms sent out to us through the county
+commissioners, and we were prepared to meet any emergency.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+W. G. Johnson, _sworn_:
+
+Witness: I do not know that I can give you anything in addition to what
+you have already had.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. There was information that it was suggested that you might give
+about something that was done on the south side in the way of
+protection of the depot or the trains there--of patrolling the
+approaches to the city on that side.
+
+A. The committee of safety on Monday immediately took steps. They
+organized military force of the citizens. General Negley had already
+made a start in that direction, and our committee coöperated with him.
+In fact, he was a member of that committee. He was in continual
+correspondence with the committee. Quite a number of military
+organizations were formed under General Negley's command; among others
+was that of Major Paul. That was a mounted patrol. The safety committee
+purchased horses and hired horses for some two or three weeks; had them
+patrol all the highways and streets at all hours of the day and night,
+and wherever there was any disturbance they were, of course, sent in
+that direction to see what was necessary to put it down. I suppose what
+you refer to is over at the Cork Run tunnel. There were no disturbance
+there, but there were some threatenings of burning of cars in the
+tunnel. Major Paul visited that point and scoured the whole country.
+
+Q. Is that on the Allegheny road?
+
+A. No, sir; that is on the Pan Handle. He scoured the country around
+and found--the only thing he found in that direction in the way of an
+assemblage was a lot of miners out by Mansfield holding a meeting
+there. They saw nothing that looked riotous among those miners. They
+were holding a meeting in regard to the strike at the time. Whether any
+damage would have arisen to the cars there in Cork Run tunnel, we would
+see if there were any parties having an eye to it, and Major Paul's
+command would have kept the post pretty clear.
+
+Q. You do not think of anything new, Mr. Johnson, in relation to the
+organizations. We had a pretty full explanation of the organization by
+the citizens.
+
+A. You have had a pretty full explanation through Mr. Park and Mr.
+McKune and others. They have testified to the main facts in relation to
+what the committee did. At the very outset the pledging of these
+individuals to unlimited amounts to restore peace and order. They have
+already told you of what the nature of the disquiet was on Monday
+morning. The streets were crowded to excess, apparently by strangers
+never seen here before, and it looked very threatening, indeed--very
+alarming. Every precaution was taken by this committee at the time.
+They were in session continuously from Monday morning until Saturday
+night, from nine o'clock in the morning until nine o'clock at night,
+and sometimes until midnight. We were in correspondence with the
+Secretary of War, as to ammunition, and got all we wanted--arms and
+ammunition; in correspondence with Governor Hartranft on his route from
+the west here. We met him on his arrival. Urged him to remain here,
+thinking his presence would be of great benefit, but he only consented
+to remain until three o'clock on the following morning. He remained
+from eight or nine o'clock until three o'clock the following morning,
+saying he could do us more good by going to Philadelphia to consult
+with General Hancock, and he would have sufficient force of military
+here to restore perfect quiet.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. I understood you to say that you organized this citizens'
+committee--this committee organized of companies--and armed them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How did you arm them?
+
+A. We procured arms from the arsenal.
+
+Q. Muskets?
+
+A. Muskets--rifles--Springfield rifles.
+
+Q. What class of men were those you organized into companies?
+
+A. Some of them--some members of them--were men who had been out in the
+last war.
+
+Q. Were any of them in those companies among the rioters or part of the
+rioters?
+
+A. Yes; I will explain a little matter of that character. General
+Negley had his head-quarters in Lafayette hall, and I think it was on
+Tuesday noon I had left the Chamber of Commerce rooms to go to my
+dinner, and I noticed a squad of probably sixty men, about as rough
+looking chaps as I had ever laid eyes on, going through some military
+motions on Wood street. I saw General Negley on the opposite corner,
+and I asked him the question whether he was feeding a lot of tramps. We
+were paying the expense of feeding them. Says he, "You are about right.
+We are mustering those fellows out." He had taken under his command all
+that would offer, and he had to sift them out afterwards. He said these
+he had sifted out, and he was going to muster them out--going to pay
+them a dollar a piece and tell them "go." The night previous he
+discovered that some of these men had been among the rioters. They were
+regular tramps, undoubtedly, and he had these men arrested and sent to
+the lockup, and found that they had been among the rioters, and these
+others were undoubtedly tramps of the same character. The city was
+infested with them at that time.
+
+Q. These men had been armed by your committee, without knowing what
+class of men they were?
+
+A. General Negley had placed arms in the hands of the men under his
+control.
+
+Q. Some of them had turned out to be some of the rioters?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. As soon as it was discovered----
+
+A. As soon as it was discovered, those he knew to be rioters he had
+arrested, and sent to the lockup. The others were picked out by their
+appearance, and he had them mustered out.
+
+Q. Did you keep any men in these commands you knew were among the
+rioters?
+
+A. None we knew of. General Negley was very particular in regard to
+them. My own knowledge in reference to tramps was brought out on
+Sunday, the day of the riot. I wanted to come to town to see what was
+going on, and my family persuaded me to remain at home for a double
+reason. They were not very far from the stock-yards, which were
+threatened by fire, and the hotel out there, and another reason for my
+remaining at home was the great number of tramps, that for some days
+before had been coming along the road and getting food. East Liberty
+was a great camping ground for these tramps.
+
+Q. Were there more than the usual number of those tramps?
+
+A. A great many more than usual. At that time I did not connect the
+fact of the unusual number of tramps with the riots.
+
+Q. What direction did they go?
+
+A. Heading towards the city invariably.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. L. Bigham, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I now reside in Allegheny.
+
+Q. Are you a member of the National Guard?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I am captain of the Nineteenth regiment, commanding
+company G, of that regiment.
+
+Q. Were you with your command on the 21st of July?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. State what orders you heard given by General Brown, at the transfer
+station, in reference to the regiments disbanding?
+
+A. General Brown came in, I suppose, about eleven o'clock. There was
+some consultation between him and the colonels--Colonel Howard and
+Colonel Gray. There was some move talked about. I came down and asked
+Colonel Howard what was to be done, and he said he didn't know, and in
+a few moments General Brown came up, and directed him to have his arms
+and equipments concealed in the building, where the mob would not get
+them when they came in, and dismiss his men there in the sheds, and
+directed them to find their way home the best way they could, each man
+for himself.
+
+Q. That was done, was it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What was done by you and by the balance of the regiment as to
+re-assembling?
+
+A. I went home that night. The next morning when I got up--I had
+breakfast about eight o'clock--everything was on fire then. I got my
+lieutenant to come out and hunt up some of the men, and sent for my
+sergeant to have the armory open, and went over to the Union depot to
+see what was to be done. I saw General Brown there, and asked him if he
+would allow the regiment to be re-assembled and let us go out to
+protect the fire department. I got information that the mob had stopped
+the fire department from work. He says: No, it will exasperate the mob.
+I saw General Latta, and made the same request of him; he first said
+our regiment had not behaved well the day before, and there was no use
+in re-assembling us, and finally he said he would not take the
+responsibility--refused to allow us to re-assemble and go out. I went
+from there down to see the adjutant, and told him what occurred, and I
+understand that he went up by some direction of the colonel, and asked
+for orders to the same effect. That evening Mayor Philips organized the
+citizens, and made arrangements to go down and protect one of the lower
+bridges there. Part of my men were in that, and partly citizens. There
+were twenty of my muskets used there. I was down at the bridge when
+Colonel Howard came there, about one o'clock in the morning, and
+ordered me to re-assemble and report for duty at nine o'clock. I left
+there, and started men out to order the other men to report, and
+reported shortly after nine o'clock with a portion of my men, and got
+the other men gathered by eleven, and we were on duty from that time,
+continuously, until we were dismissed.
+
+Q. Had the regiment re-assembled as a regiment?
+
+A. They re-assembled as a regiment on Monday morning, and were used in
+suppressing several disturbances that occurred on Monday.
+
+Q. How many men were together on Monday?
+
+A. I suppose about a hundred men. When the regiment came together,
+Captain McFarland was not with us. He had been assembled earlier than
+the rest of the regiment, and was sent up to Second avenue park here,
+where there was some disturbance, and was kept moving about. I, myself,
+had only about sixteen men. I and a part of Captain Batchelor's company
+and a part of Captain Archibald's were taken down to Limerick, where
+there had been an attack made on some cars. We went down there and came
+back, and when we came back, the regiment was re-assembled as a
+regiment. The balance of Captain Bachelor's company and Captain
+Gordon's company. He had been operating by scattered detachments until
+near two o'clock.
+
+Q. You remained here until the arrival of the Governor with troops from
+the east?
+
+A. We remained until I think the night of the 21st of July, when we
+left for Scranton.
+
+Q. How many men did you have when you left for Scranton?
+
+A. I do not how many, exactly, sir. I think thirty-six men with me, and
+I think our companies averaged about that--seven companies on duty.
+
+Q. Something over two hundred, then?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What does the regiment number when all the men are present?
+
+A. We had only six companies, of about thirty-five or thirty-six men.
+There should be forty men to each company. There were one or two
+companies that ran about fifty men, but usually the companies did not
+run over forty. We considered turning out thirty-six men as a pretty
+full turnout.
+
+Q. Were the men obedient--did they perform their duty?
+
+A. I had no trouble. None of my men refusing to obey orders. Two or
+three of them deserted. I had two of them in jail for it afterwards.
+There was no disobedience of orders.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Colonel Robert Monroe, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you live, if you please?
+
+A. In Allegheny City.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Boiler manufacturer.
+
+Q. I do not know what point you are called to testify to, but you may
+go on and state?
+
+A. I could not say because I saw very little of the riot. I was kept
+down at the Point. My location is at the Point.
+
+Q. I presume that it is perhaps best to state to us what was done
+towards protecting the Duquesne depot?
+
+A. I was at the Duquesne depot on Saturday evening. When I first went
+there, probably, it was four o'clock. Persons that I was acquainted
+with there, stated there was going to be trouble. People were moving
+their goods from the houses around the depot. I asked them what the
+trouble would be, and they said they had been notified to move all
+their personal effects, as the mob would be down in a short time--to
+turn out, stating the hour.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did they say who notified them?
+
+A. Persons that came down from the upper depot stated they were to burn
+it at a certain hour, I think five o'clock was the hour. My place of
+business was located just below it, and I kept at the lower part of the
+depot. Between five and six o'clock, there were seven or eight persons
+congregated at the lower part of the depot, trying to break open the
+depot. They talked as though they were going to set fire to the depot,
+and also burn up some cars that were across on Water street siding that
+was there. They broke open a car door and set fire to one of the cars.
+There were probably five or six of us standing there at the time.
+Several remonstrated with them for trying to set fire to the
+cars--objections were made. They had that on fire and it was kicked
+out. They got a keg of beer from some store or other, and about six or
+eight of them drank that keg of beer. They tried to start a fire in a
+second car, and Mr. Reeves, one of the party, told him he would put a
+ball through the man that put a match to that car. He asked me for a
+pistol at the time. He said he had none, but he made that remark to
+frighten them--the men were intoxicated. A number of us agreed to stick
+together in case any attack was made, that we could assist each other
+in resisting these drunken men that were trying to burn the depot and
+the cars. One young man hammered a good deal at the depot door, trying
+to get the door started to get in, but did not succeed. The crowd
+continued there probably an hour--from three quarters of an hour to an
+hour. Some gentlemen. Doctor Dixon among the rest, came down from the
+upper end of the depot, hearing that we were there, and, as I
+understand, they arrested the parties that were drinking and
+threatening the depot with destruction.
+
+Q. These men intoxicated?
+
+A. Every one of them.
+
+Q. Any other facts?
+
+A. I do not know of anything. I kept down at the Point all the time.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd there; about how many?
+
+A. They gathered towards six o'clock--a pretty large crowd--and at the
+time I allude to when they were trying to burn the cars in the depot,
+or wanted to burn the depot--the drunken men--about six or eight. They
+talked very loud. There were but three of us at first, when we were at
+the lower part of the depot, and stayed there until we got more force.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John Slagle, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State to the committee where you reside?
+
+A. Allegheny City.
+
+Q. And your business?
+
+A. Business is iron commission merchant, in Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. You may state to the committee any facts--any information--you are
+in possession of, in regard to the riot, and the means used to suppress
+it, that have not been already fully gone over?
+
+A. You have got most of the facts that I am conversant with, I expect,
+Mr. Chairman. During the week preceding the Sunday of the riots, I had
+learned, through the papers and by hearsay, that the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company were going to enforce what was known as the
+double-header order. I heard of the attack upon Mr. Watt, and the
+question came up as to what was to be done in reference to it, and on
+inquiry of some parties, we learned that the railroad company did not
+suppose it was going to be a very serious strike, or would be very
+difficult for them to run their trains, as they had a large number of
+loyal men that would run trains as soon as they issued the order, and
+the rest would be taken care of. I paid no special attention to the
+matter, until I heard the military were coming that day. Failing to get
+their double-header order put into effect by the police, that they had
+arranged for military, and the excitement began to get up a little; and
+I remember very well how I felt, for the reason that I had a boy just
+about the age that boys want to go to such places. He was anxious to go
+to the scene of the trouble. I charged him that he must not go, and
+that everybody that went to a place of that sort was a rioter, unless
+he went there to help put down the strikes, and he had better stay
+away. As the consequence, I stayed at home, even after the shooting
+took place that evening. I might say, however, about that, that on
+Saturday evening I visited the house of my brother, on the hill above,
+on Centre avenue, and after leaving his house, along about five or six
+o'clock, to go to my own home, I met some of these soldiers coming,
+without their guns, on the street. Saw one of them talking to a girl
+immediately in front of my brother's house, and overheard him say that
+he had abandoned the field; that the Philadelphia troops had fired on
+the crowd, and there were a good many people killed and a terrible riot
+there, and he had abandoned the field, and was going home. I followed
+to my own home, and stayed there until the citizens were called out, on
+Sunday at noon, with this exception, that I had watched a little of the
+operations of what was going on in Allegheny, at the outer depot, and I
+went that Saturday evening down to the transfer station to see what
+they were doing there, and found a large number of people--railroad men
+and others--and in talking with them, I asked what they were doing.
+They said that they were stopping all trains that came into Allegheny,
+housing the freights, and seeing that nobody went to Pittsburgh on the
+passenger trains that had any arms, or was likely to interfere with the
+strike at the Pennsylvania railroad. One of the men I talked to was a
+railroad employé, working in the machine shop--the son was a fireman,
+and the son and father were standing together. Said I, "You do not seem
+to be among the strikers." "No," he said, "we think it is best to keep
+off the railroad property in times like this, and we are leaving that
+to some other fellows." As to my own part, it began on Sunday noon. I
+was appointed on a committee of twenty-five to see what could be done
+to stop the burning and riot, and went with the committee to the scene
+of the fire about one o'clock, and you have heard from Mr. Scoville and
+others all that Mr. Bennett and Mr. Tuigg, the bishop, and Doctor
+Donnelly, and Mr. Barr did and said while they were in the railroad
+yards. I remained in my buggy outside of the railroad yards, and saw a
+good many people that I knew, and a great many that I did not know, and
+in answer to a question that was put to me as to what we were doing
+there, I said these gentlemen that had gone in the yard came there to
+see if they could not devise some means to stop this burning before
+there was any further destruction of railroad cars, and especially to
+save the Union depot. They asked me, "How do you propose to do it?" I
+stood up in the buggy, and addressed the crowd--told them we wanted to
+find some of the railroad strikers that could handle the cars, and then
+we would take them up with citizens to stop the burning. If we could
+find ten railroaders to handle the cars, we would go into the depot
+grounds, and stop that fire and save the depot. A fellow on top of the
+cars says: "You can't do that. We are going to burn clear to the river,
+and the lower depot as well, before we are done." I looked at the
+fellow, who was on top of one of the burning cars. They had run it
+down, and checked the brakes at the side of a freight train, so that
+the fire would communicate. I had a curiosity to hitch my horse, and
+climb up and see that fellow. There was three of them. He appeared to
+be guiding the others, and had charge of the car, and checked it
+alongside of two other box cars, so that the fire might communicate. He
+said they were going to burn the whole train--they were going to
+continue until they burned everything the railroad owned. I got into my
+buggy and drove a square further toward the round-house, and stopped
+again and asked the crowd if there was any railroad men who were
+strikers in that crowd, and at that point a young man came to me in his
+shirt sleeves, with a handkerchief, says he, "Slagle, you don't
+remember me. I am a railroader, but not a P.R.R. man." I said, "Can you
+find any P.R.R. men? They all abandoned the property last night." Says
+I, "Will you take me to where they can be found?" He said he would, and
+he jumped in my buggy, and drove me down to Twenty-fourth street. He
+wouldn't take me any further. Says he, "You stop here, and I will bring
+them to you." I stopped and sat in my buggy a little while, and, after
+a while, he came back, and he said he could only find two, but we will
+go to Twenty-sixth street, and I can find you two or three. I got into
+the buggy, and drove to Twenty-sixth street, I stopped again at the
+corner of Twenty-sixth, and he went up toward the railroad, and came
+back with one man. This man said, "What do you want?" Says I, "We want
+from ten to twenty railroaders to go to stop this firing before it
+reaches the depot." Said I, "I don't know you." Says he, "You have got
+no advantage of me, for I don't know you, and we will go on one
+condition, that is, I think we can get the men to go on one condition,
+and that is, that we are protected against arrest for what we have done
+in the way of striking, for," says he, "we have destroyed no property,
+and we abandoned it as soon as the mob begun to burn, and we fear we
+will be arrested, and if you will guarantee us against the arrest, we
+will arrest the men." I asked him to arrest the men, and I would see
+about the other. So I took my buggy and drove back, and met some of the
+other committee coming up--Tuigg, Scoville, Park, and McCune, and
+others--and we arranged a meeting at Twenty-sixth street, and on the
+curb-stone we talked it over, and told them we could not guarantee them
+against arrest, but, if they would come down and help us to put out the
+fire, and they were arrested, we would go their bail. Three men stepped
+out, and said they were strikers, and they would go. They started then
+to find more, and we met again at Twenty-fourth street, I think it was,
+and had another meeting. At that meeting they arranged to go down to
+the city hall, and they began to back out a little. At that point I
+left them, and they arranged with Park and McCune to meet at the city
+hall, at half past three o'clock, and said they would go with the
+citizens, and stop the burning. From that point, I had left my young
+friend, and took the buggy and started, when a fireman says to me, "You
+are going down town?" Says I, "I guess you are the man I am hunting. We
+want some one to put out this fire." Says I, "Who are you?" Says he, "I
+am the chief. I would like to borrow your buggy a little bit. I have
+got a message to bring men to the elevator." I whipped my horse up a
+little until we found his own horse, and then he jumped from the buggy.
+I told him we wanted to get a hose company to go in there, and I
+thought we could water the fellows off the cars. Says he, "We will get
+you one, and we will try it." When I got down, he had got a hose
+company, and started in. They had not thrown long, I think, till
+somebody cut the hose, and they were backed out, or pushed out of the
+crowd, and were not allowed to throw water for some cause. This took
+two hours or more of time, and we came back to a point a short distance
+above the Union depot, and, while we were conferring with these firemen
+and some others, a fire was started down below in the back shed. Then I
+left, and attended this meeting at the city hall. At the city hall you
+have heard was done there. From there I went to the Duquesne depot, and
+met this man that Colonel Monroe and Doctor Dixon told you about, and I
+saw what they were doing. In the meantime, the elevator was burned. I
+went over to Allegheny, and took some little steps to protect the
+railroad property at the outer depot and the dispatcher's office. The
+only point I would like to say anything about after that was this: From
+that time until the end of the strike, and the trains were running, I
+was busy every day and every night going back and forth between the
+railroad employés and officials, and the mayor, and committee of
+safety. There is one point I have heard much said about, and it is
+this: I had been in the immediate vicinity of the dispatcher's office
+in Allegheny, back and forth to see what was going on. I happened to be
+there about the time that Ross vacated his place, and Ammon took it,
+and watched a little of the operations by which the trains were run
+under Ammon's administration, and I saw, with my own eyes, what the
+trainmen appear very unwilling to testify to, and that was whenever an
+engine came into that yard it was immediately assailed by from three to
+twenty men, and the men that were on it were told, called generally by
+their first name, "You get off, and let that engine be just where she
+is; this thing has got to be fought out now." Whilst they did not use
+personal violence in taking a man off a train, I saw a passenger train
+stand there one hour after it had come away from the Union depot before
+they could get a crew, for the reason that as fast as they got one
+fireman on they would intimidate him by threats of violence. It would
+not be safe for him if he got out of town with the mob and crowd
+somewhere else, and he had better stay where he was. I have seen three
+sets of men taken out in an hour before they got enough men to take a
+passenger train out. I was sent for after the strikers begun to
+disagree. A man had been displaced from his position there by his
+fellow strikers, and Ross had been re-instated. It was rumored that man
+was going to be arrested, that they had a warrant out for him. I was
+sent for to go to the _Chronicle_ office one day, to know if I would go
+with Bob Ammon, and see Layng, McCullough, and Thaw, of the railroad. I
+said I did not want to do so. I didn't want to have anything to do with
+Ammon; thought he was a bad man; didn't care about it. Ammon had a
+proposition to make by which he could break the blockade. As a merchant
+interested in shipping, I agreed to go with Ammon, and I met him at the
+_Chronicle_ office, went to the railroad office, and stayed there in
+the building while he was making his proposition to Layng and
+McCullough and others to break the blockade. I did not hear what his
+proposition was, for while he was talking to them I was with Solicitor
+Scott, talking with him. After he came down to Layng's office again
+they had a warrant for him, but they concluded they would not arrest
+him then. Then afterwards, it was proposed that Ammon said he could
+break that blockade--would I go to Allegheny with him, and see if we
+could. I didn't want to go to Allegheny with Ammon. I thought they were
+going to kill him over there; finally I consented to go to Allegheny,
+and did so. This was early in the week after the Sunday. I went over
+there with him, down Penn street, and went in the street cars, and on
+the way he introduced me to a railroad passenger conductor, and
+appeared to be on good terms with him. We went down to the dispatcher's
+office, and walked along the track, and now says he, "You will see if
+they are going to kill me or not." We walked together and joined the
+crowd--one hundred and fifty or two hundred railroaders. I was
+introduced to one whose name was Cole, from Chicago. I asked Cole what
+he was doing there, and he had been advised that there was going to be
+a strike, and he had come there, because he was one of the officers of
+the union, at Chicago, and he was there in the discharge of his
+business. I asked where those other men were from. I would not know him
+again if I would see him. I said, I don't see many of our Allegheny
+boys, where are they? He said, You can see them over at the hall
+directly, we are going to have a meeting. Nobody molested Ammon at all.
+We went to the dispatcher's office, and he looked in and spoke to
+people that were there, and stayed with me there, for I was going to
+see what he was going to propose. We then went to a meeting of
+railroaders in the hall, and at that meeting this citizens' committee
+and the mayor was present, and as I had not been appointed for that
+office, I took my place in the back part of the hall. There was about
+three hundred or four hundred railroaders there, so they said. The hall
+was jammed full--there was not room for more. They organized by having
+a chairman and secretary. McCune and Captain Gray, and Mr. Morehead,
+Mayor Phillips, and somebody else was the committee. They began to call
+for Slagle, knowing me, being an Allegheny man, and living near there,
+and knew a good many of their faces. I told them I hadn't anything to
+say at that meeting; I had come with one of the railroaders, and Mr.
+McCune was foreman of that committee, and then after awhile they talked
+the matter over, back and forth, those citizens and railroaders went
+over their grievances. Here was Ammon's proposition: "Now, I am going
+to make my proposition; I want you to wait." He got up and addressed
+the chairman, and they began to hoot at him--howl, you have no right
+here, you are a scamp, and abused him as though he was a man they did
+not want to associate with, and the meeting got very boisterous, and
+the chairman took his position and tapped on the table, and, says he,
+"Ammon has a right to speak here." Ammon said, "I propose we break this
+blockade by organizing two or three crews, and I am authorized to say
+that the engines will be furnished, if we can get the crews to run. I
+propose that we organize two or three crews, and take the first freight
+train that is on the track below the city, and run it through to
+Chicago." I never heard such yelling: throw him out the window, kill
+him--all sorts of threats were made--but they quieted down, and the
+result of that meeting was an interview between nine railroaders
+appointed by that meeting, at the office of the mayor, at which I was
+invited to be present, and we sat three hours.
+
+Q. At the mayor's office? What mayor?
+
+A. Mayor Phillips. I did not participate in that discussion only to be
+a witness at the interview between those nine men and the committee,
+which was all in reference to their illegal possession of property that
+did not belong them, and they ought to abandon their possession, and
+give the property back to the railroad company in the condition they
+left it the first day of the strike. It was understood that the
+railroad officials had abandoned the property to the strikers,
+insisting that it had been taken away from them illegally, and they
+wanted to get possession of their property in a legal way. I believe,
+Mr. Chairman, except the little part I took with this safety committee
+in raising money and men to do whatever might be needed, that that is
+all I know about the strike.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did these men state what their grievances were?
+
+A. It was very clear. They said they had no double-header order to be
+rescinded, but they were bound to get back this reduction of ten per
+cent. and to break up this classification of engineers, and they said a
+great deal on that subject in this boisterous meeting. Some of the
+speeches were very intemperate and very boisterous--bread or blood--and
+all that sort of thing, but they were hot-headed fellows. Then other
+men thought they had made a mistake. They all admitted they had made a
+mistake in striking and holding possession of the property. They
+admitted that when we argued it quietly. The mayor argued it with them,
+and they admitted to him that they had made a mistake in striking, and
+in abandoning their jobs to the road, and they said they were so
+organized that the road could not run a train out without the consent
+of the strikers. Mayor Phillips said to them, "What do you mean by so
+organized?" Says he, "We have our Brotherhood of Engineers and
+Trainmen's Union, and they extend all over, and if one man or the
+association says strike, his train is not to go, and you cannot get any
+man to run that train, and the road will have to give us what we
+demand." You have been aware of this movement to save the freight on
+Saturday, when it was run down the road, and it is not necessary for me
+to detail that. I might just say this about that: Having lived in
+Allegheny for twenty years, and several years right down there in the
+neighborhood of the depot, that I was surprised to find so few of these
+men that were on the track that afternoon, and other afternoons, to be
+our own Allegheny railroaders, and in answer to a question that I put
+to these men, calling to a man named Sourbeer, and one or two others,
+he said, You must understand that a great many of these trainsmen that
+are young men that are not married, and have no fixed home, and they
+are just where their train happens to be. There is a man, for instance,
+who has a wife and family, lives near Union. The day he is in Allegheny
+he boards at the house, and a large number of those men that are
+striking are men that live at the places along the line of the road,
+and that accounted for why I didn't know more of them.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James P. Barr, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence?
+
+A. Fourteenth ward of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Editor of the _Pittsburgh Post_?
+
+A. Editor of the _Post_.
+
+Q. Editor and publisher?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Just go on and make a statement and what you know of the causes of
+the riot that came within your knowledge by conversation with the
+employés of the road, etc., and what came under your observation during
+the riot and the days of the progress of the riot?
+
+A. I think I should prefer to answer questions first before I go into
+anything like that, because my personal observation does not extend
+over a great deal.
+
+Q. When did you first learn of any disturbance among the railroad
+employés?
+
+A. On Friday morning. The first was on Thursday at noon. I did not know
+anything about it at all till Friday morning's paper. I do not know any
+of our people knew there was any trouble beyond the railroad employés,
+but it was mentioned in Friday morning's paper, and on Friday morning
+we learned that a proclamation was issued, and the military were called
+for. I went to the depot about twelve o'clock. About half-past one I
+went out to the Eighteenth regiment, at Torrens station. Remained there
+three or four hours. There was considerable of a crowd there. I talked
+to Mr. Hice--he is on trial here now--he appeared to be a leader of the
+party there. Colonel Guthrie talked with him. He told him that he would
+get on the trains as they were coming into the city and inform the
+conductors and engineers and trainmen that there was a strike, and have
+them abandon their trains when they came in. I talked with him a good
+while, expostulating with him. He said they did not intend to perform
+any overt act, that they felt persuaded they could accomplish their
+purposes by abandoning their trains. It required experts and people of
+experience to take them out again. They knew such people were not
+about. I told them I thought it would soon get out of his hands. The
+sheriff and General Pearson had been out there just before. I came on
+the ground while he was there--probably came out on the cars. The
+military were called into position two or three times. The crowd was
+uneasy. There were no trains going eastward. I think there were some
+trains passed while I was there on Friday, and a good many people came
+out on an engine during the afternoon. I came in on Friday night. I was
+about at the office. Around town there was no particular excitement. We
+had been subject to these things for years--strikes of employés in the
+mills and in the mines--and they generally exhausted themselves without
+any violence. We did not anticipate any trouble, but on Saturday the
+knowledge came that the Philadelphia troops were coming, and we had our
+Sixth division out--the regiments and two batteries--and had a kind of
+a circus. Great crowds of people gathered. Crowds of women and children
+gathered on the hill side. I was not at the depot nor at Twenty-eighth
+street at the time the firing occurred, but was somewhat conversant
+with the condition of things.
+
+Q. Did you know on Friday, when you went to Twenty-eighth street, that
+the militia had been called out? At that time did you know it?
+
+A. There was a printed proclamation, purporting to be coming from the
+Governor. On Friday morning, at nine o'clock, it had been posted on the
+streets, calling for the local troops here. General Pearson's orders
+were printed in all the papers, as well as the orders of Thursday
+night. All the telegraphic dispatches were in the papers on Friday
+morning--from the sheriff, from the Secretary of the Commonwealth,
+Attorney General, the Adjutant General, and Mr. Farr--some eight or
+nine dispatches were all printed on Friday morning, and our division
+called out. At that time, the whole public was informed as to the fact
+of the military there.
+
+Q. On Saturday night, what knowledge had you of the movements of the
+military?
+
+A. I learned, after the firing, that a great deal of excitement
+prevailed. I might as well state now, that the fact of the firing upon
+the mob did not make any difference, whether it was by orders or
+without orders. The crowd supposed it was by orders, because their
+vengeance seemed to be concentrated on General Pearson, who was in
+command. They thought he gave orders, but practically it made no
+difference whether it was by an order or without an order. It makes a
+difference, in fact, so far as parties killed were concerned, or the
+act itself; but they supposed that an order had been given to fire, and
+that they then had a grievance, which they had not before. Before that,
+it was confined to railroad employés. They assumed that they had not
+got wages enough. There were double-headers put on, but when people
+were killed, they said there was then a good cause for grievance, and
+they rushed to the gunshops--one right opposite my office--took all the
+weapons they could find in there, broke open the whole place, carried
+off the guns, and paraded the streets. The feeling then was
+intense--bitter, and revengeful feelings seemed to pervade all classes
+of labor. There had been a sympathy with them all the way through--they
+were part of the labor element. I think myself that if the military had
+not been there, and had not provoked a collision at that unfortunate
+time, that there would not have been a life lost, nor a dollar's worth
+of property destroyed. As everybody can tell after the battle is lost
+how it might have been won, we find that after we survey the whole
+thing over again, it is pretty hard to lay the blame on anybody. The
+action of the militia just at that time has been the common action of
+the militia all over the world. It requires the strictest and sternest
+discipline of the regular soldier, to obey the command after he has
+been struck or knocked, to refrain from resistance. The militiaman is
+not paid for it; he carries his humanity into the ranks, and when he is
+struck he resists. What our militia did here, they did in Baltimore,
+they did all over the country, and they would do again under similar
+circumstances. The question of their firing without orders, is a thing
+you never can provide against with militia.
+
+Q. Sunday morning, what was done by the military or civil authorities,
+county or city?
+
+A. Sunday morning, at nine o'clock, when I came to my office I found a
+number of gentlemen there, merchants, manufacturers, and business men,
+alarmed and dazed by the condition of things. About the first thing
+that was done, was to write a resolution--they wrote a resolution to
+get the citizens together, and provide a leader. They waited from
+Thursday until Sunday, the city, the county, and the State at her back,
+and we had not provided any other agency for self-protection or the
+preservation of the peace, but these. When we ascertained on Sunday
+morning, that twelve hundred soldiers, veterans, under the command of
+experienced officers, had not been able to quell this violence, we felt
+that no fifty or one hundred men could do it, and we were at a loss to
+dam the brook on Saturday night, and the flood was then over, and we
+had to wait until the water subsided before we could get foothold or
+make a landing. We went to work as fast as we could. I went to the
+Union depot until about half-past nine or ten o'clock. I saw quite a
+lot there, they appeared to be cool but utterly unable to provide for
+the difficulty, the military having gone away, contrary to their
+instructions or their orders. While I was in there, General Gallagher,
+I think it was, came in. He had been around the city, and they asked
+him how many troops it would take to hold the city at that time, and he
+said, it would require at least fifteen thousand. I stayed there that
+time, and a servant came up and said we were the last people in the
+hotel building, and we had better go off. Then we went to the
+Monongahela House.
+
+Q. Who is Gallagher?
+
+A. I think he is colonel in one of the neighboring counties.
+
+Q. Belonging to the National Guard of Pennsylvania?
+
+A. Yes, he is a colonel--at least he was in undress.
+
+Q. Was he not a colonel in the Pennsylvania Reserves, during the war?
+
+A. Yes; in Westmoreland, I think. The whole town was out, you know. I
+think there has a very great delusion taken possession of the public
+mind, in regard to the Sunday's burning. There were not many people on
+the tracks at any time during Sunday, because they were crowded with
+cars--cars burning slowly, and the work of destruction commenced at
+night. The motive was, they wanted to burn these troops out of the
+round-houses, and communicating fire from car to car, was rather slow,
+and many people imagined, that because there were but few people on the
+tracks during the day, therefore a few people could have controlled
+them. The reflection seems to be made upon the officers of the city and
+county, and the military, that a few policemen, or a few military,
+could have driven those people off the tracks, and that would have been
+the end of it. But anybody that stood there during that day, and was
+among these people, found thousands of people on the streets and on the
+side-walks, the side streets, at Liberty street, that prevented any
+water being thrown on the cars, and prevented any interference. It was
+not necessary for many people to be there to fire the cars. They were
+strangers. I suppose the railroad men who had the first grievances, did
+not go there, because they might have been recognized, but they all
+stood on the streets, and not a drop of water dared to be thrown on
+these tracks. It is the sheerest nonsense to talk about ten men, or
+twenty-five men, or two thousand men, to have stopped this. They had
+broken open barrels of whisky, and they knew the military were gone,
+and they were perfectly satisfied there was no police force to stop the
+people, and unarmed citizens called by the sheriff to put down the mob,
+was simply ridiculous. The sheriff did what any sheriff would do--he
+called a posse, a lot of clerks, or--lawyers, to put down a mob. The
+mob understood as well as anybody else, that that could not be done, it
+was not his fault, and it was not the fault of the mayor that there was
+not any police. The State prevented the city of Pittsburgh from
+borrowing any money. The bankers in this city offered to furnish the
+amount of appropriation that was short for police, but they could not
+get the money back again, because the city could not borrow any money.
+The bankers offered to provide us with our usual number of police, but
+the State law stated that we could not borrow any money for that
+purpose.
+
+Q. Constitution, ain't it?
+
+A. Yes; it is in the Constitution, too. The State stepped in, and would
+not let us do it. Eighty-five men to cover twenty-five miles square.
+The patrolmen were up all Thursday night, and on Friday we hadn't any
+police. We held a meeting at half past twelve, and in the meantime a
+committee five was appointed, of which I was one, who went into the
+crowd, and asked them to stop. There was one man, he was in a blouse,
+he seemed to be dressed as a railroader--he attached a burning car to a
+locomotive, and jumped the track four or five squares east of the
+depot. When our committee came in, and when Bishop Tuigg was speaking,
+he rang his bell, and started off with his steam whistling, not
+allowing people to hear what was said, and there were words lost on the
+crowd that was in front. They were not railroad men. If it hadn't been
+for the fireman the city would have been in ashes. If it hadn't been
+for the citizens preserving the peace, there is no telling what would
+have happened. The matter was of such dimensions, and extended over so
+many cities, and miles of railway, that if this whole city had have
+burned down, and if every man, woman, and child had been arrested, that
+was not the end of the thing. It was only a small element--a portion of
+it. I think it extended over nine cities, and twenty thousand miles of
+railway. It had proclamations from six or seven Governors, and
+proclamations from the President of the United States. It was a matter
+not of contagion, but of organization. I have here the proclamation of
+the Governor, and meeting of trainmen.
+
+Q. What facts have you to say that it was a matter or organization?
+
+A. Not being a member of any of their organizations, although I am of
+some other societies, I only get it by publications which I have in my
+bound files, and can furnish you the meetings of trainmen, and the fact
+that on the 16th of July, on Monday, that these same railroad men, on
+account of wages in West Virginia, Martinsburg, resisted the authority.
+They called on the Governor, and the Governor appealed to the President
+of the United States. That on Wednesday, the 18th, the proclamation of
+the President of the United States was issued, which was twenty-four
+hours in advance of the first interruption here, and that it extended
+over nine of the most populous States in the Union. It is a matter of
+current public positive history, which of itself would be sufficient to
+show that all the railroad employés were in consultation, and had, of
+course, an organization. I suppose that railroads had to reduce wages
+in consequence of reduced receipts, and that these people, with their
+oath bound organization, had agreed that the only way they could cure
+that, would be by stopping work. I think that was their only object.
+
+Q. Have you any facts, aside from the actual existence of the strike,
+to show that they had secret organizations and a pre-arranged plan to
+strike throughout the nine States?
+
+A. Not being a member of any secret organization myself, I was only
+governed, as a public journalist, by the facts that came to me.
+
+Q. You arrive at that conclusion, then, from the existence of the
+strikes themselves, and their spreading over so large a territory?
+
+A. Yes; and at the same time, it could not be simply contagion from one
+line to the other. There was not time enough to communicate from man to
+man along all the line of railroads, and that they having possession of
+the telegraphic wires at the same time, they had all the works of the
+entire railroad itself, and it was communicated to the whole of them,
+and they had their resolutions and perfected their organization.
+
+Q. Do you know how many railroads in this country reduced their wages
+ten per cent. on the 1st of June?
+
+A. I do not, except from the current reports at the time that the four
+great trunk lines did--branches of the roads east agreed with it. About
+forty thousand miles of railroad in the United States agreed with it.
+About all, although the strike was not developed all over. I think some
+of the New York roads, perhaps, arranged it with their employés, but
+still there was trouble. The main trouble here, was the reduction of
+wages. I don't know that it would be of benefit to this committee, but
+I would be perfectly willing to give my bound files which give the
+current history of that during the two weeks. It might be useful to
+look over to show the existence of this thing. There are many things
+that are official--the Governor's proclamation is official.
+
+Q. You have no copies of the papers that you could furnish us to
+retain?
+
+A. I will furnish them to you or send them to you at Harrisburg by
+express. You can keep them as long as you want. I can get them very
+well. I have extracts taken out of them, all of which I would be very
+glad to furnish. There is one thing I might state----
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Have you got your files bound for the month of July?
+
+A. The daily and weekly are bound together. I have them bound, and I
+will furnish them gladly to you.
+
+Q. Could you not furnish us with a bound copy, with references to the
+pages?
+
+A. You can have from July 28, to August 24, that is two weeks. We felt
+here the crisis approaching, and the importance of this whole matter,
+and I telegraphed to Mr. Scott, president of the Pennsylvania railroad,
+these words:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Saturday noon, 1877_.
+
+    To T. A. SCOTT, _Philadelphia_:
+
+    Don't you think you could best serve your company, rescue imperiled
+    interests, and perhaps save valuable lives by your presence here,
+    and make in person some proposition to convince our people your
+    company has rights and grievances. The current sets against you
+    with every shade of labor, and it is important that you should be
+    on hand to decide whatever may be presented to you. I can assure
+    you the situation is critical.
+
+    J. P. BARR.
+
+That was on Saturday, about eleven o'clock, before any firing--before I
+knew that the Philadelphia people were here at all. I was so utterly
+convinced of the critical situation of affairs here, that I thought if
+Mr. Scott was here in person, that he might be able to say to these
+people that they were then an unlawful assembly, and that an appeal
+from him would settle this thing. If the committee desire, I will read
+his answer:
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, _July 21--4, P.M._
+
+    JAMES P. BARR, _Pittsburgh_:
+
+    I have just received your message, and fully appreciate the grave
+    importance of the matters transpiring in your community. You will
+    speedily discover that the strike of a few of our railway employés
+    is simply being used by the mob violence, which some of your people
+    are permitting or encouraging, to effect other purposes, which, if
+    successful, will destroy many of your leading local interests. The
+    strike on our road at Pittsburgh was inaugurated without any notice
+    to or conference with the officers of our company as to the
+    existence of a grievance. The reductions in the compensation to the
+    people in the service of this company are to-day less than in any
+    other branch of business in the country, and were made only because
+    of the great depression in trade interests, to enable us to aid the
+    various communities in carrying on business at all. When violent
+    possession was taken of our property, and the business obstructed,
+    there was no recourse left us but to call upon the authorities of
+    the city, county, and State to take charge of the matter, and
+    vindicate the laws by the restoration of order in such form as to
+    them should seem best. If I could be of any possible service in
+    Pittsburgh, I would go out, but at present I think it would be most
+    unwise to interfere in any manner with the State authorities in
+    their enforcement of law and order.
+
+    Thomas A. Scott.
+
+On Sunday he telegraphs:
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, _July 25--12.30, P.M._
+
+    To JAMES P. BARR, _Pittsburgh_:
+
+    What is the situation of affairs in Pittsburgh to-day? Are the
+    loyal people in shape to protect life and property? The statements
+    of my message of last Saturday to you have been terribly realized.
+    I think there is not and cannot be any safety for life or property
+    unless the State and United States authorities will adopt the
+    measures necessary to restore absolute law and order, and make it
+    permanent. Would be glad to have your views of the situation this
+    morning.
+
+    THOMAS A. SCOTT.
+
+I telegraphed him back:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Wednesday, July 25--2, P.M._
+
+    To T. A. SCOTT, _Philadelphia_:
+
+    The local military and organized citizens, animated by a
+    determination to quell mobs, are quite sufficient to preserve the
+    peace and property of this city. Everything is quiet. Our impending
+    danger is the suspension of general labor and thronging our streets
+    with idle men. Local traffic for coal and provisions is first
+    demanded.
+
+    Neither you nor labor will surrender, because it involves
+    humiliation, but you can suggest or agree to a board of arbitration
+    to present a compromise, which will relieve you and labor without
+    disturbing the rights or grievances of either. Compromise governs
+    the daily business of the world. You have it in your power to
+    restore peace and preserve society. The discontent of many years
+    against the extravagance of railway management has culminated, and
+    forms the subject of complaint, as well as the reduction of wages.
+
+    I implore you not to assume the ground that military can settle
+    anything but defiance of law. Have this compromise effected at
+    once, and the country will owe you a debt of gratitude.
+
+    J. P. BARR.
+
+And he says:
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, _Wednesday--4, P.M._
+
+    To JAMES P. BARR:
+
+    I like your suggestion as to the restoration of the local business
+    of the country, and the giving of employment to mines and
+    factories. This it has always been a pleasure to me to do, and we
+    will do it to-morrow, if your people will protect the employés of
+    the company who are willing and anxious to work and preserve the
+    interest of the country, as highways like our own are able to do.
+
+    My own judgement is that the restoration of law and order can only
+    be effected by a return to common sense by the people, and by them
+    refraining from encouraging or connecting themselves with mobs or
+    violence of any kind, and that the channels of trade and business
+    will immediately fill up, and give employment to every man that the
+    depressed condition of the business of the country will permit. I
+    am sure we shall be glad to aid them, but to do it in any other way
+    would be but simply temporizing with the worst evil the world has
+    ever seen; but to effect permanent peace and order, and protection
+    to life and property, the matter must be settled by the
+    governmental authorities of the country as they exist, and
+    independently of the transportation companies of the country, which
+    have been doing and are anxious to do their full duty.
+
+    I believe if our men are protected by you and by other good
+    citizens, there won't be an hour's delay in opening our roads for
+    the convenience of traffic. I am sure that nearly the entire force
+    connected with our road is thoroughly loyal, and that no trouble
+    will come from them, but that they will do their duty.
+
+    THOMAS A. SCOTT.
+
+It is well enough in Scott to say--I think he stated in an independent
+communication, that ninety per cent. of the Pennsylvania railroad
+employés were loyal. If there were ten per cent. of them loyal I think
+it would be nearer the truth, for if on Sunday twenty-five men could
+have put down that riot--they have three hundred clerks, and three or
+four hundred more in their machine shops, that could have been sworn in
+by the mayor--they had a better right to protect them. I suppose it is
+well enough for Scott to say, that they were not invited by the
+citizens of Pittsburgh. It was a rebellion on the part of the employés,
+because of grievances they had, or supposed they had, and when mad riot
+was inaugurated after that, other people came in to do it. It was not
+the people of Pittsburgh, the taxpayers or representatives of the
+people of Pittsburgh, any more than it was in Philadelphia in 1844,
+while a riot held possession of that city for over a week,
+notwithstanding the military. It was an unfortunate thing that the
+military were ever called. They did the very best they could. They
+supposed they were coming to restore order, by the quickest method. I
+have no complaints to make in that regard, because if our foresight was
+as good as our hindsight, I don't think there would have been any
+trouble in this case.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you have any consultation with the sheriff about his calling for
+militia?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. When you learned he had made the call, did you take any steps to see
+him?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. Didn't you know that he was going to make the call?
+
+A. No; I never heard of any call. I did hear, to some extent, I may
+say. I knew that the railroad authorities were more perfectly aware of
+the extent of this trouble than the community generally, and when the
+strike was made, on Thursday, July 19--when the day for putting the
+order for double-headers into effect. That when an officer of the
+railroad was assaulted, and the police were asked to arrest that man,
+which was done, and immediately communication was made with the State
+authorities to provide for a military force.
+
+Q. How do you know that?
+
+A. I don't want you to ask me how I know it exactly.
+
+Q. If you can give us any knowledge----
+
+A. As a member of a grand jury, I cannot tell who swore to these facts,
+although I did make certain facts public. I can state here the facts
+that came before me--that the general of the Sixth division here was
+called several hours before the civil authorities were called upon.
+That he was at the railroad depot, and in communication with the State
+authorities. That he was called there by the State authorities to
+consult with them. Under the law, I take it, that the civil authorities
+must come in as a sort of figure head. It was not intended that the
+sheriff could get any posse of our citizens to put down the riot, but
+he had to follow up the requirements of the law. That was after the
+railroad had called upon the State to do this work, being perfectly
+aware that we had no police force sufficient. The sheriff did his full
+duty. It was not the fault of the mayor that there was no police. So I
+do not think the railroad, if they intended to meet this thing, had
+anything else to do but to call on the State. I think it is a most
+dangerous power, and one that will stab the liberties of this country,
+that by the click of the telegraph they can call for a thousand armed
+men, instead of exhausting the civil authority, if it takes two weeks
+to do it. It is a dangerous power to give them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You claim that they have the power to compel the Governor to furnish
+troops?
+
+A. Who?
+
+Q. The sheriff or the railroad company?
+
+A. I say it is a power entrusted to him, that Mr. Scott can call on the
+Governor of the State and furnish transportation, after the sheriff
+only says so, because the sheriff must conform with the law.
+
+Q. Is that dangerous that he has that right?
+
+A. It is dangerous that any man has a right to ... with a thousand
+armed troops.
+
+Q. It is dangerous for anyone to have that power?
+
+A. The Governor or any other man. The bill reads: It says that the
+military shall be subordinate to the civil authorities. It means that
+the civil power are paramount, and the military should never be called
+in except to kill--they are not to be degraded into police.
+
+Q. I want to know whether you wish to convey the idea that the railroad
+company or the sheriff has the power to call out the military, or that
+he can only make a request, and the Governor has the power?
+
+A. Under the old militia law of the State the sheriff could call them
+out, or General Pearson, or the major general in command of this
+division, and he could oblige them to serve as a posse. As it is
+to-day, he cannot do it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I understand, from what you have already said, that it was not
+necessary, in your opinion, to call out the militia in this instance,
+at the time they were called?
+
+A. I don't exactly mean that, but I do mean to say, it seemed to be the
+only power at hand, as we have not enough provided in the city or
+county. It was ill advised and bad judgment when they were called to
+put them inside of the mob, and not to keep them in reserve. The
+purpose of a soldier is simply to kill, and it was particularly ill
+advised on Saturday, in the teeth of protests made by representative
+citizens. It could effect nothing but what it did effect, and that was
+violence in every form.
+
+Q. You had not sufficient police force here to cope with a mob of its
+extent and power?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. The sheriff had not sufficient force to cope with it?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. And I understand it would be folly for the sheriff to attempt to
+raise a posse of citizens to cope with it--then there was nothing left
+but to call out the military?
+
+A. I do not see anything else--if they intended to do what they
+supposed they could do. I do not think it was necessary to call out
+anybody.
+
+Q. You think it was ill advised, to undertake to move trains at the
+time?
+
+A. They could not have moved a train, because they had not the men to
+move it, but they could have done there what they did elsewhere. They
+could have let it exhaust itself. The very presence of the soldiers
+begat excitement, and if they intended to intimidate the great crowd, I
+suppose the calling of the soldiers would do that, if they had cool
+leaders, men who understood what was to be done in an exigency of that
+sort. They ought not to be thrown into a crowd to be assaulted by
+stones.
+
+Q. Would the mob have exhausted itself before there would have been
+great destruction of property?
+
+A. There would not have been any destruction of property whatever.
+
+Q. Would not there not have been a loss of perishable property that was
+in transit, too?
+
+A. They seemed to be willing to make provision even for that. It seems
+to me the whole labor movement has failed signally in strikes in coal
+mines, in mills, and in large places, because it was only local, and
+the whole community failed to sympathize with them. They failed to get
+their rights by strikes, because it did not affect the general
+interests. They discovered, for the first time, where forty millions of
+people could be stricken as with a blow, by all the people on these
+roads refusing to work. They found out, for the first time, where the
+weak point was, as well as the strong point, in this country. They can
+do it again. When the employés--brakemen, trainmen, conductors, and
+engineers will agree not to run a railroad in this country, that is the
+end of traffic, and they can starve out whole communities. They
+discovered that fact, and then it was on Saturday evening, that labor
+sympathizing with those people, they partook of the strike, and helped
+to burn cars and carry on the work of destruction. That is a danger we
+are subject to, and the Governor, in this city, when he came back from
+the West, the very first proclamation he issued, was this:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _July 25--1.30, A.M._
+
+    _To the people of the State of Pennsylvania_:
+
+    WHEREAS, There exists a condition of turbulence and
+    disorder within the State, extending to many interest, and
+    threatening all communities, under the impulse of which there has
+    grown up a spirit of lawlessness, requiring that all law observing
+    citizens shall organize themselves into armed bodies for the
+    purpose of self-protection and preserving the peace; therefore,
+
+    I, John F. Hartranft, Governor of the State of Pennsylvania,
+    recommend that all citizens shall organize themselves into
+    associations, with such arms as they can procure, for the purpose
+    of maintaining order and suppressing violence, and all good
+    citizens are warned against appearing in company with any mob or
+    riotous assembly, and thus giving encouragement to violators of the
+    law.
+
+    (Signed)
+
+    J. F. HARTRANFT,
+    _Governor_.
+
+He did not confine it to Pittsburgh, but called for the whole power of
+the United States to put it down.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. It was not on railroads?
+
+A. It got into coal and everything. It struck labor. They found when
+you hit the mills it was only local; but when you struck the railroads
+it struck everybody. I will furnish you files of the papers. Also the
+official report of the coroner, and the testimony taken before him, and
+the number of people killed on Saturday.
+
+Q. You have the official report of the coroner in the files?
+
+A. Yes. The first fire there were ten people killed outright, and there
+were some sixty or seventy wounded--I have the names of all of them.
+The first fire the people were killed that had no right to be
+killed--the fire of Saturday night. Anybody that was killed after
+Saturday night had a right to be killed; but it is a very dangerous
+doctrine--judges have to charge that--that everybody is constructively
+a mob that is then around, but that won't do in the United States, to
+charge that everybody is a mob.
+
+
+    Colonel Gray, re-called:
+
+The witness: When I dismissed my command at the Union depot, at eleven
+o'clock on Saturday night, just in advance of that I want to say,
+because I took all the responsibility, General Brown left Twenty-eighth
+street on that afternoon about one or two o'clock, and came to the
+Union depot and left me in command, and it is in your testimony that I
+sent an officer to Colonel Howard, with the purpose in view--that
+purpose I want to say--I had felt all day that whatever orders they had
+were not carried out, and I thought it was impossible, so far as I was
+concerned, that something should be done, and I sent an officer to
+Colonel Howard, to ask his coöperation, and I would take a different
+course. I intended to vacate that railroad and prevent any one from
+coming on it; and I want to say in connection with that, there was some
+great difficulty--the local trains running in from Walls and East
+Liberty were coming constantly, and the strikers at all points on the
+railroad were arriving to and fro. They were getting off these trains
+and getting on them, so that the military were at a great disadvantage.
+Hundreds came in on every train, and got off right on the track; and
+another point I want to say, that after my men assembled--the companies
+coming at the original call--the men that wanted to come in on the
+railroad were put off; they couldn't get into the city; they wanted to
+report to the companies here on duty. They were put off the trains. I
+was telegraphed to for two or three days, men along the railroads were
+put off. I re-organized my regiment Monday morning--all the
+companies--two companies at the request of Mr. King, who was here from
+the Allegheny Valley railroad. At his request, I left one company in
+charge of the sheds, and my command was re-assembled, very promptly, to
+my great astonishment, Monday morning. There was no difficulty in
+getting the men to the armory and re-assembling, and I had two hundred
+and forty or two hundred and fifty men, and had two companies outside
+of the city. My command was in service until the 6th day of December,
+and did faithful service. My officers are men that don't run away.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You account for the small turn out of your command, when you first
+assembled them, from the fact that they were prevented from coming on
+the trains, some of them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until to-morrow morning, at eight
+and a half o'clock.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Tuesday, February 26, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, at half past ten o'clock. Mr. Reyburn in the chair.
+All members present except Messrs. Larrabee and Lindsey.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Captain J. D. McFarland, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. John D. McFarland.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. 78 Logan street, Seventh ward.
+
+Q. You were a member of the militia?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In what capacity?
+
+A. Captain of the Washington infantry.
+
+Q. Were you called out during the late disturbance?
+
+A. Yes, sir; called out--got my orders on Friday morning.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough to make a statement of what you know in
+relation to the late riots?
+
+A. On Friday, I believe the 21st of July, I received orders from the
+adjutant of the regiment to which we are attached, to assemble my
+command as soon as possible, at the armory. I sent a notice to the
+sergeants of the company, and about two o'clock in the afternoon, I
+reported to Colonel Howard, commanding the regiment, at Union depot. We
+stayed there some time--a short time--I suppose an hour, perhaps an
+hour and a half. The regiment was ordered out on the street, with two
+pieces of Breck's battery, to proceed to Twenty-eighth street. We were
+halted, after marching three or four hundred yards. We had no
+ammunition, and there was a box opened on the stone wall near the
+depot, and to the best of my recollection, we there received one
+hundred and twenty rounds for the company--that was issued to us--to
+the whole of the command, and we remained on the street some time, I
+suppose, maybe three quarters of an hour, and then we were ordered back
+on to the platform of the depot, inside of the railroad company's
+lines. We remained there all that night, the night of Friday, and until
+Saturday morning, until about four o'clock. At four o'clock we were
+ordered to move out along the line of the tracks. Two pieces of Breck's
+battery was placed on a gondola car, and the regiment I understood had
+been sent around in the rear on the hill. We were the first company on
+the track at Twenty-eighth street, and arriving there, we found from
+twenty-five to thirty men, citizens. There were not over thirty, I
+think; and to the best of my knowledge, the colonel ordered me to clear
+the tracks, and put them off the company's property, which we did. We
+moved up and down the track, and that was repeated, I suppose, a couple
+of hours. When we would move down the track to clear it, the parties
+would gather in on our rear and flank, there had been no pickets out,
+and they would gather in on our rear on the track. We remained there
+with the command, clearing the tracks, I suppose, until about two
+o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. On Saturday?
+
+A. Yes; on Saturday, perhaps later than that. I am not certain about
+the time. At that time I came in, had permission to come in and attend
+to some private business, and I was not there during the firing. As
+soon as I heard there was such a thing, I hastened out, and found that
+the Philadelphia troops had been put in the round-house, and it was
+reported that the Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments, which constitute
+our division, that the Eighteenth had been sent to the Union depot. I
+learned this at the hospital. There was then a great mob making such a
+noise, as a mob usually does. I hastened to the Union depot, and met
+the sergeant, who informed me that our regiment was out at the transfer
+office. I went out there, and found General Brown and Colonel Howard
+with a portion of the command in a shed surrounded by cars. I asked
+Colonel Howard--he was the first officer I saw--asked him what he was
+doing there. He said he was there by orders, and asked me the state of
+affairs in the city. I told him the condition in the neighborhood of
+the Union depot. There was a large mob upon the street--from the Union
+depot to Twenty-eighth street was crowded with a mob, and they were
+hooting, yelling, and threatening what they would do. I heard them
+shouting, they would break into the armories and gun stores--that was
+the common threat that was used by the mob on the street. That
+afternoon, Colonel Howard said to me, that he would see General Brown,
+who was up stairs in the transfer office. General Brown came down. He
+asked me the condition. I made to him the same statement I had made to
+Colonel Howard, and I advised him to take another position than
+that--he had first asked me what my advice would have been. I told him
+that I thought he might get a better place for the men than that. I
+then came down to the city, to the armory, and found the mob there who
+had broken in and taken all the arms that had been left in the armory,
+with the exception of those that had been concealed. They got the arms
+and left.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where is your armory?
+
+A. It is on Market street. It is in the city property, over one of the
+market-houses. All of the regiments are quartered there in the city
+property. I suppose I had been there fifteen or twenty minutes when the
+balance of the officers, and the men of the regiment, came down into
+the armory. There was nothing more done that night. I was on the
+streets, I suppose, until twelve o'clock, until an alarm from the box
+at Twenty-eighth street sounded for fire, and, in company with several
+other persons, we started on the hill above the hospital, or near the
+hospital, not quite so far out, and there saw what I took to be the
+first car that was burned that had been set on fire. It was running
+down near the round-house. I remained on the hill a good portion of
+that evening--it was then morning.
+
+Q. Sunday morning?
+
+A. Sunday morning; yes, sir. Sunday morning I came home and laid down
+awhile, and got breakfast, and started to the city to see if anything
+had been done to gather the battalion together. I saw none of the
+officers on the street at all, I believe, with the exception of the
+assistant adjutant general, Colonel Moore, of our division, and one
+officer of General Pearson's staff. There was nothing done that day
+until afternoon. A citizen came up to the house--I had gone home. He
+said to me, says he, "The citizens are going to put this thing down.
+They would like to get your arms." I said, "No; if the citizens will
+back us up, we will find a gun for every man. We have got all ours. All
+we want is ammunition and backing." I sent out and I had as many men of
+my company who lived near me come to a room in my own house, and I
+there ordered those men to go out, and order the balance of the company
+to take their accoutrements, which they had so thrown off, and come to
+the mayor's office. I did not want to go to my own armory. In fact, I
+was afraid to go there, from the fact that it was a place that could
+not have been defended at all. It could easily be set fire to. Went to
+the mayor, and asked him if I could have one of the rooms in which to
+assemble men. He said, "Certainly." He was glad I had come. I sent one
+of my officers out--my first lieutenant, Mr. Brown--out to our
+colonel's house. I sent my lieutenant out to notify Colonel Howard what
+I had done--I had ordered the company to assemble at the mayor's
+office--and asking if he would procure us more ammunition than what I
+had. He came in--General Brown came in--and General Brown gave me an
+order on Major Buffington, and Mayor McCarthy furnished us with a wagon
+in which to go out and get ammunition. Major Buffington returned word
+that they had scarcely sufficient ammunition to give to their own
+guard. I stated the case to Mayor McCarthy, and Mayor McCarthy, about
+eleven o'clock, started out, and, in the course of a half or three
+quarters of an hour, he came back and handed me two hundred and forty
+rounds which he had got. He asked me if I would remain with him during
+the night, and put down any disturbance. I said I would, subject to the
+orders of my superior officers. On Monday morning, about half past
+eight or nine o'clock, I had left the men go to get something to eat,
+and the mayor said to me, "I don't want you to let the men go away from
+here unless under orders, and I will see that they receive provisions;
+that I should take my men around to a saloon near there; they would be
+attended to there." Shortly after breakfast he notified me there was a
+boat load of miners coming down on the packet from Elizabeth. He had
+received information that they had come down, and expected a pretty
+rough time, and asked me to go with them. I assembled the men, and
+General Brown went down with us. There was a squad of police. As I
+recollect the line of march, there was a squad of police in front.
+There was my company, and then there was a company of citizens, armed
+with shot-guns, rifles, and carbines, under the command of General
+Negley. General Negley and Mayor McCarthy and General Joe Brown were
+with us. We went down to Smithfield street, and we learned that the
+men, in place of coming down on the packet as far as its regular
+landing, had got off about half a mile above the landing, and come down
+that way; I suppose, so as to get in the city without any trouble. I
+threw my company across Grant street, and blocked up the passage.
+Ordered the men to load, and I saw then, while standing in front of the
+command, General Negley and Mayor McCarthy and others, making addresses
+to this band of miners--they were all reputed to be miners--I do not
+know whether they were or not. The crowd was dispersed. We marched down
+to Water street. There were no shots fired--no disturbance of any kind.
+They seemed to be pacified by the remarks made by the officers. We then
+went back to city hall, to the mayor's office, and were quartered there
+until the afternoon, when I received orders to report to my colonel. I
+reported to him on First avenue, and after supper we were sent to our
+armory again. During the night, between ten and eleven o'clock, I was
+ordered out again to support another detachment of the police. It seems
+that a party of roughs from Cumberland had taken a train, and taken
+possession of it, and the mayor was notified, and he sent down a detail
+of police, and we were sent down to support the police. The police had
+men under arrest before we got there, and the next day we escorted
+these men and the police over to Allegheny, to take the cars for
+Claremont. That was about all the trouble--all the duty we really did,
+with the exception of some ordinary patrolling--marching around. There
+was nothing of any importance.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You came from the transfer station to your armory in the city--this
+was on Saturday night?
+
+A. This was on Saturday night.
+
+Q. What time in the night?
+
+A. I should judge it would be about eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. Bring your command down to the armory?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you leave your command there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And never went back to the regiment after that, that night?
+
+A. That night. No, sir. The regiment was disbanded, as I understood it.
+
+Q. You understood that next day?
+
+A. Yes, sir; well, I knew of the fact within half an hour afterwards as
+I stated. The balance of the officers came there while I was still in
+the armory.
+
+Q. What was your object in going to the armory?
+
+A. My object in going there was to save any property that could
+possibly be saved. We had considerable property there of ours
+independent of the State's.
+
+Q. Were you in uniform when you came down to the armory?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Citizen's dress?
+
+A. Plain clothes.
+
+Q. Were you in citizen's dress during the time you were in command?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. You changed your uniform?
+
+A. It would be impossible, in my own opinion, for any man to have gone
+through that mob in uniform.
+
+Q. You rallied your men on Sunday and went to the mayor's office--did
+you remain there during all of Sunday?
+
+A. All of Sunday evening and Sunday night and up until Monday, until we
+went with the mayor to stop the progress of these miners.
+
+Q. Where was the balance of your regiment?
+
+A. I do not know, sir. I know they were assembled on Monday--I do this
+from hearsay, which, of course, is not evidence--I know that there were
+two of the companies in Allegheny who were doing duty of one kind or
+other over there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. There was no organization of the regiment--you received no orders
+from the colonel?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. You were acting independently?
+
+A. Yes; I was acting independently in support of the mayor.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Thomas Graham, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Give your full name and address?
+
+A. Thomas C. Graham.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I reside in the Fifteenth ward of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am janitor of the city hall.
+
+Q. Have you any information concerning the riots of July, the subject
+which we are investigating?
+
+A. I was present at Twenty-eighth street, at the side of the hill, at
+the time the firing was done.
+
+Q. Be good enough to state, then, what you know about it?
+
+A. I was on my way home about a quarter past four o'clock, I think, to
+the best of my knowledge, and General Brown was in the car with me; the
+car was pretty well crowded; we were standing up. When we arrived at
+Twenty-eighth street he said to me, Come along up and see the military;
+come up along. I said I didn't care about going up, and I didn't think
+that any one outside of the railroad employés had any business there;
+but he said he was not going to stop, and rather insisted, and I got
+off the car, and went up there. We crossed over the track, and away
+from the crowd altogether, on the south side of the track, beside of
+the hill, and we walked up that way, leading along the public road--it
+is used as a public thoroughfare, to a certain extent--and there
+halted. I thought by going up there we could have a good view of
+everything that was going on, and get out of danger. I found out my
+mistake afterwards, though. When the military came up I was standing
+right about seventy-five or one hundred feet from the tracks, on the
+side of the hill. Was elevated a considerable distance, and had a good
+view over all that was going on. I kept moving my head, or rather my
+eyes rolling, from one point to the other, taking all in that was going
+on, and when the troops came up and cleared the track on both sides,
+the battery came up and across, through Twenty-eighth street; they
+could not get through, but part of them came to support the battery;
+came up, and when they got up to the crowd--there is a watch-box
+stationed on the side of the hill, by the side of the hospital gate,
+and there was a crowd of half grown boys congregated around that box. I
+seen, as soon as they came up by the boys, they stooped down and picked
+up stones, there was like to be trouble, but I concluded I would be
+safe where I was, and remained there. As soon as the troops came up to
+Twenty-eighth street crossing, the boys commenced to throw at the
+troops, and some missiles were thrown from the corner of the hospital
+grounds. Then the firing began, and continued for quite a length of
+time. I stayed where I was, until I saw two men fall, one of them as
+close as to that window, the other one further down, towards the track.
+There was a ravine in the rear of where I was standing, and I made the
+remark to a gentleman standing by me that it appeared to be getting
+very warm here, we had better get out of this, and I leaped right into
+the ravine, and there remained until the firing was over, and then came
+down and went home. I didn't come out of my house down the street, as I
+live eight squares further from there out. I didn't come in till that
+night. That was about what I saw of the occurrence.
+
+Q. How many people were engaged in this throwing?
+
+A. Well, as I said, the starting point of the throwing came from the
+side of the watch-box--the watch-box of the man who tends switch. There
+was about a dozen of them around there, and that was where the throwing
+commenced.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the troops struck with stones?
+
+A. No; I didn't see anyone struck particularly, but I would consider it
+would be impossible most to throw into that crowd without striking some
+one. I didn't see any missiles.
+
+Q. Were you close enough to hear any command given by the officers?
+
+A. I was about seventy-five or one hundred feet when the throwing
+begun; I heard the word "fire" very distinctly.
+
+Q. Where did it come from?
+
+A. It appeared to come from the head of the column.
+
+Q. Was it in the crowd?
+
+A. I should say, that it came from the head of the military
+column--there was not more than a space of, I suppose, thirty feet, and
+it might have been a little more, it could not have been much more than
+that from the head of the column to Twenty-eighth street, where the
+crowd was.
+
+Q. From the head of the column?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Which column do you mean?
+
+A. I am not a military man.
+
+Q. You mean the company marched up?
+
+A. No, sir; the company that marched up was then as close as I am to
+the other side of the table, with their arms at a charge.
+
+Q. Close to what?
+
+A. To the crowd at Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Trying to press the crowd back?
+
+A. Trying to press the crowd or make their way through them--was not
+thrusting or anything of that kind.
+
+Q. You don't know who gave this command, or was it an exclamation you
+heard in the crowd?
+
+A. I am under the impression that it was a command or a military order,
+but I would not swear who it was that gave it. I could not do that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did it appear to be in front of the command--the head of the column
+where the command came from to fire?
+
+A. I was standing immediately opposite the head of the column, and the
+sound of that command appeared to come directly opposite to me, down at
+the head of the column.
+
+Q. Did you see any officers in advance of that command?
+
+A. When the military marched up?
+
+Q. At that time, when you heard this command, were any officers in
+advance of the column?
+
+A. I seen several officers. The most of the officers were strangers. I
+don't know who they were. I could see they were officers, by their
+uniform.
+
+Q. Were they in front of the men?
+
+A. They were in front of them at the head of the column. The troops
+were formed in a hollow square. They marched up, and then got the
+command front. They marched to the side of the hill, to clear the track
+of any that might be there, and those who were standing on the track
+got up on the side of the hill. There were very few on that side. The
+rear rank got the command, To the rear, open order, march.
+
+Q. You heard these commands?
+
+A. Yes; very distinctly. They got the command to about, and then they
+marched to the north side, which left an interval of two or three
+tracks clear--formed a hollow square.
+
+Q. This company marched down between these two lines?
+
+A. This company appeared to be at the head of the column, and they
+marched through up the lines. There was a portion of them came away to
+let them in, and they marched up.
+
+Q. Was there a company marched up between those two lines, after the
+open order?
+
+A. The company appeared to come from the head of the column.
+
+Q. Wheeled out from the head of the column?
+
+A. I don't think--I am not positive, but I am under the impression it
+was separated from the column. I would not swear positively. They were
+dressed in blue.
+
+Q. How did they march up--company front--in line of battle?
+
+A. They marched up, I think, in sections of about four--I am not
+positive about that.
+
+Q. Until they reached----
+
+A. Nearly to Twenty-eighth street, then they halted.
+
+Q. And saw them open order, and one rank faced about, and they took
+positions on two sides of the track, which left a place between?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Then was there a company marched up between these two?
+
+A. I am not positive, but I think this company was taken from the head,
+or a portion of it--it was not a full company, it was what you might
+term a squad--there was not, I suppose, over twenty-five.
+
+Q. It was taken from the head of the column?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there a company marched up between those two ranks?
+
+A. I think a battery. I think this company, as I said, was taken from
+the head of the column, and marched up to support the battery, in order
+to get through the crowd at Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Did this company turn around and face the crowd--how did they face?
+This crowd, you said, they marched up and tried to press the crowd
+back, and they wheeled out from the column and marched up against the
+crowd, or did they go down between the two lines, and march up against
+the crowd?
+
+A. I stated that they appeared to be reserved for the purpose of
+supporting that battery, as they were not brought from the rear in
+front rank at all.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see the sheriff and his posse?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Where were they?
+
+A. They were at the head, coming up--the head of the column.
+
+Q. All of them?
+
+A. All of them. I recognized Sheriff Fife, Mr. Pitcairn, superintendent
+of the Pennsylvania railroad, and General Pearson at the head. When
+they came up, the sheriff attempted to say something to the crowd, and
+there was such jeering and hallooing, it was impossible to be heard
+from where I was standing.
+
+Q. You are positive about hearing this command to fire--was not this
+jeering----
+
+A. That jeering and hooting was not at that particular time. There
+appeared to be a little confusion when that portion of the company came
+up, the jeering only began during the speaking of the sheriff. I don't
+know whether he was reading the riot act or not. I don't know what he
+was doing; of course I could not hear it.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+E. F. A. Hastings, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. E. F. A., not quite the whole alphabet.
+
+Q. Where do you reside, Mr. Hastings?
+
+A. I live between Twenty-second and Twenty-third now.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Machinist.
+
+Q. Were you present during the disturbance last July?
+
+A. Yes, I was.
+
+Q. State what came under your observation?
+
+A. I was there on Twenty-eighth street, on the side of the hill, when
+the troops were coming up, and I waited there until they came pretty
+well up the track, then I came down the hill, and I looked for my boy.
+
+Q. What time was this?
+
+A. On Saturday afternoon, when I seen the troops come up--and they came
+in regular--I think it was four deep. They came up and stopped and
+halted. They turned around in open order, formed in a hollow square,
+and I turned around and came away with the young man, and I took him
+off the track, and started him down towards Penn street. I turned
+around and looked for my boy, and I could not see him. Walked in
+towards the cars, and stood by the side of the sand-house--the cars
+extended up a little ways beyond the sand-house--and I got right in to
+the end of the car. Then came orders to charge bayonets. I turned to
+get back, and the crowd was behind, and I could not get back. I got a
+bayonet right in behind here. [Indicating.] Just at that time Pearson
+stood in about that direction.
+
+Q. Who do you mean by Pearson?
+
+A. General Pearson, or Pierson, or whatever you call him. He was
+looking in the direction towards the watch-box. There was some stones
+being thrown over there--it would fly all to pieces, it appeared to be
+like clay. There was only one stone I could distinguish, about that
+large, [indicating,] the shape of an oyster shell. It came from there.
+Then there was a couple of old shoes--I didn't see anybody struck with
+them. Pearson turned around, when he was standing there he was looking
+about this--he turned around towards the men, and his officer standing
+here--I don't know whether they belonged to Pittsburgh, or where they
+belonged, and I don't know whether they were officers. Monkey jackets
+it was, I think. He says, "Order your men to fire." He repeated the
+word fire louder than he did the others, and turned around, and walked
+right down the track after that. I did not see them commence firing,
+and I dropped right down. They fired on that corner, on the side of the
+hill first--these men in front with the black plumes in their hat. I
+don't know one from the other. They wheeled round, and fired down
+Twenty-eighth street. They walked over the top of me. I laid there. I
+don't know where Pearson or any of the rest went after that. I got up,
+and helped this man in front of me, that was killed--I helped him back.
+
+Q. What man do you mean?
+
+A. Some say it was Dearmot, I don't know his name.
+
+Q. Killed by the cars?
+
+A. No; killed by the firing. A gun was right up against his breast when
+he was shot.
+
+Q. Where did this fire come from--those men standing by the cars?
+
+A. The military all around that hollow-square, except the lower end. I
+laid there; I was right underneath them; could see the whole thing that
+was going on. Some of the men fired right up in the air. I don't know
+whether they belonged to Philadelphia or not.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. From what part of the line of this hollow-square did the firing
+commence?
+
+A. I will show you in just about a minute.
+
+[Witness illustrates on paper, the situation of the troops during the
+firing.]
+
+Q. Just say where the first fire commenced in that hollow square, so
+that the reporter can take it down.
+
+A. It was near the corner, on the side of the track next to the hill.
+
+Q. Near the corner of the square of troops, next to the hill?
+
+A. There was no square there. It was round.
+
+Q. It came from the right, next towards the hill?
+
+A. Next towards the hill.
+
+Q. How many shots were fired at first?
+
+A. They shot like a little fellow would throw a lot of shooting
+crackers out.
+
+Q. How long after you heard the command to fire did this shooting
+commence?
+
+A. It was right by those other fellows standing over on this
+side--right by them. I guess there was four or five of them repeated
+it. I took them to be officers.
+
+Q. Dressed differently?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were they in front of their men when they gave the order?
+
+A. They were in this hollow square.
+
+Q. Did they turn round to fire?
+
+A. They were facing the crowd to fire. Pearson turned and gave these
+men the command.
+
+Q. It was General Pearson that gave the command?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You are positive it was General Pearson?
+
+A. I am positive. I was standing close enough to hear him.
+
+Q. Did he give the command to fire, or was he cautioning the men?
+
+A. He gave the command to fire, and repeated the word fire louder than
+he did all the others.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were there any other officers in that hollow square, that you knew,
+besides General Pearson?
+
+A. None to my knowledge, that I knew. There were some men that I knew,
+coming up ahead of them. Mr. Pitcairn and Mr. Watt came up ahead of
+them. I know some of them, beside, but don't know their names.
+
+Q. Do you know Colonel Brown or Moore?
+
+A. I don't know him by name.
+
+Q. Did General Pearson give this command to an officer standing close
+by him?
+
+A. Yes; called them officers.
+
+Q. You saw him when he gave the command?
+
+A. The men that had swords, I think.
+
+Q. You saw General Pearson when he gave this order?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How close was he to the men he gave the order to?
+
+A. He was standing looking towards the switch box, where these were
+coming from. Right in front there were some men had a bayonet in
+another, and he wanted to get it away. He wheeled round this way and
+gave the orders for these men to fire, and then walked right down the
+track, but wherever he went to I could not say.
+
+Q. Was he standing close to where the men commenced firing when he gave
+the order to those men? You say he wheeled around; those he gave the
+command to must have been behind him?
+
+A. Here is where he stood. [Illustrating.] He wheeled around to the
+officers to the rear, and they passed the command to the officers in
+front. They repeated the order to fire.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did the officers who repeated that command repeat it in a distinct,
+loud tone of voice?
+
+A. Yes; they repeated it distinctly.
+
+Q. How many of them?
+
+A. There were some three or four, I could not say exactly. I am
+positive there was three or four, if not more--positive of three.
+
+Q. And then the firing was done--it was not a volley of musketry--it
+was just done at random, was it?
+
+A. The first squad that fired there, I don't believe there was more
+than about half a second between them, and the squads, as soon as this
+squad fired on this side first, then these other fellows here fired,
+[indicating,] and the crowd broke away and run down. I laid there. They
+wheeled right down over me, and fired down Twenty-eighth street.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did the crowd scatter when they fired?
+
+A. The crowd scattered.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. How many of the soldiers fired at that time--at the first command?
+
+A. The first fire?
+
+Q. When General Pearson gave the command to fire, then his officers
+under him repeated the command. Now how many soldiers fired when these
+officers repeated that command?
+
+A. It looked about like a platoon--about twenty-five, I suppose, if not
+more.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were the crowd resisting these men? What were they doing when the
+soldiers came up?
+
+A. They were on Twenty-eighth street crossing--the railroad crosses
+Twenty-eighth street--they were on there. They were talking and
+hollering. Some man called Pearson--that was the man I took
+away--called Pearson a son of a bitch, and these men took Pearson's
+part. Says he: "Don't call Al a son of a bitch; he is a friend of
+mine!" I thought there was going to be a fight between them, too, and a
+man called me over and told me to get him away. I took him away with me
+across the track towards the round-house, and he started on down. There
+was nobody in front of me at all, and I had hardly got in there until
+the crowd was right at my heels.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You say there was about twenty-five men fired? How many men fired
+after that?
+
+A. They appeared to be firing in squads all over the line.
+
+Q. How long did this firing last?
+
+A. I don't suppose it lasted more than about two and a half or three
+minutes--could not have lasted any longer, I think.
+
+Q. What were the officers doing?
+
+A. Some of them went down the track flying--running over the other
+side.
+
+Q. They were hunting their quarters?
+
+A. They were hunting their quarters.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Did you hear the order to load?
+
+A. No, sir; they were all loaded before they got there. They could not
+have loaded in that time. After the first volley was fired, then I seen
+them loading--those men in front.
+
+Q. Don't you know who gave the order to load?
+
+A. I didn't hear anybody give the order to load.
+
+Q. They loaded without orders?
+
+A. I suppose so, after the first fire.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see them load afterwards?
+
+A. Yes; breech loaders.
+
+Q. Did you see the operation?
+
+A. I saw them pull the cock back--that part that turns back--and put in
+a cartridge. I was lying right underneath them when they were doing it.
+The parties in front fired the last shot down Twenty-eighth street. I
+don't know who they were. They were men with black plumes in their
+hats.
+
+Q. You say the parties next to Twenty-eighth street were the last to
+fire?
+
+A. They wheeled right round----
+
+Q. That was the party that fired first?
+
+A. No; the party that fired first was over here. [Illustrating.]
+
+Q. The party facing down Liberty street?
+
+A. Yes; they fired. There was some that was against a car that could
+not do anything.
+
+Q. Did they fire before the front line fired?
+
+A. They fired about the same time. There was a car stood in here when
+they fired, so that you could do nothing. Some of them fired up like.
+
+Q. Fired in the air, did they?
+
+A. They appeared to fire in the air.
+
+Q. How did these men of this side? You say they turned and fired the
+other way?
+
+A. No, sir; those men in front wheeled round this way, and fired down
+Twenty-eighth. Fired up first and then----
+
+Q. Where did they deliver their first fire--the men on that north side
+of the track?
+
+A. They fired some of them right up square--down below the car. I could
+not see on account of the cars.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You are positive that the firing did not come from that side of the
+line next towards Liberty street first?
+
+A. I am positive it did not, for the first firing commenced along the
+side of the hill--that part I saw.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. How far was General Pearson out from the military when this command
+to fire was given?
+
+A. He was in the hollow square.
+
+Q. How far from the men?
+
+A. It would appear to be in the center, about Twenty-eighth street. You
+know this line went round on Twenty-eighth, and covered over part of
+Twenty-eighth street towards the hill.
+
+Q. Did you see the fire during the night?
+
+A. I was down on Penn street when the fire started. I do not know
+anything about that. I went up there to see it, and stood on Liberty
+street, watching the fire.
+
+Q. Did you see the troops come out of the round-house?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. I was not there at that time.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You said General Pearson--he repeated the word fire louder than the
+balance of his order. Are you right positive what the balance of the
+order was?
+
+A. Order your men to fire.
+
+Q. That was the exact language?
+
+A. That is the very words.
+
+Q. You are positive you heard the words, "order your men?"
+
+A. Right in that way: "Order your men to fire."
+
+Q. Were any of the soldiers struck?
+
+A. I did not see anybody struck. There was a man carried away. They say
+he got sun struck. I seen him carried away. I didn't see anybody hit.
+
+Q. Did you hear any pistol shots, or any shots fired from the crowd, or
+in the crowd, before the firing of the soldiery?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear any?
+
+A. One appeared to be like a cap--it was right in that corner.
+[Indicating.]
+
+Q. In the crowd?
+
+A. That was the first shot I heard fired. That soldier fired it. He
+didn't fire straight out. His gun went off up in that way.
+
+Q. You heard a noise like a cap before the firing of the troops?
+
+A. I couldn't tell exactly where that come from. It appeared to be
+round the watch-box.
+
+Q. About the switch-box?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. That is, the watch-box on the corner of the street, and the railroad
+toward the hill?
+
+A. That was on the side of the hill. It was right here. [Indicating.]
+
+Q. It appeared to come from that direction?
+
+A. From that direction.
+
+Q. Didn't it sound like a pistol shot?
+
+A. No; like a cap.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Then you heard no firing from the crowd until after the military
+fired?
+
+A. There was no firing done until the military.
+
+Q. Was there any firing done from the crowd at all that you heard?
+
+A. Yes; I seen the firing. Parties were firing from the side of the
+hill after that fire. A man on a car fired a revolver. He was laying
+right down at the end of the car. This man pulled out his revolver and
+fired at the crowd.
+
+Q. There was no firing from the crowd or mob until after General
+Pearson had given the command to fire, and they had obeyed that
+command?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. There was a man fired from a car?
+
+A. That was after the firing was done.
+
+Q. Do you know that man?
+
+A. I would know him if I would see him. Don't know him by name. I have
+met him a dozen times on the street since. I didn't want to go and ask
+his name, for fear they would ask me what my name was.
+
+Q. Do you know where he lives?
+
+A. No, sir. I know he lives in the city somewhere.
+
+Q. Do you know General Pearson well?
+
+A. I know him just by seeing him, and that is about all. Never spoke to
+the man at all. I don't know whether he spoke to me that time in the
+car or not. I won't say positively.
+
+Q. Why were you afraid to ask this man his name?
+
+A. I will tell you just the reason why. I didn't want to be called up
+as a witness. I have had enough trouble running round with this thing.
+I don't want to go against a man.
+
+Q. You prefer that he should go scot-free?
+
+A. I don't think he done anything.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+R. S. Jones, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. R. S. Jones.
+
+Q. Where is your residence?
+
+A. No. 337 Chestnut alley, south side.
+
+Q. What is your occupation, Mr. Jones?
+
+A. I am a boiler--puddler.
+
+Q. Were you present at the fire that occurred by the troops on the
+Saturday, the 21st of July?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough to tell what you saw?
+
+A. I went out there about quarter to four o'clock--near that time--got
+there just about half an hour before the troops came up--the
+Philadelphia troops. I was there when the command was given to fire.
+They marched up the track. I saw General Pearson there, and Sheriff
+Fife and his deputies, some of them I don't know.
+
+Q. State the movements of the troops, and what you saw?
+
+A. They marched up the track to the corner of Twenty-eighth street.
+They came to a front to the round-house--fronted to the round-house.
+The rear rank came to about face and charged bayonets. They marched
+across the track--the opposite side--and that left a space there of
+about thirty feet; and there was a company behind that, formed in two
+sections, and one section marched up the track--they charged
+bayonets--and the Gatling guns came right along after them. They came
+to the head of the column and stopped, and they about faced and formed
+a square. I heard the command given to fire. I was standing right
+alongside of one of the soldiers, talking to him at the time, from
+Philadelphia. I never thought they were going to fire, or I would not
+have been there.
+
+Q. You heard the command given to fire?
+
+A. Yes, sir; when they came by the officer that was at the head of the
+column, turned around and stepped right into the square, and the
+sheriff and his deputies stepped in.
+
+Q. Did they fire in a volley?
+
+A. They fired just about the same as a new recruited regiment--you can
+pick them out in the field--you give them orders to fire, and they
+wouldn't fire as one. I guess it was just about as near as they could
+fire under the circumstances. I suppose they were a little scared.
+
+Q. Did the crowd resist these men?
+
+A. I didn't see any disturbance whatever when I was there. I didn't
+stay there after the firing.
+
+Q. Did you see anything thrown, or any disturbance in the crowd?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. The crowd just stood there?
+
+A. They were all standing there before the firing. I guess there was
+not many there after the firing. I didn't stay there to see.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you see any stone thrown from the crowd at the soldiers before
+the firing?
+
+A. I didn't, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear any firing from any one in the crowd?
+
+A. I didn't.
+
+Q. How long after you heard the command given to fire did the firing
+take place?
+
+A. Instantly.
+
+Q. Did you hear that command given by more than one officer?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. Was it a simultaneous discharge of a good many pieces?
+
+A. As I said before, it was just something like a new regiment.
+
+Q. Have you had any experience in active service in the army?
+
+A. I was in the army three years, sir.
+
+Q. What is the difference between the firing in a new regiment and an
+old one?
+
+A. They don't fire together--they will in time. Time makes everything
+perfect.
+
+Q. The firing is somewhat like the firing in a battle, after the first
+volley is fired?
+
+A. Yes; I suppose there was about a dozen guns went off, and then the
+rest followed, the same as a new regiment.
+
+Q. What the boys used to call a rattling fire in the army?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. How near were you to where General Pearson stood when this command
+was given?
+
+A. I guess they were about the center of the square, and I was standing
+three men from the end, at the head of the column--that is, the right
+of the square towards the round-house.
+
+Q. What distance would you suppose?
+
+A. About fifteen feet, I guess.
+
+Q. From where General Pearson was standing to where you were?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You cannot tell whether General Pearson gave that command?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. Was the command given as though it was peremptory?
+
+A. It was given in a clear, distinct voice.
+
+Q. Give us the exact language of the command?
+
+A. The first thing I heard was, "fire!" just about that loud.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did it come from the officers or the crowd?
+
+A. It came from the inside of the square.
+
+Q. You don't know who gave it?
+
+A. I don't know. I was looking right in at the soldiers, too, but I
+could not swear who gave the order.
+
+Q. Wouldn't you have been apt to notice? How were they dressed?
+
+A. Pearson had a blouse.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. A military blouse?
+
+A. A military blouse. The rest of the officers had their swords on, the
+general, I don't think he had a sword on.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did he have on a hat?
+
+A. He had a cap on.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Might not that command have come from one of the men in the ranks?
+
+A. I don't think so--I never heard an order given from a soldier in the
+ranks?
+
+Q. Might not that command have come from one in the line, and not from
+the officer in command?
+
+A. From where I was standing, I thought it came from right in the
+center. They were not standing in the center, they were standing about
+five feet from the head of this square. It came from that direction.
+
+Q. You don't know whether it came from an officer or who it came from?
+
+A. I couldn't state--I judge it did.
+
+Q. You supposed it would, but you really don't know that it did?
+
+A. No; I didn't see his mouth open at the time.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were you present at the disturbance that night?
+
+A. No, sir; I went home, and stayed there. I went out Sunday, and I
+guess half the cars were burned when I went out.
+
+Q. You went over Saturday night, and stayed home the balance of the
+night?
+
+A. Balance of the night; yes, sir.
+
+Q. What was the feelings in the crowd?
+
+A. I don't know. I didn't ask, and I felt just as if I had no business
+there, and the quicker I got out the better.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say General Pearson wore a blouse and a cap?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did he have any braid or anything of that kind about the uniform?
+
+A. No; I don't think there was. I don't think there was anything to
+distinguish that he was a general or an officer of any kind.
+
+Q. That is, to distinguish his rank?
+
+A. No, sir; at least I didn't see it.
+
+Q. Did he have brass buttons on his blouse?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you take particular notice of it?
+
+A. I was talking to him a few minutes before. The way I came to speak
+to him, we had gone up to the road above the track, and I had got
+through the guard. There was a guard across the track, and I had come
+through, and the party that had come with me--there was three of us,
+the guard wouldn't let them through, and the general was standing there
+and I asked him to let them through, and he said certainly, and they
+let the party through--that is the way I came to speak to him.
+
+Q. Was that soon after or before the firing?
+
+A. That was just before.
+
+Q. Did you see General Pearson after the firing?
+
+A. I didn't stay there after the firing. I got out of that as quick as
+I could.
+
+Q. How long before the fire began did you see General Pearson?
+
+A. I saw him before, and I saw him just when the order was given.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of the causes leading to this strike first?
+
+A. I have not, indeed. I don't know anything about it. I knew there was
+a strike.
+
+Q. Did you see them leaving the round-house?
+
+A. No, sir; I was not there.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William J. Shaner, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I board at 1145 Penn street.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Roll turner. Work for my brother-in-law.
+
+Q. Were you present on the day of the firing on the troops, on
+Saturday, the 21st of July?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Describe where you were and what occurred, as near as you can
+recollect?
+
+A. When the troops were coming up the track, I was up on the side of
+the hill, with a comrade of mine, Charles Bier. He and I went down a
+few steps, and waited until after they had got up and halted and formed
+two ranks. Before they formed a hollow square, I says to him, I am
+going down to see them, and to hear, if I can hear them read anything
+or say anything. He said, No, no, he says, you might get hurt. Says I,
+No, there is danger; so I left him standing, and went down and made my
+way in. There was a good many standing around at that time, and the
+watch-box which stood there--I put my foot up on the window, and held
+on to a bracket, a little above the rest of the crowd, and I stood
+there for a few moments, and I heard the command given to fire, and
+when it was given I tried to get down, but I couldn't on account of the
+crowd there, and when they had cleared away, I got down and ran up to
+the ravine there, and laid down the best I could. That was my position
+when the firing took place. When the firing ceased, I went and looked
+to see if I could see my comrade, and I couldn't find him. I went down
+the street, and found that he was shot. I didn't find him until I found
+him in the hospital. I got everything he had on his person, and carried
+them home to his folks.
+
+Q. You heard the command given to fire?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What occurred--did the crowd stand still, or were they making a
+noise--and did they interfere with the soldiers?
+
+A. There was no interference with the soldiers at all.
+
+Q. Did you see anything thrown?
+
+A. Yes, I did.
+
+Q. What was thrown?
+
+A. I saw one stone, to my knowledge, and that was all thrown--about as
+large as your hand--for it come from the corner of where the gate goes
+up to the hospital--the right hand corner as you face Twenty-eight
+street.
+
+Q. Did you hear any firing by the crowd before the soldiers were
+ordered to fire?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear any firing from the watch-box there?
+
+A. Yes, sir; the soldiers--not from the crowd.
+
+Q. Not from the crowd?
+
+A. Not at all.
+
+Q. There was no firing at all from that part of the crowd?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Could you have heard any firing?
+
+A. Yes, I could have.
+
+Q. It was quiet there?
+
+A. So far as firing was concerned it was.
+
+Q. I mean before this firing took place?
+
+A. There was noise, talking, and hooting, and just when the military
+fired for a moment it ceased like.
+
+Q. You could hear who gave the command?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Who was it--an officer?
+
+A. Yes, it was an officer.
+
+Q. Do you know him?
+
+A. Yes, I do.
+
+Q. Who was it?
+
+A. General Pearson, or Albert Pearson.
+
+Q. Do you know General Pearson?
+
+A. Yes, I do.
+
+Q. How long have you known him?
+
+A. That is, I know him by sight, but never spoke to the man in my life.
+
+Q. How was he dressed that day?
+
+A. He was dressed in a white vest and blouse, with brass buttons on it,
+and the blouse was buttoned up middling close to the neck, and he had
+something similar to that. [Indicating.]
+
+Q. A soft hat?
+
+A. Yes; as near as I could see.
+
+Q. Did you know General Pearson before that?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In all this confusion, you could see General Pearson give the
+command to fire?
+
+A. Right at the moment the command to fire was given, it was kind of
+stopped--the confusion was--and I heard distinctly the command "fire"
+given by General Pearson.
+
+Q. Where was he standing?
+
+A. He was standing a little over half way through the square, towards
+the rear rank.
+
+Q. Did the men fire as soon as he gave the command?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. They fired at his command?
+
+A. They fired at his command.
+
+Q. You are sure of that?
+
+A. I am certain of it.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the soldiers struck by any stones? You say you
+only saw one stone thrown?
+
+A. I only saw one stone thrown, to my knowledge, that I could
+distinguish perfectly, and I didn't see any soldier struck at all.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. After General Pearson gave the command to fire, was it repeated by
+any other officers?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge. I didn't pay any attention to it. I tried to
+get out of the ... and I couldn't. I was looking out for my head, then.
+
+Q. How did you know the order was given by Pearson?
+
+A. I saw it. I saw General Pearson, and saw his lips move.
+
+Q. In what direction was he facing, then?
+
+A. He was kind of facing toward the rear rank.
+
+Q. Towards the hill-side?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. The other way down, towards Liberty street?
+
+A. Kind of towards the sand-house.
+
+Q. That is, on the left hand side, as you could see?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. He was facing in that direction?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did the fire commence from that direction?
+
+A. No, sir; it commenced from the corner, right at the watch-box.
+
+Q. Did he turn his back to give the command?
+
+A. He kind of turned round to the officers that were there, and who
+they were I don't know.
+
+Q. He had his back towards the watch-box when the command was given to
+fire?
+
+A. Not altogether, he didn't. [Witness illustrates the situation of
+affairs on paper.] That is Twenty-eighth street; here is the watch-box;
+there is the rear rank; and here is the front rank; and here is General
+Pearson, right in here; and here is where the firing commenced; and
+General Pearson was standing, with his face towards Twenty-eighth
+street, before he gave the command to fire; and when he turned, he
+turned right around this way, and his face was directed about towards
+me; I could look right into his face there. There was a man standing
+between me and General Pearson, up like from him, and that was an
+officer, and who that officer was I don't know.
+
+Q. You say you heard no command from any of the other officers?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What did he do after the firing? Did you notice what became of him?
+
+A. I took notice he disappeared very quickly. I don't know whether he
+was inspecting car wheels or not.
+
+Q. All that I want to know is what occurred after the command to fire
+was given?
+
+A. The firing commenced immediately.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You didn't tell them that General Pearson was inspecting car wheels,
+did you?
+
+A. It was hard to say what he was doing, I know he got away.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say General Pearson had a blouse on?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. It was buttoned up close?
+
+A. Buttoned up right across there. [Indicating.]
+
+Q. That is, how far from his chin?
+
+A. About there. [Indicating.]
+
+Q. About six inches.
+
+A. I suppose about that--six or seven inches, as near as I could see.
+
+Q. How many rows of buttons had he on his coat?
+
+A. That I don't know.
+
+Q. What kind of a hat did he wear?
+
+A. A soft hat, something similar to that.
+
+Q. Had he any braid, or any thing else; a wreath, or anything on his
+hat?
+
+A. Not as I took notice of.
+
+Q. Had he any trimmings on his coat to distinguish him from the other
+officers?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I saw.
+
+Q. Had he any braid on his breast?
+
+A. No, sir; it was brass buttoned.
+
+Q. Buttoned clear up?
+
+A. It was buttoned at the top. Buttoned, but I do not know whether it
+was buttoned below; it was a kind of a sack----
+
+Q. You say he wore a white vest?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. How could you know that he wore a white vest?
+
+A. I could see his white vest here. [Indicating.] His vest came up
+middling close.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Did you hear General Pearson, or anybody else, notify the mob to
+disperse?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear anybody give orders to load?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. You heard nothing but the word, fire?
+
+A. There was a command before that, to charge bayonets, but I do not
+know who it was that gave that. I did not see him.
+
+Q. You were standing upon the window?
+
+A. With my foot on the window, and holding on to the bracket above.
+
+Q. Were there any officers about, except General Pearson?
+
+A. Yes; there were other officers there, but I do not know who they
+were.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did General Pearson have on a belt and sword?
+
+A. No, sir; not as I saw.
+
+Q. He had nothing then by which you could distinguish him as an
+officer--he had no shoulder straps?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. No trimmings on his coat?
+
+A. No, sir; not as I saw.
+
+Q. Nor any sword. He was just simply dressed as a civilian, with the
+exception of his blouse and brass buttons?
+
+A. Yes, sir; a blouse. I did not take notice to his dress, only in that
+way.
+
+Q. Had he shoulder straps on?
+
+A. No, sir; not as I saw.
+
+Q. You are sure of that?
+
+A. So far as I know. I did not see it.
+
+Q. You would have noticed it if he had?
+
+A. I should think so.
+
+Q. Did you see the sheriff?
+
+A. I did not know Sheriff Fife, but a man was pointed out to me as
+Sheriff Fife, and I would know him again if I was to see him. The man
+that was pointed out to me had a straw hat on.
+
+Q. You are sure General Pearson was not pointed out to you?
+
+A. No, sir; I am sure of that. No man need point out General Pearson to
+me.
+
+Q. You are sure somebody did not say in that crowd, "There is General
+Pearson along with the sheriff's posse."
+
+A. Not to my recollection. There was no one told me that. When they
+came up, General Pearson, Sheriff Fife, and some other man--and who
+this man was I did not know--was kind of together. They were at the
+head of the column, and came up the railroad just as they halted, and
+before they formed an open square.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You said you did not know Sheriff Fife. How do you know it was
+Sheriff Fife?
+
+A. I said a man that was pointed out to me as Sheriff Fife. I did not
+know the man personally, only he was pointed out to me that day by a
+party that that was Sheriff Fife. I never saw the man before, to my
+recollection, or afterwards.
+
+Q. Did you see any party of citizens in front of the military, as they
+came up?
+
+A. As they came up the track?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. No, sir; only those at Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Only the crowd that was at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. That is all.
+
+Q. You did not see any civilians in front of the military as they
+marched up?
+
+A. Not to my recollection.
+
+Q. You say you went down to hear the sheriff's proclamation?
+
+A. I went down to hear if he would read any riot act, or anything like
+that.
+
+Q. You did not see the sheriff at all?
+
+A. Only when he was pointed out to me as the sheriff, as I stated
+before.
+
+Q. Did not see the party with the man who was pointed out as the
+sheriff?
+
+A. I said I saw General Pearson and some other gentleman with the
+sheriff.
+
+Q. There were only three of them?
+
+A. Those were together. There were a great many others alongside of
+them.
+
+Q. When the military marched up the track, what led you to go down to
+hear the proclamation?
+
+A. Nothing; only curiosity.
+
+Q. Did you understand that the sheriff was coming there with a posse?
+That he was going to read the riot act, or something of that kind?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not know that the sheriff was coming at all. I did
+not know who was coming until after they got up there.
+
+Q. What did you go down--you said you went down to hear what the
+sheriff would say?
+
+A. I went down there to hear whether there would be anything read, or
+what would be said, and that was after the sheriff was pointed out to
+me.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You went down there after the sheriff was pointed out to you?
+
+A. I went down to the watch-box after the sheriff was pointed out to
+me.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. There were only three of them together, Sheriff Fife, General
+Pearson, and another man?
+
+A. That other man, I do not know who it was.
+
+Q. I mean in front of the soldiers.
+
+A. There were other ones around them. There were other officers near
+them. Those three were pretty close together.
+
+Q. When did you go there in the crowd?
+
+A. I went up on the side of the hill among the boys before the
+Philadelphia troops came in at all; before I knew they were coming
+in--before the train came in, I went up among the boys. I know a great
+many of them among the military. Spoke to them and shook hands with
+them.
+
+Q. Talked with them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you witness any of the occurrences during the night after the
+firing?
+
+A. The only thing I saw after the firing was a car that was fired, and
+I could see that plainly from the steps I was sitting on, with two
+other boarders that were sitting around the steps. The steps are very
+large, and one of the boarders drew attention to it. He says, "What is
+that lighting up there." I asked him, what. He says, "Don't you see
+it?" I said, "It is nothing more than a railroad man's lamp."
+
+Q. You were not down in the crowd?
+
+A. I was four or five squares away.
+
+Q. I understood you to say you went to look for your friend?
+
+A. That was after the firing commenced. It was before dark I had found
+him, but I had left him in the hospital just before dusk, and went to
+his home. I came back to the boarding-house and got my supper, and
+stayed there.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of the causes?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What style of hat did General Pearson wear? You said he had a slouch
+hat. Of what color was it?
+
+A. It appeared to me as soft. It was black.
+
+Q. Broad brimmed hat?
+
+A. I do not know. The rim was not broader than that [indicating]--it
+might have been.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. It was a straw hat?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you see any policemen there at the time of the fire?
+
+A. When the Philadelphia soldiers fired?
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. Not to my knowledge, I did not.
+
+Q. What do you mean by your knowledge. Do you mean you did not see it
+at all--you did not see any police officers?
+
+A. That I did not see them to the best of my knowledge. They might have
+been there. I did not see them.
+
+Q. Did you see the soldiers come out of the round-house, Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Did you see them after they came out?
+
+A. Yes; I did.
+
+Q. As they marched along?
+
+A. Yes; in order.
+
+Q. Did you see any firing on them.
+
+A. Yes; I did.
+
+Q. Do you know who did that firing?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not. The only one I saw firing was one man, and he was
+running the whole crowd of them out, as near as I could tell.
+
+Q. One man was following them up?
+
+A. That was the only man I saw have a shooting iron with him, and he
+had his coat off; but who he was I do not know, and I would not know
+him if I was to see him, for I was standing in the doorway of the
+boarding house when he went past, and he loaded his gun right ferninst
+the door. He had one of the guns the same as the military uses.
+
+Q. Had a breech-loading musket?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And cartridges for it?
+
+A. He had cartridges for it and a belt on--a cartridge-box.
+
+Q. Did you see any firing from houses along the street?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not go out for to see until after they had passed by.
+Then I went out along the street. After that, saw several of them that
+was shot--some killed dead--and helped pick them up and carry them in.
+One of the Philadelphia soldiers I helped up at Thirty-third street. A
+ball must have went in there [indicating] and come out through his
+wrist. At least the hole was through his wrist--through here and back
+here. [Indicating.]
+
+Q. One man did all the shooting, you say?
+
+A. That is the only man I saw--that is, right there where I live.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Where do you live?
+
+A. 1145 Penn street--board there.
+
+Q. Will you please describe that man that did that firing?
+
+A. I cannot do it, sir. It is impossible. Only he was a tall man; but
+how he was dressed I could not tell, with the exception that he had a
+white shirt on, and whether it was an undershirt or a fine shirt I do
+not know, because I did not pay that much attention to it. He had his
+coat off.
+
+Q. How close were you to him?
+
+A. He passed along the pavement and I was standing out on the
+steps--the steps is five high, I think. I was standing in the doorway,
+and he was below me, and passed along the pavement.
+
+Q. Was he an old or a young man?
+
+A. Middle aged man, as far as I could judge.
+
+Q. Did he wear whiskers?
+
+A. That I could not say.
+
+Q. Did he follow the troops up?
+
+A. He followed them as far as the corner above. Then I did not take
+notice where he went to, because I come to the conclusion I was not
+going to interest myself in it.
+
+Q. How many shots did you see him fire?
+
+A. I only saw him fire one shot, and that he fired from the corner of
+Thirty-first street, and by the time he fired the shot I saw the troops
+he fired into stop and point down, and there was two balls came right
+past the door right over my head. I thought it was time to pass into
+the house.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did this man say anything?
+
+A. He said something about spilling the blood of some of his friends,
+and he was going to have revenge, when he passed the door. That is all
+I know.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What kind of a breech-loading gun did he have?
+
+A. The same as the military have.
+
+Q. It was a military gun, you mean?
+
+A. It was a military gun; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you ever attend any meeting, during that excitement, of citizens
+or people, for the purpose of organizing to resist the soldiers?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know of any meeting being held out Penn street or Butler
+street?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Would you know this man that fired at the soldiers if you were to
+see him?
+
+A. No, sir; I am certain of that.
+
+Q. You say he had a cartridge-box--this man that fired?
+
+A. Yes; and a white belt.
+
+Q. Had it buckled around his body?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What kind of a looking cartridge-box was it?
+
+A. The same as the military used--a black one.
+
+Q. A square box?
+
+A. Yes; kind of square.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+P. M. Stack, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I reside in Spring alley, near Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Constable, Twelfth ward.
+
+Q. Were you present at Twenty-eighth street on Saturday, 21st July?
+
+A. At the time of the shooting?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough to state what you observed?
+
+A. I was in town that afternoon. I think it was about half past two
+o'clock, and I went up, and I saw a large crowd up there--went as far
+as Twenty-eighth street crossing--saw a lot of men right across the
+railroad, and went up there, and seen some men that I know--seen some
+Philadelphia soldiers come up. Seen General Pearson there. I stayed up
+two or three minutes, and they opened ranks, and Pearson came right up
+the middle, and stayed there for a few minutes, and Sheriff Fife was on
+the right hand side next to the hill. The crowd was hollering "Hold the
+fort," or something to that effect. I think it was "Hold the fort" they
+were hollering, and General Pearson was there and he said, "Charge
+bayonets," and they commenced to charge. As soon as they commenced to
+charge the crowd behind shoved up. I was one of the front and could not
+get back. The first thing I knew they commenced to fire. I thought they
+were firing blank cartridges, until I saw a man by the name of John
+Long fall, and saw they was not firing blank cartridges, and I turned
+around and ran away as fast as I could. That is all I knew about it.
+
+Q. Where was Pearson?
+
+A. Pearson was about in the middle. They came up about sixteen abreast,
+or something like that. I could not exactly tell. He was in the middle,
+anyhow. They opened order and came right up.
+
+Q. About sixteen of them?
+
+A. About sixteen abreast, right across the track.
+
+Q. The sheriff, you mean?
+
+A. What they call the Philadelphia soldiers. I do not know whether they
+were Philadelphia soldiers or not.
+
+Q. Was not anybody in front of the soldiers when they marched up the
+railroad track?
+
+A. There was a crowd in front of them. Sheriff Fife--there is a board
+walk where you get off the train, a platform where you get on the
+train--he was marching right up at the right hand side as you come up
+the railroad track, as far as Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Anybody with him?
+
+A. That I could not say; he was right with the soldiers, and you could
+not see right over their heads.
+
+Q. Was not he in front of the soldiers?
+
+A. He was right on abreast with them.
+
+Q. Could not you see Fife and who was with him?
+
+A. I could not see who was behind me. I could see the front. I could
+not discern the men who was behind the front men.
+
+Q. You heard Pearson give the command to fire?
+
+A. Charge bayonets first. I was one of the fellows that was sticking
+around.
+
+Q. What were you doing, trying to keep it off?
+
+A. I went up there--I was a sworn officer of the railroad--and I
+thought I would try to do what I could.
+
+Q. Had you tried to quell it?
+
+A. Yes, I had, so far as I knew how. I assisted Mayor McCarthy's police
+when I went up there.
+
+Q. Were the police there?
+
+A. They were; eight or ten police there during the day and at night.
+
+Q. What did they do?
+
+A. The boys were around there playing with the cars--wherever there is
+excitement the boys are always there--they were trying to put the boys
+away, and the men were not doing any harm, it was the boys.
+
+Q. You could not put the boys away then?
+
+A. No; they were little boys.
+
+Q. When the soldiers marched up, what did the crowd do? Did they fall
+back?
+
+A. At the time they charged bayonets, the rear crowd shoved the front
+up--they were shoving them up. That is all I seen about it.
+
+Q. Did you see any stones thrown?
+
+A. I did; there was some little boys threw a couple of stones, and I
+says, "Quit that, boy, there will be trouble here."
+
+Q. A couple of stones?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear any firing? Did you hear anybody shoot before the
+soldiers shot?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. You didn't see but a couple of stones thrown at all?
+
+A. It was thrown from a couple of boys from the sand-house. They were
+in the sand-house, and there was some stones in the sand, and they
+threw them over our heads. I seen the boys that threw them--little boys
+about eight or ten years of age. There is a sand-house where they dry
+sand for the engines, and they were in the sand-house at the time.
+
+Q. You did not see any stones come from the side of the hill?
+
+A. No, sir; I was on this side of the railroad, nearer to Penn street
+than I was to the hillside.
+
+Q. They would not have reached you?
+
+A. No; I do not think they could, unless they could throw them that
+far.
+
+Q. Where was Pearson standing when he gave this command?
+
+A. He was standing in the middle of the ranks--right up the middle.
+
+Q. Did he give the command himself to fire, or did he give it to
+somebody else?
+
+A. He did; he said "fire."
+
+Q. That is all he said?
+
+A. That is all, sir; he gave command to charge bayonets first.
+
+Q. Charge bayonets and then fire?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did the men that he ordered to charge bayonets, fire?
+
+A. I could not see where the shots came from, they came from the gun
+some place, that I know. We were standing right in front. When these
+men fired, Johnny Long fell down. I helped to carry him in when the
+doctor was examining him there. I took him into the round-house.
+
+Q. Do you know Pearson?
+
+A. I do, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know him by sight?
+
+A. I had known Pearson for ten years.
+
+Q. How was he dressed?
+
+A. That is more than I can tell you.
+
+Q. You did not notice?
+
+A. I was just looking at his face, same as I am looking at you. I did
+not pay particular attention to his dress.
+
+Q. You say you heard him give this command?
+
+A. I did, sir.
+
+Q. You are right certain of this?
+
+A. I am positive.
+
+Q. You are sure it was not "not to fire," and you only heard "fire."
+
+A. He said fire, as loud as I am talking now. I was not sixteen feet
+away from him.
+
+Q. Did you see the troops when they came out of the round-house?
+
+A. When they came out, on Sunday morning, I saw them go up Penn avenue.
+I did not see them leave the round-house.
+
+Q. How were they marching, in order?
+
+A. Yes; in order.
+
+Q. Was anybody firing on them?
+
+A. I did see one man, just as I was coming down the hill. I went up
+there to see the burning from the top of the hill, near what they call
+the pest-house, and saw the soldiers between the round-house and the
+square shop.
+
+Q. That was not where they marched out Penn street before the fire?
+
+A. The fire was pretty close to the round-house when the cars were
+fired.
+
+Q. That was after the troops had fired?
+
+A. This was at five o'clock Sunday morning.
+
+Q. When they came out?
+
+A. The soldiers that were in there, they were firing away all night,
+and when I came out they were getting down off the hill on
+Twenty-eighth street, and the troops were getting out then, and I was
+coming down. The tail end of them were passing, and a man came down
+Twenty-eighth street in his shirt sleeves--a pretty good sized man, not
+too big--and he had a musket, and he was rolling up his shirt sleeves,
+and when he came to the drug store, corner of Twenty-eighth and Penn, I
+seen him raising his musket. I thought they would return back the fire
+up that street and I got down the alley and run into the house.
+
+Q. Did you make any attempt to arrest this man?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you not think it was your duty, as constable, to stop that man
+from shooting?
+
+A. If the whole police force could not stop him, I could not stop him.
+
+Q. You did not try?
+
+A. I was afraid of the gun.
+
+Q. Did you see anybody else shoot?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know this man?
+
+A. No, sir; never saw him, to my knowledge. Could not describe him to
+you.
+
+Q. What did he say when he was shooting?
+
+A. I was not that close to him. I did not get that close.
+
+Q. Were you over there on Thursday, when the strike first took place?
+
+A. I was up there; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear any of the men say why they struck?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know any of the causes that led them to strike?
+
+A. It was putting on double-headers. I believe that was the cause I
+heard for it.
+
+Q. Was there any disturbance there Thursday?
+
+A. No, sir; there was very few there on Thursday.
+
+Q. Were there on Friday?
+
+A. Friday they commenced to gather a little; on Saturday, there was
+upwards of a thousand.
+
+Q. Were you called upon at any time to exert your authority to keep the
+peace?
+
+A. No, sir; the city did not pay me for that as a constable.
+
+Q. Is not that part of your duties as a constable?
+
+A. It is a part of my duty as constable to try to suppress or arrest
+anybody I would see acting disorderly on the street, but a constable
+among two or three hundred men is of very little use. We ain't paid by
+the city government as constable, to do anything----
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Could you not have arrested this man who was firing on the troops?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. Were you not armed?
+
+A. I was not.
+
+Q. Had no pistol?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you try to get somebody else to assist you in arresting this
+man?
+
+A. It was too early in the morning. There was nobody out of bed,
+hardly.
+
+Q. You did not follow after the troops. You say you went home?
+
+A. I went home. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Stayed there?
+
+A. Stayed there.
+
+Q. Did you see any police about the fire during Sunday--see them making
+any effort to put out the fire or prevent it?
+
+A. I did not. I went to my mother-in-law's on Sunday.
+
+Q. You were not about then on Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do not know anything about what occurred then, of your own
+observation?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see Mayor McCarthy about on Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Saturday night?
+
+A. No, sir; he might have been there. I did not see him.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+C. G. Barnett, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. C. G. Barnett. They call me Neall for short.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I live 296 Centre avenue.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am solicitor for the Consolidated Gas Company.
+
+Q. Were you present on Saturday, the 21st of July?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. At Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Be kind enough to describe what came under your observation?
+
+A. I will tell you how I got there. I live on Centre avenue, and I came
+over the hill to our works. I went over there about dinner time, and
+stayed at the works until about three o'clock. I had nothing more to do
+that day, and I thought I would come up and see what the railroad men
+were doing. I stopped there, I suppose, until about half past three,
+and the train came in with the Philadelphia soldiers on, so I got
+talking, like the rest of the men around there, and I stayed there, and
+they finally commenced to holler, and they said, "There comes the
+Philadelphia soldiers." I knew a young fellow in the Philadelphia
+troops, by the name of Deal, and I thought I would get to see him. I
+looked along the line, and finally found him; he was at the lower part.
+As they came up they divided off.
+
+Q. What is his name?
+
+A. Willie Deal; he lives in Philadelphia. When the soldiers came up,
+the first I saw was Sheriff Fife, General Pearson, Captain Moore, and
+then the soldiers came up. I was talking with Deal awhile, and he says,
+"You had better get out of here," and I finally walked up towards the
+switch-house, at the corner of Twenty-eighth and the railroad track,
+and I got up, standing beside the switch-house, and I took notice of a
+few boys commencing to lift up some small stones that did not amount to
+much; of course it would hurt a person to be hit with them. I told the
+boys, "You had better quit that, you will get into trouble." They said
+they were having some fun. I said it was wrong kind of fun to have.
+Then there was a squad of about twenty-five soldiers came up in the
+center, and they commenced to shove the crowd back, and the first thing
+I saw I heard the command to fire given. I thought it was about time to
+get down, and I got around to the side. I could still see the soldiers,
+and the first thing I heard was General Pearson giving the command to
+fire.
+
+Q. You heard General Pearson?
+
+A. I heard him just as distinctly as you are speaking to me.
+
+Q. Do you know General Pearson?
+
+A. I do, sir; that is, I am acquainted with him to see him. I have
+lived in this town all my life, and I know him as well as my own
+brother to see him.
+
+Q. How was he dressed that day?
+
+A. He had a blouse on. I should judge it buttoned up to about there.
+[Indicating.] A plain blouse; I do not think there was any trimmings on
+it, except the buttons. It was buttoned up.
+
+Q. Did he have a sword?
+
+A. That I would not positively say. I did not pay that much attention
+to him.
+
+Q. Did any of the officers have swords, or did you notice the other
+officers?
+
+A. I noticed an officer that was pointed out to me as General Brinton.
+
+Q. Did he have a sword?
+
+A. He had a sword.
+
+Q. The captains of the companies had swords?
+
+A. The officers had, yes, sir.
+
+Q. All had swords?
+
+A. Yes; but I would not say positively that General Pearson had a sword
+on, because I did not take that particular notice of him. I did not
+think it was necessary. I did not know they would ever have any
+trouble.
+
+Q. You are sure you heard Pearson give the command?
+
+A. I did, sir.
+
+Q. Where was he standing?
+
+A. He was standing--there was a car between the sand-house and the
+round-house, and General Pearson was standing at the far end of the
+car, towards the Union depot, in the neighborhood of the sand-house.
+
+Q. That is on the round-house side?
+
+A. Yes; that is on the round-house side--that old sand-house.
+
+Q. Where did the first fire come from?
+
+A. The first fire was on the side that the round-house was on, about
+midway of the soldiers. Some of them fired up in the air, and after the
+first volley--there is a road runs up the hill, the way I came
+down--after the first volley I thought it was getting warm, and I would
+get out of that and get home. I run about half way, and there was a
+little boy that was shot right there, and I grabbed the boy as I was
+running. I just grabbed him and took him with me, and there was a
+little hollow there where the water runs, and I thought that was a safe
+place for myself and the boy both. After the firing there was a boy
+standing there, and I said, "You had better go and get Doctor
+McCandless." After the firing stopped, I carried the boy to a little
+shanty house, and laid him down there. This other boy went for the
+doctor.
+
+Q. When Pearson gave the command, what became of him?
+
+A. I did not notice.
+
+Q. You are right sure he gave the command "fire?" He did not say not to
+fire?
+
+A. No; he gave the order to fire. I heard it distinctly.
+
+Q. You are sure it was Pearson--you could distinguish Pearson among the
+crowd of officers?
+
+A. As a military man, I have heard him give orders. Have heard him time
+and time and time again, and I know a man's voice when I hear it very
+often.
+
+Q. What did he have on--a hat?
+
+A. I think he had a soft hat--black soft hat, with a rim about that
+wide [indicating]--it may have been wider, but I did not pay particular
+attention to it--did not pay enough attention to him to know that he
+had a sword, because I did not think it was necessary.
+
+Q. Did you see the troops come out of the round-house the next day?
+
+A. After the firing was over, about five o'clock, I went home, and a
+gentleman by the name of Root, that boards in the house with me--after
+supper I says, "Suppose we go over and see what is going on over the
+hill." We went over and stayed there awhile--did not go down. The next
+Sunday morning, about one o'clock, I heard an alarm, and I got out of
+my room and went through the hall and rapped at the door. Says I,
+"There is an alarm of fire. I bet that's the railroad property." Says
+he, "Oh, no." I went back to bed, and stayed there until the next
+morning about seven o'clock. I got up and went over the hill, and about
+eight o'clock--I think it was eight o'clock, I would not say for
+certain--the Philadelphia soldiers went out of the round-house. I was
+away up on the hill.
+
+Q. Did you see them come out?
+
+A. I saw a crowd. I could not distinguish. I was five or six hundred
+yards away from them.
+
+Q. You were up on the hill?
+
+A. You can't see very well, because of the smoke and one thing or
+other--I would not say for certain it was them.
+
+Q. You do not know anything that occurred. Did you see any police in
+this crowd when you went there Saturday--when you went to see this
+friend of yours?
+
+A. I think I saw one or two police--I think I saw two police.
+
+Q. Were they making an effort to keep the crowd back, and keep them
+orderly?
+
+A. One of these police talked to a man on the corner of Liberty and
+Twenty-eighth street, right at the end of the Pennsylvania shops. I
+judged, from the way he was talking to him, that he wanted him to go
+home. I was not near enough to him to tell.
+
+Q. There was no force there sufficient to make any impression on the
+crowd?
+
+A. There was nothing necessary for force. The men were quiet. Of course
+they were standing on the railroad track, but there was no noise. They
+were quiet, peaceable men. There was nothing until the Philadelphia
+soldiers came. That was the commencement of it.
+
+Q. When the sheriff came up, what did the crowd--did they say anything
+or do anything?
+
+A. Not until the squad of about twenty-five soldiers came up in the
+center. Then they commenced to shove, and they had not room to get out.
+I suppose if they had given them five minutes, they could have got
+away.
+
+Q. Did the sheriff make any call upon the crowd to disperse?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. You were talking with this friend of yours?
+
+A. He told me to get out, and I walked toward the switch-house. Says
+he, "Neall, go away; if there is anything happens here you will get
+hurt," and I took his advice.
+
+Q. What led him to say that?
+
+A. I do not know. That is exactly what he told me.
+
+Q. Were there not stones being thrown, that led this man to think there
+would be trouble?
+
+A. No; he was at the lower end, towards the Union depot.
+
+Q. Could he not see?
+
+A. Not where he was standing.
+
+Q. Was there not a crowd making an attack upon the soldiers, and that
+there was likely to be trouble?
+
+A. Not at that time. They were not throwing any stones until I got to
+the switch-house, and then I saw the boys throwing stones.
+
+Q. Was the crowd resisting the soldiers?
+
+A. Not at that time. This middle division had not gone up. Just as they
+started, he told me to get out of there.
+
+Q. When they got up, didn't the crowd resist them?
+
+A. I think if they had given them five minutes there would have been no
+trouble. There was a great many men tried to get away, and the crowd
+held them back.
+
+Q. Was it men there like yourself, or was it men there to resist the
+soldiers?
+
+A. There was a great many men I knew had nothing to do with the
+Pennsylvania. They were there just standing looking on.
+
+Q. If you went through a crowd like that, you could judge whether there
+were men there to resist the soldiers, or whether they were there out
+of curiosity?
+
+A. I should judge that the most of them were there out of curiosity,
+and I did not know the feeling of the men. I never go up that
+direction, unless I am on business.
+
+Q. Did you see any efforts made by the police during Sunday to stop the
+burning?
+
+A. I was not near the railroad track on Sunday. I stood away up on the
+hill--not until Sunday evening, until half past seven, and then came
+down by the car way, and came down to the Union depot. There I saw a
+lot of police stopping the men from carrying away ale. I should
+judge--from the looks of the barrels--what they call Milwaukee ale or
+beer.
+
+Q. Milwaukee ale or beer?
+
+A. Beer, I suppose. It is not our style of keg that is made in
+Pittsburgh here. I do not drink enough for to know that. I know it was
+beer or ale.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Had you any trouble getting through the crowd when you wanted to get
+away on Saturday?
+
+A. No, sir. I ran alongside of the hill, while there was very few
+people.
+
+Q. You were right down the railroad among the soldiers?
+
+A. I did see a lot of guns there, said to be Knapp's battery, lying at
+the watch-house--that was all the trouble. Just as I got away from the
+mob, I had no trouble at all--I could run away along the hill.
+
+Q. Would it have been any trouble for the crowd to get away when the
+soldiers came up to ask them to fall back?
+
+A. I think some of them could get away--not all the crowd, because
+there was cars on the other side of Twenty-eighth street, lying in
+there, and they got in round the cars, and could not get out.
+
+Q. You said three fourths of the men there were spectators?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What did the other fourth come there for?
+
+A. I have not the least idea, I never go there unless going to the
+works.
+
+Q. I suppose three fourths went there from mere curiosity, and that the
+other fourth went for some purpose?
+
+A. Most likely they did, but I could not see that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Did you hear General Pearson say anything else but "fire!"?
+
+A. No, sir; and it was not a minute or a minute and a half after he
+gave the order to fire, until they did fire.
+
+Q. How far were you from him?
+
+A. I was standing about fifteen or twenty feet up off the railroad
+track right out to the switch-house.
+
+Q. Would not a man have to have said something before he could have
+given the word "fire!"--you heard nothing before the word "fire!"?
+
+A. They did not get away fast enough than was given to fire, and just
+about a minute afterward the firing took place.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William Black, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. William Black.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Out at Millvale borough.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Boiler-puddler.
+
+Q. Were you present at Twenty-eighth street on the 21st of July,
+Saturday, at the time of the firing?
+
+A. I was a little while, about the time I seen the Philadelphia troops
+marching up the railroad four abreast, and they came to a halt just
+before they got to Twenty-eighth street. Came to a front and open
+order--rear open order, then the front rank came to about face, and
+they faced the rear rank. Then a company marched up through the center,
+right up front to Twenty-eighth street. I was standing outside then and
+heard the order given to fire.
+
+Q. You were standing where?
+
+A. Just across from Twenty-eighth street, outside the crowd.
+
+Q. You were out behind the crowd?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You say you heard the command to fire?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know who gave the command?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not know who it was gave it.
+
+Q. You just heard the word?
+
+A. The minute the word was given to fire I left.
+
+Q. Did you see anything of the firing? You left then--saw nothing of
+it?
+
+A. No, sir; I left the place then after they started to fire.
+
+Q. Then you know nothing about the firing, any more than you heard the
+command given--did it come from an officer?
+
+A. I could not say that.
+
+Q. Or was it from the crowd--did you hear the crowd talk about firing?
+
+A. Not while I was there.
+
+Q. Did you see anything thrown?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any disturbance there, any noise or resisting of the
+soldiers?
+
+A. There was some noise there.
+
+Q. What do you mean by some noise?
+
+A. Some of them hollering "Hold the fort."
+
+Q. What did they mean by holding the fort--holding Twenty-eighth
+street?
+
+A. I suppose so.
+
+Q. They meant to stay there in spite of the soldiers, was that the idea
+that you had--to stay there in spite of the soldiers?
+
+A. I suppose that was their idea.
+
+Q. Had you been there any time previous to the firing?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. You know nothing whatever of the events occurring before that?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see the soldiers afterwards?
+
+A. No, sir; never saw them any more after that. I never crossed the
+river again until Monday, I came down to the city again.
+
+Q. Do you know anything about any organization formed to resist the
+soldiers?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Who went with you to the scene of the riot?
+
+A. Saturday?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. There was a friend of mine lives right over here.
+
+Q. Was not there a large crowd of you went over there together?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no crowd.
+
+Q. What mill are you working at?
+
+A. Graff & Bennett's.
+
+Q. Was not there a large number of men from your mill went over there
+on Saturday just before the firing?
+
+A. If they went over there I didn't know anything about it.
+
+Q. Were the men working at that time--that afternoon?
+
+A. Saturday they generally shut down about two o'clock or three
+o'clock.
+
+Q. You were not working that day on Saturday?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What time did you leave the mill?
+
+A. We shut down work about one o'clock at the upper end of the mill.
+
+Q. About one o'clock?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Didn't most of the men who were at work in the forenoon come over to
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I couldn't say anything about that at all.
+
+Q. Didn't see a great many of them?
+
+A. No, sir; there might have been a good many there, but I didn't see
+them, the crowd was so big.
+
+Q. Was there any talk about there in the crowd when you were standing
+there. Did you hear any talk about resisting the soldiers, and not
+allow them to clear the track?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't hear anything of the kind.
+
+Q. Was it people there just out of curiosity?
+
+A. I couldn't say what they were there for.
+
+Q. You were there out of curiosity, were you?
+
+A. Yes; just come over to see the soldiers.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you hear any abusive or threatening language on the part of the
+crowd towards the soldiers?
+
+A. No, sir; not at the time I remained there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. In the forenoon of Saturday, while at work, did you hear any of the
+men say that they were going over there in the afternoon after they
+quit work?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't hear the men say anything.
+
+Q. Didn't have any talk about going over to the scene of this riot?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you there on Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir. Didn't come over this side of the river on Sunday.
+
+Q. Do you know of quite a number of citizens carrying away goods and
+bringing them over to near your works, in that vicinity?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. On Sunday?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. Did you see anybody carrying any plunder from the cars?
+
+A. They didn't fetch it across there in the day time. I thought they
+were watching pretty sharp around there over the other side.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Charles P. Wall, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your first name?
+
+A. Charles P.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Fourteenth ward.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Plumber.
+
+Q. Were you at Twenty-eighth street on Saturday, the 21st July, the
+time of the firing?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I was.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough to state what you saw?
+
+A. I went there out of curiosity, to see what was going on, on Saturday
+afternoon, and shortly after I was there the Philadelphia soldiers came
+up with their posse, the sheriff at the head. I was standing on the
+track and toward the round-house, and General Pearson came round and
+said he was ordered to clear the track, so I got around and walked up
+Twenty-eighth and come around on the hill which looks down on the
+track, and the soldiers formed a hollow square--the soldiers facing the
+hill as well as facing the round-house--and then the soldiers marched
+towards Twenty-eighth street, and the command was given to charge
+bayonets. They charged, I think, but the men there could not or would
+not move away from Twenty-eighth street. The soldiers came up to them
+with their bayonets, and they grabbed the guns, and pushed them away
+from them. Then the order was given to fire. The men, after the order
+was given them, started to run down Twenty-eighth street. The men that
+were charging--that were facing Twenty-eighth street--could not fire
+because they were so close. The moment they started to run they brought
+their guns to bear on them, and fired on the crowd as they were
+running. The men facing the hill fired into the party standing on the
+hill, and I seen them commence to fire, and stayed there for some
+moments, and thought they were firing blank cartridges, until a party
+along side of me was shot in the head and dropped down, and I thought
+it was time to get, and I started.
+
+Q. Where were you standing?
+
+A. Standing right on the hill, looking down on the soldiers.
+
+Q. How far from them?
+
+A. I suppose between twenty and thirty feet.
+
+Q. There is a road that runs up there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How far were you from that watch-house?
+
+A. I was about thirty feet from the watch-house, I guess.
+
+Q. Did you see anything thrown at the soldiers?
+
+A. Yes; I saw some stones thrown.
+
+Q. Anything fired at them--see any shots or hear any?
+
+A. No, sir; didn't see or hear any shots.
+
+Q. Were you close enough to tell who gave the order, or whether it was
+an order to fire?
+
+A. Yes; I was close enough.
+
+Q. Was it given by an officer?
+
+A. Yes; it was.
+
+Q. Do you know who the officer was?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. State his name?
+
+A. General Pearson?
+
+Q. Do you know General Pearson?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Personally?
+
+A. Yes, sir; that is, I don't know the General personally to speak to
+him.
+
+Q. I mean by sight--if you see General Pearson walking along?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where was he when he gave the command?
+
+A. He was in the square, a little toward Twenty-eighth--nearer
+Twenty-eighth street than any other part of the square.
+
+Q. Anybody near him?
+
+A. Yes; Mr. Pitcairn and some of the other officers was handy.
+
+Q. Any of the sheriff's posse?
+
+A. I didn't notice.
+
+Q. They were in front, were not they, when the troops came up?
+
+A. The sheriff marched front; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did he stop and address the crowd?
+
+A. I suppose he was addressing the crowd when I was going round, but as
+soon as he gave the command to clear the track, I was walking round to
+get on the hill.
+
+Q. You are sure you heard General Pearson give the command?
+
+A. Yes; positively.
+
+Q. It was not somebody told you that that was Pearson?
+
+A. No, sir; I know the man.
+
+Q. Did you notice how he was dressed that day?
+
+A. Yes, sir--not particularly. I noticed he had a blouse on, with brass
+buttons on, buttoned up. I suppose I was as close to him as I am to you
+when he gave the command to clear the track. He said he had orders to
+clear the track. As soon as I seen they were going to clear the track,
+I got off the track and walked around.
+
+Q. Did he have a sword on?
+
+A. Not that I could see.
+
+Q. Did you notice whether any of the other officers had swords on?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not notice particularly.
+
+Q. How would you distinguish an officer?
+
+A. Well, I would distinguish him by his clothes, of course.
+
+Q. If there were a number of men there, how did you distinguish it was
+General Pearson gave the command?
+
+A. I could not help to distinguish him, because I knew him
+personally--knew him to be what they call a general. He had a blouse
+on.
+
+Q. Did he order them to load, or anything preliminary--he just said
+fire?
+
+A. Just gave the command to fire?
+
+Q. Did he give that directly to the men themselves?
+
+A. I could not say whether it was direct to the men, because
+immediately after he gave the command to fire, they commenced to
+fire--whether it was passed down the line or not, I could not say.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the soldiers struck with stones?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. How many stones were there thrown?
+
+A. Oh, a good many.
+
+Q. Quite a volley?
+
+A. Quite a volley of stones thrown. They seemed to all come from one
+place, though. On the hillside, where I was standing, there was not a
+stone thrown.
+
+Q. Any stones thrown from below where you were standing?
+
+A. From towards the hospital, there was. That seemed to be the only
+place there was any stones coming from.
+
+Q. What became of General Pearson after he gave this order?
+
+A. I didn't wait to see what became of him. I seen him start towards
+the round-house. Then I started myself, and ran up the hill some three
+hundred or four hundred yards, and then I stopped.
+
+Q. From what point did the stones appear to come?
+
+A. From the direction of the hospital.
+
+Q. In front of you?
+
+A. No, sir; from the rear.
+
+Q. Could you see who threw the stones?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Did General Pearson have anything about him, or his uniform, that
+would indicate his rank?
+
+A. He had a blouse on with brass buttons I think he had epaulets on his
+shoulders, I could not say positively. I knew the man, knew him to be a
+general.
+
+Q. What kind of a hat did he wear?
+
+A. He wore a slouch hat--a soft hat.
+
+Q. Did you see any other officers there that wore hats?
+
+A. No, I couldn't say that I did. I didn't take notice of the officers
+particularly. In fact I did not take notice of any of them.
+
+Q. Did you see the troops after they came out of the round-house on
+Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't.
+
+Q. Were you there during Saturday night?
+
+A. No, sir; I left there as soon as they went into the round-house;
+then I left and went home; didn't go there until the next morning. I
+went over on the hill and stayed a while, then I went home again.
+
+Q. Did you hear them talk in the crowd about resisting the soldiers?
+
+A. No, sir; heard nothing said. The crowd seemed to be very orderly up
+to the time the Philadelphia soldiers came. I was among the crowd until
+past one o'clock or two o'clock, and the Fourteenth regiment had charge
+of the track, and the shifting engine was going backwards and forwards.
+Of course, there was a big crowd there; but they didn't interfere in
+any way that I saw.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you hear the crowd say what they would do when the Philadelphia
+soldiers came in?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't hear them say anything.
+
+Q. They were looking for them, were they not?
+
+A. Not that I know of; didn't hear them say so.
+
+Q. Was it possible for you to be mistaken in the man that gave the
+command "fire?" Might it not have been somebody else?
+
+A. I don't think so. I knew the general, and was close enough to hear
+distinctly.
+
+Q. You knew the command really came from him?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was General Pearson facing towards Liberty street, or up the hill?
+
+A. He was facing kind of towards Twenty-eighth street. Twenty-eighth
+crosses Liberty. That is where the most excitement was. The soldiers
+were trying to force them off the track. The crowd had gathered up the
+track, and they were trying to force them down. I suppose the men in
+front would have got out of that if they could, because I don't think
+any man would stand up to a bayonet.
+
+Q. Facing towards Twenty-eighth and Liberty streets?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did the firing commence from that direction?
+
+A. No; not just exactly. They fired into the car where they threw the
+stones first. When they started, the men that were standing on
+Twenty-eighth started to run.
+
+Q. The crowd?
+
+A. Then the soldiers brought their guns up and fired on them as they
+ran down Twenty-eighth street. Then the soldiers that was fronting the
+hill fired into the parties on the hill.
+
+Q. Then the firing commenced on the line that were on Twenty-eighth
+street--lying parallel with Twenty-eighth street--facing up the track?
+
+A. Yes; facing up the track.
+
+Q. How long after that fire did the troops commence firing that were
+standing to their right, facing up the hill?
+
+A. I suppose it was not more than ten or twelve seconds.
+
+Q. Did those that were facing down towards Liberty street fire at that
+time?
+
+A. No, sir; they did not.
+
+Q. Did they fire at any time?
+
+A. Not that I seen.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William J. McKay, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Give your full name.
+
+A. William J. McKay.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Thirtieth and Penn street.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Work in the Western air brake shop, on Twenty-fifth street.
+
+Q. Were you present during Saturday, the 21st July, at Twenty-eighth
+street?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Be kind enough to state what came under your observation.
+
+A. I was up there when the Philadelphia soldiers came. One of them got
+sun struck, and they had to carry him down to the office, Twenty-sixth
+street. That is all I have got to say.
+
+Q. That is all you know about what occurred?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you in the telegraph office there?
+
+A. I was in the superintendent's office.
+
+Q. You know nothing of what occurred at the time the soldiers fired?
+
+A. No, sir; didn't hear them fire at all.
+
+Q. Did any of the officers come to the telegraph office while you were
+there?
+
+A. One soldier, and some other men came down, I don't know who they
+were.
+
+Q. Was he an officer?
+
+A. I took him to be an officer.
+
+Q. Did you know the man?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What do you do at the Western air brake?
+
+A. Chip brass castings.
+
+Q. Where did you carry this man that was sick?
+
+A. Carried him into the office--the left second door.
+
+Q. What office?
+
+A. The office under the superintendent's office; I don't know whose
+office it was.
+
+Q. Was it a telegraph office?
+
+A. I didn't take notice.
+
+Q. Were you in the telegraph office at any time after you carried this
+man down?
+
+A. No, sir; I was never in the office before in my life.
+
+Q. It was not a telegraph office you carried this man to?
+
+A. I didn't notice what office it was.
+
+Q. It was the superintendent's office, you say?
+
+A. No, sir; the superintendent's office is up stairs.
+
+Q. Whom did you see there in this office, where you carried this
+soldier?
+
+A. There was no person there.
+
+Q. No one there at all?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know where the telegraph was of the railroad company?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where is it?
+
+A. Twenty-sixth street--it was, before it was burned down, I don't know
+where it is now.
+
+Q. Isn't there a telegraph office at the superintendent's office?
+
+A. I don't know anything about that. I passed the office often, but I
+was never in it.
+
+Q. What was this office used for that you carried the man to?
+
+A. I don't know what it was for.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were there any officers of the militia there when you went there
+with this man, except the one that helped?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no other person in the room at all.
+
+Q. Did you stay there with those men, or put him down?
+
+A. We laid him down on two chairs, and there was a man came in and told
+us there was shooting up there, and I went up and left him there. The
+other two stayed there.
+
+Q. Said they were shooting up there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Is that all he said about it?
+
+A. That is all.
+
+Q. Did he say anything about an order having been given to fire on the
+crowd?
+
+A. No, sir; he just wheeled round and started back out again.
+
+Q. Did you know this man?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say there was no one in this office at all, when you carried
+this soldier there?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no person in when we went in.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see General Pearson about there?
+
+A. I don't know the man. Never saw him.
+
+Q. Did you see whether there was any other offices right there, close
+by this--that is, where you carried this soldier?
+
+A. How do you mean?
+
+Q. In the same building?
+
+A. I didn't see any.
+
+Q. The rooms close by these are used as offices?
+
+A. Yes; there several rooms in this office. There may have been a
+thousand in there, but I didn't see them.
+
+Q. On which side of the track, going down towards the Union depot?
+
+A. It is on the right, coming down this way.
+
+Q. Was it between the two tracks, between the Allegheny Valley and the
+Pennsylvania Central track?
+
+A. Yes; it is right along side of the Allegheny track.
+
+Q. Did you carry this man down the Allegheny track, or the Pennsylvania
+track?
+
+A. Down the Pennsylvania.
+
+Q. And then turned to the right?
+
+A. Yes; where the engines come out of the round-house--carried him down
+across there, and went into the office.
+
+Q. Is that the only building standing between these two tracks--the
+Allegheny Valley track and the Pennsylvania Central, in that vicinity?
+
+A. No, sir; there is two or three dozen buildings.
+
+Q. What were they?
+
+A. There is a square shop, and the round-houses, and this shop, and
+then there is small buildings. I don't know what they are used for.
+
+Q. There are offices in some of those buildings, are there not--machine
+shops for instance?
+
+A. There is an office between the two round-houses--Shafer's office.
+That is the only one I know there.
+
+Q. You are positive it was not the superintendent's office?
+
+A. Yes, sir; the superintendent's office is up stairs.
+
+Q. How many rooms were there down stairs?
+
+A. I don't know how many; I was never in only this one.
+
+Q. Were you there on Thursday or Friday previous to this?
+
+A. Yes; I was up there.
+
+Q. Do you know anything about the causes leading to this riot?
+
+A. No, sir; only the double-headers. That is all I know.
+
+Q. Did you hear any talk of resisting the troops if they attempted to
+clear the track?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see any stones or anything thrown at the soldiers?
+
+A. No, sir; I was not there when they came up. This man fainted, and I
+helped to carry him down.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you notice whether there were any doors leading out of this
+office to any other rooms, or from the hall you went into to other
+rooms?
+
+A. Yes, sir; as you go into the door there is a door leads to the left,
+past the stairs. There is one under the stairs.
+
+Q. Did you go in the first door?
+
+A. No, sir; the second.
+
+Q. To the left?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was the first door open on the left as you went in the hall?
+
+A. I didn't notice; I know there is a door there, because I took notice
+to it as we went in--we went on to a second door. The other fellow
+helping to carry him seemed to know where to take him to, and I went
+along.
+
+Q. Did you see anybody in the room--the first room--the front room--to
+which this door led to, through the windows or door?
+
+A. No, sir; I could see no person.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+D. L. Reynolds, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. D. Leach Reynolds.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. At the time of this trouble I resided in the Twelfth ward, on
+Thirtieth street.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I was conductor on the road at that time.
+
+Q. Do you know anything of the causes leading to this strike?
+
+A. Yes, sir; the more important cause of it was the abuse of the men by
+the petted officials, such as despatchers, and so forth, and the
+double-headers.
+
+Q. What do you mean by the petted parties?
+
+A. It is just this way: They have a set of men that are posted, not
+only in Pittsburgh, but at the principal stations, whose duty it is to
+give the conductors orders, what they shall do with the cars, what cars
+they shall set off and take on, and they can either give a man a nice
+train or a train where there is no work to do, or they can give all the
+work to one man--one man they give all the work to do, and one man they
+let go behind with nothing to do. It caused a great deal of
+dissatisfaction, and a great deal of growling. As sure as a man did any
+growling, that man would be discharged the next trip.
+
+Q. Are you employed by the railroad now?
+
+A. No, sir; I left the road on the 16th August.
+
+Q. Were you present on Saturday, the time the troops came in collision
+with the crowd?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. State what you saw?
+
+A. I went up there about half-past one or two o'clock in the afternoon,
+and saw the crowd that was standing on Twenty-eighth street, and didn't
+like the looks of it. There was some rather rough characters there. I
+do not know who they were, and where they belonged. I then took up a
+position in the hospital grounds, about one hundred yards from the
+track, one side of a tree that stands by the fence, so that I could
+fully see and observe all that was going on. The report was that they
+were going to send a train out, with lots of militia, and General
+Pearson on the cow-catcher. I was waiting to see if the train succeeded
+in getting through the crowd. The Philadelphia troops, as I was going
+up Twenty-eighth street, came in. I believe the second section was
+coming in at the time I was going up. I remained up there, I presume,
+all of two hours before the Philadelphia troops came up the track. I
+was looking in so many different directions that I could not tell you
+whether General Pearson and Pitcairn, and the sheriff, was in front of
+the soldiers or not. I saw the entire body of them as they came up. I
+do not remember of any persons or citizens of the Commonwealth in front
+of the militia when they came up and formed their hollow square. Then I
+saw Mr. Pitcairn plainly, and, also, General Pearson. Sheriff Fife I
+did not see. At the time they formed their hollow square, they threw
+out a platoon, as has been described, but across the front end of the
+square. That platoon undertook to chase the crowd back off the railroad
+tracks, off Twenty-eighth street. They refused to go back, and, of
+course, that is where the riots began. The soldiers tried to drive them
+back by shoving them back with their breasts. They refused to be pushed
+back. Then they undertook to charge them back with their bayonets.
+After that they fell back a step or two, and I heard the order to fire,
+and they did fire with good effect. About that time I took up over the
+hill, and came down the other way, a few minutes after the fire. I
+presume I was about fifty feet from the front end of the soldiers. They
+were then moving around somewhat, and I asked one of the railroad boys
+if he had seen any of our boys fall. He said there was three or four. I
+asked him if any of the soldiers were killed. About that time there was
+a gun went off--I think it went off in the air--and just then I seen
+one of the conductors coming down with his arm resting on his coat. He
+had taken his coat off, and I went over to and asked him how bad he was
+hurt. He said his arm was weak, so that he could not hold it up. I
+assisted him down to Penn street, and put him in a grocer's wagon, and
+took him to Doctor Clark's, and went to my own house and told my wife I
+was not hurt. I didn't find her there, I found her on Penn street. I
+put her in a baker shop, and then went off to look for some more
+friends. About this time they threw the platoon of soldiers across
+Twenty-eighth street, and I supposed they were going to fire, and I got
+into a hotel where I heard there was some wounded, to hear who they
+were. There had been some there, but they had been removed. I
+afterwards saw them bringing down an old gentleman, Mr. Stockel. I went
+home that evening, got my supper and remained at home until, I presume,
+it was three o'clock. Then I took my wife and started down to see. At
+Twenty-eighth street the crowd had got so dense that I went into a drug
+store, and while I was in there, a whole party went by, with a drum
+beating in front of them. They were whooping and hollering. I don't
+remember that there was any firearms in the party, but I know they had
+a big drum, and were pounding on that. As soon as they got by, I says,
+I will take my wife home. I took her home, and after I got there, the
+neighbors and her together persuaded me to remain there, and the
+consequence was I didn't go away from my own door stoop that evening. I
+went to bed, I presume it was about half past nine o'clock, and on
+Sunday morning, I presume about two or three o'clock, she tried to
+awaken me to tell me the Pennsylvania railroad property was on fire,
+but she could not get me awake, and later in the morning, when the
+Philadelphia soldiers were going up Penn street, they formed a platoon
+in front of my house. I started out to hear where they had gone to, and
+found out that they were gone up the street.
+
+Q. Did you see anybody fire on them?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't.
+
+Q. Was there any talk of resisting these soldiers in clearing the
+track, and preventing them from running trains?
+
+A. You might hear men talking of a great many things, but nobody could
+imagine what they were going to do. Nobody had any firearms to resist
+anything with. They were asking the question, that there were one
+thousand five hundred Philadelphia soldiers coming, and what are you
+going to do with them?
+
+Q. The crowd resisted the soldiers, did they, when they attempted to
+clear the track?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. The soldiers did not use any more force than was necessary, at
+first?
+
+A. No, sir; they did not use any force at all, but simply pushed ahead
+with their breasts.
+
+Q. Tried to push the crowd back quietly?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see any stones thrown?
+
+A. I saw one that I took to be a clod of earth, about the size of my
+hand, thrown from the west side of the watch-box from the side of the
+hill, down into the soldiers. That was the only stone I saw thrown that
+day.
+
+Q. You were not near enough to tell who ordered the firing?
+
+A. I could hear a great many words. I could not hear sentences, but I
+heard the word, "fire," distinctly. I could not hear any conversation
+unless it was in a loud tone of voice, but I heard, "fire," as
+distinctly as you speak.
+
+Q. Did the soldiers fire in a volley?
+
+A. No; more like one soldier got scared and he fires off his gun, and
+the balance follow suit.
+
+Q. What was the objection to running double-headers?
+
+A. It puts two men's work on one man for one man's pay. We had been
+reduced so often that we thought they had got about as low as we could
+live.
+
+Q. How much did you average?
+
+A. If I averaged full time, it was $70 20 per month before the
+reduction. After that I got $2 45 a day, and never got a full month. If
+you want to know all about their wages, I can tell you from the first
+reduction. When I went on the road they were paying conductors $2 60 a
+day.
+
+Q. When was that?
+
+A. The 21st February, 1872, I think. They were paying conductors then
+$2 60 a day, and there was an order came out--or rather the men wanted
+more wages, and the committee went to Philadelphia, and it was arranged
+that conductors, who had been running trains prior to March 1, would
+get $2 85. New conductors were only to get $2 45. When I went on the
+road first I acted in the capacity of brakeman for about eight weeks,
+and on the 24th day of April I took out my first train, and I received
+$2 45 for that. I ran from the 21st day of April till the 16th of June
+as extra conductor, part of the time running trains and part of the
+time not. After the 16th day of June I got a regular train, and I ran
+that for a whole year for $2 45, and from the 16th day of June till the
+1st day of next January I received $2 70, which I was led to suppose
+was a raise of ten per cent. On the 1st day of January an order came
+out that we should be reduced, and that cut me down to $2 40. I could
+not understand how a reduction of ten per cent. would take off more
+than an increase of ten per cent., and I had an interview with Mr.
+Pitcairn and the only satisfaction I got, that the company was losing
+money. The 16th day of June my wages went up to $2 70, and that was the
+wages I received up until the day of the last reduction, when they cut
+me down to $2 45.
+
+Q. You had been getting $2 70, and they cut you down to $2 40, then you
+went to talk to Mr. Pitcairn, and he told you that the business was
+bad, and they had to make this reduction?
+
+A. I did not make any complaint. They reduced by tens instead of by
+fives.
+
+Q. What reason did he give?
+
+A. He could not give me any reason, he said it was done on higher
+authority.
+
+Q. I understood you to say, he said something about business was poor?
+
+A. He said that the company was losing money. He took into
+consideration the different conductors, and they had different pay, and
+the conclusion was that they were losing money.
+
+Q. Then they reduced you?
+
+A. They reduced me to $2 40 at that time. They ran the first year for
+$2 20, and the second year for $2 45, and the third year for $2 70--so
+the order was in the start out. I never happened to come in under the
+$2 20 list, they raised me to $2 70, then they cut me down to $2 40,
+and I had to work from June to January, at $2 40, and then went up
+again to $2 70, on account of the year having expired.
+
+Q. What was the pay of the brakesman?
+
+A. Brakesmen originally received $2 00 a day, then afterwards they were
+cut down to $1 80, and the last reduction brought them down to $1 65.
+
+Q. Did you know what wages they were making on an average?
+
+A. They, as a general thing, made pretty near only about $26 per month.
+Some months a man can make almost double time, other months he could
+not make so much.
+
+Q. Did that depend upon his being attentive?
+
+A. No, sir; it depended entirely on his business. A new man was treated
+the same as an old man, so far as going out was concerned, unless he
+was an extra brakeman. If he was regular, on a regular run, he went on
+that train every time.
+
+Q. Of course, if he was not there to go out, some one took his place?
+
+A. If he was not there to go out, they always supplied a man in his
+place--the crew was slim, I think, as it was.
+
+Q. The man that was there always got his work?
+
+A. I never lost a day on the Pennsylvania railroad by being absent,
+unless it was voluntarily or freight was scarce. Sometimes freight was
+scarce for a month, and they would have to cut one train off one day,
+and once they sent me home in July, for a week. It was on account of
+trade being very dull.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You are not in the employ of the road now?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. When did you leave it?
+
+A. On the 16th day of August.
+
+Q. Was there more of the hands left at that time?
+
+A. The road was principally operated after the strike was over, by the
+same that had been on the line before the strike, and I was among the
+number, and about the time I stopped off, things began to assume the
+old fashioned shape--one day they would want me and the next day they
+would not, and I went to Mr. Pitcairn and asked him for an order for my
+money, and he said it was not necessary to give an order to get me the
+money.
+
+Q. Quit of your own accord?
+
+A. I suppose I would have been discharged if I had stuck to it.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William M. McKay, was recalled and explained to the committee the
+situation of the room where the soldier who was sun struck was taken
+into.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Colonel Smith, re-called:
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You heard the last witness describe the building, and the manner in
+which he entered that building, and the way that he entered--where he
+says he left the soldier was at the telegraph office?
+
+A. It was not a telegraph office. [Witness explains the situation of
+the rooms in the building on a plot.] This is the telegraph office, and
+this is the train master. I presume by the description that was where
+the soldier was taken. This is the passage connecting the main entrance
+of the building with the telegraph office. This is the first floor--the
+first floor above the basement--there is a basement under the telegraph
+office, and the superintendent's private office is immediately over
+this, on the second floor. The outer office of the superintendent is
+there on the second floor, and the clerks here. Three on the first and
+three on the second, and this is the trainmen's room, this is a sort of
+counter here with windows where trainmen come up to get their orders.
+
+Q. Was there a telegraph office adjourning this room where Mr. McKay
+carried the soldier?
+
+A. The room is connected. There is a door just here.
+
+Adjourned until this afternoon, at three o'clock.
+
+
+    AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _Tuesday, February 26, 1878._
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment.
+
+All members present except Messrs. Lindsey and Larrabee.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+P. J. Young, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where is your residence?
+
+A. No. 61 Fountain street.
+
+Q. What is your occupation, sir?
+
+A. Police officer.
+
+Q. Were you on the force at the time of the riots, in July?
+
+A. I was one of the men that was dropped at the time of the
+reduction--suspended.
+
+Q. Were you on duty on Thursday and Thursday night, at the railroad?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Be kind enough to state what occurred there?
+
+A. Well, on Thursday, about noon, I think, Mayor McCarthy called--came
+to my place where I lived, and told me to hurry down to the mayor's
+office, I was wanted. I went down, and met Chief Dimick, and he told me
+I was wanted on the Pennsylvania railroad, there was a strike. I asked
+him if I was to act as a police officer, and he says, Yes, I was only
+suspended. I went out and met Mr. Butler at the Union depot. I believe
+he is the depot master there, and I told him I was sent out there by
+the mayor's orders. He sent out a car with me and two more officers to
+Twenty-eighth street, where we joined more police out there. When I
+arrived there, there was a large crowd of people congregated upon
+Twenty-eighth street, along the railroad, and remained there until two
+or three o'clock. I don't know exactly what time.
+
+Q. In the afternoon?
+
+A. Yes. Then me and four officers were detailed to go on board of a
+double-header. There was a train going out. I went on the first engine,
+with another officer, as I understood for a protection for the
+engineer, as far as East Liberty. The train started, and moved on a
+little piece up the track, and a crowd of, I couldn't say how many,
+came in front and motioned their hands at the engineer. I said to the
+engineer, go ahead. He made some remark, and he jumped off the engine.
+I remained there on the engine, and finally the fireman jumped off. I
+stood there for some time, thinking they might come back again. They
+didn't, and I got off, and was asked by, I think, Mr. Fox--he is police
+officer of the company--if I wouldn't go on the engine again. I said
+yes. I went on the engine and remained there. No engineer came aboard,
+and finally I left. At the same time, the other police that were out
+there--I don't know how many--were strung all along the track, keeping
+the crowd off. I suppose in the neighborhood of six o'clock I came into
+supper here, together with more of the officers, to the Continental, on
+Fifth avenue, at Mr. Newell's; we had supper there. After supper we all
+went out. A good many went out along with me to the Union depot, and we
+expected to get a train to go out as far as Twenty-eighth street. We
+stayed along there, and no engine came down to the depot that night. Me
+and two or three more officers walked out Liberty street to
+Twenty-eighth street. There was a large crowd of people along there
+when we got out. I moved around through them. We patrolled Liberty and
+along Penn and Twenty-eighth street, and everything was very quiet. I
+left, I suppose, in the neighborhood of four o'clock in the morning.
+About that time. That is all I know.
+
+Q. Did the crowd make any demonstrations? Was that all they did, waving
+their hands to the engineer?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. They didn't make any attempt to commit any violence?
+
+A. No, sir; that night they were a very orderly crowd.
+
+Q. What was this crowd composed of, railroad men?
+
+A. I suppose there was some railroad men there through them.
+
+Q. How many was there, do you suppose, altogether?
+
+A. I couldn't exactly say. There was a large crowd of people. They were
+scattered up and down the railroad. It was dark.
+
+Q. When you got this train, could you not have run that train out? Did
+you have a sufficient police force to guard a train--I mean on Thursday
+afternoon?
+
+A. I wouldn't be afraid, if I was an engineer, to run away. I don't
+know what might have happened.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you have a police uniform on?
+
+A. I had a summer uniform--police blouse?
+
+Q. A regular police blouse?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. So that you would be known as a police officer?
+
+A. I had no buttons on it. I had my shield on the inside of my coat. I
+wore citizen's clothes all the time I was detailed as a reserve man.
+
+Q. A stranger would not have known you were a police officer?
+
+A. There were a great many that did know me.
+
+Q. A stranger would not have recognized you as being a police officer?
+
+A. No; I didn't wear a shield.
+
+Q. Did you know that engineer that jumped off the train?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know the fireman?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. How many police officers were there at any one time?
+
+A. I couldn't, in fact, say how many. There was a squad went out in the
+morning--some more men that was suspended at that time. I don't know
+how many went out.
+
+Q. Ten or fifteen or twenty?
+
+A. I expect there was over fifteen men.
+
+Q. Was there twenty?
+
+A. I couldn't say, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you keep the track clear?
+
+A. The track was clear at that time. Afterwards, of course, we were not
+keeping it clear. There was a large crowd that stood away back.
+
+Q. On Friday, what did you do?
+
+A. I didn't go out there on Friday.
+
+Q. Why?
+
+A. I think I came down to the mayor's office Friday, and I got some
+sleep that forenoon, Friday, and I heard that the sheriff and his posse
+had gone out and our services were not required.
+
+Q. Who told you that?
+
+A. I couldn't say. I don't know whether it came from the chief's clerk
+or not--Mr. Davis.
+
+Q. You heard it at the office?
+
+A. I heard it, I think, at the office. I won't swear to it, but I think
+I heard it at the office. However, I didn't go out.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+M. Mulvaney, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. Michael Mulvaney.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In Eighth ward, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Policeman.
+
+Q. Were you on the police force in July, at the time of the
+disturbance?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What days were you on?
+
+A. On Thursday, the mayor's clerk told me to go to the Union depot
+there, and report to Mr. Butler. Mr. Butler told me to go to work at
+the round-house, and two or three more of us went down and we remained
+there. We went to the round-house, and we met some more of the police
+and stayed there for a long time. There was a big crowd around there. A
+lot of the police jumped on the train to help take it out--a
+double-header. Eight or nine of the police jumped on the train, and I
+saw the engineer and fireman jump off. The fireman and engineer jumped
+off. That is all I saw at that time. Everything was quiet.
+
+Q. Were you there during that time?
+
+A. No, sir; I was not. I left at four or five o'clock.
+
+Q. Clearing the tracks and keeping the crowd off?
+
+A. The crowd stood one side.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were you one of the discharged men?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Who sent for you to appear at the mayor's office?
+
+A. I think it was the mayor's clerk or the chief clerk. I could not say
+which of the two.
+
+Q. How many of you went out together?
+
+A. Me and two more fellows went together at that time.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You went up there to help to take out the train--a double-header?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How many of you?
+
+A. I could not say. There was a good many police there. I could not say
+how many.
+
+Q. Were you on the engine?
+
+A. No, sir; I was not on the engine. I saw a lot of them jump on the
+engine.
+
+Q. Policemen?
+
+A. Policemen.
+
+Q. Were there any threats made against the engineer or fireman?
+
+A. I did not hear any.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Conrad Shaffer, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. Conrad Shaffer.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. 318 Fifth avenue.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Police officer eight years and nine months.
+
+Q. Were you on the police force last July, at the time of the riots?
+
+A. I was not, sir.
+
+Q. Were you sent for to appear at the mayor's office?
+
+A. On Thursday morning, when this occurred, we were standing down there
+on Smithfield street. We just had been paid off, and I was standing
+there with George Kauffman, another police officer, and Detective
+O'Mara came to us and said we were wanted at the mayor's office. We
+went over, and they said to us there was a strike some place. They did
+not tell us where. There was ten of us gathered around there in the
+mayor's office, and we were marched by Smithfield street to the Union
+depot. Mr. Fox, the railroad officer, was along. We walked up
+Smithfield to the Union depot and got into a car with the shifter in
+front, and took us out to Twenty-eighth street. They stopped there and
+we got out, and when we got there this man McCall, who struck Watt--I
+seen the man running backwards and forwards--then somebody got him by
+the back of the neck, and I then ran up and put the nippers on him and
+arrested him and took him to the Twelfth ward station-house, and we
+went back to the railroad track. I stayed there all the forenoon, until
+about two o'clock in the afternoon. There was a train came along, and
+Mr. Fox came to us and said he wanted men on the engine. Fox told me
+and Cochran to stay in the rear, and we went back to the rear, and
+while we were going back the train moved on, and men got in front and
+done this like, [holding up his hands,] and the engineer got off. The
+second engineer got off, and the men that was firing they got off, and
+we stopped there then all the afternoon, and we went to the central
+station. We had our supper in the Continental, and after we had supper
+we were marched back again out to the depot. Walked up then to what
+they call the dispatch office, at the outer depot. There is a little
+house that they call the dispatch office, and a telegraph dispatch came
+in that they did not want any more officers--thought they could do
+without the police out there--so then we stood there for a long time,
+and did not know what to do, and Clerk Davis told us we might go home
+if they did not want us. Directly a dispatch came in that we could go
+out. We were put on a car and taken out again, and we remained all that
+night, until half past three o'clock in the morning. Then there was no
+disturbance going on, and we went home. I then stayed at home. We were
+not wanted any more--the city did not want us, and the railroad company
+did not want us.
+
+Q. Did they tell you they did not want you?
+
+A. We were our bosses.
+
+Q. You say the railroad company did not want you?
+
+A. I did not see any official of the Pennsylvania railroad there at
+all. On Monday evening after the proclamation was issued for all the
+old officers to come back again, I went to the Central station and
+offered my services, and on Monday morning the mayor, and General
+Negley, and a squad of his men, and a company of Mr. McFarland's were
+marched down Smithfield street to this place, where the boat was coming
+in from Elizabeth--right down here on second avenue--and stopped them,
+and the mayor and General Negley then made speeches to the men, told
+them they had better not raise any violence in the city of Pittsburgh,
+and keep quiet. We were taken away again, and placed on the city of
+Pittsburgh force on our regular beat.
+
+Q. After you tried to start this train, and the men waved their hands,
+and the train stopped, did you get off?
+
+A. I was not on the train. I was in the rear of it.
+
+Q. Were the officers in possession of the track?
+
+A. There was officers all along the track.
+
+Q. They could have run this train. It was possible for the train to go
+out; that is, the crowd could not have interfered.
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You went back to the depot after supper?
+
+A. After we had supper, we marched to the Union depot. Went into the
+telegraph office, outside the Union depot--there was a two story frame
+they called a dispatch office. A dispatch came in that they did not
+want any officers, and I asked Clerk Davis, says I, "Don't they want
+any more police out there" and he said, "It seems not."
+
+Q. Who is Clerk Davis?
+
+A. He was the chief's clerk.
+
+Q. The mayor's clerk?
+
+A. No, sir; the chief's clerk.
+
+Q. He was not a railroad official?
+
+A. No, sir; the chief's clerk.
+
+Q. Dispatch came that they did not want any more officers?
+
+A. They dispatched that a man was here, and if they wanted him, they
+could have him. There were two young men in there that were playing
+checkers. I could see them standing at the window and looking in. They
+were playing checkers at the time, and I walked right up to Mr. Davis,
+and the young fellow held his ear right down to the instrument when it
+came. They telegraphed, "You can send him, if the man is willing to go
+out." So he went.
+
+Q. You did not go back, you said.
+
+A. I went home.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you know those engineers that jumped off the train?
+
+A. No, sir; they were perfect strangers to me.
+
+Q. Did you know the man that waved, to stop the train?
+
+A. No, sir; he was a tall young man, light moustache, to the best of my
+recollection.
+
+Q. Did you know any of the railroad employés?
+
+A. No, sir. It was on a different part of the city. My way was out here
+on Fifth avenue, that was over on the other side.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did they start the train?
+
+A. They ran about the length of this room.
+
+Q. How many men were on the track in front, and waved and signaled to
+stop?
+
+A. I could not say how many there were in front of the train. There was
+not any more on the track than there is in this room.
+
+Q. Did they make any threats?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Said nothing to the engineers?
+
+A. No, sir. All the man done was this. [Waving his hands.]
+
+Q. Did you take that to be a signal to stop?
+
+A. I supposed so. I was in the rear, and Mr. Fox told me. He says,
+"Shaffer, you go in the rear, and get on the train." Says I, "All
+right, Mr. Fox." Just as I got ready to jump on, the train stopped.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. This man that made these signals, was he on the track in front of
+the engine?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How far were you from the engine?
+
+A. I went to jump on. I went to get on, and I seen the young man doing
+this. Some of them hooted and cheered, and then she stopped.
+
+Q. You were not at the rear of the train?
+
+A. Not quite; it was a long train. I do not know how many cars were on
+it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you up there on Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+George Cochrane, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. George Cochrane.
+
+Q. Your residence?
+
+A. Eighth ward.
+
+Q. Occupation?
+
+A. Been on the police force until they dropped these men.
+
+Q. Are you on the force now?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you on duty on Thursday and Thursday night of July 19th?
+
+A. I was one of the ten men that was called in on Thursday.
+
+Q. Be kind enough to relate what occurred?
+
+A. We mustered up ten men, started out to the Union depot, got on a car
+there and went as far as Twenty-eighth street. Seen a big crowd out
+there. Stopped around there a little while, and this McCall, he jumped
+on a switch there and made use of some threatening language, and I
+believe, struck superintendent Watt, and we arrested him and put him in
+the Twelfth ward station-house. We fetched him to central station at
+Diamond alley. We came in, got supper and went out again, then went to
+the Union depot and stopped out there awhile, and didn't know whether
+they wanted any more men or not. We stopped there awhile, and finally
+went out as far as Twenty-eighth street again, and stopped there all
+night. In the morning, I guess, six or seven o'clock, I came in
+again--Friday morning I came in to the Union depot, and seen Mr. Fox
+there, and he detailed me for the depot then--detailed five of us.
+Stayed in around about the Union depot. I stayed there until nine
+o'clock Friday night, and Fox told me I had better go home and get some
+sleep. I went home and came back Saturday morning, stayed around there
+all day Saturday and Saturday night, and I went up home to change my
+clothes. Sunday morning I came back again, stayed around until the
+Union depot had catched fire, and word was sent from the mayor's office
+that the mayor wanted all the policemen he could get hold of to report
+at the mayor's. We went down to the mayor's office, and was detailed
+there, doing duty around the city. We went out Second avenue here and
+stopped a party there from coming in. The mayor made a speech to them.
+Went to the Connellsville depot and arrested some thirty or forty there
+that had taken a train and would not pay any fare.
+
+Q. Taken a train to go out?
+
+A. No; they took charge of a train and would not pay fare.
+
+Q. That was the parties that came from Cumberland, Maryland.
+
+A. Yes; that was the same party.
+
+Q. This double-header, on Thursday, I believe, was thirty-six cars and
+two locomotives?
+
+A. We started to go out with some four or five policemen on each
+locomotive. Sheaffer and I was on the rear part of the train, and we
+made several attempts to go out, and the engineer on the first
+locomotive he jumped off, and the crowd cheered him. Then he got back
+on to his locomotive, and got his coat out of the box and put it on,
+and they both left their engine. There was nobody to hinder them going
+out, that I could see.
+
+Q. Do you suppose they could run out, and did you have sufficient force
+to protect them?
+
+A. There was sufficient force to protect them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were any of those ten men you speak of, that left the mayor's
+office, dressed in police uniform?
+
+A. No; they had blouses on them.
+
+Q. Could any of them be distinguished from any other citizens?
+
+A. No; a stranger would not have known them, I suppose. There was
+hundreds of them out there knew me. I don't suppose a stranger would.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What made the engineers leave their engines?
+
+A. They told them to get off.
+
+Q. They told them to get off?
+
+A. They beckoned for them, I believe, and they got off.
+
+Q. Did you know the engineer?
+
+A. Never had any acquaintance with him. Since that time I have.
+
+Q. You did not know them at that time?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Didn't tell you why they got off?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was any threats made by any one?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You speak of these men making some threats. They struck Mr. Watt?
+
+A. Yes, sir; McCall, he used threatening language at the time he struck
+him.
+
+Q. What did he say?
+
+A. He jumped out there and says, "We will die here."
+
+Q. Die--make a fight before these trains would go out?
+
+A. Yes; we had no trouble out there after we made that arrest?
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Patrick J. Carrigan _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. No. 109 Second avenue.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Police officer.
+
+Q. Were you on the police force on July 19?
+
+A. Special police officer--yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you on duty on Thursday and Thursday evening?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough to state what occurred?
+
+A. I went on duty Thursday afternoon. There was a pretty good sized
+crowd at Twenty-eighth street. And they were getting ready to take a
+train out, and they put a good many officers on each car and the
+locomotive, and some stayed along the line and watched them. One man
+got out in front and done this way. [Waving his hand.] The train and
+the engineer got off.
+
+Q. How long did you stay there?
+
+A. I stayed until five o'clock, and then came in town, and they were
+taking this McCall in; and I got supper, and then went out again in the
+evening, and stayed there all night.
+
+Q. Were you on duty Friday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Friday night?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Saturday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you on duty at any time afterwards there?
+
+A. Yes; went on duty again on Tuesday after the riot, and when going
+out on the train, one of the Pennsylvania officials got on the train,
+and told us when we got to Twenty-eighth street to get off, and not let
+these men see us. They did not want these men to know that they
+were.... About twelve of us went up the hill, and lay there behind some
+trees all night.
+
+Q. This was Thursday?
+
+A. Thursday. A few of us would go down to where the railroad fellows
+were, and stand around there. There was not over twenty-five or thirty.
+
+Q. Were they on the tracks?
+
+A. No, sir; on Twenty-eighth street. There was nothing on the tracks
+but railroad men, walking up and down.
+
+Q. Could you have taken that train out that day?
+
+A. Yes, sir; if they had engineers that train could have gone out.
+
+Q. You had possession of the track--and the officers did?
+
+A. There was only this one that was on the track.
+
+Q. Was there any attempt made to assist him?
+
+A. Not that I saw. He went over in the crowd. I was down back where the
+crowd was, in case of any of them interfering. We were in citizens'
+clothes, and we scattered amongst them.
+
+Q. There was no attempt made to arrest?
+
+A. They made arrests before I got up.
+
+Q. They got McCall?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Policemen hid behind trees?
+
+A. We were told to go there by the railroad officials--to get off and
+not show ourselves; there was some trees in the road, and we laid down
+there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were you ordered by the railroad officials in charge of you to go
+behind trees?
+
+A. To go up on this road. He didn't tell us to go behind trees.
+
+Q. And conceal yourselves?
+
+A. And conceal ourselves.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John Davis re-called:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were you out at Torrens, Mr. Davis, during Thursday?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough to state what occurred there, and what
+efforts were made by the police to disperse the crowd?
+
+A. When I got there there was nothing special going on, for everything
+was quiet. I didn't remain there but a short time--came back to
+Twenty-eighth street, and when I was there everything was perfectly
+quiet.
+
+Q. Officers had possession of the track?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You have testified to what knowledge you had of the occurrences at
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. With the exception of Thursday night--a little matter I forgot.
+After I had got the men their suppers, I went to the depot, and
+reported at the telegraph office I had men to go out. And the reply
+came back that everything was quiet, and they needed no more men, and
+they could not send an engine for us. I told the men what transpired,
+and directly a second despatch came, that we could go out if we wished
+to. Some of the men walked out, some remained around the depot, and
+went out afterwards. As I have stated in my other testimony, on Friday
+morning I sent officers up to the depot, and they returned and stated
+that they were not wanted; they had all the men they wished.
+
+Q. I believe you testified to that?
+
+A. Yes; I testified to that.
+
+Q. Anything else?
+
+A. Nothing further than I was a witness of the transaction of the
+firing.
+
+Q. Have you testified as to that?
+
+A. No, sir. You stopped me right at the firing. I was present when the
+troops came up, and witnessed the whole transaction.
+
+Q. Go ahead?
+
+A. After the troops came up there were civilians in front of the
+troops. They halted probably five or six feet from Twenty-eighth
+street. The column left faced, and marched towards the sand-house. The
+first two columns about faced and marched towards the hill side--formed
+an open square--and a detachment of soldiers came between the two
+columns, with the Gatling guns in the rear of them. A detachment of
+soldiers came up between the two columns--came towards where the crowd
+was gathered--at a carry arms, and it appears they could not get
+further, and they fell back five or six paces, and came to a charge
+bayonets. At that time, when they came to a charge bayonets, there was
+in the neighborhood of a dozen or two missiles thrown from the house. I
+only saw one stone among the lot. At that moment they commenced to
+fire. I was on the hill side.
+
+Q. Was the crowd resisting the soldiers?
+
+A. There was such an immense gathering there they could not get
+away--they had no chance to get away.
+
+Q. Did the soldiers attempt to press them back at first?
+
+A. They first came to carry arms--carrying their guns at the side of
+them--then they stepped back and came to a charge. Just at that point
+these missiles came from the little house, thrown by the boys.
+
+Q. Did you hear any pistol shots?
+
+A. Previous to that? No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command to fire?
+
+A. I didn't, sir. I was probably sixty yards above the railroad track.
+I could witness the movement of the troops, but could not hear any
+orders given. After the firing I immediately came down the hill the way
+I went up--took the same course. Came down past the soldiers, and went
+into the railroad buildings. I saw this soldier, who was carried off
+the ground before they had formed a square, and helped to bring him to.
+
+Q. Who was there?
+
+A. There was two men there--a reporter of one of the city papers.
+
+Q. Do you know these men?
+
+A. Only one of them.
+
+Q. What was his name?
+
+A. Mr. Rattigan. Him and I went in together. He is a reporter--used to
+be on the Pittsburgh _Chronicle_.
+
+Q. What office was he carried to?
+
+A. Telegraph office. The first floor in that building, Twenty-sixth
+street.
+
+Q. Was there anybody in the room at the time besides these two men?
+
+A. There were two other men attending him. One of them had a bandage
+around his head, and said he had got hit with a stone. He said he was
+not hurt very much. There was a small bandage around his forehead.
+
+Q. You didn't know who gave the orders to fire?
+
+A. No, sir. After the firing there was quite a .... raised. Some
+parties were excited over it--some of their friends being killed. It
+was quiet Thursday, Friday, and Saturday along the railroad. Had no
+trouble.
+
+Q. How soon after the firing did you go down to this telegraph office?
+
+A. The minute they commenced firing I saw dust flying pretty lively
+round me, and I started up the hill. I suppose I was three to five
+minutes going up and coming down. After the firing was done I came
+right down the hillside again--I came down the same course I went up.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say a sick soldier was in the telegraph office?
+
+A. In the room in the left of the building as you go in.
+
+Q. Is that the telegraph office?
+
+A. They call it a telegraph office, but it is not in that room.
+
+Q. Train master's office?
+
+A. I don't know whose office it is. They call it a telegraph office.
+
+Q. The instruments are in the adjoining office?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Could you see into the telegraph room?
+
+A. I opened the door to look in.
+
+Q. Anybody in?
+
+A. No; the operator was working with this young man on the floor. He
+was having a spasm, stiffened up. They worked with him for probably ten
+minutes before he came to.
+
+Q. He had a fit, didn't he?
+
+A. A fit of some kind.
+
+Q. That was fifteen minutes before the firing took place?
+
+A. I came down the hill immediately after the firing took place, and
+went there to see these parties in the room.
+
+Q. Did you see General Pearson on the ground just before the firing or
+during the time of the firing?
+
+A. Didn't see him out after the troops went into the round-house; then
+I saw him in the yard, probably six o'clock in the evening--between
+five and six--I saw him in the yard.
+
+Q. Did you see the officers in the hollow square?
+
+A. I saw some, but could not recognize any of them.
+
+Q. Do you know General Pearson?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Didn't see him?
+
+A. No; didn't see him until the firing was all over.
+
+Q. If General Pearson had been in the hollow square, wouldn't you have
+seen him?
+
+A. My attention was not directly called to the officers. I was watching
+the movements of the men, and the minute these stones were thrown, my
+attention was called to that. In fact, I was not looking at the
+officers, I was watching the movements of the men. I suppose if I was
+looking for General Pearson, I could have picked him out from others. I
+have known him for a good many years.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Richard Hughes, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. Richard Hughes.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. 2512 Carson street, south side, Twenty-fifth ward.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I was on the police force.
+
+Q. Were you on the police force on the 19th day of last July?
+
+A. I was one of those suspended.
+
+Q. Did you offer your services to the railroad officers on the 19th of
+July?
+
+A. Yes; I went up to the Union depot, two or three parties along with
+me, ex-policemen, Thursday morning. Stayed there until about eleven
+o'clock. The first thing, I seen about ten or fifteen, or twenty
+policemen, with two or three detectives, walking through the Union
+depot. That drew my attention, and I followed them. George Crosby, and
+two or three other parties went back, and met Mr. Davis on Smithfield
+street, and he told us they wanted to see us at the office--wanted us
+to go out to the Union depot. We went down to the Union depot, and
+seven of us, with detective White, and taking a train between one and
+two o'clock from Union depot to the stock-yards, we went out--seven of
+us. Sam Leary, at East Liberty, he came in, too. Mr. Watt was along
+with us. There was two or three hundred people around there, and they
+told us to clear the track, they were going to start a train then. We
+went to move them off the track, so they did, and when the track was
+clear, they couldn't get engineers, firemen, or brakemen to take out
+the train. Stayed there until seven or eight o'clock that evening, and
+everything was quiet. The regular force came out about half-past six
+that evening, in full uniform, around the stock-yards. There was
+nothing going on there. We came on on Monday morning following. I came
+to town; went up to the Union depot. I saw two or three policemen, and
+asked who hired them, and they said Fox. I asked him if they wanted any
+more policemen, and he said he had plenty. I asked for Mr. Watt, the
+superintendent, and he told me he was at the round-house. He told me
+they wanted no more policemen. I asked him to pay me what he owed me, I
+want to leave town in the afternoon. He said he couldn't pay me, to go
+to the office. He told me he didn't want any more police. I went to Mr.
+Watt myself.
+
+Q. Did you tell him the mayor had sent you?
+
+A. I told him the mayor had ordered us out there. The day before that
+we wanted to know who was going to pay us. They told us the pay was all
+right. Clerk Davis asked me, why ain't you on duty, and I told him they
+didn't want me.
+
+Q. Did you see anything of the fire that night?
+
+A. No, sir; I left two o'clock Friday afternoon.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+George W. Crosby, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. George W. Crosby.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. No. 1117 Carson street, south side.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Formerly a policeman and laborer.
+
+Q. Were you on the police force on the 19th of July last?
+
+A. No, sir. I was taken off on the reduction. The 11th or 12th of July
+the suspension took place.
+
+Q. Did you offer your services to the railroad officials on Friday, the
+20th?
+
+A. Yes. I went to the Union depot on Friday, the 20th, between nine and
+ten o'clock. I met Mr. Fox, a police officer of the Pennsylvania
+railroad, offered my services to him, and he told me he didn't want any
+more. He had all the men he wanted, and mentioned the number of men he
+had.
+
+Q. How many did he say he had?
+
+A. I couldn't say positively. Three or four, or four or five. I
+couldn't swear to the exact number, but I know he mentioned it to me.
+He had all the men he wanted.
+
+Q. You were not on duty on Thursday?
+
+A. Yes; I was.
+
+Q. Did you see anybody besides Mr. Fox?
+
+A. At the Union depot?
+
+Q. No, sir; that day--on Friday?
+
+A. No, sir. I only offered my services to him.
+
+Q. Did you see Mr. Watt, the superintendent, at any time?
+
+A. I was in company with Mr. Hughes at the time he saw Mr. Watt, and I
+had nothing to say to Mr. Watt at all.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William J. White, _sworn_.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. City of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. On the detective force.
+
+Q. Were you out at Torrens on Thursday, the 19th of July?
+
+A. I was, sir.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough to state what occurred, and what efforts
+were made by the police force to disperse the crowd?
+
+A. I will state that about the neighborhood of twelve o'clock on
+Thursday, the 19th of July, I met the chief's clerk, Mr. Davis, and he
+told me he wanted all the available police he could get, to go out on
+the railroad, there was a strike. I hunted around and got one or two,
+and going up Fifth avenue I met the mayor, and the mayor told me to go
+out and get all I could, and go to Twenty-eighth street. I went up to
+the depot, and got about six or seven men, besides myself, and took up
+some on my way--about seven men, I guess--and went to Twenty-eighth
+street, getting off the cars there; and Mr. Watt was with us, and he
+told us we had better go on to Torrens station. We got on the cars and
+went to Torrens station, and got off there. There was quite a crowd--I
+suppose seventy-five or one hundred strikers. Mr. Watt asked me to
+clear the tracks. I done so. Told the men to get off the tracks, and
+they all went off the tracks, and had no trouble or difficulty
+whatever. Stayed around there for a considerable time, and I think Mr.
+Gumbert, a gentleman connected with the dispatcher, came to me and
+said, "We are going to send a train out." Says I, "All right." Says he,
+"What I want you to do, is to get the men up the track, and see that
+nobody mounts the train." I told the men to scatter along, in different
+positions, on the track; that this train was going out, and see that
+nobody got on the train, and that the train went out. No person
+interfered whatever.
+
+Q. What day was this?
+
+A. Thursday, the 19th.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Was that a double-header?
+
+A. I could not say. I suppose there was over twenty cars on it.
+
+Q. Do you know whether there were two engines on it?
+
+A. No, sir; there was only one engine.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How long did you remain there?
+
+A. I remained until seven o'clock in the evening.
+
+Q. Any further effort made to run trains after that?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Any threats made by any of the men when the train started? Was the
+engineer threatened by the crowd?
+
+A. No; I talked to some and they said they did not wish to intimidate
+any person. They were talking to the engineer and fireman. There was no
+threats or violence while I was there.
+
+Q. Were you at Twenty-eighth street during the firing on the troops?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know anything connected with the riots?
+
+A. I was not up at Twenty-eighth street, from the fact that the rules
+at the mayor's office require that a man has a week in the office, and
+it was my week in the office, and Friday and Saturday I was in the
+office all day. Sunday, after dinner, I started out. Then I started to
+help the fire department, and do what I could in that way.
+
+Q. You were at the office after the Thursday of that week?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. While there, did you hear any demand made on the mayor for a force
+of police?
+
+A. I cannot say that I did. The mayor was a good deal confused about
+it. We had not the force, in fact. I think it was Friday or Saturday
+morning. I seen a party come down to the mayor, and go into the office,
+and ask for that--some warrants that should have been served--that they
+hand them over. I believe they were handed over to a young man that
+came there--some warrants issued, I think, for some of the head
+rioters.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you know anything about those warrants?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you see any one ask the mayor to go along up to the railroad,
+and see Mr. Cassatt or Pitcairn or anybody else?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. Did you hear any conversation in the office by some men, in regard
+to the burning of all the railroad property, on Sunday?
+
+A. I did not; no, sir. I was in the office until dinner time. There was
+a good deal of excitement around there. Citizens running in--and the
+mayor was doing all he could, under the circumstances.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Who was the man that demanded the warrants?
+
+A. He was a young man. I could not tell.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James Scott, _sworn_.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your name?
+
+A. James Scott.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Ninth ward, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am a detective officer.
+
+Q. Were you on the force at the time of the disturbance, in July?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear the mayor offer the services of the police force to the
+firemen to protect them, at any time during the fire on Saturday night
+or Sunday?
+
+A. I will just state, as brief as I can. On Sunday morning I was sent
+by the chief to the Twelfth ward station to take charge of the
+telegraph office, and I met the mayor coming down. He asked me if I was
+going down. He told me to remain at the station there until I was
+relieved. In an hour and a half the mayor came back again in a buggy
+and asked if any squad of police had come up. He left his buggy there,
+and went to Twenty-eighth street. The station-house is at Twenty-sixth
+street. We went up street and came back again, and about the time we
+came back the squad of police was there. They brought in some
+prisoners. They had their arms full of goods. The mayor gave them
+orders to string along on Liberty street and protect the firemen, and
+arrest anybody that would interfere with them, and they started. I
+stood there all day, until seven o'clock in the evening.
+
+Q. Do I understand you went with those men to Liberty street?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. You stayed at the station-house?
+
+A. I stayed until I was relieved by the night captain. There were one
+hundred and fifteen men taken out. I think there are seven different
+station-houses that have a police wire in, and you have to have a man
+to attend to it; but in daylight they have none.
+
+Q. There is no man left in the station-house at that time?
+
+A. Nobody to do that. When we had the one hundred and sixteen men on,
+the lieutenant was always on duty more or less, and it was understood
+he could operate, and if there was anything wrong in the district, he
+could telegraph to head-quarters. We have one in East Liberty, one at
+Lawrenceville, one in the Twelfth ward, one at Centre avenue, one at
+the Fourteenth ward, and three on the south side. I came down in the
+evening at seven o'clock. Some parties threatened they would be around
+in the evening to burn the water-works, and the citizens of those two
+blocks surrounding that and edging on the Fort Wayne sheds considered
+if any of those places got started it would be liable to burn them out.
+I went down to the mayor's office and reported this danger, and I
+thought we ought to have a squad of police, fifteen or twenty. I
+reported to the chief and also to the mayor, and said I would start
+back and get together what citizens I could; and it was not an hour
+until there was twenty-five police there. We surrounded these
+water-works and stayed there until daylight.
+
+Q. The morning of----
+
+A. That was Sunday night at the time of the fire. During the night,
+about eleven o'clock, we smelled smoke at the far end of the Fort
+Wayne, and a couple of citizens, by the names of Moran and Reed, went
+down there and put it out. If it had got started there would have been
+quite a fire there.
+
+Q. You are a detective, I understand?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you on duty on Thursday?
+
+A. On duty on Thursday; yes, sir, on duty right along.
+
+Q. Did you witness any of the occurrences?
+
+A. No, sir; was not out there at any time. No orders to go out.
+
+Q. You received no instructions about arresting these men. There was a
+warrant for some men who were supposed to be leaders?
+
+A. There was a party detailed for that purpose.
+
+Q. You were not in that party?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Would it have been possible that night for these men to get hold of
+these parties--those officers that had the warrants? Were you out that
+night on duty?
+
+A. Not that night--never off duty, you might say--we are always on
+duty.
+
+Q. What I want to know is, whether these officers could have arrested
+these men they had warrants for?
+
+A. I think it would have been almost an impossibility to have got them,
+unless they were got at their homes. To take them out of that crowd
+would take twice the force to get one or two men.
+
+Q. You believe that with the force of the mayor, it would have been
+impossible to have taken these men?
+
+A. To take these men right in the crowd, it would have been dangerous.
+I felt that way. I have had occasion to be where there was something
+like a riot at the bolt works, this same summer, and we had about
+twenty police there, and I suppose there was some fifteen hundred or
+two thousand men. We gave them to understand they could not pass into
+the gates, and they did not pass in, and it all passed quiet, and
+nobody hurt; but if we had fired one shot, I do not think we would have
+been of much use.
+
+Q. As an experienced officer, you would not have made the arrest that
+night in that crowd?
+
+A. Not in that crowd.
+
+Q. Do you know whether there was any effort made to shadow these
+men--following them to their homes?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Charles L. Schriver, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Reside in Harrisburg.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Locomotive fireman.
+
+Q. Were you employed by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. At the time of the strike on the 19th of July?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you there on Thursday?
+
+A. I was there on Thursday morning.
+
+Q. Be kind enough to state what occurred?
+
+A. I got to the round-house, I guess, about eight o'clock; stayed in
+there awhile. I was reading a dispatch containing an account of the
+riot in Martinsburg to three or four other fireman and engineers. There
+was a man came into the round-house and said the brakemen were on a
+strike. So a couple of us went down to the yard, and the brakemen said
+down there that they were not going out on any double-headers. There
+was a fellow tried to make a coupling, and a man hit him with a link,
+and a little while after that they took out the same train with a yard
+engine. They couldn't get any long road engines out--nobody would go. I
+went home to dinner and came back. They tried to take out this
+double-header. They coupled engine 775 and 473, and it was an
+understood thing between the engineers and conductors, that any person
+could go out ahead and make a signal to stop, they would stop and get
+off. As soon as 775 went down the yard and got the train of thirty-six
+cars, and came up into the yard, and 473 coupled ahead and pulled her
+out, there was four or five policemen got on each engine, and John
+Major, he was on 473, and the engineer of 473, pulled her out. She made
+about two exhausts, and a fellow got ahead on the track and threw up
+his hands. That stopped her. He reversed, and got off. Then the road
+foreman and civil engineer took the train back into the yard and ran
+the engines up to the round-house. I went home to supper that evening,
+and was going to Allegheny, and parties said, "You better stay around
+here at Twenty-eighth street." It was all very quiet. There was no
+disturbance or anything. About twelve o'clock, somebody says, there was
+a kind of collision in the crowd. Right at Twenty-eighth street, about
+three feet on to Twenty-eighth street, there was a car that they used
+in loading cinders, and directly a man stepped up--it was Sheriff
+Fife--and commenced talking, and said we had better go home, and leave
+the company do as they please. It was only making the thing worse. The
+company would come out ahead anyhow, and it was no use kicking about
+it. General Pearson and Davy Watt was along, and, I guess, they talked
+in the neighborhood of ten minutes, perhaps, and some person went to
+General Pearson, and asked him about the case of McCall, who had been
+arrested. Pearson said if they would be down at the lockup with all
+their witnesses, he would defend them, and would not want any money for
+it. They thought that was a magnificent offer of General Pearson, and
+they would accept it, and I do not know whether they went down or not.
+I went home--the sheriff was there--and went to bed and got up about
+six o'clock, went down street; bought a paper to read an account of the
+strike, and went down town; and going down, there was one hundred cars
+of stock that had come to Twenty-fifth street, and asked for them to
+have two engines, and some parties volunteered in the crowd that they
+could have a dozen if they wanted. I went down to the depot about nine
+o'clock, and the engineer requested me to fire one of these trains to
+East Liberty. I fired up twice for him. The first trip they had put up
+this proclamation purporting to be the Governor's. I read it myself.
+There was three of them, I believe, posted up round there somewhere.
+This was about eleven o'clock. There was nothing further occurred of
+any importance there that night. I heard of the First division being
+called out. Knew of the other troops being called out--I heard of it
+about eleven o'clock. The First division was called out, and was coming
+here at about two o'clock. I heard about the shooting in Baltimore, and
+was told that they came to do the same thing here. I stayed there until
+General Pearson came. I was acquainted with General Brown. Talked to
+Major McDonald, he said his men could not fire, that his men had no
+ammunition.
+
+Q. Who told you that?
+
+A. Major McDonald, of the Fourteenth regiment. I talked to General
+Pearson a while, and he got up and said there was no damn use of the
+boys going around there, he was going out with a double-header, and was
+going to ride on the pilot. Some of the boys allowed that he was not. I
+stayed there until ten o'clock, and I knew the Philadelphia troops
+ought to be there pretty soon. I left and went home; went to bed. I
+slept then until evening, and didn't know anything about the shooting,
+until I was awaked up about six o'clock. I went up to Twenty-eighth
+street. Didn't see any dead men. Seen some blood around. Stayed around
+Twenty-eighth street and Penn, and saw parties marching out with guns,
+flags, drums, &c. Went home and slept until half-past three o'clock
+that morning. I got awake by seeing the fire out of my bed. Waited
+until daylight. As I got to the Twelfth ward lockup the black maria
+came. They took down a whole gang for stealing up there that night.
+Just as I crossed Twenty-sixth street, an engineer of the road
+says, "The Philadelphia troops fired at us." I got up to Twenty-eighth
+street again, and was told they were going to leave the round-house. I
+stayed there at the corner of Twenty-eighth and Liberty, and I saw them
+marching down Twenty-fifth street. Then I stayed at Twenty eighth
+street until they passed. I saw they had all their arms cocked, and
+ready to fire.
+
+Q. Did you see anybody fire?
+
+A. No, sir. I went up to the hospital grounds with a lady friend of
+mine, stayed around Twenty-eighth street. She thought it would be the
+least danger. As soon as they got to Thirty-third street, I heard a
+volley. I guess it must have been a hundred pieces went off.
+
+Q. You said it was understood that if any man came in front of the
+engines, any engineers and firemen were all to get off?
+
+A. It was an understood thing between the crew of this train. The
+conductor, by the name of Franze--he formerly run from Pittsburgh to
+Connemaugh, and then from Derry to Altoona. He came from Johnstown that
+morning. He didn't want to go out, and he came to where there was a
+crowd standing, and he said if any person would tell me not to turn the
+switch, I wouldn't do it. He only wanted an excuse not to go out. He
+wanted to keep himself solid with the company, and keep his job. He
+went down to the transfer, and coupled up thirty-six cars, and
+Woodward, the engineer of 473, he said the same. All he wanted was some
+one to go and signal to stop, and then they would have an excuse that
+they couldn't go out. They would be solid with the company and men
+also. When they coupled these engines, 473 and 775, a man by the name
+of David Davis, he was the first man to swing, and they understood what
+he wanted, and he reversed, and stopped. That is what I say, it was an
+understood thing between the crowd and that train crew.
+
+Q. Was there any understanding among the men generally?
+
+A. No; there was no understanding among the men generally. I think every
+person said they wouldn't go out on double-headers.
+
+Q. They had all agreed on that?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What were the causes leading to the strike?
+
+A. When the reduction become known it was decided on a strike. Then
+there was to be a strike, and they sent a committee of engineers to see
+Mr. Scott; but they couldn't get any satisfaction. I understood then
+that the 27th, I believe, was set for another strike, and that fell
+through; but this strike, it was not a pre-arranged thing, until it was
+known, until the first eight-forty train that morning. When I came to
+the round-house--everything was double-headers. On Monday there had
+been an order posted on the telegraph that all trains were
+double-headers, and a new line would ran to Altoona. That would have
+taken a great deal of work from some men. There would be a good many
+discharged. They suspended two or three of their oldest engineers.
+Every man refused to give up. They all talked of it, and went on with
+the strike, all the other roads striking. On Friday a telegram came
+from the Erie that all of them were on a strike.
+
+Q. Telegraph came from the Erie?
+
+A. Came from Hornersville, New York.
+
+Q. To the Trainmen's Union.
+
+A. It come to the master of the Firemen's Brotherhood of this division?
+
+Q. It was an understood thing they were going to strike on Friday?
+
+A. No, sir; you misunderstood me. It was an understood thing that a
+strike was to occur on the 19th of July, but after the Baltimore and
+Ohio went out first, and then, when the men on the Pennsylvania struck,
+then the rest of them followed suit. The Fort Wayne, Pan Handle, and
+all over the country, all followed after the B. and 0. and
+Pennsylvania.
+
+Q. That was not double-headers?
+
+A. The rest of them followed--that was going against their ten per
+cent.
+
+Q. What was the cause?
+
+A. The ten per cent. and abuse and double-headers was the main cause of
+the strike. If a man didn't make himself solid with these petty
+officials, they were abused.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was it understood that there was to be a strike all over the country
+when the Pennsylvania Central men struck?
+
+A. No; as far as I know I don't think it was. After the Pennsylvania
+went out, the other men had their cause to strike, too, and they
+followed suit, right after the Pennsylvania, because they had the two
+big trunk lines striking, and these other little roads, that they would
+follow suit.
+
+Q. You were speaking of the Firemen's Brotherhood. Is that the same
+thing as the Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. It is just the same as the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.
+
+Q. That is separate from the Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Are you a member of the Firemen's Brotherhood?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't belong.
+
+Q. A member of the Trainmen's Union.
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you a member of any organization?
+
+A. No, sir; I attended one meeting the firemen had. Engineers had their
+meeting, and firemen had their meeting, and trainmen had their meeting.
+
+Q. Do you know whether there was a man selected to start this strike in
+any way?
+
+A. To tell the truth, there was not one man in Pittsburgh knew this
+strike was to occur on the 19th of July.
+
+Q. You believe the first man that left the train----
+
+A. Was the cause of the rest following. This Rye, one of the men you
+had before you, his crew was to go out that morning at eight-forty.
+That would have been the second double-header on the road. Of course,
+there was a good many double-headers run over it, but it was to be
+general. There was to be no single trains. When his crew said they were
+not going out, we might as well quit this, as to be discharged after a
+while, then the rest of the men coming in, they would not go out, then,
+because the first fellows refused to go out on double-headers. If a man
+would have wanted to go out, he could have. There was nothing to
+prevent him, if he had a little courage.
+
+Q. There would have been no bodily injury?
+
+A. No, sir; if I had wanted to go out, I could have gone out or
+anything else. The strike was conducted by intimidation.
+
+Q. I understand you one fellow got struck with a link?
+
+A. That was done by a party who was not really responsible for what he
+was doing. He was a little the worse for his beer, or he would not have
+done it.
+
+Q. We had testimony that links and pins were thrown at engineers on
+their engines--did you see anything of that kind?
+
+A. There was one link thrown at this man that went to couple the
+caboose to the engines on the Thursday morning, and he had no business
+to couple a caboose, or they wouldn't have thrown any link. He belonged
+down to the transfer, and was not a long road man.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Every fellow has his work, and if he undertakes to do anything else,
+they don't allow him?
+
+A. Just as affairs stood then, they didn't allow it. There was no
+threat made. Another fireman and me sat down on a track and talked to
+some of them--asked what they were going to do. They said nothing; only
+we are not going out on double-headers.
+
+Q. How did they come and take possession of the switches, and stop
+trains from running?
+
+A. They didn't stop any; they didn't have any men to go out with them.
+A good many men deny that they had anything to do with the strike, but
+they had at that time. They wanted their ten per cent. as much as
+anybody.
+
+Q. Had the order cut their wages down below what they could have lived
+on, or could the men make fair wages enough to live on?
+
+A. If the strike had not taken place that morning, there would have
+been twelve engineers to go off, about ten firemen, and forty trainmen,
+conductors, brakemen, and flagmen--that would have been fifty or sixty
+men. It would have been only a week or so until they would have run
+everything to Altoona, and that would have thrown out the east end of
+the division, and then there would be nothing left for the strikers at
+all, only when freight was a little heavy they would not have made
+anything. A man never made much money unless freights were very good,
+and he is running all the time, and is half dead--then he can make
+money. That is in regard to firemen or brakemen; of course engineers,
+with their big wages, they can make money.
+
+Q. Was it your object, as strikers, to compel the railroad company to
+employ more men than they really needed?
+
+A. The object of the strike was to do away with double-headers and get
+their ten per cent. back, if they could. If Mr. Watt would have come up
+there that morning and said, all right, let them run single trains, the
+thing would have been over in half a minute. No; they wouldn't do that.
+They didn't think about their ten per cent. that morning. All it was
+about was double-headers. After the strike was prolonged, then the ten
+per cent. was more thought of.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You informed the masters of those lodges that there was a strike
+here in Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania, and he telegraphed back that
+there would be strikes on all the roads?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. What was it?
+
+A. There was a telegram came from Hornersville, on the Erie road, from
+a man by the name of Donahue, to the master of this division of the
+Firemen's Brotherhood, stating that they were all out, and wished the
+Pennsylvania railroad men success. I believe that was it.
+
+Q. Was there any understanding among the men that they were safe here,
+in Pittsburgh, to strike, and not to be molested, and they wouldn't be
+if they were Philadelphia men?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. In other words, that if the Philadelphia men came here they had no
+sympathy with the strikers, and they would be apt to attempt to run
+trains out, and take possession of the tracks?
+
+A. No, sir; I have never heard anything of that.
+
+Q. You don't know that this point was selected, then?
+
+A. No, sir; it was only accidental the strike came about, and it was
+through the double-headers. If the strike would have been to occur that
+day, every body would have known it.
+
+Q. Are you working now?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Discharged?
+
+A. No; I never was discharged. I asked for my time twice, and it was
+refused me, and I never went to work one day. I went down to Pitcairn's
+office to get a letter of recommendation--I wanted to go on some other
+road--and all the letter he would give me was a note saying he
+discharged me on account of reduction of force.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Officer White, re-called:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. State what action the police officers took on Sunday to put down the
+riot, and burn, and break into the stores?
+
+A. I would state that on Saturday night, about the breaking in of
+stores, I was at the office, and word came there that they were going
+into Johnson's gun store. I was ordered up there, and went up there,
+and the mob was then there, and I believe Mr. Johnson had handed out
+two or three guns there, to keep the mob away until the police came
+there. As soon as we got there, we closed the doors, stood and guarded
+the gun-shop for a considerable time, until the mob went away, and
+stopped them from going in there.
+
+Q. Did you have any encounter with the mob?
+
+A. No; not a good deal to keep them away?
+
+Q. You made a show of force, and they dispersed?
+
+A. Yes. Then we had word they were up on Liberty, at a place kept by a
+man by the name of Shute. I found they had opened and cleaned it out. I
+came to the office again, and was ordered down to O'Mara and Bown's,
+and we found they had been in there.
+
+Q. What did they take out--pretty much anything they could lay their
+hands on?
+
+A. I do not think it was for arms, for the purpose of going out to kill
+the Philadelphians. I think it was plunder more than any thing else--a
+general cleaning out--anything they could get their hands on--scissors
+or anything else. There was a man came into the office with a couple of
+pair of scissors he had taken from some one. I did not think he wanted
+the scissors to kill any one with. They cleaned Bown's out
+completely--knives, pistols, scissors, anything that was in the store.
+
+Q. Do you know where that crowd was from that broke into Bown's store?
+
+A. I could not tell. I did not know whether it was the party that had
+stopped at Johnson's or not. There was a couple of hundred at Johnson's
+trying to get in, and we kept them from getting in there.
+
+Q. Do you know where they were from?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know of an alderman that was with them, from the south side?
+
+A. After I had left Bown's store, a company happened on Fifth street. I
+saw a gang of two or three hundred, and I saw an alderman with them.
+
+Q. Anybody else you know?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Who?
+
+A. A councilman.
+
+Q. Did they appear to be leading this crowd?
+
+A. The councilman did. The alderman did not seem to take much part in
+it. The councilman seemed to be at the head of it.
+
+Q. What day was this?
+
+A. Saturday night.
+
+Q. Whereabouts does he live?
+
+A. Fifth avenue. After the breaking in at Bown's----
+
+Q. Do you know whether they were part of the crowd that broke into the
+stores or not?
+
+A. I do not think they were.
+
+Q. Do you know whether the property was destroyed at the Union depot?
+
+A. I could not tell you. I would also state about the police, on Sunday
+afternoon, during the time the Pan-Handle depot was in their charge.
+The police drove the mob out of the Pan-Handle depot at the time they
+were setting fire there. I know that they were police stretched the
+ropes on the street and kept the mob out, so as not to interfere with
+the firemen when working there.
+
+Q. Did they hold it for any length of time?
+
+A. They did hold it and kept the fire from going any further--kept the
+mob outside of the ropes.
+
+Q. Was it not burned?
+
+A. It was burned; yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. As an officer, do you believe that had there not been any
+interference with the railroad employés that you could have kept the
+peace with the force of police you had?
+
+A. I do not think it was the railroad employés that gave us the
+trouble. I think it was the outside rabble entirely.
+
+Q. I asked a question. The question is this: Do you believe, as an
+officer, had you nothing to contend but the railroad employés, could
+you have kept the peace?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I think the mayor could have kept the peace. I do not
+think there would have been any trouble at all if the military had not
+been called out at all. My experience on Thursday, with these men at
+Torrens station, was, I had not any trouble with them. These men were
+orderly, and when they were ordered off the track they went off the
+track, and I had no trouble at all, and I apprehended no trouble. The
+men said they only wanted their rights, and did not wish to interfere
+with us at all, while we thought they were.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Colonel J. B. Moore, re-called.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. I believe you testified to being at the firing, and so forth. Did
+you see General Pearson that afternoon?
+
+A. I saw General Pearson continuously, sir, from Friday at eleven
+o'clock until eleven o'clock Saturday, except----
+
+Q. How was General Pearson dressed that afternoon?
+
+A. Full major general's undress uniform.
+
+Q. What was that?
+
+A. Fatigue cap, with velvet band and wreath, and the letters "U.S." in
+front of it; shoulder straps, with two stars; dark blue blouse and
+pants, and blouse braided, as worn by officers usually.
+
+Q. Gold braid?
+
+A. No, sir; it is black braid. Major general's belt on, very rare
+workmanship.
+
+Q. Was it something that would attract attention--conspicuous?
+
+A. Yes; it was one of those gotten up for a present, very elaborately
+embroidered.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What color was it?
+
+A. Red, marked with gold braid.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. General Pearson, then, had a fatigue cap?
+
+A. Yes; such as prescribed for major generals to wear.
+
+Q. What was it made of--the blue cap?
+
+A. Dark blue cloth, with a velvet band.
+
+Q. Gold wreath, with the letters U.S. in front?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did he wear this cap up there, just prior to the firing of the
+military on the mob?
+
+A. No, sir; not just prior. On Friday, when I reported to him, he had
+on a straw hat, a white vest, and a blouse, before he and I came down
+from the Union depot, and we put on our uniforms in the evening. I
+suppose between eight and nine o'clock. It was not dark.
+
+Q. On Saturday he wore this uniform?
+
+A. Yes; he wore a uniform continuously from that up.
+
+Q. Insignia of rank on shoulders?
+
+A. Yes; and his sword. He had a sword with a gold scabbard. All the
+officers of his staff that were there were in full uniform, except
+Colonel Hays.
+
+Q. Was he there with the military or with the Philadelphia troops when
+the firing took place?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no officer near the Philadelphia troops except
+myself, that is, at the point when the firing took place at
+Twenty-eighth street. Mr. George Steen, Major Stouts, and Major Fife
+were at the cars taken out, one hundred and fifty feet below the
+street. They were down at that flank of the troops.
+
+Q. Were you inside of this hollow-square?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you wear a cap?
+
+A. I wore a cap.
+
+Q. Wear a belt?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Sword?
+
+A. Sword and blouse, precisely like the one General Pearson had on,
+except the shoulder straps.
+
+Q. Did you know where General Pearson was, about the time the firing
+took place?
+
+A. I knew where he started off. He gave me orders to remain with
+General Brinton, while he would go to the telegraph office.
+
+Q. How long before the firing?
+
+A. I should judge five or seven minutes.
+
+Q. And started, did he?
+
+A. Yes, started; I judge that from the fact that General Brinton went
+down the Weccacoe Legion and the Gatling guns, and go through the two
+lines that had been formed on each side of the track. Just as he had
+sent down that order, General Pearson started, and I should judge it
+would take time to get the guns up. I have no distinct knowledge of the
+time at all. It was quite a little time before they were able to get
+the guns up over the ties.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Then General Pearson left before these troops marched down? That is
+the Weccacoe Legion, with the Gatling guns--he left before that?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And it was before the firing took place?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. That was the detachment that attempted to put the crowd back off
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I cannot say whether it was the Weccacoe Legion or Washington Grays.
+I understood they were both there, but I could not distinguish them,
+they were all, as a matter of course, strangers to me. I saw "W.L." on
+their knapsacks, of either the front or rear rank. I could not see
+which it was.
+
+Q. General Pearson could not have been there at the time of the firing?
+
+A. No, sir; it was impossible for him to be there without my knowing,
+for he gave me orders to remain with General Brinton, while he went to
+the telegraph office, and I know there was no officer there except
+myself. When a man is alone, he generally knows it.
+
+Q. No officer of your division there--that is, General Brinton and his
+command were there?
+
+A. General Brinton was about as close to me as you are.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Captain E. Y. Breck, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where is your residence?
+
+A. Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am a stenographer of court of common pleas, No. 1.
+
+Q. What position did you occupy in the militia at the time of the
+disturbance in July?
+
+A. I was captain in the National Guard, commanding Hutchinson's battery
+at that time, now known as Breck's battery.
+
+Q. Were you present at the time of the firing of the troops, at
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I was, sir.
+
+Q. Be kind enough to state what occurred?
+
+A. Do you wish a statement, as to the firing?
+
+Q. As to the fire, and who were present--what officers?
+
+A. Well, I was stationed just above the flag-house--I suppose you know
+where that is--and I had received an order a short time before the
+First division arrived on the ground to be prepared to load my guns on
+gondola cars, and I saw a plank brought out from the round-house on a
+truck, and dumped there on the track to load the guns. I was quite
+anxious, of course. There was a large crowd around there, and I did not
+feel altogether secure. There was only one company of infantry there,
+behind me, supporting the guns, and there were a great many rumors
+floating around there. There was a rumor of trouble in Philadelphia,
+and I was to be sent there, and for various causes I was anxious to see
+commanding officer--General Pearson--and as soon as I saw the column
+advancing up the track, I stood up on one of my limbers, where I could
+look over the heads of the crowd, and see what was going on. As they
+came up, I noticed, I think, first it was the sheriff, I remember of
+seeing him, I think some of his deputies, and I saw General Pearson and
+two officers, whom I afterwards knew as General Brinton and General
+Matthews. Although I did not know them at the time, I got acquainted
+with them that night. This, I suppose, was about half-past four in the
+afternoon. They moved up until the right of the column rested at
+Twenty-eighth street. They halted once down about opposite Twenty-sixth
+street gate, and then, I suppose, was the time that General Loud's
+brigade was put in possession of those cars down there. Then the first
+division started on up. The First brigade, they came up until the right
+was about at Twenty-eighth street, the First regiment was leading. The
+regiment was in columns of four. They wheeled in line to the left,
+forced the crowd back off the track, and up to within probably within
+twenty feet of the walls of the round-house. There were, I think, four
+gondola cars there, standing on side tracks, that prevented them
+clearing the track clear to the walls of the round-house. These cars
+were covered with people. As soon as they halted, both ranks were faced
+about, and what had been the rear rank was marched toward the hill.
+Then there was a company brought up from the rear, marched up through
+the open ranks, and about that time General Pearson disappeared from
+view. I was watching out very carefully for him, because I was
+expecting orders every moment, and I was very anxious that he would
+know where I was. In fact, he did see me. As they were marching up I
+stood on the limber, and did something to attract his attention, and I
+attracted his attention, and he nodded, as much as to say he knew where
+I was. The reason I did that was, my position had been changed since
+morning, the guns had been moved from the position in which he had
+ordered them placed, and I wanted him to know exactly where they were.
+About that time I lost sight of him, and I did not see him again until
+I suppose about quarter of six, I saw him in the telegraph office.
+
+Q. How was General Pearson dressed that day--could you see?
+
+A. Yes; I was with General Pearson the evening before, when he put on
+his uniform. We were down at Union Depot hotel, and he asked me if I
+would like to take a walk around to head-quarters. I told him I would,
+and he and Colonel Moore and myself started off for head-quarters. We
+came up Grant, and I remember some house over here, where the general
+was acquainted with two or three ladies there. That two or three ladies
+sat on the steps, and they stopped the general and made some remark
+about they hoped he was not going to shoot the people, and he stood and
+talked some little time. We went on down to head-quarters, and got a
+fatigue blouse out of some of the cases there--the fatigue blouse of
+the old pattern is alike for all officers of different rank--the
+designation is by the shoulder-straps. He got this blouse out and found
+his straps, and I pinned the straps on for him--major general's
+straps--and he put on his cap and belt, and I think he carried his
+sword in his arm, if I am not mistaken. We stayed there a few minutes,
+I do not know but we might have been there ten minutes. Then we went
+down to the corner of Fifth and Smithfield, and took a car for the
+Union depot, and went right back. He had the same uniform when he came
+up the track and the same uniform when I saw him in the
+superintendent's office, at a quarter to six.
+
+Q. Immediately after the firing?
+
+A. Yes, sir; the first time I saw him after the firing. The cap--it is
+an ordinary fatigue cap, with a velvet band for general officers. He
+had that cap and a wreath in front, and I think two stars in the
+wreath--either U.S. or two stars. I believe it is regulation to wear
+two stars, and the blouse had what they call herring-bone
+trimming--black braid, and runs from the buttons out into loops and
+slashed at the sides, and the belt was usually worn under the blouse,
+but it was over the blouse--a red morocco belt, groundwork of morocco,
+with gold embroidery. Quite profusely embroidered.
+
+Q. Did the crowd resist these soldiers when they marched to
+Twenty-eighth?
+
+A. Up the tracks?
+
+Q. Yes, sir.
+
+A. As they came up the crowd opened out for them--the column was
+narrow. They were in columns of four. There was a great deal of hooting
+and jeering. I think some few of the people were trying to cheer. It
+certainly was a sight that any man who had love for the military would
+cheer at. I never saw a handsomer sight for so small a body of men.
+They were in regular order, well uniformed, thoroughly equipped, and
+their guns looked splendidly in the sun; and the crowd gave way and
+there was no actual resistance--nothing to stop the troops until they
+tried to clear the Twenty-eighth street crossing. The column marched up
+without halting. I do not think they impeded their step any. When they
+marched toward the round-house they wheeled into line, to the left, and
+went towards the round-house. The crowd got back. They could not clear
+the tracks clear to the round-house on account of those cars. When the
+rear rank marched toward the hill the crowd gave way, but the troops
+only came to the edge of the track--the right hand track going out.
+That, of course, left plenty of room for the crowd on the road. The
+road was black with people. There were a great many on the side of the
+hill and the base of the hill.
+
+Q. This crowd at Twenty-eighth street, did they resist when this
+detachment marched through the center and marched up against them?
+
+A. Yes; there was one company that it looked to me, from where I stood,
+as if they were unable to do anything with the crowd--unable to move
+it--and there was a stronger company, or more men--it was another
+company--I think it was the Weccacoe Legion and the Washington
+Greys--brought up from the rear. They came up at a carry, but they did
+not drive the crowd far. They could not do it without using their
+bayonets, and I do not know whether there was an order to charge
+bayonets given or not, but at any rate, the men commenced to bring
+their guns down as if they were going to charge, and from where I
+stood, I could see the guns held by the mob--held them in their
+hands--and I could see the men take hold, up near the muzzle, and draw
+their guns back, in order to get them down to a charge. Just as they
+did that there were one or two pistol shots fired, and then I saw about
+a wagon load of stones and lumps of coal--in an instant the air was
+black with stones and lumps of coal. Then a gun went off on the right
+of the company, followed by three or four more, and then very nearly a
+volley; and I did not want to be killed and jumped off the lumber.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you hear any command to fire?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. How near were you to this body of men--the Philadelphia troops?
+
+A. I was within sixty feet of the middle of the Twenty-eighth street
+crossing, I suppose.
+
+Q. Could you see the officers inside this hollow square?
+
+A. The officers were mostly--except the regimental officers--the
+general officers were up on the crossing with this company--General
+Brinton and General Matthews. I ran down on the track to help the first
+regiment officers stop the firing. The men had fired, I suppose, two or
+three rounds apiece. I helped the officers to steady the men up, and
+give a little confidence to the men, and as soon as they did that, and
+I think loaded again by command. Then I went up to the crossing, and I
+saw General Brinton and General Matthews, and he had already thrown two
+companies further up the track, and had the two Gatling guns in
+position, one pointing up the track--both, in fact. And while I stood
+there, they, turned and went down Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Just before the firing of the troops, did you see any officers in
+this square, or between these two lines facing away from the
+tracks--one facing the hill, and another facing down the other way?
+
+A. They were both facing the hill at that time. As soon as the
+battalion wheeled into line, there was some little fuss there--a man or
+two fainted. They faced both ranks about.
+
+Q. There was a space there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. The regimental officers were there?
+
+A. Yes; I spoke to Colonel Miller. He reminded me of it the other day
+in Philadelphia.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the officers of the Sixth division there between
+these two lines?
+
+A. No, sir; I think not, they were further up, right on the crossing.
+The two lines reached--suppose this is the lower line of Twenty-eighth
+street. [Illustrating.] They brought these lines right up to within ten
+feet, perhaps, of the lower line of the street, and then those two
+companies were right here. [Indicating.]
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do I understand you to say, that the company that was marched toward
+Twenty-eighth street did connect with those two wings of the flanks?
+
+A. The company was practically covered on the flanks. There was a
+flag-house in here. [Indicating.]
+
+Q. Some space between that company and the flanks of the regiment?
+
+A. Yes. There was a little space, because I remember when I went down I
+went around the left flank.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the officers of the Sixth division in the rear of
+this first company, marching towards Twenty-eighth street. Did you see
+Colonel Moore?
+
+A. I do not remember of seeing him. I might have seen him.
+
+Q. Where did you see Pearson? You said you saw Pearson, and nodded to
+him?
+
+A. That was when he was marching up, and I followed him with my eye
+until I saw him on the crossing where the crowd was, but this was
+before they attempted to drive the crowd back, and there was one
+company--it was a small company--and they did not make much of an
+effort with them. They sent back for more men. I do not think the
+Gatlings were brought up at first. My recollection is they came up with
+those other companies that were brought up from the rear.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You did not see him after those other companies came up?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not see him then.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Where did the firing commence?
+
+A. Commenced on the right of this company.
+
+Q. The company advancing towards the crossing?
+
+A. Yes. They were facing up the railroad track right as you go out. The
+firing into the troops commenced over here. [Indicating.] There were
+two or three car loads of coal standing there.
+
+Q. On the left going east?
+
+A. On the left going east, and there was a man on that car fired the
+first shot.
+
+Q. A pistol shot?
+
+A. As nearly as I could state. Then there was a house on the road going
+up to the hospital grounds--there was a man behind that that was firing
+down this way--I saw that they both fired about the same time. There
+must have been a dozen pistol shots almost simultaneously with the
+lumps of coal and stones.
+
+Q. Did that house stand near the gate that leads up to the hospital?
+
+A. Yes. I think this end of the house was on a line with the gate. The
+watch-box would be down here [indicating] across the street, and up a
+little from the railroad. I was out there a month or so ago, and it has
+been removed.
+
+Q. Where was your battery?
+
+A. Right in there. [Indicating.]
+
+Q. A little above the watch-house?
+
+A. A little above the watch-house.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Major J. B. Steen, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. James B.
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I reside in Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. The coal business.
+
+Q. Were you a member of the National Guard of Pennsylvania in July
+last?
+
+A. Yes; I was quartermaster on General Pearson's staff.
+
+Q. Were you present at the time the troops were called out to quell the
+disturbance or strike?
+
+A. I was present at the time the Philadelphia troops arrived.
+
+Q. State as briefly as you can when you came upon the scene, and what
+occurred?
+
+A. These Philadelphia troops arrived at Union depot some time after
+dinner, and they furnished them with meals there, and along in the
+afternoon the column started out towards Twenty-eighth street, headed
+by Sheriff Fife, General Pearson, and General Brinton, and Major
+Stroud, and Givens, and Moore, and myself were on the staff; and when
+we arrived at Twenty-eighth street, we formed a hollow square. There
+was a pile of plank about the center of the square, and I sat down on
+the plank with Pitcairn. We marched the Washington Grays through the
+center, to force the crowd back off Twenty-eighth street. There was
+pistol shots, and stones thrown, and they commenced firing on the
+right, and then there was a general volley along the line.
+
+Q. Was this firing by orders?
+
+A. I did not hear any orders. General Pearson had passed me while I was
+sitting on this pile of plank, and he asked Pitcairn where the nearest
+telegraph office was, and, I think, he told him in his office, and he
+started down that way. It was five or ten minutes before the firing
+took place.
+
+Q. That was before this company was marched out to clear the crossing?
+
+A. No, sir; it was after the company was marched out. I am not positive
+whether it was after or before, but my recollection is that it was
+after.
+
+Q. General Pearson passed you, then, going down to go to Pitcairn's
+office?
+
+A. Yes; to the telegraph office.
+
+Q. How was he dressed?
+
+A. He had a fatigue uniform, blue cap, blouse, sword, belt, and blue
+pantaloons.
+
+Q. Had this blouse buttons up close to the throat?
+
+A. Buttons all the way up to the throat.
+
+Q. Did you notice whether it was buttoned that way?
+
+A. I could not say whether it was buttoned or not. I should judge it
+was though.
+
+Q. Did you say he had a cap on?
+
+A. Cap; yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Shoulder straps?
+
+A. Two stars on the shoulder--straps and stars.
+
+Q. Were they conspicuous enough to be noticed?
+
+A. They would be noticed, I should judge--regular size.
+
+Q. Regulation size?
+
+A. Regulation size.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. General Pearson passed you before the firing commenced?
+
+A. Before the firing commenced.
+
+Q. Five or ten minutes?
+
+A. Five or ten minutes. I was sitting on a pile of plank there, and
+Pitcairn was sitting beside me and Major Stroud.
+
+Q. How far is it from there to Pitcairn's office?
+
+A. I should judge it was about a square--a little over that--two
+squares.
+
+Q. Did he come back again at all, before the firing?
+
+A. No, sir; the next place I saw him, was in Pitcairn's office. I went
+down to hunt him up to report, and I saw him in Pitcairn's office.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did he know that there had been firing?
+
+A. He knew it; yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was anybody there when you got there?
+
+A. Yes; there were several gentlemen there, but I do not recollect who
+they were.
+
+Q. Was he in the telegraph office or in Pitcairn's--that is above the
+telegraph office?
+
+A. In Pitcairn's office.
+
+Q. Has he a telegraph instrument there?
+
+A. There is a waiter that goes down, and they send the messages down to
+the office.
+
+Q. Was he dressed the same as when he passed you?
+
+A. Yes; in his fatigue uniform.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How close were you to the military when the firing took place?
+
+A. I was sitting right in the center of the hollow square.
+
+Q. Were you in uniform?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command to fire by any officer?
+
+A. I did not. I do not think there was any command given to fire.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did the officers attempt to stop the men when the firing took place?
+
+A. As soon as the firing took place, they attempted to stop them. One
+company, I think on the left, did not fire.
+
+Q. What did they say--order them to cease firing?
+
+A. Run to them and knocked their guns up.
+
+Q. Did you hear the command to cease firing?
+
+A. I heard that very plain.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Who gave that command?
+
+A. The different officers of the regiments.
+
+Q. Did you hear any shots fired from the crowd before the firing by the
+military?
+
+A. Some pistol shots and some stones thrown.
+
+Q. How many shots?
+
+A. I should think there were several. I suppose about ten or twelve.
+
+Q. Before the firing by the military?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were any of the military struck or injured before the firing on the
+mob?
+
+A. There was one of them hit with a stone.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+H. Vierheller, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your full name?
+
+A. Henry.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Keeping saloon.
+
+Q. Are you a resident of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were you a member of the National Guard?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. At the time of the July riots?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What position did you hold?
+
+A. Private in company A, Eighteenth regiment.
+
+Q. Were you out at Twenty-eighth street on the afternoon of the
+Twenty-first--Saturday?
+
+A. No, sir; not on the Twenty-first. I was at the Union depot on
+Saturday.
+
+Q. Did you see the troops start from the Union depot, out?
+
+A. I was there before the Philadelphia troops arrived there on
+Saturday. I went there with Major Stroud, of General Pearson's staff.
+He came to General Pearson's head-quarters and wished to report to the
+general. Their head-quarters were right over my place, on Fifth avenue,
+and he asked me to go out with him to report to the general, and I did
+so.
+
+Q. Did you see General Pearson there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. It must have been between twelve and one o'clock.
+
+Q. Had the Philadelphia troops arrived then?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. How was General Pearson dressed?
+
+A. He had a fatigue uniform blouse--officer's blouse on and a fatigue
+cap.
+
+Q. You were not present when the firing took place?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Know nothing of that?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. If you have anything that has not been testified, that is of any
+importance to our committee, make a brief statement of it?
+
+A. In relation to Saturday, and that is all I know of it. I remained
+around there for an hour or so, intending to wait until the
+Philadelphia troops arrived, but they were late getting in, and I left
+there.
+
+Q. You were not there when the firing took place?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Major General Albert L. Pearson re-called.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. You did testify as to the movements of the troops, &c, out at
+Twenty-eighth street, I think, Saturday afternoon?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. I want simply to ask you how you were dressed on that occasion?
+
+A. Up until Friday night I was dressed in citizens' clothes; light gray
+pantaloons, blue cutaway, coat, and straw hat, but at about nine
+o'clock, Captain Breck, Colonel Moore, and myself came down to my
+head-quarters, and Colonel Moore and I then procured our uniform. I
+wore my uniform from nine o'clock Friday night up until long after the
+difficulty; in fact, the only clothing I had on up until Monday, was a
+complete major general's uniform. The coat is single breasted, five
+buttons down front, and from each button was a broad braid which is
+known in military language as herring bone--goes from each button
+across the breast--and a large loop. The coat is slashed up the side,
+and that has got a herring bone along the trimmings on the side, and
+the same up the arm. The shoulder straps were regular shoulder
+straps--major general's--two stars. The cap, blue--a fatigue cap as
+usually worn by officers, with a dark blue velvet band clear around the
+cap, with a wreath embroidered with gold, and, at that time, the
+letters U.S. inside of the wreath. The belt was red Turkish morocco,
+very elaborately embroidered in gold. There was a wreath embroidered
+entirely around the belt with gold embroidery, up above and below the
+wreath----
+
+Q. It was morocco?
+
+A. Yes; the scabbard was gilt plate, and a handle of silver--it was a
+uniform, I presume, the only one like it on the ground. General
+Brinton's blouse was a perfectly plain blouse without the herring bone
+trimmings on it--it was not slashed. I don't think any of the other
+general officers had a blouse like it; in fact, I know they had not.
+
+Q. You have testified in regard to leaving before the firing?
+
+A. When I left, there was no indications of any firing or anything of
+that kind at all. There had been no stones thrown or pistol shots
+fired--nothing to indicate that there would be.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Why did you leave?
+
+A. I left, as I testified before, from the fact that I had been
+informed by some of the officers of my own division, that there was a
+feeling existing among the portion of the troops of my own division
+that were at Twenty-eighth street, that probably they couldn't be
+depended upon. I thought it was better to have the other divisions that
+had been placed under arms sent for at once, and walked down the tracks
+and telegraphed to General Latta for that purpose.
+
+Q. What office did you go to?
+
+A. Pitcairn's office was over the telegraph office, at the corner of
+Twenty-sixth and Liberty. It is two squares away from where the
+difficulty occurred.
+
+Q. Were you in the telegraph office or above?
+
+A. In Pitcairn's office. There were waiters running from Pitcairn's
+office down to the telegraph office, so that messages could be received
+or sent in that manner. I was accompanied by Major Evans, who went with
+me.
+
+Q. Major Evans you say went back with you?
+
+A. Major Evans accompanied me from Twenty-eighth street to Pitcairn's
+office and was there when we first received the information that the
+affair had taken place, and was with me all the time that the
+difficulty was going on.
+
+Q. Does he occupy any position in the division?
+
+A. He is major and paymaster of the division, but was acting as a
+personal aid that day.
+
+Q. Where is he?
+
+A. He is out at his mill, at Soho.
+
+Q. Iron mill?
+
+A. Yes; the firm of Evans, Dalzell & Co. I think the first man that
+gave me any information of any firing was Mr. Cassatt--that is a
+positive assurance that the firing had taken place. He had been up in
+the cupola of one of the buildings and had observed all the proceedings
+that had taken place at Twenty-eighth street. I think he was the first
+that gave me any positive assurance that the troops had fired. I know I
+had heard no firing, had not heard the explosion of the pieces at all.
+I am very free to confess that I am very sorry that I was not at
+Twenty-eighth street at the time of the difficulty, because General
+Brinton, when no other officer would have had any reason to have waited
+for an order very long, for most undoubtedly and most assuredly had I
+been there, and the pistol shots had been fired as has been testified,
+and stones thrown, as Captain Breck has stated, and the troops treated
+in the manner in which they undoubtedly were treated, I would have
+directed Brinton at once to fire upon the rioters, and would have kept
+it up just long enough that they wouldn't have come back to that
+locality again, at least a good many of them. I didn't believe an order
+was given, at least, from what Brinton has informed, but I thought it
+should have been given.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Colonel Gray, re-called:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You have given your testimony, I believe, before, as to the
+occurrences. All we want to ask is, did you see General Pearson on the
+afternoon of the 21st of July?
+
+A. I saw him at a distance. I was on the hill side, and saw him come up
+with the troops. I was up in the morning, in the forepart of the day,
+probably twice I saw him there, but I was not close to him. I was not
+down to the railroad that day.
+
+Q. How was he dressed in the morning that you saw him?
+
+A. I saw him at the Union depot at night--Friday night--and then in the
+morning, before he went out there. He was dressed in his fatigue
+uniform, and it has been very accurately described by himself, and I
+think everybody in the Sixth division knows it, and everybody who has
+seen him, the peculiar coat--different from any other fatigue uniform
+that is in existence now. I think he was dressed in that uniform and
+fatigue cap. I saw him come up with the Philadelphia troops, at a
+distance. I was on the hill side, and recognized him very distinctly. I
+was anxious that he should be there, and was satisfied that he was
+there.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned to meet at Harrisburg, at the
+call of the chairman.
+
+
+    HARRISBURG, _March 8, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to notice, in Senate committee room, No. 6,
+all members present except Mr. Larrabee.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Governor John F. Hartranft, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Governor, just state in your own way where you were in July last,
+when the railroad strikes first broke out, and when you received the
+first information, and what was done by yourself thereafter?
+
+A. I contemplated making a trip to the west with my family, and, in
+thinking the matter over before I started, I had a conversation with
+the Adjutant General, in which I stated to him that I thought
+everything was as calm in the State it ever was since our
+administration, yet, if there was any trouble, he should exercise the
+authority vested in the commander-in-chief, in accordance with the same
+rules and principles that we had established when there was trouble
+prior to my leaving the State--that is, when there was trouble in a
+section of the State, we frequently had calls from the sheriffs of the
+county, and after we became satisfied that the sheriff had exhausted
+his authority, or was unwilling to exercise his full authority, we
+generally sent troops. With these general instructions, not
+anticipating for a moment that it meant anything, I left the State on
+Monday, the 16th of July. On Wednesday morning, I saw by the papers, at
+Chicago, where I was, that there was trouble on the Baltimore and Ohio
+road. On the next day, Thursday, receiving the papers on the train, I
+saw that the trouble was spreading. I telegraphed to the State for
+information as to whether this had spread upon the Baltimore and Ohio
+road into the State. The first dispatch that I received was received at
+Antelope, on the Union Pacific railroad, on Friday forenoon sometime.
+The dispatch was as follows:
+
+    "Mob stopped all freight trains at Pittsburgh. Sheriff called for
+    troops. Ordered Pearson to take charge, and put one regiment on
+    duty. Says he may need more."
+
+Q. Who was that dispatch received from?
+
+A. It was from General Latta.
+
+Q. That was on Friday, the 20th of July?
+
+A. That was on the 20th, in the forenoon. As soon as I reached
+
+    "Order promptly all troops necessary to support the sheriffs in
+    protecting moving trains on Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Go to
+    Pittsburgh and keep supervision of all troops ordered out. Will be
+    due at Ogden to-morrow at six o'clock. In the meantime, _en route_,
+    let me know the situation."
+
+I again sent a dispatch from Laramie City, same day, five-twenty,
+P.M.:
+
+    "Spare nothing to protect all persons in their rights under the
+    Constitution and laws of the State, in accordance with the policy
+    heretofore adopted. Am on the train to Ogden."
+
+I received a dispatch from General Latta--I do not remember whether
+before sending this last or after--to this effect:
+
+    "PITTSBURGH, PA., _July 20,1877_.
+
+    "No difficulty on Baltimore and Ohio railroad in Pennsylvania.
+    Strike extended to Pennsylvania railroad. Trains stopped at
+    Pittsburgh by rioters, numbering two or three thousand.
+
+    "General Pearson has six hundred men under arms guarding property.
+    General Brinton will be here to-day, with twelve or fifteen hundred
+    men. Movement will be made immediately on his arrival to open road,
+    and we expect to do so without bloodshed.
+
+    "I will be at Union hotel, Pittsburgh, until order is restored.
+    Keep me advised of your movements. If your presence is needed, I
+    will promptly wire you."
+
+I received numerous dispatches after that from General Latta, Mr.
+Scott, and others, and at Ogden I sent the following dispatch to
+General Latta, Saturday evening, the 21st of July:
+
+    "Dispatch received. Unless I hear from you to change my mind, I
+    will take the first train to Pittsburgh. There must be no illegal
+    interference with any person willing to work, and to this end act
+    promptly, that it may be done without bloodshed."
+
+I then went to Salt Lake City with my family, the next train east not
+being due at Ogden until ten o'clock Sunday morning. When I arrived at
+Salt Lake City, I had another dispatch from Mr. Quay. This I received
+at nine o'clock Saturday evening:
+
+    "A collision has occurred here between the strikers and the troops.
+    Number of persons have been killed and wounded. Intense excitement
+    prevails in city, and there are indications of further bloodshed,
+    and that the trouble will be wide-spread and protracted. I suggest
+    that you return, allowing your party to go forward."
+
+I then secured a special train, leaving there at twelve o'clock, and
+got to Pittsburgh on Tuesday afternoon.
+
+Q. Before you go any further, I would like to ask a question or two: In
+your instructions to General Latta, before leaving the State, was it
+your intention to delegate to General Latta your power as
+commander-in-chief to call out the militia in case of an emergency?
+
+A. Not my power, but simply discretion, under the general order, to act
+in accordance with our custom in case there was any trouble in my
+absence, and to issue orders by my authority, just the same as if I
+were in the State.
+
+Q. Signing your name?
+
+A. No; his own, by order of the commander-in-chief, or what is the same
+thing, as Adjutant General. I may say that I talked with the Attorney
+General before I left the State, and he thought there was no reason why
+I should not go.
+
+Q. He was to follow strictly the regulations that had been adopted
+heretofore?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Under the act of 1864, what have been the regulations--I do not
+quite understand you on that point--about calling out troops?
+
+A. We have not fallen back upon the act of 1864, because the sheriffs
+have always called. In fact, the sheriffs are generally very prompt to
+call for troops. They often wanted our assistance when we thought it
+was not necessary, and in every instance when troops have been ordered
+out during my administration, they have been ordered, as they were in
+this case, upon the call of the civil authorities to aid them. We have
+always kept the troops, so far as we could, subordinate to the civil
+authorities. In this instance, and some other instances, perhaps the
+civil authorities were not quite as active as they ought to have been,
+and they, to a certain extent, disappeared, and then, of course, we
+came under the act of 1864. But in the first instance we have never
+exercised our authority under that act.
+
+Q. You would consider that under that act you have authority to call
+out the militia upon notice, or your own knowledge, that there is any
+serious riot or outbreak in the State?
+
+A. Yes. If there is a riot in any section of the State, and the civil
+authorities are unable or unwilling to suppress it, I think it would be
+my duty, as Executive, to order out the National Guard, and to take
+charge of the situation to protect life and property. I would not
+hesitate to do it, whenever I became satisfied of that fact.
+
+Q. In your judgment, would that be in conflict--would such an action be
+in conflict, in any way--with the Constitution, which says that the
+military shall always be in subordination to the civil authorities?
+
+A. Well, I do not pretend to give any legal opinion upon that point;
+but, so far as the past has been concerned, we would have been glad and
+willing to let the civil authorities take entire control, and it is
+only when they were willing and anxious that we took part, and there
+never has been a conflict.
+
+Q. That has always been the rule adopted by you, as commander-in-chief?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I am not quite sure that that question may not arise. I
+can see very easily how it might arise in the near future, in any
+locality where the civil authorities might be in sympathy with the
+lawless elements, but we hope that it may not.
+
+Q. And is that a reason why you have adhered to the rules that you have
+just mentioned?
+
+Q. I do not know that it was because of any supposed conflict, but I
+adhered to that because I thought it was the common-sense way of doing
+it. That is about all.
+
+Q. Then the first telegram, I understood you to say, received from
+General Latta was in the forenoon of Friday, the 20th?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know on that day that General Latta had already ordered out
+the militia?
+
+A. Not except through him.
+
+Q. Does that telegram state that?
+
+A. Yes. He says, "Ordered Pearson to take charge, and put one regiment
+on duty."
+
+Q. Do you know what time General Latta gave that order to General
+Pearson to take charge?
+
+A. No; I do not.
+
+Q. I would like you now to state when the news first reached you of any
+disturbance at Scranton, and through what channel, and your action in
+relation to the outbreak at Scranton.
+
+A. I do not know that I knew anything definitely about the trouble
+there until the 25th. As I was passing through Harrisburg to
+Philadelphia, on the 25th, I received a dispatch from the Brotherhood
+of Firemen and Brakemen, and there was also one, I think, from the
+officers of the road, which I do not see here just now. The question
+that arose there was that the railroad company were unable to run their
+trains, because the firemen and brakemen had struck, and mob would not
+let them, and then the Brotherhood of Firemen and Brakeman agreed that
+they might run the mails through, and the company did not want to do
+that unless they could take a passenger train. I telegraphed back to
+the superintendent of the railroad, "Would advise you to let mails run
+through." My object in that was not to precipitate any further
+disturbance until I had everything in hand. There was, I think, no
+running of trains for a week or ten days after that. They were making
+an effort to run trains about the 31st of July, but on the 1st of
+August there was a disturbance in Scranton, and the mayor called upon
+me for troops. The miners came out on a strike about the 25th. In
+consequence of this general confusion in Luzerne county, no trains
+moved. I had anticipated a movement to Luzerne county for the purpose
+of starting trains, and had made my arrangements, but this riot at
+Scranton precipitated the movement, and I got there on August 2d. The
+riot occurred on the 1st, and I got the first news about two o'clock,
+and my advance troops got to Scranton early next morning.
+
+Q. What day did you say you received the call from the mayor for
+troops?
+
+A. On the 1st of August. The dispatch was:
+
+    "Mob have partly taken possession of the town. I was assaulted, and
+    sent to my committee for assistance. Mob attempted to follow me up,
+    when three or more were killed. Come to my assistance.
+
+    "R. H. MCKUNE,
+    _Mayor_."
+
+Very soon afterward, I received another dispatch: "How soon can I
+expect troops?" Then I received half a dozen dispatches from private
+parties. I sent a dispatch to McKune: "Keep quiet. Will be with you in
+the morning."
+
+Q. Had you any communication with the mayor prior to the 1st day of
+August?
+
+A. Yes; there were several dispatches in which he was confident that he
+could manage the situation. For instance, here is one on the 29th of
+July: "Pumps will start to-morrow. Send no troops until you hear
+further from me. Am in hopes of a peaceful settlement." Here is a
+dispatch from the mayor on the 25th of July, which I overlooked before:
+"Strikers have taken the coaches off of the mail train, and will not
+allow them to proceed. I am unable to assist the company in getting the
+train started." That is on the 25th of July. There is another dispatch
+here which influenced me to some extent, dated July 25:
+
+    "There is not flour or provisions enough in this (Wyoming) district
+    to last one week. We are informed that at Scranton the situation is
+    no better. Unless some means are adopted to open up western
+    communication by rail, there will be serious trouble here. The
+    situation is very grave, and demands urgent attention.
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+
+    "CONYNGHAMS & PAINE."
+
+That is dated Wilkes-Barre, July 25, 1877.
+
+Q. Then, I understand, prior to August 1, the mayor of Scranton did not
+desire troops to be sent?
+
+A. No; the first dispatch did not call for troops, but he was evidently
+looking to me for assistance. But in a few days after that, on the
+29th, he thinks he is able to control it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Up to that time he was confident that the civil authorities could
+control it?
+
+A. Yes. There was no conflict, because the railroad companies could not
+move their trains, and did not attempt it. They could not move them,
+and the civil authorities were unable to assist the railroad companies,
+and therefore did not attempt it, and everything was quiet. Eventually
+they were looking to me to help them, but I did not propose to go there
+until I got through with Pittsburgh. Besides, I thought if we got
+everything started at Pittsburgh, the moral effect of that might settle
+the question in the whole State, and there would be no necessity to go
+anywhere else.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you have any other dispatches from him except the one you have
+read, dated the 29th, in which he expressed himself as being able to
+control it.
+
+A. No; I think not. I find none in the appendix to the message, and I
+have none in this package, I know. While I was at Pittsburgh, Mr. Farr,
+my private secretary, was here in charge, and he kept me in constant
+communication with the region--with the Luzerne region--and there is
+one dispatch from him here; it is rather lengthy, but it gives the
+situation on the 31st of July, the day before the riot occurred.
+
+The dispatch was read as follows:
+
+    "With exception of Luzerne county, matters in eastern Pennsylvania
+    have returned to normal condition. Philadelphia is orderly. In
+    Reading all danger is over, and civil authorities are rapidly
+    arresting rioters. About fifty are now in jail. The citizens
+    support General Reeder's action, and believe the firing of his
+    troops prevented great destruction of property. Two of leaders of
+    rioters were killed. The P. & R.R. is running trains, and the
+    bridge will be ready for trains in two weeks. At Harrisburg all
+    signs of disorders have disappeared. Forty arrests have been made,
+    and the authorities are rapidly ferreting others. There is no doubt
+    of their conviction of majority of prisoners, both in Reading and
+    Harrisburg. Captain Linden assures me there are no fears of an
+    outbreak in Schuylkill, unless irruptions of striking miners from
+    Luzerne force the men in Schuylkill to quit work. General
+    Sigfried's advices from Pottsville are to same effect. In Luzerne
+    affairs are threatening. The Lehigh Valley R.R. has not resumed,
+    and trains are stopped on other roads by miners. Engineers driven
+    from pumps, and mines are flooding. In Wilkes-Barre there is said
+    to be a scarcity of provisions, owing to interrupted
+    transportation, and fears are felt of disturbance on that account.
+    A concentration of troops in Luzerne, to give control of property,
+    open traffic, and protect workmen, would remove the last vestige of
+    lawlessness in eastern Pennsylvania. There are two hundred regulars
+    in Reading. Available troops can be taken from Harrisburg or
+    Reading without danger. If to-night's advices indicate the
+    necessity, I will go to Scranton and Wilkesbarre to-morrow, if I
+    can get there."
+
+Witness: There is another one here, 11.30, P.M., that I suppose was the
+same date.
+
+The dispatch was read, as follows:
+
+    "In answer to my dispatch of yesterday, Sheriff Kirkendall, of
+    Luzerne, telegraphs as follows: 'All travel and communication by
+    railroad stopped. Rumors that Lehigh Valley road resumes to-day.
+    There has been no riots so far, nor destruction of property, except
+    incident to stopping mines. Work in all mines stopped; men on
+    strike.' I report no immediate apprehension of danger. There are
+    some five hundred troops--National Guard--encamped
+    here--Wilkes-Barre.... telegraphs from Kingston, July 31, that
+    Kingston, Plymouth, and Nanticoke have been entirely in the hands
+    of mob since last night. If anything is being done to master it, I
+    don't know it. Last night, 30th, they mobbed a passenger train at
+    Plymouth. Have been ready all day to do so again, if one moved.
+    This afternoon, 31st, at Nanticoke, the mob stopped all the pumps
+    at the mines. The citizens are powerless to act; those in authority
+    don't.
+
+    "C. N. FARR, jr.,
+    _Private Sec'y._"
+
+Q. Had you any communication with the sheriff of Luzerne county direct?
+
+A. His dispatch is incorporated in these: "In answer to my dispatch of
+yesterday, Sheriff Kirkendall, of Luzerne, telegraphs as follows: 'All
+travel and communication by railroad stopped. Rumors that Lehigh Valley
+road resumes to-day. There has been no riot so far, nor destruction of
+property, except incident to stopping mines. Work in mines all stopped;
+men on strike.'" And there may have been other dispatches received from
+him which I have not got--which I did not print.
+
+Q. Had you any dispatches from the sheriff of Luzerne county, in which
+he expressed himself as being able to control the situation of affairs
+without troops?
+
+A. No; I think there were no such dispatches.
+
+Q. Did he make any call for troops?
+
+A. He made no call. The mayor of Scranton made a call, and so did the
+mayor of Wilkes-Barre. I cannot find the dispatch from the mayor of
+Wilkes-Barre, but I am satisfied there was one.
+
+Q. Do you know what time the call was made by the mayor of
+Wilkes-Barre?
+
+A. It came on the same afternoon that Mayor McKune called for troops. I
+do not know just what time the miners came out of the mines. I do not
+think they came out until after railroad communication was stopped. I
+think the strike was inaugurated after that.
+
+Q. Did you publish the proclamation in your message?
+
+A. Yes; there are two proclamations there.
+
+Q. I wish you would state when the first proclamation was issued?
+
+A. The first proclamation was issued on the 20th of July. The
+proclamation was gotten up at the office, and I was notified that it
+was issued as soon as it was done.
+
+Q. By the Secretary of the Commonwealth?
+
+A. By the Adjutant General. It was signed by the Secretary of the
+Commonwealth. The proclamation was prepared on a blank, which was left
+signed for general purposes. Then, when I returned to Pittsburgh I
+issued another proclamation, which was dated the 25th of July.
+
+The proclamation was as follows:
+
+    _Pennsylvania, ss_:
+
+     JOHN F. HARTRANFT.
+
+    In the name and by the authority of the Commonwealth of
+    Pennsylvania.
+
+    {Place of  }
+    {great seal}
+    {of State. }
+
+    JOHN F. HARTRANFT,
+    _Governor of the said Commonwealth_.
+
+    A PROCLAMATION.
+
+    _To the people of the State of Pennsylvania_:
+
+    WHEREAS, There exists a condition of turbulence and
+    disorder within the State, extending to many interests and
+    threatening all communities, under the impulse of which there has
+    grown up a spirit of lawlessness requiring that all law-observing
+    citizens shall organize themselves into armed bodies for the
+    purpose of self protection and preserving the peace.
+
+    Therefore, I, John F. Hartranft, Governor of the State of
+    Pennsylvania, do hereby recommend that all citizens shall organize
+    themselves into associations, with such arms as they can procure,
+    for the purpose of maintaining order and suppressing violence; and
+    all good citizens are warned against appearing in company with any
+    mob or riotous assembly, and thus giving encouragement to violators
+    of the law.
+
+    Given under my hand, and the great seal of the State, at
+    Harrisburg, this twenty-fifth day of July, Anno Domini one thousand
+    eight hundred and seventy-seven, and of the Commonwealth, the one
+    hundred and second.
+
+    By the Governor:
+
+     M. S. QUAY,
+    _Secretary of the Commonwealth_.
+
+The witness: That was issued that night. It got into the morning
+papers, I think of the 25th, in which I called upon the people to
+organize, and aid the civil authorities.
+
+Q. Have you a telegram notifying you of the issue of the first
+proclamation?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+    HARRISBURG, PA., _July 20, 2.20, P.M., 1877_.
+
+    GOVERNOR J. F. HARTRANFT, _on No. 3, Sherman, Wyoming_:
+
+    Trouble on the P.R.R., at Pittsburgh. Railroad officials
+    over-anxious, fearing trouble would extend to Philadelphia, where
+    train hands were in session last night.
+
+    Scott suggested your return, but there is no necessity.
+    Proclamation issued. Go on. Where can we telegraph next? We go to
+    Pittsburgh this afternoon.
+
+    (Signed)
+
+    JAS. W. LATTA,
+    C. N. FARR.
+
+Q. When you arrived at Pittsburgh, state whether you were met by any
+committee of citizens or not?
+
+A. When I came to Allegheny there was a large number of citizens--a
+committee in fact. They had telegraphed to me before I arrived. The
+names in the dispatch were John Kirkpatrick, John Harper, chairman of
+committee, G. Johnston, Joseph McCune, John B. Guthrie, George A.
+Berry, John H. Bickelsen, John D. Scully, and there were some twenty or
+twenty-five citizens, most of whom I was personally acquainted with,
+asked me to remain. My intention was to go right to Philadelphia, to
+consult with General Hancock, who had charge of the regular troops that
+had been sent into the State, and with General Schofield, who
+represented the President of the United States. I did not see what I
+could do in Pittsburgh without troops, but, to satisfy them, I
+remained, went to the hotel, and had the wires brought into the room,
+and probably lost no time by doing it. I did a great deal of work that
+night. I became satisfied, by my inquiries, that the roads leading into
+Pittsburgh would have to be opened as soon as possible. The committee
+claimed that their supply of coal for the manufacturing establishments,
+for their water-works, and gas-works would not be sufficient to hold
+out more than about a week, at least, not two weeks, and if that supply
+should give out, together with the supplies of food, there would be a
+terrible state of affairs, and that made me more earnest and
+determined, perhaps, to organize a force and get back as soon as
+possible. I then went to Philadelphia and consulted with these
+gentlemen--the officers I named--and we all agreed that there was but
+one thing to do, and that was to organize a sufficient force and go to
+Pittsburgh and open the roads, which was done.
+
+Q. Was there any resistance in the city of Allegheny to your passage
+through the city?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. By the rioters or strikers?
+
+A. No, sir; they received me very kindly. They cheered me. I would not
+say they were rioters, but they were the strikers connected with the
+road.
+
+Q. They were blockading freight, or holding freight trains, at that
+time in Allegheny city?
+
+A. Yes; but there was no destruction of property. Mr. R. A. Ammon sent
+the following dispatch to me as I was coming into Pittsburgh. I
+received it about fifty or one hundred miles out of Pittsburgh: "We bid
+you welcome home, and assure you a safe passage over Fort Wayne road."
+He was very prominent at the depot when I arrived, and I did not see
+any other person that assumed to have any authority over the road when
+I arrived.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Will you please state who this R. A. Ammon is?
+
+A. I saw him that day, and have never seen him since.
+
+Q. Was he a railroad official, or was he one of the strikers?
+
+A. I think he was one of the strikers. I think he had possession of the
+telegraph--I am not sure about that. He told me--I do not know whether
+it is proper to state this--that the principal railroad official, I
+forget his name, sent him word to protect the property, which he said
+he did.
+
+Q. Mr. McCollough, was it?
+
+A. I do not remember now. Very likely it was--Layng, I think, was the
+name.
+
+Q. State when you left the State, whether there was anything at all to
+induce you to believe that there was any liability of a disturbance of
+the peace?
+
+A. Not the slightest in the world. I said at the time I had the
+conversation with General Latta, that I thought things never looked
+better than they did now--at that time.
+
+Q. Since that time, in your intercourse with the railroad officials of
+the State in any way, have you got information as to the causes of the
+outbreak?
+
+A. Not sufficient for me to express any opinion. I have never
+investigated that.
+
+Q. Far enough to express any opinion on the subject?
+
+A. No, sir; I guess you know more about that than I do, by this time.
+
+Q. Have you had any conversation or communications with any of the
+railroad employés who were engaged in the strike, other than Mr. Ammon?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did Mr. Ammon give any reasons for his taking charge of the railroad
+and telegraph at Allegheny City?
+
+A. No; the only reason he gave, so far as protecting the property was
+concerned--I think it was Mr. Layng that sent him word to protect the
+property that night--the night of the 21st--and he claimed that he had.
+He claimed a good deal of credit for what was done--I do not know, of
+my own knowledge, whether he had anything to do with it. I might say
+that there was a committee of engineers came to see me at Pittsburgh,
+when I was there with the troops on Sunday. They pretended that they
+were informed that I had authority to settle this question between them
+and the railroad company. Of course, I told them I had nothing more to
+do with it than any other citizen, so far as their differences were
+concerned. Another committee also came to see me, when I was at
+Kingston with troops--that was in Luzerne county--but there was nothing
+of any importance passed, because there was nothing that we could
+do--nothing that I could do. I went simply to preserve order.
+
+Q. Had you been at home at the time of receiving the call from the
+sheriff of Allegheny county for troops, would you have asked him what
+measures he had taken to suppress the disturbance, before you would
+have ordered out the troops?
+
+A. It is very likely I would; but I would have been influenced by the
+magnitude of the threatened disturbance to a very great extent. Of
+course, we always resist the sending of troops to the last moment; but,
+in this instance, I think it was perfectly proper to send troops.
+
+Q. You would be influenced by the magnitude of the disturbance, then,
+rather than by the efforts put forth by the sheriff to suppress it?
+
+A. If I knew the exact character of the sheriff I would be very much
+influenced by his call; but they are nearly always strangers, and I do
+not know to what extent they can be relied upon. I always avail myself
+of all the information I can get, and is very difficult to say what
+would control the Executive in making up his mind just at the last
+moment. Some sheriffs are very timid, and they throw the responsibility
+off as soon as possible. They think the moment they get troops that
+they are relieved. Others have a good deal more pride, and they try to
+control matters themselves. I think a great deal more could be done by
+sheriffs than is generally done.
+
+Q. After ordering out the military force of the State, are the civil
+authorities relieved or superceded by the military force?
+
+A. No; not as long as they appear active and on the ground. If they
+retire, of course the responsibility falls upon the Executive and his
+troops.
+
+Q. To preserve the peace?
+
+A. Yes, sir. Then we come under the act of 1864, which, I suppose, was
+the case in this instance.
+
+Q. If the civil authorities in the locality should retire and do
+nothing towards the suppression of the riot, then you deem it the duty
+of the military to preserve the peace?
+
+A. Yes; I would not hesitate a moment.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Would you not regard it the duty of both military and civil
+authorities to coöperate?
+
+A. I would have the military support the civil authorities, and I think
+the latter ought to appear somewhere all the time, even if not in any
+great force, or with much power, because the rioters must be arrested
+and tried by civil authorities.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. And the military is to support?
+
+A. Is to support.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. And the civil authorities are not relieved from any responsibility
+after that just because the military are present?
+
+A. I do not think so. I do not think that the laws relieved them. They
+relieved themselves.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I understood you to say you have never found it necessary to fall
+back upon that act of 1864--the particular section that authorizes the
+commander-in-chief to call out troops--I think it is the ninety-second
+section?
+
+A. At Susquehanna Depot the sheriff was active all the time, and there
+was no conflict. In fact, we never had a conflict before. We ordered
+the troops to Luzerne county again the next year--they were sent there
+upon the call of the sheriff. He was not very active. I finally told
+him to come to my office, and we consulted as to the necessity of
+withdrawing the troops, and we both decided that it was not the time to
+withdraw the troops. He would not take the entire responsibility, but I
+divided it with him. That was the nearest to taking the supreme control
+before. I considered the July riots of such a magnitude and so wide
+spread over the State--railroad communication stopped--the highways of
+the State obstructed--that it was necessary to exercise the authority
+given by the act of 1864. Although the troops went to Pittsburgh on the
+call of the sheriff, and to Luzerne on the call of the mayor of
+Scranton and the mayor of Wilkes-Barre, after they got on the spot, it
+was necessary, I think, to assume general control.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Under the act of 1864, you have the authority or the power to call
+out the military whenever you get information from any source that
+there is a disturbance of the peace that cannot be quelled by the civil
+authorities without being called on, or request made by the sheriff or
+mayor or other civil authority?
+
+A. That is my construction of it. I am quite sure that that was the
+intention of the act, when it was passed.
+
+Q. We are required to examine, and inquire into the conduct of the
+military during the riot--will you please give us a statement of their
+conduct--of the militia.
+
+A. I think that would be simply expressing an opinion which the
+committee is called upon to do after investigating the facts. I have
+investigated the facts, and give my opinion in my message. You can take
+that as my evidence.
+
+Q. What you know of your own professional knowledge of the conduct of
+the military?
+
+A. That is a very comprehensive question. A great deal might be said,
+_pro_ and _con_.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. I suppose you can tell what the conduct of the militia was after you
+came home and took charge?
+
+A. I had every faith in them. The troops that I went to Pittsburgh
+with, and the troops I went to Luzerne county with, I think they would
+have done anything I could have expected with that many men.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you consider their conduct, as troops, commendable during the
+time that you had charge of them after your return to the State?
+
+A. Oh, yes; we had no conflict afterwards at all.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I suppose what Mr. Yutzy would like to know is, whether there was
+any individual instance of misconduct on the part of any officer or
+soldier, after you took charge, that came within your own
+knowledge--came under your observation?
+
+A. No, sir; I had no occasion to have anybody court-martialed for any
+misconduct.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. If they had misconducted themselves you would have had them
+court-martialed?
+
+A. I would have taken notice of it in that way. A militia officer
+occupies a very singular position. He ought to have more judgment and
+more courage than an officer of like grade in the field if he is
+confronted with any great emergency. The men that he commands are part
+of the people--part of the very people he is called on to oppose--and
+in a disturbance like this, suddenly thrown up, a large proportion of
+the community may be against the troops and in favor of the disturber
+of the peace. It is a very difficult position to hold, and it requires
+a great deal of judgment. In fact, a great deal more than it would
+require in the field.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. It is not like meeting an enemy on the field to meet these people?
+
+A. No. Of course this is only at first blush. After everybody cools off
+and they begin to realize that there must be law and order, then the
+reaction comes, but in the first instance it is a very difficult thing
+to determine just what to do. I would not like to loosely condemn
+people. I cannot tell what I would have done if I had been there. No
+man can tell. It is probably much easier to tell what ought to have
+been done after it is all over, and I am very confident now what I
+would do in the future. I have learned a great deal from these riots
+that I never knew before, and the experience has been quite valuable to
+the officers of the National Guard, and everybody. I do not think the
+like would occur again, unless there is a general revolution.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I would like to ask you this question: Whether you have noticed any
+tendency of the civil authorities of the State to rely upon the
+National Guard and shirk their own responsibility since the
+organization of the guard?
+
+A. There has always been a National Guard in the State. As to the main
+question, there is a tendency to rely too much on the guard.
+
+Q. Is that tendency growing, so far as your observation is concerned?
+
+A. About two years ago we had a good many calls. They seemed to want
+troops for every little disturbance. I think there were four calls for
+troops from the western part of the State--two in one day, I believe.
+The troops were not sent. There has been no call since this late riot,
+and there had not been before that for a long time.
+
+Q. Has the National Guard been increased under your administration?
+
+A. No, sir; we have diminished it. Companies that would not come up to
+the standard at the annual inspections were mustered out. Last year we
+mustered out twenty companies.
+
+Q. I suppose the Adjutant General's book shows the number of the
+National Guard?
+
+A. Yes; the most they can have is two hundred companies--two hundred is
+the limit.
+
+Q. Those companies are not full, I believe, now?
+
+A. Oh, yes; they are full. Our minimum is forty. They must all be above
+that. Some of them have fifty or sixty, and a few companies have more
+than that, even. The number of the companies is simply an arbitrary
+number fixed by statute.
+
+Q. Any further statement you desire to make you can do so?
+
+A. I have none. We have a large quantity of telegrams and papers.
+
+Q. In addition to these that are published in the message--in the
+appendix?
+
+A. Oh, yes; but they are not of very great importance. I picked out
+those that were the most important.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Chester N. Farr, _affirmed_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You are the private secretary of the Governor?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. State where your residence is, Mr. Farr?
+
+A. I reside in Reading, Berks county.
+
+Q. State where you were last July--on the 19th?
+
+A. I was in Reading, at home.
+
+Q. Just go on and state from that point what intelligence you received
+of any disturbance in any portion of the State, and how it came to you,
+and your knowledge of what transpired after that?
+
+A. On the evening of the 19th, about nine o'clock, I received a
+telegram from the Executive Department, embodying the telegram of the
+sheriff of Allegheny county to the Governor, and I left in the
+ten-thirty train to come on here with the expectation of meeting
+General Latta; and after I arrived here, I found that General Latta had
+left on the train from Philadelphia, and he was on the way, and during
+that time, sometime in the morning, about two o'clock, I think, of the
+20th, I got a dispatch from the sheriff--at least a dispatch came--it
+was to the Governor, and I answered him that General Latta was on his
+way, and that there would be a consultation and action taken if
+necessary. On the morning of the 20th, I went down to the depot and
+found out when General Latta was expected to arrive, and went down to
+meet him at the train, and found he had ordered General Pearson's
+troops on duty in Pittsburgh; then prepared the proclamation, which is
+given in the appendix to the message, and went up to the hotel and took
+an hour or two's sleep, and in the morning the general telegraphed to
+the Governor that the proclamation was issued or would be issued. I
+don't remember the form.
+
+Q. That was on Friday morning?
+
+A. That was Friday morning.
+
+Q. Friday morning, the 20th?
+
+A. The 20th. During the day there was a number of dispatches by the
+general to the department, and at three-forty-five the general and
+myself and his clerk and the Assistant Adjutant General took the train
+for Pittsburgh, and on the way we received advices frequently in regard
+to the character of the situation--the threatening character of it--and
+having ordered General Pearson out, the general was waiting to find
+what had been the result. It was calculated that the Pittsburgh
+division--General Pearson's division--would furnish about a thousand
+men; but sometime in the afternoon we got advices from General Pearson
+that he had only succeeded in getting two hundred and thirty men. Then
+the general--if I recollect rightly--General Pearson in the same
+dispatch advised that the situation was so serious that he thought, in
+order to save bloodshed, there ought to be some other troops. General
+Latta then ordered General Brinton or requested General Brinton to have
+his troops notified, and afterward, when another dispatch came from
+General Pearson, very much of the same character stating that he had
+only a very small force out, and the men were not responding promptly,
+and that the situation was very threatening and would require a great
+many troops, he ordered General Brinton's division to report to General
+Pearson at Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What time was that order given to General Brinton?
+
+A. Sometime late in the afternoon--I don't know the exact time.
+
+Q. Do you remember the point from which the order was sent?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't remember the point.
+
+Q. It was while you were _en route_ to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. It was while we were _en route_; yes. We arrived at Pittsburgh,
+at the Union depot, between twelve and one o'clock, on Saturday
+morning. We had been joined on the way by Colonel Norris and Mr. Linn.
+We were met at the depot by General Pearson; informed us that in the
+course of the few hours that had intervened, he had succeeded in
+getting together about six hundred men. I think he stated he had at the
+depot about three hundred and fifty men; the other two hundred and
+fifty, composing the Eighteenth regiment, were at Torrens station. The
+matter was talked over, and it was decided, as I understood, that no
+movement was to be made until the Philadelphia troops came. I believe
+General Pearson had intended that afternoon to attempt to run the
+trains, but had given it up for some reason. I suppose because he
+thought that if he had more troops, he could do it without a collision.
+In the morning, it was intended to wait until there was a large force
+there, for the purpose of having as large a force as possible, so as to
+avoid any collision if possible. During the morning--I suppose between
+three and four, or four and five o'clock--the hill at the side near
+Twenty-eighth street--I never went down to the ground, and don't know
+anything about it, except from the conversation that took place at the
+time--the hill at the side of the track at Twenty-eighth street, was
+occupied by the Fourteenth regiment, and Breck's battery. I believe the
+intention of that movement was to keep the crowd off the hill. About
+two o'clock in the afternoon of Saturday, the first detachment of the
+First division arrived, and after the troops had been fed, they marched
+down the track, and shortly afterwards--I suppose it was five
+o'clock--between four and five o'clock--we were told a collision had
+taken place between the troops and the rioters. We saw one or two of
+the Pittsburgh soldiers coming up the streets carrying their guns. The
+crowd would collect around them, and something would pass between them,
+and there would be cheers or something of that kind. About six o'clock,
+or perhaps later, we were told that the troops had gone into the
+round-house, and about nine o'clock--the time is merely in my mind as a
+sequence of events--I did not look at the time--I suppose it was about
+nine o'clock--General Pearson himself came into the room, but left
+shortly afterwards. All telegraphic communications stopped about that
+time, and we had no communications with the troops in the round-house,
+or where they were, until some time after that, when Sergeant Wilson,
+of the cavalry, came in dressed as a laborer, and brought some
+dispatches from General Brinton. During the night there were several
+dispatches brought, and answers returned in the same manner, and in the
+morning, about nine o'clock--half-past eight or nine o'clock--we were
+told the troops had left the round house.
+
+Q. At this point, Mr. Farr--because there are some questions I want to
+ask prior to that--what time was it after you received the dispatch at
+Reading bearing the sheriff's dispatch?
+
+A. It was after supper some time. I don't remember the exact time, but
+about supper time.
+
+Q. On the 19th?
+
+A. On the 19th; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Thursday evening, then, after supper?
+
+A. It was Thursday evening, either about supper or after that time.
+
+Q. Have you that dispatch, or can you get it?
+
+A. I think I have it home. I don't think I have it with me.
+
+Q. Who was that signed by?
+
+A. It was repeated by Mr. Keely.
+
+Q. From the Executive Department?
+
+A. From the Executive Department. It might be I am wrong about the
+dispatch. It may have contained simply Gardner's dispatch. My
+recollection is, it was the same as the sheriff's, but the sheriff's
+may have come the next morning. I think I have all those dispatches
+collected together. I don't know whether that dispatch contained any
+man's name, or whether I simply assumed it was from the sheriff, from
+the fact that it may have said, "The following dispatch was received at
+this office." I think I have the dispatch, and I can get it when I go
+home and look over the dispatches.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive at Harrisburg?
+
+A. I got here--that train gets here about midnight; leaves Reading at
+ten-thirty, and gets here some time between twelve and one.
+
+Q. Did you have any communication with the Secretary of State, on your
+arrival, Mr. Quay?
+
+A. The Secretary of State was not here.
+
+Q. He was not here?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. What time did you meet General Latta?
+
+A. Some time between two and three o'clock, I think. The time may have
+been later. I think it was two-fifty; I am not positive.
+
+Q. And you then prepared the first proclamation?
+
+A. Yes, sir; drew the draft of it, and, after the general had ordered
+the troops out, the proclamation was issued.
+
+Q. The general didn't make the order until after he arrived here and
+ordered the troops out?
+
+A. I understood him to say he had ordered the troops from Lancaster.
+
+Q. Did that proclamation appear in the morning papers?
+
+A. That I don't know. I think it did. I am not positive of that. My
+recollection is it was telegraphed to Pittsburgh. I am not positive.
+
+Q. Do you know what time you telegraphed it to Pittsburgh from here?
+
+A. No, sir; it was sometime in the morning. It must have been some time
+about four o'clock.
+
+Q. Had you any other intelligence from Pittsburgh than that contained
+in the telegram of Sheriff Fife?
+
+A. That, and simply what I learned from General Latta.
+
+Q. You had no other telegrams or communications to you or to the
+Executive Department?
+
+A. Not to me.
+
+Q. At the time of issuing the proclamation?
+
+A. This other telegram may have been there. I had received one other
+dispatch from Sheriff Fife, just before I saw General Latta, which, as
+I stated, I had answered by saying that General Latta would be here. I
+think you will find that dispatch in the Governor's message.
+
+Q. Was that directed to the Governor?
+
+A. Yes; it was directed to the Governor, and I think it embodied this
+dispatch.
+
+Q. If you can get both of those dispatches we would like to have them?
+
+A. That I answered by stating that General Latta would be there.
+
+Q. Where did you meet the Secretary of State first?
+
+A. At Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. On your arrival at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. No, sir; he came in Saturday morning, I think, just after
+daylight--just about daylight, probably. He was at the Monongahela. We
+had telegraphed him to meet us at the Monongahela house, and after we
+got to the Union depot we found General Pearson and the troops were
+stopping there and were detained. Colonel Quay came in in the morning.
+
+Q. After your arrival there and consultation with General Pearson, it
+was determined not to attempt to move any train until the Philadelphia
+troops arrived, as I understand you?
+
+A. I understood that to be the determination. Of course in these
+military consultations, although I listened, I did not take any part.
+That was my understanding of the result of the conversation.
+
+Q. Did you understand General Pearson to be giving directions to the
+military force there?
+
+A. I understood General Pearson to be in command.
+
+Q. And that the Adjutant General was there exercising his powers and
+duties as Adjutant General proper?
+
+A. So I understood. I understood that the Adjutant General had
+authority from the Governor, and was exercising his authority so far as
+getting the troops there.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. As commander-in-chief?
+
+A. That is, he had directions from the commander-in-chief to issue the
+orders necessary to assist the authorities.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In calling out the troops?
+
+A. Yes; but after the troops were gathered together, they were in
+command of the officer of the division--that is, so far as any military
+operations were concerned.
+
+Q. And that General Latta was not giving directions to the troops after
+they came there--not taking command of the troops, or superseding
+General Pearson at all?
+
+A. That was my understanding.
+
+Q. After the collision occurred, what time was it when General Pearson
+arrived at the Union Depot hotel?
+
+A. I cannot tell the time exactly, but it was nine or ten o'clock, as
+near as I can say. I don't think I looked at my watch the whole
+twenty-four hours. I merely remember the time by the sequence.
+
+Q. What was his purpose in coming there, or did he express any purpose?
+
+A. My recollection is, he said he had come to see whether he could get
+provisions and ammunition, and I think that is the same reason that he
+gives in his report.
+
+Q. What efforts did he make to get provisions and ammunition to the
+troops that night?
+
+A. None at all, that I know of.
+
+Q. You saw no efforts made?
+
+A. I understood from the conversation that took place, that it was
+admitted that General Pearson could not get back to the round-house,
+and that he alone, without any force--there was no force there--could
+not get any provisions to the troops, and that as he seemed to be
+particularly obnoxious to the mob, it would be safer--or at least keep
+the mob from going to extremes--if he was out of the way. For these
+reasons he accepted General Latta's suggestion that he should leave.
+
+Q. How long did he remain at the hotel?
+
+A. I suppose--perhaps half an hour, perhaps longer.
+
+Q. Do you know where he went?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know where he started to go?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't. He came there with, I think, four members of his
+staff.
+
+Q. Did they go with him, or did they remain?
+
+A. I think one of them remained. I am not positive about that. I did
+not know the gentleman at that time. I cannot always rank them--there
+were a good many of them there.
+
+Q. Who was to take command of the troops after he left?
+
+A. That was understood to devolve upon General Brinton. In fact, that
+was something that I heard the Adjutant General ask--whether he,
+General Pearson, had left General Brinton in command, and whether
+General Brinton expected him back. And he said that he had told General
+Brinton if he did not come back he was to take command, and I always
+understood after General Pearson left, General Brinton to be in command
+of the troops.
+
+Q. Of all the troops there then, including those of the Sixth division?
+
+A. I don't know that I have any reason for being so explicit as that. I
+simply supposed that General Brinton was in command of the troops who
+were in the round-house, whether they were Pittsburgh or Philadelphia
+troops, who were there at that time. The detachment there was regarded
+as under his command.
+
+Q. What time was the telegraphic communication between the Union Depot
+hotel and General Brinton cut off?
+
+A. Just about the time General Pearson came. I think it was almost
+simultaneously about the time General Pearson came in, they announced
+that the communications were closed. The telegraph operator said he
+could not communicate.
+
+Q. Was anything said or done there about moving General Brinton or
+getting any word to General Brinton--any communication in any other
+way?
+
+A. Oh, yes; there was some talk--very considerable. I think it was
+believed that General Brinton was perfectly safe with his troops until
+after the firing began. Then there was considerable anxiety.
+
+Q. That is after the burning?
+
+A. I mean the burning--after they set fire to the cars. There was very
+considerable anxiety in regard to him, but the railroad officials
+stated that the buildings the troops were in were perfectly fire proof,
+and it was supposed that he was perfectly able to take care of himself.
+
+Q. Did you see or hear anything from General Brown or his command that
+night?
+
+A. After we first got there--during Saturday--General Brown was in and
+out several times in citizen's dress, telling about his conversations
+with the rioters, and the manner in which they talked to him, and
+various other things. I did not see him that night after the fire.
+
+Q. Did you know anything about his dismissing his command--ordering
+Colonel Gray or Colonel Howard to dismiss their regiments?
+
+A. No, sir. If the Fourteenth regiment came to the Union depot on
+Saturday night, I did not see it. There was one company of the
+Fourteenth regiment--I think it was the Fourteenth regiment--that was
+left, or came in afterwards in some way, that was there that night at
+the depot, and there were eighteen--eighteen or twenty men of the Black
+Hussars. There was about thirty thousand rounds of ammunition there.
+
+Q. Eighteen of the Black Hussars, do I understand you to say?
+
+A. I think there were eighteen or twenty--something like that. They
+were unarmed, except with the sabers, so far as I could see.
+
+Q. Nothing but sabers?
+
+A. That is all.
+
+Q. Was there any talk by the Adjutant General, or any effort made, to
+get a communication, or to communicate with General Brinton in any way
+during the night of Saturday night?
+
+A. Oh, yes. After the firing took place--I did not see it, I only knew
+this, of course, from hearsay--there was a wagon sent out with
+provisions for the troops. It was loaded up and sent down, but the mob
+prevented it getting to the troops. That was, I think, just before
+night-fall, and during the night there were several efforts made.
+
+Q. There were none of those Black Hussars, or of Colonel Howard's, or
+of Colonel Gray's brigade sent, were there?
+
+A. There were no troops there. The Black Hussars--it would have been
+madness to have sent out eighteen or twenty men with sabers into that
+crowd.
+
+Q. Neither was the other company that you spoke of?
+
+A. The other company--I don't remember just when that company came in.
+I noticed it sometime during the night. I didn't see it when it first
+came. I don't think it was left there when the troops went down. It was
+considered better to attempt no military movements during the night
+time, because of the crowd in the streets.
+
+Q. When the burning commenced, was there any efforts made by the
+military in any way to stop the burning so far as you know?
+
+A. None that I know of.
+
+Q. Was it a subject of conversation at the Union hotel, between Latta
+and yourself, or any others that were in consultation there?
+
+A. I don't understand the question.
+
+Q. Was that subject talked of?
+
+A. Do you mean, whether we were to prevent it, or whether as to the
+possibility or the feasibility of General Brinton's preventing it?
+
+Q. What was the feasibility of General Brinton himself preventing it?
+
+A. I cannot remember that there was anything said particularly about
+it. Although at that time it was supposed, before we received any
+communication from him--it was supposed he was able to take care of
+himself. He had five hundred men and two Gatling guns, and he had
+taken, I think, twenty rounds of ammunition per man and a couple of
+thousand for his gun, and until we got that first dispatch from him, it
+was generally supposed that he would be able to take care of himself.
+
+Q. Which was the highest in rank, General Brinton or General Brown?
+
+A. General Brinton was the highest. General Brinton was a major
+general, and General Brown, brigadier. He is brigadier of the Sixth
+division. While we were in the depot, after the firing took place,
+there were a number of wounded men brought in--soldiers. I heard the
+surgeon state, that he had ten or fifteen--I have forgotten
+which--anyway it was quite a number--it was nearly a dozen at least,
+and they were sent away on the next train. Most of them were wounded
+with pistol shots, so he stated.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where did those soldiers come from?
+
+A. From the front, where the collision had taken place.
+
+Q. Do you recollect how many soldiers were brought in wounded?
+
+A. There were from ten to fifteen.
+
+Q. All of General Brinton's command?
+
+A. I don't know. They were all with that detachment, but there were
+some troops down there who were not of the First division. General
+Brown had the Fourteenth, of the Sixth division, and Breck's battery,
+at Pittsburgh, and the Jefferson cavalry. But I think most of those
+wounded were Philadelphia troops. I judge so simply from the fact that
+they were sent down in the train--with the last train that was
+permitted to go through.
+
+Q. What time did you leave the Union depot--just go on from that point?
+
+A. After the troops had left the depot, this scout came in and informed
+us that General Brinton had left the round-house. I believe, however,
+General Latta had known it just before he came in. The first I knew of
+it was when he came in and informed us that the troops had left. Then
+General Brown came in shortly afterwards, and stated that the troops
+were in bad condition. The report was that they were being massacred by
+the citizens, and General Brown expressed great indignation then. He
+said he didn't care what happened to the mob after their exhibition of
+brutality, and made other expressions of that kind. Afterwards we found
+out that these were entirely exaggerated reports; that the troops had
+marched out in reasonably good order. We stayed at the Union depot
+until nearly noon, or about eleven o'clock, I should judge. That was
+about nine o'clock. The proprietor got very anxious about the matter,
+because he thought our presence there would induce the mob to set fire
+to the building. General Latta would not leave until he made
+arrangements to save the ammunition, and arrangements were made. The
+building was then deserted. Nearly everybody was out of it, so far as
+the occupants of it. There were a number of muskets that had been left
+by the troops. They were taken up stairs, and put in the room. Between
+eleven and twelve o'clock, or thereabouts, we left and went down
+stairs, attempted to get a carriage, and could not find a driver. Then
+we went across the street and took cars, and went to the Monongahela
+house; and while there we received information from Colonel Norris,
+who, with Colonel Stewart, had started in the morning after General
+Brinton. And we received the same information in various ways--I don't
+know the exact channels--that the troops were beyond Sharpsburg, across
+the bridge, and wanted provisions, and efforts were made to get them.
+
+Q. The Monongahela house was then the head-quarters of General
+Latta--General Latta made his head-quarters there?
+
+A. Yes; he stopped there, and notified every one with whom we had
+telegraphic communications where he was.
+
+Q. How long did he remain there?
+
+A. Until nine o'clock in the evening.
+
+Q. That Sunday evening?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Yourself and the Secretary of State with him?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Any other?
+
+A. The Assistant Adjutant General, the Deputy Secretary of State, and
+Colonel Norris, and Mr. Russell, the clerk. When we went into the
+Monongahela house, we registered our names, and when I looked at the
+register afterwards, I found they had scratched them all out and put in
+fictitious names. While we were there, we heard that the mob had set
+fire to the Union depot. Of course, we could see the light, and I
+supposed the proprietors were afraid they might serve the Monongahela
+house the same way during the night that they had the Union depot. It
+was within my own personal knowledge that the Adjutant General was
+endeavoring to get the other detachment of the First division, and the
+Eighteenth regiment--Colonel Guthrie's regiment--that was at Torrens
+station, in such a condition that they could join General Brinton in
+the morning. It was supposed that General Brinton would have no
+difficulty in staying where he was until that juncture was effected,
+but the trains were all stopped, and it was difficult to get engineers
+to run them, even where they could be run, and the junction was not
+effected, and General Brinton was directed, or instructed whatever it
+may be, to make that junction himself when he left the round-house.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. He didn't make that?
+
+A. No, sir. As I understand it, the intention was to get the troops
+concentrated together after the collision, so as to get as large a
+force as possible, but they were in detachments, and the railroads were
+stopped, and many of the troops were without ammunition. Wherever it
+was possible ammunition was sent to them. It was wagoned down to the
+detachment of General Brinton's--his second detachment--and it was sent
+down the Ohio river to the Erie division and wherever it was possible.
+
+Q. Were any of the officers of the railroad company at the Monongahela
+house?
+
+A. Yes; both at the Union depot and Monongahela house. They came in.
+
+Q. Were there any efforts--did you know on Sunday that Colonel Gray and
+Colonel Howard's regiment had been dismissed on Saturday night?
+
+A. I knew nothing of it?
+
+Q. You had no knowledge of it?
+
+A. I had no knowledge of it. It was generally understood that the
+Pittsburgh division had gone to pieces, except the Eighteenth regiment.
+
+Q. Did the civil authorities, the mayor of the city of Pittsburgh or
+the sheriff of the county, have any consultation with General Latta at
+the Monongahela house during that day?
+
+A. Not at the Monongahela house?
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did they at any time after your arrival?
+
+A. I don't remember of seeing the sheriff. I don't think he was there
+in the room at all, although I understood he went with the detachment
+to Twenty-eighth street. The mayor came, as I understood, when he was
+sent for by General Latta, and stayed, I suppose, twenty minutes.
+
+Q. When was that?
+
+A. That was during Saturday night. It may have been early Sunday
+morning, but it was before daylight.
+
+Q. While you were yet at the Union Depot hotel?
+
+A. At the Union depot. He came when he was sent for, and I did not take
+any part in the conversation, or hear it, but he talked with General
+Latta, afterwards with Secretary Quay, and then left, and that was the
+last I ever saw of him.
+
+Q. Were you in consultation with citizens on Sunday?
+
+A. Citizens were very scarce. I never saw many Pittsburgh people.
+Whenever a Pittsburgh man left, he very seldom came back.
+
+Q. Did you know where the head-quarters of the citizens' committee was
+during the day, Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. And you were not called upon by them?
+
+A. Not that I know of, sir.
+
+Q. Was it known through the city where General Latta was?
+
+A. It was in every paper that I saw in the morning.
+
+Q. And you registered when you went to the Monongahela house?
+
+A. Our arrival there the night before was in every morning paper that I
+saw of the city, and we were registered at the hotel, and we registered
+at the Monongahela house when we went there, and this very party who
+had been sent out in the interim we had gone to the Monongahela, they
+had no difficulty in finding us.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you understand the railroad company--the officials, I mean--to
+believe that they could run trains? Did they seem to have that
+impression after you arrived in Pittsburgh?
+
+A. It was understood that they had the crews ready just as soon as the
+track was clear, and if protection was given them, they could run
+trains?
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How did you get that information? From what railroad officer?
+
+A. I don't remember. I think it was stated generally--it was so
+understood.
+
+Q. Mr. Cassatt was there, I believe. Was he not?
+
+A. Mr. Cassatt was there.
+
+Q. And Pitcairn, the superintendent?
+
+A. Mr. Pitcairn was there. I think Mr. Pitcairn was the man I heard
+make the statement that he had the crews?
+
+Q. Ready to start?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I am not positive as to that.
+
+Q. Do you know what efforts General Latta made during the day--Sunday,
+I mean--to stop the burning, or to collect a force--collect troops for
+that purpose?
+
+A. I understood he was engaged all day in endeavoring to get those
+troops in the condition that they could be used.
+
+Q. Colonel Guthrie's regiment at Torrens station, and General Brinton's
+command--he was trying to get them to form a junction, so that they
+could be used?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were there any other troops within the reach of the city?
+
+A. I think there was. The second detachment of the First division was
+on its way, and it must have been near the city, some place.
+
+Q. Who was commanding that regiment?
+
+A. Colonel Rodgers, I think.
+
+Q. Do you know where they were that night?
+
+A. No; I do not know of my own knowledge, at that time. I know, since,
+they were within a few miles. They were, I suppose, twelve or fourteen
+miles, perhaps less; but they were without ammunition.
+
+Q. What time did you leave the Monongahela house, and where did you go
+from there?
+
+A. We left the Monongahela house and took a boat and went to Beaver.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive at Beaver?
+
+A. About midnight, I guess.
+
+Q. Sunday night?
+
+A. Yes sir.
+
+Q. And from Beaver where?
+
+A. From Beaver the intention was to go to Erie. Upon inquiry at
+Pittsburgh, the railroad officials informed us that they could not get
+their trains through to Harrisburg, and so the intention was to go from
+Beaver to Erie, as we understood the Erie railroad was running, and go
+to Harrisburg; but when we got to Beaver we found that the road running
+to Erie was stopped also, then General Latta and the Assistant Adjutant
+General and myself took a carriage and drove over to Allegheny City,
+and found that the train was running on the West Penn and took that
+train, and got to Harrisburg.
+
+Q. The purpose in coming to Harrisburg was to collect more troops?
+
+A. The communications were uncertain, and there was no way to get
+ammunition or orders to these troops.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned until Monday afternoon, at two
+o'clock.
+
+
+    HARRISBURG, _Monday, March, 11, 1878_.
+
+The committee met pursuant to adjournment, in Senate committee room,
+No. 6, at four o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+All members present, except Messrs. Means, Torbert, Dewees, and
+Larrabee.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Chester N. Farr, _recalled_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Is this the first dispatch you received? [Indicating.]
+
+A. That is the first dispatch I received. I received that after supper,
+Thursday night, the 19th.
+
+Q. After supper, about what hour?
+
+A. About nine o'clock. It was shortly after, and little before the
+train left.
+
+Q. Dated received 9.16.
+
+A. It was about that time. The dispatch was as follows:
+
+    HARRISBURG, PA., _July 19, 1877_.
+
+    Received at 10 No. Sixth street, Reading, 9.16, P.M.
+
+    C. N. FARR, jr., _516 Elm street, Reading, Pa._:
+
+    Superintendent of Pennsylvania railroad wires, that a number of
+    train men at Pittsburgh have refused to work, and have, by the aid
+    of a promiscuous mob gathered from the streets, and by the most
+    severe threats and violence against our men, who are ready to work,
+    succeeded in intimidating them, and forcing them to get off their
+    trains, and we are unable, by the aid of police furnished by
+    authorities at Pittsburgh, to move our traffic which is suffering,
+    especially live stock. I would respectfully urge, that such
+    protection will be furnished as will enable us to have possession
+    of our road. Did Governor leave any orders with you?
+
+    WARREN B. KEELY.
+
+Then after I got up here, about one or two o'clock, I received one from
+Sheriff Fife. That I have not been able to find; but that I answered.
+
+Q. You have not been able to find the dispatch you received from the
+sheriff?
+
+A. No, sir, I think not. But I can get a copy of it here at the office,
+if you would like it.
+
+Q. Can you give pretty nearly the contents of it?
+
+A. No, sir; it was a short dispatch, simply asking me if anything was
+being done.
+
+Q. Is it published in the Adjutant General's report?
+
+A. No, sir; I think not. I have not got it here. I am sorry, I looked
+over all that I had, but I couldn't find it.
+
+Q. I wish you would state now your knowledge of the disturbance at
+Reading--any facts that are within your own knowledge, and that you
+have obtained through an official capacity?
+
+A. I know nothing about the disturbance of my own personal knowledge,
+except from hearsay after I got there. I got there on Tuesday
+afternoon--Tuesday evening, I think.
+
+Q. What date?
+
+A. It was the 24th. When we came down from Harrisburg on Tuesday
+afternoon, we got here just in time for me to take the two-fifty-seven
+train, and go to Reading. I had heard there was a disturbance over
+there, and I went over, and when I got there I found the bridge was
+burned down. We stopped just this side of the bridge, and had to drive
+in over the other bridge, and found considerable excitement in town,
+and a great deal of anxiety and uncertainty about the situation of
+affairs. General Reeder and his command had left about that time, and
+they expected the Federal troops in, and they came in shortly
+afterwards while I was there, and there was no further disturbance in
+town while I was there. There was a meeting of the citizens called for
+that night. It was attended by I should suppose fifteen or twenty, and
+some efforts were made to get up a citizens' organization; but it
+didn't work. There was not a large amount of cheerful alacrity to go
+into the organization.
+
+Q. By whose authority was the citizens' meeting called?
+
+A. They were called together by the mayor. He was there at that time.
+He was at the meeting. The sheriff I didn't see.
+
+Q. The sheriff resided in Reading--the sheriff of the county?
+
+A. I think not; but he was in Reading at that time. So I understood,
+although I didn't see him.
+
+Q. What is the sheriff's name?
+
+A. His name is Yorgy. Captain Linden and his police were there at that
+time. I saw them. They had stayed to guard the railroad property. About
+seventeen or eighteen men he had at that time.
+
+Q. Of the city?
+
+A. No, sir; coal and iron police. The police were some twenty or
+twenty-two. A number of those were hurt in the fire--about seven of
+them were shot.
+
+Q. Shot in this conflict that took place between the rioters and the
+troops?
+
+A. Yes. As I understood that matter, Seventh street runs this way,
+[indicating,] and at the corner--at Penn street--it was where the
+principle crowd was. The cut opens there, and the police were drawn
+across Penn street, parallel with Seventh street. When the troops came
+out of the cut this volley went through the line.
+
+Q. Of the police?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Any of them killed?
+
+A. No, sir; I think one of them lost his foot. Seven of them,
+altogether, were struck.
+
+Q. How many were killed in the conflict that took place that evening?
+
+A. Said to be eleven, those that were killed, and fifty odd were
+wounded. When I was there they had torn up the track. I saw that. They
+had torn up a rail or two out of the track, and overturned the
+watchman's box there, and had stone piled up. There was certainly no
+attempt to make a barricade--there was not much of a barricade.
+
+Q. How large a force was assembled there of the rioters when you got
+there?
+
+A. There were only a few men standing round.
+
+Q. Were they railroad men that were standing about--railroad employés?
+
+A. That I don't know. Of course there were a great many people on the
+streets, and there were crowds walking around.
+
+Q. What night was it that the conflict took place between Reeder's
+troops and the rioters?
+
+A. Monday night. The bridge was burned on Sunday, I think--Sunday
+night.
+
+Q. Did they gather in any considerable force after your arrival in the
+city?
+
+A. No, sir; I saw no mob.
+
+Q. There was no further disturbance nor breach of the peace?
+
+A. None at all. They commenced to arrest people who were engaged in it
+immediately.
+
+Q. State what efforts were made by the civil authorities to punish
+those that were engaged in rioting, so far as you know of your own
+knowledge?
+
+A. They had arrested--they arrested about sixty or seventy. I think
+then the next week they were all held for appearance at court. Two of
+them pleaded guilty--the two that were engaged in burning the bridge.
+Those two were in court, and the others were tried, and so far as I
+know of my own personal knowledge, there were about a dozen that I know
+of were tried and acquitted, and the others were held for the next term
+of court. I don't know whether they have been tried or not. I suppose
+they were, but I do not know.
+
+Q. Were those arrests made by the mayor?
+
+A. They were made by the chief of police, assisted by the coal and iron
+police, and the police of the city.
+
+Q. This coal and iron police you speak of, is that a police kept up by
+the company--a private company?
+
+A. I understand that to be under some act of Assembly, by which the
+Governor has power to appoint special policemen. I never looked up the
+act of Assembly. I know there are policemen appointed that way--special
+policemen.
+
+Q. For the city?
+
+A. No, sir; for the protection of corporate property. I don't know
+whether it specially applies to corporate property or not.
+
+Q. Is that a general act?
+
+A. Indeed, sir, I never looked at the act. I don't know. I really don't
+know where the authority comes from, except I know these appointments
+are made.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Confined to the coal regions?
+
+A. They call them coal and iron police. I don't know under what act of
+Assembly.
+
+Q. How are they paid?
+
+A. I suppose they are paid by the companies, I don't know though.
+
+Q. How many of these were there in the city of Reading?
+
+A. I don't know of my own knowledge. I heard there were seventeen or
+eighteen. There is one correction I want to make. I don't know whether
+I have stated that I know of my own personal knowledge that Mayor
+McCarthy came to the room, or whether I said I understood he was sent
+for. I don't remember him as coming to the room.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. That was at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. At Pittsburgh. I learned afterwards he had been sent for, and did
+come. I was not introduced then, and had no conversation myself, and
+didn't enter into the conversation.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you know whether he was sent for?
+
+A. That I do not know of my own personal knowledge.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James W. Latta, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State to the committee where you were on the 19th of July last, or
+when the news first reached you of the disturbance on the Pennsylvania
+railroad at Pittsburgh, and what action was taken by you with reference
+thereto?
+
+A. On the evening of the 19th of July, 1877, I was sitting in the room
+of Post No. 2, Grand Army Republic, at one of its regular weekly
+sessions, at the corner of Spring Garden and Thirteenth streets,
+Philadelphia. About nine-thirty o'clock, there was a rap came at the
+door, and the messenger announced that I was wanted outside. I went
+outside and found a gentleman in a carriage, who announced himself as
+an official of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. He told me there was
+some difficulty upon the railway, and that they would like to see me if
+I could go down to the West Philadelphia depot. I went back and left
+word it was doubtful whether I would be back again that night, and I
+went with him to the depot. I there met Mr. Lockhart, superintendent of
+the Philadelphia division, and went with two others, whom I do not now
+recollect by name. They told me all the circumstances that had occurred
+at Pittsburgh. They produced a number of dispatches, described the
+action that had been taken by the strikers during that day of Thursday,
+pulling off men from their trains, and pounding some of their officials
+when they attempted to run them, and the fact that the mayor had been
+called on, and had been found to have gone to Castle Shannon. This
+further fact I am not positive whether it appeared in the dispatches,
+or whether I simply recollect from having learned it subsequently. My
+impression is it appeared in the dispatches that the fact was that an
+effort had been made by the mayor, with some thirteen or fifteen
+policemen, to assist the railroad people in getting the train out, and
+it had failed. I have endeavored to get those dispatches, but have not
+been able to do so.
+
+Q. Was this information communicated to you by the railroad officials
+at Philadelphia, or was it contained in the dispatches that you
+received from Pittsburgh?
+
+A. It was communicated to me by them. They showed me the dispatches
+that contained the information to them, and I read them there in the
+office. Colonel Scott, it appears, had been sent for. He was somewheres
+out in the country, and they then said to me, we want troops. I told
+them they would have to take some other steps to secure the calling for
+troops before any troops could be ordered. I said, it appears the mayor
+has been doing something and you must look to the sheriff. They then
+showed me a dispatch that had been addressed by Mr. Cassatt to the
+Lieutenant Governor. I was satisfied the Lieutenant Governor had no
+power in the premises, but, fearing that there might be some question
+as to whether he had or not, I got the Constitution, and they had
+Smull's hand-book. I made up my mind conclusively, that he had not, and
+I telegraphed to the Attorney General. In the meantime, however, Mr.
+Scott came in, and they, I believe, started off some requests to other
+people about getting the sheriff on the ground, and I telegraphed to
+Pearson at the same time, to know something about it myself, and
+believing it was going to be a serious affair, I went immediately back
+to my home and took a carriage and drove to the eleven o'clock train,
+and found Mr. Gardner, who was on a special train. We jumped on his
+train and came to Harrisburg.
+
+Q. Who is Mr. Gardner?
+
+A. He is general superintendent of the railway. He was going to his
+home in Altoona.
+
+Q. Pennsylvania railway?
+
+A. Pennsylvania railway. My impression is that is all that occurred at
+the depot. I got on his train at Lancaster. We had a pretty slow run,
+we were stopped a good deal, and at Lancaster I got a dispatch from the
+sheriff which appears in my report and appears in all the official
+documents.
+
+Q. Sheriff, Allegheny county?
+
+A. Yes, sir; it was addressed to me. It was stating that he had
+addressed one to the Governor.
+
+Q. That is the one dated July 20, 1877, at one-fourteen, P.M.?
+
+A. That is the only one.
+
+Q. Contained on page No. 1 of your report?
+
+The dispatch referred to, is as follows:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _July 20, 1877--1.49, A.M._
+
+    General JAMES W. LATTA:
+
+    I have addressed to Governor Hartranft the following message, and
+    learning that he is absent, I forward it to you for your
+    information.
+
+    R. H. FIFE,
+    _Sheriff of Allegheny county_.
+
+          PITTSBURGH, _July 20, 1877--1.14, A.M._
+
+          Honorable JOHN F. HARTRANFT:
+
+          A tumultuous mob exists on the Pennsylvania railroad, at East
+          Liberty, in the Twelfth ward of Pittsburgh. Large assemblages
+          of people are upon the railroad, and the movement of freight
+          trains, either east or west, is prevented by intimidation and
+          violence, molesting, obstructing the engineers and other
+          employés of the railroad company in the discharge of their
+          duties. As the sheriff of the county, I have endeavored to
+          suppress the riot, and have not adequate means at my command
+          to do so. I therefore request you to interfere your authority
+          in calling out the military to suppress the same.
+
+          R. H. FIFE,
+          _Sheriff of Allegheny county_.
+
+Witness: Meantime, I had seen some telegrams from the Lieutenant
+Governor, either before or after this, I forget which, that he had no
+power in the premises. Having received instructions from Governor
+Hartranft before he left the State of Pennsylvania, which was upon the
+Monday previous to this date, that in case of trouble, I should assume
+the responsibility, and the case being one of serious magnitude,
+knowing the fact that the regular army had been three or four days
+endeavoring to open the Baltimore and Ohio road, and had failed, I
+thought the time had come for prompt and immediate action, and I sent a
+dispatch which reads as follows--from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to
+General Pearson. This dispatch shows conclusively, that the military
+were acting subordinately to the civil authorities:
+
+    LANCASTER, _7, 20, 1877--2.35, A.M._
+
+    Major General A. L. PEARSON, _Pittsburgh_:
+
+    You will assume charge of the situation in the Twelfth ward of
+    Pittsburgh, to aid the civil authorities in suppressing existing
+    disorders. Place one regiment on duty, advise me which command you
+    so place, and report generally.
+
+    JAMES W. LATTA,
+    _Adjutant General_.
+
+And I immediately advised the sheriff from Lancaster; the same telegram
+went to the sheriff:
+
+    LANCASTER, PA., _July 20, 1877--2.35, A.M._
+
+    R. H. FIFE,
+    _Sheriff, Pittsburgh, Pa._:
+
+    Have directed General Pearson to place one regiment on duty to aid
+    you in suppressing disorders.
+
+    JAMES W. LATTA,
+    _Adjutant General_.
+
+Q. What time did you send those despatches?
+
+A. Two thirty-five, A.M., in the morning of the 20th July, on the way
+from Lancaster to Harrisburg. We were running very fast. It was a
+matter more of form than anything else, to prepare a proclamation. The
+proclamation I did not conceive to be of any moment, and I thought, as
+a matter of form, I would let one go out. I got it pretty well finished
+by the time we got to Harrisburg, and at Harrisburg we met Mr. Farr,
+and I told him to complete it, and let it go out. That is the
+proclamation that has been referred to in his testimony and the
+Governor's, and which appears in the Governor's message--in the
+appendix to the Governor's message.
+
+Q. The first proclamation that was issued?
+
+A. Yes, sir; the first proclamation.
+
+Q. State what advice you gave them?
+
+A. At Harrisburg--we moved on Friday quickly from Lancaster, and when I
+got to Harrisburg--an hour and a half afterward I sent the dispatch,
+which appears on page 2 of my report, as follows:
+
+    Governor J. F. HARTRANFT, (care S. H. H. Clark,)
+    _Omaha, Nebraska_:
+
+    Mob stopped all freight trains at Pittsburgh. Sheriff called for
+    troops. Ordered Pearson to take charge, and to put one regiment on
+    duty. Says he may need more.
+
+    JAMES W. LATTA,
+    _Adjutant General_.
+
+Q. What time did you send them?
+
+A. That was about four o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. When did you inform the Governor that you had issued a proclamation?
+
+A. Not until eight or nine o'clock that morning in another dispatch
+that the Governor produced. The proclamation really had not gone out
+then.
+
+Q. Did you inform him before or after the proclamation had gone out to
+the public?
+
+A. I think the proclamation went over the wires about that time, but it
+had not really become a proclamation and about the time.... I did not
+recollect of anything of moment or importance occurring between that
+time of the sending of that dispatch, about the proclamation, which was
+read here on Saturday, until some time during the morning. I sent a ...
+General Pearson, to know how things were progressing, what things had
+been done, and at two o'clock I received a reply, which appears in my
+report, on page 2. It left Pittsburgh one-fifty-eight, P.M. Reads as
+follows, addressed to me:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _July 20, 1877--1.58, P.M._
+
+    General JAMES W. LATTA, _Harrisburg_:
+
+    I have ordered out all my infantry and two sections of Hutchinson's
+    battery. The Eighteenth regiment, under command of Colonel Guthrie,
+    are at Torrens station, where several hundred determined rioters
+    are assembled, and defy the officers of the law. The Fourteenth and
+    Nineteenth I will station between the Union depot and East Liberty.
+    At the outer depot, fifteen hundred or two thousand men are
+    congregated, and refuse to allow the passage of any freight trains.
+    I will station the artillery at that point. It will require a
+    strong hand to quell the disturbances, and disperse the mob.
+    Thinking it better to overawe the mob by an appearance of strategy,
+    and to save bloodshed, I have ordered out my command as above. A
+    portion of the eighteenth regiment were on duty at eight o'clock,
+    A.M.
+
+    A. L. PEARSON,
+    _Major General_.
+
+I then left Harrisburg with Mr. Farr and Colonel Hassinger and Mr.
+Russell on the fast line west. During the morning, I might say that
+Colonel Scott was telegraphing me quite considerably about whether or
+not there were enough troops, and earnestly suggesting me to put some
+more in the field, and to show the opinion in which the troops of
+Pittsburgh were held at that time, there is a dispatch here which has
+never been published, and which I will read now. I thought I could
+understand how to handle people I had been with for a good while, and
+there ain't any question about it, but this Sixth division, of the
+National Guard, stood the equal of any in the Commonwealth, on the
+morning of the 20th day of July, and I assured Colonel Scott, the
+troops were, in my judgment, so far as I understood the situation,
+satisfactory to me. I sent to Colonel Scott this telegram, dated
+Harrisburg, July 20, at noon.
+
+    ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE, HARRISBURG, _July 20, 1877--12, M._
+
+    Colonel THOMAS A. SCOTT, _Philadelphia_:
+
+    Pearson is moving his whole force, and is doubtless on the ground
+    by this time. He is an efficient, energetic, and judicious
+    commander, with a body of troops under him that are as well
+    disciplined and drilled as any National Guard forces in the
+    country. They are officered by gentlemen of military experience and
+    proved ability. I appreciate the situation, and no energies of mine
+    shall be spared to bring matters to a successful issue. I go west
+    on fast line. Will keep you advised. Have read Mr. Cassatt's
+    dispatch to you.
+
+    (Signed)
+
+    JAMES W. LATTA,
+    _Adjutant General_.
+
+Shortly after this dispatch went, some two and a half hours, I got some
+intimation through the railroad people that the troops were not coming
+out right, and I told them I could say nothing to them until I heard
+from General Pearson, who had the whole charge of matters. This
+dispatch of Pearson's, which appeared in my report, page 3, confirms
+these suspicions which I had about what these railroad officials had
+said to me:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _July 20, 1877--5, P.M._
+
+    Major General JAMES W. LATTA,
+    _Adjutant General_, (_on Fast Line west_:)
+
+    Matters are getting worse. The Fourteenth regiment, up to this
+    time, four o'clock, have not reported a man. The Nineteenth has but
+    fifty (50) men. The Eighteenth regiment has had one hundred and
+    fifty (150) on duty since morning. Captain Breck has his battery
+    horsed and ready for duty. Is now at Union depot. I fear the
+    majority of the troops sympathize with the strikers. Mr. Cassatt is
+    most anxious to have other troops, and as it will take a long time
+    to get country troops together, the Philadelphia troops could be
+    brought here in less time than any others, and would not be in
+    sympathy with the strikers. Mr. Cassatt suggests that you have a
+    good regiment under arms, and if I fail with what I have got, they
+    can be ordered here by special train, and would arrive early in the
+    morning. I will make the attempt to run the trains through in less
+    than an hour, and will notify you of the result.
+
+    A. L. PEARSON,
+    _Major General_.
+
+To which I replied, as follows.
+
+    MIFFLIN, _July 20, 1877--5.45, P.M._
+
+    General A. L. PEARSON, _Pittsburgh_:
+
+    Your dispatch received. You say Cassatt suggests that another
+    regiment be held under arms. Do you ask that the order be issued?
+
+    JAMES W. LATTA,
+    _Adjutant General_.
+
+Then immediately after that I got one from Pearson which opened up the
+whole situation, and was acted on. That dispatch is on the same page,
+and reads as follows:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _July 20, 1877--6.35, P.M._
+
+    Major General JAMES W. LATTA, (_Fast Line west_:)
+
+    After every exertion on the part of myself and staff, since four
+    o'clock this A.M., I have but two hundred and thirty men on hand.
+    There are not less than four or five thousand strikers, and
+    increasing in large numbers hourly. The sympathy of the various
+    companies is with them, and I have no hesitation in saying, that to
+    avert bloodshed, we should have not less than two thousand troops.
+    While I can scatter the crowd, it will be only for the time being,
+    and at fearful loss of life. I suggest that two thousand men be
+    sent to-night.
+
+    A. L. PEARSON,
+    _Major General_.
+
+Q. What hour is that dispatch dated?
+
+A. That dispatch is dated six-thirty-five, P.M., Pittsburgh, July 20,
+1877, and I got it at McVeytown tower, east of Huntingdon. I
+immediately ordered the divisions of Generals Brinton, Gallagher,
+Huidekoper, and White, and the Fifth regiment of General Beaver's
+division under arms, and advised General Pearson of this by telegram.
+In view of this fact of sympathetic tendencies on the part of the
+strikers with the rioters, after I got Pearson's dispatch, in another
+answer to Colonel Scott, I said I didn't deem it advisable to take any
+action with the troops just then, until we found out exactly how the
+troops felt. If the troops were going to be in this condition all over
+the State, we better study a little before making further movements,
+and I telegraphed Brinton a private and confidential dispatch,
+inquiring what the sentiment was there. He telegraphed back, assuring
+me his people were right, and I might use them on any emergency
+whatever. Immediately after that I put Brinton in the field, and
+ordered him to move the whole division to Pittsburgh. I directed
+Brinton to supply himself with ammunition, such as he had in
+Philadelphia. I had forty-five thousand rounds prepared for him, and
+handed to him as he passed through, with instructions to issue it to
+his troops, not less than ten rounds a man, before they went any
+further, and I also put in his charge two Gatling guns, which we had at
+the Harrisburg arsenal, leaving their heavy guns behind them. I pursued
+my individual movement to Pittsburgh, and, I think I got there some
+time about one or two o'clock in the morning of Saturday. I do not
+recollect exactly the time. I found excitement, and things conditioned
+during the night as I supposed I would find them, from what reports I
+had. Found these two regiments, the Fourteenth and the Nineteenth,
+partially gotten together in cars. Pearson was about to execute a
+movement to carry them out by some strategic plan, about daylight, to
+Twenty-eighth street, and there hold the crossing with these two
+regiments and a battery, the object being entirely to avoid bloodshed,
+that being the tenor of all the dispatches I received. From what I
+could learn, I thought the movement of that battery and the necessity
+for two thousand men was rather an unwise one, and I advised against
+it; but the battery was taken out, and the measure was successfully
+accomplished. I discovered, much to my surprise, that public sentiment
+and the press were in pretty strong sympathy and accord with the people
+who were defying the law. No sheriff, no mayor, that I saw at all.
+Matters went on until two o'clock, I think, without any change worthy
+of comment, when Brinton arrived with about six hundred and fifty men.
+I then asked Pearson distinctly whether he was satisfied, or had enough
+troops to master the situation, and he said he was satisfied with them,
+and the movement commenced. I remained at the Union Depot hotel, to say
+nothing of the transaction at Twenty-fifth street. The firing was first
+announced to me in a dispatch, which was given in my report. It might
+be stated, in this connection, that the whole forty-five rounds of
+ammunition were brought to Pittsburgh, and it was a pretty serious
+embarrassment in future operations. These facts are all set forth in my
+report, and the troops were supplied with twenty rounds per man, and
+the guns with two thousand rounds each--the Gatling.
+
+Q. Before they started from the Union depot?
+
+A. Before they started from the Union depot. We had a vast amount of it
+lying there. If we had only got it issued, it might have made some
+change in circumstances. The dispatch announcing the fire, I received
+at the Union depot, five-twenty P.M.
+
+Q. What page is that on?
+
+A. Page 5.
+
+    OUTER DEPOT, _July 21, 1817--5.25, P.M._
+
+    Major General LATTA, _Union Depot_:
+
+    Send for Huidekoper's, Gallagher's, Beaver's, and White's,
+    divisions. The location of the ground is such that it is almost
+    impossible to handle troops. The troops have just fired into the
+    crowd, and I am informed a number are killed. I am satisfied no
+    trains can be sent out to-night. The appearance of affairs is
+    desperate.
+
+    A. L. PEARSON,
+    _Major General_
+
+The object of the movement, was, of course, to open the road, and Mr.
+Pitcairn told me shortly before the movement commenced, in reply to an
+interrogatory, that he had fifteen crews ready to carry out trains.
+
+Q. Ready to take out trains?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I never knew the reason why the trains did not run until I
+read General Brinton's report, which was some ten months afterward. I
+inquired from a gentleman connected with the railroad company why the
+trains did not move that day when the tracks were open, ready for them
+to move, about an hour after the fire occurred, and he told me the
+reason was that General Pearson said it would not do; but upon
+referring to General Brinton's report, I found that an offer had been
+made by the troops to guard the trains, and the railroad people said,
+we have not got the men to move the trains, and the trains,
+consequently, could not move. The road was open. The soldiers had
+discharged their duty, and opened the road.
+
+Q. How long was it kept open?
+
+A. I do not know, but I presume some couple of hours, from all I learn
+from the official reports, before they withdrew from this position to
+the round-house.
+
+Q. What time was it that Mr. Pitcairn stated to you that he had fifteen
+crews to move trains?
+
+A. I should think it was about--just a little while before Brinton came
+in, with his troops, and he got there at two o'clock. I saw him in the
+hallway of the hotel, standing about ten or fifteen feet from the desk
+of the Union Depot hotel clerk's office. I think Pearson stood beside
+me. I am not so sure of that, though.
+
+Q. Did you have any consultation with General Pearson or railroad men
+about the propriety of undertaking to start trains that evening--that
+afternoon?
+
+A. I have no distinct recollection of any consultation with him.
+
+Q. Do you remember of any citizens calling at the office of the Union
+Depot hotel, and advising against moving the trains that afternoon?
+
+A. No citizens called on me with such advice.
+
+Q. Did any of the civil authorities?
+
+A. I never saw any civil authorities of the city of Pittsburgh, except
+the mayor, for about ten or twelve minutes, and then I sent for him to
+come, during all the time I was there.
+
+Q. When did you send for him?
+
+A. About midnight, on Saturday. He met Colonel Quay, and I think the
+first word he said--I think he said: "If Hartranft had been here the
+troops would not have been ordered out. Why didn't you do like you did
+before--telegraph him, and then there would not have been any trouble."
+I said to him: "I think that if you get out there you can stop this
+thing now." He said it was beyond his power, and he made some remark I
+did not like very well, and I turned on my heel, and left him in
+consultation with Colonel Quay.
+
+Q. Can you remember that remark?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. The substance of it?
+
+A. No; not well enough to testify to under oath. Colonel Quay and he
+kept up some considerable conversation.
+
+Q. Was Colonel Quay present when that remark was made?
+
+A. He was; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where was he?
+
+A. Our room was at the head of the stairs, on the second floor--the
+first floor--I suppose the hotel would call it the first floor of the
+Union Depot hotel. This room faces right opposite the stairs. Quay and
+McCarthy were sitting on a kind of a bench there, and I was standing
+up. Matters went on. I don't recollect when I first learned that the
+troops were in the round-house. Oh, yes! here is the dispatch, on page
+5, addressed from Pearson to me:
+
+    OUTER DEPOT, _July 21, 1877_.
+
+    Major General JAMES W. LATTA, _Union Depot_:
+
+    Brinton reports about fifteen killed and wounded, and child of ten
+    years. The rioters numbered not less than ten thousand, and
+    completely surrounded the troops, and fired the first shots. It is
+    reported that the United States arsenal will be attacked, and arms
+    and ammunition captured. Have notified the commandant of the fact.
+    The rioters contemplate burning the railroad buildings, and I have
+    ordered all my troops inside the walls of the buildings, and will
+    protect at all hazards.
+
+    A. L. PEARSON,
+    _Major General_.
+
+Q. What time did you receive that dispatch?
+
+A. That dispatch must have been received about dark, or shortly
+afterward. I see it is without hour. Then I placed myself in
+communication with him. There are two dispatches here. I started a
+messenger boy off to the arsenal. It appears that Pearson had been in
+communication with them to advise the officers of the fact of what
+trouble there was. I was getting replies and sending messages back from
+these troops. They were on their way ... of them without ammunition,
+and some of them had been unable to get out of there, and wanted to
+know whether they should use force, and they finally did get out and go
+to the lower end of Pittsburgh by the next morning.
+
+Q. What time did Pearson reach you at the Union depot that evening?
+
+A. I have reported it at ten o'clock, and I think that hour is about
+right.
+
+Q. What was that report, then, as near as you state it?
+
+A. He came in with four of his staff, and I was rather astonished at
+seeing him. The mob had got pretty thick, and I had learned through the
+entire afternoon that no soldier could appear upon the highway with any
+safety, unless he had troops with him. A rope, I learned, was put
+around the neck of General Brinton's staff officers, and he was
+threatened with assassination and all sorts of things; but there is no
+question about the fact, unless a soldier was willing to give up his
+gun, he had no business out among them. Pearson managed to get down
+unobserved. The cars were four lines deep--were all down to the
+round-house--and I suppose he got through them. He said he managed to
+get down there in that way. I told him I was very much surprised to see
+him there, and he said the object of his visit was ammunition and
+rations for the troops--they were almost entirely out, and I told him
+the situation--whether he understood it fully I do not know--it was
+impossible for him to get back. I thought his usefulness was about
+ended. He got there, and he could not return again. I told him to go
+somewhere else, and report to me at daylight. He went to the house of
+one of the staff officers, somewhere on the outskirts of the
+town--Richard Evans. Daylight came, and he could not go through, I
+suppose, if he had tried. I heard nothing further from him until about
+one o'clock. One of his staff officers brought a note from him at the
+Monongahela house. He offered to do any duty he could. He said if he
+came on the street he was satisfied his life would not be his own for a
+moment; and I did not see anything for anybody to do just then, and I
+told him I could see nothing to be answered by his coming out at that
+time, and he might as well remain where he was.
+
+Q. General Pearson was in command of the troops, then, until ten
+o'clock?
+
+A. O, yes. I must say something else. He was in command up to ten
+o'clock. Before I told Pearson to go away, I asked him four or five
+times very distinctly, and put the interrogatory as strong as I could,
+to know whether he had left General Brinton in absolute command, and he
+said that he had--that Brinton was the commanding officer, and I have
+since letters from General Brinton, in which he has assumed that he was
+in command of those troops.
+
+Q. After General Pearson left, then General Brinton was the commanding
+officer?
+
+A. He was the commanding officer.
+
+Q. Had entire charge. Did you have any communication with General
+Brinton?
+
+A. When Pearson left, no fire had broken out. Pearson rather charges
+disaster on me in his report. The burning did not occur until after he
+went home. After Pearson left, Mr. Farr and Colonel Norris, Mr. Linn,
+and Cassatt and Phillips were active and energetic in getting
+provisions out--trying at least. Having got an engine fired up, they
+backed it into the Union depot, and I think they got coffee and
+sandwiches--a tremendous amount of provisions carried out to where the
+engine was. An engineer had agreed to push it out, and everything was
+ready for the movement, when the engineer reported that the fire had
+gotten between the round-house and the Union depot, and he could not
+go. The cars were burned, and he could not run his engine past them,
+and the consequence was that the scheme was abandoned. About that time,
+a man disguised as a working man, at great personal risk and the
+exercise of a vast deal of tact, presented himself to my room at the
+hotel. He told me where he had come from, and brought a dispatch from
+General Brinton. At that time, I suppose, the fire had got pretty well
+ahead, and it was rather of a demoralizing character. I had had it in
+mind, if it was possible, to get a communication to Brinton, and
+propose some plan to get out of the round-house, and clean that mob
+out; but I desisted from that when I read that dispatch. I
+unfortunately have lost it, but I recollect I stood up and read it out
+in the room, and I recollect I said--that subject of ordering the
+troops out had been discussed--I said I will assume no responsibility
+of ordering the troops to fight, when a report like that comes from
+them, and it left me under the impression that the whole thing was gone
+up. I recollect, I walked up and down the room that night, and I
+thought every friend I had would be burned to death by morning. I had
+no idea they would ever get out, and I devoted my entire energies to
+their relief. I had been the associate of the First regiment since my
+early boyhood days, and that dispatch left me and everybody else with
+that idea. I sat down and answered, in the nature of one which appears
+upon page 7, of that report, and sent it back by this same man. At that
+time the mob had got to be so serious, that I did not deem it wisdom to
+order any troops into the city of Pittsburgh without ammunition. The
+troops of Colonel Rodgers, which was part of the First division, and
+which should have been supplied with ammunition, were then about
+somewhere at Walls station. At the time Pearson came in to me,
+communications stopped with the round-house--wires were cut. We had one
+Western Union wire running to different points, and that was the only
+one we could get hold of. None, however, to the round-house. I sent
+word to this detachment at Walls, and to the detachments on their way,
+not to come within ten miles of the city, until they got ammunition.
+Then I sent this dispatch back to General Brinton:
+
+    Major General R. M. BRINTON, _round-house_:
+
+    I know your situation fully. Regret that you are so placed, but
+    knowing your high soldierly qualities, know that you will hold out
+    to the last. It would be sad to sacrifice life, as you would have
+    to, in case of a persistent attack, but if it comes, it
+    consequently must follow. Every one has been untiring in efforts to
+    get rations and ammunition to you, and, in every instance, it has
+    failed. Cassatt and Philips, of the railroad, Baugh, of your staff,
+    Norris, Farr, and Linn, volunteers, are now making every effort to
+    again shortly reach you. No chance for friction primers.
+
+    Have again made every effort to reach you, but failed on account of
+    the fire. The rest of Philadelphia troops are at Walls station,
+    twelve miles east, and there remain awaiting ammunition. I am
+    starting private conveyance to Torrens, with ammunition to Guthrie,
+    in large enough quantities to supply himself and the troops now at
+    Walls. When I hear of its safe arrival, I will order them forward
+    to Guthrie, to report to him, directing him to move to your relief,
+    with the whole command. His march will be about five miles, and, if
+    all things prove successful, he ought to reach you by five or six
+    o'clock. If compelled to escape at last, do so to the eastward;
+    take Penn avenue, if possible, and make for Guthrie, at Torrens.
+
+    JAMES W. LATTA,
+    _Adjutant General_.
+
+These instructions were not followed; but a different and another route
+was taken. I had inquired from the people of Harrisburg where the best
+place was to feed troops at that time in that large body. I was told by
+those who seemed to know that one of those large hotels at East Liberty
+could accommodate five or six hundred men, and I had made this
+direction to go to East Liberty to get the men fed. Men dragged out
+from their homes, and kept up two nights, cannot exist like the old and
+heavier campaigner can, who have become inured to privations.
+
+Q. In giving these orders in your communication to General Brinton, and
+in the orders you gave to Colonel Guthrie and Colonel Rodgers, were you
+assuming command of the troops, or in what capacity?
+
+A. I was assuming command, so far as that was concerned. I could not
+assume, as Adjutant General, the command of any troops, unless I
+relieve the officer commanding, and that would be a very delicate thing
+to do in the situation we were in. For the purpose of concentration,
+and for the purpose of a movement, I was acting as commander-in-chief,
+and for the purpose of giving general directions.
+
+Q. You had plenty of ammunition at the Union depot?
+
+A. Plenty of ammunition.
+
+Q. Could you not, have ordered Colonel Guthrie to have marched down
+Fifth street by a circuitous route, and brought him to the Union depot
+at night?
+
+A. He said he hadn't forces enough.
+
+Q. There was no force on Fifth street, was there--running out Fifth
+avenue?
+
+A. I suppose I could have done all these things, but I didn't conceive,
+in view of the reports I had, that it was wise to undertake, and my
+views were fully confirmed by the dispatches that came from Guthrie
+himself, after I had ordered the movement, because he wired me as
+follows--after I got him an order for the concentration he wants to
+know--a Pittsburgher inquired of me what route he shall take.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Guthrie have any ammunition?
+
+A. O, yes; he had some seven to ten rounds, I believe--I know he had
+some ammunition.
+
+Q. How many rounds did General Brinton have with him in the round-house?
+
+A. I reported twenty--that is my belief.
+
+Q. At the time you sent this communication, on page 7, with the message
+to General Brinton, could you not have ordered him out of the
+round-house, and could he not have marched, at that time, down to the
+Union depot?
+
+A. I cannot answer whether he could have marched down. I could have
+ordered him to do so.
+
+Q. What is your opinion about his having been able to march down to
+Union depot, and cut his way to Union depot at that time?
+
+A. I do not think at that time it would have been a wise movement in
+the night.
+
+Q. A fire had already broken out?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know that Brinton had received that communication?
+
+A. 0, yes; Brinton got that.
+
+Q. Was that discussed, or did that occur to you at the time to order
+him down to the Union depot?
+
+A. Yes; I have just stated I intended to order him out. I do not mean
+to say at that particular time, but I intended to suggest, when I got
+this dispatch, and then I would not assume the responsibility of
+ordering troops out that were described to be in that condition.
+
+Q. Have you that dispatch?
+
+A. That is lost.
+
+Q. Can you state the nature of it--the contents of it?
+
+A. I do not want to say one thing that is in it. The contents of it
+were, as I have stated, general demoralization.
+
+Q. Of his troops?
+
+A. I do not mean to say his troops. The impression made by the dispatch
+was one that created upon the mind of anybody who read it--and there
+was no use attempt to fight just then with the troops. That was an
+impression left upon my mind, and upon the minds of those who heard me
+read it.
+
+Q. Is that dispatch lost?
+
+A. That dispatch is lost.
+
+Q. Who was present and heard that dispatch read?
+
+A. Colonel Farr, Colonel Quay, Colonel Hassinger, and Mr. Russell.
+
+Q. What time was that received?
+
+A. About midnight.
+
+Q. Did General Pearson consult you after the track had been cleared,
+and after the collision, at about five o'clock--did he consult you as
+to the disposition of the troops?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know they were going to be placed in the round-house?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know where the Fourteenth and the Nineteenth regiments were,
+commanded by Colonel Gray and Colonel Howard?
+
+A. I knew where they had been sent to in the morning.
+
+Q. Do you know where they were in the evening?
+
+A. I made up my mind they had all disappeared. I must not use that
+phrase any more, because one of the military newspapers says it is a
+peculiar one to use--that troops disappear.
+
+Q. Did you know they were ordered in the transfer depot?
+
+A. No, sir; but somebody came in, and told me they were all gone.
+
+Q. Do you know when they were disbanded by order of General Brown?
+
+A. The first I knew of that was, I saw Brown two or three times during
+the night in citizens' clothes, and toward the early morning, but I had
+heard all along his troops had gone. The old gentleman was pretty well
+excited. He was going out and making promises, and coming back, and
+having interviews, and getting in among the fellows. The next day, Cap.
+Bigham, he was a pretty strong man, was in the room at the hotel,
+between nine and ten o'clock, and I said something pretty rough to
+Bigham, about the troops running away, and Bigham, like a good soldier,
+would ... that he had done what he was told; he said these troops left
+there by order of General Brown.
+
+Q. That was the first you knew of General Brown's order?
+
+A. That is the first I ever heard.
+
+Q. After General Pearson left, then General Brinton was the commanding
+officer, as I understand, and you learned that fact by and through
+General Pearson?
+
+A. By and through General Pearson.
+
+Q. That he had left him in command?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton know that the ammunition was at the Union depot?
+
+A. O, yes.
+
+Q. He knew it had been left there?
+
+A. You know he kept sending for us to send it out to him. He left the
+ammunition under the guard of a detachment of cavalry. They had sabers
+way up at the lower end of the depot. My recollection is, when things
+got pretty hot, these men were no earthly account round with their
+sabers, and I believe a captain and some men of the Fourteenth were
+standing around there, too. They never reported to me for any special
+purpose. I sent those gentlemen out. I know I sent some of them out,
+for they succeeded in getting out, some from this exposed place, down
+to the cellar of the hotel.
+
+Q. Was Cassatt and Pitcairn out at Twentieth street, at the time of the
+collision?
+
+A. I am told they were.
+
+Q. Did you have conversation with them after they returned?
+
+A. I had a conversation with one of them.
+
+Q. Did you ask them whether trains had been moved?
+
+A. Yes; and they made answer just as I have stated. Said General
+Pearson told them not to move--they said General Pearson told them not
+to move.
+
+Q. And did you have any conversation with General Pearson on the
+subject, when he came in?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you have any consultation before the troops started with the
+civil authorities?
+
+A. I never saw them.
+
+Q. You don't know what arrangements--as I understand it, the sheriff
+marched with a posse in front of the troops?
+
+A. I have been told so. I never saw the sheriff but once in my life,
+and that was two or three weeks afterwards.
+
+Q. Were your instructions to the commanders to keep themselves
+subordinate to the civil authorities?
+
+A. I have just read my original dispatches--aiding the civil
+authorities.
+
+Q. When General Pearson left, at ten o'clock, you did practically
+relieve him from command?
+
+A. Yes. Of course, it was a virtual relief, as explained in that way.
+
+Q. He first asked you whether he had left General Brinton in command?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Now, did you consider you had power to order the movements of
+General Brinton, after General Pearson had left?
+
+A. I did; for purposes such as that.
+
+Q. And also of Colonel Guthrie?
+
+A. I did; yes, sir.
+
+Q. And Colonel Rodgers and the troops in that vicinity?
+
+A. Yes, sir. You will observe I did not give Brinton any particular
+order.
+
+Q. That power you had by virtue of the instructions that the
+commander-in-chief had given you before he left?
+
+A. I took it I had that power generally in the comprehensive duties of
+Adjutant General. The conclusion of this dispatch to Brinton is not in
+the shape of an order. It tells him what to do. Brinton thought he
+could have done better, he could have gone somewhere else, and when a
+man don't follow such instructions as that he takes a great deal of
+risk, just as a man who refuses to obey the order of an adjutant, if
+the Adjutant General is sustained by his chief, he is going to get a
+pretty good dressing; if not, he is all right.
+
+Q. General Brinton could have obeyed your instructions or disobeyed
+them?
+
+A. I am simply applying that remark to the conclusion of this letter,
+which reads: "If compelled to escape, at least do so to the eastward.
+Take Penn avenue, if possible, and make for Guthrie, at Torrens."
+Brinton could have taken that direction, or taken some other one if he
+thought he could do better by taking some other. When he didn't take
+the direction I gave him, he assumed a responsibility.
+
+Q. Afterwards, you ordered him to join Guthrie, at Torrens?
+
+A. I did; yes. He had got too far then. After this order went out, they
+succeeded in getting ammunition to Guthrie. I had ordered a train from
+Walls by telegraph. The reply I got from Walls was, that the "engineers
+won't run the trains. I can't move them." Then I ordered the wagon.
+
+Q. Did you see the sheriff after you arrived at Pittsburgh, or the
+Union depot, before the troops were sent to Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I never saw the sheriff nor the mayor until I sent for him.
+
+Q. Did you ask General Pearson whether he had a consultation with the
+sheriff or the mayor?
+
+A. I did not ask him anything about the mayor, but I had dispatches
+from Pearson in which he said he had been with the sheriff.
+
+Q. You saw no citizens on Saturday night, I understand you to say?
+
+A. Saturday night--I don't recollect. I think Mr. Rook came in the room
+for a few moments on Saturday afternoon. Mr. Hampden was in the room.
+
+Q. Who is the solicitor?
+
+A. There was a good many railroad men around there, but outside of the
+railroad men I have no distinct recollection of any one but Rook.
+
+Q. Did you see James Park, junior, Saturday evening?
+
+A. I don't know such a name. I might know him if I would see him.
+
+Q. He had no conversation with Mr. Cassatt in your presence, that you
+recollect of?
+
+A. No, sir; nor nobody had any conversation with Mr. Cassatt in my
+presence during the evening. I didn't see Mr. Cassatt more than a few
+moments.
+
+Q. On Saturday afternoon, did you see these gentlemen?
+
+A. I don't know--I don't think I did. I might have seen him. If I saw
+this gentleman I could tell better. I don't know the name.
+
+Q. Did any citizens speak to you or to Cassatt, in your presence, in
+regard to any meeting any time to move trains on Saturday?
+
+A. No, sir; nobody. I heard it talked of, but nobody ever came to me.
+It was talked of in our room between us.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. It was talked of in the room?
+
+A. Between ourselves.
+
+Q. Was this before the effort was made to clear the tracks with troops?
+
+A. I do not recollect.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did it occur to you that Saturday would be a bad day to undertake
+the movement of trains?
+
+A. It has occurred to me. Whether it occurred to me then or not I am
+not able to answer.
+
+Q. Were you aware that the rolling mills and manufacturing
+establishments in Pittsburgh closed at noon on Saturday?
+
+A. I don't think I was at that time.
+
+Q. And that a large number of men were idle on Saturday afternoon?
+
+A. I don't think I was at that time, but it is just one of those sort
+of things I know now, and I cannot give a full recollection or
+impression. I know this much, there was no direct report to me of this
+fact with any suggestion that the movement be suspended on account of
+that fact, because then I would recollect distinctly.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Your own understanding when you got to Pittsburgh was the civil
+authorities had lost all control, and were powerless?
+
+A. When I first got to Pittsburgh?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Yes; so far as any force they had.
+
+Q. They were powerless to disperse the crowd?
+
+A. Yes, sir; so far as any force which they could control as a civil
+posse.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. After the burning commenced Saturday--the burning of cars--did it
+occur to you that it was possible for General Brinton, with the men he
+had there, to stop that in any way?
+
+A. I don't know. It occurred to me.
+
+Q. Did you take it into consideration?
+
+A. I don't know that I did particularly. I was not thinking
+particularly about that.
+
+Q. Did you have any consultation with the railroad officials during the
+night there as to any means--or try to devise any means to stop the
+burning cars?
+
+A. There was not any of them there.
+
+Q. What became of the railroad officials?
+
+A. I don't know, sir.
+
+Q. When did you miss them?
+
+A. I last saw Mr. Cassatt somewheres towards dark. They were down
+stairs. I think Mr. Cassatt was down, but I didn't see him. He came
+back again.
+
+Q. Did you see Pitcairn during the night?
+
+A. I don't think I ever saw Pitcairn after I had talked with him about
+the cars.
+
+Q. Did you see Mr. Scott?
+
+A. Scott was the first man to tell me about the collision. He came in
+the room and announced the collision, said it was very sad, and walked
+out. I saw Mr. Phillips, another railroad man, I recollect, when the
+fire was getting close to the hotel. He and Russell threw cartridges
+into the pitcher full of water, thinking it would destroy them.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive at the Union depot?
+
+A. I estimated it at about noon.
+
+Q. Sunday?
+
+A. Sunday, yes, sir.
+
+Q. What means did you take Sunday to try to stop the burning?
+
+A. I didn't take any. I had nothing to take any means with. There were
+six gentlemen in citizens' clothes--most of them civilians--all
+civilians I think. The next day when I first heard that, Captain Aull
+was the first party who came in. He announced that the troops had got
+out of the round-house. There were two parties from East Liberty who
+had come into the room to ask me to retain the Eighteenth regiment
+there, and I looked at them in astonishment when I had ordered them to
+come in to the relief of General Brinton. While I was talking to those
+citizens, Captain Aull came in, and he overheard the conversation. He
+stepped up and told me he had driven through Brinton's troops, and they
+were marching out. I was relieved from a great deal of anxiety, so I
+sat down and immediately told Aull--having no other, I think--sat down
+and dictated a dispatch, which appears here on page 11, addressed to
+Brinton, signed by me, dated July 22, 1877:
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _July 22, 1877_.
+
+    Major General R. M. BRINTON:
+
+    Remain in position at stock-yards, or thereabouts, securing
+    yourself, and await further orders. Congratulate you on your
+    manoeuver of this morning. Consult with Colonel Guthrie, and
+    govern yourself accordingly. From information received here, it
+    appears Eighteenth regiment is sufficient to protect stock-yards,
+    and will not excite special prejudices of the mob. There is an old
+    fort in the vicinity, which is suggested as a good place to hold.
+    It can be shown to you by parties familiar with the neighborhood.
+
+    Keep your channels of subsistence well open, and await further
+    orders. There may be some developments, which, of course, will
+    require you to act on your own responsibility. If any troops arrive
+    at East Liberty, assume command of them. Report their arrival here,
+    if possible. Norris will be on the ground shortly, and explain the
+    situation here. Act after consultation with him.
+
+    JAMES W. LATTA,
+    _Adjutant General_.
+
+At the same time, Norris being a staff officer--it is not customary to
+give a staff officer written instructions--I started him off to talk
+with Brinton. Brinton appears to have given this order sometime about
+the 31st of July, seven or eight days afterwards. Norris got hold of
+me, and told me the purport of the order, and told me what the
+directions were, and he moved about a mile beyond Sharpsburg bridge and
+stayed there. I started off to try to make a junction with the troops
+at Walls, which I did not know at that time had gone to Blairsville.
+
+Q. Did you have any consultation with the officers on Sunday?
+
+A. I saw no citizens of Pittsburgh on Sunday, except Mr. Bennett.
+Whether we called to see him or not, I don't know. I was in the room
+just as Norris had returned to the Monongahela house. Bennett and
+Cassatt were sitting upon one bed, and Norris and some other gentleman
+on the other, and Norris was giving a description of his ride to
+Brinton, and I was introduced to Mr. Bennett, and shook hands with him,
+and overheard part of their conversation, which was to the effect that
+Mr. Bennett was trying to persuade Cassatt to make some compromise with
+the men, which Cassatt refused to do.
+
+Q. He was the only one?
+
+A. I think so; the only one I saw. I was going to say, I remained there
+until nine o'clock at night, and then I had got dispatches from every
+part of the country, that showed everything was in a general uprising,
+and I made up my mind I must get to Harrisburg, and Phillips told me
+there was no way to get over the Pennsylvania, and we went to Beaver,
+believing the Erie route to be the most practicable. At Beaver I
+telegraphed to Scott to get a special train. Scott intimated their road
+was open, and I hired a carriage and drove back to Allegheny City, and
+came back here.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Do you know what became of the ammunition in the Union depot?
+
+A. Before I left the Union depot I spent about nearly an hour in
+arranging a plan to get it saved. I left it in charge of Captain Breck.
+The plan we had arranged was to--that was just about the time the
+milkmen were going back to their places in the country--to get empty
+milk cans and open the boxes and pour the ammunition into the cans and
+take the ammunition out. I am told that he got five or six cans loaded,
+and was on his way to hunt transportation, when the fire got hold of
+the thing, and the ammunition was destroyed.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did the mayor, in that interview, express any intention or desire to
+suppress this--making any attempt to control it?
+
+A. No, sir; simply said the matter was beyond his control, and he could
+not do anything, and he was tolerably mad.
+
+Q. Did he say he had in the first place?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't ask him anything about that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Who explained the movements of the troops, as they advanced out to
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. General Pearson. He showed his plans to me before he started.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you know whether the command was given to fire that day, by any
+of the officers?
+
+A. I do not know anything about it.
+
+Q. Do you know whether General Pearson was there at the time the firing
+took place?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. Do you know how General Pearson was dressed on that day?
+
+A. Yes, sir; he left me with a blouse on. Major general's
+shoulder-straps and fatigue cap, and my impression is he had one of
+these old fashioned blouses, with the braid in front, and a sword and
+belt. Whether the belt was outside of the blouse or inside, I cannot
+recollect. He had a fatigue uniform of the United States army,
+excepting that braid, if that was there. It is not now a part of the
+uniform.
+
+Q. What time did he leave you with that uniform on?
+
+A. He left me with that uniform on, about three o'clock, and returned
+again with it on at night.
+
+Q. Did he have it on at night?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. You saw him before the firing, and after the firing with the same
+uniform on?
+
+A. Yes, sir; with the same uniform.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. After you returned to Harrisburg, who directed the troops from that
+time until the arrival of the Governor in the State?
+
+A. There was very little direction done. In the meantime he had been
+advised of my movements, and he had in the meantime been directing
+himself. After the Pittsburgh collision, he commenced to move the
+troops, and we got into the same channel. Pretty much all the orders
+were alike.
+
+Q. Do you know anything about a collision that occurred at Reading,
+with General Reeder's troops?
+
+A. Only as it is officially reported by General Reeder and Bolton. It
+was reported here immediately, I saw it the next day.
+
+Q. What time did General Huidekoper get to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. He got to Pittsburgh from Chicago, a little before daylight on
+Sunday morning.
+
+Q. Did you have any consultation with him after his arrival?
+
+A. We had a plan of battle arranged there. Huidekoper started on its
+accomplishment. We chartered a steamboat, and we managed to smuggle
+several boxes of ammunition from the hotel, and he went to Rochester,
+believing his troops were coming down. He ought to have been in
+Pittsburgh by noon, but the troops were stopped by the riot.
+
+Q. They were stopped by reports at Greenfield?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Who was the colonel commanding these troops that were on their way?
+
+A. I think they were in charge of a major on the Allegheny Valley road.
+They were in charge of Lieutenant Colonel Magee.
+
+Q. They were not in charge of Colonel Carpenter?
+
+A. Possibly so. I don't know that. Magee--I had communications with
+him.
+
+Q. Do you know why they stopped at Greenfield?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you ever try to ascertain the causes?
+
+A. No, sir; that matter was altogether in the hands of General
+Huidekoper; he was division commander.
+
+Q. Did Huidekoper report to you any reasons for it?
+
+A. No, sir; not unless there is something in this report here. I think
+if he had I would have recollected it.
+
+Q. Was it reported to you by anybody that there was no cause for the
+stopping of the troops there, excepting that the colonel commanding the
+troops was afraid to go on?
+
+A. I never heard. I don't think I ever heard that before. There was
+plenty of ammunition; there was five thousand rounds of ammunition at
+Greenfield at the time.
+
+Q. Plenty of ammunition in Greenfield?
+
+A. I didn't know it then because it was in Huidekoper's division. I
+learned afterwards it was at Greenfield.
+
+Q. They should have arrived, you say, at Rochester, at what time?
+
+A. If the trains had been on time they ought to have been in Pittsburgh
+at twelve o'clock.
+
+Q. Sunday?
+
+A. Sunday, yes, sir.
+
+Q. They never got any further than Greenfield?
+
+A. Not within fifty or sixty miles. Huidekoper left Rochester and went
+out west to meet the Governor. He gave up all hopes of getting near
+about noon.
+
+Q. Were any steps taken by the commander-in-chief to ascertain the
+cause of that delay?
+
+A. No, sir; we assumed it was because they could not get the hands to
+run them. That was the report from every place, and it seemed to be
+generally confirmed. I was just going to say, in looking at this
+matter, it ought to be looked at in an exceptional light. It is a
+thoroughly new thing. The soldiers ought not to be reflected on as
+severely as the people have. There is as much courage in the National
+Guard as there is anywhere, and it ought not to be judged of in the
+light of a regular warfare nor by such rules.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You found after you had organized the troops, and had them out a few
+times that they were just as good as any soldiers?
+
+A. Just as good as any soldiers you bring from any quarter of the
+globe.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. It was reported that some Philadelphia troops were captured across
+the Susquehanna here by a squad of rioters from Harrisburg, and tramps,
+and brought into the city. I wish you would state what you know about
+that, and who the troops were?
+
+A. I only know if as you do. I didn't see it, and know nothing of it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. But was the thing not officially reported?
+
+A. Nothing official reported to me. I believe the officer in charge of
+those troops is now undergoing trial by court martial in Philadelphia.
+
+Q. Do you know who it is?
+
+A. I only know from hearsay.
+
+Q. Do you know of any troops that were ordered to Pittsburgh returning
+without orders?
+
+A. I heard so, yes, sir; that there were troops that did return.
+
+Q. Do you know it officially?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Of your own knowledge?
+
+A. I don't think any troops did return, as bodies, to Philadelphia.
+Scattered, straggling men did, but no body of troops returned to
+Philadelphia. I do not think that the straggling in the National Guard
+was equal to what it is sometimes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you approve of General Brown's course, in disbanding his
+regiments at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. If it be a fact that General Brown did give these troops directions
+to leave, it was a most outrageous breach of everything a good soldier
+ought to have done. I believe those troops there could have held that
+place until now.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I understand you to say that it is your judgment that those troops
+might have held that place?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+Q. Do you know anything as to the reasons that induced General Brown to
+disband those two regiments?
+
+A. Haven't the most distant idea. I don't even know that it is a fact,
+except as I have seen it alleged in the newspapers.
+
+Q. Are you well acquainted with General Brown?
+
+A. I have known him five or six years. He has a very fine record in the
+army. He used to be adjutant in our corps.
+
+Q. Stood well, up to this time, in the National Guard?
+
+A. Excellently well.
+
+Q. Do you know that he was at that time laboring under any physical or
+mental disability?
+
+A. No, I do not, except that he struck me as being most terribly fussy,
+and ... a whole lot of information that it was not worth while
+bothering with.
+
+Q. Did he strike you at that time as laboring under any mental
+disability?
+
+A. No; I would not at all have considered that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did he show unusual excitement--nervousness?
+
+A. Brown is a terribly talkative fellow, and he talked in his usual
+strain; I should not have set him down as anywise wrong.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+C. N. Farr, recalled:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I wish you would state whether you were present when General Latta
+received a dispatch from General Brinton, on Saturday evening?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I was.
+
+Q. Of the 21st. State as nearly as you can what the import of that
+dispatch was?
+
+A. I cannot remember it sufficiently to give any of the language,
+except the general impression left upon my mind that General Pearson
+had left me, and that he had had no communications, and didn't
+understand the situation, and stated the condition of his troops, and
+how particularly he stated that I can't remember, except that the
+impression left upon my mind was that the troops were in danger of
+demoralization. There was a certain amount of unreliability, and that
+was intensified from the fact that we knew or understood, at that time,
+that the Pittsburgh division had gone to pieces, and up to that time we
+had considered that there would be no difficulty in General Brinton's
+holding his position until morning; that he had sufficient force, and
+was well armed and ammunitioned; but the dispatch created the
+impression that his troops were somewhat infected with that feeling of
+sympathy, or disinclined to take vigorous operations, and I understood
+that to be the reason why no more vigorous measure were taken.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+General James W. Latta, recalled:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In relation to General Brown--whose duty would it be to investigate
+the conduct of General Brown there at that time?
+
+A. General Pearson's duty first; and if he did not investigate it
+himself, he ought to have reported the fact officially here. There was
+no official report that reached my department of General Brown's
+having, on that night, asked any troops to withdraw.
+
+Q. Was General Pearson relieved of his command for any time after the
+troubles on the 21st there?
+
+A. He remained temporarily withdrawn from his command until we started
+off to Scranton. When the Governor came into Pittsburgh that night, he
+found nobody but Brown, and placed Brown in temporary command of the
+troops that had been gotten together in the city.
+
+Q. How long did Brown keep that position?
+
+A. I should think from the 24th or 25th of July until the 1st day of
+August.
+
+Q. No report has ever reached you officially that he did dismiss his
+troops?
+
+A. No, sir; I never heard anything of it directly, except what Captain
+Bingham told me that morning, and I did not know but that Captain
+Bingham might have been misinformed--he might not have been in direct
+communication with his general. I did not pay much attention.
+
+Q. Did any report reach you from Colonel Gray or Colonel Howard?
+
+A. I saw Colonel Gray's report in the newspaper. Colonel Howard I don't
+think ever said anything to me about it.
+
+Q. Does Colonel Gray or Colonel Howard mention the fact in their
+official report?
+
+A. They don't come to me, sir.
+
+Q. To whom do they report officially?
+
+A. To General Pearson.
+
+Q. Those don't come to you at all?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+At this point, the committee adjourned until to-morrow morning, at nine
+o'clock.
+
+
+    HARRISBURG, _March 12, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at ten o'clock, A.M., in
+Senate committee room No. 6. All members present except Mr. Larrabee.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Honorable A. J. Herr _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. It is made the duty of this committee, under the resolution by which
+they were appointed, to examine into the conduct of the militia of the
+State. Will you please state what knowledge you have of misbehavior on
+the part of the officers?
+
+A. My personal knowledge is not very extensive, but the information
+that I received from credible citizens of Harrisburg, is clear and
+pointed. Shall I give you what I saw first?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. One day during the riots--what day I can't recollect--but one day
+during the riots, I happened to be on the pavement in front of the
+court-*house in the city of Harrisburg, and I saw a large crowd, men
+and half grown boys, coming up from the depot, going towards the bridge
+that spans the Susquehanna river. The impression prevailed amongst the
+citizens that this crowd was going over the bridge to make an attack
+upon some soldiers that were said to be there. After a time--maybe half
+an hour or thereabouts--the greater part of that same crowd came back
+from the bridge. Then I saw in the center as it were of some few men
+and some half grown boys, soldiers, and these half grown boys, or some
+of them, were carrying the guns of the soldiers, and they were
+fraternizing with the young boys round about the soldiers. The
+soldiers, themselves, all seemed to be in good humor, seemed to know
+each other, and passed along very nicely and quietly, and the point of
+the whole thing was, that these soldiers had in this way allowed these
+few half grown boys either to take the guns, or they had delivered the
+guns up, and so they passed on down the street, these soldiers, with
+these few boys surrounding them, and I lost sight of them. I was then
+afterwards told, that the soldiers had sent word over to some of the
+people in town that they wanted to come to Harrisburg, and that they
+wanted these people to come over and escort them into Harrisburg. And
+then I was told further, that these parties had provided accommodations
+for these soldiers--these last two things I do not know, only that the
+rumors were upon the street, and at that time prevailing. And the
+feeling in my own breast, as well as throughout the citizens, was one
+of humiliation, that these soldiers would either give up their arms to
+these half grown boys, or send word to them that they wanted them to
+come and take them over to Harrisburg, or that they allowed them to
+take their arms. That is what I saw, and all I saw.
+
+Q. How many of the soldiers were there?
+
+A. That I cannot tell, because you know how difficult it is in a moving
+crowd to tell just about how many. I should suppose, maybe, there were
+six or seven or eight, or thereabouts. I am not accurate in regard to
+that, but there was a goodly squad.
+
+Q. Were there any officers among them?
+
+A. That I can't tell. You know I couldn't see very well, in the first
+place.
+
+Q. Did you notice whether they were uniformed or not?
+
+A. Oh, yes.
+
+Q. No officers then?
+
+A. That I could not say. I did hear that there was either a lieutenant
+or captain, but I am not positive in regard to that, but those were the
+general facts that I witnessed.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd of half grown boys around them?
+
+A. I should suppose, maybe, there were ten or twelve, that is, of the
+immediate crowd, that also was looking on, were attached to the body of
+men that were bringing the soldiers over. You might say that, perhaps,
+there were ten or twelve; but the crowd outside of the immediate circle
+of young fellows that had the guns was larger, and for the most part I
+guess they were spectators.
+
+Q. When they went over the bridge in going out, how large a crowd was
+there?
+
+A. It was a pretty large crowd, perhaps it numbered--I really don't
+know, but should suppose that that crowd may have numbered two hundred
+or thereabouts, but they didn't all go across the bridge, because I was
+told that the bridge-keeper kept them back, and would not let them all
+go, but I suppose the van of the crowd got over before they closed the
+gates.
+
+Q. What is the bridge-keepers name--give it in full if you can?
+
+A. That I can't tell; but I will get it and hand it to you, or to one
+of the gentlemen. I might get it in the Senate chamber. I guess, maybe,
+Mr. Childs could tell it.
+
+Q. Which bridge was it, the covered bridge?
+
+A. Yes, sir; that was about all I saw then. Shortly after, or some time
+after that, a gentleman by the name of Major Mumma--Major David
+Mumma----
+
+Q. Do you know what those boys did with that squad?
+
+A. I said that I heard that they took them down to some hotel and
+provided meals for them, and furnished them, I was also told, with
+means to get away. That I only heard.
+
+Q. Do you know what hotel it was?
+
+A. My recollection is it was some hotel--Boyer's hotel, on the
+railroad. I may be mistaken in regard to that. Some of the hotels down
+in that neighborhood. I was going to say that Major David Mumma, of
+this city, told me, and I have no doubt it is true, but he can give it
+you first hand, that he had occasion to go out to his farm, and to
+reach that farm he had to pass a little town by the name of Progress,
+and there he found a number of soldiers, and, I understood him to say,
+the officers with their epaulets torn off, and their buttons cut off,
+and very much excited and alarmed; and that they told him they had
+come, I don't know where, over the mountains and through the valleys,
+and all that sort of thing, and there they were.
+
+Q. These are the ones you alluded to?
+
+A. Partly.
+
+Q. Where were they found?
+
+A. In a little tavern in the little town by the name of Progress, near
+here. I would rather you would get the full statement direct from the
+major in regard to that. I can repeat what he said, but you can get it
+first hand.
+
+Q. This was the party that was captured by the boys?
+
+A. No, no. I just told you what I saw. Now I am only referring to what
+Major Mumma and other citizens told me about a squad of soldiers, and
+they characterized them as officers, epaulets cut off and buttons cut
+off, in a little tavern in a little town called Progress, near this
+city, and he described their alarm, and what he did to get them safe to
+the arsenal.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did it appear to you that the boys had taken these soldiers
+prisoners? Did they treat them as prisoners, escort them in unarmed?
+
+A. You could hardly use the word prisoners, because the prisoners
+seemed to be so willing. They were rather captives.
+
+Q. A prisoner generally makes a show to go willingly?
+
+A. It would only be an opinion as to whether the boys--my own opinion
+is, that the boys did not capture them in the sense of these men
+resisting, and finally conquered them, but rather think that I believe
+what I was told afterwards is true--that is, that the soldiers had,
+some way or other, sent word here, and those fellows had gone over
+there.
+
+Q. They wanted the boys to capture them?
+
+A. I rather think so from what I was told.
+
+Q. Did the soldiers carry arms?
+
+A. No; the boys were carrying the arms.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. This crowd, when they started out--you could tell something by the
+way in which they started, whether they were moving toward an objective
+point?
+
+A. Oh, yes, sir.
+
+Q. That they appeared to be moving towards----
+
+A. Yes, sir; just for instance, as you would stand by, and see a large
+crowd passing, and you would wonder where they were going, and you
+would keep looking to see that they were all directing themselves to
+one point, and you would then say, well, they are going there. Then I
+think that there is a Captain McAllister, who is living in Rockville, a
+few miles over here on the Susquehanna, he can tell you some very
+amusing things, and I don't know but a little humiliating, too. I could
+not distinctly recollect all it was that he said, because it was rather
+a humorous description he gave of their fright, &c.
+
+Q. Is he a member of the National Guard?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. The old gentleman?
+
+A. No; it is the old squire, Jim--that is it, Captain James McAllister.
+
+Q. Rockville, did you say?
+
+A. In that neighborhood.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know anything about the movements of the troops about the
+arsenal or anywheres about this town?
+
+A. No; I can't say. There was so much said. I think that Sheriff
+Jennings and Mayor Patterson could give you a good deal of information
+about the movement--the incipient movements of the troops here. Both of
+those gentlemen could give you a good deal of information.
+
+Q. Was the mayor in the city during all the time of the riots?
+
+A. I think the mayor was, but the sheriff was not. The sheriff happened
+to be away. I think, if my recollection serves me, he was either at
+Atlantic City or Philadelphia at the commencement of the matter. The
+mayor, though, I understand, was all the time here, but the sheriff
+came, I think, just as soon as he was telegraphed for--as soon as he
+could get here.
+
+Q. Do you know what action the mayor or civil authorities took to
+suppress or disperse the mob or crowd that was about the depot?
+
+A. I was given to understand, and I think it is the truth, that he and
+the sheriff, after the sheriff came here, in effect, said to a large
+crowd that were round about the Lochiel hotel, that all those citizens
+who were in favor of peace and order should follow; and so the mayor, I
+understand, and the sheriff--at least one, if not both--led off, and
+quite a number of the citizens followed them with the purpose of
+protecting any property that might be threatened at the depot, and
+suppress any riot that might be threatened. Then I was told further
+that the mayor and the sheriff--either both or one--addressed the
+crowd; but what was said exactly I don't know; but the purpose was to
+preserve the peace, and that I think was the beginning of what was
+called the law and order party here. Then, the law and order party was
+composed of citizens of the different wards that were organized into
+companies, with their captains and their lieutenants, and met at
+certain points regularly, and were drilled, and patrolled the city from
+early evening until late at night, and in that way order was preserved
+here. If there had been any attempt to break the peace in a violent
+way, outside of simple murmurings and mutterings on the part of the
+crowd, these citizens were fully determined to suppress it, and they
+had the means to--I mean as far as arms are concerned.
+
+Q. What was the spirit of that mob?
+
+A. I did not see it.
+
+Q. When they stood before the court-house?
+
+A. You mean when it passed there? As a matter of course, there was a
+good deal of talk, and now and then you would hear a shot and a yell,
+and so on; and I remember this, that I looked into the faces of some of
+the men as they passed, and unless it was the effect of imagination
+altogether in my mind, I would say that these men had a settled, cold,
+determined look in their faces, and I apprehended trouble.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were they railroad men, in their appearance?
+
+A. No; I could not say that. My recollection is, that this man whose
+countenance I looked at particularly, as he was coming towards me, was
+a railroad man, but that was the only one I could see, that I believed
+to be a railroad man, although the probability is that there were more
+in it; but that fact I do not know.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. Were there any strangers?
+
+A. No; I don't think there were any strangers, although I can't say
+that I recognized any of them. If they were brought before me now, I
+could not say you were there or you were not there, because the fact of
+the matter is, I felt a little indignation, and so expressed myself to
+some police officers, that were standing, who happened to be near me. A
+police officer made a remark that excited me, and I turned upon him and
+berated him for what I supposed was his neglect of duty, and in that
+way my attention, possibly, was a little distracted from what was just
+passing at the time before me. If I understand you, you would like to
+get the name of this gate-*keeper at the bridge.
+
+Q. Can you get any other gentlemen that could relate the same fact that
+Major Mumma can?
+
+A. I cannot just now.
+
+Q. About that squad of officers?
+
+A. The major can. There was some people with him. McAllister's statement
+refers to a different transaction from what Mumma's does. Mumma's will
+be confined, if I remember rightly, to what he saw at Progress.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John D. Patterson, being duly _sworn_, testified as follows:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were mayor of the city of Harrisburg, I believe, in July last?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. At what day did the first disturbance appear here?
+
+A. On Saturday evening, July 23, I think; I do not just remember the
+correct date.
+
+Q. The 21st?
+
+A. The 21st; you are right.
+
+Q. You may state now the character of it and where it first broke out?
+
+A. Do you wish me just to--my attention was first called to the
+disturbance on Saturday night, probably at ten o'clock. I was at the
+office, and had sent out the police force or their regular duty, and a
+report came to the office that there was a large gathering at the
+Pennsylvania railroad depot. There was a prospect of some trouble
+there. The mob interfered with the shipping of some ammunition. I
+immediately sent a special officer to Independence island, where there
+was a pic-nic and dance going on--and we had anticipated considerable
+trouble there--to call in the chief of police, and on his way down he
+should bring in the police officers before he returned. The lieutenant
+of police I had sent him to the depot. He, in company with special
+officer Roat, arrested a party for threatening to interfere with the
+engineer of a train, and had started to bring him to the mayor's
+office, and were stoned up Chestnut street and up Third to the office.
+They succeeded in getting the man into the office, and a large crowd
+gathered there, and I went out front and requested them to disperse.
+Quite a number of them left; probably three or four hundred remained
+there. Did not seem to be malicious or disposed to do much damage. Then
+I sent this man that had been arrested to the door to state that he had
+been arrested for drunk and disorderly. The crowd then dispersed. On
+Sunday was the first intimation we had of the strike among the employés
+of the Pennsylvania railroad. I was told there was a very large crowd
+at the Asylum crossing, and I took a carriage and went up there during
+Sunday, but found no person there. On Sunday afternoon I was informed
+that there was a large meeting out on the commons. I went out, and
+there was a man named Torbett making a speech to the crowd there. After
+he left the top of the car, there was an insane man got on the top of
+the car and talked about organizing to go and take this arsenal. About
+this time there was a passenger train passed down through the yard to
+the depot, and the crowd dispersed in the direction of the depot. I
+walked to the depot and found they had stopped the train--interfering
+with it. A great gathering there, nearly all of our own citizens--good,
+bad, and indifferent were there. Passed down the depot to the coupling
+between the engine and the first car--the baggage car--and found a
+great many there pulling the coupling. Among them were a great many
+boys, ranging from fourteen to twenty years of age. I seized two or
+three of the boys, took them off the platform, and ordered them away,
+and got up on the steps of the car and made some few remarks to the
+crowd, calling on the citizens, if they were ready to assist the
+police, to step forward and we would disperse this crowd. At that time
+the people did not seem disposed to take much part, as there was no
+violence done as yet. I motioned to the engineer to pull out--we then
+had succeeded in coupling up the train. He declined to pull out.
+Afterwards stated he was informed there were obstructions on the track
+below the city. I came away and the crowd dispersed during the evening.
+Probably two hours afterwards they sent the train out. On Monday the
+parties became threatening; great crowds gathering through the city,
+stopping trains. I then called on some of the citizens, told them the
+status, and whatever was to be done must be done for Monday night. We
+must get ready, for that night we would probably have violence. After
+consulting with many of the prominent citizens, I went to the office,
+sent out a police force and notified the better class of citizens that
+their services would likely be required on Monday night, at least they
+should hold themselves in readiness to respond and report at the
+mayor's office in case of two taps of the court-house bell, at any
+time, day or night.
+
+Q. Was it verbal notice?
+
+A. Yes; it was given verbally to the citizens by the police officers.
+
+Q. In the form of a demand by you, or request?
+
+A. It was a request. I had instructed the police force from the
+beginning to exercise great care and discretion so as not to
+precipitate or provoke an outbreak; that as long as the strikers or mob
+failed to do violence, that we should wait until the sentiment of the
+people would change. I would say that when the strike first came upon
+us, I presume that the great majority of the people were in sympathy
+with the strikers--looked upon it as a strike or dispute between the
+employés and officers of the road--and their sympathies were with the
+employés; but afterwards the sentiment changed when they found that
+violence and destruction was perpetrated at Pittsburgh. Then the
+sentiment changed, and they were ready to take part to put down the
+outbreak on Monday evening. I came from my house probably at six
+o'clock--I had been to tea--and coming downtown I was informed that
+there was a squad of Philadelphia soldiers had gone to Market street in
+custody of the mob. I then passed down Market street, and found that
+they had gone up the railroad. I followed up the railroad to Broad
+street, and there I found probably three thousand people gathered--men,
+women, and children. The squad of soldiers were there, in addition to
+the squad that had been brought in from Rockville. I found out who the
+soldiers were, and I requested--ordered them to send the guns to the
+mayor's office. Then they had forty-nine breech-loaders.
+
+Q. The leaders of the rioters?
+
+A. The mob, yes sir. After talking to the rioters they were entirely
+satisfied to send the guns to the office, but said a portion of the
+crowd would object, and requested me to make a few remarks to them. I
+then mounted a shed that was there and talked to them a few moments,
+and they very cheerfully then sent the guns to the mayor's office. The
+guns were afterwards turned over to the State, by order of Governor
+Hartranft. During that night an order came to the office--a report came
+to the office that they were breaking into a gun store on South Second
+street. I took a portion of the police force, hurried to South Second
+street, and we found the mob in possession of a store belonging to a
+man by the name of Altmeyer. We found that he had opened the door. They
+had gone there in force and demanded the opening of the door, and he
+had opened the door, and struck the gas for them, and they were all in
+possession of guns, and pistols, and knives. I formed the police force
+on the front and went in to them and talked to them, and after some
+little parley they all returned their guns--took nothing out with them.
+We came back to the office, and there Mr. Bergner, editor of the
+_Telegraph_, reported to me that they were forming on Market street,
+preparatory to destroying his building. I then struck the signal for
+the citizens to turn out.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. That was probably eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. Monday night?
+
+A. Yes, sir. The moment we struck the court-house bell the citizens
+came to our assistance. The sheriff, in the meantime, had returned
+home. He had got home about seven o'clock in the evening. I reported to
+him what we had done, and if it met his approval he should carry it
+out, with our assistance. He approved of our course, and he took charge
+of the citizens. They formed them into what he called a law and order
+posse, into companies and into a regiment. We then, after, formed at
+the corner of Third and Market. The sheriff and one officer and myself
+went down street to the mob, and attempted to speak to them from the
+steps of Mr. Muench, but they would not listen to us at all. They had
+broken into a store or two on Market street in the meantime. We then
+came back and came down Market street with the police force and the
+citizens, and the mob dispersed.
+
+Q. How large a police force do you have?
+
+A. We had seventeen. We had fifteen officers in line and two at the
+office.
+
+Q. How many citizens?
+
+A. I presume we had over--I can scarcely give an estimate, as they were
+formed in the rear of the regular police force--probably three hundred.
+From three hundred to five hundred.
+
+Q. Were the citizens armed?
+
+A. Most of them were armed.
+
+Q. With what?
+
+A. Revolvers and clubs.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd at that time?
+
+A. I presume there were--it being night we could scarcely tell--the
+street was crowded with them. There may have been from six hundred to
+one thousand men in the street in front of us. When we went down Market
+street the mob dispersed, with the exception of probably two hundred,
+with whom we had a little collision at the foot of Market street. Then
+they dispersed and we had no further trouble.
+
+Q. Was there any firing?
+
+A. No, sir; not a shot fired.
+
+Q. The police were ahead?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And they dispersed that mob?
+
+A. The police would have been unable to disperse the mob without the
+assistance of the citizens.
+
+Q. Were there any of the mob arrested?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How many?
+
+A. Probably eight or ten arrested during that night. Altogether, there
+were within the week, a few days following the riot, forty-five or
+forty-seven arrested.
+
+Q. Were the police officers obliged to use their maces in order to
+disperse the mob that night at the foot of Market street?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Those who were arrested, what class of men were they?
+
+A. Most of them followed no occupation. Probably one third of them were
+employés of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and I would say that the
+employés of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company were only arrested for
+interfering with the business of the railroad--they were not arrested
+for breaking into the stores.
+
+Q. Those that were arrested among the mob at the foot of Market street
+that night, were there any railroad men among them?
+
+A. Yes; one of the leaders of the mob was a railroad man.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did the leaders seem to be railroad men--that is, that you came in
+contact with?
+
+A. The fact is, they did not seem to have any leaders, except on Monday
+night, a man by the name of Finfrock seemed to be the leader. They
+looked upon him as their leader, and they looked upon him as their
+leader on Monday night. That was the only time they seemed to have any
+designated leader.
+
+Q. What was done with the parties arrested?
+
+A. Some of them were tried and convicted and sentenced to from three to
+eight months, with fines ranging from $20 to $500, I think. Others were
+held over for several terms, then their cases were disposed of. Most of
+them had families, and the greatest trouble we had here, was with them
+that followed no occupation--thieves and professional men--crooked men
+of all classes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Tramps?
+
+A. A great many tramps. The only man that was wounded by a shot during
+the excitement, was a tramp. He was turning a switch, and one of the
+police officers approached him, and he started to run, and he ordered
+him to halt, and the fellow would not halt, and he shot him in the leg.
+He was about the only man that was shot, and he was a tramp. Quite a
+number of those that were arrested and convicted of breaking into the
+stores and taking the most active part were tramps. We know them as
+professional tramps.
+
+Q. Did you ascertain what the purpose of the mob was on Monday night,
+in case you had not succeeded in dispersing them?
+
+A. I think there was a very small portion of the mob that were disposed
+to interfere with the loading of ammunition to be sent to Pittsburgh.
+In order to draw the crowd away from the depot, it appears that the
+officers had arranged that this man should make a little forward
+movement, and they would arrest him. That drew the crowd up, and while
+they were drawn away, they loaded the ammunition and sent it off.
+
+Q. To Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How long did you continue up this organization of citizens?
+
+A. I think we continued the organization until the early part of
+August. It was not fully disbanded until the 10th of August.
+
+Q. Did you have any trouble in raising it or getting the citizens to
+aid you?
+
+A. No, sir; not at all. I presume we had from a thousand to twelve
+hundred men enrolled as members of the law and order posse.
+
+Q. At the depot on Sunday night, when you called for the citizens to
+assist the police in protecting that train, did they respond?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Was it from lack of--was it because they feared the result?
+
+A. I think it was simply owing to the fact that they did not realize
+the situation at all. They were backward--I merely put the invitation
+to them, did not urge them at all, and I am satisfied, that if I had
+made a strong appeal to them, they would have responded.
+
+Q. How large a police force have you?
+
+A. Seventeen.
+
+Q. In all?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were they kept on duty both day and night?
+
+A. Yes; they were on duty for eight days, day and night.
+
+Q. Usually, how many were kept on duty?
+
+A. At night?
+
+Q. Night?
+
+A. Twelve.
+
+Q. How many during the day?
+
+A. Five.
+
+Q. This squad of soldiers that was taken down Market street--did you
+find where the crowd left them?
+
+A. The soldiers were with the mob at Broad street and Pennsylvania
+avenue. When I got there they were feeding them, and giving them their
+supper.
+
+Q. Where did they get the food?
+
+A. At the houses right there--one of the hotels.
+
+Q. Private houses?
+
+A. Yes; some of the private houses.
+
+Q. Fed by their captors?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What finally became of them?
+
+A. They were put on the train here and sent to Philadelphia.
+
+Q. How many were there?
+
+A. in this squad that was brought from the bridge, I think there were
+about fifteen. Probably sixteen or eighteen.
+
+Q. Any officers among them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What rank?
+
+A. Lieutenant.
+
+Q. And the other squad that was brought from Rockville, how many were
+there of them?
+
+A. I can scarcely tell you. We received forty-nine guns altogether,
+that had been captured.
+
+Q. Do you know whose command they belonged to or what regiment?
+
+A. The knapsacks were mostly marked State Fencibles, and some few
+Weccacoe Legion. I would just say. Mr. Chairman, that on Sunday we had
+requested the editors to publish no extras, it would only inflame the
+public mind still further, and with one exception they had complied
+with the request. On Sunday morning I had directed all the gun-stores
+and hardware stores, that were dealing in arms and ammunition, to put
+away their arms and ammunition during the day or early in the evening,
+quietly, so it would not be noticed, and we would have had no trouble
+and the mob got no guns at all except that a party on Market street
+failed to comply with that request--or on south Second street--they had
+removed their guns and brought them back on Monday evening to their
+store. On Sunday evening we had issued a proclamation calling upon
+citizens to remain at their homes, not to gather in crowds or about the
+street corners, and these proclamations were put in the hands of the
+public on Sunday evening. It was late, probably six o'clock or after,
+when it was printed. The citizens very generally complied with the
+proclamation. There was no trouble. Our citizens here showed a very
+willing disposition to do anything that was required of them, and
+offered their services after they fully realized the situation.
+
+Q. On Sunday, were the saloons open?
+
+A. No, sir; we closed the saloons in the proclamation of Sunday
+evening.
+
+Q. How long were they kept closed?
+
+A. We kept them closed until Thursday, I think--Wednesday or Thursday
+following--when we allowed them to open during the day and close at six
+o'clock in the evening.
+
+Q. You controlled that yourself, as mayor of the city?
+
+A. Yes. The great trouble with us here was as to the question of the
+authority of the mayor. Whether the mayor under the charter of
+1874--while it provides for the mayor to have the same powers as the
+sheriff in case of an outbreak or riot, it was a question with some of
+our attorneys here, whether it was an outbreak in the sense of the act
+until there was some violence committed, and the sheriff unfortunately
+was absent until Monday. When he returned Monday evening there was no
+further trouble. We, however, had made arrangements to take the
+responsibility notwithstanding the doubt about it.
+
+Q. If I understand you, there was no act of violence really committed
+by the railroad employés?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. It was done by outsiders and strangers?
+
+A. The parties pulling the coupling of the passenger train on Sunday
+evening, I do not think there was a railroad employé amongst them at
+all. Not so far as my knowledge goes.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. They were half-grown boys?
+
+A. Yes; the great trouble was, they were boys fourteen to twenty-one
+years of age--boot-blacks and all classes. On Sunday night, when they
+talked about taking the arsenal, this man that had made these remarks
+was formerly an engineer of the Pennsylvania railroad, but, through
+religious zeal, he lost his reason, and was an inmate of an asylum. Of
+course, the remarks had very little weight. Did not carry the crowd
+with him at all. On Saturday night, Captain Maloney, after consulting
+with some of us, had taken his company to the arsenal with his guns. I
+called there on Sunday night about eleven o'clock, and he assured me he
+was fully able to hold the arsenal against the mob. After requesting
+him to telegraph us in case there was any appearance of an attack, I
+then came in, and requested Mr. Jenkins to unload Gobin's regiment
+below what was called the cut, as there was a great number of what was
+called the mob out between here and the track. We were afraid they
+would place obstructions on the track. Really they had placed
+obstructions on the track. I requested Gobin's regiment to be
+disembarked above the stock-yards, then they would have almost a direct
+route to the arsenal.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned, until four o'clock this
+afternoon.
+
+
+    HARRISBURG, _March 12, 1878_.
+
+Committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at four o'clock, P.M., in
+Senate committee room No. 6. Mr. Lindsey in the chair. All members
+present.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+W. W. Jennings:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were sheriff of Dauphin county in July last?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Still sheriff?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you at home at the time of the first disturbance that broke out
+in Harrisburg.
+
+A. I arrived home--I was at Atlantic City--I arrived home Monday
+evening, July 23, about half-past six or seven o'clock.
+
+Q. Just state how you found the city as to order and quietness when you
+arrived home?
+
+A. I found the city under a great deal of excitement. The trains, I was
+informed, had been stopped from running, and I immediately went to my
+counsel, Mr. Wise, for instructions in regard to my powers and duties,
+and met a number of the prominent citizens, and went to work at once
+under advice of my counsel to prepare a proclamation, and I was
+informed by the mayor and other citizens, that the citizens had been
+notified to assemble at two strokes of the court-house bell. I went
+around town and endeavored to get parties together, until about ten or
+eleven o'clock, as near as I can recollect, and spent sometime
+preparing a proclamation and advising with the prominent citizens, and
+one came to me at the Lochiel Hotel and said that the rioters were
+breaking into the stores on Market street. I called upon the good
+citizens for the preservation of law and order to go with me and
+suppress the riot. I suppose about one hundred or one hundred and fifty
+went with me, and went down Market street, and we dispersed the mob. We
+arrested a couple of the rioters there. Afterwards came back, and I
+sent squads out. I then organized the party into companies, and I sent
+squads out to arrest and take these men out of bed who had been
+prominent and active as rioters, who I was informed had been prominent
+and active as rioters, and we put those in jail. The next morning I had
+my proclamation out, and also orders organizing companies. The citizens
+responded promptly. We organized some ten or eleven companies, and we
+ran the town on military principles for about one week. We had an
+officer of the day detailed to patrol the town at night, and we had the
+fire department under command, and everything in readiness if there
+would be any further trouble.
+
+Q. What was the nature of your proclamation, was it calling for
+citizens to join?
+
+A. The substance of my proclamation was, commanding the rioters to
+disperse, warning them of the penalties of the law, and summoning all
+good and law-abiding citizens to assist me in putting down the riot.
+
+Q. As a posse?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you have any difficulty in raising a posse of citizens?
+
+A. No, sir; I cannot say that I had any great difficulty.
+
+Q. They joined cheerfully.
+
+A. They responded to my call. I arrived here at seven o'clock on Monday
+evening, and on Tuesday evening I paraded in the streets about nine or
+ten hundred men, organized as a regiment. My proclamation in the
+morning--that was issued on Tuesday morning. I had it printed during
+the night, and I had it posted all around town by daylight almost, and
+one of my proclamations called for them to assemble at the court-house,
+at two o'clock in the afternoon, and I supposed there were six or eight
+hundred men at two o'clock that afternoon there organized into
+companies.
+
+Q. In the evening, at the Lochiel hotel, what was the nature of that
+call? Was it commanding the citizens to join you as a posse, or was it
+a request?
+
+A. It was more of the nature of a request. Of course, the feeling in
+town was a matter I suppose would have to be handled very delicately,
+and I got up on the railing at the Lochiel hotel and said, "Gentlemen,
+I am informed the rioters are breaking into the stores down on Market
+street. For the preservation of law and order, how many of you will go
+with me to suppress it?" and there were a number of voices responded,
+"We will all go with you."
+
+Q. And then you led off and they followed?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. When you reached the crowd, how large a crowd did you find
+assembled?
+
+A. Well, I could not estimate the numbers. The line was drawn at the
+foot of Market street by the railroad. There was a line of men across
+the railroad there--standing there. I remember one man who was in front
+had a gun in his hand. I went up to him and took the gun from him, and
+he gave me some impudence and I took him by the neck and tossed him
+into the crowd.
+
+Q. Was his gun loaded?
+
+A. Yes; it was loaded.
+
+Q. Who was that man?
+
+A. A man by the name of Davis. He is now here in our jail.
+
+Q. Was he a railroad man?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. What class of people were these rioters composed of?
+
+A. Well, we afterwards arrested a number of railroaders, though we
+arrested a number who were not railroaders, and they who were not
+railroaders, I must say, were the worst characters. The railroaders did
+not want the trains to run, that was about the extent that they wanted
+or demanded. The other party, of course, that broke in stores, behaved
+in a riotous manner.
+
+Q. What did your posse--or what did you find it necessary to do to
+disperse the crowd?
+
+A. I think our appearance commanded respect. I could hardly put it in
+any other way. I think they thought we meant business when we went down
+there, and I gave them to understand that in as plain a way as I could.
+
+Q. Did you disperse them?
+
+A. Yes; we did.
+
+Q. Was it necessary to use any violence in doing that, any more than to
+make the arrests you have told us?
+
+A. Well, we arrested other parties there. In other words, when we came
+down there I told them what we proposed to do. We cowed them, and the
+parties who replied and gave us impudence, we arrested them at once.
+
+Q. Did you have any soldiers, any of the militia at your disposal
+during any of them?
+
+A. No, sir; we did not call for the militia at all.
+
+Q. Did not find it necessary?
+
+A. Did not find it necessary.
+
+Q. About how large was the crowd at that time? How many would it number
+in your opinion?
+
+A. It is a hard matter to give you an estimate. The crowd broke and ran
+across the bridge, and parties who lived on the other side of the canal
+have estimated them from two to five hundred people. I judge there were
+two or three hundred people there anyhow.
+
+Q. Did they re-assemble at any time after being dispersed that night?
+
+A. No, sir. Right after we had dispersed them, we organized at once
+into companies and patrolled the whole town, and of course it was known
+that we would arrest any assemblies or any crowds at any place. On
+Tuesday evening there were a number of parties who were looked upon
+with a good deal of suspicion at the depot--at the railroad; but they
+made no demonstration, and dispersed on our approach.
+
+Q. What was done with the parties that you arrested?
+
+A. Tried and convicted at court.
+
+Q. Do you know how many were tried and convicted?
+
+A. No, sir; I could not tell you. We had forty under indictment, I
+believe. Some of them are in jail now.
+
+Q. Were they tried by the county courts or police courts?
+
+A. They were arrested and had a hearing before the mayor, and were
+tried by the county courts--committed by the mayor, and tried by the
+county court.
+
+Q. Were any of the militia brought in at any time?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Coming under your own knowledge.
+
+A. No, sir; not under my own knowledge.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. I would like to ask you a question. I have understood that there was
+considerable grumbling and growling about the expense for that
+thing--how much was that?
+
+A. The county paid in the neighborhood of $2,000. They paid me $1,965.
+We heard of a case in North street where a man had some two or three
+hundred guns in his house, and on Tuesday we took the guns from him,
+and he brought in a small bill and the items were made up. There were
+fifty men that were detailed as specials. They were on duty, in
+connection with the mayor's police, as policemen, and we paid those two
+dollars a night--or two dollars a day--and it amounted to something
+upwards of $1,200--between $1,200 and $1,300--and the balance of the
+expense was for providing rations for our men at night. We were
+organized as a regiment, and we had regiment and company
+quartermasters, and we were provided with rations at night. They had
+quarters and all that kind of thing. That caused the expense, which was
+paid by the county commissioners.
+
+Q. Not charged to the State?
+
+A. No, sir; charged to the county. As it was all done under my orders,
+the county was liable for the expense--that part of it. The mayor had
+charge of these fifty men, to a great extent, that acted with his
+policemen--the mayor's policemen acted with me from the very start.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Both acted in conjunction harmoniously?
+
+A. Yes; the mayor and his police were the first to tender their
+services.
+
+Q. Not afraid of one superseding the other?
+
+A. We had no trouble at all. We procured fifty revolvers from the State
+for the use of those fifty men we had. The other men armed themselves.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Armed with muskets, and rifles, and shot guns?
+
+A. No, sir; I wanted them only to have clubs, but nearly every one of
+them had pistols.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I understood you to say the mayor and police tendered their services
+to you?
+
+A. As soon as I arrived in town, it was supposed by the people that the
+sheriff would take charge of it. The mayor came to me, and tendered the
+services of himself and the policemen, and the policemen and the mayor
+were in front in anything done where the danger was supposed to be.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Held the post of honor?
+
+A. Yes, sir. We used the policemen as skirmishers--you understand that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Of course, that expense has been paid by the county, and considered
+finally settled?
+
+A. Yes; the expense consisting of pay for these fifty men, and there
+were some twenty--to distinguish them from them the rioters, we had
+badges printed and labeled, and all that kind of thing--did not think
+it necessary to get uniforms--and that cost something. The members of
+the posse got no pay at all.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. In your official duties, did you inquire into the causes and origin
+of the riots, to ascertain what were the causes and grievances
+complained of?
+
+A. The principal one was they did not receive enough to pay for the
+labor.
+
+Q. These railroad men?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What did the others complain of?
+
+A. The others talked about being in want, and sympathizing with them on
+general appearance. I heard "bread or blood" in quite a number of
+places.
+
+Q. Were the mill men and furnace men and the employés of the
+manufactories in and about the cities engaged in this riot as a general
+thing?
+
+A. No, sir; I would say no. Not the men that worked. The fact of the
+matter was, my idea was, that the parties who were most active and
+violent were those who did not work at any time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Never worked?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did they belong to the city, mostly?
+
+A. Oh a good many of them did; yes, sir. It brought our worst
+characters to the surface, of course.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. When you found a man who was boisterous, and rather of an ugly
+disposition, you did not wait until the next day to arrest him?
+
+A. We went for him at once.
+
+Q. Right then and there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you not propose to do it in a quiet way?
+
+A. We did not want to bark up a fight in any way. Of course, our whole
+course was to suppress disorder; but when a man was violent, we would
+not hesitate, and we did not run around with a chip on our shoulders,
+and ask some one to knock it off, or anything of that kind.
+
+Q. The posse had pluck enough to arrest them at once?
+
+A. We arrested them after we went to work--after we got the posse
+organized--wherever they could be found. The mayor's police made the
+largest number of arrests.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with the railroad men to ascertain
+what their grievances were?
+
+A. No, sir; not to any extent.
+
+Q. Did you, with any of the parties that you arrested?
+
+A. Oh, I talked with them after they were in jail; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you find out from the railroad strikers, or from any reliable
+source, whether there was any pre-arranged plan for a strike or not
+among the railroad men?
+
+A. From what they told me, they would give me that impression--that
+there was a pre-arranged plan for a strike. They complained. My
+understanding of what they told me was that they had been got into this
+thing by the engineers, and then the engineers had stood back and let
+them stand the trouble. Their words were, "Stand the racket."
+
+Q. What day did they first strike here in Harrisburg?
+
+A. That I cannot tell. I was not here.
+
+Q. Was there any organization here known as the Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. I understand that they have an organization here--Locomotive
+Engineers' and Trainmen's Union.
+
+Q. Did you learn it from any of the men themselves?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you learn the objects of the Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. Well, all objects--the idea that they gave me was, it was for
+beneficial and mutual protection. The parties that were arrested--the
+larger part of them that were arrested by the mayor's police, they
+blamed it more on the locomotive engineers than any other society. That
+they had got them to strike, and showed their hand, and got them into
+trouble, and they had stood back and done nothing. We often find, when
+persons are in trouble and they are in jail, they always have some
+other parties to blame it on.
+
+Q. Did they say to you what they proposed to do?
+
+A. No, sir; other than they wanted their wages increased. They did not
+speak of the organization as one of the objects being for the purpose
+of getting up strikes. They said it was more as a beneficial and mutual
+protection society; but I inferred from what they said that they
+regarded the society would act together in a strike.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Was it a complaint they made of the reduction of the wages--that the
+wages had been reduced?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you learn when that reduction had taken place?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. Whether it was immediately preceding this strike or not?
+
+A. That I do not know, sir.
+
+Q. Did not learn from them how long their complaint had been
+standing--how long it had been running--whether recent?
+
+A. No, sir; they did not go into the particulars at all in their
+complaint. It was on general principles about the workingmen being
+oppressed, and the road oppressing them.
+
+Q. The rich oppressing the poor?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did these men that you talked with claim the right to interfere with
+other men who were willing to work; did you have any talk with them on
+that subject?
+
+A. Well, I cannot say that I could answer that direct. They said, in
+substance, that those men who did not assist them, that were working
+men, that did not go into the strike with them, were blacklegs, and all
+that kind of thing; appeared to have a good deal of feeling against
+those that wanted to work, and did not go in with them to the strike.
+
+Q. Complaining against those who would not join them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Thomas Reckord, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I resided, at that time, at the bridge--the toll bridge.
+
+Q. In July last.
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What was your business then?
+
+A. Toll-gate keeper.
+
+Q. At what bridge?
+
+A. Harrisburg bridge--toll bridge.
+
+Q. The bridge across the Susquehanna?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. On Monday, the 23d day of July, state whether there was any crowd
+coming there to cross the bridge from the city?
+
+A. Yes; I was sitting in the office, reading a paper. All at once I
+heard a great noise, and I looked out the window of the house, and I
+saw a large crowd coming up, I suppose two or three hundred.
+
+Q. What time of the day was it?
+
+A. I can hardly tell you what time of the day it was. I think it was
+towards noon, or some place about that time.
+
+Q. Go on and tell us all the facts about?
+
+A. Well. I jumped off my seat and ran out of the door. I saw they were
+making for the bridge. I run and shut the gate. There was a great part
+of them got over before I got that accomplished. I shut the gates and
+kept a great many this side. Those that got in passed over the bridge
+while I was there. There was another crowd came and insisted upon going
+over, and I wouldn't unlock the gates. They told me they would break
+the gates. Very well, said I, you can do so. There was one man--a young
+man--he was half grown--a great part of them were young men--he went
+and took hold of the picket-gate to break it open. I caught him by the
+collar of the neck and threw him back. I said I would throw him in the
+river if he didn't stop. He wanted to know what I had to do about it. I
+told him I would show him. I kept him at bay there for a long time.
+Finally there was a man came there--I cannot recollect his name
+now--and told me the mayor had sent him up there to tell me to open the
+gate. I used the remark that the mayor had nothing to do with that--I
+wouldn't open the gate--this was individual property, and it had
+nothing to do with the matter at all. I wouldn't open the gates. Some
+of them jumped over--some of them jumped over the gates, and finally
+this man insisted that the mayor had sent him. I wouldn't believe him
+at first. Finally he said it was so, and there was two or three men
+stood at the gate there and begged me to leave them over. Says I, if I
+open the gates they will crowd in. They said they wanted to go over,
+and would help me to shut the gates. These men were standing there
+waiting to get over, and they promised to help. I unlocked the gate,
+and after I unlocked it these men came in and tried to help me shut it,
+but the crowd pressed so hard, by the time I got the latch in they
+sprung the gate and threw it off its hinges--it is just set on
+hinges--and the gate fell over, then they all rushed in. I had no more
+command over them at all. They all rushed right through.
+
+Q. How large a crowd went through?
+
+A. I suppose there was a couple of hundred went over. I may say so by
+the looks of them.
+
+Q. Did they say what they were going for?
+
+A. Yes; some of them.
+
+Q. What did they give as their object?
+
+A. Their object was to go over there for some soldiers--over there to
+bring them over in safety. These soldiers over at Fairview--they wanted
+to come over, and they sent a man over to get some one to protect them.
+
+Q. Did you see the man the soldiers sent over?
+
+A. No; I didn't. He might have paid his toll, and went over.
+
+Q. Do you know of your own knowledge that they sent a man over?
+
+A. No, sir: I don't.
+
+Q. You only get that from the crowd?
+
+A. Hearsay.
+
+Q. Did they come back?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. State the facts?
+
+A. When they came back they had soldiers in the center, they flanked
+all around, and came in a kind of square across the bridge.
+
+Q. How many soldiers were there?
+
+A. There might have been twenty or thirty. I really don't recollect. I
+knew at the time. It has passed my memory. Something near that. They
+were in the center of these--fetched them over with music.
+
+Q. What kind of music did they have?
+
+A. Drum and fife, I think it was.
+
+Q. How large a crowd was surrounding the soldiers?
+
+A. There was not so many surrounding them as they came over. There was
+a kind of square formed, and the balance was running loose around.
+
+Q. What class of men?
+
+A. Most of them were half grown boys and negroes.
+
+Q. Who carried the arms?
+
+A. Some few boys carried some of the soldier's arms, and the rest the
+soldiers carried themselves.
+
+Q. Did you try to prevent them going through the gates when they came
+back?
+
+A. Oh! no.
+
+Q. You allowed them to pass?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. No one seemed to be commanding this crowd or to lead the mob--no one
+seemed to be leading the mob or controlling it?
+
+A. No one, individually. There was some men there that used very hard
+expressions toward me, sitting on the bench, and they threatened to
+mash my head, and everything else.
+
+Q. Was there any one giving commands to the mob?
+
+A. No; I didn't see any individual giving commands. They all seemed to
+take part in it--no one individual that I took notice.
+
+Q. No one directed their movements?
+
+A. No; they came up in a crowd.
+
+Q. Did there seem to be any officers among the soldiers?
+
+A. That is more than I can answer.
+
+Q. You didn't see any one that from their uniform or any other emblem
+seemed to be officers?
+
+A. Not that I can recollect. I don't know as there was any officers
+among them. I cannot recollect whether there was or not.
+
+Q. The soldiers and the crowd were on good terms?
+
+A. They came very quietly through, there was nothing----
+
+Q. Did the soldiers act as if they were prisoners of war?
+
+A. They walked very quietly surrounded by these men--went up Market
+street.
+
+Q. There didn't seem to be any coercion there?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How long was the crowd gone before they returned with the soldiers?
+
+A. It might have been a couple of hours--fully that, I guess. There was
+a crowd continued there until they came back. I had to keep the gates
+locked all the time--the crowd was still remaining there waiting for
+them to come back.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Attorney General Lear, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You may state what facts came under your own observation in relation
+to the railroad riots of last July?
+
+A. The first knowledge I had of them was on the morning of Friday,
+which was the 20th, I guess. I received two dispatches, brought by the
+same boy at the same time, one from Governor Latta and the other from
+Adjutant General Latta in relation to these matters. The Governor told
+me that he had been applied to by the sheriff of Allegheny county to
+assist in suppressing the riot, but he thought he had no authority, and
+had so answered the application. I telegraphed to him I thought he was
+right, there was no vacancy in the office of Governor; and the Adjutant
+General's dispatch was from West Philadelphia, that he was then on his
+way in pursuance of the clause stating that he had general authority
+from the Governor before he went away, &c.--I cannot tell the language
+of the dispatch at all. I telegraphed to him that I thought he ought to
+go--sent two dispatches, one to Philadelphia and Harrisburg. I believed
+from his dispatch that he had gone to Harrisburg. Then I was at home in
+Doylestown, at that time. On Monday or Sunday I got knowledge of the
+thing being serious. I concluded I ought to be nearer to it so that if
+there was anything for me to do I could do it; and I started to
+Philadelphia, and I got there and found a messenger at the hotel
+waiting to take me to West Philadelphia--with a carriage--to see
+Colonel Scott, who had a dispatch from the Governor, asking him to send
+me to meet him at the nearest point I could reach him in Pennsylvania.
+Colonel Scott suggested that the best place would probably be at
+Beaver, where Quay was. That was on Monday, the 23d, at twelve o'clock,
+and at half past six, the first train that went, I started to go to
+Beaver. I went through Harrisburg on the evening the sheriff has
+testified to, the 23d, and on out to Pittsburgh. All that occurred
+there was that I met the Governor. He came to Pittsburgh instead of
+stopping at Beaver. I got a dispatch that he was going on through, and
+I saw several committees of citizens at Pittsburgh during the day, and
+asked for the Governor to remain. A committee of printers and newspaper
+men, and a committee of bankers, who said they were in the hands then
+of people that might go any time into their banks and compel them to
+open their vaults, and a committee, of business men, men who had large
+numbers of hands employed, wanted me to impress upon the Governor the
+importance of recommending a compromise, which I didn't feel much
+inclined to recommend. The Governor came there that evening at seven
+o'clock, without having determined whether he would remain or not. I
+went to the train to go with him east, but he concluded--there was a
+committee of people there to wait upon him--and he did remain. That was
+seven o'clock, Tuesday evening. He remained until three o'clock the
+next morning. We didn't go to bed. We remained at the Monongahela house
+and prepared, and Mr. Quay and the Governor supervised, the
+proclamation that was issued from the room there, and met committees of
+citizens, &c., and remained up until three o'clock or half past two,
+and we started down to Allegheny depot. We had to go from there at that
+time. We found several acres of people around there in the way. They
+didn't disturb us. Stopped us going across the bridge to see what we
+were and who we were, but went on notwithstanding. We came east, and at
+Altoona, when we took breakfast, there were, I suppose, a thousand
+people around there. A crowd of that sort of people that generally
+constitute a riot and a mob.
+
+Q. Demonstration at Altoona?
+
+A. No. We had to crowd our way through to get our breakfast--the
+Governor, Colonel Quay, and myself. Doctor Reed was along. We got in
+and got our breakfast, but we had some difficulty to get there, because
+there was a crowd there, but they didn't disturb us. The Governor, when
+they came in, somebody said something to him, and he made some remarks
+on the platform, and they gave the Governor three cheers--after
+breakfast. Then we returned to Philadelphia, and made arrangements
+which took the Governor back. We got to Philadelphia on Wednesday, and
+on Thursday he returned west, and went to Pittsburgh, when he had got
+his military properly organized--and Mr. Quay and myself remained
+there, and some others of the Governor's staff, and communicated with
+parties in connection with the business, and to see about organizing
+some others--I was not concerned in that--organizing an additional
+military organization for the purpose of going out to the scene of the
+difficulty; but we remained there until Saturday morning. I received a
+dispatch from the Governor asking me to go and join him at Pittsburgh.
+I don't think he stated what he wanted me for. Yes, he did. He stated
+he wanted to see about what to do with certain prisoners that had been
+captured at Johnstown, by a regiment of regulars, under Colonel
+Hamilton; and I went out that afternoon, and I reached Pittsburgh about
+twelve o'clock at night. We went over--the first train, probably, that
+went in over the route that had been torn up in different places--where
+the old depot was, and had it torn out, that Colonel Hamilton's train,
+or the train his soldiers were on, was thrown off the track by the
+turning of the switch at Johnstown, about seven o'clock in the evening,
+and that he was very much injured himself--I think he had a rib or two
+broken--he could hardly sit down; but his men got out immediately and
+formed, and they picked up everybody that came about there, from that
+on until Monday--found some of them after daylight--were picked up and
+put into a car and taken to Pittsburgh, and put in the arsenal, and
+they had fifty-five of them there.
+
+Q. As prisoners?
+
+A. Prisoners, and the object of my being sent for was to see what to do
+with them. On Sunday I went out there, and was met by Daniel J. Worrall
+and the chief of police of Johnstown. He was brought along to see
+whether he could identify any of the dangerous or turbulent class of
+people of Johnstown, and I went into examination--all I could do was
+with the aid of eight of these policemen and Mr. Worrall, and I
+examined each one on oath--sixty of them, at least. The other fifteen
+of them were retained, because they were a little more suspicious
+characters, and it turned out, according to any kind of evidence that
+we could get--and I guess it was the fact--that they had been idlers
+that heard of this train being wrecked. Some of them were very innocent
+people, who had come there to see if they could render assistance. Some
+had come as idle spectators, and there was not the slightest evidence
+from any source that any of them had been guilty of having turned the
+switch, or were participants in the stoning of the train. The train had
+been stoned just before they got there, but none of those people were
+arrested until some little time afterwards, and as I concluded from the
+evidence I heard there, it seems most probable that the operators of
+the act wouldn't hardly be about looking on, just after a thing of that
+kind occurred, and they got out of the way. And these people, while
+they might have sympathized, there was nothing at all to show that they
+had any guilty connection with the turning of the switch. On Monday, I
+waited again to see about some others--we had got reports from
+Johnstown, saying that they were satisfied--parties who told to me that
+they were satisfied they were not concerned in it. Finally, from time
+to time they were all released, having no evidence against them
+whatever, and that was the principal part of my business there. It kept
+me there several days--maybe a week--on the train. That is all I know
+about that. Then there was a difficulty occurred at Scranton and I went
+up there, and the Governor telegraphed to me while I was there, and I
+went to see about what to do with some--there was an alderman up there
+had issued a warrant, in pursuance of the report of the coroner's
+inquest, I think, upon the bodies of some men who had been shot in the
+riot, and they had pronounced all the military, I believe, participants
+in what they called a murder, and I started in obedience to the
+dispatch the same day. I arrived there, but they had done just what I
+was going to recommend; they had delivered themselves up to the proper
+authorities, _habeas corpus_ had been issued, and the judges of the
+court--I think Judge Harding had them to apply. It turned out that they
+were either indicted, or no bills found true against them, or something
+of that kind. There was other difficulties of that kind occurred while
+we were up there, and occasionally these same police alderman--Mahon, I
+think his name was, in the Sixth ward of Scranton--would issue out a
+warrant once in awhile against certain of the military, and they would
+simply go and give bail, and that was the end of it. That was all the
+connection I had with the riots--the actual knowledge I have about it.
+Something about these prisoners. We found some little difficulty in
+keeping them up there from getting into the hands--it was evident, as
+the people of Scranton said, that if the warrants of this alderman were
+executed, and the soldiers were taken over into that Sixth ward, that
+is made up--if any of you know the situation of Scranton, there is a
+ward that is made up of miner's houses across the stream--the
+Lackawanna, I think likely--and they threatened if any soldier was
+taken over there before this alderman he would never get back alive,
+and they were devising ways and means to prevent any difficulty of that
+kind. I remained there a few days, and came back to Philadelphia, and
+at St. George's hotel I got an honorable discharge from military
+service. That is all the duties I had, except attachments, &c., which
+were not connected with the riot.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. I wish to ask you a question: You were consulted by Governor before
+he left the State, as regards his absence for any length of time,
+whether it was policy for him to be absent and the policy pursued in
+his absence?
+
+A. He spoke to me about it. There seemed to be, as I said to him, and
+as appeared to him, as good a prospect of peace in this State as ever
+there was, and he asked me what I thought about the propriety of his
+leaving upon a trip of that kind, and I told him I could not see any
+difficulty about it. That no doubt the State would go on harmoniously
+and all right, that it would not be a vacating of the office of the
+Governor. He didn't tell me anything about that I give more attention
+than I otherwise would during his absence, rendering any aid I could to
+the other authorities, to see to things. General Latta telegraphed to
+me that morning I speak of, the 20th, that he had a general authority
+to act in the Governor's absence, when the military were required, and
+simply telegraphed that there was trouble on the Pennsylvania railroad.
+He had acted, however, before that, because he had called out the
+troops. I recollect pretty nearly the second dispatch sent to me to
+Harrisburg. They were both sent within half an hour of each other. That
+if the civil authorities were insufficient to suppress disturbance, to
+maintain the peace and call out the troops, and to communicate to the
+Governor if he could, and if not, to suppress the riot promptly, and we
+would look for the authority afterwards. That is about what he had told
+him, and he acted upon the general authorities which the Governor had
+given him.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. In your conversation with the Governor, was there anything about the
+probability of a strike on the Pennsylvania railroad?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no apprehension of anything of that kind at the
+time at all, although it seemed to come pretty suddenly after that.
+There was nothing at all to indicate it--the Governor said nothing at
+all about that--he simply talked to me about his going out of the State
+to remain a length of time he would be gone. I forget now what it was,
+whether it would give any authority to have his office considered
+vacant or any ability or disability to act. I told him I thought not,
+that for the purpose of managing the State government, I thought it
+would be perfectly proper for him to go, that he was entitled to have
+that sort of recreation. Of course, none of us apprehended anything,
+except what might arise at any time, and he had taken the precaution,
+it seems, although I do not know that, to say to General Latta, that he
+should act for the purpose of sustaining the civil authority as they
+had done heretofore, or something of that kind, as I learned
+afterwards, but the Governor did not tell me that, so far as I remember
+now. I believe that was what the Governor did say.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Sheriff Jennings, recalled:
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. As you are a military man, I want to ask you a military question. Do
+you know anything about the movements of the military about Harrisburg
+and vicinity and county?
+
+A. When I came here, I believe General Sigfried was in command, and all
+that I saw of the military I thought they would be first rate, and I
+felt confident they would be useful to me in case I should fail with
+the posse. He kept them in camp; there was no straggling, no
+drunkenness or anything of that kind, and the men acted and conducted
+themselves like soldiers.
+
+Q. Good discipline?
+
+A. Good discipline. I would say that the troops were under good
+command.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+David Mumma, _affirmed_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do you reside in the city of Harrisburg?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What is your profession?
+
+A. I am a practicing attorney.
+
+Q. State, Mr. Mumma, what knowledge you had of the conduct of the
+militia during the riots of last July?
+
+A. We had no militia--no organized militia in the city until during the
+riots, until after the dispersal of the rioters by the sheriff's posse.
+A few men, two or three in number, sometimes came here in a train,
+evidently in order to meet their companies, and came for that purpose
+without organization, not more than five at one time, and the men who
+seemed to get up all the difficulties about the cars, immediately
+disarmed them and took their arms from them, and then there was no
+further violence exhibited to them. There were five, I think, is the
+highest number I saw. They had no means of resistance, as there was no
+organization, that was, of the military we had in the city before that.
+
+Q. Those were men that had gathered in obedience to the call of their
+officers?
+
+A. Gathered to meet their companies, came from the upper end of the
+county, some few from Lebanon county. They came in the trains, and they
+were only in squads of two or three, sometimes one alone.
+
+Q. Were they overpowered by the mob?
+
+A. They did not resist any, so far as I saw. Their arms were demanded,
+and they gave them up.
+
+Q. How many did you see surrender their arms?
+
+A. There may have been twenty or twenty-five, altogether.
+
+Q. At different times?
+
+A. At different times.
+
+Q. Several in small squads?
+
+A. Yes; no more than five. I did not see more than five at one time.
+They came from the upper end of this county. They were coming here to
+report.
+
+Q. Did they surrender, because they were in sympathy, or would it have
+been folly for them to have resisted?
+
+A. It would have been folly to resist, if there was any determination
+on the part of the men who were in the crowd to enforce the demand. I
+may say here, that at this time there was not much exhibition of
+violence. The trains were running, that is the commencement of it. They
+stopped none but freight trains and local passenger trains; the other
+trains, more especially the mail trains, were permitted to run through,
+and there was no violence by anybody. Everybody seemed to stand and
+look on, and when a train arrived, the engine and tender would
+immediately be boarded by about four fifths boys, and some two or three
+men, and the coupling would be drawn, and they would take the engine to
+the round-house. Shifter was allowed to run, and they would move the
+cars away. I may say, just here, that on inquiry, many men who were
+connected with the railroad shops here, men that I knew, that always
+said they had orders that there was a general strike pending, and they
+were to stop any local or freight trains, and that other trains with
+the mails, were to go on, and that they had no disposition to give any
+trouble, and frequently I was appealed to, that we should use our
+influence to keep the military away; that if the troops were brought on
+there would be violence.
+
+Q. What class of men undertook to influence you in that direction?
+
+A. They were men who were employés of the railroad.
+
+Q. Railroad?
+
+A. Railroad and other places. Our other shops were not in the matter
+that I know of.
+
+Q. What class of men demanded the guns from the gathering soldiers?
+
+A. I know but one, and he was really the principal man who took charge
+of the guns. He is now in the penitentiary--was convicted at our
+court--a man by the name of Riggle, a loafer, who does not do anything
+and never did a day's work when he had it. I did not see any of our men
+connected with the railroad demand to take any guns from the soldiers
+at all.
+
+Q. It was done by the lawless class?
+
+A. Lawless class of men, mostly strangers. I did not know them, though
+I know a great many of our citizens, and there was a great many
+strangers here that we did not know at all. In the meantime, General
+Sigfried had got here, and some head was put to the military part of
+it, and I remember of speaking to several officers not to have the men
+brought in the town, for fear they might be overpowered. They were all
+taken to the arsenal. Everybody was anxious to have the arsenal taken
+care of. We were constantly assured by the better class of men that the
+arsenal would not be interfered with unless an attempt was made to put
+the military in. Hence, every citizen who had any influence tried to
+prevail on the military officers to get the men into the arsenal
+without bringing them into the city, and it was so arranged. Men coming
+in the Lebanon Valley train got off outside of the city and marched
+across. They came from above, got off at Rockville, and marched across,
+until they had sufficient men in the arsenal to defend it, and that, I
+have no doubt, was a very judicious method at that time, until there
+was a force here to stand up against the mob, if there was any trouble.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with these soldiers, after they had
+surrendered their arms?
+
+A. I believe I did speak to one or two of the men. There was some men,
+I just said before you came, Mr. Engelbert, that they came from your
+town to meet their companies, and they found themselves immediately
+surrounded by a mob, and they had no remedy, they had to give up their
+arms.
+
+Q. What reasons did they give for surrendering?
+
+A. They said they did not see how they could make any defense or hold
+their arms, because they were alone, and had not found their officers,
+and did not know what to do.
+
+Q. Did you find any officers?
+
+A. Military officers?
+
+Q. Military officers in this section of the country--on the day----
+
+A. I cannot give dates very well--but on the day when these men were
+brought over from across the river, I remember that, because when I
+came back I was informed of the fact that they had brought some men
+across the river. I was driving out to some property I have out here,
+and at the cemetery I met a couple of boys who said there was a whole
+lot of Light Horses, they called them, in the town of Progress. I left
+the boys and thought I had better go and see. I drove out and found a
+portion of the company of about thirty men, cavalry, without horses,
+and think they had infantry--they had muskets, but I think they had
+their cavalry equipments. These I saw at a tavern. Shall I say how they
+said they came there?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I spoke to them, and they told me they were taken up to Altoona.
+They were, as they called it, run into and cut off the road, and with a
+large number of infantry, and they were immediately surrounded there by
+the mob of about two thousand persons, hooted, yelled, and used violent
+expressions, and occasionally, I think, throwing stones in a small way.
+That they were then taken out of the cars, and, while standing there,
+the infantry surrendered their arms. Stacked their arms, as they called
+it. They were kept standing quite a long while in the hot sun, until
+very much exhausted, and finally they were again re-loaded in a train,
+brought to Rockville, six miles up the river here, and then they were
+advised or requested to get off the train, that it was not safe for
+them to come into Harrisburg on account of the mob, and that they
+started for a walk through the country, got some refreshments from the
+farmers, and crossed the country, and struck this little town of
+Progress, two miles or two and a half miles east. They said their
+purpose was to strike the railroad below Harrisburg, and inquired of me
+whether the steel works was a good place to strike. I told them it was
+not desirable to strike it, nor was it a very good place, for, while
+the men were still doing their duty, and there was no riot, they might
+be in sympathy with these men, and I would not advise them to come
+there. I remonstrated most seriously with them not to pursue that
+course; but to go back to the arsenal with me, where there was about
+six hundred militia and infantry, and there really was no danger of any
+body getting hurt in any way, and that they would be protected there,
+and it would be very unpleasant and unfortunate if they were to go back
+to Philadelphia, where I believe they were from. I was asked a question
+whether the infantry would fight. I told them I didn't know that; but
+from the way things were going, and from what they told me of the
+surrender of half a brigade at Altoona, I would not swear that they
+would; but I then went to the arsenal. The arsenal is about a mile from
+this little town. I drove back and found Colonel Gobin, of Lebanon, was
+in command. Sigfried was in command, and Gobin was in command on the
+ground, and I told him what I had done, and asked him to get into the
+wagon, while I rode out to get the men to come in. We went out and had
+another interview with the men, and they partially promised to come in;
+but I told them I would send them a lot of newspapers, and so
+forth--they had seen no papers, and didn't know what was going on, and
+to what extent. I came in to take my supper, and then bought a whole
+lot of newspapers, and started out to take the lower route instead of
+the upper one, and missed that--they had just started in. I then came
+into the arsenal, and left them to read my newspapers, and
+congratulated them.
+
+Q. How many officers were among them?
+
+A. I think the officers were pretty much all there. I would say they
+were pretty much all there--the officers of the company.
+
+Q. Were the captains and lieutenants there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were they in uniform?
+
+A. O, yes; they were all in uniform.
+
+Q. Their uniforms--the buttons and straps were not cut off?
+
+A. O, no; they were all in good trim. I was somewhat amused in finding
+them washing their feet in a trough, when I came out there, and, under
+the circumstances, I thought it was a little funny. It was not so much
+so after all. They told me the trouble they were in. I want to say just
+here, there was a good deal of fault found with men who didn't go
+through this town in a military way. I am not one of the persons who
+find fault with the military in that way, and a company of soldiers
+without any orders is a mob--is not very good shape--and I think it is
+better that they didn't happen to come in just at that time. They said,
+however, they had no commanding officer. Their general commanding was
+back; the first division of Philadelphia; and they had nobody to give
+them orders, and they didn't know what to do, or what right they would
+have to come at all--didn't want to come without some authority, and
+gave that as a reason why they didn't.
+
+Q. Did they have arms?
+
+A. They had their cavalry arms.
+
+Q. Sabers and carbines?
+
+A. Sabers and carbines--pistols.
+
+Q. Did they have ammunition?
+
+A. That I did not inquire into. They had their arms in the bar-room
+there. I did not inquire, but I presume they had ammunition.
+
+Q. Did they tell you they had become separated from their command?
+
+A. As I understood it, they didn't belong to the command that they were
+with when they got to Altoona. General Brinton was at Harrisburg, and
+they belonged to his division.
+
+Q. They were going on their way to join him?
+
+A. I suppose they were going on to Harrisburg; but at the time when all
+this was going on, there was no exhibition of violence in this city,
+simply because there was nobody interrupting or interfering with the
+men who were stopping trains on Saturday evening, I think. What I mean
+by that is, there was no violence beyond that of stopping trains--I
+think on Saturday evening--I think that was when the first train was
+stopped in the depot. Rodgers had been interrupted, and they were very
+tired, and there was a great number of laborers in the cars--immense
+number of people were in the depot, and many of them were ladies and
+citizens of the State, and quite an effort was made by a number of us
+citizens to get that train on. When these boys, as we would call
+them--most of them were boys--they jumped on the tender, and when the
+train undertook to move out, they drew the pin. I may say, on that
+occasion, that a number of men connected with the railroad shops here
+made an appeal to me and to other citizens to get this train on, that
+it was not the orders that the passenger trains were to be stopped.
+These were outside men, boys interfering with them. Had nothing to do
+with it. I remember that a gentleman in Harrisburg was named who makes
+speeches for them, and I was asked to go and see him. Mr. McCrea
+finally said it was not worth while--ten or twelve attempts were
+made--an attempt to pull the train out, and some few men were pulled
+off the bumpers, and I pulled a boy off and they said I would start a
+riot, and they finally stopped that train, and passengers got off that
+night sometime.
+
+Q. I want to ask you a question or two about those soldiers you found
+out there at this little village. I understand that they said that
+their reasons for going back were, that they were not with their
+commander, General Brinton, and there were no division and no brigade,
+at Altoona, of infantry?
+
+A. They did not give that as their reason for coming back--but, as a
+reason why they did not want to engage in any active service here,
+because they had nobody to take the command.
+
+Q. What reasons did they give for turning back?
+
+A. They said the infantry surrendered their arms.
+
+Q. At Altoona?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What infantry did they refer to. It was not any of their command
+that surrendered?
+
+A. No; as I understood--who commands the center district?
+
+Q. General Beaver's command?
+
+A. It was one of these middle divisions of the militia. It might not
+have been General Beaver's, but it was up there somewhere. They were
+simply, as I understood it, attached to the military train to carry
+them west, as I understood it, and then they were again ordered into a
+car and run back without any desire of their own, as I understand that.
+
+Q. How far were they run back?
+
+A. To Rockville, about six miles to Harrisburg.
+
+Q. And then they left there?
+
+A. They were asked to go out. If they came to Harrisburg they would be
+assaulted. There was another party made a much bigger circuit and came
+to Linglestown. There was a large number. I didn't see them myself.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you know anything about this party of soldiers that were
+captured across the river here?
+
+A. At that time I was out here in the country. I only saw when I came
+back, that there was a number of people going out Market street, and
+then I heard that they had captured some soldiers, and marched them
+down Market street. I didn't learn anything about them.
+
+Adjourned to meet at the call of the chairman.
+
+
+    AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, _Friday, March 22, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee met, at two o'clock, P.M., this
+day, in the St. Cloud hotel, this city, and continued taking of
+testimony.
+
+The first witness examined was:
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Robert A. Ammon, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you reside?
+
+A. In Pittsburgh, when I am at home.
+
+Q. Where are you doing business now?
+
+A. In the city of New York.
+
+Q. How long have you been there?
+
+A. Since the 31st day of December.
+
+Q. When did you leave Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I left Pittsburgh on the 30th day of December, on the eight o'clock
+train.
+
+Q. You mean December last?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What business were you engaged in prior to the 19th day of July,
+1877?
+
+A. I was railroading.
+
+Q. On what road?
+
+A. On the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago.
+
+Q. What position did you occupy on that road?
+
+A. I was a freight brakeman on through freight--fast freight.
+
+Q. How long had you been acting as a freight brakeman?
+
+A. Nearly eleven months.
+
+Q. Where were you on the 19th day of July, when the first disturbance
+occurred at Pittsburgh among the railroad employés?
+
+A. I was on the train part of the 19th, and in the city of Pittsburgh
+part of the day, and in the city of Allegheny part of the day.
+
+Q. Thursday the 19th?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State what you saw of the strike--when it commenced there, and what
+information you had about it?
+
+A. The first knowledge I had of the strike--I went up to the oil
+country on the 16th or 17th--I have forgotten the date--a few days
+prior to strike--to take a position with a friend of mine there, who I
+had worked for formerly. Before I left Pittsburgh, I had heard of the
+strike at Martinsburg, in West Virginia, but didn't pay much attention
+to it, as I was acquainted with the men down there, and didn't think it
+amounted to a row of pins. I went on up to the oil country. It was on
+the 18th day of July. I believe I received a telegram from a particular
+friend of mine that trouble was expected in Pittsburgh, and that he
+would like me to come down.
+
+Q. Where were you when you received that telegram?
+
+A. At Parker City, Armstrong county.
+
+Q. Who sent you the telegram?
+
+A. A railroad employé.
+
+Q. Give us his name?
+
+A. No; I would rather not.
+
+Q. Very well, go on with the history?
+
+A. He wanted me to answer quick, but I didn't answer the telegram, so I
+got another telegram to come down that night, sure, and I did so. I
+came down.
+
+Q. To Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive there?
+
+A. Seven-thirteen, I think it is. We got in on time that morning.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The 19th?
+
+A. Yes, I think so--the morning of the strike. I have forgotten the
+date. I met some of the boys on jumping off the train, and they told me
+what they were going to do, and asked me to go along with them; but I
+refused to do that, and told them I didn't think it was any of my
+affair at all--that, so far as the union men were concerned, I would
+stay with them, but I wouldn't go to the office of the superintendent
+of the road with them, because I was not an employé of the road. I had
+been discharged before that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What did they tell you they were going to do?
+
+A. That they were going to strike.
+
+Q. How many of them?
+
+A. That they were all going to strike. Some friends of mine met me
+there, when I came down on the train.
+
+Q. How many of those men met you?
+
+A. I cannot say. There may have been half a dozen or a dozen of them.
+
+Q. What class of men? What position did they hold on the railroad?
+
+A. They were conductors and brakemen.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were there any engineers?
+
+A. I think there were two or three engineers with them, from the
+Connellsville division of the Baltimore and Ohio road. I stayed there,
+and talked with them a while, and then went over to Allegheny. I got my
+breakfast and fooled around the house with my wife and baby for about
+an hour, and then went to bed. I was tired, as I had been up talking
+with the conductor of the train all the night before. After I went to
+bed they came over and knocked at the door, and asked my wife if I was
+in. She said yes, but that I was in bed. They then said that they
+wanted to see me, and she said they couldn't, for I was asleep. So they
+went away, but came back again, in the course of an hour. I heard the
+noise down stairs, and asked what the matter was, and she said that
+they wanted me to come out, that they were going out on a strike; but I
+refused to go with them, and gave my reasons for refusing to go.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What were those reasons?
+
+A. These men at the house were members of the Trainmen's Union, but two
+or three of them I considered scabs, and didn't want to have anything
+to do with them. A strike was to take place on the 27th of June, when
+some of those men were instrumental in getting up a rumpus in the
+Trainmen's Union, and I didn't want to have anything to do with them. I
+went back to bed again, and I think I must have slept until quarter
+past two o'clock when five brakemen and two conductors came up to the
+house and told my wife that they wanted to see me. She came up and
+called me, and I said it is all right, if they are going to strike I
+would be there. They went away, and I turned over in bed, and was just
+going to take another nap, when my wife called and said, Bob, they are
+going to put No. 15 engine on the siding. I jumped up out of bed, and
+looked out of the window, and I could see them putting the engine in on
+the side track. So I then jumped into my clothing as quick as I could,
+and just as I got to the door five or six of them were there, and they
+said they wanted me to come quick, that the mayor was coming with
+twenty-five police. It is just a stone's throw from my house to the
+track, and my wife had something ready to eat, and I just swallowed a
+bite and went out on the track. I saw the engine standing there, and
+the chief of police and about twenty-five police. I jumped up on the
+engine, when he told me to get off the engine. I told him I wouldn't do
+it, and I wanted to know why I should, I told him he had no authority.
+Then an order was given to arrest me, but Mr. Ross, was a neighbor of
+mine and I told him I was a quiet, orderly citizen, and that I refused
+to be arrested; that I had not been guilty of any breach of the peace
+as I saw; but he said, Bob, you had better get off the engine, when I
+said I wouldn't be put off, but as the dispatcher instructed me to get
+off the engine I got off. I then started down to the lower end of the
+yard. Before I got down there the dispatcher asked me what I was going
+to do, and I said I was going down to see the fun. He said, you are
+not, you are going down to countenance the strikers. I said, Mr. Ross,
+I am not. He said, you are in sympathy with them, and I said I am, but
+I would not say one word to them. So I went down there, and got in the
+midst of them, and with that the chief of police and twenty-five
+policemen were told to disperse the men there. They wanted the men
+dispersed. The police commenced to circulate pretty free among the
+boys, and I said it was not right, and jumped up on a box car and
+called for them to come over to me. They all came. I saw Mayor Philips,
+of Allegheny, there, and they cried out to me to tell him just what
+they were there for, and who they were, and I did so. I explained to
+the chief of police and the mayor who they were and what they were
+going to do.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. About two-twenty.
+
+Q. Thursday or Friday afternoon?
+
+A. That was Friday. I have not got the date.
+
+Q. You say two-twenty?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. All this occurred on Friday?
+
+A. Yes; all this occurred on Friday.
+
+Q. At the Fort Wayne and Chicago depot?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Go on.
+
+A. The police didn't disperse them. They couldn't get the train out,
+and they started to run the engine back into the round-house.
+
+Q. Who is Mr. Ross?
+
+A. The dispatcher of the Fort Wayne road, and Mr. Ross is the chief of
+police.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. He is a brother?
+
+A. No; he is no relation to him at all. That afternoon two or three
+sections of freight came in, and some of us jumped up on the cars and
+told the boys what we were doing, and they all came right with us. They
+stored everything away--put everything in good shape.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What do you mean by storing things away?
+
+A. Putting things away compactly on the tracks. To go back now to Mayor
+Phillips. I read his statement in the Pittsburgh _Dispatch_. As
+soon as I jumped down off the box car, Mayor Phillips sent one of his
+police officers over to me, who said that he would like to see me. I
+told him it was all right, and I walked over to where he was and spoke
+to him. He said that he had heard everything I had said, and I asked
+him if he had any fault to find with it, and he said no. I believe I
+told him just what we intended to do, and that he should not be alarmed
+about our destroying property or the safety of the city or anything of
+that kind. That we intended to strike and were going to strike, and
+thought that we had a right to strike. I asked him if I had been guilty
+of any breach of the peace, one way or the other, and he told me no,
+and that as long as I did not do anything worse, that no one could
+arrest me, and that I should resist if any one did attempt to arrest
+me. Before he went away he told me that he would leave that portion of
+Allegheny in my charge. Several of the boys heard what was said, and
+they repeated it to the others, and they told the mayor that anything I
+said would be carried out. I never saw Mayor Phillips after that.
+
+Q. Who stood by during that conversation with Mayor Phillips--anybody?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Can you name any of the parties?
+
+A. I would rather not, for this reason, there is an indictment hanging
+against me in Allegheny county, and I wrote to my attorney about this
+matter, and he told me that he did not want me to say anything that
+would have any bearing on my trial. These men I have subpoenaed as
+witnesses, and they are working on the road now.
+
+Q. Go on for the present?
+
+A. We got everything into as good shape as possible. Wherever we could
+get hold of the wires we used them.
+
+Q. Do I understand you to say that you took charge of the telegraph
+office.
+
+A. No; but we telegraphed wherever we could wire--we used the
+telegraph. They had got orders not to allow any messages to go over the
+wires from actual or intended strikers anywheres.
+
+Q. Go on and relate from that time what occurred during the progress of
+the strike?
+
+A. I would sooner answer questions than tell you. I cannot give the
+story in full, and I do not want to give it to you half. So far as I am
+individually concerned, I would not care; but there are other men
+interested, and I would not want to implicate them.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd on Friday afternoon, when Mayor Phillips was
+at the depot?
+
+A. I should judge there was in the neighborhood--railroad men there--a
+hundred, and two or three times as many citizens.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. On Friday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did any freight cars leave the depot or arrive at the depot that
+night--Friday night?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you allow any freight trains to go out after that time?
+
+A. We did.
+
+Q. How many?
+
+A. None went, but we allowed them to go if they could get the men. I
+told Mayor Phillips distinctly, that if they could get scabs enough to
+go on them that I would guarantee that any man who would scab it over
+the road would not be hurt.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What do you mean by a scab?
+
+A. I consider a scab when a set of men combine themselves together for
+a certain purpose--when a man goes back on his obligations, or, in
+other words, if a man will work for less wages than his fellow men, and
+preach before going out on a strike that he will stand up for those
+wages.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You call those scabs?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Do you mean non-union men?
+
+A. Yes; but it is not necessary that a man should be a non-union man to
+be a scab. What I call a scab is a man that will take an oath and go
+back on that oath--perjure himself.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You mean belong to a union and go back on the order?
+
+A. Yes; but I say it is not necessary that a man should belong to a
+union. I mean a man that will turn around and work for less money.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do I understand you to say that you were willing to let trains go
+out if they could get the men to run them?
+
+A. Yes; I stated that distinctly, and others there heard it.
+
+Q. Was any attempt made to start trains?
+
+A. They called on every man on the road, and every man refused to go
+out.
+
+Q. Did you or the party with you interfere with trains going out in any
+way?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You were the leader of the party on the Fort Wayne and Chicago road?
+
+A. I was supposed to be.
+
+Q. Did you interfere with the men who wanted to go out in any way?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you try to persuade the men not to go out or to run their
+trains?
+
+A. At what time?
+
+Q. At any time during the progress of the strike or previous to the
+strike?
+
+A. Undoubtedly, I did. I was a member of the Trainmen's Union--I was
+the head of it--I mean the union. We said that if they did not give us
+our wages we would not work.
+
+Q. On Friday, did you try to persuade any men not to go out?
+
+A. Directly?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Did any of the strikers?
+
+A. I would rather not answer that question.
+
+Q. It is a fair question. Did any of them try to persuade men not to
+run their trains?
+
+A. They did through moral suasion. They talked to them kindly and
+pleasantly. They did not threaten them or anything of that kind.
+
+Q. No threats were made?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. And no attempt at violence was made?
+
+A. We did not try to bulldoze anybody.
+
+Q. During Friday night and during the day, Saturday, you were masters
+of the situation there in Allegheny City? That part of the city was
+placed in your care?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How large was the crowd during Saturday night?
+
+A. It was large. It would be pretty hard to tell. Sometimes it was a
+pretty big crowd, and sometimes it was not so big.
+
+Q. How many actual strikers were there?
+
+A. They were all there. All the brakemen and firemen were there anyhow.
+
+Q. How large was the number of actual strikers collected together there
+during Friday and Saturday and Sunday--taking in those days?
+
+A. From one hundred and fifty to three hundred.
+
+Q. Did you learn that troops were expected to arrive from Erie or from
+Meadville?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. On Saturday and Saturday night?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State what was done to prevent those troops from coming in--what
+measures the strikers adopted, if any.
+
+A. I believe they let them come. I do not know why General Huidekoper
+did not come.
+
+Q. Was it arranged among yourselves to let them come in?
+
+A. I believe they could have come as far as Allegheny City.
+
+Q. Did not the strikers send a party down to the lower end of the yard,
+or below the depot, to intercept any train of troops that might be
+coming in?
+
+A. Some people did go down. I suppose they just walked down that way to
+see how things were going.
+
+Q. Was it not agreed that no troops should be allowed to arrive?
+
+A. I do not see how they were going to stop the troops coming to
+Allegheny City, unless they threw them off the track.
+
+Q. Was not that the arrangement--to throw them off the track to prevent
+their arrival?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did not a party come down armed to prevent the troops from coming
+in?
+
+A. No; they did not. Men were stationed as far as Sewickley. I suppose
+some had guns or revolvers.
+
+Q. Strikers?
+
+A. Men in sympathy with the strikers.
+
+Q. What were they stationed along there for?
+
+A. I suppose they wanted to know what was coming up along the road, or
+something of that kind. We did not know what was going to happen. They
+thought that maybe some soldiers might be coming up along the road. We
+would have known it then if the soldiers had come. They could not have
+got to Homewood unless we would have known it.
+
+Q. Why?
+
+A. We knew perfectly that No. 18 was carrying signals for the
+southward. It is the Erie night express, due in Allegheny at eleven
+o'clock.
+
+Q. Who stationed those men along the road at Sewickley?
+
+A. I suppose they walked down themselves.
+
+Q. Who stationed them there? Who gave them orders to go there and
+occupy those positions?
+
+A. I do not know that anybody gave them orders to occupy positions
+along the road, or to fire into trains, or anything of that kind. Men
+were sent down the road to watch everything.
+
+Q. Sent by the strikers, were they?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What were they to watch--what instructions were they given?
+
+A. If the troops were coming up we wanted to know something about it.
+We did not have engines to fire up and the water had run out, and so
+those men were stationed down there. Some had arms and some had not. If
+the troops came up and disembarked at Sewickley, or east of Sewickley,
+we would know it, by their discharging their pieces, that the troops
+had disembarked.
+
+Q. They were to fire off their pieces as a signal?
+
+A. Yes; to let us know what the troops were doing.
+
+Q. Was it arranged that they should prevent the trains from coming in?
+
+A. The calculation was to let the trains come right up to Strawberry
+lane.
+
+Q. Through the Fort Wayne depot?
+
+A. It is below--at the lower end of the yard.
+
+Q. That is where the larger portion of the strikers were?
+
+A. It was head-quarters.
+
+Q. Your intrenchments were there?
+
+A. There were intrenchments there.
+
+Q. What did you intend to do, then, in case the troops came up to
+Strawberry lane?
+
+A. We proposed to interview them before they got to Strawberry lane.
+
+Q. How interview them?
+
+A. We proposed to get on the train at Wood run, about two miles below
+there.
+
+Q. How many were to get aboard the train there?
+
+A. About three.
+
+Q. For what purpose?
+
+A. To see the commanding officer there and have a little talk with him
+and explain matters to him.
+
+Q. What did you intend to do in case the troops arrived?
+
+A. We proposed to dance in case the soldiers played the music, that is
+all about it.
+
+Q. Did you propose to fight the soldiers?
+
+A. No, sir; we did not, but we did not propose to be shot down like
+dogs by any men.
+
+Q. Were you armed?
+
+A. We were.
+
+Q. With what kind of arms?
+
+A. There were so many different kinds that I cannot enumerate them.
+
+Q. Enumerate some of them?
+
+A. Well, improved needle guns, and shot guns, and rifles, and
+revolvers--things of that kind.
+
+Q. Where did you get your arms?
+
+A. At different places.
+
+Q. Name some of the places?
+
+A. Pittsburgh and Allegheny.
+
+Q. At what particular places did you get them?
+
+A. We got some of them on Sixth street, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. At whose establishment, or store?
+
+A. We did not get them out of a store.
+
+Q. Where did you get them?
+
+A. I was not along with them when they got them.
+
+Q. State if you know where you got them?
+
+A. I cannot state that, because I did not see them, I only heard so.
+They got them out of a wagon, that is all I know.
+
+Q. You say from a wagon?
+
+A. Or bus.
+
+Q. Did you get any anywhere else?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Where?
+
+A. In Allegheny city.
+
+Q. At what point?
+
+A. Not far away from the suspension bridge.
+
+Q. Go on and state all the particulars?
+
+A. If it was myself alone I would not care.
+
+Q. You need not name individuals?
+
+A. If I was to tell you where those men got them, you could find out
+who was there. I lay in prison three months because I would not tell
+that, and I do not propose to tell it now.
+
+Q. But you say you had arms?
+
+A. Yes; given to us by citizens.
+
+Q. Of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes; and Allegheny. I was offered two hundred stand of arms more
+than I had.
+
+Q. By citizens?
+
+A. Yes; and two very prominent citizens of Allegheny. One of them has
+testified before this honorable committee. He offered to furnish a
+hundred stand of arms, and told me----
+
+Q. Do you mean Mayor Phillips?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Have you any objections to stating who offered you the arms. It is a
+matter of importance, and you have made an oath----
+
+A. I know that, but I would rather not answer the question.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. When were those arms offered?
+
+A. Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.
+
+Q. But they were offered for the purpose of keeping the peace, were
+they not? You had promised to keep order?
+
+A. I did, undoubtedly, promise that to Mayor Phillips, and my action
+shows that I was a quiet and peaceable citizen.
+
+Q. But were not those arms offered for the purpose of keeping the
+peace?
+
+A. Nothing was said about that at all, sir. Nothing was said about it
+at all.
+
+Q. But those arms were not given you to resist the troops?
+
+A. Yes, they were; some of them.
+
+Q. You say that the citizens gave you those arms to resist the troops?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did those two prominent citizens?
+
+A. No, sir; they did not.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What did they give you the arms for?
+
+A. Nothing was said.
+
+Q. What did these two prominent citizens offer you the arms for?
+
+A. One of them spoke for himself, and mentioned another prominent
+citizen who would also furnish arms.
+
+Q. What day was that?
+
+A. I won't be positive--it was either Saturday evening or Sunday
+evening--no, I am sure it was Sunday evening.
+
+Q. What was the conversation about--in what connection did he offer you
+those arms?
+
+A. The way it came about was this. He came over to Allegheny to the
+telegraph office, and asked some man outside where Mr. Ammon was, and
+he said inside the office. He asked if I would see him. I knew him by
+reputation, and I met him in the private telegraph office--he came in
+there. He told me he would like to have ten minutes of my time. He then
+sat down, and then asked me to give him the wages that each man was
+paid on the road--brakemen, firemen, engineers, and conductors. I sat
+down and talked with him awhile, and gave him those figures. Then he
+asked me whether the majority of the railroad men were single men or
+married men, and I told him they were married men. And he said he could
+not blame the men for striking, and that he hoped and prayed they would
+stand out like men, but not be guilty of any violence, and that as long
+as we did that we would have the support of every citizen of Allegheny
+county. And he said that if we wanted any assistance or any help, that
+he would give both money and arms--he said I will furnish a hundred
+stand of arms, and I know another prominent citizen who told me that he
+would also furnish arms. I thanked him, and my attention was called in
+another direction.
+
+Q. Did he mention the name of the other citizen?
+
+A. He did.
+
+Q. Now we would like to have the names of those individuals?
+
+A. I have no objection to giving them to the committee privately, but I
+don't want them to be known.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You said if the soldiers fiddled, you proposed to dance?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Then you intended, if the soldiers pretended to sustain good order,
+to resist them?
+
+A. In the first place, our object----
+
+Q. The question is a straight one?
+
+A. I will give it to you straight. We proposed to treat the commanding
+officer with all the respect in the world due to his position. We were
+perfectly well aware that the chief executive of the State was out of
+the State, and we did not think that he could depute his powers to any
+one in the State. So we would want to know where he got his orders
+from, and if he got them from a railroad magnate, we did not propose to
+pay any attention to him.
+
+Q. But you said if the soldiers fiddled, you proposed to dance?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Then if they proposed to maintain order, you proposed to resist
+them--answer yes or no?
+
+A. I refuse to answer the question in that way.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. If the soldiers undertook to disperse the crowd assembled there, did
+the strikers intend to resist?
+
+A. I did for one, undoubtedly. I would rather have died right there,
+before I would have budged an inch.
+
+Q. Was it talked of--was it understood that you, as a body, would
+resist?
+
+A. I don't think there was a man there but what would have gone to just
+what I led him to.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What do you mean by saying if the commanding officer had his orders
+from a railroad magnate, you intended to do thus and so?
+
+A. What do you mean?
+
+Q. To resist, I understood you to say?
+
+A. No; we proposed if General Huidekoper came to Allegheny, to go and
+interview him and explain the situation. We were going to ask him the
+question as citizens of the Commonwealth, for we looked upon it we had
+that right; if he had his orders from the chief executive or from
+Governor Hartranft; if he had, we would recognize him, if he had not,
+we did not propose to recognize him any more than anybody else. We
+proposed to treat him as a rioter, for we did not count ourselves as
+rioters, for if the mob had come we would have given the mob the best
+we had.
+
+Q. Then you would have resisted in that case?
+
+A. If he did not have authority, undoubtedly.
+
+Q. But suppose he had authority?
+
+A. Then we would have recognized it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Do I understand you to say that you would have resisted if the
+soldiers had undertaken to disperse you?
+
+A. We looked at it this way: the Governor was out of the State, and we
+had our reasons for thinking he had not got his orders from the
+Governor, so we proposed to see who he got his orders from.
+
+Q. If he had his orders from the Governor or the commander-in-chief,
+then you would have obeyed his orders and dispersed?
+
+A. Yes, if he had his orders from the Governor. That was the only
+authority we recognized, and we knew he was out of the State.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you take advantage of his absence in this strike?
+
+A. No, we did not.
+
+Q. But you were well aware he was out of the State?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was it your impression that no other man in the State of
+Pennsylvania could order out the military?
+
+A. That was our impression of it, yes.
+
+Q. It certainly would be a bad fix if there was nobody else that could
+order out the military?
+
+A. All right; we knew the Lieutenant Governor was here.
+
+Q. You did not take advantage of the Governor's absence, then?
+
+A. No; we thought we had some rights that the railroad men were bound
+to respect, but they did not seem to respect them. They treated us like
+mad dogs.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. When was the Trainmen's Union organized?
+
+A. On Saturday evening, June 2, 1877.
+
+Q. Were you a member of the body?
+
+A. I was the first man that ever took an oath in it.
+
+Q. What was the purpose--what were the objects of that Union?
+
+A. The purpose and object of the Trainmen's Union was to get the
+trainmen--composing engineers, conductors, brakemen, and firemen, on
+the three grand trunk lines of the country--into one solid body. We
+knew that a reduction over the three grand trunk lines was going to
+take place, and we thought if we could combine into one body all the
+men, at a certain hour on a certain day, if the railroad magnates did
+not accede to our demands we would strike, and leave the trains
+standing just where they were, and go home. That was the object of the
+Trainmen's Union.
+
+Q. Do you know how far and wide it extended?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Please state?
+
+A. It extended over the Baltimore and Ohio, the road from Pittsburg to
+Baltimore, the Fort Wayne road from Pittsburg to Chicago, and I think
+the last division was organized at Valparaiso, or Fort Wayne. It was on
+the Northern Central and its leased lines, and all the leased lines of
+the Pennsylvania company were in it.
+
+Q. Did it extend on the Erie road, and to the Atlantic and Great
+Western?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Over the whole length of the road?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. Where did it originate?
+
+A. In Allegheny City.
+
+Q. What arrangements, if any, were made by your organization for a
+strike?
+
+A. When we thought we were strong enough so we could control at least
+three-fourths of the men of those roads, then we thought we could bring
+matters to a point--we could all quit. We knew they could not find
+enough green men to run the roads, and we thought that the citizens
+would look at it in the same light as we did--that the citizens would
+not care to trust their lives to green men--that the people traveling
+on the roads would not trust their lives to green men; and we thought
+by all going off and stopping the traffic on the roads that they would
+give us back our ten per cent.
+
+Q. It was not organized until after the ten per cent. reduction was
+made on the 1st of June?
+
+A. No; but it was talked about before that.
+
+Q. How long before that was it talked about?
+
+A. I believe the notice was stuck up by the Pennsylvania Company about
+the 26th or 27th day of May--somewhere in that neighborhood--and from
+that time on it was talked about.
+
+Q. What led the men to talk about it at that time?
+
+A. The notice was stuck up, that there would be a reduction.
+
+Q. That was the first that called the attention of the men to it?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was there any day set for the strike by the Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. The 27th day of June, at twelve o'clock.
+
+Q. State the extent of this strike as it was expected to take place on
+the 27th of June? How many men had you, who had agreed to strike? How
+wide was it to extend over the country?
+
+A. I have just mentioned over the different lines.
+
+Q. Had they all agreed to strike on that day?
+
+A. Yes. Three or four days before the 27th of June--the 27th day of
+June was a Wednesday--the Sunday night before, that is, the 24th, forty
+men were sent out from Pittsburgh, so if they shut off the wires from
+us, we could notify the different divisions if we could not get
+telegrams to them in time, that if anything turned up, that it was
+ordered, and that that was the day set.
+
+Q. At what hour?
+
+A. At twelve o'clock, noon, June the 27th.
+
+Q. To what points were those men sent?
+
+A. All over the different trunk lines.
+
+Q. To notify all the different lodges or divisions?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did they so notify them?
+
+A. They did, I believe, so far as they could get. But a hitch occurred
+before the 27th.
+
+Q. What was it?
+
+A. That was a Sunday night. On Monday night, the Pan-Handle division
+had a meeting, and most of the members from the other divisions were
+there, and it was decided on Monday night, when delegates from all the
+divisions around were there, that the strike should take place on the
+27th, and on Tuesday night, all the members of the divisions around
+there were to come to Allegheny, to the usual place of meeting, and
+have another talk with the boys there. They met there, when three or
+four of them kicked up a rumpus, and it came near ending in a row. Some
+of the men who were the first to go into the thing--who were the first
+to propose doing anything, were the very men to kick, and two of them
+that night, went out on No. 11, west, and took the news out west, that
+there would be no strike the next day. We were all ready on the 27th,
+at twelve o'clock, noon, to go out on a strike, but we got telegrams
+from everywhere, asking if we were going on a strike, or whether we
+were not going on a strike. So the thing got mixed up, and they stopped
+the telegraph wires, and we couldn't get a word over. We had some
+trains stopped at Pittsburgh, but I had them all moved out on the track
+again, as I thought we had better let the thing go, than make a failure
+of it, and wait for some better time--a better organization, or some
+time when we could get things into better shape.
+
+Q. What became of those men, sent out to notify the various divisions?
+
+A. They beat their way back again, I guess, from all over the country
+to Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Did the Trainmen's Union break up at that time, or did they continue
+their organization?
+
+A. They never had a meeting after the 27th, that I know of, in
+Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Did they at any other point?
+
+A. Yes; the Trainmen's Union is still in existence.
+
+Q. Was there any time arranged afterwards for a strike?
+
+A. No; no time was agreed upon, but all labored under the impression
+that the bubble had grown so large, that it would have to burst sooner
+or later.
+
+Q. Was there any pre-arranged plan, by which any strike was to take
+place on the 19th of July?
+
+A. No, there was not. There was some little talk about it, if the
+railroad company would do so and so, that they would kick.
+
+Q. Do what?
+
+A. Put on double-headers.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What do you mean by kick?
+
+A. Not stand it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Strike, do you mean?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Then there was no pre-arranged plan for that strike on the 19th?
+
+A. There was no pre-arranged plan.
+
+Q. Was it talked over?
+
+A. Not on that day; but just as soon as they put on double-headers they
+didn't propose to submit to it, as they thought seventeen cars were
+enough for the men to take care of.
+
+Q. These double-headers were only confined to the Pennsylvania Central?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. They didn't extend over any other roads leading into Pittsburgh?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was it known to the men on any other roads that the men on the
+Pennsylvania Central were going to strike?
+
+A. I suppose they knew that they had their sympathy.
+
+Q. I understood you to say that you left Pittsburgh the day before the
+strike?
+
+A. No; I left it about the 16th.
+
+Q. Did you know any thing about it then, or understand that there would
+be a strike then?
+
+A. Yes; I remarked after the 27th day of June that I was positive there
+would be a strike, sooner or later--that the thing would have to come
+to a head itself.
+
+Q. Did they say to you, or did you understand from any employés on the
+Pennsylvania Central road, that there would be a strike on the 19th?
+
+A. No one knew that they were going to strike on that day.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Then no time was set?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was it understood that when the order was given to run the
+double-headers that they would strike?
+
+A. It was understood that just as soon as they put on double-headers
+they wouldn't run them. The men couldn't stand it.
+
+Q. Did you know any thing about the strike at Martinsburg?
+
+A. Yes; I heard of it.
+
+Q. Before it took place?
+
+A. No; not before it took place. I knew of it as soon as it did take
+place.
+
+Q. Was there any general understanding that a strike would take place
+at the time the strike broke out at Martinsburg?
+
+A. No; the understanding we had of this thing--our object in organizing
+the Trainmen's Union was, that the Pennsylvania Company would make a
+reduction on the first of June of ten per cent., and that, if their
+employés submitted to it, that the New York Central would follow about
+the 1st of July, and if their employés submitted to it--they had two
+roads, and had pooled their earnings--they would make a reduction on
+the 15th of July on the Baltimore and Ohio. They thought if they didn't
+get a strike before the 15th day of July, then the Pennsylvania road
+and these other roads would get so used to it, or that they would get
+us so frightened that we would have the idea knocked out of us, if they
+could run their traffic over those roads. They were not going to make a
+reduction over two trunk lines at one time.
+
+Q. Did all that happen?
+
+A. No; there was a reduction on the Pennsylvania on the 1st of June,
+and on Vanderbilt's road on the 1st of July, and on the Baltimore and
+Ohio on the 15th or 16th, and on the 15th was the strike.
+
+Q. Did you have any communication with the men at Martinsburg before
+they struck?
+
+A. I had some friends down there, and I used to hear from them once in
+a while.
+
+Q. About the strike--this particular strike that took place at
+Martinsburg--did your union communicate with them? Was it understood or
+arranged between you for that strike on the 16th?
+
+A. No; although they said that just as soon as they got the reduction
+they were going to strike.
+
+Q. I understand you to say it was the double-headers, or the order to
+run them, that caused the strike on the 16th, at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes; because it was the wrong time to put on the double-headers,
+just following the strike at Martinsburg. That just started the whole
+thing.
+
+Q. This Trainmen's Union was organized, you say, for the purpose of
+protecting yourself?
+
+A. For protecting our own interests.
+
+Q. What had you to complain of at the time of organizing the union?
+
+A. The ten per cent. reduction. We thought we were getting little
+enough money.
+
+Q. Had you anything else to complain of?
+
+A. Yes; we had something a little worse than the reduction. That was
+all right. If they saw fit to reduce, and could get men to work at
+their rate, all right. The officials of the road, and Mr. Scott, all
+treated us all right. It was only the little under-officials who
+treated us like dogs. I was told that if I voted for a certain man I
+would get discharged off the road. I wanted to vote for a neighbor of
+mine.
+
+Q. By whom were you told that?
+
+A. By a petty under-official, the assistant day dispatcher.
+
+Q. Had you anything to complain of, except this ten per cent.
+reduction?
+
+A. Not on our road--not on the Fort Wayne road.
+
+Q. Had they on the Pennsylvania Central, before the order was issued to
+run the double-headers?
+
+A. No; I don't believe they had.
+
+Q. That was the only thing you had to complain of?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you have any negotiations with the magnates of the road in
+regard to that?
+
+A. Yes; we appointed a committee to wait on them, and talk with them,
+and try to get the thing settled up; but we couldn't reach them with a
+forty-foot pole. We tried everything with reference to avoiding a
+strike.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. How long were you on the road?
+
+A. About eleven months, I guess.
+
+Q. Had there been any talk of striking before--during those eleven
+months?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Were any committees appointed to wait on the officials?
+
+A. That was when we heard of the ten per cent. reduction.
+
+Q. Had you any grievances before?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. It was arranged then by your union that you would strike in case of
+a reduction?
+
+A. That was what we organized for.
+
+Q. Do you claim the right at all times to strike as a body? Do you
+claim that it is one of the rights that you have?
+
+A. I claim that every free born American citizen, if necessary,
+has the right to quit work if he wants to. That is what I call
+striking--quitting work.
+
+Q. Doing anything more?
+
+A. We have no right to destroy property.
+
+Q. Do you claim it as a right to interfere with those who want to work?
+
+A. It is a right to use mere suasion. If I were to see you rushing on
+headlong on the breakers, and I can stop you, I would do so.
+
+Q. Do you claim that you have a right to assemble in crowds or groups
+upon the property of the railroad company?
+
+A. If that is where we are employed; yes.
+
+Q. But when you strike, you are no longer in the employ of the railroad
+company?
+
+A. No; not when we have once struck.
+
+Q. Then after you have struck you don't claim that you have the right
+to assemble there?
+
+A. Until we are ordered off?
+
+Q. But when ordered off, have you the right to refuse to go?
+
+A. It depends greatly upon who orders you off.
+
+Q. When ordered off by an official of the railroad company?
+
+A. If I am there for any unlawful purpose, I ought to go, but if I am
+not there for any unlawful purpose, and if I run against a man who
+wants to show fight or ride a big horse, I don't think I have any
+business to go, if I want to stay.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. But do you say that you have the right to go on another man's
+property and stay there if he wants you to go away?
+
+A. I don't recognize any one like a day dispatcher. It is not his
+business.
+
+Q. But it is his business to keep the track clear?
+
+A. No; it is not.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You did assemble at yard of the Fort Wayne and Chicago road, one
+hundred and fifty or two hundred of you?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were you ordered off--ordered to leave or disperse?
+
+A. No; directly we were not.
+
+Q. By any one belonging to the road?
+
+A. The dispatcher told the chief of police to disperse this mob, that
+they were not employés of the Fort Wayne road, but rioters and loafers
+from Pittsburgh, and wouldn't allow their men to work.
+
+Q. You resisted this? You refused to go?
+
+A. I don't like a man to call me a liar.
+
+Q. Did you refuse to go?
+
+A. No one told me to go off the property.
+
+Q. Didn't the policemen tell you to go?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Didn't they undertake to disperse you?
+
+A. They got in amongst us, but they didn't push or tell us to go off.
+
+Q. But you refused to go?
+
+A. We didn't understand it that way.
+
+Q. Was it not your duty to disperse when the policemen requested you,
+having been instructed so to do by the officials of the railroad
+company?
+
+A. The police didn't tell us to disperse.
+
+Q. You knew what they came among you for, and what commands had been
+given to them by the officers of the railroad company?
+
+A. I heard the dispatcher say, disperse this lot of loafers and rioters
+from Pittsburgh. I don't know that he spoke to me.
+
+Q. Did he refer to the crowd?
+
+A. I don't know of any loafers or bummers in that crowd.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you ordered to disperse by anybody?
+
+A. No; the dispatcher didn't speak to us, but to the chief of police,
+that these men are a lot of rioters from Pittsburgh, and he wanted them
+off the property.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you consider you had the right to take that property and pack it
+away on the side tracks?
+
+A. I thought I did perfectly right.
+
+Q. If it was in danger of being destroyed?
+
+A. Everybody appeared to be excited, and they had lost their heads, so
+that you couldn't get them to do anything. There were some passenger
+and freight cars, and a lot of cars loaded with live stock standing on
+one track, and nobody appeared to know what to do with them. People
+came to me and asked what to do, from even the dispatcher himself--he
+looked to me.
+
+Q. But after you had refused to work, had you any right to interfere
+with that property?
+
+A. We didn't interfere with the property.
+
+Q. Had you any right to do anything with it?
+
+A. If we were asked to do it we had.
+
+Q. Had you any right to interfere with that property in any way?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You understand what I mean by my question? Do you not think it was
+your duty, after having refused to work, to leave the premises entirely
+and go away?
+
+A. That depends on circumstances.
+
+Q. But if you were working for a man and stopped work, or he turned you
+off, have you any right to remain around?
+
+A. That depends a great deal on whether he wants me around or not.
+
+Q. But have you any right to interfere with his property in any way,
+under any circumstances?
+
+A. I would think I was a very foolish man. If my property was in danger
+I would like him to come and lend a hand.
+
+Q. I didn't ask any question about the property being in danger?
+
+A. We didn't interfere with the property in any way or manner.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Had the commander of the military refused an interview with you, or
+the party you represent, what would have been the consequences--what
+was your determination?
+
+A. I don't know as we figured that far ahead.
+
+Q. But you must have had some plan, sir?
+
+A. I didn't happen to meet him, therefore, I cannot tell you.
+
+Q. I want to know what was your determination?
+
+A. That is something nobody knows.
+
+Q. I insist upon an answer?
+
+A. It is a question I cannot answer.
+
+Q. This is the question. Had the commander of the military refused to
+have an interview with you or the party you represent, what was your
+determination--what did you intend to do?
+
+A. That would have depended greatly on circumstances. I don't know what
+we would have done.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you intend to resist the militia?
+
+A. If you or any other man or the militia had raised a gun to shoot me,
+I undoubtedly would have resisted.
+
+Q. But answer yes or no, then explain after answering the question?
+
+A. What is the question?
+
+Q. Did you intend to resist the militia had they attempted to disperse
+the crowd?
+
+A. I will have to answer the question yes and no. If they had come with
+the requisite authority from the Governor of the State and ordered us
+to disperse, undoubtedly we would have obeyed them. If they had
+authority from the Governor of the State, I, for one, would have walked
+away.
+
+Q. But suppose they had authority from General Latta?
+
+A. I didn't recognize him.
+
+Q. You didn't recognize him?
+
+A. I didn't at that time.
+
+Q. Certainly you couldn't have been a law-abiding citizen if you
+didn't?
+
+A. I didn't at that time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Then you intended to use your own judgment as to whether the militia
+were there lawfully or unlawfully?
+
+A. I look upon General Huidekoper as a gentleman, and don't think he
+would lie.
+
+Q. Suppose he had said he was there on authority from the Governor?
+
+A. I told you I would have gone off the premises and walked away. If he
+had told me it was none of my business, I would have told him I would
+make it my business. If he had told me he was there by authority of
+some railroad official, I would have told him that the best thing he
+could do for his own and for our sake, would be to take the back track,
+and go away.
+
+Q. Did you see the daily papers of that week?
+
+A. No; I don't believe I did.
+
+Q. Did you see a published proclamation of the Governor's?
+
+A. I don't believe I did.
+
+Q. Did you know a proclamation had been issued?
+
+A. I had heard of it.
+
+Q. Commanding all citizens to disperse?
+
+A. I had heard of it, but I didn't read it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Then you and your party were to be the judges, whether or not
+General Latta had authority or not?
+
+A. We were open to conviction. We thought we were endowed with a little
+common sense.
+
+Q. I don't doubt it for a moment--not at all. But you were to be the
+judges whether General Latta had authority or not?
+
+A. The way I came to get under that impression--an attorney, the first
+day of the strike, who was around there when this question came up
+about the Governor being out of the State, said that the troops or
+military could not be ordered out, because the Governor was not here.
+
+Q. Give us his name?
+
+A. I cannot give it.
+
+Q. I insist upon it?
+
+A. I refuse to answer the question.
+
+Q. If the committee insists upon an answer you certainly will have to
+answer, because you have sworn to tell the truth?
+
+A. Well, I well give the committee the names of any of these parties in
+confidence, but I don't care about telling their names to the world. I
+am perfectly willing to give them to the committee in confidence. I
+don't want to keep anything back, but I don't want to tell tales on
+anybody else.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did your association have an attorney employed--the Trainmen's
+Union?
+
+A. Two or three were around there, sort of acting as though they were
+employed, but we never knew who employed them.
+
+Q. Did you consult with them?
+
+A. No; they came there and gave us advice.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Gratuitously?
+
+A. That is about it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were they ever paid any fees?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were they practicing attorneys at the bar?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You continued to keep up the strike there, and hold possession of
+the railroad property, until the arrival of the Governor of the State,
+did you not?
+
+A. I believe we were on the premises when the Governor arrived.
+
+Q. And had possession of the property of the railroad?
+
+A. I don't know. The property was all lying there. No one was holding
+it?
+
+Q. But didn't you guard it. Didn't you exercise care of it, and didn't
+you afterwards deliver it over to the railroad officials?
+
+A. Yes; we told them that we wouldn't have anything more to do with it,
+that they must get somebody else to watch it.
+
+Q. Who did you deliver it to?
+
+A. A man I did not recognize came down and took possession for Mayor
+Phillips or his police.
+
+Q. You surrendered the property to him?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not, but to the officers of the road.
+
+Q. What day was that?
+
+A. That was the evening the Governor came in.
+
+Q. The evening the Governor arrived?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you have any interview with the Governor on his arrival?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Tell us what that was?
+
+A. I had a little talk with him and passed the compliments of the day,
+and asked him to come out and say a few words to the boys, and he came
+out on the back platform and said something to them. We then passed on
+to the round-house, where there was a crowd of some five or six
+hundred, and he spoke a few words to them, and then went on to the city
+of Allegheny, where the citizens met him with a carriage and took him
+to Pittsburgh, by the suspension bridge.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you telegraph to him?
+
+A. I did.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was the nature of those telegrams?
+
+A. Some of them are part of history. I telegraphed along the line not
+to interfere with the train he was on, so as not to get him angry with
+us, and I telegraphed him guaranteeing him a safe passage to Allegheny
+city.
+
+Q. You had the power to give him a safe passage through?
+
+A. My name was good enough at that time.
+
+Q. Over the length of the Fort Wayne and Chicago road?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You controlled the road at that time?
+
+A. It appeared that they were not going to recognize any man's orders
+but mine.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. But they got obstreperous at last on your hands?
+
+A. Towards the last.
+
+Q. Didn't you go to a meeting with some citizens to a hall?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And there they thought you were taking too much authority on you?
+
+A. They thought I was going back on them. At least a scab did. He
+supposed I was misrepresenting things at that time. At least I think so
+now. They were starving, and wanted coal, and I ordered a provision
+train and a coal train out, and one fellow wanted to kill me right off.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. So they struck on you?
+
+A. Yes; this was the following Thursday. I had not been down from the
+Tuesday night when the Governor arrived until this afternoon of
+Thursday.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What means did you take to enforce your orders after they struck on
+you?
+
+A. They did not strike on me.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Didn't they refuse to obey your orders?
+
+A. I had ceased to exist at that time. That was on the Tuesday night,
+and this meeting was on Thursday afternoon. Because I would not come
+up, I suppose they felt sick and sore, and thought I was trying to sell
+them out.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Those citizens you talked about who offered you arms, were not those
+men the ones who went with you to the meeting?
+
+A. Neither one of them was there.
+
+Q. Didn't they ask you to protect this property, and after a
+conversation with you, didn't you agree to go with them to this meeting
+and talk to the rioters?
+
+A. There were no rioters on the Fort Wayne road.
+
+Q. Or the strikers?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Didn't you promise them to keep order, and in consideration of that
+didn't they agree to give you the arms to keep off the mob in case any
+party came to burn the town?
+
+A. No, sir; this was on the Thursday after the fire. I was at no
+meeting from the 27th day of June until this Thursday.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Was there no understanding between you and the strikers on the
+Pennsylvania road during this time, after you got back to Allegheny
+City and took charge of things--were you acting in concert in
+preventing trains from going out?
+
+A. I don't know that anything particular of that kind was agreed upon.
+Of course we talked over things of that kind.
+
+Q. But you had communications with the parties who were striking on the
+Pennsylvania road?
+
+A. Yes; men were going back and forth all the time.
+
+Q. Was there anybody over there that had control of the strike there or
+who was looked up to as a leader or recognized as such?
+
+A. There were some three or four of them. The man supposed to be the
+leader showed the white feather.
+
+Q. Who was that?
+
+A. Samuel Muckle, the president of the Pan Handle division.
+
+Q. He was supposed to be the leader in the start?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Who was their leader after he showed the white feather?
+
+A. I don't know, but I think Hice. He was at Torrens station.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How did he show the white feather?
+
+A. He was a man who didn't live up to what he said he would do.
+
+Q. In what respect?
+
+A. He didn't live up to what he said he would do at the meeting.
+
+Q. What did he agree to do in the first place?
+
+A. He agreed to stand by the boys.
+
+Q. What were the boys to do?
+
+A. If the boys went out on a strike, Muckle was to stand by them.
+
+Q. And prevent the running of trains?
+
+A. The understanding was that every man was to quit work and go away,
+but not to prevent the running of trains. Muckle was discharged, and he
+tried to get a job in the employ of the road. His object in getting the
+men to strike was to get them out and then come in and scab it.
+
+Q. That is, come in and offer his services to the railroad?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. But were communications going on between you and the leaders of the
+Pennsylvania road--the leaders of the strike? Was there any concerted
+movement or action between you?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Give us a definition of your idea of a strike. What is generally
+understood by railroad men, or what did the Trainmen's Union understand
+by a strike?
+
+A. So far as the Trainmen's Union was concerned, we considered by a
+strike that every man on the three grand trunk lines should go home
+when the hour came--just leave his train standing there.
+
+Q. You mean refuse to work?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Nothing more?
+
+A. That was our understanding.
+
+Q. But you were not to prevent other men from working?
+
+A. We had an understanding if a man was not a union man to coax him off
+if we could.
+
+Q. But if he would not be coaxed?
+
+A. Then to leave him stay. We considered that his own conscience would
+be enough for him.
+
+Q. But you were not to try to drive him off?
+
+A. No; a man who is a scab has a hard enough time of it. He has a hard
+time enough of it to make his life unbearable to him.
+
+Q. Was any violence used that you know of to prevent trains from
+running on the Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad?
+
+A. No, sir; none was used. I would not have allowed, so far as I was
+concerned.
+
+Q. By what authority did you assume charge of the Fort Wayne and
+Chicago railroad?
+
+A. I think I assumed authority of the Fort Wayne from telegrams I
+received from Mr. Layng, who is the general manager from Pittsburgh to
+Chicago.
+
+Q. What were those telegrams?
+
+A. I was asked to take charge of the trains and engines, and to move
+them to places of safety.
+
+Q. Have you those dispatches?
+
+A. I have.
+
+Q. Have you them here?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Can you produce them?
+
+A. I can, sir.
+
+Q. Will you produce them?
+
+A. Not in this city.
+
+Q. Where will you produce them?
+
+A. I will produce them anywhere where I can get them. I asked to have
+them sent here, but could not get them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Would this strike on the Fort Wayne and Chicago road have occurred
+if the strike on the Pennsylvania road had not occurred at that time?
+
+A. That is a pretty hard question to answer.
+
+Q. From your information--from what you know of the circumstances and
+the men engaged in it?
+
+A. I have not thought over that, and really I cannot give an answer.
+
+Q. Do you know whether the men on the Fort Wayne and Chicago road were
+making any preparations for a strike distinct from any strike upon the
+Pennsylvania railroad?
+
+A. Some of them were and some of them were not.
+
+Q. At this particular time that the strike occurred?
+
+A. Really, I have never thought the matter over, and I cannot answer
+that question, because I have not thought it over in that light at all.
+They may have and they may not.
+
+Q. You say that the main cause of the strike on the Pennsylvania road
+was the running of double-headers?
+
+A. That is my impression.
+
+Q. The cause of the strike upon the Fort Wayne road at that time was
+what?
+
+A. Several things combined. I think it was the abuse of power by the
+under officials more than anything else.
+
+Q. That and the ten per cent.?
+
+A. Yes; that was pretty hard to swallow.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. I understood you to say in talking to some citizens you had given
+some figures as to the wages that could be earned after the ten per
+cent. reduction. Can you give those figures to the committee now?
+
+A. I didn't state the amount that could be earned, but the amount they
+were paying--brakeman, $1 45.
+
+Q. Per day?
+
+A. Per trip, that is called a day.
+
+
+    By Mr. Englebert:
+
+Q. How many hours?
+
+A. The shortest run on the road was seven hours and twenty-five
+minutes. The longest run was eight hours and thirty-five minutes.
+Firemen the same as brakemen. Conductors, first class, $2 12; second
+class, $1 89 or $1 91, I forget which. Engineers--I don't remember the
+classified pay--first class, three dollars and eleven or twelve cents.
+That had a great deal to do with the strike--the classification--so far
+as the engineers were concerned.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many days could you average per week?
+
+A. The year around, or at that time?
+
+Q. At that time?
+
+A. I think the month that I was discharged I drew twenty-nine dollars
+and some cents--I don't know what.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. As brakeman?
+
+A. Yes. I had an income of forty dollars a month besides that, and it
+was the only way I could live.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you make all the time?
+
+A. I believe I did. I believe I lost only one trip. My impression is I
+did lose one trip.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was not the amount you could earn governed by the amount of business
+doing by the road at that time--if the freight shipments were large you
+all got work?
+
+A. We all had work any how. We all came in our turn.
+
+Q. But the amount of money you made depended on the amount of the
+business of the road?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You put in your six days a week--work a week at $1 40?
+
+A. I undoubtedly worked six days.
+
+Q. Every week?
+
+A. Not at that time. We were not averaging six days' work at that time.
+
+Q. Were you prior to that time?
+
+A. Really I have forgot; but the pay was running very poor. I think the
+business was good in January and February, March and April, but I think
+after that time it was very slack.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How many days did you make in any one month?
+
+A. In the month of January I made forty-four days.
+
+Q. By over work?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did not the officials, when you sent your committee to them, didn't
+they talk over this matter with you?
+
+A. Before the strike?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Didn't you send a committee down to Philadelphia to see Mr. Scott?
+
+A. Of engineers, I believe. We heard what the engineers were doing, and
+got enough of the engineers. They generally patched things up for
+themselves. They didn't look after anything else. It was about the time
+of taking the ten per cent. off.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. What position did you hold in Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. I don't know that I held any position. I was appointed to organize
+the unions, and had unlimited powers.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. By whom?
+
+A. By what we called--there were members appointed from each division,
+and they constituted a sort of grand lodge. The division I belonged to
+was first organized. That is where I got my power from. They sent me
+right out. It was a Saturday night, and I left Pittsburgh the following
+Monday, June 4.
+
+Q. Who organized the first lodge?
+
+A. I was the first man to take an oath. I guess all took a hand in it.
+
+Q. Were you president of that lodge?
+
+A. There was no president of that lodge at that time.
+
+Q. Were you chief of that lodge?
+
+A. I suppose I was that night.
+
+Q. What did they call the chief of that lodge--what name?
+
+A. The grand organizer.
+
+Q. Then by delegations from other lodges, you were appointed to
+organize lodges throughout the country?
+
+A. Our lodge gave me authority, and as we formed lodges, they sent in
+delegations to form a grand lodge, and they confirmed the action of our
+lodge.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Who paid your expenses going around?
+
+A. The boys.
+
+Q. As a union or a society, or did the boys contribute what they saw
+fit?
+
+A. All the money I ever got, I got from the union at that time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. From the lodge?
+
+A. Yes; from the treasurer of the lodge.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was it an oath-bound association?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you go to Martinsburg, Virginia?
+
+A. I was in that neighborhood.
+
+Q. Were you at Martinsburg, Virginia?
+
+A. I was very near to it.
+
+Q. That is not an answer to my question.
+
+A. At what time?
+
+Q. To organize a lodge there before the strike?
+
+A. I did initiate men into the organization called the Trainmen's
+Union, at Martinsburg.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you organize lodges over the Baltimore and Ohio road?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was it understood by your lodges that this strike was to commence at
+Martinsburg?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know, before the strike commenced at Martinsburg, Virginia,
+that it was going to take place?
+
+A. No; of course I heard all that talk. They talked most loud at
+Martinsburg, but I thought it was all wind. I didn't think they would
+strike at all.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When you were telegraphed at Oil City, were you there for the
+purpose of organizing lodges?
+
+A. It was Parker City.
+
+Q. Were you there for the purpose of organizing lodges?
+
+A. At that time?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I went up there to get work.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How long had you been railroading?
+
+A. About eleven months altogether.
+
+Q. What had been your business before that?
+
+A. I was in the hotel business.
+
+Q. Where?
+
+A. At Collinwood, eight miles from Cleveland.
+
+Q. Were you proprietor of the hotel?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. For how long?
+
+A. One year and nine months.
+
+Q. What was your business before that?
+
+A. I was in the insurance business.
+
+Q. Where?
+
+A. At Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Is that your home?
+
+A. Yes; it is my native place.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you working for your father or for yourself in the insurance
+business?
+
+A. I represented four Chicago companies for myself.
+
+Q. When you returned from the oil country, you say you met some
+railroad men who belonged to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad?
+
+A. Of the Connellsville division.
+
+Q. Where did you meet them?
+
+A. Around the Union depot.
+
+Q. How many of them did you meet there?
+
+A. I remember three engineers who were there.
+
+Q. Any other trainmen?
+
+A. O, yes.
+
+Q. Of the Baltimore and Ohio road?
+
+A. These three engineers are all I can remember.
+
+Q. Were they the ones who telegraphed to you to come to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Where did those men belong to--the Baltimore and Ohio or the
+Pennsylvania Central? Who telegraphed you?
+
+A. To neither road.
+
+Q. Of what road were they employés?
+
+A. Of the Fort Wayne road.
+
+
+    By Mr. Dewees:
+
+Q. How many miles of railroad had this trouble?
+
+A. I never figured it up. A good many miles.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You had a signal to stop trains?
+
+A. You can stop any train if you have the signal.
+
+Q. But did not your organization have a particular signal by which you
+could stop the trains?
+
+A. The Trainmen's Union?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Before the strike?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Different from the ordinary signal?
+
+A. I don't comprehend the question exactly.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was not there an understood signal among the trainmen by which, if
+an engineer of a train undertook to run it, they would throw him this
+signal, and he would stop the train and get off?
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Some peculiar signal?
+
+A. No; I saw lots of engineers that wanted the boys to do that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You say then that there was no signal?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What was this signal that was used on the Pennsylvania railroad to
+stop trains? Was it any peculiar signal among the strikers different
+from other signals?
+
+A. I have heard of it, but I can't speak from my own knowledge.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What did you hear?
+
+A. While in jail, McAllister told me that an engineer came to him and
+said, "McAllister, when we come to pull out from the round-house, you
+just jump up on the engine and say there is some danger--you put up
+your hand." McAllister is an innocent sort of a fellow, and he did just
+as the engineer told him, and he was convicted and sentenced to six
+months in the work-house.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did the engineer get off when McAllister told him he couldn't go
+down to Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. He run the engine back into the house.
+
+Q. Who was the engineer?
+
+A. I don't remember his name.
+
+Q. Did you ever hear that a signal was agreed upon?
+
+A. I have heard so many stories about that, I did not pay any attention
+to them.
+
+Q. Was there any class of men coöperating with your party, beside your
+party?
+
+A. The mill men and the glass-house men.
+
+Q. They all seemed to be in sympathy with the strikers?
+
+A. Yes; they came across to the boys.
+
+Q. They came voluntarily, did they?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And entered into the strike like the railroad men?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And took hold and assisted you?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was there another class of men--tramps or strangers--who came there
+from a distance?
+
+A. They crowded into Allegheny City, but we used to railroad them out
+of the town.
+
+Q. You did not care to have the assistance of that class of men?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Were there any men who came from other roads and assisted you there?
+
+A. Yes; we had men from other roads--the Baltimore and Ohio, the Lake
+Shore and Michigan Southern.
+
+Q. How many men came from the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern?
+
+A. Oh, two or three men.
+
+Q. What did they say their business was?
+
+A. That they came from such and such a road, and had a strike, and just
+come to see how we fellows were doing it.
+
+Q. What business did they have to travel up to Allegheny City?
+
+A. It was not very far.
+
+Q. Was there any agreement or understanding between you strikers and
+the men who came from distant places, that they should concentrate at
+Allegheny City or at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. There was some talk about that.
+
+Q. Why did they want to come to that place?
+
+A. Oh, not to Pittsburgh, just exactly.
+
+Q. But that was considered to be the head-quarters of the strike?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And the principal strike or trouble would be there?
+
+A. That is about what they thought. It was talked over in the
+Trainmen's Union.
+
+Q. If the understanding among the strikers was that they were merely to
+leave their work and go home--to leave their trains--why was there an
+understanding to congregate at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I didn't say that. It was one of the things that was talked over,
+but nothing was decided on definitely. If we had struck on the 27th of
+June, there never would have been any trouble at all.
+
+Q. Would the men have come from the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern to
+Pittsburgh, if a strike had taken place on the 27th of June? Was there
+any understanding, that if a strike took place then, that men from
+different points would collect at some one point?
+
+A. There was some talk about it, but nothing of the kind was decided on
+definitely. It was all talked over.
+
+Q. Then the men that came without any understanding?
+
+A. They just wanted to see how things were going.
+
+Q. Were they discharged men, principally, that came from the other
+roads?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Do you know anything about that boat load of men that came down the
+Monongahela river?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was there any understanding that that boat load should come?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did any other citizens, except the two men you have
+mentioned--citizens of Pittsburgh or Allegheny City--talk with you or
+offer to aid you in any way?
+
+A. Lots of the citizens were around there in the crowd, and they gave
+arms to the boys, and encouragement. For instance, one man would have
+his shot gun, and he brought it, and one man had a rifle, and he
+brought it out and gave it to the boys, and some had revolvers, and
+they brought them out.
+
+Q. And arms were given to the strikers in that way, by the citizens?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was ammunition given to you in the same way?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What class of citizens were they who gave the arms and the
+ammunition?
+
+A. They looked as respectable as Mr. Lindsey.
+
+Q. Were they laboring men, or were they professional men?
+
+A. They looked like professional men.
+
+Q. Were any business men among them?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. When was this?
+
+A. On Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.
+
+Q. Did they furnish arms and ammunition on Sunday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was there any other encouragement given to the strikers by the
+citizens, except what you have mentioned--the giving of the arms?
+
+A. They furnished us food.
+
+Q. Was this food given to you because you were protecting the property,
+or was it given to you because you were strikers?
+
+A. Well, we were strikers.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were arms furnished you for the purpose of resisting the
+authorities, either the civil or the military, or for the purpose of
+protecting the railroad property and other property?
+
+A. We were not resisting any authorities at all. We had the arms to
+keep off the mob. We did not take the arms to fight anybody that had
+authority over us.
+
+Q. What did you take the arms for?
+
+A. To keep off the mob, or the tramps, or anybody else that wanted to
+interfere with us.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was that what the citizens gave you the arms for?
+
+A. I didn't ask them what they gave us the arms for.
+
+Q. What did they say they gave you the arms for?
+
+A. Some of them said this, and some of them said the other thing.
+
+Q. State what any one citizen said on the one side, and then on the
+other?
+
+A. Some of them said, "Shoot the damned soldiers when they come," and
+some of them said, "If anybody interferes with you, or tries to wrong
+you, kill them right here"--talk of that kind. "You are out on a strike
+now, and have got the railroad company where you want it, and you are
+damned fools if you don't keep them there."
+
+Q. Were similar remarks to those made by any of the persons who
+furnished you arms and ammunition?
+
+A. I cannot say that, because I would only hear some of them talk as I
+mingled with the crowd. I would turn around and look at them, and then
+pass on. Of course, everybody was excited--everybody had lost their
+brains--everybody was wild, and people did not know what they were
+doing.
+
+Q. Was anything said, prior to this strike, by the citizens about
+furnishing you arms?
+
+A. No; I didn't hear anything of the kind prior to the strike.
+
+Q. Did anybody offer to furnish you flour or articles to live on during
+the strike?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. To what extent?
+
+A. Enough to keep us until the strike was over.
+
+Q. Were there any business men who offered to do that?
+
+A. They were all business men.
+
+Q. Flour dealers?
+
+A. Yes; and grocery men.
+
+Q. Wholesale dealers?
+
+A. Men we were dealing with on the road offered to keep us all the time
+we were on the strike.
+
+Q. Offered to keep you all the time you were out on the strike?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did Mr. Jenkins offer to furnish flour to the strikers?
+
+A. I have heard it so stated, but I cannot say so from my own
+knowledge. I don't believe he did. I don't believe he is that kind of a
+man.
+
+Q. Did any other offer to furnish any?
+
+A. No one except our grocery men--the men we were dealing with--they
+encouraged us. They knew their money depended on us.
+
+Q. From your intercourse with the citizens, was it your understanding
+that you, as strikers, had the sympathy of the community?
+
+A. Undoubtedly we did, sir.
+
+Q. What led you to understand that you had their sympathy?
+
+A. By their actions.
+
+Q. But what else?
+
+A. The way we would hear them talk in their daily conversation; but I
+think if the strikers had turned in when the mob commenced burning the
+property, and if the citizens had just turned in with them--and I know
+if I had been in Pittsburgh, I would have died or I would have stopped
+that mob--at any rate, I would have attempted it, and I think I would
+have had enough citizens to help me.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You mean help you to prevent the destruction of the property?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. The sympathy you spoke of--was it general?
+
+A. We appeared to have the sympathy of the whole community.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you have the sympathy of the citizens while destroying the
+property of the railroad, or while burning it?
+
+A. I think if we didn't have it, I think that they, the citizens, must
+have acted very funny. I didn't stop to ask them.
+
+Q. Did you have the sympathy of the citizens in the destruction of the
+railroad property?
+
+A. I don't think that they cared very much for the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company, even if it was burned up. They just stood around, and
+said it was none of their business.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you over at the fire during Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir; I kept decently away.
+
+Q. Then how do you know that they stood around there?
+
+A. I lived in a high house, and I noticed lots of people up on the
+hill. I had a spy-glass.
+
+Q. You say that you, as strikers, had the sympathy of the citizens. Was
+there any antipathy on the part of the citizens against the railroad
+company?
+
+A. So far as I was able to judge, I don't think the citizens of
+Pittsburgh ever had any high opinion of the Pennsylvania Company.
+
+Q. Why?
+
+A. On account of the freight discriminations, &c. I have heard business
+men say repeatedly that their business had gone away from them--that
+the Pennsylvania Railroad Company drove that away from them, and the
+newspapers have been crying the Pennsylvania Company down for years.
+
+Q. Was that what encouraged the railroad employés to strike?
+
+A. No. We thought that our cause was a just one, and that any one with
+any sense would be in sympathy with us.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Were there any citizens who condemned the strikers--any of them who
+ever said a word in rebuke of the strikers at any time?
+
+A. After the fire; yes.
+
+Q. But prior to the fire?
+
+A. No. I never heard any one say anything of the kind before.
+
+Q. But none of the officials of Allegheny condemned the action of the
+strikers?
+
+A. At what time?
+
+Q. At any time prior to that Sunday?
+
+A. I never saw any of the officials, except Mayor Phillips one time
+when I spoke to him. He said if we wanted to strike we had a perfect
+right to strike.
+
+Q. But he made a speech?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Didn't he tell the crowd to disperse and let the railroad property
+alone?
+
+A. Not that I remember.
+
+Q. What was the tenor of his speech?
+
+A. My recollection of it is, he said if the men were determined to
+strike, all right, that they had a perfect right; but as chief
+magistrate of the city he would ask them not to interfere with any one
+that wanted to work.
+
+Q. Didn't he also say that you must not interfere with the railroad
+property?
+
+A. That is my recollection of it--that we must not interfere with
+anybody that wanted to work.
+
+Q. Don't you remember that he said anything about the railroad
+property?
+
+A. I have no recollection about his using the word property.
+
+Q. Did he tell them that they must keep the peace?
+
+A. Oh, yes.
+
+Q. That he was there for the purpose of seeing that the peace was kept?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And you told him that you would keep the peace?
+
+A. Yes; and he must have had some respect for our words, because he
+withdrew his police.
+
+Q. You had no trouble during the whole disturbance?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. There was no interfering with the men that wanted to work?
+
+A. No; I said distinctly that--in the presence of the mayor--that if
+they had scabs enough to work the trains they could do it.
+
+Q. Do you know of any railroad men at the time of the disturbance, who
+were ready to go out on the trains?
+
+A. I didn't see a man. Every man I saw said he would not work.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+A. J. Cassatt, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence, and official connection with the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company.
+
+A. I reside in Philadelphia, and am the third vice president.
+
+Q. Just give us a statement, as to where you were when the first
+disturbance occurred at Pittsburgh, on the Pennsylvania Central
+railroad, and what came under your observation thereafter.
+
+A. I was in the office on Thursday--in the office of the company--about
+two o'clock, when I got a dispatch from Mr. Gardner, at Altoona,
+addressed to Mr. Frank Thompson, at Philadelphia, which was brought
+into me, on account of Mr. Thompson's absence in New York, stating that
+a strike had taken place that morning at Pittsburgh, among the firemen
+and brakemen, and that no trains had gone out that morning. I
+telegraphed to Pittsburgh, to get extra conductors and engineers, to
+take the place of those who had gone out, and I thought it would be
+over very soon. I went up to the country where I lived, and I didn't
+hear anything further until evening. On coming to the West Philadelphia
+office, I then heard that no trains had moved up to that time, and I
+thought that my duty ought to be there, and I got on a train and went
+to Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What time did you arrive there?
+
+A. On Friday morning. When I got to Pittsburgh, I found that Sheriff
+Fife had called upon the State authorities, and that three regiments
+were getting under arms then.
+
+Q. State now, what the civil authorities were doing at that time, and
+whether you had any interview with the mayor of the city, and if so,
+what the end of it was, or whether you tried to have an interview?
+
+A. I was told when I got there, that Sheriff Fife had gone out to the
+mob, and had undertaken to disperse them with some deputy sheriffs who
+were sworn in, but that they hooted at him, and it had no effect at
+all. I was told that the city had no police force on in the day time,
+or only a few men. I saw Mr. Stewart, who was formerly connected with
+the company, and asked him to go and see Mayor McCarthy, and ask him to
+put on some of the discharged men, and gather a posse, and send them
+down to disperse the crowd, and get back the property. But Mr. Stewart
+came back in a short time, and said that the mayor would not listen to
+it. So I gave up the attempt to have a further communication with the
+mayor, and wait for the State to take its course.
+
+Q. Who is Mr. Stewart?
+
+A. He was formerly our freight agent at Pittsburgh, and he is very well
+known there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What is his first name?
+
+A. David Stewart. What passed between the mayor and Stewart I heard
+from Mr. Stewart himself.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you request the mayor to come to the Union depot, or request an
+interview with him?
+
+A. No; Mr. Stewart was simply to ask him to swear those people in; and
+upon the mayor's refusing to do so, he came back and reported to me,
+and told me at the same time that McCarthy, the mayor, had declined.
+
+Q. What time did Mr. Stewart return to you?
+
+A. About noon, on Friday.
+
+Q. Did you meet Sheriff Fife on your arrival there?
+
+A. I saw Sheriff Fife and exchanged a few words with him, because I
+learned from Mr. Pitcairn and Mr. Watt what powers he had assumed.
+
+Q. Did you see General Brinton during the day on Friday?
+
+A. He came on Saturday.
+
+Q. I mean General Pearson.
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. And learned what steps had been taken by the State officials?
+
+A. He told me what he had done. He sent Colonel Guthrie's
+regiment--and, indeed, I saw them when they were out--to East Liberty,
+and expected to go down with two other regiments and open the road.
+That attempt afterwards was abandoned, because they thought the force
+was not sufficient to disperse the crowd who were assembled there. They
+thought it best to wait until they could get a larger force, when they
+thought they could overawe the crowd, without coming to actual
+hostilities.
+
+Q. Was any attempt made to move any trains from that time up to four
+o'clock Saturday afternoon?
+
+A. No, sir; no freight trains. Our men declined to go out. The
+engineers and conductors said they were afraid that the road was
+blocked with the crowd.
+
+Q. And until the arrival of General Brinton, with his force, no attempt
+was made?
+
+A. No; in fact, no attempt was made then.
+
+Q. Had you no communication with the citizens of Pittsburgh after your
+arrival?
+
+A. Not as a body. I saw a number of the citizens. I think Mr. Park and
+Mr. Thaw, and Mr. James Park, junior. I think I saw him on that day,
+but I don't remember the citizens--quite a number.
+
+Q. During the day Friday and Saturday, state whether the police
+officers made any attempt to disperse the crowd that were assembled
+about the railroad?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge?
+
+Q. Had you crews that were willing to go out in case they could get out
+without any disturbance?
+
+A. We had a number of crews to go out after the road was opened.
+
+Q. On Saturday had you the crews?
+
+A. Yes. On Saturday 1 walked down with the troops as far as the
+round-house and went into the round-house myself, and saw a number of
+engineers that said they would take their trains out as soon as the
+road was open. We might have got up about a half dozen crews if the
+road was opened, and if they could go in safety. We had the engines all
+fired up and backed out, and ready to start at fifteen minutes' notice.
+
+Q. Were the engineers and the firemen at their posts at the time the
+troops arrived?
+
+A. We had men at the round-house--engineers and firemen and conductors
+and brakemen, ready to take the trains out, and we were going to send
+out double-headers, too.
+
+Q. How many crews had you ready then?
+
+A. They reported twelve or fourteen crews--enough to take out that many
+trains. I saw a number of men in the round-house, and talked to them,
+and they said they would go if they had protection.
+
+Q. Were you at Twenty-eighth street when the collision occurred with
+the troops?
+
+A. No, sir. I went down with the troops as far as the western
+round-house, and went in there with the plan of starting the trains at
+once, as soon as the tracks were cleared. I went into the round-house
+and made arrangements to start, when the foreman of the machine shop
+came to me, and said a riot was going on outside, and I got on the roof
+and witnessed the collision between the troops and the people. A great
+number of stones were thrown and shots were fired by the crowd, and
+then I saw the troops fire in return.
+
+Q. After the troops fired on the crowd, the crowd ran, and the tracks
+were cleared for a time?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. At that time were your crews ready to go out, during the time the
+tracks were cleared?
+
+A. They were. I can state that the only part of the track that was
+clear was on Twenty-eighth street. The crowd lined the road above
+Twenty-eighth street, and there was a crowd at East Liberty.
+
+Q. Was that the reason why the trains did not start?
+
+A. Yes; the men did not think it would be safe to go. The crowd
+dispersed, and while I was on the roof I got a message from General
+Pearson--for he was in Mr. Pitcairn's office, three or four hundred
+feet from where I was--and that he wanted to see me, and I went there,
+and General Brinton came in at the same time, and I was present when
+the discussion took place between the two gentlemen as to the proper
+course to pursue.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. After the firing?
+
+A. Yes; General Brinton said that he was not satisfied with the orders
+he had; that his orders were to go down and take possession of the
+property, but that none had been received about firing on the mob, and
+that he could not order his men to do it, and he wanted orders to
+disperse the mob, as it was re-assembling, and drive it away and make
+an end of it; or he wanted orders to get his command into a different
+position; that they were hemmed in between the shops and the hill, and
+were very much exposed to a fire of stones and a fire from the mob, and
+he did not think the place tenable, unless he got orders to attack and
+drive away the mob. General Pearson hesitated quite a while, and
+finally, after five minutes' discussion, or more, he said he did not
+think it his duty to attack the mob with that small force. He had no
+doubt that General Brinton could drive off and disperse the crowd, but
+there would be a great loss of life, and he thought the best thing was
+to retire the troops and wait for reinforcements, and then overawe the
+crowd and prevent bloodshed. I did not take any part in the discussion.
+I think that General Pearson asked me one or two questions, and I said
+that I was not a military man; that all I wanted was to get possession
+of the property again. I went afterwards to the Union depot.
+
+Q. And did you remain at the Union depot all night?
+
+A. To one o'clock, and then went to the Monongahela House.
+
+Q. Were you there when General Pearson came in from the round-house?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. Did you hear what was said by General Pearson to General Latta?
+
+A. No; I came into General Latta's room about seven o'clock that
+evening. My room was on the same floor. I saw General Pearson sitting
+down there, and he said he had come down to communicate with General
+Latta. I made some remark about his getting there--how he got there,
+and he said he had come along the tracks and among the cars, and was
+not recognized. I went away, and when I came in afterwards he had gone.
+I was not a witness of anything that passed between the two gentlemen.
+
+Q. Do you know where General Pearson was during the firing between the
+troops and the people?
+
+A. I believe he was in Mr. Pitcairn's office. I was so told that he was
+in the office at the time--by the clerks.
+
+Q. Do you remember how General Pearson was dressed when the troops went
+out to Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. He was in a sort of undress uniform--light pantaloons and ordinary
+fatigue coat--a military coat. He was not in full uniform.
+
+Q. In fatigue uniform?
+
+A. Yes; a blue military sack coat, and, I think, light or white
+pantaloons.
+
+Q. Did he have his sword?
+
+A. No; I think he had a little cane in his hand.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When he went out?
+
+A. When he went down with the troops.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How was he when he returned?
+
+A. In the same way, except that he had his coat on his arms. He was in
+his shirt sleeves. It was a very hot evening--a close evening.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did he wear his belt?
+
+A. I think not; but I am not positive about that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you observe a belt he had on--a very fine belt?
+
+A. No: he may have had it on, but I don't recollect it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In the conversation that you had with James Park, junior, do you
+remember which day it was--whether it was Friday or Saturday?
+
+A. I think it must have been on Saturday--I think it was.
+
+Q. Can you state the nature of the conversation?
+
+A. Mr. Park, I think, was arguing against the propriety of sending the
+troops down, and said that the mob was a very violent one, and there
+were very large numbers of them, and that we ought to have eight or ten
+thousand troops to disperse them, and he thought that the troops ought
+not to go down. I replied in substance that was not my business. That I
+was to open the roads as soon as the tracks were cleared, and I
+supposed that General Brinton had his orders, and would obey them.
+
+Q. Did he suggest that it was a bad time to undertake to open the road
+that afternoon?
+
+A. I think he did, but I gave him to understand clearly that I had no
+control over the matter; that I was only anxious to get the road open.
+He wanted me to suggest to the State authorities, or to ask them not to
+go down with the troops that day, or until we got reinforcements, and
+other suggestions were made by some other gentlemen--by Mr. Thaw--but I
+declined to have anything to do with them. In fact, Mr. Thaw had
+written out a note urging that the troops should not be taken down. I
+said I didn't think it was our business; that we were in the hands of
+the State, and that they ought to decide. Mr. John Scott, the solicitor
+of the Pennsylvania Company, came into the office while the discussion
+was going on, and said I was right, and Mr. Thaw then tore up the note;
+but he then made a strong appeal to me, personally, not to have the
+troops sent down; but I had made up my mind not to interfere in any way
+with the State officials, and I did not. I took the position that we
+were in their hands, and it was their problem to work out.
+
+Q. Did General Pearson talk to you about the propriety of undertaking
+to open the road Saturday afternoon?
+
+A. There was no discussion about it. It was taken as a matter of course
+that the troops would be down there. On Friday it was talked about, but
+on Saturday, when the Philadelphia troops arrived, there was no
+discussion about it. It was understood that they were to move down
+there at once.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. At the time of this conversation between General Brinton and General
+Pearson in the office, did you hear General Brinton ask for permission
+to attack the mob?
+
+A. I don't know whether it was put in that form, but he said he had
+force enough to disperse the mob and to keep them away, and wanted
+positive orders to attack them. My recollection is, he objected to the
+form of the orders he had--it throwed the responsibility. He said I
+have got force enough, and my men are ready to obey orders. I have got
+force enough to disperse the mob if I have orders to do so. He stated
+to General Pearson, when he came in, that he had not given the orders
+to fire, nor had any of his officers, but that the troops had fired in
+self defense, which I think I can justify myself, as I saw the stones
+and the pistol shots fired at them before they turned and fired; and,
+indeed, the way in which the fire was returned led me to believe that
+it was not upon an order. It was scattering at first, but then became
+general.
+
+Q. At the distance you were off, what led you to believe that no order
+was given to fire?
+
+A. I was about one hundred and fifty yards, or perhaps a little less
+than that away, and I don't suppose the troops could have heard a
+command, if given, as there was such a shouting and yelling. The crowd
+was very large, and they all seemed to be shouting and hallooing. There
+was quite a shower of stones before the firing commenced, and when it
+did commence it was scattering, but then became quite general. It
+lasted a minute or two minutes, and I could see the officers trying to
+stop the firing, after it commenced.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You remained at the Union depot until one o'clock?
+
+A. Until one o'clock, Sunday morning.
+
+Q. Did you learn that the mob had commenced firing at that time?
+
+A. Yes; we saw the fire at that time. I left the depot in the first
+place pretty thoroughly worn out, and then it was urged that there was
+an ill feeling against Mr. Pitcairn, and General Pearson, and myself,
+and they thought it might endanger the building if I remained there, so
+I went up to the Monongahela house, and spent the night there.
+
+Q. Did you have an interview with either General Latta or General
+Pearson, in regard to preventing the mob from firing the property?
+
+A. General Pearson had left at that time, and General Latta had no
+force at all. There was a mile of space between the depot and the
+round-house, where the troops were, and there was a crowd of people all
+along that distance.
+
+Q. Had General Pearson his coat off when he came in?
+
+A. Yes; it was a surprise to me that General Pearson could get out at
+the time he did. He must have been disguised. He had his coat on his
+arm. He must have got in among the cars.
+
+Q. Were you on the ground, anywhere in the vicinity, on Sunday?
+
+A. I was at the Monongahela house until eleven or twelve o'clock on
+Sunday. I then went over the Point bridge, and took that road because
+there was no crowd there, in company with Mr. Bennett, who drove me
+over. We went to Mr. Layng's office, and afterwards came back to the
+Monongahela house, and stayed there until two or three o'clock, and I
+then went to Allegheny City, and stayed there until eight o'clock,
+trying to get provisions to General Brinton. I succeeded in getting two
+wagon loads off, about eight o'clock in the evening.
+
+Q. Had you or any of the officials of the road been able to ascertain
+whether there was any arrangement for a strike of the employés of the
+road?
+
+A. We had heard that the men had organized the Trainmen's Union, as
+they call it, and that a strike was threatened; but on looking at the
+thing as carefully as we could, we came to the opinion, or we did not
+believe, that any strike would take place, and we were rather surprised
+when the strike did take place. We never had any delegations from the
+men or any committees come to see us.
+
+Q. Were there any complaints from the men after the issuing of the
+order reducing the wages ten per cent.?
+
+A. There was no formal complaints. A committee of engineers came to see
+Mr. Scott, and after the interview with him, they asked him to put his
+statement in writing--what he said to them--the necessity for the
+reduction and the disposition of the company to restore the wages when
+the business of the company revived; which he did. In reply, they wrote
+a letter acquiescing in the reduction, because the company believed it
+was a necessity, and that they would accept it as cheerfully as they
+could.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. Shortly after the reduction took effect or after it was announced--a
+couple of weeks before the strike. We never had any communication from
+any brakemen or firemen or any one respecting that. This running of
+double-headers, to which they objected, had been practiced on the
+Pittsburgh division for a number of years, but not to the same extent.
+Many of the coal trains were running with two engines, and, as a matter
+of economy, it was decided to run all through trains with two engines.
+On other portions of the road, we ran fifty or sixty cars to a train,
+but at that end, we only ran seventeen cars with one engine, and in
+increasing the numbers of cars, we reduced the number of train hands,
+and saved expenses; and in order to do this, we decided double-headers.
+Some of the men objected to that. That may have been a pretext for the
+strike, but the men were not working any more hours.
+
+Q. Did the issuing of the order running double-headers necessarily
+discharge any men?
+
+A. It reduced the force of brakeman.
+
+Q. And of engineers?
+
+A. Not of engineers or firemen.
+
+Q. Conductors?
+
+A. Conductors also.
+
+Q. And brakemen?
+
+A. Yes; the men at that time were making short time, because business
+was slack. They were not making more than three, four, or five days a
+week--five trips, and the monthly wages were small. We had discharged a
+good many men--twenty-five or thirty per cent. of the men, but the
+remainder, of course, would have made better wages, and we paid by the
+trip only.
+
+Q. How did the business of your company compare with the business done
+by the company for the three months preceding that time?
+
+A. It was much lighter. The business fluctuated a good deal. There is
+sometimes a market for grain, in Europe for instance, when the
+shipments are large, and then again the shipments slack off. That very
+day I got a message from Mr. McCullough, the vice president of the
+western lines, stating that there was a brisk demand for cars, and
+asking me to send cars. If they had only waited a couple of weeks, they
+could all have had enough to do.
+
+Q. How did the business compare with the amount of business done at the
+same time in the previous year?
+
+A. We very often have periods of light business, quite as light as
+that--very often--that last a few weeks or a month or two.
+
+Q. Was that what induced the company to reduce the wages--the falling
+off of business?
+
+A. No; because we did not anticipate that falling off of business. In
+fact, the tonnage that year showed an increase, but on account of the
+low prices at which the business had to be hauled, we are forced to cut
+down expenses or else break.
+
+Q. Freights were lower than they had been?
+
+A. Yes; they had been decreasing for a number of years. We had to do
+the work cheaper.
+
+Q. Was that in relation to through and local freights, both?
+
+A. Yes; everything. Our local business was formerly the much larger
+portion of our trade, and the rates at which they were done were lower
+than they had been.
+
+Q. Did that ten per cent. reduction apply to all the officers and
+employés of the road?
+
+A. Yes; to all the officers and employés of the road, from the
+president down.
+
+Q. Did it apply to the Pennsylvania Central Railroad and all its
+branches?
+
+A. Yes; the order was given simultaneously to reduce on all the lines
+east and west of Pittsburgh. It was the second reduction made since the
+panic of 1873. Our board thought that the shrinkage or rather the
+reduction in the wages of that class of labor had been much greater
+than nineteen per cent., and that our men ought to be able to stand
+that.
+
+Q. When was the first reduction made?
+
+A. In the fall of 1873.
+
+Q. What was the amount of that?
+
+A. Ten per cent.; and then this reduction of ten per cent. made an
+aggregate reduction of nineteen per cent. on the original pay of 1873.
+Nearly every other class of labor had come down more than that.
+
+Q. It was the only reduction made since 1873?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were any of the employés of the road getting less than a dollar a
+day?
+
+A. None of the train men were. I think that some of the apprentices in
+the shops were--the boys--and my impression is that they and the
+laboring men on the track were getting ten cents an hour, or a dollar a
+day. When the last reduction was made it didn't apply to the men
+getting a dollar a day.
+
+Q. A dollar a day, or less?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did these men who were working at a dollar a day have an opportunity
+to put in full time?
+
+A. They worked by the day--full time--and the only thing that caused
+them to lose any time was bad weather, when they could not work.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You mean the laboring men?
+
+A. Yes; laborers about the shops--unskilled labor--on the track.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Do you know anything about citizens going to Mayor McCarthy and
+asking him to swear in police officers to maintain peace in the city of
+Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I don't know. All I know is what Mr. Stewart told me--about the
+mayor's reply to him when he took a message to him, that he would not
+swear in the policemen who were discharged--we offering to pay the
+wages.
+
+Q. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company offering to pay the wages?
+
+A. Yes; I was told he had discharged about a hundred men, and we
+thought that the hundred men who had been on the force--accustomed to
+the people--could be better handled. We made the offer to pay them.
+
+Q. Did you ever have any strike before?
+
+A. I don't remember any strike in the last seventeen or eighteen years
+on the Pennsylvania road.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Had any differences arisen between the employés and the company at
+any time?
+
+A. Oh, yes; differences have arisen, but none that were not adjusted by
+compromise.
+
+Q. Was there any difference existing between the company and the
+employés about the time of the strike on the Reading railroad--you
+remember there was a strike a few months before on the Reading
+railroad--principally the engineers?
+
+A. There was no difference, at that time, that I know of.
+
+Q. What is the general policy of your company in such cases--cases of
+disagreement or dissatisfaction between you and the men?
+
+A. We hear the statement of the men, and if we think they have any just
+ground for complaint, we endeavor to remedy them, and after we have
+said so and so, we stand by our position. We looked upon this objection
+of the men to the running of double-headers as an interference with our
+own business. We thought that if we would let them say how many engines
+or cars should go to a train, we might as well give up the management
+into their hands, so we did not have any discussion about it. But we
+had no formal complaint. No committee waited on us in regard to that.
+We simply knew that some of the men objected, but from no person had we
+any complaint in a formal way. We did not think it a thing that
+affected the men, personally, but thought it simply a question of
+management.
+
+Q. Always, when any difficulty had arisen or any complaint had been
+made, you had come to an amicable solution?
+
+A. It had been the result before. I don't think that any strike on the
+road has taken place--certainly not since 1860, probably not for two or
+three years before that. There was a strike of engineers before that
+which was adjusted by conference.
+
+Q. You knew nothing of the action of the sheriff at Pittsburgh, or the
+proclamation of the Governor, until you arrived at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Nothing.
+
+Q. Then you had nothing to do with the proclamation?
+
+A. Nothing whatever. I never saw it until it was printed in the papers.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. To whom did you first make application for protection to your
+property?
+
+A. I stopped at Greensburg, on my way out, and saw the Lieutenant
+Governor, supposing that, in the absence of the Governor, he was the
+proper one to take action, and having been advised, on my way out, that
+Sheriff Fife had telegraphed him for assistance. I stopped over one
+train, the trains being run close together, to ascertain what action he
+was going to take, and I came on the next train to Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Did you ever make any application to the mayor of Pittsburgh or of
+Allegheny for protection?
+
+A. I did not make any personally, but it was done by the officers
+before I got there.
+
+Q. Did you make any direct application to the State authorities for
+protection?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know who made the application to the State for protection?
+
+A. I was informed that Sheriff Fife did. I was informed by telegraph,
+on the way, on Friday night--early on Friday morning, I think, at
+Cresson, that Sheriff Fife had called upon the Lieutenant Governor for
+assistance; that he had not force enough to disperse----
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were informed by your solicitor, Mr. Scott, what had been done
+in the way of calling for help on your arrival?
+
+A. Yes; I was informed that he had first called upon the sheriff, and
+that the sheriff had made an attempt to recover possession of the
+property, and failed, and that the sheriff had made a formal call on
+the State officials.
+
+Q. Did Mr. Scott state that they had called on the mayor before calling
+on the sheriff?
+
+A. I don't recollect that. I don't know. When I got there, on Friday
+morning, the Governor's proclamation had been issued, and the troops
+were called out, and the matter was then in the hands of the State.
+
+Q. Was any call made by you, or by any other officer of the
+Pennsylvania railroad, to your knowledge, upon the Governor directly?
+
+A. No, sir; none whatever.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was there any effort made by the strikers, or the railroad employés,
+to compromise the differences between the railroad company and
+themselves?
+
+A. We heard nothing from them at all up to the time of the strike. On
+Friday afternoon, a committee, representing the strikers, consisting, I
+think, of engineers and firemen and brakemen, two or three of them,
+called on Mr. Pitcairn in person, and presented a written demand,
+stating that unless these demands are complied with, that they would
+not run their trains. This committee met Mr. Pitcairn on the platform,
+and I went out there to hear what they had to say. He handed me this
+paper, and I read it, and handed it back, and told him to have no
+further talk with them; that they had demanded such things that we
+couldn't grant them at all, and it wasn't worth while to discuss the
+matter. They demanded that their wages should be raised, and that
+double-headers should not be run; that no more than seventeen cars
+should be run to a train; that each engineer should have the privilege
+of selecting his own fireman, and that that the firemen should not be
+changed without his consent, and a number of other things of the same
+kind.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. They also had up the classification?
+
+A. Yes; the classification of engineers was to be abolished, and no man
+engaged in the strike was to be discharged. In other words, they
+proposed taking the road out of our hands.
+
+Q. What was the classification of engineers?
+
+A. It was introduced on our road, on the lines west of Pittsburgh, in
+1871 or 1872, I think. The engineers asked for an advance of wages at
+that time, claiming that they were not being paid as much as other
+lines were paying--other lines that competed with us. A committee,
+representing each division of the road, called upon Mr. Scott at that
+time and asked for an advance, which resulted in the meeting being
+adjourned to Pittsburgh, where I met them. Mr. Layng and I presented
+this plan, stating that we were willing to advance the older men, but
+we couldn't advance the younger men in the service. I think it advanced
+all men who had been in the service over ten years ten per cent., and
+made no advance for the others. The understanding was that there should
+be four classes of men. In the first class, those who had served three
+years; that they should be in the second class two years; and be in the
+third class one year; and a man who was promoted from a fireman, should
+be in the fourth class. We made an advance of ten per cent. in the one
+class, and the second was ten per cent. below the first, and the third
+was ten per cent. below the second.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You graded the men according to their time of service and
+efficiency?
+
+A. According to their value to the company.
+
+Q. Was that one of the things complained of by the men?
+
+A. I didn't know that there was any complaint about that until this
+committee came on Friday afternoon, and that was one of the things they
+wanted to abolish--the classification.
+
+Q. So that they should be all alike?
+
+A. All alike. I doubt very much to-day whether it is the sentiment of
+the road at all. I don't think that fair and sensible. It is the proper
+thing to do, but I don't think, however, that had anything to do with
+the strike, but they thought while they were asking for so many things,
+they might as well ask for that, too.
+
+
+    SCRANTON, _March 29, 1878_.
+
+The committee met at the Wyoming house, at six o'clock, P.M. Mr.
+Lindsey in the chair.
+
+All members present except Mr. Dewees.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+R. H. McKune:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where your residence is?
+
+A. City of Scranton.
+
+Q. Were you mayor of the city in July last.
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How long had you been mayor previous to that time?
+
+A. I took the office of mayor in 1875--20th March.
+
+Q. When did your term expire?
+
+A. It will expire next Monday, sir.
+
+Q. I wish you would just go on Mr. McKune, in your own way, and make a
+statement of the disturbance that occurred in your city here in July
+last, giving the date when it commenced?
+
+A. Will I commence with it at the commencement of the suspension?
+
+Q. I think you had better give us a summary of it right along?
+
+A. On Sunday evening, July 22, I think, I received notice, or received
+information, in regard to the riot at Pittsburg. I at that time was at
+Ocean Grove. I immediately started for home, taking the train next
+morning, and reached home Monday evening. I found the citizens here
+very much excited over a rumor of a strike that was to occur.
+
+Q. What day was that?
+
+A. On Tuesday. I attempted to get my council together, but found that
+they were opposed to taking any action for protection in any way, and
+gave it up. The strike was fixed to occur the next day. On Wednesday, I
+went to the depot, and was in the office of the superintendent, when a
+gentleman connected with the strike came in and stated to Mr.
+Halsted----
+
+Q. The superintendent of what road?
+
+A. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western--that the trains could go no
+further. The superintendent asked me for protection for the train.
+
+Q. On the 25th?
+
+A. On the 25th; yes, sir.
+
+Q. What time of day?
+
+A. This was at nine-fifty, sir. It was on the 25th, and this young man
+said that they would permit the engine and mail car to go through, but
+none--all the other cars to go, or the coaches--none of the coaches to
+go.
+
+Q. Do you know who that gentleman was?
+
+A. Mr. William F. Halsted, the superintendent of the road, will know. I
+think we will have him.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Do you know yourself?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not. He was one of the employés of the road. He was
+one of the members of the executive committee--one of the executive
+committee of strikers. Mr. Halsted asked me if we could give him any
+protection to get the train through. The crowd was dense. I told him
+no. That my advice was that the engine be taken and run into the yard.
+I might say right here, in coming through New York, I had had an
+interview with Moses Taylor and other parties connected with the road,
+and I gave them to understand that I had no force here of any moment,
+and, from what I knew, that the Governor was out of the State; that I,
+probably, could not have any to assist them in getting a train through,
+and that the best way was not to attempt to push a train through until
+we could get sufficient force to do so. That was why I advised Mr.
+Halsted so to do. Mr. Halsted gave orders to have the engine taken and
+placed in the yard--not in the round-house, but in the yard--refused to
+permit it to go without it went with the train. Previous to that, I
+telegraphed in respect to the difficulty to Governor Hartranft, and
+received this telegram: "The Governor will be here at one o'clock. Let
+things remain in _statu quo_, and do not precipitate a collision.
+Signed by C. N. Farr."
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where is it dated?
+
+A. Dated Harrisburg. Immediately upon the cars being--upon the engine
+being taken off--I telegraphed to the Governor stating the fact that
+the strikers had taken the coaches off. That is, on the 24th
+instant--the 25th, we have got the dates wrong there--no, the dates
+must be right, this must be wrong, July 24. I telegraphed to the
+Governor like this, "The coaches have been taken off the mail train."
+During the afternoon the Governor's dispatch, after arriving, advising
+Mr. Halsted to let the mail car go through, which dispatch was sent not
+only to Mr. Halsted, but to the strikers. Their meeting was in the
+office immediately opposite to mine, and we then consulted in the
+evening or immediately, and from what I could gather as to the wishes
+of the parties--the board of directors concluded not to put the train
+through. On July 26, everything during the day was quiet. I would say
+on the 26th, the miners came out--the employés of the Delaware,
+Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, with also the mining
+company--they came out from their works to hold a meeting at the Round
+woods--a meeting probably of six or eight thousand.
+
+Q. Where are the Round woods?
+
+A. The Round woods lie in the Fifth ward--just on the borders of the
+Fifth ward, and the adjoining township. At this meeting a committee was
+appointed for the purpose of conferring with Mr. Storrs, asking for an
+advance of wages, and so on.
+
+Q. Who was Mr. Storrs?
+
+A. He is general manager of the coal department of the Delaware,
+Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company. This is Thursday. The streets
+began to be filled at that time with strange faces, faces of which my
+officers, nor none of the old citizens, nor the foreman of any of the
+companies could identify as citizens of our city. As I said before, I
+had asked a member of council, and tried to get my council called
+together to see what they would do to assist me in regard to the
+matter, and there was nothing done, and I then called together an
+advisory committee, consisting of seven of our leading men of the city.
+I selected gentlemen who were not connected in any way, who were all
+property holders, and not connected in any way with any of the
+corporations. That advisory committee met in the morning, at nine
+o'clock, and at three o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. On Thursday?
+
+A. Yes, sir; and the whole time during the strike. On Thursday the
+pumps in the mines were vacated--ceased to work--and on the 27th of the
+month I received a notification from the Delaware, Lackawanna and
+Western Railroad Company, through their president, Sam Sloan, like
+this:
+
+    ROBERT H. MCKUNE, _Mayor of the City of Scranton_:
+
+    You are hereby notified that by reason of strikes and threats and
+    unlawful conduct of disorderly and evil disposed persons, the
+    Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company apprehend that
+    their property, situated within our city, is in danger of damage
+    and destruction, and that the said company is unable to protect its
+    rights and property, and look to you to use such lawful measures as
+    will prevent its destruction and assure its safety.
+
+
+    DELAWARE LACKAWANNA AND WESTERN RAILROAD COMPANY,
+    Per SAM SLOAN,
+    _President_.
+
+The same day I also received a notification from Mr. W. W. ----.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Who was it signed by?
+
+A. The railroad company, per "Sam Sloan, president"--not "Samuel," you
+will notice it is "Sam Sloan." I also received from W. W. Scranton,
+superintendent, on the same day--W. W. Scranton, general superintendent
+of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company--a like notification. I should
+state that on the 26th I had received from Mr. Lathrop, the receiver of
+the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey, a like notice. On receiving
+this notice I immediately placed a few special policemen out, and in
+consulting with my advisory committee, it was thought best to swear in
+a number of special policemen from among our citizens, who would be
+willing to act in case of emergency or outbreak, or the like of that
+without compensation.
+
+Q. Will you tell how many policemen you had in the city at that time?
+
+A. I had in the city, at that time, nine--ten regular police for day
+and night service, and put on eight specials. I had eighteen policemen
+in a city of thirty-five thousand inhabitants. I run the city now with
+eleven policemen.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Will you please state just here, if you had any difficulty in
+getting men to serve as police officers, that were citizens of this
+city?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Let him get through with the history.
+
+A. In the mean time, I had continued my--I may say that on the 25th, a
+committee from the railroad employés, a committee from several of the
+organizations of strikers, waited upon me to ask me to issue a
+proclamation prohibiting the sale of liquor. I issued the following:
+
+    MAYOR'S OFFICE, SCRANTON, PENNSYLVANIA, _July 25,1877_.
+
+    The general public opinion, as expressed to me, seems not to
+    apprehend any violence or danger, unless a too free use of liquor
+    shall be indulged in; and, at the request of committees from the
+    workingmen's organizations and others, who have called upon me this
+    morning, requesting me to close all places where liquor is sold, I,
+    therefore, in compliance with said request, ask of you to close
+    your bars, and to strictly abstain from the selling of all kinds of
+    liquor for the present.
+
+    R. H. MCKUNE,
+    _Mayor_.
+
+I will state that, as a general thing, that request was complied with
+up to the 27th or 28th; in fact, all of our eating-houses sold no
+liquor during the whole time of the strike. Immediately upon my
+advisory committee coinciding with me in regard to my special
+police--they were afterwards known as vigilants--I placed the matter in
+the hands of Colonel Hitchcock for organization, and Captain Ripple and
+Captain Merryman. They immediately commenced their organization of
+enrollment, and during Thursday, I think, some thirty enrolled
+themselves. In the meantime, on the 27th, I had from Carney's, near
+Harrisburg--there seems to be two dates here, one of 27th and the other
+28th--the following telegram:
+
+    ROBERT H. MCKUNE, _Mayor_:
+
+    Can do nothing for you at this moment. If you have patience for a
+    few days, I hope to be able to relieve you.
+
+    J. P. HARTRANFT.
+
+Q. Dated where?
+
+A. That is on the Pennsylvania Central, dated 28th. This was in answer
+to a telegram to know if I could have troops. He had previously sent me
+a message like this:
+
+    "General Osborne and troops have been ordered to aid civil
+    authorities. His attention has been called to your dispatch. His is
+    all the force now at command."
+
+I will state that General Osborne has command of forces of the division
+that belongs here in this section, and my committee were of the opinion
+that that force would be of no benefit to us. Thus things remained in a
+comparatively quiet state until the 27th, when I sent the following
+message to the Governor:
+
+    "The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company have asked
+    me for aid, to prevent their mines from being flooded, and
+    otherwise destroyed. I am unable to render the assistance required.
+    Can you have sent here a body of United States troops. The militia
+    are in sympathy with the strikers, and, in the opinion of my
+    advisory committee, would be of no avail. The presence of United
+    States troops, in my opinion, would secure the desired purpose,
+    without a conflict."
+
+It was in answer to this dispatch that the Governor sends this of the
+28th, marked Carney's. On Friday evening was the first evening that I
+met any portion of my posse, or special police, as they were called;
+swore in at that time a portion, and again on Saturday they were
+furnished with arms, which we procured here--Remington rifles, mostly.
+There were some muskets that had been left by the companies, in the
+armories of the companies that had gone to rendezvous with General
+Osborne, which I took possession of, and had them sent to my
+head-quarters. I had established my head-quarters for the posse at the
+Lackawanna Coal Company's store, where the arms were all kept, and
+where men were on duty day and night. Thus matters stood with us until
+Sunday, when, sending for a committee of the employés that had been
+appointed at the meeting at the Round woods, and laying the state of
+the case before them, that a cessation of the pumps in the mines was
+only going to destroy and injure them; that as far as the company was
+concerned, they would be but little injured, for they didn't care
+anything about the coal getting out; that some of our mines were in
+such a situation that if the lower pumps were drowned out, which they
+would be, it would take six months, or even a year, for them to get
+pumped out again. The committee, after a couple of hours talk with
+them, were enabled to see the folly of their course, and I issued
+there, in their presence--framed the following proclamation, which I
+had posted in the many mines in the disaffected districts, during the
+riot:
+
+    MAYOR'S PROCLAMATION.
+
+    WHEREAS, A difference of opinion having occurred between
+    the employers and employés of several corporations in this city,
+    whereby labor at the different collieries has been suspended, and
+    on account of this suspension, serious injury has been effected,
+    the most serious of which is the non-working of the mines;
+
+    _And whereas_, I have the assurance that the men at the collieries
+    are willing to render me their most hearty cooperation for the
+    protection of those who may desire to work the pumps, I hail this
+    as a good omen, and trust that no opposition may be made to the
+    starting of the pumps, and I hereby invoke the good offices of all
+    good citizens to aid the companies in protecting their property of
+    every kind from injury or destruction, and I do also hereby warn
+    all persons that the property not only of corporations, but of
+    individuals, must be protected, and that any act of violence or
+    lawlessness will be by me resisted with all the force I can
+    command, and to this end I call upon all citizens of the city to
+    aid me.
+
+    ROBERT H. MCKUNE, _Mayor_.
+    MAYOR'S OFFICE, CITY OF SCRANTON, _July 29, 1877_.
+
+Immediately upon the adjournment of the committee, I notified Mr.
+Storrs--Henry R. Storrs--the superintendent of the collieries here, and
+on Monday morning the men were put in at the pumps to work, and the
+pumps in the most of the mines were set to work. In the meantime, on
+Saturday, at the meeting of the councils, the following resolution was
+passed:
+
+    "_Resolved by the common council_, (_the select council
+    concurring_,) That it is the sense of the councils that there is no
+    danger of riot or disturbance in the city, and that there is among
+    the workingmen no disposition to disturb the peace of the
+    community, and that there is at present no necessity for any
+    increase of the special police, and that any so-called policemen or
+    watchmen or the employés will not be paid out of the city funds.
+
+    "On motion, the clerk was instructed to notify the mayor of the
+    action of the councils on the above resolution.
+
+    "All of which is hereby respectfully submitted."
+
+So, you see, I was running this thing somewhat single-handed. On
+Monday, the pumps, as I said, were going, and on Monday morning, at
+nine o'clock, I sent for the executive committee of the brakemen and
+firemen of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, and,
+in consultation with them, I there gave them to understand that the
+citizens of the city were desirous of having their trains placed again
+on the road, so that they could have their mails, the banks could have
+their money, so that the men who had been at work could receive their
+pay, and, after a long conversation, lasting three hours, I gave them
+to understand that I should start a train next morning, at the regular
+schedule time, nine-fifty, and that any attempt on their part to
+obstruct it would be met with all the force I could command. The
+gentlemen of the committee wanted to know when I wanted an answer in
+regard to whether they would run, and I told them I would like an
+answer that afternoon, at four o'clock. They immediately, upon leaving
+my office, called for a meeting of the men who were here in the city,
+and, at three-thirty, took a vote in regard to the question of
+resumption, and, by a vote of eighty-two to seven, voted to resume
+work, and at six o'clock that evening the train that had started from
+Binghamton, upon a telegraph, passed through here. So on Tuesday
+evening, the pumps at the mines were working, the road was open. There
+was a general feeling of quietude among our citizens, and hopes that
+the strike was passed. On Tuesday morning, the committee from the Round
+woods, as we called them, met at my office for the purpose of holding
+consultation with General Brisbin.
+
+Q. You say that was on Tuesday?
+
+A. Yes. The legal adviser of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western
+Railroad Company, in that interview, lasting some three hours, the
+whole situation was very thoroughly gone over on the part of the men,
+by almost each one of them taking some part in the debate, Mr. Brisbin,
+taking the standing and circumstances of the company and the men, then
+made the following proposition: That in case hereafter, any differences
+of opinion arising between employer and employés, that upon the
+appointment of the committee from the employés, and notifying Mr.
+Brisbin of the same, that he would call the board of directors
+together, forward to this committee transportation, and that they
+should have the opportunity of telling their grievances, direct to the
+board of directors. This was one point the men tried to gain, in their
+long strike--the six month's strike--one they gained at this time. I
+never saw men seemingly more highly pleased with the result, and not
+only those, but Mr. Brisbin himself. During the afternoon and evening,
+when the information got through the city--when the evening papers came
+out, announcing the facts--the opinion in regard to the strike was,
+that the strike was about over, and we had rumors in regard to a
+meeting at the silk-works. We all presumed that the reports of this
+city would be given to that meeting, and that the meeting would,
+without question, resolve to go to work. The question of the advance of
+wages, had been abandoned, almost in the first interview with Mr.
+Brisbin and Mr. Storrs. In the evening, I met a number of special
+police posse at my head-quarters, stayed there probably half or three
+quarters of an hour, talking matters over, and we supposed that the
+emergency was over, and we relaxed, as it were, our vigilance, and most
+of the men went home. I had not been in bed, at the time I reached
+home, from the Tuesday night previous, at all. I stayed at home next
+day and night. I went home that night, and went to bed. I reached my
+office that morning, at about nine o'clock. I had relieved the officers
+that had been on day and night.
+
+Q. Do you speak of Tuesday or Wednesday?
+
+A. Wednesday, the 1st day of August. In the meantime, I might say,
+right here, that we had established a code of signals, to call any
+posse together, if it should become necessary. I need not say what it
+was--it was a code of signals to be given through one of the church
+bells. A gentleman was at my office, who represented the posse to carry
+the signal, or carry the orders for the signal to the men who were at
+the bell, and they were not to ring the bell without orders so given by
+the party. I remark this, for the purpose of showing in regard to what
+occurred now, upon the morning of the 1st. I had been hearing some
+cases, and was about through, when some parties came in, and said there
+was a large crowd coming up from the silk-works.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. I should think about half-past ten.
+
+Q. In the morning?
+
+A. Yes, sir; half-past ten or a quarter to eleven. One gentlemen, young
+Mr. Logan, came in with a request from Mr. Scranton that the signal
+bell should be rung. About the same time, Colonel Hitchcock, over the
+posse, came in and informed me that a crowd was down round in the
+neighborhood of the machine-shops, that I showed you to-day, and he
+immediately left the office. I gave, both to him and Mr. Logan, this
+order, that they might go to head-quarters as quickly as they could,
+and any of the boys of the posse that they might see, to notify to come
+immediately there, and remain there till I should send orders, or the
+signal bell should be rung. About the same time, Lieutenant Brown came
+in, and I then put on my hat, and we walked up the street together. We
+noticed, or, at least, came across a number of the boys, and we ordered
+them immediately up to head-quarters; and when I came to the corner of
+Lackawanna and Washington avenue, looking down the machine-shops of the
+Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, I saw the whole
+space there covered with a large number of people.
+
+Q. Give an estimate of the number, if you can, Mr. McKune?
+
+A. Well, sir, from what I could see--what came under my observation, I
+should say three or four thousand people, sir, upon the railroad,
+through and in that part below the road. There were but very few
+people, we passed but very few people, comparatively, upon the main
+avenue, as we went up. I went down through the crowd, and as I struck
+the outer edge of the crowd, I said to them something like this: "Boys
+this won't answer. You are doing wrong. You must disperse and go home."
+Most of them that I first saw--the great majority of them--were of
+those that I knew. The way was immediately opened. Lieutenant Brown was
+with me. We walked side by side. I went in that way down as far as the
+office of the car shops--the Mackanny office, as I call it--having
+learned that Mrs. Mackanny and her daughter was in there, and was very
+much terrified, and wished to be got out. I found the door locked, and
+in looking into the window, saw that young Miss Mackanny was in her
+father's arms, fainting, and, of course, I concluded it was best that
+she should remain there up there. Turned and came back, for the purpose
+of going to the company's store--the head-quarters. Having passed from
+the office probably thirty or thirty-five feet, a party of men came out
+from the roadway that leads in through to the shops--the car shops of
+the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company. I should think
+there was one hundred or one hundred and fifty of these men. They had
+mostly in their hands, clubs of different kinds, handles of picks, and
+sticks, and when the leader was within probably thirty feet of me, he
+made an inquiry--there was something of a fuss or noise right round
+where I was, and seemed to be the center of attraction--made an
+inquiry, "What was it? Who was it?" With that, some person standing in
+my vicinity says, "This is the mayor." Then, raising his club, hollered
+out, in an extreme loud voice, "Kill the son of a bitch. He has got no
+business here." With that, there were two pistol shots fired, one upon
+my right hand, and one upon my left, by my side, as I judge from the
+sound, and almost immediately with that, four or five men, one of them
+a constable of the Nineteenth ward, and another by the name of Duffy,
+and some three or four others, whom I did not know personally, rushed
+immediately behind me, to form a sort of a barrier against this crowd,
+that was seeming to make for me. With that, I was struck with a club--I
+judge it to be a club--right behind my shoulders very severely, so much
+so, that it started my left lung, which has been weak for some years,
+bleeding. My mouth was almost immediately filled with blood, a stone
+which was thrown hit me in my kidneys, and before I probably got ten
+steps, this crowd made towards me, and I was hit some numbers of times,
+but I kept square upon my feet. I dodged my head to avoid them as well
+as I could. In the meantime, Lieutenant Brown was standing by me. The
+very first signal, the very first exclamation of these men, I had
+ordered that the posse be sent for and the bells would be rung, but Mr.
+Brown dare not move. But the men passed the cry on, and it was taken up
+by others standing back. I probably went twenty steps before Father
+Dunn, the Catholic priest of the parish here, came down, and as soon as
+he saw me came right up to me and first took hold of my arm. He was a
+smaller armed man than I am; I then changed and took hold of his.
+Immediately upon his coming, this party that was behind trying to
+protect me was increased considerably, numbering twenty or twenty-five.
+Some of these men, who had had sticks in their hands, came up at this
+time.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. For your protection?
+
+A. Yes; the men I speak of, the constable of the Nineteenth ward, and
+William Duffy and others immediately upon the pistols being shot off,
+came right for my protection--the citizens here. I might say right
+here, that all that party who had swept through the shops and came
+under my observation, not one of them I recognized as a man whom I had
+ever seen before. The leader, whom I took very close observation of,
+was a man whom I had never cast my eyes upon before to my recollection.
+When we got to within twenty-five or thirty feet of the causeway under
+the railroad, the crowd behind broke through the party that was trying
+to protect me, and carried off Father Dunn. I slipped from him to the
+left of him, so that they rushed by me, and I escaped from them and
+went through under the railway bridge--under the railway near
+there--the causeway under the railway, and there met four of my
+policemen. In the meantime, the crowd commenced to surge past, filling
+the whole street almost, with the cry, "Now for the Lackawanna Iron and
+Coal Company's store." "Now for Lackawanna avenue. Let's clean out the
+town." The distance from where I met these policemen to Lackawanna
+avenue, is just a hundred feet, the depth of those lots. Just one
+hundred feet. When I reached Lackawanna avenue coming up Washington, in
+looking up the street, I saw my posse coming down. They were nearly
+opposite the Opera House, a distance of one hundred to one hundred and
+twenty feet from me. I stopped a moment, and the crowd seemed to give
+way, and waved my hands three times for them to come on. My idea was,
+if they could come down to my office, there we would make a stand, if
+they attempted to go to pillaging. I turned to go down towards my
+office. Lieutenant Brown was still with me. When opposite the store of
+Mr. Hunt, in whose employ he was, about twenty-five or thirty feet from
+the corner, he turned and went into the store. Just after he had left
+me, the crowd then commenced to surge down and fill up the street. I
+was struck with an instrument, whether it was a hammer or some heavy
+instrument I don't know--here, just back of the ear, and I have no
+memory from that moment of receiving the stroke--but I came down here
+as was testified to, at the trial, and went into the bank--the
+Merchants' and Mechanics', nearly opposite, at the distance from where
+I was struck, of about one hundred and twenty-five feet. I have no
+memory from that time till I found myself back again up the street,
+probably fifty feet, and just stepping off the sidewalk, and as I
+stepped off the sidewalk into the roadway, I partly fell upon my hands,
+and as I was raising up, I heard a shot or two, and a man cried out,
+"Now go for them, damn them, they are firing blank cartridges; now take
+their guns away from them; now kill them," and upon looking round, I
+saw two men standing together. I gave the word of command to fire, and
+almost immediately upon the word, a discharge was made, and upon the
+word fire, one man fell right in his tracks, right where he stood.
+
+Q. One of the rioters?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. It was your posse that fired?
+
+A. The posse fired. You will hear of the action of the posse from the
+gentlemen who were with the posse. I cannot give that. And then while
+standing--the two men seemed to be standing together--as the one fell,
+the other, who was standing with him, thew a stick, or stone, or
+something from his hand and started running, and ran probably ten or
+fifteen steps. He was covered very thoroughly by two guns, but the
+parties who were covering him with their guns could not apparently hit
+him without hitting somebody else. As soon as he uncovered himself the
+guns were immediately discharged, and he fell dead. Almost in a breath
+after this, the whole crowd turned in all directions, and inside of
+five minutes our avenues were almost clear of people. I came down--I do
+not know whether I mentioned that before I left--while Father Dunn and
+me were together, that one of those men in front of me previous to
+coming under the bridge came in front of me, and with a blow from a
+front as he passed by me, gave me a blow which broke my jaw and
+fractured the whole roof of my mouth.
+
+Q. The upper jaw?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I have no use, even now, of my front teeth. The jaw is not
+together at all. I am unable to use them at all for anything, only soft
+food. I called upon the citizens to rally, or at least took a
+gentleman's arm and he made the announcement for me, I was unable to
+say much, my mouth being so full of blood--calling upon them to come to
+the rendezvous at the company's store, as my head-quarters; the posse
+and myself then went there. I immediately telegraphed the Governor
+stating the case, and issued a proclamation calling upon the citizens
+to rally and take all precautionary measures possible for the
+suppression of any further outbreak. In the course of half an hour, the
+whole of the arms we had were placed in the hands of good responsible
+persons; our posse was drawn across the head of the street, and orders
+were sent--I sent my police out with orders that all persons should
+disperse--all crowds, and so on. In the course of probably half an hour
+from that, the report came that they were firing in the residence of
+the Messrs. Scranton, which was immediately above our head-quarters
+there. I went with the posse there, and placed some men on picket, and
+so on, taking precautionary measures. By two o'clock the crowds began
+to gather through the streets again. I sent my police officers out
+again to try to disperse the crowds. In the meantime, the dead bodies
+had been taken from off the streets, and taken home. Our acting chief
+came back and reported to me that he was unable to disperse the crowds.
+I immediately had Captain Repple to detail twenty-five men, and in
+company with him marched down the street, and as I met the crowds I
+merely said this: Gentlemen you must disperse, and go immediately home.
+I gave no other orders, and the result was that by the time I struck
+the corner here below, the crowd in this part had all dispersed, or
+dispersed immediately upon my giving orders. I sent the police on
+further, as I was quite weak at this time, bleeding very thoroughly
+from all of my wounds. I was unable to walk further, and went back
+again to head-quarters, and my policemen went on below, and were unable
+to disperse the crowd. The posse were kept on duty. I remained at
+head-quarters until next morning at half-past five o'clock, when
+General Brinton and his command arrived here. I then went home and had
+my wounds dressed. That is the history of the matter as I have it.
+
+Q. These twenty-five men that you sent down in the afternoon at two
+o'clock--who were they?
+
+A. They were the gentlemen I had sworn in as special police.
+
+Q. Citizens of the city?
+
+A. Yes; I could give you the names of them if I thought it was
+necessary, sir. Colonel Hitchcock, and Mr. Brown, and others of our
+best citizens.
+
+Q. What did you learn about the assembling of this crowd, if anything,
+as to where they got together?
+
+A. What I subsequently learned?
+
+Q. What have you learned since?
+
+A. The meeting was called at the silk-works--what we call the
+silk-works--it is in the Twentieth ward, near the outskirts of our
+city--the portion adjoining Taylorville--in a southerly direction. The
+resolutions which I got from the arrest of the gentleman who was
+president at the meeting--the chairman of the meeting--he was arrested
+and brought before me--and Mr. Thomas, who will be subpoenaed before
+you, can give you the exact wording of that resolution and can give you
+more intelligently the proceedings of that meeting than any other
+gentlemen that will be called upon. If you please, bear that in mind.
+
+Q. What time was that meeting at the silk-works held?
+
+A. I learned they commenced coming from Dunmore and the outer vicinity
+as early as three o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. Of What day?
+
+A. Of the 1st day of August.
+
+Q. Had been called by previous announcement?
+
+A. They called all their meetings in their own manner of calling--by
+runners. I might say right here, at this point, they had a complete
+code of signals on the night of the 1st of August. While we placed our
+sentinels on the top of the buildings we occupied, we could discern
+lights from one side of the valley to the other--from point to point--a
+line of different colors and different shades. They had a thorough code
+of signals so all the way through. You are aware, undoubtedly, that so
+far as the engineers or the firemen--the strikers--were concerned, they
+used their own alphabet in telegraphing over the wires. They used their
+alphabet.
+
+Q. Had there been any assembly prior to their reaching the silk-works?
+
+A. No, sir; this was the meeting.
+
+Q. What time did they leave the silk-works and come to the city?
+
+A. That the other gentlemen, (Mr. Manes,) can give you about the hour
+when they struck his works. I judge, I left my office somewhere about
+eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. Were there any railroad men among this crowd that assembled on the
+1st day of August?
+
+A. There were some railroad men that I saw at the shops around when I
+struck the crowd?
+
+Q. What class of men did they seem to be principally?
+
+A. Well, they were mechanics and miners and laborers.
+
+Q. Were there any men from the shops within the city?
+
+A. Yes; there were mechanics and laboring men from the shops. Among the
+men who were more upon the outskirts, were quite a number of the men
+who were employés of the shops--men whom I recognized--quite a number
+of them. As soon as I made the remark that they had better disperse,
+they commenced, upon the outer portion of the crowd, quite a number, to
+go through from under the archway, apparently going up the street.
+
+Q. Did you have any difficulty in getting extra police to serve?
+
+A. Yes; the paid specials I wanted to put on for the protection of the
+company's property, whom I placed for the purpose of relieving the city
+from any legal liability, after having received these notices, of which
+I have given you a copy. It was with difficulty I could find men who
+would accept the position. Quite a number who came and were sworn in on
+the morning before stopped at noon, and served half a day; but in
+regard to those that were specials--were paid--those were probably
+gathered through and by Colonel Hitchcock--a large number of
+those--quite a large number came to me; that is, volunteered first, and
+enrolled themselves.
+
+Q. Offered themselves?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And were sworn in?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any difficulty in getting men to serve in that way?
+
+A. No, sir; not in the least. Had all that I deemed was necessary, and
+more, too.
+
+Q. Had no difficulty in that respect?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. In getting the paid police that you spoke of first, what was the
+reason--what objections did they have in serving that way?
+
+A. That was on account of the resolutions that had been passed in
+some of the meetings of workingmen, in which this vote of censure
+against me for placing these special policemen on had been passed.
+These resolutions had been passed without the men having any
+knowledge--report had it that I was putting five hundred or a thousand
+special policemen on the city, and putting them on pay. I didn't deem
+it to be my duty, nor the interest of the city, to let everybody
+know what I was doing, and this report got it, and this series of
+resolutions was afterwards passed by the council--first started under
+a misapprehension.
+
+Q. Then I understand you to say, that it was not on account of any
+unwillingness of the citizens of Scranton to serve and aid in keeping
+the peace and good order of the city?
+
+A. There are the facts, just as they are. It was with difficulty that I
+could get them.
+
+Q. What powers are given you as mayor by the city charter or
+organization?
+
+A. We are acting under the law of 1874, the Wallace act, where the
+mayor has the same power as the sheriff to call a posse comitatus, and
+so on. I might state right here, in regard to the passage of that very
+act, that I was before the committee, Mr. Merryfield and myself, asking
+that very power of the sheriff to be given to a city. Or town, as an
+instance, where we were so far from the county seat, in the case of
+outbreak, under the old charter the mayor would be helpless.
+
+Q. Did you make any regular call upon the citizens to serve as a posse?
+
+A. I made this call, in which I called those enrolled--my posse. When I
+went up the street, I might state right here, that Mr. Thomas, a
+gentleman who will be here, who was one of the committee from the
+workingmen, came and guaranteed me any aid I might need.
+
+Q. How many did that posse number?
+
+A. One hundred and twenty, sir, enrolled.
+
+Q. Were ready to come at the signal?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You speak of legal liability. Is there any law by which your city is
+made liable for damages done within your limits?
+
+A. Nothing more, I suppose, than any neglect upon the part of the
+officers of the city to protect property. It is nothing further, sir.
+
+Q. Any act of Assembly?
+
+A. No, sir. I am not a lawyer, but I presume, if the officers of the
+city should fail to render abundant protection to property, when
+notified of its danger, that then the city would be held responsible,
+in case the property was destroyed.
+
+Q. In the interview that you had with the executive committee of the
+railroad employés, did you learn what their grievances were, and their
+reasons for striking?
+
+A. On account of wages--desired more wages.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Were they the first that struck?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Had there been any reduction of wages on the Delaware, Lackawanna
+and Western, or any of the roads leading to your town?
+
+A. Well, sir, I cannot tell you that, sir. The superintendent will be
+here.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What grievance did the railroad men complain of when they did
+strike?
+
+A. Only in regard to reduction of wages.
+
+Q. Had no other complaint?
+
+A. I understand that the miners themselves and the laborers in the mine
+didn't strike. They were forced out of the mines on account of no work
+the very moment that the railroad ceased operating. That morning, or
+the next day, at least, mining had to cease, because there was no place
+to put the coal that they mined; but, upon their coming out, they then
+assembled together, and asked for an advance of wages.
+
+Q. Had there been any reduction of wages among the miners prior to that
+strike?
+
+A. The wages had been under a reduction for some length of time.
+
+Q. For several years past?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know when the last reduction was made?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't know the date.
+
+Q. Did you have any interview with the miners?
+
+A. This committee of eighteen represented miners, engineers, and
+laborers--represented all connected with the mines and all of its
+parts.
+
+Q. What did they complain of?
+
+A. The engineers of the pumps had some complaint to Mr. Brisbin in
+regard to not fulfilling the agreement made at the long strike.
+
+Q. The long strike was in what year?
+
+A. In 1872, I think.
+
+Q. I would like to know whether they were railroad engineers or
+engineers at the pumps?
+
+A. Pumps and collieries.
+
+Q. Any railroad men in this delegation?
+
+A. Not in this delegation of eighteen.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. I understood you to say they were miners, engineers, and brakemen?
+
+A. No, sir: the committee on Monday was firemen and brakemen, not
+engineers. The engineers were not in the strike.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. The committee of eighteen was composed of who?
+
+A. Composed of miners, laborers, engineers, and pumpmen at the mines.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. Not railroaders?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did they state in what respect the agreement had not been carried
+out by the companies after 1872?
+
+A. They did, sir; in the interview with Brisbin they did very clearly.
+It was in regard to the _pro rata_ reduction. I didn't take interest
+enough in it to explain it to you thoroughly, sir. It was a matter
+between them more. While it was at my office, and the parties were got
+together at my suggestions, I was there during the whole time, but the
+matter was more immediately for them to discuss, as I didn't consider
+it my place to take any part in the discussion, and did not.
+
+Q. What did you ascertain subsequent to the conflict of the 1st of
+August? What did you find out about the cause that induced that
+assemblage at the silk-works?
+
+A. They were called together, as I understood, to hear the report of
+this committee of eighteen.
+
+Q. In the interview with you, did the committee of eighteen state what
+their purposes or objects were for the future?
+
+A. On this Sunday interview?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Nothing more than they believed that the companies had been cutting
+down their wages too much, that they had been extravagant in the
+management of corporations, that it had come a time for retrenchment,
+and the retrenchment was all coming over on them as laborers, that they
+believed they could, by a proper way of disposing of their coal and so
+on--they had some grievances in regard to that--that better wages could
+be paid.
+
+Q. Did they intimate about what they intended to do?
+
+A. Nothing more than they wouldn't work until there should be an
+advance in wages.
+
+Q. Did they give any intimation of any intention to make an attack upon
+the city and disturb the peace in any way?
+
+A. Directly the opposite, sir; gave me every assurance to aid and
+support. This question in regard to the large number of strangers that
+were here, was brought up and discussed, and they felt an anxiety in
+regard to that very point, that an overt act might bring them into
+disgrace.
+
+Q. The miners?
+
+A. This committee of eighteen.
+
+Q. What was the object of this delegation calling on the mayor and
+making this statement? Did they make any demand of you?
+
+A. I sent for them when the companies asked of me. This is a notice I
+didn't read, and this will more clearly show why I sent for the
+delegation:
+
+    SCRANTON, _July 27_.
+
+    R. H. McKune:
+
+    The men employed by this company to fire and operate the engines at
+    our mines for pumping the water therefrom, have by threats and
+    intimidation been driven from their works, and notice given, that
+    any person or persons who should attempt to perform such service
+    would do so at the peril of the lives. This action involves the
+    flooding of the mines, which would cause immeasurable loss and
+    damage to the company. I therefor call upon you for such protection
+    as employés are entitled to under the laws of this Commonwealth.
+
+    Signed by
+
+    WILLIAM R. STOORS,
+    _General Coal Agent_.
+
+It was after receiving this from Mr. Stoors that I sent for this
+committee.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you know that that committee was in existence at that time?
+
+A. By the papers, sir. The meeting was a public meeting, and the names
+of this committee were published in the papers, sir. Nothing secret
+about it so far as to the gentlemen who were going upon the committee.
+This committee had also called upon Mr. Stoors, making a request for
+more wages, which my scrap book that I have, if I had it here, would
+give you still fuller than that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What did you advise them in the interview, Mr. McKune?
+
+A. I advised them--they disclaimed of having any knowledge of these
+parties who were sending letters or attempting to intimidate these men
+who were at work at the pumps. They disclaimed any knowledge of that,
+and at this interview stated clearly and distinctly that it was against
+their wish and desire, and as I said about the proclamation which I
+issued in regard to this very matter--the proclamation was framed by us
+there, jointly. The language, if you will read it, you would see that
+it is very careful--that it is very guarded--there is no implication of
+anybody being in the wrong--there is a difference of opinion. The whole
+thing was carefully gone over. Our interview lasted from one until
+between four and five o'clock. The whole of our interview was extremely
+pleasant, and they seemed just about as anxious as I was for the
+protection of property, and in the first draft of the proclamation that
+I made, there might have been an inference drawn that they were at
+fault, and we worked until the proclamation which was issued met their
+views.
+
+Q. I understood you to say that you put persons at the pumps before
+that interview?
+
+A. No, sir; I had nothing to do with putting them at the pumps. I
+notified Mr. Stoors, the general agent, in regard to the interview that
+I had. This was on Sunday, sir, and on Monday the men went to work.
+
+Q. To work at the pumps?
+
+A. Yes; there was more or less intimidation in different parts, even
+after this. I might state that, sir, and Mr. Stoors probably will be
+able to give you a better account of the reports that he received.
+
+Q. I understand the pumps were working at the time of the assemblage of
+this crowd, on the 1st of August?
+
+A. Yes; the pumps were working more or less.
+
+Q. And trains had been started?
+
+A. Yes. The pumps were not being worked by the regular engineers or
+regular pumpmen.
+
+Q. By whom were they worked?
+
+A. Mostly by men--foremen and other men that understood how to work the
+pumps, but were not the regular men--were not the men who had
+previously operated these pumps, in no single instance.
+
+Q. By whom were they sent there?
+
+A. By the company.
+
+Q. The trains were run on that day also?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were the freight trains run?
+
+A. Oh, yes, sir.
+
+Q. All trains?
+
+A. Oh, there was no coal going out, because there was no coal mined.
+What freight there was through freight, and passenger trains were
+running on schedule time.
+
+Q. In the crowd of men that were assembled there when you went down to
+the Lackawanna office--Delaware and Lackawanna was it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see any men that you knew--railroad men or mechanics--about
+the city--the men you were accustomed to see?
+
+A. Oh, yes; saw quite a number standing about. A large number even upon
+the railway, and a large number of our business men and prominent
+citizens drawn there to look upon the crowd.
+
+Q. Were any of those engaged in riotous conduct that you knew?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Railroad men?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Miners?
+
+A. No, sir. The first of the parties who had swept through the shops
+and who came out from under the shops, there was not a man of them that
+I recognized as a man I had ever seen before.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. These men that you knew were simply standing about?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were they the men that undertook to protect you?
+
+A. Some of them probably did, sir.
+
+Q. Did any of your mechanics in the city engage in the riots when it
+was once precipitated?
+
+A. Well, sir, they were among the crowd that passed me as I was coming
+up Lackawanna avenue. There were quite a number of those that I had
+passed in going down, and while the cry was being made, "Now for
+Lackawanna avenue; now for the company's store."
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. They joined with the rioters after you returned?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I wish you would state whether the action of the council in refusing
+to pay extra police was justifiable. Whether at that time the condition
+of affairs here was in a condition to warrant them in taking that
+action?
+
+A. No, sir; it was not, because I had, as I said, but eight special
+policemen, whom I had sent out to the different parts and to the
+different properties upon which I received notification, I placed these
+special men. You, gentlemen, can judge whether a city of thirty-five
+thousand inhabitants, the larger portion, or a larger per centage of
+that of the laboring element--whether a force of twenty men is any too
+great a force as a police and protective force. I leave that for you,
+gentlemen, to judge.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do I understand you to say that you called your council together
+with a view of then taking some action on this subject?
+
+A. On Wednesday I consulted with a number of the council in regard to
+whether we had not better call a meeting, and what was best to be done
+in the matter; but this meeting where these resolutions were passed, I
+think, was a regular meeting. I am not clear in regard to that.
+
+Q. They declined to meet. Is that what I understand you?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What reasons did they give?
+
+A. They thought it was not necessary--the one or two I talked to.
+
+Q. Did they say why they thought it was not necessary?
+
+A. No. Everything was quiet and peaceful.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Then, at this regular meeting, what action did they take in regard
+to disturbances?
+
+A. There had been none at that time.
+
+Q. But afterwards you said there was a regular meeting?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. This crowd that swept through the shops was headed by a man who was
+a stranger?
+
+A. They all were strangers.
+
+Q. Was that the same crowd that was fired on in the street?
+
+A. I should judge that some of them were the same.
+
+Q. Were those men that were killed strangers?
+
+A. Two of them were not residents of the city. I believe one of them
+was.
+
+Q. Were any of your posse killed?
+
+A. No, sir; but two of them were wounded, sir, with pistol shots.
+
+Q. With pistol shots?
+
+A. With pistol shots and with clubs. Two were wounded with pistol
+shots, and one with clubs.
+
+Q. Did you ever ascertain where those two strangers that were killed
+came from?
+
+A. Yes; I think one of the killed was from the Sixth ward, and two from
+the adjoining township--Lackawanna township.
+
+Q. Were they railroaders?
+
+A. Men employed in the mines--around the mines.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were any more of the rioters wounded?
+
+A. There was one man--a young man--was wounded. A one legged Welsh boy
+that had formerly worked for the Lackawanna Coal Company, and he
+recovered.
+
+Q. Did you, in your first correspondence with the Governor, did you
+think that you were able to control matters here in the city, and did
+you so indicate to him, without the aid of the militia of the State?
+
+A. The following is a copy; I am not clear whether the date is right:
+"Governor Hartranft, in consulting with my advisory committee, they do
+not deem troops necessary, and advise against home troops," and
+further, on the 28th I telegraphed to the Governor again, as follows:
+"All quiet. I expect to get the pumps in the mines going to-morrow." I
+telegraphed to the Governor, "The employés of the railroad company have
+just informed me that their difficulties have been adjusted, or have
+been settled," and again, on the 29th, I telegraphed to the Governor,
+"Pumps will start to-morrow. Send no troops until you hear further from
+me Am in hopes of a peaceful settlement."
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. That was at the time of this agreement.
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What date was that dispatch?
+
+A. The 29th, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What date did you call upon the Governor to send you troops?
+
+A. The 1st day of August, sir.
+
+Q. After the conflict?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. As part of our duties is to find out about the conduct of the
+militia, I wish the mayor would just state what was the conduct of the
+militia during their presence here?
+
+A. I can say, in regard to the militia--I don't know much about them,
+for I have very little knowledge of General Brinton's command that was
+here, for I was quite severely unwell, and was not out much, any
+further than going down in my carriage, and calling on General Lyle. In
+reference to those that remained, you are aware some of them remained
+here for three months, the Nineteenth, under Hartley Howard, and the
+First Pennsylvania. Their conduct was most excellent, so much so as to
+receive the encomiums, upon all sides, of every person.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You say that you were at Ocean Grove at the time you heard of the
+Pittsburgh riots?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How long had you been there?
+
+A. I had been down a week previous.
+
+Q. Had there been any rumors of any difficulty here, prior to the
+commencement of the Pittsburgh riots?
+
+A. I telegraphed, on Saturday, to Mr. Halsted, superintendent, like
+this: "Do you apprehend any difficulty; if so I will return home." He
+telegraphed me, on Saturday: "I apprehend none; if I do so I will wire
+you." I have not got a copy of that telegram here.
+
+Q. Did you, from any source, receive any intimation that there was
+liability to be any strike here, prior to the outbreak at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. No, sir; not in the least.
+
+Q. In your judgment, was this trouble here precipitated by the news of
+the rioting at other places?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You think it grew out of that? That, the news of what was going on
+at other places, stirred up the workingmen, and incited them to do as
+they did?
+
+A. Yes; permit me to say that I do not believe the miners would ever
+have come out of the mines, had the railroad men not suspended, and if
+the coal had been taken away from them as they mined it, the men would
+not, in my opinion, have come out of the mines.
+
+Q. You think, then, it was a sort of a fellow-feeling that animated the
+workingmen here?
+
+A. You might call it an epidemic.
+
+Q. Will you state whether there were any symptoms of any difficulty or
+uneasiness among the men here prior to the news having been received of
+trouble?
+
+A. There was none. Everything was the most perfect quiet when I left
+home.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The fact that the railroad was not carrying away the coal, was not
+that the cause of the miners coming out of the mines?
+
+A. That is what I say, sir. I wish that to be on record.
+
+Q. Did you ascertain who these men were that were interfering with the
+pumps at the mines?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not know as I did.
+
+Q. Were they miners on a strike?
+
+A. No, sir; there were no arrests made of those. There were arrests
+made, afterwards, for an attempt of riot somewhere along about the 20th
+August, I should think, sir, by one of the companies of Colonel
+Howard's command--I think some five or six--my record book would tell
+the date, and soon--who were tried, and afterwards convicted at our
+county court.
+
+Q. Men engaged in interfering with the pumps?
+
+A. I don't know whether it was that, or an attempt. I think that was an
+attempt at riot about that date.
+
+Q. Were any of the rioters arrested that were engaged in this riot
+here, on the streets, afterwards?
+
+A. I think there has been some, sir.
+
+Q. Were any of your posse arrested?
+
+A. Yes; thirty-eight were.
+
+Q. Arrested on information of some of the rioters?
+
+A. The finding of the coroner's jury, sir. A coroner's inquest was
+held.
+
+Q. Were they tried?
+
+A. They were.
+
+Q. By whom--the court?
+
+A. The court, Judge Harding presiding.
+
+Q. On what charge?
+
+A. Upon a charge of murder--manslaughter.
+
+Q. Were they acquitted?
+
+A. They were.
+
+Q. Were any of the rioters tried, that were arrested?
+
+A. I think there has been, sir. There are other gentlemen here, who had
+charge of that matter, that will be able to testify better in regard to
+that than myself.
+
+Q. At the office where you found the young lady, state whether any
+assault was made upon that by the crowd or mob?
+
+A. None, that I know of.
+
+Q. Was there any made after that time, or where did the crowd go, and
+what became of the inmates of the office?
+
+A. The attention of the crowd was drawn away from that part over
+towards me, and the party who came out from the shops.
+
+Q. Had you been informed they were in danger?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And that is the reason you went down there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And after you got there, and found the young lady in a fainting
+condition, you did not consider it advisable to take them away from
+there, and didn't do so?
+
+A. I didn't? consider it advisable to take them away, and made no
+effort so to do.
+
+Q. You did not consider it advisable?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did they afterwards escape from the office, and reach their homes?
+
+A. Without any difficulty.
+
+Q. Why didn't you consider it advisable to take them away, if they were
+in danger?
+
+A. I did not consider they were in danger.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I suppose you considered them more safe, than taking them away in
+the street?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Joshua Thomas, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you reside, if you please?
+
+A. I am residing at Hyde Park.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am a blacksmith.
+
+Q. Were you here in July last, when the difficulty occurred?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. On what day was it that the disturbance took place in the streets
+here?
+
+A. On the 1st of August.
+
+Q. Will you please state whether you had any previous knowledge of the
+intention or existence of any disturbance, prior to that date?
+
+A. No, sir; I had none.
+
+Q. And what was the first thing that you noticed or discovered?
+
+A. At the silk-factory meeting?
+
+Q. Yes. State whether you were at the silk factory meeting?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. For what purpose was that meeting called?
+
+A. As near as I could learn on the streets, the men anticipated hearing
+the reports of the standing committee of the Delaware and Hudson Canal
+Company, and they all went down there expecting to hear the committee
+report as to the result of the intercourse with the company.
+
+Q. That was the committee that had been----
+
+A. There was a meeting held out in the Round woods, and a committee
+appointed there to confer with the company with regard to their wages,
+and some time after this meeting was called, by whom I do not know, but
+the people generally thought that this committee was going to make a
+report there of the result of their conference with the company, and
+when we arrived there at the meeting, this committee was not present,
+and after being there possibly half or three quarters of an hour, the
+chairman of the committee of the coal and iron company's men, called
+the meeting to order, and he stated that it was now time to appoint a
+chairman. There was quite a number of the men present in the meantime,
+but none of them would serve, finally he was told to serve himself in
+that capacity, and he did.
+
+Q. What name did you say it was?
+
+A. It was Rudolph Kreshner, and some one asked him from the
+crowd--there was, possibly, from five thousand to seven thousand people
+there--asked him what the object of the meeting was, and he told them
+if they would keep quiet for a few minutes they would learn. He didn't
+know. He said they would find out, and he talked to some of the men--I
+could not hear what he said, and then he rose, and he said he believed
+the meeting was to take some action with regard to those men that were
+working in the shops at that time, and there was then a party got up
+and offered a motion that a committee of I can't tell you how many--his
+motion was, that a committee, however, be appointed to ask these men to
+leave the work alone for the present, until the difficulty was settled.
+And after some little discussion, there was a motion made to amend that
+by making the committee twenty-five. Then that was objected to, on the
+ground that the companies would discharge all that would be appointed
+as a committee to go and ask these men to leave their work, and one
+man, I don't know his name now, he spoke there in favor of a committee
+of twenty-five, and others again spoke and objected to it, on the
+ground that they would be discharged--they had been before, and have
+been since, because they waited on these men. While this motion was
+under discussion, there was a motion made, that the whole body adjourn,
+and pass up around by the shops and ask the men to quit their work for
+the present, until the difficulty was settled with the company. Just at
+this time there was a man offered a letter to Kreshner, and wanted him
+to read it. He took up the letter and looked at it, and passed it back
+to the party and shook his head. Then this man got up on a little stand
+himself and read the letter to the body. Previous to that there had not
+been any unkind words, or anything boisterous--nothing out of the way
+at all, no abusive language, or anything--but as soon as the letter was
+read it was like a spark in a powder keg.
+
+Q. Now, where did that letter come from?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. By whom was it signed?
+
+A. It was signed by "Working Man."
+
+Q. How many?
+
+A. One working man.
+
+Q. Just signed "Working Man?"
+
+A. Just signed "Working Man."
+
+Q. Can you give the contents of the letter, or the substance of it?
+
+A. Only partially. It was on note paper. He went on to state--the
+writer did--to speak of the grievances of the men, how they had
+suffered short wages and short time, and the additional reductions,
+&c., and he said that the men could not live. He said, that W. W.
+Scranton had said, that he would have the men work for fifty cents a
+day--I don't remember how soon, but for fifty cents a day--or he would
+bury himself in a culm pile. He went on to state he was sorry he could
+not be present to-day as he had business elsewhere, but he hoped the
+men would do their duty, and signed himself "Working Man."
+
+Q. After that letter was read what was done?
+
+A. After that letter was read, there was four, five or six of us--I
+don't just remember how many--we held a little caucus near the
+stack--near one end of the silk factory, and we divided; I was to go
+one side, and another man was to go another side, and try to speak to
+allay the excitement, but the crowd was so dense we could not get up
+there. While we were trying to get in, there was a motion made at that
+time again that the body adjourn to the shops, and ask the men to leave
+the shops. Even then there was no threats of violence at all, but of
+course there was some epithets used against W. W. Scranton, but no
+threats against him at all, nor no threats against any person, or
+property, or anything.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What do you mean by shops?
+
+A. These shops where the men were working--railroad shops, furnaces,
+and steel-works. I didn't hear anything said, or any motion made, and
+the motion was not made to turn them out, but to ask the men to leave
+the shops.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. I want to know what you mean by shops?
+
+A. Railroad shops, steel-works, furnaces, mills, &c.
+
+Q. All the manufactories?
+
+A. Yes; all down on that side. [Indicating.] Then there was some
+discussion after this by the men backward and forward, and we went back
+again to the silk-works, and we were talking, and we saw the crowd
+dispersing. I saw no motion carried, I simply heard them offered and
+seconded, and put to the meeting, and then they were discussed. I heard
+the ayes and noes while I was back, but supposed they were voting on
+the motion; the decision of the chairman I could not tell what it was.
+Then the men began to disperse, and we stood talking there. We had no
+idea that any damage was being done. And while we were standing at the
+silk factory, just on the railroad we came over from the iron and coal
+company's factory--we could see the men running towards Ward street, in
+that direction from here.
+
+Q. You remained down there when they started from the shops?
+
+A. Yes; and when we saw these men going that way, we came up the L. and
+S. railroad, and I was just at the arch near the L. and S. shop when
+the firing occurred. I just heard it, and that was all, and then I
+walked right up to the corner here.
+
+Q. When you got to the corner, what did you do?
+
+A. I saw the men lying there dead in the street.
+
+Q. Had the crowd dispersed?
+
+A. Well yes, in the main. There was a great many standing around down
+the street, and up and down the avenue, walking and talking.
+
+Q. Who notified you of the meeting at the silk-works?
+
+A. Indeed, I could not tell you that. I had it from quite a large
+number.
+
+Q. Laboring men?
+
+A. Yes--oh yes. A gentleman that told me, said that he understood the
+D. L. and W. committee was going to make a report.
+
+Q. Was it kept secret?
+
+A. Oh, no, sir.
+
+Q. How long did you know that before the assemblage?
+
+A. I knew that was to be three or four days before that--two or three
+days.
+
+Q. Why was it called at the silk-works--to meet at the silk-works?
+
+A. Because there was no room elsewhere, unless they would have it up in
+the Round woods, back of Hyde Park, and that was about just as far over
+there.
+
+Q. What do you mean by the Round woods?
+
+A. It is a piece of woods that lies west of Hyde Park, commonly known
+as the Round woods.
+
+Q. Grove?
+
+A. A grove.
+
+Q. How many were assembled there at the silk-works?
+
+A. Well, I should judge there was between five and seven thousand?
+
+Q. Assembled in a hall?
+
+A. Oh, no, sir; out of doors.
+
+Q. What class of men were they?
+
+A. Workingmen.
+
+Q. Railroad men any of them?
+
+A. I do not remember particularly. I did not know a railroad man there.
+Doubtless there may have been some; but I don't remember of seeing any.
+Miners, laborers, carpenters, blacksmiths, machinists, teamsters, and
+so forth. All classes of men--working people.
+
+Q. And they were there hearing the report of the committee appointed by
+the miners?
+
+A. Of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Company.
+
+Q. To consult with the officers of the company?
+
+A. Yes--beg pardon, sir--they were there; believe that that was the
+object of the meeting.
+
+Q. Why were the blacksmiths and carpenters and other mechanics
+generally notified to meet there?
+
+A. They were not notified; but merely heard it talked on the streets,
+and I went there for one. I was very anxious to learn whether the
+miners were going to work, for, if they went to work, we stood a chance
+of getting work in the shops.
+
+Q. Did your work in the blacksmith shops depend upon the work going on
+in the collieries?
+
+A. Not altogether in the collieries; no, sir.
+
+Q. Carpenters' work would not depend on that at all?
+
+A. Curiosity, as much as anything. A great many of them went there out
+of curiosity.
+
+Q. Were the men asked there from the shops--the crowd to stop the
+work--that is, you said the crowd went up to the steel-works, and the
+factory and machine shops here. Were any of that class of men at the
+meeting?
+
+A. I only presume they were. I could not say that any one individual
+was there, but I presume there were, and had good reason to think so.
+They were Delaware, Lackawanna and Western railroad men were there.
+That is, miners, not railroad men, but miners. The coal and iron
+company's men were there--some of them--and some were there from
+Munica, a village below here, and some from Taylorville, and some from
+Old Forge, and they were anxious to know what the report would be of
+the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western committee, and they came here,
+anticipating to hear that report, because the success or the failure of
+the strike, in the main, was dependent upon the Delaware, Lackawanna
+and Western men, and if the report of this committee would be of such a
+nature as would advise the men to work, then the strike would end
+immediately, while if they held out, I suppose the rest would.
+
+Q. Did you get any report of the committee?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Nothing of the kind?
+
+A. Nothing of the kind.
+
+Q. Did you learn what action had been taken by the committee and the
+officers of that committee?
+
+A. No, sir; not at that time. I do not know whether they had taken any
+action at all--whether they were prepared to make a report.
+
+Q. Was any motion made to adjourn?
+
+A. Down at that meeting?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. That was voted down?
+
+A. No, sir; it was carried, at least I presume it was carried, for this
+reason. I heard the motion made to adjourn where I was in the crowd. I
+could not get any further up towards the stand, but I came up, and then
+I heard a vote taken, and I could hear the "ayes," and they
+predominated, and I presumed it was on that question, for immediately
+afterwards the crowd dispersed.
+
+Q. The crowd dispersed in the direction of the machine shops?
+
+A. Up this way. Some went up across the river, waded the river, and
+went to Hyde Park, and some walked the road, and some came up this way
+and some up the other road.
+
+Q. How many came towards the steel-works on the flat?
+
+A. I could not tell you how many.
+
+Q. Can you judge?
+
+A. There was probably--may be--fifteen hundred or two thousand walking
+up the street and walking over that way. They didn't all go to the
+shops that came up.
+
+Q. Did you know that they started to the shops when they started to
+persuade the men to quit work?
+
+A. No, sir; there was a motion made to adjourn to the shops to request
+the men to stop work for the present, until the difficulty was settled
+between them and the company; that was the motion.
+
+Q. Was that motion carried?
+
+A. I presume it was, but when it was carried we were out of the crowd.
+
+Q. And they all went to the shops, a large number?
+
+A. A large number went up this way, and towards the shops.
+
+Q. Was there any organization--any secret organization here known as
+the Trainmen's Union, to your knowledge, of the railroad employés.
+
+A. I do not know. I presume there was.
+
+Q. Do you know of such an organization called the Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. No, sir; not as the Trainmen's Union.
+
+Q. Do you know of any organization among the railroad employés?
+
+A. I have understood that there is what is known as an Engineers'
+Brotherhood.
+
+Q. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers?
+
+A. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers; but we had nothing to do with
+this meeting.
+
+Q. This Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, was that the only
+organization that you knew of among the railroad men?
+
+A. Oh, I had heard and understood, and it was generally understood,
+that there was what was called a Firemen's Brotherhood.
+
+Q. And brakemen?
+
+A. And Brakesmen's Brotherhood. Nearly all trades have some sort of
+union--Machinists', Blacksmiths' Union, Coopers' Union, and so forth.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Beside the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, then, there was an
+organization of brakemen and firemen?
+
+A. All, sir, independent of each other.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Do you know that of your own knowledge, or only by hearsay?
+
+A. Hearsay.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was there any public call for this meeting in the papers or
+otherwise?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't see any call; didn't hear of any published call.
+
+Q. How did the idea that there would be a meeting there get abroad?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. Do you know of any one that advised the meeting?
+
+A. I do not.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Is it the custom of workingmen to congregate in meetings and crowds,
+that way, and hear the report, for instance, if there is a committee
+been known as having waited on the officials of a railroad or coal
+companies?
+
+A. Yes sir; if there was a committee pending between the men and the
+company, possibly the committee could not afford to issue a call
+through the papers, and nine, ten, or fifteen of the committee would go
+around and tell some one, and they would tell others that the meeting
+would be held at such a place.
+
+Q. Do you suppose that was the way this meeting was called?
+
+A. No, sir; I have no idea how it was called. I have no idea how it was
+called, not the slightest.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Except you heard it talked among several of the laboring men, that
+there was to be such a meeting?
+
+A. Yes; or rather asked me if I was going to be at the meeting.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. When the motion to adjourn was carried, and the meeting broke up,
+did the men that went off to the flats, and come towards the city, go
+in a body, or with an organization, or was it merely that portion that
+lived in this end of town, coming home?
+
+A. I should judge, that out of curiosity, some was along with them from
+different places, but there was no organization. They didn't come in an
+organized body. They took in the ground between two roads, between the
+street and the railroad, on the street and on the railroad, and on the
+ground between, and on the other side of the road. They were scattered
+along there. I should judge that it is nearly or quite three quarters
+of a mile from the silk-factory up to the shops and the head of the
+body--some of them went on; lived at the steel-works, fifty yards or
+one hundred yards this side of the steel-works. And we looked towards
+the hill, and we could see the men on the side of the hill; and we
+could see them, some of them going towards Ward street. There was
+nothing in the form of a government at all.
+
+Q. You considered the meeting broken up at the time that motion to
+adjourn was carried?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. This man who read this letter, did he make any remarks in regard to
+it after he had read it?
+
+A. I do not think that he did.
+
+Q. Don't think he made any comments or advised the crowd what to do?
+
+A. No, sir; he made no comments whatever.
+
+Q. Did any one, after the reading of the letter, make any comments upon
+it, or advise the crowd what to do?
+
+A. Not upon the letter.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did he call upon any of the crowd to follow him?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no one that I heard call upon the crowd to follow
+him. No one. When the motion was made to adjourn, that side of the
+crowd or of the meeting that was this way, the northern side of it--the
+north-east of it, came first, some of them, and some stayed back.
+
+Q. Did the greater part of the crowd come down through the shops?
+
+A. Well, I don't know about that. I would not like to say, because I
+took no particular notice.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did the crowd appear to have a head or a leader?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Every fellow for himself, was it?
+
+A. So it seemed to be; yes, sir. There was no leader at all.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. They all seemed to have an idea of coming the same way?
+
+A. Not all.
+
+Q. That is, they got headed this way?
+
+A. Well, there was a great many that come up this way; lived that--live
+over this way. They live back on this side--a great many that came
+up--and they came down the avenue.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. From the commencement to the end, in your opinion, you suppose there
+was no regular organization?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no regular organization.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You are pretty well acquainted with the laboring men in this
+vicinity, are you not?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were those six or seven thousand that assembled there composed of
+laboring men of this section--Scranton and surroundings--here
+principally?
+
+A. Oh, yes, sir; principally.
+
+Q. Were there any strangers, tramps or strangers--outside men
+entirely--outside of this region?
+
+A. I could not answer that, because I do not know as there was.
+
+Q. Did you see any?
+
+A. No, sir; I took no notice of any.
+
+Q. The faces of this crowd was familiar to you, were they, as men that
+you had seen in the vicinity?
+
+A. Yes; a large majority of them were.
+
+Q. You didn't see the conflict that occurred on the street?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+At this point, the committee adjourned till to-morrow morning, at nine
+o'clock.
+
+
+    SCRANTON, _March 30, 1878_.
+
+The committee met pursuant to adjournment, at nine o'clock in the
+morning, Mr. Lindsey in the chair. All members present except Mr.
+Dewees.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+W. W. Mannis, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside, Mr. Mannis?
+
+A. Scranton.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Superintendent Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, building and lumber
+department.
+
+Q. I wish you would just state the facts that came under your
+observation in reference to the troubles--the strike of July last?
+
+A. On the date of the riot, the 1st of August, in the morning, about
+eight o'clock, I heard there was a meeting called at the silk-works.
+
+Q. Go on, Mr. Mannis?
+
+A. I heard that there was a meeting called down at the silk-works, and
+they were going to clean us all out. I made my way around among my men,
+and went down to the foundry, supposing that would be about the first
+place they would strike. I stayed there. There had a man gone from our
+shops to attend the meeting. I asked of the different foremen what was
+best to do, and we decided that we would continue on. We would not
+close up our shops--that we would see what their intentions were. May
+be it was false. Pretty soon this man came back, and said, "You had
+better shut up. They are coming in a body to clean you out. You had
+better get out of the way." We had another consultation, and decided we
+would stand our ground and protect our property. Pretty soon we saw
+them coming up Washington avenue, across the track. There they halted
+for a few minutes. Then they filed off, a part of them towards our
+shops, and the other part came on directly up the street. I should
+judge there were from fifteen hundred to two thousand that turned
+towards our shop; and as they came to the shops they scattered into all
+the shops; some of the men run out. Some started to run out, and they
+struck and chased them. They went into our boiler shop, where we have a
+shaft driven by water wheel and a large belt. Five or six caught hold
+of that to stop it. Says I, "Boys, don't destroy property now. You are
+only injuring yourselves. Don't come around here and destroy property."
+They paid no attention to me. I got the attention of one that seemed a
+leader, and says I, "If you have any control over these men, for God's
+sake take them back. You are only injuring yourselves." "Damn you,"
+said he, "we have got the power." Says I, "If you were worth anything I
+would knock your brains out." They says, "Where's Bill Scranton, that
+is going to make us work for three shillings a day." Says I, "Listen to
+me. Go back and attend to your work." No; they had the power and they
+were going to use it. "You have got plenty," they said, "and we ain't.
+We are going to have our rights." They went into our shop and ordered
+the man to draw the fire. He started to do it, and then some one struck
+him with a chunk of iron, and he got up and went through the shop, they
+pelting him as he went. His shirt was torn off him, and his back was
+bloody. Another one started to run behind the foundry, and they were
+after him, and throwing stones and chunks of iron and cinder and
+anything they could get. They got the shops all cleaned out, and they
+started for the blast furnace. I heard one man sing out. Says he, "I
+know the way; follow me." With that I started on ahead of them. Before
+that, while they were standing in front of the machine shop, there was
+some one got up on a piece of casting. "Now," says he, "fetch on your
+Bill Scranton. Where is he? We'll gut him. We'll have his heart's
+blood." Says I, "Don't talk so loud. You are crazy. You do not know
+what you are talking about." He turned to me with some abuse; "that
+they had the power now, and they were going to use it--that they were
+going to gut Scranton." Says I, "You had better keep off Lackawanna
+avenue or some of you won't get home." They started to the furnace, but
+I got ahead of them, and went on ahead to notify the men to take off
+the blast and fix the furnace, and met the foreman and told him they
+were coming. He ran to the furnace and took the blast off. The most of
+the men scattered, I don't think they got hold of any of them. I passed
+through the casting-house, up the steps to the engine-house. There was
+a lot of them behind me following me up. They came in contact with our
+boiler tender, an old man sixty or seventy years old. They knocked him
+down. I went to the engine-house. The engineer was coming out of the
+engine room--they had brought him out. He had walked across the street.
+Says I, "Come back, the boiler will blow up in twenty minutes with the
+steam you have got, if you stop the pumps." The leader of that gang
+came up and they surrounded me, and swore if they would put that man
+back in there again they would blow my brains out. Says I, "Gentlemen,
+you had better go back home; turn right around and go, or you will miss
+it." Says I, "Don't come around here and destroy property." They soon
+passed off, and came down toward the shops. I had nothing at all with
+me to protect myself. I had a pistol at home. I ran up home and got
+that and put it in my pocket, and went back to the engine-house again.
+Found the engine-house was afire in two places. The engineer had gone
+back and put it out, and drew the fire from the boilers. Then I started
+up to the railroad, toward the company's store again, and as I came
+right in front of the company's store the men had just filed out of the
+store--this posse--and came down the street, and as they crossed
+Washington avenue, the street was literally filled up with men, but
+they seemed to open and let this posse through, and as they went
+through the gap closed up again. Then I heard two or three pistol
+shots, and pretty soon I heard the rifle cracks--more than two minutes,
+maybe less--heard the rifles crack, and pretty soon they began to
+scatter. In a very few minutes I saw the posse come back, and the
+streets were pretty well cleared. I started down this way to where the
+shooting was; and I got part of the way down and I met them coming, one
+man on a litter--that was near Mr. Phillips'--his father was behind. I
+met them walking back towards the company's store.
+
+Q. Was this one of the posse?
+
+A. No, sir; he was one that was with the rioters. He is a Welshman, a
+very bad character; had but one leg. He was with them, and he was shot
+through the arm. The ball passed through the fleshy part of the arm. I
+thought he was dead, but he recovered again and is now at work.
+Previous to the 1st of August, they had driven our men and sent our men
+out of the shops. My shops are on the other side, the car smith shop is
+on the other side of the engine-house--part of them went over and took
+them out. Before the day of the strike they had notified them several
+times that they should stop work. In fact, they had stopped pretty near
+all my men. There was not more than half a dozen to work at that time.
+Ordered them to stop work.
+
+Q. Had you had any difficulty with your men previous to the 1st of
+August.
+
+A. No, sir; I had not.
+
+Q. Did they all continue to work?
+
+A. No, sir. Our men came out--I forget the date. Our puddlers were the
+first men to strike in the city.
+
+Q. What day did they strike?
+
+A. They struck at noon. I think it was Tuesday night the engineers and
+railroads all stopped. That was on Tuesday night. I do not remember the
+date, but the engineers and firemen stopped. Our puddlers all came out
+that day at noon.
+
+Q. What day do you think that was?
+
+A. That was the day that the engineers stopped at night--at noon.
+
+Q. On the railroads?
+
+A. Yes. Our railroad stopped here at night.
+
+Q. Was it the Tuesday after the fire at Pittsburg--the burning at
+Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Really, I could not say, sir. It seems to me it was before that, but
+I won't be positive of that. I forget what day our railroad stopped.
+
+Q. Tuesday, after the trouble at Pittsburgh, your railroad stopped?
+
+A. Then it was that Tuesday noon our puddlers stopped. The puddlers
+stopped at noon as the men came out at night.
+
+Q. How many of them?
+
+A. I should judge there were near a hundred.
+
+Q. What did they complain of?
+
+A. They made no complaints. It was like a perfect panic among them.
+They said the first thing they knew, the whistle blew at the mill, and
+"now come on," and they all came down to the steel mills, took the men
+with them there, and went down to the machine shops and foundries and
+stopped the men there. They did not succeed in stopping the foundry.
+They stopped the men at the machine shops. They had not asked for
+anything prior to that time. Had not asked for any advance. Mr.
+Scranton went down as soon as he heard of it, and asked them what they
+wanted, or had some talk with them. Maybe he could tell more about it
+than I could.
+
+Q. Had they complained of low wages prior to that time?
+
+A. It has been a complaint all through about low wages. I had not heard
+anything from our men. I suppose I have probably one hundred or one
+hundred and fifty men under my employ.
+
+Q. You had heard nothing from them?
+
+A. They had made no complaints to me.
+
+Q. In any way?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. What were you paying these men?
+
+A. The puddlers?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I could not tell you. They work by the ton, do not know what it was.
+It is not in my department.
+
+Q. Was this W. W. Scranton employed in the works in which you were
+superintendent?
+
+A. Yes; he is general manager.
+
+Q. Were any of those puddlers in the crowd that came up from the
+silk-works?
+
+A. I do not know, sir. There was not a single face I knew. All the
+crowd that I saw, that I came in contact with, were strangers to me,
+and looked to me more like miners than laborers.
+
+Q. What proportion of the number of men that you had employed, was at
+work on that day--the 1st day of August?
+
+A. I should suppose, probably not more than--you mean in my
+department--probably one fourth.
+
+Q. Take it in the whole shops--what proportion were at work?
+
+A. Probably one fourth. The others had been intimidated by threats and
+some had been assaulted before that, because they had continued to
+work. They had been notified that they should not work.
+
+Q. Had you heard of any discontent among the men, or had there been any
+discontent or any strike contemplated, so far as you learned, prior to
+the news of the strike at Pittsburgh reaching here?
+
+A. There had not anything positive. I knew there was a very bad feeling
+among the men, I knew the men felt sore and uneasy, didn't seem
+contented or happy. I had not heard any threats of any strike.
+
+Q. What about?
+
+A. About low wages. The companies had been oppressive, and they ought
+to have more, and there seemed to be a general dissatisfaction and bad
+feeling.
+
+Q. Had the wages been reduced any last year, during the summer?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. When were they reduced?
+
+A. I think our reduction took effect the 1st of July--a general
+reduction among the mechanics, I think.
+
+Q. How much did you reduce the wages?
+
+A. I think it was ten per cent.
+
+Q. Was that reduction general among the companies in Scranton?
+
+A. I think it was, I would not be positive about that, I think it was.
+
+Q. Did it extend to the miners--had there been any reduction in miners'
+wages?
+
+A. No, sir; I think not. I think there had not been any since the 15th
+of last March.
+
+Q. Simply applied to mechanics?
+
+A. There had been a reduction in March of miners' wages--I think it was
+March there was a general reduction.
+
+Q. How much of a reduction was made then?
+
+A. I could not tell. That was something I had not anything to do with
+at all.
+
+Q. Can you tell what the class of men were getting in the shops you had
+charge of?
+
+A. How much they were getting?
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. About?
+
+A. From $1 50 to $2 25.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What class of men were getting $1 50?
+
+A. Ordinary carpenters and car-makers.
+
+Q. What class getting $2 50?
+
+A. Our best blacksmiths and some of our best carpenters.
+
+Q. Some of the best carpenters getting $2 50?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What would the wages average? Take it on an average?
+
+A. Among mechanics?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. I think it would average, probably, $1 75.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy':
+
+Q. This man that was wounded, is still here in the city working?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was he actively engaged in the riot?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. Never was arrested?
+
+A. No, sir; his father is a very good mill hand, and through the
+influence of his father, and the sympathy with his family----
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Had he been in your employ?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Is he in your employ now?
+
+A. Yes, sir; he was a short time ago, and I think he is. His father is
+a boss heater. It was his father's influence--we had a good deal of
+sympathy for the family. They are poor.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Can you give us an estimate--an approximate estimate of the amount
+of loss sustained, by reason of the riot, in the works of the company?
+
+A. I could not swear. The principal loss was the furnace. We had two
+furnaces in blast. They were filled up full. That was a complete loss.
+It is very expensive to cut them out.
+
+Q. Chilled, were they?
+
+A. Both chilled.
+
+Q. Who can give us the probable loss?
+
+A. W. W. Scranton.
+
+Q. You said you were notified that there would be a meeting at the
+silk-works, and they were going to clean your shops out. How did you
+get your notice?
+
+A. The superintendent of the blast furnace told me.
+
+Q. Do you know where he got his information?
+
+A. I do not. I presume he got it from some of his men there.
+
+Q. Got it from some of the hands that heard it talked?
+
+A. Yes; how he got it I do not know. We were doing some work at the old
+mine, and I came through the blast furnace; says he, "There is a big
+meeting this morning." Says I, "Where is it? I guess we had better go
+down." Says he, "They have a rousing meeting, and they are going to
+clean us all out to-day, and you had better be on the lookout." Says I,
+"I will keep my eye open." That is Carl McKinney, he is superintendent
+of the blast furnace.
+
+Q. You do not know whether it was some of the men that wanted to notify
+him so that he would be on his guard or not who gave this information?
+
+A. I do not. I rather mistrust so, though, thought it was some man he
+had put for that purpose. I imagine so, he seemed to know pretty well
+how it was going to be conducted.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Is he still here, this man, superintendent of the furnace?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What is his name?
+
+A. Carl McKinney.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How long was it before your men resumed their work after the strike?
+
+A. When our mechanics went to work after the strike?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. There was not any general resumption of work until after the miners
+commenced working again. I do not recollect how long they were out,
+now.
+
+Q. Was it a month?
+
+A. Yes; it was more than a month, I think.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Some time in September or October?
+
+A. I think it was near the 1st of October.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Before your works started up again?
+
+A. Yes; but I wouldn't be positive about that. I am a poor hand to
+remember dates.
+
+Q. Where were the men during the time the works were standing?
+
+A. They were around home scattered. They were some of them that wanted
+to work, who would go out in the country and get work. Some of them
+laid around--loafed around.
+
+Q. Unemployed?
+
+A. Unemployed principally. Our men--I could have worked a good many
+more men if they would have worked, but they were afraid; men were
+actually afraid, my men told me. I could not get enough hardly to do
+what work I had to do. Tried to prevail on them to work. They said they
+would like to work but were afraid. I had a few at work, and several of
+them as they were going home they were stoned. They said if they didn't
+stop work they would burn every building down.
+
+Q. What class of men were those that made these threats?
+
+A. They were German and Irish.
+
+Q. Were any of them arrested?
+
+A. I don't know that any of them were arrested. The men were actually
+afraid to work. There was a great many glad to work, but they didn't
+dare. I know it was the case with my men.
+
+Q. Was any effort made by the civil authorities here to arrest the men
+that were threatening others and intimidating them?
+
+A. All that I could hear of were arrested--that any one would complain
+of. These men that they had made the threats to daresn't report them,
+or it would not have been safe for them. They would have lost their
+property and their lives, undoubtedly. I had one man working that lived
+over in the Twelfth ward. He daresn't go to his dinner. He would have
+his dinner brought to him in the shop. He would go out early in the
+morning. Daresn't carry a dinner can. I never saw such a state of
+things among the men in my life. Never saw such a wild set of men as
+the men were that morning.
+
+Q. Those men that threatened to stone those that wanted to work, were
+they men that had formerly been in your employ?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did your company take any means--adopt any plan--to bring those men
+to justice?
+
+A. They did all they could, but they couldn't get the evidence without
+bringing these men they had made the threats to prosecute. The mayor
+told me once himself that any man that he could find out that had made
+any threats of that kind, that could be proved, to bring them right
+before him. I could get no man willing to go and swear to it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did your company reëmploy any of those men that made threats?
+
+A. Not if they knew it. I don't think they did. They would send squads
+around, half dozen in a squad, and wherever they found a company man at
+work, they would want to know who they were at work for. If they were
+at work for the company, they must quit--if they work individually,
+they could go on. I had some men at work about five miles out, and
+there were a party of men went out, and wanted to know if they were
+working for the company. They told them a lie, and said they were
+working for men that lived out there. They said, "If you are working
+for the company you have got to stop."
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. I would like to ask the gentleman whether those were men or boys, or
+what aged men they were?
+
+A. I think it run from fifteen to forty.
+
+Q. They were men most of them, were they?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Men of mature years?
+
+A. Yes; they were men. I should judge the majority of them were between
+twenty and thirty, by their looks.
+
+Q. Do you know the men composing the mayor's posse? Were you acquainted
+with them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What character of men were they?
+
+A. They were some of our best men--most of them. They were of good
+standing.
+
+Q. And character?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I would say nearly all. There might have been one or two
+that wouldn't bear sifting; but they were composed of our best men.
+They were headed by W. W. Scranton, and Chittenden up here, and that
+class of men. They were all young men of good standing.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James E. Brown, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you reside.
+
+A. Ninth ward, city of Scranton.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Hardware.
+
+Q. Hardware merchant?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. If you will just give us a statement of the facts that came under
+your observation of the riots here?
+
+A. How far back do you want I should go? I was one of the officers of
+the posse before the riot, and was with the mayor all through the crowd
+down there.
+
+Q. Commence with the origin of it?
+
+A. There was a great deal of excitement among all the laboring classes
+here, and a great many threats and rumors were current that property
+was going to be destroyed. After they had been current several days, a
+large number of young men here in the city, in talking over matters,
+made up our minds that something ought to be done to protect property,
+and it resulted in a meeting being called, and a paper circulated and
+largely signed, and the meeting was held at the club room of the Forest
+and Stream Club, to organize and decide what course we would take. We
+met and decided that we would organize in a sort of a military style,
+with the express intention of protecting property; but not interfering
+in any way between the laboring men and their employers. We had nothing
+to do with their quarrels, but we must protect our own property and the
+property of the citizens.
+
+Q. When was that meeting called?
+
+A. I cannot tell you the date. I could get it. It was near about the
+time, I think--immediately after the Pittsburgh riots.
+
+Q. Had these rumors of difficulty and of attack upon property and
+destruction of property existed here before the Pittsburgh riots?
+
+A. I cannot say just the dates. I didn't pay much attention to it. I
+thought, like a good many others, it was doubtful that there would be
+any trouble. We organized as fully as we could, and were careful who we
+allowed to belong to the party, and after the organization, who we
+elected went down to the mayor. Of course, we proposed to act through
+him and under his authority, and in no other way. He welcomed us and
+took proper steps to give us a legal standing. It was understood that
+we were to turn out only at the call of one of the officers, and a
+proper signal was agreed upon to be given, and that signal was only to
+be given by one of the other officers, and by no other persons; and as
+I happened to live nearer to the bell than any one else, it was
+understood that I was the only one to go out at night. A person was on
+duty all the time at the mayor's office to give me notice if that
+signal was to be rung if there had been any trouble. Things went on
+that way--rumors were constantly flying about--until, I think it was,
+the first Monday in August, when we met as usual at night. There was
+reports they were going to make an attack that night on the company's
+store I think, and we met, when I had a long talk with the mayor, as
+well as a great many others of the posse, and he told us of this
+meeting to be held at the silk factory on Wednesday. That he was
+perfectly certain there was going to be no more trouble; that
+everything was in a very satisfactory condition, and the same story
+again on Tuesday. That night word came to us they were going to throw a
+train off the track above the iron company's store, and they wished us
+to be on hand and see that if that was done there would be a force
+there to preserve order. We stayed there until a little after twelve,
+and in view of what the mayor told us of the train coming in all right,
+peaceable, and quiet, we made up our minds we had fooled with this
+thing long enough, and I saw Captain Ripple in the morning, and we
+agreed it was time to stop all that performance, and we would have
+nothing to do with it unless news came somewhat different from what we
+had. I went to the store as usual, and was around there. Knew of the
+meeting at the silk factory. Saw a crowd coming down there--from the
+upper stories I could see the crowd coming down there. I came down the
+street, and was talking with several members of the posse. The streets
+were very crowded. A great many strangers here--strange faces. Along
+towards eleven o'clock--between ten and eleven--members of the posse
+commenced to come to me and say they didn't like the looks of the
+meeting down here, and they wanted me to act--to do something. Captain
+Riddle was at his works, and was not expected to be here all day, and I
+was the only one that was here that had any authority to give the
+signal.
+
+Q. You were one of the three officers?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I laughed at the notion of there being any trouble, and
+was so confident that the meeting with the railroad men had been so
+satisfactory, that I thought there was no danger whatever. Along just
+about eleven o'clock, near that, a man came to me and was very excited,
+and told me that the meeting had broken up and were coming up this way,
+and it was time to act. I told him, well, if you are afraid, go into
+the company's store--tell everybody you see to go to the company's
+store--I shall stay here until something more occurs. I went back to
+the store, saw that the crowd was getting more excited, and I commenced
+telling every man I saw to go to the company's store. I stayed in front
+of the store two or three minutes--the store is on the corner where the
+riot took place, and one of the Logan boys came over and said they
+wanted the signal given from the company's store. I told him we must
+have the mayor's order first, and to go down and tell the mayor I was
+there at the store, and if he wanted the signal given I would give it
+immediately. He went down and reported to the mayor, and his brother,
+at the time, standing there over the bell that nobody should ring it,
+and he had not been gone long before the messenger came then at the
+company's store who had been sent down to ring the bell, and I could
+not do it. I sent back word I would get the mayor's order and ring it
+immediately. I met the chief of police, and said they had sent down to
+have the signal rung, and they were driving the men out of the blast
+furnaces, and he said, don't give the signal. He said, send every man
+you see to the company's store. We went down Washington avenue, and
+went under the arch. There was a great many saw him going into the
+crowd where the disturbance was. They were then driving the men out of
+the car shops--cheering, and others hissing. He made a remark something
+like this: "Boys you better go home; you better get away from here;"
+and went on through the crowd. Some spoke and looked, and some started
+as if they were going to leave. There was no perceptible difference. We
+went as closely as we could, until we got to Mr. McKinney's office. He
+went up about to the door. Just as he got to the door the crowds were
+coming out of the shops. The crowds seemed to strike there--the
+lookers-on and the rioters. Some that came out of the shops were very
+much excited, brandishing their sticks around. The mayor started to
+come back. Just as he turned around and got a little back, I saw him
+struck over the head with a club. He turned around and went to see who
+struck him, and started off again. There was a movement made in the
+crowd as if to protect him, and I was separate from him, I believe,
+five or six feet. I kept as close to him as I could. Neither of us were
+armed. Both of us were perfectly helpless, that is, we had not even a
+stick, and he was struck again. Meanwhile, the crowd as they came out
+of the shops, didn't seem to recognize him, and they said, "Who is he?"
+and I guess a dozen voices answered, "The mayor. Protect him." Some
+said--a great many said, "God damn him, kill him. What is he doing
+there?" Just then a pistol was fired. I saw the smoke of it. He
+evidently had it in his hand, and in getting it up the crowd was so
+thick it went off. Two or three rushed to strike him, and two or three
+rushed to protect him. The crowd was very thick just then. Father Dunn
+came along, and took hold of the mayor's arm, and marched him off.
+Another effort was made by the crowd to protect Father Dunn and the
+mayor, but especially Father Dunn. A great many more tried to protect
+him. When I speak of the crowd, I mean the men who had been driving the
+men out of the car shops. They says, "Who is he--Father Dunn--God damn
+him, kill him. What is he doing here?" That cry was repeated. After I
+got out of the crowd, I would have sworn that I saw Father Dunn struck,
+although he denies it, but I still believe, in my mind, that he was
+struck. After we got a little further, a man jumped from my side and
+struck the mayor on the cheek, with either a billy or a slung shot.
+That was the blow that broke his jaw. That man I wouldn't recognize
+again. I never saw him before, but from the view I had of the men who
+were killed, I think he was one of the men who were killed. As we got
+further along towards the arch--after we got out under the
+arch--towards Lackawanna avenue on to Railroad alley, the police took
+hold of the mayor, and helped him on to the street. I saw the rear of
+our store was open, and I knew what threats had been made, and I jumped
+into the store and told them to close the front up. I thought that
+might be a very good place to start a fire. At the same time, I went to
+get a pistol. I tried to lock the front door, and as I looked over my
+shoulder, I saw the posse coming down the street. I jumped for the head
+of the posse. Stones were thrown, pistols were fired, and I heard one
+shot, I think it was, and I immediately turned around and yelled,
+"Don't fire!" My impression was they were not in any position, and they
+wanted to avoid a conflict with the crowd, if possible; but immediately
+after that, stones came from the other track parties by us, and there
+was another pistol shot or two--I couldn't say how many--and I saw a
+crowd throwing stones, and I turned around and I said, "Give it to them
+boys." Then the volley was fired, and immediately from that side
+between Colson's store and the next--the crowd over there--and I told
+them to give it to them, and they turned the guns that way; and by that
+time the crowd had got so thoroughly panic stricken that the riot was
+over.
+
+Q. How many were there in your posse that were firing?
+
+A. There was just fifty-one men with myself. As they came down the
+street they counted thirty-eight. I had the names of the whole posse,
+and from evidence I know--positive evidence--I know there was just
+fifty-one men.
+
+Q. They were all present at that time?
+
+A. Our whole posse was over a hundred.
+
+Q. Was the signal given?
+
+A. No, sir; I would not give it without the mayor's order. He was
+completely bewildered after this blow breaking his jaw. He was struck
+three or four other times, and just as soon as he could, got out of the
+crowd. I ran to give the signal, but I wanted my pistols first. I
+thought we were going to fight, and I wanted to be armed. Before I
+could get near the church to give the signal, the firing took place,
+and the whole thing was over. They ordered the men to fall in on
+Washington avenue, and they all fell right in without any excitement,
+just like old veterans, and we went straight to the company's store,
+and by the time we got to the company's store, a great many citizens
+were there to support us. I had no idea they were whipped. I supposed
+they would merely go around through the yard and attack us again. We
+went to the company's store to prepare to meet them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Who was given command of this posse?
+
+A. There was no officer in command. W. W. Scranton had brought them
+out. They had gone there and got their guns, and W. W. Scranton had as
+much command as any one. I had command as soon as I got with them.
+
+Q. Were your men sworn in as special policemen?
+
+A. These also had written authority from the mayor.
+
+Q. You said that the intention of your posse was to protect the
+property of private citizens. Did you intend to leave the property of
+corporations at the mercy of the mob?
+
+A. No, sir; that is, we intended to protect common property which would
+damage the city if it were destroyed. We did not want to be sworn in.
+We would be sworn in, but we wished to be placed in such a position
+that we would not be forced to go over to breakers or outlying property
+in any direction to protect it, but property here in the city, for
+instance, the company's store we would protect. We did not wish to be
+mixed in any such way that we would have to take sides as between
+strikers and the man that wanted to work. It was not our business, we
+were not serving for pay, we were only serving for our own protection.
+
+Q. I understood that was the case, but the language might be construed
+otherwise?
+
+A. We could not draw the line between private property and corporation
+property.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You better explain more fully the object of the organization?
+
+A. The object of the organization--we understood the cry had been
+raised all through in all directions among--I can't say whether there
+were miners or laborers, but among the worthless set of men who were in
+one thing or another, and hardly ever did a stroke of honest work, that
+they were going to gut Lackawanna avenue, that was the cry, and we
+organized to prevent any such thing as that taking place. We wished
+distinctly, and had it understood as distinctly, that the quarrels of
+men with their employers were nothing to us. We did not wish to side
+with the companies or men.
+
+Q. The question of wages between the men and the company?
+
+A. That was not for us to decide.
+
+Q. You organized for protection?
+
+A. Merely for protection of the property of the city. We had up to the
+time of the riot the best wishes of a large portion of the laboring
+class.
+
+Q. How was it after the riot?
+
+A. Then came a question of order. Three men were killed--whether in
+killing these three men we were justifiable, and under the excitement,
+a great many would privately tell us they thought we were justifiable,
+at the same time to hear them talk in a crowd, you would think they
+were not.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were tried, and the court sustained you?
+
+A. Sustained us.
+
+Q. How many were arrested of the posse and tried?
+
+A. We were all tried--no we were not all tried. There were two
+indictments brought, one was for murder, and one was for manslaughter.
+Those they supposed had done the shooting were tried for murder and
+acquitted, and those that were under indictment for manslaughter--the
+whole thing was _nolle prossed_. The same evidence that failed to
+convict the men of murder would have to be used on the trial for
+manslaughter.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Where were you tried?
+
+A. Wilkes-Barre.
+
+Q. Before what judge?
+
+A. Harding. I was not tried; I was indicted for manslaughter only,
+because at the time the firing took place I had no weapons about me.
+
+Q. All that were tried were acquitted?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was the case ever submitted to a jury?
+
+A. Yes; the murder case was submitted to a jury.
+
+Q. Under the instruction of the court?
+
+A. Yes. It was so plain a case, we had so many men hurt, and we could
+prove so many stones thrown and pistol shots fired at us. We had four
+men altogether, wounded--one man shot in the leg, one man a pistol ball
+took him right across the fingers--it made no wound to speak of, still
+the intention was to hit him, and that same ball struck a gun and left
+its mark in the wood, and on the iron. Another ball that was fired
+whistled by my head and broke a plate-glass window.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did this all occur before your men fired?
+
+A. The shooting of this pistol--the man who fired that pistol was
+killed. Two men were struck, and badly hurt with stones, and the men
+that threw these stones were killed. All this took place before a
+single shot was fired from our side.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were there any other stores broken into and robbed?
+
+A. No, sir; not robbed. Our store was broken into, but it was by the
+mob, in their efforts to get away from the guns.
+
+Q. After you were arrested, tell what took place in regard to your
+being arraigned before a magistrate.
+
+A. We were not arrested; there were no arrests, virtually no arrests
+made. We voluntarily gave ourselves up, after this coroner's inquest
+had taken place, which was a coroner's inquest held by an alderman, an
+illegal inquest, as decided by Judge Harding. An inquest was held, and
+myself, as well as a number of others, were found guilty of murder, and
+warrants issued for the arrest.
+
+Q. Were you charged with murder?
+
+A. Found guilty by the coroner's inquest of murder, so far as a
+coroner's inquest could do that. Among the number found guilty, were
+men, who--or accused of it--were men who were not in the posse, and had
+no connection with it, and it was known to every one, who were blocks
+away from Lackawanna avenue. One of them was three blocks away from
+Lackawanna avenue, at the time the firing took place; another one was
+in his barn, one block away from Lackawanna avenue; and another one, I
+doubt whether he was in the city; another one was inside the store--of
+our store. Both the Messrs. Hunt who were found guilty--were brought in
+by the coroner's jury, charged with murder, had no connection in any
+way, shape or manner with the posse, and were not present at it, the
+elder Mr. Hunt, being inside of the store, and the younger one, being
+over two blocks away. Warrants were issued for the arrest of the elder
+Mr. Hunt, and some others, and Mr. Hunt was arrested. This was done at
+night. It was understood that we would be arrested at night, and taken
+in carriages to Wilkes-Barre, and not allowed a chance to consult
+counsel, and taken down through Taylorville, where a large number of
+this crowd had come from, and where two of this crowd that were killed
+lived, and then probably lynched. As soon as any notice was given of
+these arrests, word was carried immediately to General Huidekoper's
+head-quarters, who was then stationed at the company's store, to come
+along on the track, and scattered where they would do the most good. He
+immediately ordered a company down, and took the prisoners from the
+constable, holding himself personally responsible for their delivery to
+the proper authorities. That was done, because no one had any idea that
+the coroner's inquest was a legal affair, and that the lives of the men
+arrested were not worth that, if they were taken off at night, because
+any one of them could be arrested in the day time. Any one of us could
+be arrested at any hour of the day, if they had seen fit to do so, and
+it was merely an action of revenge on the part of the crowd. The next
+day, all that were in any danger of arrest, voluntarily went to
+Wilkes-Barre, and entered bail.
+
+Q. How many were arrested by that constable?
+
+A. Two.
+
+Q. And they were taken from the custody of the constable by this
+company of Huidekoper's?
+
+A. Yes, sir. Undoubtedly other arrests would have been made, but they
+did not care to go under his guns to do it. We put ourselves under his
+guns, and spent the night there.
+
+Q. Had they warrants against all the posse?
+
+A. They were not able to find out. We were not allowed any access to
+what they were doing. It was all secret.
+
+Q. Coroner's jury?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Warrants issued by the coroner?
+
+A. By an alderman, acting as coroner.
+
+Q. And placed in the hands of this constable?
+
+A. To arrest. The constable told me that he had a warrant for my arrest
+that night, but refused to serve it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you ascertain what force accompanied the constable to make these
+arrests?
+
+A. No, sir. There was quite a crowd apparently hanging on, but the
+constable made the arrest alone. The idea was to hurry the men off
+quietly, without letting us know anything about it, and get them out of
+the reach of assistance.
+
+Q. Who were the two men that were arrested?
+
+A. T. T. Hunt and C. B. Chittenden.
+
+Q. Were they part of your posse?
+
+A. Hunt had nothing whatever to do with it.
+
+Q. What was Hunt's business?
+
+A. Hardware merchant.
+
+Q. Was Chittenden a member of the posse?
+
+A. He was a member of the posse.
+
+Q. Did he participate in the conflict?
+
+A. I am not certain whether he did or not.
+
+Q. In endeavoring to suppress the riot?
+
+A. I am not certain whether he was in the squad or not. I know he
+belonged to the general committee--the general posse. If he was not
+there, he probably would have been if he had had an opportunity.
+
+Q. What class and character of men was that posse composed of?
+
+A. The best men of the town. Merchants and lawyers, business men
+generally.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. H. Powell, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I reside in Hyde Park, this city.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. At present I am not doing anything. My last business was editor of
+the _Industrial Advocate_.
+
+Q. In July last what were you?
+
+A. At that time my occupation was a miner.
+
+Q. And in August?
+
+A. At that time my occupation was a miner.
+
+Q. In whose employ were you?
+
+A. D. L. and W. Co.
+
+Q. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. In what capacity were you employed?
+
+A. Miner.
+
+Q. As foreman, or as----
+
+A. No, sir; miner.
+
+Q. How far were you--was it from the city of Scranton where you worked
+in July?
+
+A. We were not at work at the time. During that time they were on a
+strike.
+
+Q. About the 20th of July--were you not at work at that time?
+
+A. I presume not. I presume we were on a strike the 20th of July.
+
+Q. Did all the miners----
+
+A. I am not positive whether we commenced the strike----
+
+Q. Did all the miners employed by the company strike?
+
+A. It was a general strike. I presume it was a tidal wave that went
+through the country. The first commencement of the strike was the
+railroad men struck, and they blocked the mines to a stand still, and
+the miners at the meeting joined hands with the whole country.
+
+Q. The miners struck?
+
+A. They called a meeting, and decided to make a demand for higher
+wages.
+
+Q. Had you stopped work before you called that meeting?
+
+A. There was a meeting--a preliminary meeting--there was some of the
+mines idle for want of cars.
+
+Q. Take the company that you were working for--the men that you were
+working with--did they strike, or were you stopped for want of work to
+do?
+
+A. I could not state positive with regard to the whole mines. Part of
+the mines stopped for want of cars.
+
+Q. I am asking whether yours stopped for want of cars?
+
+A. At that time I was unable to attend to my work on account of
+sickness.
+
+Q. Then you had not been at work for several weeks?
+
+A. I was only working every other week. I could not work on account of
+sickness at the time.
+
+Q. What day did they hold that meeting and agree to join hands with the
+railroad employés?
+
+A. I am not positive of the date of that?
+
+Q. Was it before or after the strike at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. It was after the strike at Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Was anything done by the miners here about a strike before the
+strike at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Had you held any meetings or contemplated a strike until after you
+heard of the strike at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. No, sir; did not know of any meetings.
+
+Q. Then that was the beginning of it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. The railroad employés struck first, I understand you to say?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did they send any word or have any interviews with the miners to
+persuade the miners to strike?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. The miners held a meeting and resolved to strike also. Is that the
+way of it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How long after the railroad employés struck?
+
+A. I presume, if my memory serves me, it was about a week after the
+railroad strike, so far as I remember. I did not take any notice of it.
+
+Q. Did the miners have any organization, any societies among
+themselves?
+
+A. I presume that they had an organization. They used to have
+organizations. What they termed the W.B.A.
+
+Q. Had they any in last summer--in 1877?
+
+A. I presume they had.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know the existence?
+
+A. I may as well say that I knew of the existence of the W.B.A.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Workingmen's Benevolent Association?
+
+A. No; it was the old organization.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was the new organization?
+
+A. The new organization, I presume, the title is the Knights of Labor?
+
+Q. What were the objects of the organization?
+
+A. The only object of the organization is men combined together to
+elevate labor?
+
+Q. Are you a member of the organization?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was it secret?
+
+A. There were secrets in it.
+
+Q. Was it confined entirely to miners?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Other classes of laboring men--did it take any?
+
+A. Took in mechanics, and all that earn their living by the sweat of
+their brow.
+
+Q. Took in railroad employés?
+
+A. Any class in.
+
+Q. Can you give us the extent of that organization?
+
+A. I could not, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know whether it extends throughout the State, or whether it
+is confined to the coal region?
+
+A. I do not believe it is confined. I do not know that it is confined
+to any place.
+
+Q. How many lodges do you know of, or did you, at that time?
+
+A. I could not tell you, sir. I am not posted in the organization.
+
+Q. Was there a lodge here in Scranton?
+
+A. There was.
+
+Q. More than one lodge?
+
+A. There were several lodges. I could not state how many.
+
+Q. Do you know whether there were any lodges in the vicinity of here,
+around in the townships?
+
+A. I presume there were lodges throughout the county.
+
+Q. All through the county?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Are those lodges composed of different trades--different branches of
+the trades? They are all organized--that is, for instance, miners into
+one----
+
+Mr. Lindsey: No; he has just said, they took in all classes of laboring
+men, miners, and mechanics.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. I understand that. I want to understand whether he means a lodge,
+composed of those men generally, or whether they are lodges of each
+trade, and these lodges compose the organization or delegates from
+them?
+
+A. I presume that there are lodges of different trades.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Under the same title?
+
+A. The same title.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Take the lodge to which you belonged. Were they composed entirely of
+miners?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. What other classes of men belonged?
+
+A. Mechanics, carpenters, engineers, miners.
+
+Q. Were there any railroad employés?
+
+A. I do not know of any.
+
+Q. In your lodge?
+
+A. I do not know of any. There may be.
+
+Q. Carpenters?
+
+A. Carpenters.
+
+Q. Blacksmiths?
+
+A. Blacksmiths.
+
+Q. Miners?
+
+A. Miners.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What class of engineers?
+
+A. Stationary engineers; not railroad.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. You only include those employed in collieries and about collieries
+in your organization?
+
+A. All employed around collieries.
+
+Q. Can you give us the extent of the organization in the city?
+
+A. I could not.
+
+Q. Do you know how many members it has throughout the State?
+
+A. I could not say.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Approximate about?
+
+A. I have no "about" about it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Have you not heard an estimate of the number in this vicinity or
+this county?
+
+A. No, sir; I have not see anything official, more than it is stated
+somewhere, from thirteen thousand to fifteen thousand.
+
+Q. In this vicinity?
+
+A. In this county. That was the estimate. I have nothing official about
+it.
+
+Q. The object is for the elevation of labor?
+
+A. The object is the elevation of labor by honorable means and legal
+means.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Is it beneficial?
+
+A. No, sir; only so far as helping a brother when he is in necessity.
+
+Q. That is what I mean?
+
+A. Yes; beneficial.
+
+Q. If a man is sick or out of work or in distress, then he is helped?
+
+A. Out of employment. In distress.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Is it not more for assistance in case of a strike in distress than
+in case of sickness?
+
+A. This labor organization, it is on account of distress; for instance,
+a man out of labor and in distress--a family in need; it is a matter of
+charity.
+
+Q. You do not understand me, or if you do, you do not take it right. If
+a man strikes, he is helped quicker than if he is taken sick; was he
+not?
+
+A. I don't know of any proviso with regard to men that strike. If a man
+is thrown out of employment, or deprived of employment, and in
+distress, and wants help to go somewhere where he can get employment,
+the object is to help him along, in order to sustain his family.
+
+Q. Do they ever assist the miners of a colliery that are on a strike?
+
+A. There is no proviso for strikes. Their funds would not afford them
+to.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. If a man loses his employment from any cause, he receives
+assistance?
+
+A. Not any amount. A man, for instance, is deprived of employment, and
+wants to go somewhere in search of employment--just help him a few
+dollars to get employment elsewhere.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Is it a part of the objects of the association to organize in
+strikes case they think it is best in order to get their wages raised?
+If they are dissatisfied with regard to wages, is it a part of the
+intent of the society to organize?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Or to help them on to arrange the machinery for a strike, so that it
+will all come off together?
+
+A. There is nothing connected with that organization, only to elevate
+labor by legal means.
+
+Q. I suppose they would not call striking, quitting work, illegal
+means?
+
+A. No; my view of the question, a man has just as much right to quit
+work, and that is legal.
+
+Q. But that is a question, whether this is a part of the objects of the
+association. Whether in case the men felt that they have been aggrieved
+by the reduction of wages--whether the association acts as a unit in
+forwarding a strike, in assisting the men, to all quit work
+simultaneously?
+
+A. Oh, no; nothing of the kind.
+
+Q. Nothing of the kind in the by-laws and constitution?
+
+A. No; I do not know of anything that I could draw such an inference
+from.
+
+Q. Is this association in existence now?
+
+A. Yes, it is.
+
+
+    By Mr. Englebert:
+
+Q. Were you working in the mines in 1876?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What wages were you getting then--average--you being a practical man
+of intelligence, of course, you know about the average price of miners
+and laborers in 1876?
+
+A. To be able to answer that question intelligently----
+
+Q. As near as you can remember?
+
+A. I ought to have prepared myself, by looking up the price of coal. I
+could not remember exactly what would be the price of a car in 1876. If
+I could remember that, I could find out about what it would be--the
+amount of money.
+
+Q. What was the difference about in wages between 1875 and 1876,
+causing this dissatisfaction?
+
+A. There was no difference.
+
+Q. The same wages?
+
+A. The price was the same in 1876 and 1877.
+
+Q. Do you mean the pay for mining?
+
+A. I do not remember of any reduction taking place.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was there any reduction in March, 1877, of ten per cent.?
+
+A. I believe there was ten per cent. in March.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did that take effect in the mines, or only in the machine shops?
+
+A. There was one reduction that didn't take effect in the mines, but in
+the shops and among the mechanics.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Not among the miners?
+
+A. There was one reduction the mechanics had that didn't reach the
+miners.
+
+Q. And are the wages of miners fixed by the price of coal at entirely
+the same scale?
+
+A. They got so much a car. There is one grand mistake been made in the
+assessment of the car. It leaves the impression that the men get so
+much a ton instead of so much a car. When a man gets sixty-four cents a
+car, it is not sixty-four cents a ton, but sixty-four cents for two
+tons of clean coal.
+
+Q. That would be thirty-one cents a ton?
+
+A. Yes; for loading and mining and all the expenses in connection with
+it. The price of a car contained the price of mining coal, loading the
+coal, and all necessary expenses.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Did not your mine wagons average more than two tons of clean coal?
+
+A. I believe they average it so that a car carries about two and a half
+tons. There is half a ton allowed for breakage and culm, so it makes it
+about two tons of clean coal.
+
+Q. Is that not a big average of loss?
+
+A. It appears to me that it is, but it appears on the other side that
+it don't satisfy the corporation.
+
+Q. About what I am speaking about is ordinary mining?
+
+A. In my estimation, half a ton would be sufficient.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. How did this price range in 1877, as compared with 1873, at the time
+of the panic?
+
+A. I could give you an estimate of what a miner would make in 1877 and
+1876 as well.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Just state whether the wages were any lower in May, June, or July,
+of 1877, than they were in the same months of 1876? Make your own
+estimates to yourself.
+
+A. I do not want to state anything but what I am positive of, and I
+cannot bring to memory with regard to the dates of this reduction.
+
+Q. Had there been any reductions in 1877?
+
+A. Up to that date I cannot remember whether there was a ten per cent.
+or not. There may be others that can remember these things.
+
+Q. You cannot state whether there was any reduction in 1877 or not?
+
+A. I am not positive. I am under the impression that there was a
+reduction; but I could not state positively--in the early part of 1877.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Will you please define the term strike?
+
+A. The only definition I can give you is that it means suspension of
+work.
+
+Q. You mean if just one man quits work, he is on a strike, or when
+there is a combination of men all quit at once?
+
+A. Oh, no; a man may suspend work himself, but the term strike means a
+general suspension of work.
+
+Q. Of all the men--then you call it a strike?
+
+A. Yes; although the proper term is suspension.
+
+Q. You know it is generally termed a strike?
+
+A. So the railroad and everything of that kind call it a strike; but it
+is not termed a strike unless there is an arrangement or understanding
+that they all quit. A meeting is called, there is a delegation
+appointed to inform the officials of the corporations of the demand of
+the men, and that committee returns back and reports; and if that is
+accepted--sometimes it is decided by ballot--if they agree to suspend
+work until their demand is complied with--they go under the term
+strike.
+
+Q. What is the object of the men, and what means would be resorted to,
+to prevent other men from working?
+
+A. There is no provision to prevent anybody. I never knew of any
+proviso to prevent anybody from working.
+
+Q. Then when there is any interference, it is unauthorized by your
+organization?
+
+A. Oh, yes.
+
+Q. When men go on a strike, and others will undertake to work in their
+stead, and they are interrupted by violence and threats of violence?
+
+A. No organization could be accountable for that, and I wish to state
+here that the late strike was not under the auspices of that
+organization.
+
+Q. That strike at that time was not under their auspices?
+
+A. The strike was not inaugurated by the organization.
+
+Q. Did the organization approve of it?
+
+A. There was a meeting called. There was a mass meeting, and when that
+meeting--that meeting adjourned to meet at a mass meeting and take a
+vote of the committee, and in that second mass meeting they decided to
+suspend work and join hands.
+
+Q. The second mass meeting was at the silk-works?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Where was it?
+
+A. Held in the Round woods.
+
+Q. Where was the first one held?
+
+A. "Fellows' Hall."
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did this organization--"Kights of Labor"--did they by any resolution
+or by-law discountenance any interference with men that wished to work?
+
+A. There is no combination to resort to any violence whatever.
+
+Q. Was there anything condemning anything by the men?
+
+A. There was nothing under the organization. The constitution and
+by-laws is the one safe basis of any society, and from their
+constitution and by-laws there is nothing whatever but that it is a
+law-abiding organization.
+
+Q. Do you know of any resolutions being passed by any of those lodges
+and by this association, condemning interference with men who wished to
+work?
+
+A. I do not, neither do I know of any resolution that urged anything of
+that kind.
+
+Q. Were you present at this meeting out here at the silk-works?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What resolutions were passed there?
+
+A. I do not know but very little about the resolutions. I went there in
+company--at the time, I held the position of chairman of the county and
+central committee, and was secretary of the Hyde park executive
+committee, and we went there in company with others of that executive
+committee--over to the silk-works meeting, with the understanding that
+there were delegations there from all over the county.
+
+Q. You are secretary of the executive committee of what?
+
+A. Of the miners.
+
+Q. Of those Knights of Labor?
+
+A. Oh, no, sir; it was a committee appointed in this mass meeting of
+members and non-members. I went over there to that meeting, with the
+understanding that there were delegates to be there from all over the
+county. I do not know that our committee was notified officially of
+this meeting, only it was spoken all over the street, and I presume
+there was notice in the local press, that there was to be a meeting
+held. When I went there, there was a few thousand people there, and
+after a while the meeting was called to order by some gentleman, a
+stranger to me, and some gentleman, I forget his name, was elected
+chairman. He was also a stranger to me, and the meeting was
+orderly--there was a few disorderly men there, but the average of the
+meeting was an orderly meeting, with the exception of those few that
+may have been aggravated by seeing these men they termed blacklegs
+working in their places in the shops. I was told that the meeting was
+called by the Lackawanna Coal Company, to receive the report of some
+committee, but I never heard of any committee reporting. I did not take
+any part there, more so than going round, and when I would hear some
+one making remarks there, to try to quash him of all such remarks,
+until a letter was brought there by somebody and read--a letter
+purporting to be written, as I understood at the time, by W. W.
+Scranton, and in that letter, it was read there, that Scranton stated
+something, that the men should live on mush and milk, or something to
+that effect. I was so far off I could not hear the letter, and that
+drove these men around there to a rage.
+
+Q. Did you understand that this letter had been written by Scranton?
+
+A. I never thought that was the letter. That was my impression. The
+impression it left on me was that it was written by some men to
+accomplish their object--to inspire the men to violate the laws.
+
+Q. Do you know of any resolutions passed at that meeting? Do you know
+the purport of those resolutions?
+
+A. I do not know of any resolutions.
+
+Q. When this meeting adjourned, what was the general understanding of
+what was to be done?
+
+A. The meeting adjourned. There were a few that got up a cry to go and
+drive all the blacklegs out; and the meeting adjourned, and the men
+started and went up in the direction of the shops.
+
+Q. What do you mean by the shops?
+
+A. The manufactories, you know.
+
+Q. Different manufactories?
+
+A. Yes; and that is the last I saw of the meeting. I could see these
+men running. I saw these men running up the hill. I didn't follow them.
+I took the railroad up.
+
+Q. You did not go up with the crowd to the shops?
+
+A. No; I didn't see anything.
+
+Q. How large a crowd ran in that direction, about?
+
+A. I think, maybe, those that went up there might have been three or
+four thousand people there in the meeting, more or less. I could not
+make an estimate. There was a large crowd.
+
+Q. What class of men were those that talked about driving the blacklegs
+out of the shops and mills? Were they men from these shops, formerly?
+
+A. They were strangers to me. I was not much acquainted with this city.
+
+Q. Did the miners join in with that crowd?
+
+A. It was not a meeting of miners; it was a public meeting. You could
+not say it was miners or mechanics.
+
+Q. You could not tell whether there was any miners joined that crowd or
+not?
+
+A. Oh, no.
+
+Q. A mass meeting of all classes of laboring men?
+
+A. A general meeting.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was there any liquor there, or anything to inflame--any drinking
+going on?
+
+A. Oh, no; not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. You didn't see anything of that kind?
+
+A. Didn't see any man there under the influence of drink.
+
+Q. Do I understand you to say you are a member of the executive
+committee of miners?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you go there in your official capacity?
+
+A. No, sir; we just met, and agreed to go there together.
+
+Q. To hear some report?
+
+A. Yes, sir; we went over there as a matter of curiosity, being a
+member of the executive committee of the Hyde Park miners.
+
+Q. What did you expect this report from?
+
+A. We were informed there would be delegates from different places?
+
+Q. They were to make a report?
+
+A. Yes; to know the general situation of the men all over the different
+parts of the county.
+
+Q. What were they to report about?
+
+A. With regard to what was the condition of the standing of men in
+different places. That is what we expected they would report.
+
+Q. The condition in what respect?
+
+A. In regard to what was the condition of the lines that were striking,
+or any sign of a break, or anything of that kind.
+
+Q. That is, whether they were all standing solid in the strike?
+
+A. Yes; exactly.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did your committee intend to make a report at that meeting, also?
+
+A. No, sir; but we could have made a report in behalf of the Hyde Park
+men, the men that we represented in committee. If there was any
+difficulty, we could see that the men at our side were all solid. That
+is the general phrase of a report, if the men are all solid--all solid.
+
+Q. All stand united?
+
+A. That meant united.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What wages did you get the last month that you worked?
+
+A. I presume that the men----
+
+Q. I just asked you the question, how much did you get the last month
+that you worked? How much did you make?
+
+A. The last month?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. We generally work there----
+
+Q. I ain't asking you that?
+
+A. I could not tell you how much I made in the last month.
+
+Q. How much could you make a day?
+
+A. In the Diamond vein a man could make about $1 89 a day, figuring
+down the price of a car, and allowing for expenses, and the price for
+labor, loading the coal.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. F. McNally, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Sixth ward, city of Scranton.
+
+Q. What is your business? What was it in July last?
+
+A. Boiler tender for the iron and coal company.
+
+Q. Where is that located--the works of the company?
+
+A. Down this side of Shanty hill a little ways.
+
+Q. Were you at work on the 1st day of August?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Go on and state why you were not, and give us the facts connected
+with the strike here, and all that you are acquainted with?
+
+A. On the 8th day of July, I think it was, there was a reduction--it
+didn't say how much.
+
+Q. A reduction of wages?
+
+A. A notice put up to that effect.
+
+Q. By that company?
+
+A. Yes, sir. We didn't like it very well, and we appointed a committee
+to wait on Mr. Platt--he was outside foreman there--and see what the
+reduction was, and the committee went to Mr. Platt, and he was to go to
+Mr. Scranton. The answer was, that when we got paid we would find out
+what the reduction was. Mr. Platt stated that Mr. Scranton told him he
+didn't know it was any of his business to go there--something to that
+effect. So we worked along, and on the 20th they struck. I was on the
+night turn, and I worked Monday night, and Tuesday afternoon they
+struck.
+
+Q. On the 20th of July?
+
+A. Yes; about twelve o'clock. They stated here it was a puddlers'----
+
+Q. It was either the 17th or the 24th--which was it now? Do you think
+Tuesday, 24th?
+
+A. I could not say positively which it was. I know it was summer. The
+latter part of the month, or getting that way.
+
+Q. Go on, then.
+
+A. I was on the night turn, and I just got up about two o'clock, and I
+came over that afternoon a little early, and had a little work to do,
+and when I was going out mother said to me, "Where are you going? Going
+to work?" She said she heard they had struck. There was a meeting that
+night up on the hill. I left the dinner-pail in the house, and went up
+to the meeting, to see what was going on there. When I got there, Mr.
+Scranton came about the same time, and he asked what was the matter,
+and they told him. He said he could not do anything, and he drove away,
+and that is all there was about it until the 1st of August there was a
+meeting called to be held at the silk-works. So we went there to hear
+what it was. We understood it was a report from the miners and other
+different trades, in regard to what they were going to do, whether they
+were going to stay out or resume work, or what. After the meeting was
+called to order, before any committee had a chance to report, or
+anything of the kind, this letter was produced, and read there.
+
+Q. That was at the silk-works?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State how the letter read. What the subject of it was. The subject
+matter, as near as you can remember.
+
+A. The substance of the letter was, Mr. Scranton said he would have the
+men working if, I think, it was thirty-five cents a day and living on
+mush and molasses, or he would bury himself in a culm-dump. That was
+the statement of the letter.
+
+Q. How was the letter signed?
+
+A. Workingmen.
+
+Q. These workingmen stated in the letter that that was what Mr.
+Scranton had said?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did the letter state when and where Mr. Scranton had made that
+declaration?
+
+A. No, sir; not to my recollection.
+
+Q. What did the letter advise the meeting to do?
+
+A. It didn't state. That was about the substance of the letter.
+
+Q. Who read the letter?
+
+A. I could not tell you what his name is. I wouldn't know him if I
+would see him.
+
+Q. Did you come up, then, with the crowd that came up to the shop?
+
+A. No, sir. After the meeting adjourned, part of us came up the
+railroad towards the L.S. crossing, and I stood there conversing about
+fifteen or twenty minutes. The crowd had gone towards Lackawanna
+avenue. After they had dispersed from there, I thought I would walk to
+town, and I went up, and when I got up to the top of the hill the crowd
+and I walked through the crowd, and I met the mayor coming down. He
+seemed to be quite excited. He was going to McKinney's office. I met
+him a little this side of there. I passed on to Lackawanna avenue, and
+stood there.
+
+Q. Your recollection of it is the same as that given by Mr. Brown this
+morning as to what occurred there on Lackawanna avenue?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Go on and state, then, how it was?
+
+A. I walked first towards Lackawanna avenue and then I walked back
+again to Washington avenue and stood down there. The mayor came up,
+supported by two men, one on each side of him, and the crowd following
+up. A party says, What is this coming down the avenue? I stood up and I
+saw it was vigilantes, as they call them, coming down with rifles. They
+had just about passed about the time the crowd came there. The crowd
+filed in right behind them. Mr. Boltry stepped back and told them to
+keep back. With that they turned around again, and with that the first
+I heard was "crack," "crack," "crack" of the vigilants. They fired
+right into them.
+
+Q. Was the crowd throwing stones?
+
+A. I had not seen any.
+
+Q. Did you hear any pistol shot from the crowd?
+
+A. No, sir; not there, nor anywhere in that section.
+
+Q. Whereabouts was the crowd when the vigilantes fired?
+
+A. They were right on Washington avenue, from Lackawanna avenue.
+
+Q. Going which direction?
+
+A. They seemed to be facing down Lackawanna avenue.
+
+Q. In this direction?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. When the firing took place?
+
+A. Yes; they were right abreast there.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How large a crowd was that?
+
+A. I should judge from five to six hundred.
+
+Q. What wages were you getting at the time of the strike?
+
+A. One dollar and twelve cents.
+
+Q. As boiler tender?
+
+A. Yes; I looked after boilers there.
+
+Q. Was that what your wages were about the time of the reduction or
+before?
+
+A. After the reduction.
+
+Q. How was it before the reduction?
+
+A. Before the reduction it was one dollar and a half.
+
+Q. When was the first reduction?
+
+A. I think it was in March.
+
+Q. How much was it after the reduction in March?
+
+A. One dollar and twenty-five cents.
+
+Q. Then after the last reduction it was one dollar and twelve cents?
+
+A. One dollar and twelve and a half cents.
+
+Q. What were engineers getting in the works where you were at that
+time?
+
+A. One dollar and a half they were getting before the last reduction.
+One dollar and thirty-five cents, then, after the last reduction. There
+is one of the engineers here, who can state that.
+
+Q. What were the men, generally, getting? What wages in the shops?
+
+A. Laboring men were getting eighty cents a day.
+
+Q. What kind of work were they doing?
+
+A. All kinds of work round there--that is, laborers.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You mean repairing men--truckmen?
+
+A. Truckmen, such as that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Get eighty cents a day after the first reduction?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How much were they getting before the last reduction?
+
+A. I think it was either ninety cents or one dollar, or one dollar and
+five cents.
+
+Q. How much were they getting before the reduction in March?
+
+A. I could not say what they were getting. Puddlers were getting three
+dollars a ton.
+
+Q. Three dollars a ton before the reduction?
+
+A. Before the reduction.
+
+Q. How much were they getting before the reduction?
+
+A. Two dollars and seventy cents I think it was, and that had to be
+divided between two.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. They had a helper?
+
+A. At this time two puddlermen were in together.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How much would they puddle per day, on an average?
+
+A. A ton was about all they were allowed to puddle. Twenty-two hundred,
+about that--twenty-two hundred I think was allowed for a ton.
+
+Q. What then did they make per day, on an average?
+
+A. Between one dollar and thirty-five cents and one dollar and fifty
+cents.
+
+Q. Was this reduction of wages that was made in July general?
+
+A. Yes; it was a general reduction--stated so.
+
+Q. Among all the men?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did it apply to you?
+
+A. The notice read that it would be a general reduction.
+
+Q. Did the reduction apply to officers of the company--book-keepers and
+so forth?
+
+A. That is something I could not state.
+
+Q. Is a ton a day all that two men can puddle?
+
+A. Yes--about that.
+
+Q. Don't they puddle more than that some days?
+
+A. They may perhaps--two hundred over that.
+
+Q. Two hundred over? They are paid for all they make over, are they
+not?
+
+A. That is something I cannot state. They are only allowed a ton.
+
+Q. Did other companies here reduce their wages also?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. At the same time?
+
+A. Well, somewhere around there. This company was the first that struck
+here.
+
+Q. In the meetings that you attended among the men who struck, was
+there anything said about interfering with those parties of men who
+were willing to work?
+
+A. No, sir; they were committees appointed to go and wait on them, and
+ask them civilly whether they could work. There was no violence of any
+kind.
+
+Q. Committees appointed to visit them, and ask them to quit work?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Until they got the wages they want?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did they fix upon any definite price per day that you would demand?
+
+A. Yes; we asked them twenty-five per cent.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Twenty-five per cent. advance?
+
+A. Yes; there was a committee appointed between boiler tenders and
+engineers of the company, to wait on the former and demand it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were you on that committee?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Well, now do you know----
+
+A. I was on after. We could not get no one over there after we met
+altogether. There was a committee appointed to wait on Mr. Scranton,
+and I was on that committee to ask Mr. Scranton.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What reason did Mr. Scranton give?
+
+A. He said he could not do it. He was not getting price enough for his
+iron, and could not afford to give it. He said these were just as big a
+price as any other company. There was one witness stated here to-day,
+in regard to after the coroner's inquest was held, that they were to
+take them in carriages to Wilkes-Barre after the arrest. There was no
+such proposition made.
+
+Q. Were you at the coroner's inquest?
+
+A. Yes, I was there--a witness there. They were to make these arrests
+and put them in the lockup here, and take them to Wilkes-Barre. They
+were not to take them by night.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How do you know?
+
+A. Because I was there all the time.
+
+Q. Have any conversation with the officers?
+
+A. No, sir; it was somewhere about eight o'clock in the evening, or
+seven o'clock, when the verdict was given, and all the evidence was
+taken. Then the arrest was to be made immediately after that. He stated
+then, that there was an indictment in Wilkes-Barre, one for murder and
+one for manslaughter. There was not. There was only one indictment
+fetched against them. It was for manslaughter.
+
+Q. Against whom?
+
+A. Against the vigilants.
+
+Q. Do you know how much the miners made per day during May, June, and
+July, 1877?
+
+A. The miners stated to me that they could make on an average about one
+dollar and fifty cents a day.
+
+Q. During May, June, and July?
+
+A. Yes, sir; they were not working on full time. Some days they would
+make half of that. They were paid by the car, and they would not get
+the cars.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What was your object in coming up Lackawanna avenue at that time?
+You say you came up and stood on the corner?
+
+A. I most generally come up every day two or three times.
+
+Q. You had no particular mission to go up there?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Expect to see any fun?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Did you expect there was anything going on?
+
+A. No, sir; never dreamed of anything.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you know there was a crowd of men driving the men out of the
+works.
+
+A. No, sir; had not seen any.
+
+Q. Did not know anything about that at all?
+
+A. Did not see that at all. The men came out peaceably. I did not see
+any men around.
+
+Q. Did you see the crowd going up to the works?
+
+A. The place was on the road coming up.
+
+Q. You were at the meeting at the silk-works, and came up?
+
+A. No, sir; I took the railroad.
+
+Q. Did the railroad lead you by the shops?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you about the shops when the men were driving the workmen
+out--when the crowd was?
+
+A. Yes. I just came there about the time the workmen were coming out. I
+did not see them driven out.
+
+Q. Did you go inside the shops?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. You were along there just as the workmen were coming out?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was the crowd chasing any of them?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. The workmen came out peaceably and quiet? There seemed to be no
+trouble?
+
+A. There did not seem to be any trouble.
+
+Q. At what shops?
+
+A. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western.
+
+Q. At the lower shops?
+
+A. At the first shops as you go down the hill.
+
+Q. Did you see any men coming out of the lower works immediately in the
+vicinity of where the stables are?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. I met them after the crowd had passed.
+
+Q. Passed them?
+
+A. Yes; and I asked them what the difficulty was. They told me the men
+came there and ordered them out, so they went out. They stood all
+around the streets there.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of some men being clubbed and beaten and
+injured?
+
+A. No, sir. Did not see any clubbed, injured, or beaten in any way,
+shape, or manner.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Do you not know that such things did take place--that some were
+beaten and driven out violently?
+
+A. It was talked so. I never heard a man say he was hit.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see the mayor hit?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see the mayor bleeding as if he had been struck?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see that crowd that came out of the shops with clubs in
+their hands?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Did you see any men----
+
+A. When the mayor got there I passed right on Lackawanna avenue.
+
+Q. Did you see anybody in this crowd that came up Washington avenue
+with clubs?
+
+A. I saw some boys had sticks--or laths, rather.
+
+Q. What do you mean by boys?
+
+A. Boys from twelve to fourteen.
+
+Q. You did not see any attack made on the mayor at all?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. Not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. Did you see Father Dunn?
+
+A. I think I did see the mayor struck. I would not be positive though.
+I think I saw the mayor struck. I would not be positive.
+
+Q. Who struck him? A boy?
+
+A. No, sir. I think it was a man.
+
+Q. What did he strike him with?
+
+A. I could not see what he struck him with. I was quite a distance
+away. I was up on Washington avenue.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. At what point was it you saw the mayor struck?
+
+A. Right below the culvert.
+
+Q. The causeway under the railroad?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What did the crowd say when they came up Washington avenue? Did you
+hear any expressions from the crowd what they were going to do?
+
+A. When I passed by I heard them ask who it was that was going towards
+McKinney's office. They said it was the mayor. Those were the only
+words I heard spoken.
+
+Q. You say you came up Washington avenue, and sat down?
+
+A. I sat down on the corner of Hunt's store, on Washington avenue.
+
+Q. When the crowd came up--after the vigilants came up the street--did
+the crowd say what they were going to do?
+
+A. No, sir; they walked right along up the streets.
+
+Q. What did those boys say?
+
+A. The boys were ahead of the men. I did not pay much attention to what
+was going on. I saw the crowd pass up.
+
+Q. Was there much noise?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Walking quietly, were they?
+
+A. Yes; they were walking at a fair gait.
+
+Q. Now, was there not some kind of a row when the mayor was struck;
+were they walking quietly then?
+
+A. They were standing--the majority of the crowd were standing down
+around the shops at that time.
+
+Q. Where did this man come from that struck the mayor--that you think
+struck the mayor?
+
+A. I could not say where he came from.
+
+Q. Did he not come out of the crowd?
+
+A. That is something I could not say, either.
+
+Q. You must, certainly, if you got an impression on your mind that you
+saw him struck--you must certainly know where the man came from--you
+say it was a man?
+
+A. I think the first I saw of the man, was right in front of the mayor.
+Where he came from, I could not say anything of the kind.
+
+Q. Was the crowd about the mayor trying to protect him?
+
+A. Yes; some of them were.
+
+Q. You did not see anything of this crowd that came out with clubs--out
+of the shops?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. You say you heard somebody asking who it was?
+
+A. Yes, sir; that passed through the crowd.
+
+Q. Where did the reply, "the mayor," come from?
+
+A. From the crowd. About the center of the crowd.
+
+Q. Did you not hear some expression from these men that came out of the
+shops?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Such as, "go for him," or "kill him," or something of that kind. Did
+you hear any expression of that kind in the crowd?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not stand there at all. I passed right through.
+
+Q. After the crowd got to Lackawanna avenue, where did you go?
+
+A. I stood right there.
+
+Q. On the corner?
+
+A. Yes; about a couple of yards back. I stood about four or five feet
+away from where one of the men was struck.
+
+Q. Where were the vigilant placed?
+
+A. The last one stood about the corner of Mr. Hunt's store.
+
+Q. Were they drawn up in line across the street?
+
+A. No, sir; they were in twos, going down the street.
+
+Q. Not this way?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did they halt or march off down the street?
+
+A. They halted right there.
+
+Q. And faced about and faced the crowd?
+
+A. They turned towards--facing the crowd; yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. When the firing took place, were they facing?
+
+A. Facing towards the crowd.
+
+Q. Facing down this way?
+
+A. No, sir; facing that way.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were they drawn across the street in a line, or how were they
+placed?
+
+A. As near as I can recollect it, they turned, and faced around.
+Suppose they were going down this way, [illustrating,] and they faced
+that way. [Illustrating.]
+
+Q. Were they faced in a straight line across this avenue?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. Were they up and down the street--I mean, for instance, facing that
+side--lengthwise?
+
+A. Yes; that is about the position they stood.
+
+Q. Lengthwise, down this street?
+
+A. Yes; and then they turned right around, as near as I can recollect
+it. When I saw them facing, each man stood right behind the other, and
+they turned right around and faced.
+
+Q. In what direction?
+
+A. Towards Washington avenue, where the crowd was coming up.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Faced towards you?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. They fired pretty close to you?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I did not know what was going on, for about a minute,
+until I heard one buzz pass my ear, and I thought it was time for me to
+get out. I ran back into Mr. Hunt's building after the fire was over,
+and they began to form a line across Washington--right on Washington
+avenue--began to form in line; then I came out.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The position you describe is, that they formed across Washington
+avenue, facing towards the shop?
+
+A. After the firing was done, they formed to go towards the company's
+store.
+
+Q. When the firing was done, where were they formed?
+
+A. Right about the center of the street, on the street car track,
+coming down this way.
+
+Q. Did not reach Washington avenue?
+
+A. Yes; it was past it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You say there was a man shot within four or five feet of you. What
+was he doing?
+
+A. I could not say what he was doing. I saw him fall.
+
+Q. You did not see what he was doing, before the shot was fired?
+
+A. No, sir; I turned round just as he was falling, and one buzzed
+alongside of me, and I got.
+
+Q. Was there any demonstration made by the crowd at all, before this
+firing?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I heard.
+
+Q. Did not see any stones thrown?
+
+A. No, sir; the majority of the crowd was up past me, when the shots
+began to fire. There was one man came up, and he was talking with me,
+and he says, "What is this coming down the street?" and I looked
+around, and saw what was called the vigilants.
+
+Q. Were you in position to see the stones when they were thrown?
+
+A. Yes; I think I would, if there were any thrown. I stood right on a
+level with Lackawanna avenue.
+
+Q. Had the crowd got across Lackawanna avenue?
+
+A. There were some; I could not say exactly whether they crossed to the
+other side of the street or not.
+
+Q. How many men were killed there?
+
+A. Three.
+
+Q. Whereabouts were they standing when they were killed?
+
+A. One of them stood right at Hunt's corner, where I was standing, and
+as to where the others were, I could not say where they were, but after
+the firing was over one of them lay right in front of Monie & Pugh's
+bakery, and the other one lay right across from Hunt's.
+
+Q. On this side of the street?
+
+A. No, sir; on the other side. One of them lay on the street and one
+lay on the sidewalk on Washington avenue.
+
+Q. Were they both on the right hand side of the street going up from
+here to Lackawanna avenue?
+
+A. One of them was, and the other one was just outside of the
+side-walk.
+
+Q. On the left hand side as you go up?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. If the firing was done in the other direction how could this man be
+shot upon that? You say they were facing down Washington avenue or in
+that direction--facing to the right up Lackawanna avenue?
+
+A. Yes, sir; when the shots began to fire.
+
+Q. You do not know whether this other man on the left or rear was shot
+at the same time or not?
+
+A. He was shot with that volley.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command given to fire?
+
+A. Yes; as near as I can recollect, there was some one gave a command
+to fire, but who it was, I could not say.
+
+Q. Give us the exact words if you can?
+
+A. They said, "fire."
+
+Q. They were all facing in the one direction when that command was
+given?
+
+A. The men that were back, I could not say which way they were facing.
+The front were facing towards Washington avenue.
+
+Q. And in one line?
+
+A. Yes; all but Mr. Bolser. He was behind the crowd. I do not know
+whether he got as far as the crowd when the shots were fired. He stood
+somewhere about two or three yards back of the crowd.
+
+Q. Was the volley fired by the whole command?
+
+A. There were three or four shots fired, then there was a couple of
+seconds between, and then there was, "crack, crack, crack," right
+along.
+
+Q. Was there any firing after that?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I know of.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You said, awhile ago, that you were a member of that committee that
+waited upon Mr. Scranton?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you chairman of the committee?
+
+A. No, sir; I was secretary of that committee.
+
+Q. How did Mr. Scranton treat you. Gentlemanly?
+
+A. Yes; he did.
+
+Q. Treated you gentlemanly and kindly?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Just merely stated that he could not advance that twenty-five per
+cent.
+
+A. Said he could not afford to advance a cent the way they were getting
+paid for what they sold.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+F. L. Hitchcock, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence and business?
+
+A. Residence Scranton; practicing law.
+
+Q. Please give us a statement of the difficulty as it occurred in the
+city--as it came under your observation--in July last and the 1st day
+of August?
+
+A. You want the transaction of the 1st of August?
+
+Q. We would like to have the origin of it--as much as you can give
+us--the origin and causes that produced it?
+
+A. You have had that all in detail in regard to the causes. I have
+nothing in addition to that. The only thing I can give you additional
+would be what I know of the organization of this posse and its work.
+While this strike was in progress and trouble became apprehended, the
+mayor called together an advisory committee, of which I was a member.
+This committee were devising ways and means for protection, and it was
+deemed best to organize this posse. I suggested, among other
+things--and we immediately proceeded to organize--this force comprising
+a good many of the old soldiers of the town, and got together a force
+of some one hundred and twenty or one hundred and thirty men, I think.
+We gathered together what arms we could find, and we commenced to
+drill. In the meantime we were sworn in as special policemen by the
+mayor, and we held ourselves in readiness constantly to protect the
+city and preserve the peace. Our head-quarters were established at the
+iron company's store, and for several evenings prior to the 1st of
+August we had been there--most of us--during the evening until twelve
+o'clock, and a large force all night, apprehending trouble. On the
+evening before the 1st of August we had resolved not to stay up there
+any longer, considering it unnecessary. I was sitting in my office,
+about ten o'clock, when the superintendent came down and told me he
+apprehended further trouble that night, and he wished us to get our
+posse together and go there that night. I immediately went up to Doud's
+store, where Captain Ripple said he would be, to communicate with him.
+
+Q. Where is Doud's store?
+
+A. Just above the corner of Washington avenue.
+
+Q. State where the iron-works store is.
+
+A. Still further up--at the corner--clear up. The iron company's store
+is at the corner of Jefferson avenue and Lackawanna. On my way up
+there, crossing Washington avenue, I noticed a number of persons
+looking down the avenue, and I stopped to see what they were looking
+at, and then for the first time saw this crowd approaching. I knew
+nothing of the meeting at the silk-works, and I was very apprehensive
+at the appearance of things. I went to the mayor's office and asked him
+if he could explain the meaning of that vast crowd coming towards the
+city. He said he did not know. He thought a moment, and said it was the
+meeting at the silk-works breaking up, and I said it does not look like
+breaking up; it is coming to town. "Very well," he says, "you get the
+posse together at the head-quarters, and await my orders." I
+immediately gathered together as many of the men as I could, and there
+we remained until we saw them driving the men out of the shops,
+clubbing and stoning people. They drove the men out of the furnaces,
+and they came out on to the track, frightened like a flock of sheep,
+fleeing for their lives. Mr. Scranton came up and said "What will we
+do?" I suggested we go down and protect them; we had a right to protect
+people in their work. "Very well," he said, "I would do that;" and he
+immediately communicated to Superintendent McKinney, and he said, the
+men had gone home, and were afraid to work; there was no use. I said
+our duty was to wait until we were called upon by the mayor. Very soon
+afterwards we received a summons that there was trouble below. We
+immediately formed in line and marched down the avenue two and two. We
+had, I suppose--we counted off before we started--thirty-eight men; but
+our force received some additions, so we must have had in the
+neighborhood of fifty.
+
+Q. When you got to Washington avenue?
+
+A. When we got to Lackawanna avenue, coming down. I was unable to find
+any one of the officers of the posse, when I notified the men, and
+acting First Sergeant Bartholomew was in command. He came to me and
+said I must act as second lieutenant. I was acting then as second
+lieutenant near the rear of the column. As we approached Washington
+avenue, we noticed there was a large crowd there, whooping and yelling.
+There was some stones thrown as we approached, and quite a number of
+those missiles came in behind us very thick. The crowd parted and let
+us through. We came down on the street car track. As we passed the
+avenue--the rear of the line passed the avenue--these missiles became
+thicker, and some pistol shots were fired, and a number of our guns, I
+noticed, were leveled. I turned around, and two or three of the men had
+their guns down to shoot. I yelled to them not to shoot, and they
+raised their guns again. This attack became much more furious, and we
+appeared to be in danger of being swallowed up, destroyed, and the
+whole line fired. I supposed three or four shots fired first, and then
+the whole line fired. A number of the guns--two of the guns, I
+think--were seized by the rioters and attempted to be wrested from the
+men before any firing took place--tried to be taken from the men.
+Several of the men were hit--several pistol shots were fired. This was
+all done before our men fired a gun. Then, I suppose, there were about
+fifty or sixty shots fired. Immediately the whole field was clear, and
+everything was stopped. We marched back to head-quarters, and after we
+marched back there, our force was gathered in until we had about two
+hundred men on duty--two hundred men altogether. We formed a line
+across the avenue, picketed the streets at the head-quarters, and
+remained in that position all day and all night. Three men were killed
+by the volleys. Two of the men fell near that corner on the right side,
+and one on the left.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. In the first place, where did the stones appear to come from and the
+pistol shots, before your men fired?
+
+A. Came from the crowd. Came from both sides.
+
+Q. From Washington street?
+
+A. Yes, sir; and some from the other side also.
+
+Q. Both sides of Lackawanna?
+
+A. They were at the junction of Washington avenue and Lackawanna. These
+men came up Washington avenue, and they divided and let us through, so
+that there was a large force back of us on Washington avenue. As we
+came down we went right through them, and they attacked us on both
+sides.
+
+Q. What position were the men in when the firing took place?
+
+A. They were faced this way, in column of twos--facing this way, and
+they simply faced about and fired both ways in the crowd.
+
+Q. Faced outwards, both ranks?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What position did you take next?
+
+A. After the fire?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. After the firing--after a few moments--we marched back to
+head-quarters, and formed a line right across Lackawanna avenue, at the
+company's store.
+
+Q. Had you, at any time, formed across Lackawanna avenue during the
+time you were at Washington avenue?
+
+A. No; we just remained along the line of the street car track.
+
+Q. Parallel with Lackawanna?
+
+A. Yes, sir. We were on our way down to the mayor's office, and the
+attack stopped us, and compelled us to fire.
+
+Q. About how many pistol shots did you hear before your men fired?
+
+A. There was a great deal of noise and disturbance, and I could not
+tell how--exactly how many. There was one or two reports heard. How
+many I could not tell. There was a great deal of stones thrown, and a
+very excited time.
+
+Q. Was the mob very demonstrative?
+
+A. Yes; fearfully so--most terrible sight I ever saw. They seemed to be
+perfectly infuriated. I never saw men more like devils in my life.
+
+Q. Hear any expressions from any of them?
+
+A. Oh, yes; all kinds of expressions. "Kill the sons of bitches," "Take
+their guns," and all that kind of thing.
+
+Q. Did you see the mayor in the vicinity of the firing?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not see the mayor until after the firing was over.
+Just as the firing ceased the mayor came to us on the pavement.
+
+Q. The man that was killed on the south side of Lackawanna avenue, was
+he near the corner?
+
+A. I think there was one right near the corner.
+
+Q. Did you see him shot?
+
+A. I recollect seeing the two men fall--yes, I saw them as they fell,
+drop on to the ground.
+
+Q. Was he making any demonstration towards the posse?
+
+A. I do not know as to any individual, nor I could not pick out any
+individual. A large man there swung a club and was very demonstrative.
+Whether he was shot or not, I do not know. The man I did not know at
+all personally.
+
+Q. On what day was this posse organized?
+
+A. That I am not able to give you--the exact date from memory. We have
+got a record.
+
+Q. Was it before or after the Pittsburgh riots?
+
+A. I am unable to say. I judge it was--perhaps it was a little after
+that--what was the date of that?
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. It commenced the 19th, but the destruction of property was on the
+22d?
+
+A. This was after that, I think. I think it was one of the reasons why
+we were supposed to take care of ourselves if we could. I think that
+was one of the reasons that actuated the advisory board. The idea was
+that we were isolated from all, and that we either had to take care of
+ourselves or take the chances of being stamped out.
+
+Q. And this vigilance committee was organized for the purpose of
+protecting property?
+
+A. Nothing else, sir. Preserving peace and protecting property, and for
+no special property. Protecting the public peace. I might say the
+reason why we had our head-quarters at the company's store, was simply
+because we were unable to get any other place. We were unable to get
+the Second National Bank and other halls--the board of directors
+refused us admission. Said that would bring the fury of the mob down
+upon them. Mr. Scranton came forward and said we could occupy their
+store. We offered to pay for these other places. We were some three
+days trying to get a place.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Could you see the men being driven out of the shops or any of the
+works from this store?
+
+A. Yes. We could see them. I saw them before I got to the store. I saw
+them driving them out of the railroad shop and the furnaces before I
+went into the store.
+
+Q. The mob following the men?
+
+A. I saw men following them. Stones thrown at them. Following them with
+clubs, and the men fleeing for their lives. I saw them at all these
+places.
+
+Q. The mob following these men. What was it composed of--boys?
+
+A. I suppose boys sixteen to eighteen years old. Some of them were men.
+I noticed quite a number of those were young fellows--eighteen, twenty,
+to twenty-five years old.
+
+Q. Was information made against you, as one of the posse, for murder?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. For manslaughter?
+
+A. I think the indictment was murder.
+
+Q. Were you arrested?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. By whom?
+
+A. We went down and gave ourselves up. I was not one of those arrested
+by the constable.
+
+Q. Not formally?
+
+A. I went down before the court, and entered bail before the court--the
+whole of our posse--some fifty altogether.
+
+Q. How many of your posse were tried?
+
+A. The whole number, I think. Of those, there were some three or four
+that were proven not to have been present; that were arraigned as part
+of our posse.
+
+Q. At the preliminary hearing were dismissed?
+
+A. Yes, sir. Dismissed by the court.
+
+Q. Had you a preliminary hearing before the court?
+
+A. We gave bail, and on the trial a number of those persons were proven
+not to have been present. They were all tried. The judge directed a
+verdict of acquittal before it went to the jury.
+
+Q. Then you had no preliminary hearing at all?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many were indicted for murder?
+
+A. Some fifty.
+
+Q. Some for murder, and some for manslaughter?
+
+A. I think they were all on the same indictment of murder--all in one
+indictment, sir.
+
+Q. And all tried?
+
+A. Yes; all tried. There were three cases, but we were all on them.
+There were three different indictments. One case was made a test case
+for them all, and the other two the verdict was taken without any
+evidence at all, following the first one.
+
+Q. One case was made a test case?
+
+A. There were indictments in each of the three cases of Mr. Langon,
+Lane, and Dunledin. I think the case that was tried was for the murder
+of Langon. That was the one that was actually contested.
+
+Q. The case that was contested--was that submitted to a jury?
+
+A. Oh, yes; with the exception of those parties who were proved not
+present.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Carlos W. McKinney, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you reside?
+
+A. The corner of Adams avenue and Spruce street, Ninth ward.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Superintendent blast furnace, Lackawanna Iron Company.
+
+Q. On the 1st day of August, state where you were?
+
+A. The morning of the first day of August, I went to the furnaces as
+usual. The furnaces had been idle for sometime before; that they had
+banked them up, and I got the men to go out and commence operations
+again. After working two or three days, on the 1st day of August there
+was a party assembled at the silk-works, while my men were at work at
+the furnaces. I was notified that there was a party down there, and
+there would probably be trouble. I went up about nine o'clock in the
+morning, at the top of the iron company's store, took a field glass and
+saw a large crowd at the silk-works. I saw the party start up
+Washington avenue from the silk-works, and I then went down near the
+steel-works, on an embankment, so that I could have a good view. I
+didn't know but that they were just going to make a parade through the
+streets, but when they arrived up as far as the iron company's machine
+shops--boiler shops--a large party of them left the main line, and
+passed off into the machine shops and drove the machine shop hands out.
+I saw them stoning them, and throwing clubs at them, from where I
+stood. After that a large number of them came up towards the blast
+furnaces. A small track led in down to the machine shops. I then went
+down to the blast furnaces, and made arrangements to cast. I told the
+men it looked like trouble, and I thought we better get out what iron
+there was in the furnace, and in case the men came upon us we would
+throw the blast out. I looked around, and saw the crowd coming up,
+right at the foot of the furnace, probably a thousand of them; we were
+just then about done casting. I saw the men could not stop long enough
+to stop the furnace, and told them to run, and I threw the blast off
+myself. I passed then, off to the engine-house, told the engineer to
+stop the engine and take the blast off, which he did. By this time the
+crowd had followed me, and I went up to the iron company's store, and
+met the general manager there, Mr. Scranton, and told him what had
+occurred at the furnace, and asked him what should be done. He said, we
+would wait and see. At that time nearly all the superintendents and
+foremen had come to the office, and reported that they had been
+stopped, and their men had been driven off. Then we had collected
+citizens and people working for the iron company, some forty-four men,
+that were up in the store. Mr. Scranton, after waiting awhile, said we
+had better fall in and go down and offer our services to the mayor, as
+we had already been appointed special policemen for the protection of
+iron property, and the property in general. And he headed the line--got
+them in column of two, and made the remark that we might as well die as
+any other time, and told them to follow. We marched out of the
+company's store, came down Lackawanna avenue to the corner of
+Washington here, and we met the crowd which had left the blast furnace,
+and passed to the shops of the D., L. and W. Quite a number were
+already on Lackawanna avenue, probably half a block up. We passed them,
+and they said nothing particular until we got past Washington avenue. I
+was on the rear end of the line with Bartry, and Mr. Scranton was at
+the head. After passing Washington avenue, the main body of the mob
+that came from below, came around rushing into Lackawanna avenue, and
+there was one man, I don't know who he was--they said his name was
+Langon--who came up to the line on the side where I was, and he had a
+stick about that long, [indicating,] and as I came by he shook his
+fist. I made no reply or anything. Then he turned to the crowd and
+says, "Fall in, boys, fall in, boys." They were rushing up. Then
+somebody hollered out, Take the guns away from them, they have blank
+cartridges. They were probably twenty-five feet from us, and Bartry and
+myself motioned them to stay back. At that time somebody fired a gun
+down the line, and when the first gun was fired a general fire
+commenced. After the crowd dispersed, we formed up in column of twos
+again, faced the other way, and marched back to the store.
+
+Q. How many persons were killed?
+
+A. There were three killed.
+
+Q. How many wounded?
+
+A. I don't know, sir; we have never been able to find out.
+
+Q. Were any of the posse wounded?
+
+A. Yes; I was wounded. A pistol ball in my knee, shot by a man who was
+on the corner, next to Jack Slagle.
+
+Q. On the left hand side going up Lackawanna?
+
+A. At the corner of Lackawanna and Washington. The first time these men
+shot, he hit my gun, and knocked a piece of the wood off. I have the
+gun yet. The next time he took me about four or five feet from the
+corner. I felt the ball strike by my knee. I felt down, and saw I was
+shot; felt the blood running down my leg, and right after that there
+was firing. Just at that time there was a man, probably about a head
+taller than the other man, who shot two men at the rear end of the
+column. I heard those balls come by, and I saw both shots.
+
+Q. Were those shots fired before there was any firing?
+
+A. Yes; they were firing before any shots were fired.
+
+Q. Were you struck before any firing?
+
+A. No, sir; I was struck after the general engagement commenced.
+
+Q. Any stones thrown at the posse by the crowd?
+
+A. Yes; there were stones thrown. I dodged one stone that struck a man
+by the name of John Stanton in the back.
+
+Q. Was that before any firing?
+
+A. That was before any firing.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. I understood you to say that the first pistol shot fired at you was
+before your posse fired?
+
+A. I was not shot until after.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I understood you there was a shot that hit your gun?
+
+A. My gun and myself was shot after the firing.
+
+Q. You say that the two shots fired by the tall man was before any
+firing done by the posse?
+
+A. Before any firing in the line.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. You don't know who that was that fired, do you?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Ever know what became of him?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were you one of the men that were indicted for murder?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you arrested?
+
+A. I was arrested.
+
+Q. By the constable?
+
+A. No, sir. I went to Wilkes-Barre, and gave myself up with the posse.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you receive any information that this crowd were about to drive
+your men out of these furnaces?
+
+A. My men told me at the blast furnace that some men had told them they
+had better get out. My foreman, as well as the men who were at work
+there, told me. That is the reason I went up on to the store so as to
+get a good view of the crowd, and be in readiness.
+
+Q. Were you up in the store when you saw the crowd coming up?
+
+A. I was on top of the store.
+
+Q. Could you see any demonstrations they made in the furnace and
+work-shops below?
+
+A. After we commenced moving, I left that position, and passed down to
+the steel-mill, which is on a high embankment, I did not see what the
+crowd were going to do for certain. I supposed they were going to just
+have a parade. When I saw them make this demonstration at the lower
+shops, then I immediately went to the furnaces, and got out whatever
+iron there was in the furnaces, because I supposed that would be the
+next point of attack.
+
+Q. You were close enough to those shops below the steel-works to see
+distinctly that the men were being driven out?
+
+A. Yes. Saw them throwing stones at them. Saw the men who fired the
+boiler-house, and they threw stones at them at the same time. Saw two
+or three men running up the embankment on the opposite side they were
+stoning them.
+
+Q. Did you see any of them hurt?
+
+A. I could not tell whether the stones hit them or not.
+
+Q. Do you know anything else that would be of interest to our
+committee, any information that you have not already stated?
+
+A. These are just about the facts, so far as the riot is concerned.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned to meet at four o'clock, this
+afternoon.
+
+
+    AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+    SCRANTON, _March 30, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at four, P.M. All members
+present except Mr. Dewees.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John Mucklow, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Down at Greenwood.
+
+Q. How far from here?
+
+A. They call it three miles.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Working in the mines.
+
+Q. Were you at home on the 1st day of August last.
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Had the miners been at work up to that time?
+
+A. I believe not, sir.
+
+Q. What time did they quit work?
+
+A. I could not tell exactly. They had not worked for a week or
+so--nearly a couple of weeks, for all I know.
+
+Q. Were they on a strike?
+
+A. Our men did not strike at all. Our men were all working, and stopped
+for want of cars.
+
+Q. Stopped because there were no cars to carry the coal away?
+
+A. Yes. Our men did not strike at all. Did not hear a word about
+striking among our men.
+
+Q. Do you know where Isaac B. Felts lives?
+
+A. I guess he lives over in Taylorville.
+
+Q. Do you know where his store is?
+
+A. Yes, sir; his store is right opposite my house.
+
+Q. Opposite your house?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know anything about its being broken into on the morning of
+the 1st of August--some time after midnight, or before daylight?
+
+A. Broken open between twelve and one o'clock that night--that morning.
+
+Q. Did you hear the disturbance?
+
+A. Yes, sir; saw it, too.
+
+Q. Were you up?
+
+A. I was up laying on my porch.
+
+Q. How many men were there that broke into the store?
+
+A. I could not tell. There might have been some twenty; may be thirty,
+more or less. I could not say. It was moonlight.
+
+Q. How did they get in. How did they break in. Give us a description?
+
+A. I heard the first noise in the store. There was a crowd outside, and
+the first noise I heard in the store, and then they opened the front
+door to the store-room, and they went in there. There were some in the
+store before that, because they opened the door.
+
+Q. Did they break in the door or unlock it?
+
+A. The door was broke in--shoved in.
+
+Q. Did you hear them when they first came there?
+
+A. Yes; I was lying on the porch.
+
+Q. What class of men were they?
+
+A. I could not tell anything about that.
+
+Q. Where did they come from?
+
+A. I could not tell. They came up the road. That is, going down towards
+Pittston. They came up that way.
+
+Q. Towards Scranton?
+
+A. Came from towards Scranton. Towards Taylorville, the opposite side.
+
+Q. What did they say?
+
+A. Did not hear anything said, sir.
+
+Q. Were they noisy?
+
+A. No noise at all.
+
+Q. Done quietly, was it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What damage did they do?
+
+A. I could not state. I know they took goods away. I saw them carrying
+goods away. Could not tell how much or how little.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What kind of goods?
+
+A. I saw them carry boxes away, blue boxes, and other things.
+
+Q. Was it store goods, groceries, or was it iron?
+
+A. Carried every sort away. I guess we found everything of every kind
+lying along through the woods and places afterwards.
+
+Q. In what direction?
+
+A. Right down towards the Lackawanna.
+
+Q. In this direction, [indicating?]
+
+A. No; more towards north.
+
+Q. Would it be on the road toward the silk-works?
+
+A. No, sir; it was down kind of katty-cornered from that; north-west.
+
+Q. Did you go over to the store to see who it was?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not. I knew better than that. Did not want to get my
+head broke.
+
+Q. Did you consider it dangerous to have gone there?
+
+A. I would consider it, and I had a pair of revolvers with me, too.
+
+Q. Pair of revolvers?
+
+A. I had a pair.
+
+Q. And you would not want to risk it?
+
+A. No; I would not want to risk it at all.
+
+Q. Did you know any of the men?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not know a man--had no knowledge of any man that was
+there.
+
+Q. No knowledge?
+
+A. No knowledge.
+
+Q. Do you know whether those men came from the silk-works?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Was there a meeting at the silk-works that same morning?
+
+A. I heard there was afterwards, but I did not hear nothing of that
+until it was over. The first I heard of that was Langon and Dunledin
+was shot at Scranton. We heard out there, there was four men shot. That
+was all I know about it. The news was carried up there in the
+afternoon.
+
+Q. Did you know those two men, Langon and Dunledin?
+
+A. I knew Dunledin when he was a boy, and I knew Langon because he
+worked in our works.
+
+Q. Last summer?
+
+A. Yes. He worked there when he was killed.
+
+Q. What kind of a man was this Langon?
+
+A. I never saw anything wrong about him. He was assessor of our
+township.
+
+Q. Assessor of the township?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Had he been instrumental in instigating the strike?
+
+A. Not that I know of.
+
+Q. How was the other man--what kind of a character or reputation had
+he?
+
+A. I do not know anything about him from the time he was a young boy.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. How old a man was he?
+
+A. Langon? I could not state.
+
+Q. The other one.
+
+A. He might have been, may be twenty--from twenty to twenty-five.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did Langon say anything to you about going to the silk-works?
+
+A. Not a word.
+
+Q. Did you know anything about the meeting before.
+
+A. Not a word. Did not know until about three o'clock, in the
+afternoon.
+
+Q. Had there been any talk among the men where you work about striking?
+
+A. Not that I ever heard. Our men were all at work.
+
+Q. What company were you working for?
+
+A. Messrs. Correy & Co.
+
+Q. Had your wages been reduced any during the spring?
+
+A. Not from the fifteen cent drop, or whatever time the drop was.
+
+Q. When was that?
+
+A. I could not tell exactly what month it was in.
+
+Q. What year?
+
+A. I guess it must have been 1856 or 1857.
+
+Q. 1876, you mean?
+
+A. 1876 or 1877.
+
+Q. How much were you making per day at the time you had to quit work?
+
+A. We had to work pretty hard long hours if we could make one dollar
+and ninety cents a day as a miner.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. One dollar and ninety cents?
+
+A. That was all we made that month.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you paid by the ton?
+
+A. We were paid by the car.
+
+Q. How much were you paid by the car?
+
+A. Sixty-six cents. I think our vein is small--three foot thick and
+about three or four inches----
+
+Q. How many cars can you put out to-day?
+
+A. Six are our day's work. We had too much work. We could not do it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. For how many men?
+
+A. Two.
+
+Q. You don't know of any reduction in the price for mining than that of
+last year?
+
+A. Not from the fifteen cent drop.
+
+Q. What was the grievance of the miners then?
+
+A. Didn't seem to be any grievance at our place at all. I didn't hear
+them say anything, only they couldn't get cars enough to load the coal.
+
+Q. Was there any demand for coal?
+
+A. The cars didn't come for taking away.
+
+Q. It was not so much then the price that was paid per ton as it was as
+to the number of cars furnished?
+
+A. They had the same price, but they could not get as much as they
+could do.
+
+Q. It was the want of work?
+
+A. It was the want of work.
+
+Q. Not the amount paid?
+
+A. The amount of work, that was what it was for.
+
+Q. What was the cause of this want of cars?
+
+A. I could not tell that. It seems like this: we did not get the cars
+because the engineers and firemen stopped for wages. That was what I
+understood it was for.
+
+Q. What?
+
+A. The firemen and the engineers struck. That was the reason we could
+not get cars.
+
+Q. For how long did this last, that you didn't have cars enough?
+
+A. I could not say how long it was we could not get cars enough; and we
+don't get enough yet.
+
+Q. Was there any plan before that time that the engineers should refuse
+to work and run the cars?
+
+A. I did not hear anything before that.
+
+Q. Was these grievances complained of?
+
+A. No, sir; but there was not enough cars then.
+
+Q. Have there been cars enough since?
+
+A. In our place I only make six days a month now.
+
+Q. What is the cause of the want of cars now?
+
+A. Can't tell anything about it.
+
+Q. Is it the want of demand for coal?
+
+A. They say so. I don't know what it was.
+
+Q. Was there a general understanding of the miners throughout this
+region, before the strike took place, that there would be a strike?
+
+A. I never heard anything about it.
+
+Q. Was there a strike among the other miners for higher pay?
+
+A. Not as I know of.
+
+Q. How much damage was done to Mr. Felt's store?
+
+A. I could not say.
+
+Q. You don't know the value of the goods they took?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John Jones, _sworn_.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Greenwood.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Stationary engineer.
+
+Q. Were you at home in July last, or August the 1st?
+
+A. I was at home on the day of August 1st.
+
+Q. How far from Mr. Felt's store do you live?
+
+A. About fifty feet, or seventy-five feet. Just opposite the
+store--nearly opposite.
+
+Q. Did you hear anybody breaking into the store during the night, and
+if so, at what time?
+
+A. I was not home that night. I was working.
+
+Q. Where were you working?
+
+A. At the Greenwood slope.
+
+Q. Running an engine?
+
+A. Running an engine.
+
+Q. At what time did you come off?
+
+A. Seven o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. You heard nothing of what took place at the store during the night?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Do you know who the parties were that were at the store?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not.
+
+Q. Do you know from where they came?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Or what class of men they were?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. When did you learn of the store being broken open?
+
+A. Learned of it when I came home in the morning--when I reached home.
+
+Q. Who told you?
+
+A. My wife.
+
+Q. Did she hear any of the parties?
+
+A. She did not say she heard any of the parties that were at the store.
+She heard from the neighbors. The neighbors told her of it.
+
+Q. Did you know anything about the meeting at the silk-works?
+
+A. Not until the day they had the meeting.
+
+Q. What time did you learn of that?
+
+A. I learned of it after the shooting.
+
+Q. Where were you when you heard of it?
+
+A. Sitting on the store porch.
+
+Q. At Greenwood?
+
+A. At my home; yes, sir.
+
+Q. For what company were you working at the time?
+
+A. The Pennsylvania Anthracite Coal Company.
+
+Q. What wages were you getting, running the engine?
+
+A. One dollar and eighty-five cents a day.
+
+Q. Had there been any reduction made?
+
+A. Not for six months previous to that, there had not been from that
+time on. There had not been, not very lately.
+
+Q. When was the last reduction?
+
+A. I think it was in December.
+
+Q. Of 1876?
+
+A. Of 1876.
+
+Q. How much was that reduction?
+
+A. Fifteen cents.
+
+Q. There had been none since?
+
+A. None since that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Fifteen cents a day?
+
+A. Fifteen cents on a dollar--fifteen per cent.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you working for the same company that John Mucklow was?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any strike of the men that were working for that company?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I know of. Would not call it a strike, anyhow.
+
+Q. What do you call a strike?
+
+A. I don't know what to call it. When men turn out for wages, for their
+rights, that is what they term a strike--stick out for their rights.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Tell what they propose to do when they go out for their
+rights--propose to simply quit?
+
+A. Simply quit, and stand out until they get their rights.
+
+Q. And prevent others from working, at the same time?
+
+A. I don't know. I should not prevent any man, if I was striking. I
+should not prevent any man from work.
+
+Q. Is not that generally done?
+
+A. It seems so.
+
+Q. Is not that the rule?
+
+A. I don't know whether that is the rule or not. I could not say.
+
+Q. What has been the custom, generally, when they went out on a strike?
+Would they permit anybody to work?
+
+A. It has been a custom not to let them work.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were you one of the strikers?
+
+A. No, sir; I was not.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You had charge of an engine?
+
+A. Pumping engine and hoist.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you interfered with in your pumping?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Not asked to quit pumping?
+
+A. Not asked to quit pumping.
+
+Q. Do you know of any other places where they were requested to quit
+pumping?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you quit?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Tended your engine?
+
+A. Worked right along.
+
+Q. Is there anything else you wish to state to this committee?
+
+A. No, sir; nothing at all.
+
+Q. We want to give a full hearing to all sides?
+
+A. I am one of those kind of men that I don't go around much, and I
+don't know much; therefore, I can't tell you much of anything.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You are taking care of No. 1?
+
+A. I am taking care of No. 1.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+W. W. Scranton, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you reside and your business, if you please?
+
+A. I live here in Scranton. General manager of the Lackawanna Iron and
+Coal Company.
+
+Q. I wish you would give us a statement of what took place prior to the
+1st of August, in the way of organization for protection, and what you
+learned about the strike, and causes that induced it, &c., in brief?
+
+A. It was Tuesday, July 24, I think, that our iron company men struck.
+The strike started in the old mill. A few men run out and shouted, "We
+have struck!" and blew the big whistle, and as the men came out to hear
+what was the matter, they said, "We have struck--all turn out!" and
+they all turned out. That was about noon time--between twelve and one
+o'clock. Those that had gone home, and who knew nothing about it, came
+back, and were told that the men had struck, and that they must not go
+back. Whereupon the leaders of them marched the men in a body down to
+our new mill, where we had some puddlers at work, and got them out
+there, and from there down to the machine shop. I heard of it then, and
+drove down and asked them what was the matter. I reproached them for
+striking without saying anything to me or making any complaint.
+Inquired what reasons they had, &c., and they said they struck because
+they were not getting pay enough; and I asked them what they wanted,
+and they said they wanted thirty-five per cent. advance. Of course I
+pooh-poohed it; it was ridiculous--such an advance as that in such
+times as these. Told them that was out of the question. Of course, we
+could not afford it. I would be glad to pay them better wages if we
+could; there was nothing to warrant it. They separated, and I went
+back. Our shop hands still stayed in--the machine shop men, and foundry
+men, and our furnace men. Of course we did not want to have our furnace
+go out, if possible, and I went out and talked to these men in the
+afternoon and evening both. They said that they were perfectly willing
+to work--were satisfied with their pay, but that they were afraid, that
+there had been so many threats made that they had not dare stay. They
+would stay that night, but they must go out the next morning, because
+their lives were not safe. They said people had been to their wives and
+children, and they had been told that if their fathers, and brothers,
+&c., would not stop they would be killed. The long and short of the
+matter is, our furnace men were afraid. They said they were willing to
+work, and were satisfied to work, but they did not dare. Of course,
+judging from the temper of the times, I thought there might possibly be
+trouble, and I at once proceeded to organize a body of men to protect
+our property. I called in all our foremen, and a number of men I had
+confidence in--about thirty--armed them with rifles, kept them in the
+store that night, ready for anything that might happen. There was a
+good deal of talk about fire, &c. The next morning the furnace men went
+out. They said they could not stay. I went down and talked to them.
+They said they were willing to stay, but were afraid. Our teamsters--I
+did not think anybody would touch them--they were satisfied--and word
+came up while I was at breakfast that they had been scared away, and
+even our store teamster was notified that he would be shot it he went
+out. I went down, and got him out, and got some others out. That day
+the police sent us word, notifying us that without doubt our store was
+to be sacked that night, and that they knew of two wagons or one wagon
+which had been hired to carry off anything that might be taken out. Of
+course I listened to it, and got ready for it. That same day--I think
+it was that day or the next--the mayor sent word that the general of
+the division here was afraid of his own men with guns, and wanted me to
+take them and put them in our vaults. We took in about all the guns
+there were around there--probably five hundred or six hundred, and had
+them stored in our vaults, because these officers were afraid to trust
+their people. There was a sort of general panic. The next day I got our
+teamsters out. Our farm hands had been frightened away, but I talked
+with them, and reasoned with them, and finally went along with them
+myself. We took a few rifles along, and cheered them up, and they went
+to work, and worked on. About Saturday word came round from all
+quarters that our iron company men, with the exception, perhaps, of a
+few--that there was no dissatisfaction--the feeling of fear was passing
+away; they were willing to come back. They said they wanted to be sure
+of protection--that was the first thing--they must be sure of
+protection, and they had been threatened, and all that kind of thing. I
+told them we would protect them from all that danger, so far as I
+could. I told them that we would protect them--that the government was
+bound to protect them, and if they wanted to work they could work, and
+the government must protect them, and we would protect them--do what we
+could. They asked me to put some such notice as that in the paper. I
+told them I would do so. Previous to that, on Saturday night, it looked
+as if the Pennsylvania coal companies might go to work. The head-house,
+at No. 5, was burned. Of course that blocked all the transportation on
+that side. The head-house was repaired, and on Monday I was satisfied
+our men were willing to go to work--only a few that wanted to stay out.
+I put a notice in the evening paper--the Star I think it was, and I
+stated that anybody that was willing to go to work for us, we would
+protect--the government was bound to protect them, and they should be
+protected if the whole power of the United States came there; otherwise
+law would amount to nothing, and I re-assured them the best way I
+could. The next morning, Tuesday morning, they went to work--our
+machinists and founders. Our farm hands had gone to work, and our
+furnace men went to work. We had banked our furnaces; we thought we
+could save them both, so our furnace men went to work again. We took
+only enough for one furnace, so as to make sure of one; thought we
+might have to let the other slide until we saved the first, and they
+went to work, day turn and night turn both. There had been a great deal
+of talk of trouble, and all that kind of thing, but of course you hear
+all kinds of rumors at a time like that. I did not take any too much
+stock in them. Still, we kept our forces in the store all the time. By
+that time a number of citizens had come in--Colonel Hitchcock, Mr.
+Ripple, and a number of other gentlemen--and we had signals arranged,
+and all that kind of thing, in case of trouble, to come out
+immediately. We had notified the mayor, in case of anything happening
+to our property, that we should hold the city responsible for damages.
+Wednesday morning I was down town on some business, and I heard of this
+meeting at the silk-works. I did not think it would amount to very much
+more, but while I was down town I heard on all sides that the men had
+heard that the machine shops were being driven out. I hurried right
+back to the office, and got there just as the men from the tops of our
+furnaces were being driven out. I saw the men running. I saw a very
+large crowd, with sticks and stones, and gesticulation, and those men
+running and others chasing them, and I knew then it meant business. We
+had not many men in the store then. Our foremen came in one after
+another, and stated that the machine shops men there had been driven
+away and beaten. They came in from the blast furnaces and stated the
+same thing. Came from the engine-house and stated that it had been set
+fire to in three places. And I might say, by the way, before this--the
+very first night I got my foremen together--I took the precaution to
+have them sworn in as special police, and while we were there my own
+people came in--probably about thirty or so--and a number of citizens.
+At that time the mob had got to the railroad shops, and a message came
+from the mayor stating, for God's sake come down and help him. He was
+in a sore pass. So 1 made these men a little speech, that we might as
+well die now as any other time. Come down and do what we could for the
+mayor. I told them I did not want any fooling. I did not want any man
+who was not willing to be killed if it was necessary, and did not want
+any man who was not willing to shoot to kill, and said if there was any
+man who fired, I wanted him to shoot to kill, that we meant no
+nonsense. There was only thirty or forty of us. There were three or
+four thousand of the others, and we wanted no fooling. We wanted them
+to obey orders to the last degree, and when they received orders to
+fire, to fire to kill. Nothing else would stop the thing. The thing
+must be squelched, and the only way to squelch it, when they fired they
+must fire to kill. That was the only way to save the town. While we
+were getting ready to go more messages came up, and stated that those
+men were going from the railroad shops for Pine Grove breaker. I might
+say that our miners have got an agreement with us. It has been so for
+some years. They agree to work on, in case of a strike, and we agreed,
+on our part, to give them, dating from the commencement of the strike,
+any advance of wages which the railroad company might give their men
+whenever they settled. If the railroad company gave them ten or fifteen
+or any per cent. advance, we agreed to give our men the same advance,
+dating from the start. Our Pine Brook men went in that morning.
+Understand that our entire force, so far as we had workmen, with the
+exception of two of our iron rolling men--and we had every reason to
+believe they would be in the next morning--our miners were at work, and
+were at work by virtue of agreement with us to work on in case of a
+strike. I have one of the agreements now in my pocket--a new one,
+similar to the old one. By that time, we started out. 1 went to the
+head of them. I did not myself know anything about military matters,
+beyond keeping the men in line, and that kind of thing, and I gave
+charge of it to young Bartholomew, who knew something of that sort of
+thing, and kept them in line and went down. I had seen some riots
+before, and knew pretty well about how that sort of thing was. We got
+down street, pretty near the corner of Washington avenue, and this
+crowd were coming up Washington avenue, and closed in behind our men,
+and I felt that the time was coming very close, and that it would be
+necessary to act very quick. They closed in behind us, coming up on
+each side of the avenue, leaving only the front clear. There were some
+in front. Not many. They were hooting and yelling, and finally I saw a
+movement of one or two, apparently leaders, looking at me as though
+there were getting ready for a rush. I had no doubt of it, and I was
+just waiting. I heard shouts: "Now, then, come along boys. They won't
+fire. They have blank cartridges," or something of that sort. There
+were sticks thrown, and just about as I was going to give the order to
+fire, I heard a shot fired, and almost simultaneously with that, every
+man stopped and fired.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Where did the shot come from--this first shot you heard?
+
+A. Seemed to be a pistol shot.
+
+Q. From the crowd or mob?
+
+A. Yes; and the crowd rushed up and kind of fell back, and the shooting
+commenced. The shooting first was wild.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Before that shot was fired, were there any stones or missiles
+thrown?
+
+A. Many stones and sticks. I was at the head, and the line was a long
+one--about forty, marching two by two.
+
+Q. Were any stones or missiles thrown at the party to which you
+belonged?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. At the rear of the line?
+
+A. Yes; and on the side also. It looked to me as though they were going
+to rush. I happened to see the riots in 1863, and I saw the same swing
+of the crowd--the fellows behind push up those in front. When these
+things were thrown, the firing commenced. They fell back once or
+twice--little short rallies--and run, and we went back to the store.
+The next day the troops came. I might say when we left the store, we
+heard the men were going to Pine Brook, and that they were calculating
+to drive out the men that were in there, and burn the breaker.
+
+Q. Were those your mines?
+
+A. Yes, our mines. And also that they were going to stop at Dixon's
+works on the way.
+
+Q. Were they also your mines?
+
+A. No, sir; they were Dixon Manufacturing Company's works and machine
+shops. I might say, also, previous to this--the Sunday before this
+thing--our pump engineers, &c. had been visited, and it was said they
+were afraid to work, and left us. Of course I put people there in whom
+I had confidence, to run the pumps and keep them going.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Will you give us a statement of what you were paying your men at
+that time?
+
+A. We pay--most of our work is done by the ton. There is very little
+day-work with us, except shop hands and furnace men. Our rolling-mill
+men and steel-works men are working now under the same wages under
+which they struck. Our rolling-mill heaters are making from ninety to
+one hundred dollars a month. I can bring you the pay-rolls. I have got
+them at the office. The most of our men in the mills worked by the ton
+and by the roll--that is permanent men. All except the commoner class
+of laborers are making now anywhere from forty-five to sixty and
+seventy-five dollars--along there. The men in the steel-works are
+making about--well I should think anywhere from forty-five to sixty
+dollars--along there--it depends entirely on the product. We pay them
+according to the ton, and if they do small work they get small pay.
+
+Q. Pay in proportion to the amount of work done?
+
+A. Yes, sir; so much a ton. We pay a heater ten cents a ton. If he
+heats forty tons, he gets four dollars. Our mining wages are regulated
+entirely by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western. We pay whatever wages
+they do. We tried to keep them working as full as possible.
+
+Q. Can you give an estimate of what a man can make a day, should they
+work in the mines all day?
+
+A. I am not so conversant with the special details of the mines. I can
+bring the pay-rolls, if you would like. I think that a miner--with our
+miners in Briggs shaft, I should think the average now depends a good
+deal on the men themselves--how smart they are--and I should think
+anywhere from thirty-eight to forty, along to fifty-five and sixty
+dollars a month. That is, a miner. Of course, a laborer don't make so
+much.
+
+Q. Laborers in the mines work by the day or by the ton?
+
+A. I think they are paid by the car. I don't remember how that is. A
+miner hires his own laborer, I believe.
+
+Q. You haven't any particular charge of the details?
+
+A. We pay it, that is all. I don't remember all this. Our Mr. Mattes
+could tell you better than I can. Our mining wages are virtually out of
+our hands. Whatever the D.L.W. pay, we pay, and the men, on their part,
+agree to work through, in case of a strike, and we agree to pay in
+advance, dating from the commencement of the strike, that the railroad
+may settle with their men to pay.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Had there been any reduction prior to the 1st of August?
+
+A. Our men, all excepting miners, had been reduced on the 1st of July.
+The reduction was ten per cent., some not that much, some
+more--averaging, probably, ten or twelve per cent., I suppose.
+
+Q. Were there any men, under that reduction, that would make less than
+a dollar a day?
+
+A. Our laborers were making less than eighty cents a day. The number of
+common laborers we have is very small. We don't have very many. I don't
+know how many we have, exactly. Our work is by the ton, as far as
+possible. Of course, it is better to have things by the ton.
+
+Q. When was the reduction before the 1st of July?
+
+A. I don't remember when we did last reduce. I could tell you this
+evening. Perhaps Mr. Mattes could tell you.
+
+Q. Something has been said about a letter being read at
+the silk-factory--did you ever try to ascertain how that
+originated?--purporting to give some statement that you had made?
+
+A. I hear of the letter, of course, that was all. No truth in that
+letter. The letter was forged. I don't know who wrote it. Perhaps I
+might give a very good guess, and also, about other things. You have a
+great deal of knowledge that you cannot give legal force to.
+
+Q. You have never been able to ascertain who it was, so as to prove it,
+who wrote the letter?
+
+A. I was perfectly satisfied in my mind--no, I have never been able to
+prove it, but the time will come, undoubtedly, that I shall, and a good
+many other things, too.
+
+Q. Did you find out what motive induced or actuated the man to send it?
+
+A. It was, undoubtedly, a desire at the time--the men knew, and were
+perfectly well aware that our men were, for the time being, just
+terrorized. They knew, as well as I did, that if I could get our iron
+company men to work, the thing would stop, therefore it was necessary
+to drive them out to prolong the strike. For the same reason the
+Pennsylvania Coal Company's head-house was burnt.
+
+Q. How many men did your company employ?
+
+A. I think we have got about eighteen hundred or two thousand. I think
+there is about sixteen or seventeen hundred signatures on the pay-roll,
+and a great many of them draw pay for their children--two or
+three--sometimes. I suppose we have probably employed somewhere in the
+neighborhood of seventeen or eighteen hundred.
+
+Q. Boys employed?
+
+A. To a very large extent, boys who are under eighteen or twenty give
+their pay to their parents. Their parents draw it for them. My
+impression is, there is a law by which a parent can take the child's
+pay under age. I think they do draw it, though in many cases they do
+not do it. Their parents are paid.
+
+Q. That includes the miners?
+
+A. Yes; we have three mines. One of our mines is flooded--filled
+entirely.
+
+Q. On account of the strike?
+
+A. No; I flooded it myself, long ago, so as to run two mines, to give
+as steady work as possible to those that did work.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I would like you tell what passed between you and the chairman of
+the committee that waited upon you?
+
+A. The men waited.
+
+Q. First and foremost, do you know the chairman?
+
+A. I really don't know who was chairman of that committee. The men can
+tell you that better themselves. There were a number of spokesmen. Mr.
+Duffy spoke, and I don't know but McNally did.
+
+Q. Did you know the spokesmen yourself?
+
+A. Yes; I knew the spokesmen.
+
+Q. Who were they?
+
+A. I think that John Evans was one. I am not sure; but McNally was
+another. I think Duffy said something.
+
+Q. State what passed between you and the chairman of that committee?
+
+A. They came out after the strike--after they had got the furnacemen
+off--came to the office to see me. I am not sure whether it was
+Wednesday or Thursday. I had sent around word, and a good many that I
+felt were not treating the company right to strike and stop their
+works, without letting us know what ground of complaint they had, and I
+sent word around there, so that a committee came, and they stated they
+wanted more pay. They said thirty-five per cent.
+
+Q. Thirty-five?
+
+A. Thirty-five; yes, sir. Of course, no one in the iron business now
+could do that. Such an advance as that was out of the question. I told
+them that was out of the question, we couldn't pay them any more. It
+was out of the question. We couldn't clear ourselves. I asked them
+whether it was not better to take what they could get, and work steady
+until times grew better, than to stop and get nothing. Well, they said,
+the long and short of the matter was they wouldn't work unless they got
+thirty-five per cent., and they went away.
+
+Q. Did you say to those men--this committee--when the times got better
+you were willing to advance their wages?
+
+A. I believe I did say something of that kind in reply. If we could
+afford it we would be glad to do so.
+
+Q. Did they make any reply to that?
+
+A. I don't remember that they did.
+
+Q. They said they wouldn't work unless you did advance?
+
+A. Yes, sir; but, at that same time, I was receiving information all
+the time from many sources, that the most of them were perfectly
+willing to work. All they wanted was protection, and that they would go
+to work, which they did do on the following Tuesday.
+
+Q. They did go to work on the following Tuesday?
+
+A. All of our men went to work on the following Tuesday, except our
+iron rolling men. We had no work for the steel mill.
+
+Q. When that committee waited upon you, did they say to you, or did
+they intimate to you, that they would force you into measures?
+
+A. We had quite a long talk. I don't remember anything of that kind.
+They said they wouldn't work until they got an advance; of course that
+is equivalent to forcing a way.
+
+Q. They didn't make any threats?
+
+A. I don't remember of that?
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. In consequence of that strike, did you blow out your furnaces?
+
+A. Lost two furnaces.
+
+Q. What was the damage?
+
+A. It cost us about ten thousand dollars. We made up an itemized list
+of it soon afterwards. It amounted to about ten thousand dollars--a
+trifle over. It was a direct damage--it took as much to blast out our
+scaffold and re-line it, and there was some other incidental damage.
+
+Q. Ten thousand dollars about covers the damage?
+
+A. That is the strike damages--actual loss.
+
+Q. To say nothing of incidental losses?
+
+A. Yes; we paid that out afterwards to fix it.
+
+Q. Was there any loss in the vicinity?
+
+A. The Pennsylvania Company's head-house was burnt; their trellising
+was burnt, not on the actual day of the riots--it was during that time.
+
+Q. Can you give an estimate account of that?
+
+A. Our Point Brook stable was burnt--that was after we started our
+works again.
+
+Q. Can you estimate the damage to the Pennsylvania Company?
+
+A. No; other people could tell you better about that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was there any disposition manifested on the part of your men, to go
+in to the furnaces and run them, if you would permit them?
+
+A. I don't know of any such; no sir. Of course, we would only have been
+glad to have them run. If they run them at all, they must run under our
+protection.
+
+Q. Was there any disposition, any offers made on the part of your men
+to go in and work?
+
+A. If we would protect them. Oh, yes; if we would protect them after
+two or three days. The first day, they stated, they were afraid of men
+striking outside. We labored with the furnace men by night, talking
+with them, trying to get them to stay. They said they were afraid. The
+following Tuesday, they got more or less over the fear, and they did go
+back, if that is what you mean.
+
+Q. Did your men say who made the threats against them--of who they were
+afraid?
+
+A. No; it was that some men would come to their houses and tell them so
+and so--tell their wives so and so, some men either told their little
+girls, and that kind of thing. We could get very little information
+from them.
+
+Q. The threats were not open and above board?
+
+A. Yes; may have been open, but they didn't give their names to
+us--were afraid we would act on them.
+
+Q. In your opinion, were those men that made these threats in your
+employ?
+
+A. Yes, sir; some were. You see, Mr. McGowan cleaned out the Mollies in
+Schuylkill. A great many of them who had not been apprehended have come
+up here and they now lie partly between here and Pittston, and
+Carbondale, and a good many in Oliphant and Carr's Patch; and the men
+who had been at Minica, were very largely men who were prominent in the
+riot. These Mollies are now re-organizing here more or less. We have
+got accurate information. Our information nowadays is very accurate. We
+know precisely where we stand.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You have stated the substance of the agreement?
+
+A. I have stated the substance of it, that is, with our miners alone.
+When we took our men back, we made an agreement with all our men, that
+hereafter they should give us thirty days' notice or forfeit their pay
+at the time of strike. That agreement was signed by every man who was
+of any consequence at all. Of course, there is a number of small fry
+that we don't care anything about.
+
+Q. Signed by the men who carried on your works?
+
+A. It is signed by three fourths of the men in our employ--miners,
+laborers, driver boys, &c. Our orders are strict in the matter.
+
+Q. Did they enter into this article of agreement with a perfect
+understanding of what they were doing?
+
+A. They received a printed copy. They agreed to give us thirty days'
+notice. They all agreed to work on in case of a strike, in case of any
+commotion elsewhere, they agreed to give us thirty days' notice. If
+they struck after thirty days' notice, they forfeited all pay due them
+at the time of the strike. That our miners, in case of a general
+strike, they agreed to work on through it and we agreed to pay them
+back pay when the railroad company pays.
+
+Q. The railroad also engages in mining?
+
+A. Yes; the D., L. and W., and the Delaware and Hudson are also mining.
+We mine no coal except for our own purposes--for our mills and
+steel-works--and we necessarily make a good deal of fine coal that is
+not convenient to use ourselves, and we sell what little fine coal we
+make that we don't want ourselves. We send nothing to New York.
+
+Q. Did you notice any uneasiness among the men, or disposition to
+strike, prior to the strike at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. No, sir. Of course, the great depression of business, and all that
+kind of thing contributed to make things very hard. There was a great
+many men out of work--that made it somewhat hard. Of course, a
+reduction of wages is a thing you never take until a necessity comes
+on, and you cannot help yourself.
+
+Q. Had there been any talk or organization among the men about a strike
+prior to the strike at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Not that I know of, sir. It went like wild-fire everywhere, and took
+these men like everybody else.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+... Powell, re-called:
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Are you prepared to give the figures as to the pay for mining per
+ton or per car?
+
+A. You referred back, while I was on the stand before, to 1873. I have
+some figures for the price of mining coal from 1871 to 1878. The
+Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company in '71, 2, 3, and 4,
+the G vein would return per car, $1 17-1/2, the E vein, what they call
+the Diamond vein----
+
+Q. One dollar seventeen and a half cents per car?
+
+A. That was in 1874.
+
+Q. The E vein, how much?
+
+A. Ninety-three and a half cents. Six cars constitute a full shift
+between the miner and laborer.
+
+Q. That makes what you would call a day's work?
+
+A. A full shift; that is in the G vein. In the E vein, it is seven
+cars. The laborer draws one third of the total mined, then what remains
+after deducting expenses, on an average, amounts to about $1 10 at that
+time.
+
+Q. One dollar and ten cents for a day for the six or seven cars?
+
+A. Expense. That is the wear and tear that has got to come out of the
+miners. The miner at that wages, would get $3 50, and the laborer about
+$2 35.
+
+Q. The miner how much?
+
+A. Three dollars and fifty cents. That is, taking now the highest rates
+ever given. In January, 1875, I was getting ten per cent. reduction,
+and G vein was then reduced to $1 06 per car.
+
+Q. Just give us the reduction?
+
+A. March 15, in 1876, the Diamond G vein per car, ninety-five and one
+half.
+
+Q. Was there reduction there?
+
+A. Ten per cent.
+
+Q. In addition to what you have stated?
+
+A. Yes, sir; March 15, fifteen per cent. reduction.
+
+Q. When was the ten per cent. reduction?
+
+A. March, 1877.
+
+Q. Now there is ten per cent. more?
+
+A. Fifteen per cent.
+
+Q. On July 1, was there any reduction?
+
+A. June, 1875, ten per cent.; March 15, 1876, ten per cent.; January,
+1876, ten per cent.; March 15, 1877, fifteen per cent.
+
+Q. Was there any reduction after that?
+
+A. No, sir; not for the miners. There is one thing, we have another
+vein here which we call the G vein, top and bottom, that is seventy-two
+cents per car.
+
+Q. Has this reduction been general in all the mines, the same per
+centage?
+
+A. The same per centage.
+
+Q. Is there anything else?
+
+A. You refer to the number of days worked. I can give you that.
+
+Q. Your own days?
+
+A. Through the courtesy of the superintendent of the Delaware,
+Lackawanna and Western I got the number of days from their books. The
+number of days worked in 1876, one hundred and sixty-five and three
+quarters. That was the breaker work in a year, making an average of $14
+per month, that is the whole breaker work. You take the mines there,
+and all they make is an average of $12 per month--of the miners. In
+1877 it averaged about--the breaker work--about $16; that would give
+the miners about $13 per month. In 1878 it lacks an average of $12,
+which would give the miners nearly $10.
+
+Q. How many days did you make in any month?
+
+A. I took the whole average of the mines.
+
+Q. Got that from what?
+
+A. The books of the company.
+
+Q. Of the company you are working for?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Isaac Felts, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State whether your store was broken open on the 1st day of August
+last?
+
+A. The 1st day of August I found it was broken open. They said it was
+broken open in the morning.
+
+Q. Done in the night or during the morning?
+
+A. After midnight.
+
+Q. How far from Scranton is it?
+
+A. It is about three miles, or three and one half, I should judge.
+
+Q. In which direction?
+
+A. It is south from here--pretty nearly south.
+
+Q. How far beyond the silk-factory?
+
+A. It must be two and one half miles, probably.
+
+Q. Is it near the church that stands out at Greenwood?
+
+A. It is beyond the church; it is about half a mile or so beyond the
+church.
+
+Q. State what your damage was?
+
+A. As near as I can judge, I think it is between $3,000 and $4,000.
+
+Q. Goods that were carried off?
+
+A. Goods carried off.
+
+Q. What kind of goods?
+
+A. All kinds of merchandise. Goods pretty much that belong to a country
+store. We had to keep a little of most everything there.
+
+Q. Was anything in the shape of ammunition or arms taken away?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I know of. I had mining supplies. I had some
+little powder there, and one thing or other that was not taken. There
+was no ammunition that I knew of.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Joe Shoemaker, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were do you live?
+
+A. Over in the Eleventh ward, Sixth street.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Blacksmith.
+
+Q. Where were you on the 1st day of August last?
+
+A. The 1st day of August I went to work in the morning at the
+Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company's--down here at the flats.
+
+Q. Go on and tell us what you did that day?
+
+A. I worked there, and about between eleven and twelve o'clock--the
+miners had a meeting at the silk-factory, and the men came down and
+called us out. My woman was down there. "Joe," she says, "Come out, the
+miners will kill you;" says I, "I guess they won't do that." I went out
+and came up near the boiler-shop--and went out--I was the last man that
+went out of that shop. I didn't want to go out, I was satisfied with
+the wages Scranton offered me. I didn't want to go out, but they all
+went out, and so I went out--I closed the door of the shop, and I went
+out when everybody was done. I wanted to see what was going on, and I
+seen them--they went in the boiler-shop. There was a man working in
+there by the name of Hilton, and there was hollering inside, and I
+didn't know what was the matter, and I saw a man jump out and some
+fellow standing outside the door, he was jumping against the door. The
+door fly open and knocked them fellows back, and they run right in.
+They picked up stones and fired at them. They seen me, I had my sleeves
+rolled up. They thought that is a working man, and they fired at me. I
+got four stones, one on that shoulder, and one on that, and one right
+here, [indicating.] I sat down. I could not move myself any more. I
+hopped up, and when I got there he said, "Joe that blow I would not
+have for fifty dollars." I didn't want to tell them I got hurt. The
+engineer was getting out, he was half ways in the window and half ways
+out when they got at him.
+
+Q. Do you know any of those men that were hammering your engineer?
+
+A. I was too far away. I was up at Robinson's brewery. I was too far
+off. I didn't go near them any more. He run around the building, and
+when he got to the foundry there was a pile of pig iron of about three
+foot high, and he run down, and some people stopped there by the
+foundry, and they picked up stones and fired at him. When he was behind
+that pig iron, he was gone from my eyes. That was all I could see of
+him. If it was not for the stopping work, I would have had about $120
+in my pocket, where I didn't have a cent. I was willing to work on, but
+they didn't let me.
+
+Q. How long was you idle?
+
+A. Three months idle. Had a family with three children, and was willing
+to work, but I couldn't work.
+
+Q. Because they would not let you?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. How much did you get a day when they drove you out of the shop?
+
+A. I had $1 53. My wages is $40 any how, and then the three months
+makes me $120 lost. Whose fault is it? Not mine. I was willing to work.
+It was not the company's fault either.
+
+Q. The fault of strikers, was not it?
+
+A. Yes; and then they hit me, and I had to lay two weeks in the bed,
+and the society to where I belong had to pay me benefits.
+
+Q. What society do you belong to?
+
+A. To a Dutch society--to two of them. I belong now twenty years--to
+one of them twenty-five years.
+
+Q. What is the name of that society?
+
+A. St. Joseph's Verein and Lackawanna Mutual Association.
+
+Q. What is that society for?
+
+A. For to pay benefits, same as Odd Fellows. Pay benefit if a man is
+sick. If you die, the woman gets $50. If you are sick, you have $4 a
+week. The society paid that at the time they hit me, and they had to
+pay me for it because it was not my fault. They didn't want to do it,
+but they had to do it. I said it was not my fault. I went to work for
+my family, and I got hurt. It was not my fault, and they had to pay me,
+so they did.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Charles F. Mattes, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence and your business, if you please?
+
+A. My residence is here in Scranton. I have general charge of the coal
+mines, and real estate agent of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company.
+In reference to this matter, I will state just here that I was not an
+eye witness of those riots. When this suit was brought against the
+parties who were engaged in the shooting, I was charged with the
+gathering of evidence in the case on the part of the defendants, and it
+brought me in communication with a great many persons who were
+witnesses who were directly concerned, and I presume it is supposed for
+that reason that I could give more information than, perhaps, any other
+person in reference to it; but what I would have to say would not be
+from observation, but from other parties.
+
+Q. We don't care to have you describe the riot as it occurred here that
+day. That has been described by so many gentlemen. I wish you would
+give us what information you have as to the cause of the riots, and
+what your information is as to what produced them, based upon
+information that you collected in making these defenses?
+
+A. In the first place, the strike originated here with the railroad
+employés--firemen and brakemen ostensibly. Miners and mechanics,
+generally, and workmen generally were working on quietly, and with no
+demonstration of any sort, apparently reasonably well satisfied. There
+had been, from time to time, reductions in the wages, which are always
+accompanied, as every one knows, with more or less feeling of
+dissatisfaction on the part of those whose pay is reduced; but this
+strike here, it occurred to me, was a sympathetic movement in accord
+with the strike of the firemen. By that strike all transportation
+ceased. Of course the mines could not be carried on. The men were
+thrown out of employment; they could not work if they desired to,
+because there were no cars and no means of carrying away the product of
+the mines. The consequence was, they would meet together, and these
+matters were discussed. Agitators would go among them. The better class
+of men were overruled, and the more violent agitators carried the day,
+and it resulted in a strike and demand of an increase of twenty-five
+per cent. in the rate of wages, at a time when everything was
+depressed, and it was so preposterous. They were assured by a good many
+that it was a foolish demand, and one they could not expect to have
+acceded to, and must result in a prolongation of their idleness if they
+insisted upon that demand. I don't know as I could add anything to what
+has already been said here as to the cause. The strike on the railroad,
+in my view, was the primary cause, and it threw the men idle, and as is
+pretty nearly always the case, there was more or less trouble.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You think the strike at Pittsburgh was the cause of the strike at
+Scranton?
+
+A. ...
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Why was it?
+
+A. Because this movement was carried through on the railroads. The
+railroads were all stopped. Many other classes of men were working
+along contentedly, satisfied that they were doing the best thing they
+could do, if they were not satisfied with their wages. We all know they
+were feeling as though they were working for low wages, and those men
+who came among them did their utmost to create this spirit of
+dissatisfaction, and induce the strike.
+
+Q. What combination, if any, was there between railroad men and other
+laborers?
+
+A. I don't know that there was any direct combination. There was said
+to be a general labor union organized at the time. We heard a great
+deal of unions of various occupations, and of a general union of
+laboring and workingmen.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you succeed in tracing that thing to a reliable source to find
+whether there was a union organized here?
+
+A. I was perfectly satisfied in my own mind that there was a union. As
+to the existence of it, I couldn't definitely say.
+
+Q. Was there any riot organized in the city of Scranton?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+Q. Composed of what class of men?
+
+A. Composed of all classes of workingmen, so far as I could get at it.
+I was satisfied it was so. I couldn't state that positively, nor I
+couldn't point to men as directly connected with it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were the railroad employés the prime movers in this strike?
+
+A. It occurred to me they were. They took the initiative at any rate in
+striking. They spoke first.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. The railroad employés did.
+
+A. Yes. I mean by the railroad men, the men operating their trains.
+There was a large mass of miners--much the larger mass of miners are
+employés of the railroad company in this vicinity.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. From the information you got, do you think there was an
+organization, and it was understood that the railroad men were the
+first to strike?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't know that that is so.
+
+Q. From your own knowledge of the state of the case then, as I
+understand it, you think the railroad men struck first of their own
+accord?
+
+A. It appeared so to me, and, from any knowledge I have, I should judge
+it was so.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. And the rest followed from a general sympathy of all laboring
+classes with them?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I want to know whether the railroad men struck before or after the
+strike at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I think it was directly after--just about that same time, and just
+about the same time the thing followed around all over in quick
+succession.
+
+Q. Do you recollect the day when they struck?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't.
+
+Q. Do you recollect the day the trains stopped running?
+
+A. No, sir. I could easily have ascertained this point, only I didn't
+suppose I would be called upon for anything of the kind, and made no
+preparations.
+
+Q. You think it was not until after the strike at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. It was just about that time. I think it was just after.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Have you learned whether it was by a pre-concerted arrangement that
+they should strike here?
+
+A. No, sir; but it appeared as if they did so. We knew very well there
+were labor organizations among the railroad men. They had their
+brotherhoods of engineers, and of firemen, and of brakemen, &c.
+
+Q. Was there such an organization here as the Trainmen's Union that you
+knew of?
+
+A. I never heard of it by that name. I had nothing particularly to do
+with the railroad, and, of course, wouldn't be as well posted in that
+as in some other matters.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. From the investigation you made, and from your knowledge of the
+strike here, do you think there would have been any strike here had you
+heard nothing of the strike at Pittsburgh and other parts of the
+country?
+
+A. I think there would have been.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Why do you think there would not have been?
+
+A. The men were working on peaceably, and apparently contented, and
+there were no demonstrations made, whatever, and they were getting
+reasonable pay.
+
+Q. Did you hear any of those strikers say it was because the men struck
+at Pittsburgh and in Virginia or any other place?
+
+A. You could get no reason out of them. I conversed with many men, but
+there was scarcely an instance in which he would acknowledge that he
+was a striker. He stopped simply because the rest of the men stopped.
+
+Q. It was apparently infectious?
+
+A. I don't think I met with a dozen men who would acknowledge that they
+were interested in the strike.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. He proposed that if he was in Rome he would do as Rome does?
+
+A. There was another reason assigned, something in substance to that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. They wouldn't acknowledge that they were engaged in striking, in the
+conversations you had with them?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Was there any fear, you think, operating on the minds of those men
+with whom you conversed that if they did acknowledge they were engaged
+in a strike they might be discharged by their several employers?
+
+A. There may have been. I have no doubt some were affected in that
+way--no doubt of that, whatever.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. I understood the witness to say that the railroad men struck first?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was there not a strike among other classes of men--iron men and
+rolling-mill men?
+
+A. Not until after the railroad strike occurred.
+
+Q. Another strike preceding that?
+
+A. I have no recollection of any; no, sir. Not a matter of recent date.
+There may have been some local strikes about here, or some local
+difficulties, as is frequently the case. Sometimes there would be a
+strike at one mine because of some local difficulty. That won't affect
+the general region, whatever. That is frequently the case.
+
+Q. What is the general custom of the men that strike? Is it their
+custom, when they quit work, to prevent other men from working?
+
+A. Almost universally so.
+
+Q. And by what means?
+
+A. By intimidation of various sorts. Doing it at their houses mainly?
+
+Q. Threatening them?
+
+A. While the miners were idle, it has been the practice, heretofore, in
+this valley, for pump men to continue at work through the strike. I
+have never known a case but where they were stopped. In this case--I
+can speak positively to this one fact--that at one of the collieries
+that I have charge of, the pump men were visited by a crowd of men at
+night and threatened, and ordered to stop. This I have from the men
+themselves.
+
+Q. Threatened with what?
+
+A. Threatened with violence--to be beaten--forced out, if they didn't
+stop. The men, in this particular case, requested to remain until
+morning, and not to drop everything, and leave it unprotected. In the
+morning they were so badly frightened that they refused to continue at
+work. Then there was no recourse but either to let the mines fill, or
+to get other parties to work in their places.
+
+Q. What means were resorted to prevent men from working that wished to
+work?
+
+A. By beating them, going to their houses, and threatening them,
+sometimes, sending communications--sometimes are ornamented with
+cross-bones, and coffins, and pistols, and skulls.
+
+Q. Drawings on paper?
+
+A. Enough to frighten them. Sometimes men desire to be intimidated that
+way, as an excuse. I think so, many times.
+
+Q. Have any of those threats ever been carried out?
+
+A. Yes. Men have frequently been beaten.
+
+Q. And killed?
+
+A. I cannot re-call of any cases here, where men have been killed.
+
+Q. Driven away by force?
+
+A. Yes, sir. In this case of our colliery, the house of the man who was
+working as a pump-man--he had been working in the mines for years--been
+foreman at one time--his house--his house was visited twice, pistol
+shots fired into it, stones thrown at it, he was stoned and forced from
+his work; and another man, who was working with me was stoned, his
+house was stoned several times by parties, in the night. Who they were,
+we cannot tell, of course.
+
+Q. Where men didn't obey the advice of those men that threatened them,
+was it generally followed by violence?
+
+A. It very frequently has been.
+
+Q. Has it been generally followed by violence, so far as your
+observation and knowledge extends?
+
+A. No, sir; I wouldn't say generally, because threats have been so
+common. I could hardly say it was general; but, as a rule, men have
+been intimidated by the threats.
+
+Q. I want to know whether, where they didn't obey the commands of these
+men that made the threats, and didn't cease work, whether that was
+generally followed by violence?
+
+A. That is a very general question.
+
+Q. So far as your observation extends?
+
+A. I wouldn't say generally; no, sir; I would say that it has been
+frequently followed by violence.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Have you seen any of the threatening letters--letters with coffins,
+&c., on them?
+
+A. Oh, yes.
+
+Q. Been shown you by the men?
+
+A. Yes. I have sometimes taken them off the works.
+
+Q. Taken them off--how?
+
+A. Found them posted up; because where they had been posted up, they
+had been so frightened by them, that they wouldn't go in--wouldn't go
+to work for a day or two, until they got over the strike. I have some
+of them. I think I could scare up a few.
+
+Q. In our examination we have had a good many terms we are not familiar
+with, and I don't know but what we ought to have some definition of
+them. For instance, blacklegs?
+
+A. A blackleg, as I understand it, is generally applied to a man who
+takes another man's place. This I understand to apply to a man who,
+when one man strikes, another goes in and takes his place; but it is
+just as commonly applied to those who continue at work, and will not go
+on a strike--they are denominated blacklegs. That was so in this case.
+
+Q. Have you any scabs in this county?
+
+A. I don't think that is used much about the mines. I have heard that
+applied to shoe-makers more than any one else. That is, fellows who
+were wandering about, without any settled place.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+L. C. Bortree, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you reside, Mr. Bortree?
+
+A. I reside in the Ninth ward of the city of Scranton.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. I am going to be a farmer on Tuesday next. I am not doing anything
+now.
+
+Q. What were you doing on the 1st August last?
+
+A. Special policeman.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Of the city of Scranton--of the mayor?
+
+A. Yes, sir; under the mayor.
+
+Q. State where you were on the morning of the 1st August, when the men
+came from the silk-works into the shops, driving the employés out of
+the shops?
+
+A. Allow me to state it as it was.
+
+Q. In brief?
+
+A. I was here on duty on the upper end of this avenue during the night
+of the last of July or the 1st of August. I had permission of the chief
+of police to leave here at five o'clock. Well, I did. During this time
+there was a fire at what was said to be the Pennsylvania railroad, No.
+5. I went out and returned about ten o'clock. I called in to the coal
+and iron company's store up here, to get a rubber overcoat, with the
+intention of going home. While I was there, Mr. W. W. Scranton, says to
+me--I used to be deputy sheriff, was deputy sheriff for the past twelve
+years, off and on, at this end of the county. I had nothing else from
+the 24th of November, 1871, till the 12th April, 1878.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Just come to the facts?
+
+A. I stopped there and I went up and looked through a field-piece, and
+saw a large quantity of men.
+
+Q. Field-glass?
+
+A. Field-glass. I came down, just at the time I came from the building,
+some one said, that the mayor had sent for his posse. I supposed I was
+one, as I was a special police. W. W. Scranton gives me a gun, and he
+said, "Let's form this line." Well, I did. I said to him, "Scranton, I
+am as well known in this city as you are, and you take one end of the
+line and I will take the other." I fell back in the rear of the line,
+and Mr. Carl McKinney was my comrade. We started out of that store and
+came down, probably, two or three hundred feet, and I saw a man whom I
+thought I knew, on the opposite side.
+
+Q. Come down where?
+
+A. Come down this way.
+
+Q. Lackawanna avenue?
+
+A. Yes, sir; from the company's store. I was in the street railroad that
+passes here, on the opposite side of the track from here, and I saw
+this man drawing a revolver, and, I think, it was a four-barreled
+revolver, and he emptied that at me, at least I think he did. I carried
+my gun in that hand--my left hand--and taking this right hand I says,
+"For God's sake keep quiet." I came on a little further, about a
+hundred feet. Before we struck Washington avenue, stones and clubs were
+thrown. Bear in mind, I was in the rear end, and when we passed that
+there was some----
+
+Q. Passed what?
+
+A. Passed the avenue, on the edge of it--the upper edge. Say for
+instance, that was the first edge of Washington avenue, [illustrating.]
+this man McKinney was close by me. Sometimes I was ten feet from him,
+sometimes twelve. Just as I struck Washington avenue, there was a man
+asked me--came up to me and he says, "You son of a bitch, give me that
+gun." I says, "You can't have my gun." He fell back in the crowd and I
+heard some one--who it was I don't know--say, "Let's rally on them," or
+something to that effect. "They have nothing but blank cartridges."
+Another man, whom I knew, came up within ten or twelve feet of me, and
+he called me, "Sheriff, you son of a bitch, give me that gun." I says,
+"No, you can't have my gun; for God's sake get your people off these
+streets." Previous to this there was three or four shots from these
+men, who was a hundred feet before you strike Washington avenue. When
+we struck Washington avenue, there was one, two, or three--anyway that
+I know--I am sure of one that was shot.
+
+Q. One man shot?
+
+A. Not any one from us, sir----
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. That was before you passed Washington street?
+
+A. Yes; there was from three to four before we struck Washington
+avenue, and I saw a man when he shot--from three to four shots--just
+above Monie & Pugh's store, on the right hand side of this avenue. We
+came down on the center of the avenue. Of course, I do not know how the
+front end of our squad was. Of course, we were two by two. As soon as
+we passed through, they closed up like this.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Behind you?
+
+A. Yes, behind me.
+
+Q. Behind the end, as they were marching along?
+
+A. Yes; and I saw parties there whom I knew, and I says to them, "For
+God's sake, boys, get off the street." I crossed over the avenue. I was
+struck in the left arm, struck in the shoulder, and struck in the back
+of the neck.
+
+Q. What with?
+
+A. One was, I am sure, a piece of a shovel handle. I saw it coming.
+There was a stone thrown which struck a man right behind me by the name
+of--I can't tell you his name--he was up here at the company's store.
+When I saw it coming, I dodged it, and it went over me.
+
+Q. Many stones thrown?
+
+A. Stones, clubs, sticks, and everything that you might think of.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You have stated, I believe, that you did advise a crowd there and
+then to go to their respective homes?
+
+A. I says, to leave the streets. There ain't a man in this room but
+what knows me. Then we came down after we crossed the avenue, and this
+man, McKinney, he was next to me--I saw a man on the left hand side, at
+what is called Slager's building, have a revolver at the corner of the
+building, and he shot, and about the time he shot, some of our
+vigilants, as they call them, shot, and it lasted for probably, about a
+minute, I do not think it lasted two minutes.
+
+Q. What was the effect of the firing?
+
+A. The effect of the firing, I saw three men lying dead then and
+there--I suppose they were dead. One on the right hand side, as you go
+up this way, his name was Dunlevy.
+
+Q. Were there any other ones wounded?
+
+A. I could not swear to that, any further than seeing a man carried up
+the avenue on a stretcher of some kind.
+
+Q. Did the crowd disperse?
+
+A. They did. They dispersed right away, as soon as the first volley. I
+think there was somebody fell.
+
+Q. Did you fire?
+
+A. I did, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did the man fall that you shot at?
+
+A. I do not know that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. I suppose you didn't shoot to waste your fire?
+
+A. You heard what Mr. Scranton swore to.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was there any firing after the crowd started to run?
+
+A. Yes; there was. I saw a gentleman in this crowd that came near
+blowing my ear off, and while going--we had breach loaders.
+
+Q. After the crowd started to run, did they fire?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was he with the crowd?
+
+A. No; he belonged to the posse.
+
+Q. He fired after the crowd started.
+
+A. Yes; and then he loaded again, and it went off again, and I then
+told him not to put any more in that gun. It was accidental shooting.
+It was done all within a half second from the time that the first shot
+was fired. I do not think the shooting from the vigilants, as they term
+us, and I was the last man in the crowd--and I don't think it lasted
+one minute.
+
+Q. All the firing?
+
+A. From the time the vigilants opened fire until it had ceased.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you know the leader of this crowd?
+
+A. I know two gentleman in that crowd, two that I supposed----
+
+Q. Did you know them to be the leaders of that crowd or mob?
+
+A. I know there was men in that crowd that said, "Boys, come on."
+
+Q. I want to know this: if you know the leader of that crowd?
+
+A. I should say I did.
+
+Q. Were they railroad employés, were they colliers, or what were they?
+
+A. I could not say the position they held in life.
+
+Q. You have stated in your evidence, that you had told this crowd to
+disperse and go to their homes--what was their reply?
+
+A. They said, "You sons of bitches, we will take your guns from you and
+we will clean the avenue." Whether the man I spoke to said it or some
+one else, I cannot say. There was lots of clubs thrown about this time,
+and stones. I was struck two or three times myself.
+
+Q. In your evidence, you have said that they attempted or asked you to
+take your gun--who was the party that done that?
+
+A. That question I don't propose to answer.
+
+Q. I insist on it?
+
+A. I will not answer that question.
+
+Q. Did they belong to the rioters?
+
+A. I object to answering to that.
+
+Q. The man was one of the rioters--this party that tried to take your
+gun?
+
+A. He is a man that asked me to take my gun.
+
+Q. Did he belong to the rioter party?
+
+A. He did.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned, to meet at the call of the
+chair.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _April 6, 1878_.
+
+The sub-committee on railroad riot met at the Orphans' court room at
+ten o'clock, A.M. Mr. Reyburn in the chair. Present, Messrs. Reyburn,
+Torbert, Yutzy, Englebert, and Means.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+David A. Stewart, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you live, Mr. Stewart?
+
+A. I live on Homewood avenue, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am president of the Pittsburgh Locomotive Works and Columbia Oil
+Company.
+
+Q. Were you present on the 19th of July, the breaking out or first
+commencement of the riot?
+
+A. The 19th. That was Thursday, was not it?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I was in the city on Thursday.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough just to make a statement, in your own way,
+of what you know of the occurrences of that day?
+
+A. The only excitement that I saw was on the street, but on Friday
+morning when I came into the city--I live six miles out--in the city
+limits--but six miles from the neighborhood--I understood Mr. Cassatt
+was there, and I went to see him, and say to him that the city of
+Pittsburgh was very poorly off for police--one hundred odd men having
+been discharged--and suggested that he would get the mayor to employ
+those that had been discharged, and guarantee the payment of their
+wages, to protect the property of the company and the peace of the
+city, which he agreed to do. He said he did not know Mayor McCarthy,
+and I offered to take him down and introduce him. He started to go, and
+then was called back on some other business, and could not go, and
+requested me to take a carriage and go down and see the mayor, and
+bring him up if I could. I took a carriage and went down, and met the
+mayor on the steps of the city hall; went up to him and said to him I
+had been sent down by Mr. Cassatt, who would like very much to see him,
+and I offered a carriage, and asked him if he would come along up and
+see Mr. Cassatt. He said he would not; he would not have anything to do
+with it, the whole matter had been taken out of his hands. That there
+was no necessity, he said, of bringing the military here, that he could
+have allayed this whole thing if it had been left in his hands. I asked
+him if he would see Mr. Cassatt, if I would bring him down. He says,
+"No; I will have nothing to do with him," and he turned on his heel and
+left, and did not wait to hear the proposition. I did not make the
+proposition, because he would not wait to hear anything.
+
+Q. Did you see the mayor himself?
+
+A. The mayor himself, on the steps of the city hall, and he saw the
+carriage there ready, right in front of him, to take him to the depot,
+if he had gone. This was on Friday morning.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you go back and report to Mr. Cassatt?
+
+A. I went back and reported to Mr. Cassatt that he had declined to see
+me--to come to see him, or to see him.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were you acquainted with the Mayor?
+
+A. Oh, I know him. Not intimately. Have been in his office frequently
+before. I think he knew me, too.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of any steps taken by the mayor to preserve
+the peace?
+
+A. Not at that time. He declined then. He said the matter had been
+taken out of his hands, and he would not do anything.
+
+Q. Do you know of his having taken any step at any time?
+
+A. Well, after that--after the fire on Sunday, I saw him then with
+a lot of police, bringing some men from the Brownsville boat, or
+Connellsville road, or somewhere along there--after the fire on Sunday.
+I was not in town on Sunday, owing to an article in the _Globe_ that
+Thomas A. Scott was at my house directing affairs from there. Having my
+family over there, I expected a lot of those men out there. I was at my
+house in East Liberty, around about the stock-yards, all day on Sunday.
+
+Q. You say there was an article in the _Globe_ newspaper published
+here?
+
+A. On Sunday morning.
+
+Q. That Thomas A. Scott was at your house?
+
+A. Directing affairs from there.
+
+Q. Was Mr. Scott there?
+
+A. He was not there at any time during the riot. Was not there before
+the riot, nor has he been there since.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did the mayor say to you who had taken this matter out of his
+hands--what authority had taken it out of his hands?
+
+A. I do not think he said what authority. He said the whole matter had
+been taken out of his hands.
+
+Q. Did not say who did it?
+
+A. No; he may have stated the sheriff, but I am not sure about
+that--stated he would have nothing to do with it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where were you on Saturday? Where are your works located?
+
+A. Our works are located in Allegheny, but my office is on Sixth
+street. I was not up about on Saturday. I was at the Union depot about
+the time the firing commenced at Twenty-eighth street, and I went out
+on the first train to home; but after the train could get through, and
+come up as far as the yard, it was stopped at the yard, owing to the
+troubles at Twenty-eighth street, and I suppose we were there half an
+hour. I was not at Twenty-eighth street at the time of the firing. I
+saw great crowds of people around the tracks as our train got through.
+
+Q. Did the crowd seem excited?
+
+A. Oh, yes; close up to the tracks along on both sides. That was after
+the first volley had been fired. There was no firing at the time I went
+through there. That was about five o'clock in the evening.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you about the Fort Wayne depot during Saturday or Sunday?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Don't you know anything about the doings of the mob down there?
+
+A. I was not in town on Sunday at all. I saw the troops there at the
+passenger depot at one o'clock that day, when the Philadelphia troops
+arrived there, when they were taking their lunch at the Union depot.
+
+Q. Were you over in Allegheny at any time during the trouble?
+
+A. No, sir; not at all during the trouble.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you apply to any of the other officials--sheriff or any other
+authorities?
+
+A. No; I did not. I am not connected with the railroad in any way,
+except I am director in the Allegheny Valley road. I talked to Mr.
+McCargo about him applying, but he thought it was not any use, after
+the refusal to Mr. Cassatt.
+
+Q. After the mayor refused?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What was the nature of that editorial in the _Globe_--was it
+inflammatory?
+
+A. It was not an editorial; it was a local notice, stating that Thomas
+A. Scott was at the house of his nephew, D. A. Stewart, on Penn avenue,
+and directing affairs from there. That was to create excitement. There
+was more inflammatory articles in the extra of the _Critic_ issued
+on Sunday.
+
+Q. The _Globe_ was a Sunday paper also?
+
+A. The _Globe_ was a Sunday paper also.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. What was the tenor of that article in the _Critic_--to excite?
+
+A. To excite the populace.
+
+Q. Or to allay the excitement?
+
+A. I think it was signed "Thirty Thousand Citizens," calling for a
+meeting at city hall, on Sunday, at one o'clock. If I remember, the
+tenor was to put down the railroad men, and all that sort of thing.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Put down the strikers?
+
+A. Tom Scott and the balance of them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. The railroad officials?
+
+A. The better plan is to get the article itself, instead of letting me
+describe it.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was this in the _Critic_ or _Globe_?
+
+A. In the extra of the _Critic_, on Sunday. The _Critic_ had
+a regular edition, and afterwards issued an extra that was distributed
+about noon, or during the forenoon.
+
+Q. Is there anything else that you know in regard to the riots that
+would be of interest to us?
+
+A. I do not know anything directly. You know, I was about East Liberty
+on Sunday, and there is nothing that would be evidence. I saw the
+troops there, and I went to the general, and got him to distribute a
+guard around the stock-yards and Penn avenue, and made suggestions of
+that kind.
+
+Q. Did the troops preserve order there?
+
+A. Everything was very quiet there on Sunday, about East Liberty.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with Tom Scott or Mr. Cassatt in
+regard to this matter, except what you have stated about the mayor
+furnishing police, or anything that would have any tendency to put down
+this riot?
+
+A. I don't remember now of any. I heard rumors that were current, of
+one kind and another, which I would not consider as evidence. I heard
+Mayor McCarthy made such and such speeches, but I don't know who from.
+That would not be evidence.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What was the conduct of the troops out at East Liberty, those that
+come under your observation?
+
+A. They were very orderly and behaved. They had nothing to do,
+specially, there. I saw them have their drill there on Sunday evening.
+General White's troops were up above Torrens, and I applied to him
+first about having this guard placed along Penn avenue. At first there
+was no guard there, and there was danger of men coming out and setting
+fire to the stock-yards; and I applied to him, and he said General
+Gallagher was the officer in command, and I applied to General
+Gallagher, and he said he would have it attended to. I went back in a
+couple of hours, and it still was not done, but he did have it done
+that afternoon. I saw there was danger, and it might create a great
+deal of trouble, but they had a guard placed all along Penn avenue, and
+also requested that there should be a guard put at the lower end of the
+yard, the upper end of the tracks, to keep persons from going there,
+except what was necessary on business, which they did. I was in the
+telegraph office, and heard the reports about the wreck of that stock
+train.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. The disposition of the troops was to maintain order?
+
+A. There was no difficulty, particularly. I think everything was quiet
+about East Liberty and about the stock-yards on that day--on Sunday.
+
+Q. They were ready to do their duty?
+
+A. Ready to do their duty.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Joseph Thomas, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside, Mr. Thomas?
+
+A. Reside at No. 117, Bluff street, Sixth ward, Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Were you the coroner at the time of the riots in July last?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough to state to the committee the number of
+persons killed during those riots that came within your official
+knowledge?
+
+A. There was twenty-two that was killed, and there was two that died
+from wounds. One was Lieutenant Ash, of Philadelphia, and a man by the
+name of Evans, that was wounded on Sunday morning, and died afterwards.
+They had amputated his limbs, and he died. I took his deposition.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was he a soldier?
+
+A. No; a citizen shot in the neighborhood of Thirty-seventy street on
+that Sunday morning. That is all I have any account of altogether.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What were those--citizens?
+
+A. There was four soldiers--four Philadelphia soldiers, altogether,
+counting Ash. One of our soldiers that belongs around here, and the
+others were all citizens. That would be five, counting Ash, that I held
+an inquest on.
+
+Q. What were the occupations of those men that were killed? Do you
+remember?
+
+A. I think that I have got a list down there, if it has not been
+mislaid. There was some of all kinds, painters--some railroad men among
+them, there was some rolling-mill men, I think--yes, I know of one. I
+did have a list of them.
+
+Q. Could you give the committee a list of the killed, with a
+statement----
+
+A. Statement on my docket? I could. I had a list made out, which I gave
+the grand jury. I don't know what they did with it.
+
+Q. We would like to have the list of killed from your docket?
+
+A. Yes, and the place they were killed?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. And their occupation?
+
+Q. Yes; just a description of them, so that the committee can file them
+in their report. Where were those men killed?
+
+A. The majority of them were killed in the neighborhood of Twenty-eighth
+street, and some were killed about the corner of Twenty-sixth or
+Twenty-seventh. That was during Sunday morning--Saturday night.
+
+Q. During the time the troops were in the round-house?
+
+A. Yes, sir. This one soldier that belongs here, he was shot up on the
+hill. I had been out in Sharpsburg that afternoon, and was within a
+couple of squares at the time of the firing. I could see him laying up
+on the hill from Liberty street.
+
+Q. You speak of this man Evans having made a deposition?
+
+A. He was shot right in the neighborhood of Thirty-seventh street.
+
+Q. He was further out on Penn avenue?
+
+A. Yes, sir; that was on the road that the troops retreated on. Butler
+street there was another--a saloon-keeper shot pretty near the same
+place. This man Evans' deposition, as near as I can remember, was, that
+he was engaged in the Valley round-house, taking charge of the engines,
+and running them in, and he had got done work, and went down to see
+about some relatives of his--went down street apiece, and saw the
+troops coming, and he turned off and went around the corner and waited
+until they passed, he said that after they went apiece, he followed
+them up on his way home. He was shot in the ankle.
+
+Q. That was on Sunday morning?
+
+A. Yes, sir; that saloon-keeper--he was shot at his own door, and there
+was a man that was carried in Doctor Robinson's--I don't remember his
+name, but I can give it to you--was shot just about a square above
+that. He was a plasterer.
+
+Q. Did you have a physician to make a _post mortem_ examination of the
+dead?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. What appeared to be the nature of the injuries of the soldiers that
+were killed? Did they appear to be wounded from rifle bullets or pistol
+bullets?
+
+A. They appeared to be mostly gun-shot wounds. There was one of them
+had a hole you could pretty near put your fist through. It was where a
+ball came out. It appeared like a minie-ball. There were two soldiers.
+They were laid out by Mr. Devore. By the time I got there, he had them
+fixed up to be shipped, and he could give you a description of their
+wounds.
+
+Q. Joseph?
+
+A. Mr. Devore, the undertaker; he got them in Lawrenceville. He had
+them fixed up at the time I got to see them, and he could give you a
+description of them.
+
+Q. Did you think they were all gun-shot wounds?
+
+A. All gun-shot wounds, except one.
+
+Q. Rifle of large caliber?
+
+A. Yes. Well, these minie-ball are not a very big ball, but they make
+an ugly wound sometimes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. I suppose the Senator means that they were not pistol shots?
+
+A. No; I feel confident they were gun-shot wounds.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The wounds of how many men did you examine--of the soldiers?
+
+A. These two in Devores. I don't know whether I examined the wounds or
+not. Mr. Devore would know. The other one up here I did. It was a very
+big wound. He was killed about Thirty-third street.
+
+Q. A citizen?
+
+A. No; he was a soldier. I think he had two wounds in him.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was he a Philadelphia soldier?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were there any women and children killed?
+
+A. I didn't see any. There were rumors around the streets Saturday
+afternoon that there was, but I didn't see any.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You held no inquest upon any children or women?
+
+A. No, sir; there were places pointed out to me Saturday where there
+had been women or children shot, but I didn't hear anything of it
+afterwards.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Have no knowledge of any being killed--children or women?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Have you any information, or did you see any of the occurrences on
+Saturday--Sunday that would be? You are county officer--are you a
+county officer?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I was about two squares from the firing at the time it
+commenced, coming down Liberty street. I think I was up about
+Thirty-first street, about three squares.
+
+Q. Coming this way?
+
+A. Yes, sir; coming this way. I went up along Liberty street in the
+afternoon about two o'clock, and I was in a buggy when the firing
+commenced, about three squares up Liberty street from Twenty-eighth
+street. I could see the people up on the hill from where I was, the
+dust rising when the balls would strike. I was not near enough to
+recognize anybody.
+
+Q. State how many you know of having been wounded?
+
+A. Three.
+
+Q. What were they?
+
+A. One was a Philadelphia soldier.
+
+Q. Where was he wounded?
+
+A. He was wounded, I think, in this side, [indicating left side.]
+
+Q. Which side?
+
+A. I think on the left side.
+
+Q. Where--what part of the city?
+
+A. He was wounded out in the neighborhood of Thirty-seventh or
+Thirty-eighth streets.
+
+Q. Was his a gun-shot wound?
+
+A. I think it was a pistol shot.
+
+Q. What were the others?
+
+A. The others appeared to me like a pistol shot. This boy Jones, he was
+there in the hospital. He was shot in that place. His wound appeared
+like a pistol-shot wound. He was shot about the forks of the road. That
+would be, I suppose, Thirty-fifth street, maybe. Then there was another
+man by the name of Scott that was wounded in the leg. I didn't see his
+wound.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Mayor Phillips, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I would like to ask you one question. The committee would like to
+know, or I would, at least, if you put Allegheny City into the hands of
+this man Ammon, and if so, what you told him?
+
+A. Put Allegheny city into the hands of Ammon?
+
+Q. Yes, sir.
+
+A. Emphatically, no! I never put anything into the hands of Ammon.
+
+Q. Did you tell him to take charge of the lower part of Allegheny City?
+
+A. I did not, sir.
+
+Q. Did you tell him to resist any arrest that might be attempted to be
+made upon him?
+
+A. Positively, no! I will tell you what I did say. When I went, I found
+there were five or six hundred men, and my force was very small and I
+cautioned them to be careful what they are doing, that they would get
+themselves into trouble, there is danger ahead, and says I, "Be careful
+what you are doing." That was the sum and substance of what I said. I
+cautioned Ammon, and it turns out there were three or four of my
+officers heard me say so. The chief of police is here now, if you would
+like to have him corroborate it.
+
+Q. Do you know of any official communication that Ammon had with the
+railroad officials?
+
+A. I do not, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know of any communication at all that he had with them?
+
+A. Hearsay, sir. I know nothing of my own knowledge--only heard it
+indirectly, from some person to me, that he had something from J. D.
+Layng.
+
+Q. He did not tell you himself?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Saw no telegram from Mr. Layng to him?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with Mr. Robert Ammon during the time
+he had charge of that railroad--the Fort Wayne railroad?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I had conversation--at the time he had charge?
+
+Q. Yes, sir.
+
+A. I did not know that he had charge. He was there.
+
+Q. Did he tell you at any time that one of your police officers
+attempted to arrest him, and he refused to be arrested?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know of the fact that one of your police officers attempted
+to arrest him?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you, at any time, attempt to arrest Ammon--any of your officers?
+
+A. Afterwards. Will I give you the particulars of that, sir--the time
+that I went down with the policemen to protect that ten miles of
+freight, and again to bring up the first lot.
+
+Q. What day was that?
+
+A. I cannot tell you.
+
+Q. That was after the riot?
+
+A. Several days.
+
+Q. I mean the Friday morning when the trouble first commenced in
+Allegheny?
+
+A. It was Thursday or Friday before the troubles over here--Thursday or
+Friday. You asked me about something on Friday?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. No. I only went down there at that time. I think that is the only
+time I ever saw him, except after that, the day he was arrested.
+
+Q. Did he tell you that one of your officers had attempted to arrest
+him, and he refused to submit, because he had not a warrant?
+
+A. No; I don't remember that--because he hadn't a warrant. No, sir. I
+never heard of this thing, either through Ammon or the policeman. I
+know nothing of it at all. I don't believe it.
+
+Q. Do you remember Ammon telling you this?
+
+A. No; I do not.
+
+Q. That you said in reply that that was right, and for him to go ahead?
+
+A. That's stuff. That ain't my style.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Allow no man to arrest him?
+
+A. Oh, no, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. At any time sent policemen to arrest Mr. Ammon, in preserving the
+peace?
+
+A. I sent police down. I sent a note over to--I am not sure whether I
+sent the note over to see John McCauley, and he needed protection away
+down the road. I understood that the men would protect the property as
+long as they could, and when they were worn out and weary, they would
+send me word, and I would put out a police force to protect the city.
+This was several days after that. I did so. I sent them ten or twelve
+miles down the road. I had no authority to do it with the city police,
+but they agreed to pay, and have since paid, an improvised police
+force.
+
+Q. The railroad men, although they were on a strike, did they show any
+disposition to be riotous or lawless, and destroy property?
+
+A. Not at all, sir. They told me at this Sunday meeting, that they
+would do all they could to protect the property until the matters were
+settled in regard to wages, or something, with the company.
+
+Q. Did you have any information, or make any arrests of them--interfere
+with them?
+
+A. No, sir. They said some of the trains were going through which were
+stopped. I didn't make any arrest before. I cautioned them prudence and
+carefulness, and the danger and the risk they were running. The men
+pledged me what they would do to protect the property, and they did it
+manfully. One night they came up and said they were worn out, and I had
+the promise of a hundred men to come down from off the hill, and the
+men didn't come, and one of the messengers came from the railroad men,
+and I told him I was very sorry, I had been promised one hundred men,
+and they didn't come, and I would have to ask them to go back again
+that night, and they did it, though worn out, with a positive assurance
+from me that I would see that they were relieved the next day.
+
+Q. Those were railroad men?
+
+A. Those were railroad men.
+
+Q. Ammon applied to you for assistance?
+
+A. I never saw Ammon, but that one day.
+
+Q. Never applied to you for assistance at all?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't believe he did.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+W. D. Ross, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Allegheny City.
+
+Q. What was your occupation in July last?
+
+A. I was chief of police.
+
+Q. Of Allegheny City?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you present during the conversation between Mayor Phillips and
+Robert Ammon, or Boss Ammon, or Bob Ammon, or whatever his name is?
+
+A. I was present a part of the time. I was not there all of the time.
+
+Q. Be kind enough to state what your recollection of the occurrence is?
+
+A. Well, I was on the scene of action down there before Mayor Phillips
+came--had been called down. I think I was in Pittsburgh when the word
+came to the office that they wanted some men down to help disperse this
+riot--preventing cars from going out, and, I think, took fourteen or
+fifteen men down, and found a large crowd. I suppose there was two
+hundred or two hundred and fifty persons there, with an apparent
+determination to prevent the cars from going out, and showing the
+disposition manifested by them. They were armed with links and coupling
+pins, and a great many of them had clinkers. I saw that they were
+determined to make resistance, and I talked to Mr. Ross, the
+dispatcher, and told him to send down a car, and see if they could get
+through. I told Ammon we had come there for the purpose of stopping any
+violence that might be offered to the railroad employés, and we were
+informed that a crowd was there to offer resistance, from this side of
+the river--from Pittsburgh. His answer was, "Not a God damn bit of it."
+He says, "We are all employés of the Fort Wayne road. We have been
+discharged from the employment, and there are no Pittsburghers here,
+and we don't intend to let one pound of freight go out of this yard
+until our terms were complied with." And when I told him it was a
+pretty high-handed measure, or something like that, to take possession
+of the railroad and its property, and they would get into trouble,
+"Well," he said, "we might just as well die here as be starved to
+death," and he told me that they had this thing organized all over the
+country. It was not confined to Pittsburgh. It was North, South, East
+and West, and he had been in possession of the facts; and, says he, "I
+could stop it as quick as that," snapping his fingers, "by telegraphic
+dispatch that our terms are complied with." I had instructed a dispatch
+man to send down a locomotive and cars, and see if they could pass us,
+and when the cars came down Ammon stopped it, says, "Now is our time to
+strike," and he stepped up in front. The whole crowd rushed with him.
+They stopped the cars and mounted the locomotive, about two or three
+with him, and ordered them to return to the yard. They had no business
+coming out, and they reversed their engine and went back, and I saw
+there was no use in attempting to make an arrest. There was ten to one
+against us, and as determined to not be arrested as we would be to
+arrest them. When the cars ran back, I says, "Now, Ammon, you have
+taken possession of the road by violence, and we don't want to offer
+any resistance. The question will be determined by law whether you are
+going to hold it, or whether the railroad company is entitled to it." I
+thought the best way was to act with persuasion, and, says I, "You will
+be held responsible. If you have any right to do this, it will be a
+matter to be determined by law. We don't want to see any violence
+offered." I told Ross that I did not think it was worth our while to
+attempt to arrest them.
+
+Q. Told whom?
+
+A. Ross, the dispatcher in the yard. While we were talking about it,
+Mayor Phillips came down, and I went over to talk to the mayor. I left
+Ammon, and I think I remarked to the mayor that we were not able to do
+anything, and then Ammon came up and began to talk with him. The mayor
+told him he had need to look out, he would get into trouble. Something
+of that kind, that was the remark I heard. The mayor talked to him,
+that it was a high-handed measure, or something of that kind--I could
+not say positively what--something to that effect. I heard Ammon say he
+could not help it. He had told the mayor about the same as he told me,
+that he was in possession of the knowledge of the whole fact--how it
+was got up. He went to talk to him and I left them, and I left them
+while Ammon was relating his connection with the matter.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you hear the mayor tell Ammon that he should have charge of the
+lower part of the city of Allegheny?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did you hear him tell him to resist any person that should attempt
+to arrest him?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did not hear a conversation of that kind?
+
+A. No; I talked to Ammon, and told him that he would be arrested; said
+I, "It is only a matter of time."
+
+Q. You told Ammon he would be arrested?
+
+A. I told him that he would be arrested. That it was only a matter of
+time. We didn't want any property destroyed, if we could prevent it.
+
+Q. What was Ammon's reply to you when you told him he would be
+arrested?
+
+A. He said he would die before he would be arrested--that was his
+determination, he said. It was a matter of life and death with the men,
+and they were willing to stand out--have their terms complied with
+before they would surrender.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you or any one else attempt to arrest him at any time during the
+riot?
+
+A. No; I don't think we did do anything of the kind. I was down several
+times and saw them still in force there, but my object was more by
+persuasion to keep them from committing any overt acts of violence,
+further than to stop trains. I did not want to see any property
+destroyed or any lives lost, and I knew that the best policy was to
+counsel peace and keep from getting into a fight with so small a force
+as we had. There were more than twenty, I suppose, to one of us, and
+then, besides that, they had the sympathy of a number of the men that
+were with us--probably of our police officers. It was with a good deal
+of difficulty that they would even consent to go down. I had to
+threaten to put them off the force, but I concluded we had better
+counsel peace, and keep from getting into trouble with them by
+arresting them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you hear any of the citizens have any conversation with the men
+when you were there, counseling them to hold it?
+
+A. I did hear one of the citizens.
+
+Q. Just state to this committee what that citizen said to Mr. Ammon?
+
+A. That was a man by the name of Hahn. He made a remark of this kind;
+says he: "The railroad men are right." That was in Ammon's presence. I
+don't know whether he directed his remarks to Ammon or to me. Says he,
+"The railroad operators are right, and I will give as much as I can
+afford to sustain them and help them hold out."
+
+Q. What did you say that man's name was?
+
+A. His name is Hahn. He is a grocer.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say he has a grocery store?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where?
+
+A. Down in the Sixth ward of Allegheny City. That was the only remark
+that I heard.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Do you know of any understanding between the railroad officials and
+this man Ammon, that he should run that railroad in their interest?
+
+A. No, sir; I was down there--I won't be too certain what morning it
+was. They had taken possession of the telegraph office.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The strikers had?
+
+A. The strikers had, and there appeared to be an arrangement to
+operate. The company wanted to put one operator in, and Mr. Ross was
+negotiating with a party--wanted to put in an operator to act in
+concert with the others, that all telegraphic dispatches that should
+come over the line might be under the supervision of the two, and the
+company would select one and they the other. That what business was
+done, running what little freight was allowed to come through the
+telegraph wires, would not be obstructed. And Ammon made that
+proposition. He got up on a barrel or bench of some kind at the
+telegraph office, and to the crowd he stated what proposition was made
+to them, that the railroad company wanted to put another man to operate
+along with others.
+
+Q. In concert with the other operator?
+
+A. Yes; and says he, "This is the proposition. Now we have got the
+matter in charge ourselves, and I think we are able to run it. We don't
+need the assistance of the railroad company." Says he, "It is for the
+men here to say whether they will accede to this proposition or not.
+For my part, I think we can control it ourselves, and if the strikers
+are in favor of accepting the proposition they would signify it by
+saying aye." They took a vote, and there was nobody said aye, and they
+took the negative, and they all cried no. He appeared to have control
+of the thing, and was running it, and all he had to do was to suggest
+or intimate what was desired, and they were ready to vote it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Ammon and his party--did he accept the proposition from the railroad
+officials that they should have an operator?
+
+A. No, sir; they would not accept it. They had the matter in charge, he
+said, and they would not accept it. They voted it down.
+
+Q. Did Ammon say to this crowd, which he appeared to be a leader
+of--boss of--anything about the railroad officials asking him to run
+that road, take charge of it, and turn over the earnings of the
+railroad--railroad officials?
+
+A. No; not that I heard of.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You speak of a proposition made by the railroad officials. Who made
+this proposition?
+
+A. Well, it was Mr. Ross. That was their wanting to send some
+dispatches along on the road. Mr. Ross was dispatcher of the road, and
+they had taken possession of the railroad and telegraph office
+belonging to the road, and, as I understood it, put a telegraph
+operator of their own in there.
+
+Q. Did he make this proposition of his own accord, or by the authority
+of the officials of the railroad company?
+
+A. I could not say. I just said what Ammon said. Ammon mounted a bench,
+and he said the railroad company had made this proposition. Now, says
+he, "We have got charge of the concern, and we are capable of running
+it."
+
+Q. Did you hear Mr. Ross make any proposition at all?
+
+A. No, sir; It was Ammon's own statement.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did Ross have any conversation with you as chief of police in regard
+the situation of things there?
+
+A. Yes, sir. He wanted me to do all I could to keep matters quiet--keep
+them from committing any overt acts of violence, if I could.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was there any disposition on the part of these men expressed to
+destroy property?
+
+A. Well, I could not say that there was after I talked to them. The
+mayor had talked to them, &c. We counseled peace, and Ammon said, says
+he, "All that I am afraid of--we are going to hold the property. We
+will take care of it, we will protect it." I told him he was
+responsible for it. If he let it be destroyed the responsibility would
+rest upon him. I wanted to reason with him, as I seen he had control of
+the affairs.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Wanted him to realize the situation?
+
+A. Realize the situation they were in, and make a more weighty
+responsibility on them, for having taken it by force, if they would let
+it be destroyed. I told him so. Says he, "All I am afraid of is, when
+the hands stop work, they will hang around these damned doggeries and
+get drunk, and come in here and create a disturbance, and lead the
+thing into trouble." Says he, "If we just stopped them, I would not be
+a bit afraid of any property being burned." I told them they had just
+as good a right to stop doggeries as they had to stop a railroad, the
+rule would work both ways. If you could take possession of one class of
+property, why not take possession of the other. I talked with them, and
+I concluded I would go around and notify the saloons to stop myself. I
+saw it was the best we could do under the circumstances, and we did
+notify them, and they obeyed and stopped until the next Monday or
+Tuesday afterwards. I used a little strategy with them. I told them the
+mayor had instructed me to stop them, and under the law if they did
+anything to aid, abet, or encourage riot, they were responsible; that
+the sale of liquor might have that tendency, and they appeared to be
+cautious, and shut up their places.
+
+Q. They shut up because you told them the mayor had ordered them; it
+was not this Boss Ammon?
+
+A. No, sir; it was not Boss Ammon, it was Mayor Phillips and me had
+talked about that, and thought best to keep down riot in every form we
+could, under the excited state of affairs.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did Ammon and his men who were acting in concert with them, make any
+effort to compel saloons from selling whisky?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't think he did anything at all in the matter.
+
+Q. You say that Mr. Ammon remarked, that he could stop all this rioting
+and strike by a single dispatch, if their terms were complied with. Did
+he say what those terms were?
+
+A. He was going on to state the terms at the time Mayor Phillips came
+down, and the mayor arriving there he hadn't got through with his
+statement. So far as his statement to me was concerned it was, that the
+men that had been discharged would all be returned to their positions
+again, and re-instated at the old wages, that double-headers should be
+taken off--he was going on making a statement of this kind when Mayor
+Phillips arrived and interrupted him. I don't know what all he would
+have stated. It was a part of it, that the men should all be
+re-instated that had been discharged, at their former wages, with an
+assurance that they would remain, and double-headers taken off the
+road.
+
+Q. Did your force act in concert with the strikers in protecting the
+property of the Fort Wayne railroad?
+
+A. We acted under the advice of Mayor Phillips, and we acted in
+concert, as a matter of course, in protecting property. We sent down
+men to watch the property and to keep it from being stolen.
+
+Q. You assisted the railroad strikers, or they did so, in protecting
+the property?
+
+A. They appeared to exercise a guard over it for one or two nights. I
+guess we had taken charge of the freight trains and set a watch over
+them, and then, when they gave them up we took charge of them. We sent
+police down, thirty or forty police, along the road where they had run
+them out to watch the property, and to keep it from being stolen and
+carried away.
+
+Q. Was it a general understanding between your police force and these
+railroad men that you would assist each other in stopping any violence
+or destruction of property?
+
+A. After they had----
+
+Q. Taken possession of it?
+
+A. Yes; there was an understanding, so far as I understood the
+situation of the case, the property had to be protected, and they were
+not able to protect it themselves, and they could not stand it, and
+when they were not able we protected it, and we had policemen down
+there by direction of the railroad company, to watch the property also.
+Under the circumstances we were placed in, we were disposed to do the
+best we could.
+
+Q. Regardless of who it was that helped to protect the property?
+
+A. Yes; that was the way I understand it.
+
+Q. Coöperate with anybody that was peaceably inclined to assist you?
+
+A. Exactly; and let the consequences follow.
+
+At this point the sub-committee adjourned, until three o'clock, this
+afternoon.
+
+
+    PITTSBURGH, _April 6, 1878_.
+
+The sub-committee met at three o'clock, at the orphan's court room,
+pursuant to adjournment. Mr. Reyburn in the chair. Present, Messrs.
+Reyburn, Torbert, Yutzy, and Englebert.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John I. Nevin, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where is your residence and what is your occupation?
+
+A. My residence is Sewickley, and editor of the Leader.
+
+Q. Were you editor of the _Leader_ at the time of the railroad strike
+in July last?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you editor from the 19th to the 24th July?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Be kind enough to look at these papers during that time, and see if
+they are your----
+
+A. If I was editor.
+
+Q. Take from the 19th of July on, and take the editorials--whether they
+were your articles?
+
+Witness identifies editorial headed "Talk of the Desperate," July 20;
+also, editorial headed "No Violence." July 21; also, editorial headed
+"Fatal Rashness," July 22; also, editorial headed "Law and Order,"
+second edition, July 23.
+
+The editorials are as follows:
+
+
+    [Leader, July 20.]
+
+    THE TALK OF THE DESPERATE.
+
+    "This may be the beginning of a great civil war in this country,
+    between labor and capital, that is bound to come. It only needs
+    that the strikers at Martinsburg, or here, or elsewhere, should
+    boldly attack and rout the troops sent to quell them--and they
+    could easily do it if they tried--to set the spark to the magazine,
+    and the explosion would follow at once. The workingmen everywhere,
+    and of all classes of trade, are in the fullest sympathy with the
+    strikers, and only waiting to see whether they are in earnest
+    enough to fight for their rights. They would all join and help
+    them, the moment an actual conflict took place. Against such an
+    uprising, what would capital have to oppose? The militia? Why, have
+    not we seen how the militia at Martinsburg fraternized with the
+    mob; how at Wheeling only thirty men responded to the Governor's
+    call to arms; how Mr. Garrett, in his appeal to the President,
+    acknowledges that the militia is in such full sympathy with the
+    strikers that they were of no use at all? And do not we see,
+    to-day, in the ridiculous response to the calls upon the Grays to
+    turn out--a corporal's guard--that the militia is of no more use
+    here? The Governor, with his proclamations, may call and call, but
+    the laboring people, who mostly constitute the militia, will not
+    take up arms to put down their brethren. Will capital, then, rely
+    on the United States army? Pshaw! These ten or fifteen thousand
+    men, available men, would be swept from our path like leaves in the
+    whirlwind. The workingmen of this country can capture and hold it,
+    if they will only stick together, and it looks as if they were
+    going to, this time, sure."
+
+    "Of course, as you say, the capitalists.... Many of the unemployed
+    would be glad to get work as soldiers or extra policemen. The
+    farmers, too, might turn out to preserve your 'law and order.' But
+    the working army would have the most men and the best men. The war
+    might be bloody, but right would prevail. Men like Tom Scott, Frank
+    Thomson, yes, and William Thaw, who have got rich out of the
+    stock-holders of railroads, so they cannot pay honest labor living
+    rates, we would hang to the nearest tree. Honest incorporate
+    management would be enforced, and labor would demand and receive
+    its fair share of the profits that are made by means of it."
+
+    "But even if the workingmen should fail--even if so-called law and
+    order should beat them down in blood--why, that would be better
+    than starving. We would, at least, have our revenge on the men who
+    have coined our sweat and muscles into millions for themselves,
+    while they think that dip is good enough butter for us, and do not
+    care whether our families get a living or not. We would inflict
+    more loss on them than the last ten per cent. reduction would net
+    them gain in ten years, and if we died in this cause, we would only
+    end lives of degradation and misery. Civilization! You say we
+    should endanger civilization, if we succeeded in enforcing our
+    demands by violence! Well, what has civilization done for us?
+    Better the times of the Conestoga wagon, when everybody lived fat,
+    than these railroad times, when labor goes around begging. Better
+    than both, perhaps, the time when every man had his own farm, or
+    lived by his brow; they had enough to eat then, and did not have to
+    work so hard as we do now. What care we for civilization that is
+    grinding us down, down, down to starvation and nakedness by one ten
+    per cent. reduction after another, and one doubling up of crews
+    after another, until the workingman shall be the white slave of his
+    employer, and work for his board, if he gets even that."
+
+    It is well that the community should know something of the ideas
+    that are circulating among the strikers and their friends at this
+    time; the hates, and hopes, and aspirations, and half formed plans
+    that animate the more impassioned leaders of them, and therefore we
+    give the above, which is a faithful re-production of what a
+    representative workingman said on the subject this morning. It will
+    be seen, that he is really a communist, and there is no doubt that
+    communistic ideas have widely spread, even among the most
+    respectable, and most thoughtful classes of American workingmen.
+    There is no gainsaying either, that the picture this man draws of
+    the hardship which the present business depression has subjected
+    labor to in many cases is not exaggerated, and it is true, that the
+    sympathy of nearly the entire community, is with the railroad
+    strikers in the present case, who are called to endure still
+    another turn of the screw, which is cutting down their wages to the
+    danger limit. Nor is it wonderful, that these men, contrasting
+    their hard lives with the luxury and extravagance with which
+    certain railroad men live, and the brutal disregard to their
+    sufferings, which one of them is alleged to have shown, should be
+    goaded to revengeful and bitter thoughts, and even desperate talk.
+
+    But when all these allowances are made, it still remains to be
+    said, that threats of violence, of war, of communism, are worse
+    than folly on the part of strikers or the workingmen general. Of
+    one thing there is no doubt, and that is, that resort to violence
+    will not accomplish its object. Widely spread as is the sympathy
+    with the strikers, it is a fallacy to suppose that lawful force
+    will not be found to put down unlawful force. There never yet was a
+    case in this country, where mob violence triumphed in the end,
+    however apparently righteous the cause in which it was invoked, and
+    there never will be such a case, until the American people loses
+    its strong instinct for the preservation, at all hazards, of the
+    established law and order. The people will turn out and enforce the
+    law, so soon as they really think that the law is in serious
+    danger, and there will be no war, nor even a serious insurrection,
+    but all will yield to the majesty of established authority. And
+    then the violent will see that they have accomplished nothing, and
+    that their vengeance has mainly re-acted upon themselves. It will
+    be a long time, before, in this free country, the communists can
+    achieve even such a temporary success, put down speedily as it was,
+    in fire and blood, as the Paris communes of 1871.
+
+    We are glad, therefore, to see that these enthusiastic,
+    extravagant, and bitter ideas are being met in the counsels of the
+    workingmen themselves, with solid arguments for moderation, and the
+    use of pacific means only. If the employés of the Pennsylvania
+    railroad can prove, by simply abstaining from work, that the
+    railroad cut down their wages too low, and cannot properly fill
+    their places with other men, everybody will be very glad. If that
+    would show that labor is worth more than was supposed, and the
+    price of labor is the measure of the prosperity of the whole
+    community. But if they attempt to force the railroad to accede to
+    their demands, and prevent any person else from working, they will
+    only make their friends everywhere sorry for them, and insure for
+    themselves a certainty of discharge from their positions in the
+    end.
+
+
+    [Leader, July 21.]
+
+    NO VIOLENCE.
+
+    One point that the inbred lawlessness of southern blood had
+    something to do with the greater recklessness of the strikers on
+    the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, as compared with the conduct of
+    the men in similar circumstances on northern roads, was dreadfully
+    illustrated at Baltimore, yesterday. No sooner was the militia
+    called out to go to Cumberland, than the street crowds assaulted
+    them with stones; and no sooner were they thus assaulted than the
+    militia opened fire with ball cartridge right into the midst of
+    people, dealing destruction around. Contrast now the conduct of
+    both parties here, where an equally determined strike is in
+    progress. The strikers carefully protect the property of the
+    different railroads that center here. In stopping the trains they
+    merely "entreat" the engineers to step down and out, though of
+    course the entreaty is equivalent to command. Everything is done
+    decently and in order, and rumors about the burning of the
+    round-house are baseless and apparently malevolent. All violence is
+    discountenanced; even the communistic speeches of certain
+    hot-heads, who have gone out to incite the men, have been coolly
+    received, and the imputation that they are a mob in act of riot is
+    indignantly denied. Towards the militia, the strikers preserve a
+    dignified and manly attitude. They know that the soldiers had to
+    turn out when ordered, and they entertain no hard feelings to any
+    of them, except, possibly, toward one or two of the officers, whom
+    they believe to have been officious about trying to get the
+    Governor to order out their division. They mingle with the soldiers
+    in perfect good humor, though without abating a jot of their
+    determination. And this is not only the feeling among the strikers,
+    but among all the people whom, though they almost universally
+    sympathize with the strikers, admit that the soldier boys are but
+    doing their duty, and never dream of making that unpleasant duty
+    more difficult by assaulting them with stones. On the other hand,
+    the soldiers are equally determined to get through this matter
+    without shedding blood, if possible. They recognize in the strikers
+    men whom, if they do take an attitude in opposition to authority,
+    are, nevertheless, hard-working, honest, and well-meaning citizens,
+    who only resort to their present procedure from what they conceive
+    a desperate necessity. They are men who are anxious to work for a
+    living, but see, as they have, that living taken away from them,
+    and who are making a desperate effort to prevent the reduction,
+    which they believe will make paupers of them. There is no doubt at
+    all that the soldiers will endure insult, and even stone-throwing,
+    before they will shed blood.
+
+    But we do not believe that either insult or violence will be
+    offered them. The strikers will confine themselves to the exclusive
+    and more effectual plan of a passive and what may be called
+    distributive resistance. If a large body of troops are stationed
+    here, trains will be allowed to go out, but will be stopped at some
+    other point, at Altoona, or Philadelphia, or Harrisburg, where the
+    soldiers are not. In this way they can and probably will carry on a
+    warfare that will break no bones and shed no blood, but will yet be
+    very difficult to subdue.
+
+    We are proud of both our workingmen and our soldiers that have thus
+    far got along with no bloodshed, and with no casualty except one
+    black eye and one swollen nose. We hope profoundly that the whole
+    matter will be settled, one way or the other, without any more
+    violence, and it will and can be, too, if our law-abiding people
+    will sustain the reputation they have thus far merited.
+
+
+    [Leader, July 22.]
+
+    A FATAL RASHNESS.
+
+    A Philadelphia regiment which came here in the name of law and
+    order has been swift to shed blood. Not two hours in our city, and
+    before a hostile shot was fired at them, they have stained our
+    hill-sides with the blood of ten or twelve men and children. Most
+    of them were spectators, drawn by an unfortunate and innocent
+    curiosity to their deaths. The wailing of women and children, the
+    deep cursing of outraged men, and the outspoken indignation of an
+    entire community, swell the chorus of condemnation against the
+    officer or officers of the First regiment of Pennsylvania militia,
+    who assumed the fearful responsibility of that hasty command to
+    fire. We desire not to be unjust to the strangers. The strong
+    current of public feeling should not prevent us from upholding them
+    in their terrible deed, if the facts sustain them. Even now we will
+    say that their side of the story may, perhaps, somewhat modify
+    public opinion, when it is known. As appears elsewhere, the
+    _Leader_ tried to obtain their version of the affair officially,
+    but in vain. Those officers who were seen going along the line
+    striking up the rifles of their troops with their swords and
+    otherwise endeavored to stop the effusion of blood, deserve as
+    much credit as that officer who was seen waving his sword and
+    encouraging the men to keep on with the butchery deserves censure.
+
+    But making all possible allowance for the Philadelphians, it does
+    still appear that they acted rashly, importunately, deplorably. The
+    crowd hissed them, but that was no reason for shooting. They hooted
+    and jeered them, but all crowds do that, and true soldiers are not
+    disquieted by such demonstrations. Men on the crossing caught hold
+    of their bayonets, and half jocosely expostulated with the
+    soldiers. That was reason for clearing a passage with a quiet
+    forward movement with the bayonet, which would have been effective
+    without hurting anybody. It was still no reason for firing--the
+    hurling of a few stones from the hillside, which seems to have been
+    the provocation that caused the massacre--but neither was that for
+    men who came here to enforce order, it is true, but should have
+    made up to endure much before shedding the blood of honest
+    workingmen, who, even, if wrong were only misguided and had thus
+    far conducted themselves with wonderful calmness and respect for
+    order--neither was sufficient reason for beginning a fire of
+    musketry upon the people, and change, what was before but a
+    peaceful though earnest conflict between the railroad men and their
+    employers, into a scene of battle, murder, and sudden death.
+
+    The railroad officials do not seem to be responsible for the
+    massacre. They appear to have evoked a power that they could not
+    control, and so dazed and shocked at the consequences. Mr.
+    Pitcairn's expression, "God only knows what will come of it," well
+    shows this. Mr. Thaw, early in the day, expresses himself as
+    willing and anxious that anything, everything, should be yielded up
+    to the men rather than that blood should be shed. But it was too
+    late. The collision was then inevitable, and it came.
+
+    What the end will be cannot now be known. At this writing the air
+    is filled with rumors of fire and war. The troops of the State are
+    concentrating here from all sides to the support of the
+    Philadelphians, now cooped up, apparently terror-stricken, in the
+    fire-threatened railroad round-house, and surrounded by an
+    ever-increasing mass of armed citizens. It is possible that further
+    bloodshed may be averted. The very free vent given to the
+    excitement to-night, in arming and marching about with banners and
+    guns may explain it, and give time for sober second thought to
+    assert itself. The reasonable speeches at the Southside meeting,
+    show that the best spirits among our workingmen are laboring to
+    prevent riot and disorder. Time works for peace. But it is useless
+    to disguise that the situation is very grave and growing graver,
+    and that the men who were swift to shed blood will have the
+    heaviest responsibility to answer for.
+
+
+    [Leader, July 23.]
+
+    LAW AND ORDER.
+
+    The citizens of Pittsburgh are rising to-day to defend themselves
+    from the threatened revolt against law and property. This is a
+    ringing answer to the tones that already come from other cities,
+    that Pittsburgh is honored in the manhood and public spirit to put
+    down mob law. The people are responding to the mayor's call by
+    thousands. Let not enlistments slacken, however. Now is the time to
+    display such a force that resistance will be seen to be in vain,
+    and effusion of blood prevented. We are proud to say that the
+    Nineteenth and Fourteenth regiments of militia are redeeming
+    themselves from the fault that they committed on Saturday, and are
+    now mustering strength and will. By night this issuing would be and
+    will be decided, and we hope by Harrisburg and Allegheny efforts
+    alone.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Who was your reporter that reported the occurrences of the riot
+during Friday, Saturday, Sunday, and Monday?
+
+A. Well, we have a corps of about five or six regular men, and during
+these three or four days, we employed a great many others. We gave page
+after page of matter about, and it would not have been possible for one
+or two or three or four to get it up. I can give you the names of a
+number of them. The man whom we had stationed close to the round-house
+during Saturday night, was named Mr. George Vickers. He is now, I
+think, on the Philadelphia _Times_. Mr. John Haslet and Mr. William
+Clark, and a number of others. Mr. Henry Myer was assisting us some.
+
+Q. Had you more than one edition on that Sunday of the riot?
+
+A. Yes. Had three editions.
+
+Q. They are all on file, are they?
+
+A. Think they are, ain't they?
+
+Q. Will you please examine this article, and say whether you are author
+of it. [Indicating article of July 20, headed "Let them Go."]
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+The article referred to is as follows:
+
+
+    [Leader, July 22.]
+
+    LET THEM GO.
+
+    _To the workingmen of Pittsburgh_: In the name of the whole
+    people of Pittsburgh we make an appeal for peace. There has been
+    bloodshed enough--far more than enough. The workingmen have
+    triumphed over the soldiers who rashly opened fire upon them, and
+    there is now nothing more to fight for. Now is the time to show
+    they deserve victory by proving themselves good citizens, refusing
+    to prolong a slaughter that is a mere useless butchery. The
+    Philadelphia militia, however rash, however boastful, are yet men
+    who thought they were obeying the call of duty. There were
+    undoubtedly roughs among their number, who gave an evil character
+    to the regiment; but there are many good men among them, who simply
+    obeyed orders; even when they fired their pieces they obeyed
+    orders. Now that their point has been gained, we beseech our people
+    not to sully their victory with the further shooting down of these
+    men, who only seek to escape. To continue to hunt them down in
+    their retreat on the north side, whither it is said they have gone,
+    is to stain the green fields of our suburbs this bright Sunday
+    morning with useless effusion of blood. To do this would only be to
+    cause a revulsion of feeling, and the sympathy which to this point
+    has been altogether with the strikers and their friends, and we
+    confidentially appeal to them, that having gained everything they
+    fought for, they now exert themselves as nobly to prevent excited
+    outsiders from taking advantage of their triumph to shoot men, when
+    they only want to get away.
+
+    Since writing the above it appears that the bulk of Philadelphia
+    have got away from Sharpsburg, and are scattered in clouds through
+    the hills. It is believed that they will now escape in safety,
+    though it is possible that some of them may be yet followed up and
+    shot down. It is a matter of thankfulness that they have escaped,
+    the victory is complete, and that a great final massacre has been
+    avoided. Let us now decently and solemnly mourn our dead, and mourn
+    in calmness and order.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of the causes leading to this strike?
+
+A. I have no special knowledge, no, sir, except what common rumor, and
+what was published about the matter. It originated out of the
+organization of the Trainmen's Union, precipitated in Maryland, and the
+particular special cause here, as I understood it, was the
+double-header grievance on the Pennsylvania railroad.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge as to the necessity of calling the military
+to this place?
+
+A. You mean Philadelphia military?
+
+Q. Yes; I mean the military. I will say in explanation that in our
+resolution we are required to inquire into the necessity of calling
+out, and the conduct of the troops; and as a public man you would be
+apt to know, and able to give an expression of opinion that would be of
+value?
+
+A. I could only give my judgment about it, I suppose, not being in the
+service.
+
+Q. That judgment could be expressed as a citizen, and would be formed
+from facts, I suppose, coming to your knowledge?
+
+A. It seemed to me at the time that the military need not have been
+called so soon. I was under the impression at the time, strongly, that
+the mayor, with policemen, might have quieted the trouble--and,
+perhaps, would have done so if the military had not been brought so
+promptly on the scene--and it seemed to me, also, that bringing
+Philadelphia troops from a city that Pittsburgh has always felt a kind
+of rivalry toward, was calculated, perhaps, to inflame feeling here
+rather than to allay it. I remember there were rumors that Saturday
+evening--whether authenticated or not, I do not know--that the
+Philadelphia men had said that Pittsburgh troops had failed here, and
+they would clean out the rioters. I don't know whether they said it or
+not; but if they did not say it, it shows just as well the feeling of
+jealousy with which their presence was regarded, and they asserted that
+feeling during that whole Saturday night, that in attacking those
+Philadelphia troops they were cleaning out Philadelphia men. They had
+come here to interfere in what might have been settled by local
+authorities, and from that point of view it seemed to me injudicious.
+
+Q. Do you believe that the local authorities could have preserved
+order, and finally quieted the strike, without any loss of property?
+
+A. I believe that they could have preserved order until the Governor
+would return, and I think that his presence would have prevented any
+outbreak. The fact that the Governor's proclamation calling out troops
+was gravely doubted here--everybody knew he was out of the State a long
+distance--had, perhaps, a good deal to do with the disorderly feeling.
+I do not believe that the local authorities could have eventually put
+down the riot; but I think they could have preserved order here, and
+kept things in tolerable order until the Governor himself had arrived
+here. I think if Governor Hartranft had been here on that evening, the
+collision could have been avoided.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. I see, in this editorial you speak of, the "sympathy being with the
+strikers and their friends?"
+
+A. There is no doubt that the sympathy of the people here was strongly
+with the strikers, before any act of violence was committed.
+
+Q. Before the burning of the property?
+
+A. Yes, sir; and the idea spread, after the collision had taken place,
+that it was all owing to reckless firing, without orders, which kept
+the sympathy with the strikers until the actual destruction of property
+commenced.
+
+Q. In your opinion, was the sympathy of the citizens, and people
+generally here in the city, with the strikers when they made the
+assault on the troops in the round-house and driving them out of the
+city?
+
+A. No, sir; I don't think that. I think the mass of our citizens then
+were not expressing sympathy with anybody--just paralyzed.
+
+Q. Here is one expression: "The workingmen have triumphed over the
+soldiers, who rashly opened fire upon them, and there is now nothing
+more to fight for." Did the people, in your opinion, justify these men,
+called workingmen, in driving out the troops and triumphing over them?
+
+A. I don't think they did. No, sir; that is not the spirit of that
+article, either, which is an appeal for the cessation of any further
+hostilities. At that time, of course, it was said that it was the
+workingmen entirely that was fighting--the railroad men--and they were
+in sympathy with them, the railroad strikers and their friends.
+
+Q. There is another sentence: "Now is the time to show they deserve
+victory, by proving themselves good citizens, and refusing to prolong a
+slaughter that is mere useless butchery."
+
+A. That is to show that they had deserved the victory they had got, by
+not using it any further.
+
+Q. The expression is not used to justify them so much as to allay
+further bloodshed?
+
+A. Yes; that is the whole spirit of it. When that article was written,
+it was supposed that General Brinton's troops were fleeing out into the
+country. A large mob was pursuing them, shooting them down in every
+direction, and nobody knew where the pursuit had stopped, perhaps not
+until they were all exterminated. We could not get at their side of the
+story, but it was supposed that they were even more demoralized than
+perhaps they were. That article was written for the express purpose of
+trying to stop pursuit, to try to allay the excitement.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You had no intention of contributing any to the excitement by any
+inflammatory article?
+
+A. If I had I certainly would not have asked leave to let them go.
+
+Q. Did you have any reporter with the troops as they retired from the
+round-house and went out Penn street?
+
+A. We had no reporter at any time with the troops. You could not get
+any man to them. We had a reporter right in sight of the round-house.
+He saw the retreat, and followed out some distance towards
+Lawrenceville--towards the arsenal. That was Mr. George Vickers, the
+man I spoke of before. I, myself, was out there early in the morning,
+to look at the situation at the round-house. There was still some
+firing then.
+
+Q. Did you indicate all the editorials you wrote during the riot on
+that subject in these papers?
+
+A. I think I have indicated them all.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James W. Breen, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You have no regular file of your _Globe_?
+
+A. No, sir; not bound. I gave the sergeant-at-arms two copies.
+
+
+    By Mr. Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Journalist.
+
+Q. You reside in Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes, sir. Thirteenth ward.
+
+Q. Did you reside in Pittsburgh at the time of the riots, in July last?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Is that a copy of your paper for that date? [Indicating.]
+
+A. That is a copy of the extra. The regular edition--I couldn't get a
+copy for the file. It ran out early in the day. That has all that
+pertains to the riot in it.
+
+Q. Is this article written by you? [Indicating extra, July 22, article
+headed "First Blood."]
+
+A. You mean the entire article?
+
+Q. More particularly that following the heading?
+
+A. My impression is that it was; but it was made up in detail at
+different times and by different parties.
+
+Q. Would you call that an editorial?
+
+A. It is a local introduction. The only editorial that was in the paper
+during the riot is in that issue of the paper for the following Sunday,
+July 29--that is the only editorial that was in the paper.
+
+Q. These head lines are also yours?
+
+A. Yes; I make the head lines.
+
+The article referred to is as follows:
+
+
+    [Sunday Globe Extra, July 22.]
+
+    FIRST BLOOD.
+
+    SEVENTEEN CITIZENS SHOT IN COLD BLOOD BY THE ROUGHS OF
+    PHILADELPHIA.
+
+    THE LEXINGTON OF THE LABOR CONFLICT AT HAND.
+
+    THE CITY IN THE HANDS OF THE STRIKERS.
+
+    ARMED BANDS PATROLLING THE STREETS.
+
+    THE CIVIL AND MILITARY AUTHORITIES POWERLESS.
+
+    BITTER DENUNCIATIONS OF SHERIFF FIFE, GENERAL PEARSON, AND THE
+    PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD AUTHORITIES.
+
+    THREATS THAT THE PHILADELPHIA SOLDIERS WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO
+    GO HOME ALIVE.
+
+    THE FOURTEENTH AND NINETEENTH REGIMENTS DISBANDED AND REFUSE TO
+    FIGHT, AND MANY GIVE THEIR ARMS TO THE STRIKERS.
+
+    THE PHILADELPHIA TROOPS PENNED IN THE ROUND-HOUSE AND
+    SURROUNDED BY 20,000 STRIKERS.
+
+    THE SLAUGHTER OF THE INNOCENTS.
+
+    MILES OF BLAZING CARS.
+
+    THE STRIKERS HOLD THE FORT AND THE FREIGHT.
+
+    [Cut of man brandishing a bowie knife.]
+
+    Now that the strikers' contest has reached its crisis, and the
+    military and civil are powerless to preserve order, and the blood
+    of innocent men and children, shot down by Philadelphia roughs,
+    cries aloud for atonement, it may not be amiss to place the
+    responsibility for this awful condition of things where it belongs.
+    The strikers have manifested, all along, an unwonted forbearance.
+    There was no overt act of violence. The civil process had not been
+    legally exhausted or properly invoked, and Sheriff Fife's
+    misstatements and lying bulletins, and General Pearson's indiscreet
+    bravado, only added fuel to what was already an overmastering
+    flame. In a city where nearly every man is a worker, and where the
+    mercantile community was bitterly hostile to an odious corporation,
+    which had ground its life blood out by discrimination, the folly of
+    bringing a few thousand Philadelphia troops to overawe the one
+    hundred thousand workingmen of the city ought to have been apparent
+    to the dullest observer. The little junta of railroad officials who
+    wrote out the Governor's proclamation at the Union Depot hotel, and
+    their indiscreet buncombe in disregarding Mr. Thaw's advice and
+    cultivating an unnecessary issue with the strikers, and the
+    culminating bloody blunder, which sent thirteen innocent victims to
+    their graves, all show how such martinets as Cassatt, Scott,
+    Gardiner, &c., fail to comprehend the situation. With bands of five
+    and ten thousand men patrolling the streets, the rumors and
+    gun-works sacked, the booming of cannon, and the sharp crack of the
+    strikers' muskets in front of the city hall, the threats of
+    vengeance against the military and the railroad authorities, and
+    the murder of the innocents, all this is directly attributable to
+    the blunder of the sheriff and the indiscreet bluster of the
+    military and railroad authorities, who imagined, because they had a
+    few troops at their back, that they could defy the lightning. The
+    feeling against the Philadelphia soldiery, which seemed to have
+    acted with unseemly precipitancy, was very bitter, and threats were
+    made that they will not be allowed to go home alive. Every
+    law-abiding citizen must deplore extremes, but in a contest like
+    the present, so long as labor, without violence, merely asserted
+    its right to live, it was entitled to the sympathy of every worker
+    in the hive of human industry, and the cowardice and imbecility of
+    the railroad sharks, who sought to overawe all this community by
+    imported bummers, met its proper rebuke. Contrast, in all this
+    crisis, between the mock heroics of the Pennsylvania railroad
+    squad, with its plotting and counter-plotting, and the clear-headed
+    attitude of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, who wisely remained
+    passive until the storm spent itself, shows the difference between
+    the statesmanship of Garrett and the poppy-cock of Scott. As the
+    case stands, every one of the military should be arrested and tried
+    for murder, and their abettors taught a lesson not likely to be
+    soon forgotten.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What reason had you for saying that "seventeen citizens shot in cold
+blood by the roughs of Philadelphia?"
+
+A. From the information that they fired on the populace without orders,
+and without justification, so far as the information went at that
+time--it was received to that effect--that they had not fired on the
+mob, who were in front of them obstructing the track, but fired on the
+unarmed populace on the hill side.
+
+Q. What do you mean by Philadelphia roughs?
+
+A. That was the expression used, that parties fired on the people
+without orders, and acting as roughs--firing recklessly, and without
+orders, and on people who were not firing on them.
+
+Q. Did your information at that time lead you to suppose that there had
+been no attack made by the mob?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you depend upon your reporters for the information upon which
+you wrote?
+
+A. Yes; largely. To some extent on such information as we could get
+outside.
+
+Q. Were you on the ground where the firing took place, on Twenty-eight
+street, at the time?
+
+A. No, sir; at no time on the ground. I had a reporter sent to Torrens
+station early in the evening. The idea at that time was that that would
+be the vital point; there was where the trouble was going to be.
+Colonel Guthrie was there with the Grays, and it was supposed to be the
+real point. It turned out afterwards that the trouble was down at the
+round-house. I got my information from sundry sources.
+
+Q. Had you a reporter there?
+
+A. No, sir; I had no reporter, but I had parties who were out there and
+gave me information that was supposed to be intelligent. At the time,
+they thought that the trouble would be at Torrens station, and I sent
+parties there, and there was no trouble there. There was no news from
+that point. The reporter was detained there until very late in the
+night.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. This heading here of threats that the Philadelphia soldiers will not
+be allowed to go home alive--where did you get that information
+from--that there was such threats?
+
+A. Those threats were made very freely on the street.
+
+Q. You heard them yourself?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know any of the parties that made those threats?
+
+A. Oh, yes. I couldn't say. I must have met a thousand people. The
+streets were blocked with people. I couldn't name anybody specifically.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You say you met a thousand people making threats?
+
+A. No; I say I must have met a thousand people on the street--not a
+thousand making threats.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Here is another expression: "The Fourteenth and Nineteenth regiments
+disband, and refuse to fight, and many give their arms to the
+strikers." Was that the case?
+
+A. That was the information at that time.
+
+Q. Was it verified after further investigation?
+
+A. I think it was pretty well ascertained afterwards that a portion of
+the military threw down their arms. I think that was developed
+afterwards.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. In this article, you say that there was no overt act of violence.
+What do you mean by that?
+
+A. There was no overt act of violence committed by the mob at the time
+it was written. I didn't consider that an overt act of violence to be
+standing on the railroad track--that refers to a physical effort.
+
+Q. Do you mean, that the mob had a right to stand on the railroad track
+and take possession of the railroad track, and refuse to allow traffic?
+
+A. No, sir; it was written from this standpoint: that the military,
+instead of removing the mob who were in front of them, and who were
+obstructing traffic, fired on the populace on the hill side who were
+unarmed and spectators, and were not parties to the conflict.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I suppose you mean that there were no demonstrations to destroy
+either life or property?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Had you gone to any trouble to ascertain the truth of the facts as
+they really occurred before the fire by the mob, before you wrote this
+article?
+
+A. We sent reporters to the point where we supposed the trouble would
+be, and when we couldn't get reporters, I got other parties to go to
+the point, and got them to report the facts--used every proper effort
+to get at the truth of the matter. It was a hard matter to get
+reporters that night, it being Saturday night, and the daily reporters
+being all off and at home, it was very difficult to get them. I had to
+improvise by getting parties outside to give the news, the best way I
+could--outside of the regular reporters.
+
+Q. When you wrote this article, you were fully of the opinion and
+believed that the mob had not shown any violence towards the troops?
+
+A. Yes; that was my information at the time of writing that article.
+
+Q. Did you get your information from one of these reporters?
+
+A. No; the reporters didn't report until long after midnight. I got
+that information on the street. Some of the reporters sent out, found
+it difficult to get back at all in consequence of obstructions to
+travel--street cars stopped, and difficulty in getting in.
+
+Q. You say here, the civil process had not been legally exhausted or
+properly invoked. "Sheriff Fife's misstatements and lying bulletins,
+and General Pearson's indiscreet bravado, only added to the fuel to
+what was already an overmastering flame." What do you mean by that--the
+civil process had not been exhausted?
+
+A. I understood information was made before the mayor first, and that
+instead of the parties being arrested, that arrangements were being
+made for the arrest of the leaders of the riot peacefully and without
+bloodshed, and by that means the backbone of the outbreak would have
+been broken. Instead of that, the warrants were taken up to court, and
+bench-warrants were given, and then they attempted to arrest them by
+the aid of the military, and the military failed. So far as regards
+Fife, the information was at that time that he had not exhausted his
+process. Had not called a _posse comitatus_, and hadn't taken
+sufficient number to go out there and indite a proclamation such as he
+had indicted, or such as was written for him. My information was, that
+it was written by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company officials.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What information led you to believe that this proclamation had been
+written by the Pennsylvania railroad officials?
+
+A. I heard it in a number of instances--I cannot exactly recall from
+whom--that the telegram had been written by somebody for the sheriff.
+It came in the usual course of news. I forget now from whom, and I
+think it was repeated in most of the papers at the time. The impression
+was that the sheriff had not exhausted his powers before calling on the
+military, and that the matter had been taken out of the hands of the
+mayor, and given into the hands of the military with undue
+precipitancy.
+
+Q. Do you know that the mayor had been called upon to furnish a police
+force, for the protection of the railroad?
+
+A. Yes; that was the information. I know that the police force was
+depleted to at least one third of its original force, and it was very
+difficult to get policemen to go in for a day, or a few hours, at the
+risk of being shot or killed for one day's pay. There was great
+reluctance on the part of policemen to go in on that plea.
+
+Q. You say "the little junta of railroad officials, who wrote out the
+Governor's proclamation, at the Union Depot hotel." What reason had you
+for writing that? Had you any reason to suppose, or did you know that
+this proclamation had been written by the railroad officials?
+
+A. I didn't see them write it; but the information was, at that time,
+that the proclamation was written in the Union depot. It turned out
+afterwards, it was written by the Governor's private secretary, Mr.
+Farr, I believe. That was not the information at that time. It was
+known, however, that it was not the Governor's proclamation, and it was
+the common opinion that it was written by Pennsylvania railroad
+officials.
+
+Q. You mean common rumor?
+
+A. Yes; in the excitement of the time, it was very difficult to get
+accurate information. Officials couldn't be found at their positions,
+and it was very difficult to get people to go--had to take it just as
+you could.
+
+Q. Is it not characteristic of newspaper men to gather up all the
+information that they can, even if it is flying reports on the street,
+and give as near the truth of the matter as you can? Is that not
+characteristic of newspaper men?
+
+A. Yes; so far as could be gathered.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You don't mean to say that newspaper men--an editor--will sit down
+and write an article on nothing but common street rumor, without taking
+proper steps to verify these facts, and see whether what they allege is
+true?
+
+A. You cannot judicially prove everything before it goes in a
+newspaper, and the sources of information were stopped. It was
+impossible to see any railroad officials--most of them had left town.
+
+Q. On Saturday?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was not Mr. Cassatt and other railroad officials at the Union depot
+through Saturday afternoon and evening?
+
+A. I think not, sir; if they were, they were penned up, and not
+get-at-able.
+
+Q. Couldn't you get at General Latta, and wasn't he there?
+
+A. I don't know whether he was there. You speak about street
+information when that information coincides and comes from many
+quarters and many sources, it was reasonably something to pass upon.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. That article was written before the burning took place, I suppose?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. I believe you have identified this paper, and this editorial,
+entitled "Military Mob?" Did you write that?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Mr. Breen, in your opinion, was the sympathy of the citizens of
+Pittsburgh with the strikers, when they first struck and quit work?
+
+A. Very strongly with the strikers, but not with the mob.
+
+Q. I am speaking of the strikers--of the railroad employés?
+
+A. Yes, sir; very emphatically; both on the part of the business
+community and the other portion.
+
+Q. Do you know of any business men in the city of Pittsburgh that made
+any proposition to the strikers in the way of support, furnishing them
+provisions, or taking care of them while they were not employed on the
+road?
+
+A. There was some talk of that kind at the time, that Mr. Jenkins and
+Mr. King had proposed to furnish something or other.
+
+Q. I don't wish to be personal in this matter; I just wish to know of
+any parties that proposed to these strikers to give them support?
+
+A. I know as in the case of this other knowledge, that it could not be
+judicially proved at that time as a fact, but it was common rumor and
+talk that certain gentlemen had proposed to give provisions to aid the
+strikers.
+
+Q. Do you know, of your own knowledge?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. But it was common rumor that the citizens of Pittsburgh were in
+sympathy with the strikers?
+
+A. With the strikers, yes, sir; I don't know that there was any doubt
+of that.
+
+Q. You don't know, then, any particular man or Pittsburgh parties who
+offered aid and comfort?
+
+A. No, sir; I heard parties' names mentioned, but as they afterwards
+disclaimed it, I suppose there was nothing in it.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of the causes leading to the strike?
+
+A. Double-headers, and the issue between the Trainmen's Union and the
+Pennsylvania railroad. That was the primary cause, as I understood it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. These parties that reported to you information from which this
+article was written, were they railroad men or were they citizens of
+Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Citizens of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. From their reports then to you, you wrote this article?
+
+A. Yes; from the aggregate reports this article was written.
+
+Q. Were these business men, or were they laboring men, or what were
+they?
+
+A. I couldn't exactly classify them. I think they represented all
+classes. I think the entire sympathy of the community, mercantile and
+otherwise, was with the strikers up to the time of news of violence.
+
+Q. During the destruction of railroad property, was there any
+demonstration on the part of the citizens to subdue this riot, or did
+they begin to realize their situation after it came to the destruction
+of individual property?
+
+A. I think they sympathized fully with the strikers up to the point of
+burning and pillaging, and after that began there was a re-action in
+public sentiment.
+
+Q. Was that so far as the railroad company was concerned, or had they
+come down to private property?
+
+A. I don't exactly understand your question.
+
+Q. Just what I want to know is this: Did the citizens of Pittsburgh
+think that the strikers were doing right, as long as they were
+destroying railroad property?
+
+A. Well, I don't think they thought that exactly, but they didn't make
+any attempt to stay the conflagration or the fire.
+
+Q. As soon as it came down to individual property, then what?
+
+A. Then, I think, even before there was an effort made to get up a
+citizen's committee, and I think it was a failure; and I think only
+four responded to go out and assist in that.
+
+Q. When it came down to individual property, then what?
+
+A. Then, of course, there were more active efforts made by the
+authorities, and by parties living in the neighborhood.
+
+Q. Did they seem to be general or just local?
+
+A. No, sir; it did not seem to be general.
+
+Q. Just local?
+
+A. Just local.
+
+Q. And then, if a fire was in the Sixth ward, the people of the Sixth
+ward or the Eighth or the Tenth or the Twentieth ward, or wherever it
+was, they would want to stop it, but the adjoining ward did not appear
+to take any part?
+
+A. The fire was at Grant and Washington street, immediately in the
+neighborhood of the depot, and, of course, they used every effort
+possible, but I do not know, outside of the official departments, that
+anybody from any other quarter of the city was endeavoring to quell
+it--the firemen and police department, of course, were there, so far as
+I can learn, but they were comparatively powerless, on account of the
+size of the mob, and the area of territory they covered. I wish to make
+a remark here concerning the expression, "shooting down innocent
+citizens." That remark was intended to apply, and does apply, from
+reading the context, to parties on the hill side who were mere
+spectators, and not active rioters in any sense. If the military had
+cleared the track, and used proper force in clearing the track, I think
+they would have been justified, but they didn't even shoot the mob in
+front of them. They didn't fire into that crowd, but fired into an
+innocent crowd on the hill side, some of whom were in no sense rioters,
+and some of whom lived on the hill side. There was a small boy next
+door to me, was fired at and shot in his lung, who was taking some
+clothes to his brother, who was in the Fourteenth regiment; a boy about
+ten years of age, and he was nearly dead for several months. He finally
+got over it. This class of people here referred to, who were shot at on
+the hill side, were not rioters or participants in the riot.
+
+Q. You say they were fired at. Were they not hit accidentally?
+
+A. The information at that time, and, I think, the testimony since,
+showed that they were fired at an angle with the hillside. The hill ran
+up there rather abruptly, and the volley took effect there where these
+people were looking down. I remember a few hours before that, parties
+had said that would be a good place to see the trouble. The appraiser
+of the port, here, Mr. Chandler, sent his boy there, that day, and
+says, "Don't you go down on the track, but go on the hillside; you will
+be out of harm's way." It turned out afterwards that was the very place
+to be in harm's way.
+
+Q. You speak about trouble. What trouble was there anticipated? Was it
+anticipated that the mob on the railroad tracks would resist the
+military, and bring on a collision?
+
+A. There was certain trouble anticipated--there was a conflict
+anticipated of some kind. Either the mob or the soldiers would have to
+give way, and it was not known which. Trouble was apprehended.
+
+Q. Was there trouble talked of--rumors in the street that there would
+be a resistance to the soldiers?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't think there was any talk of resistance. There was
+talk of trouble. The rioters seemed to be taking the ground that they
+had a right to stop there, so long as they did not interfere with the
+trains, and the military undertook to clear the track; and do not think
+if the military had cleared the mob who had actively obstructed them,
+that the trouble would not have been so great as it was. Firing into
+these people who were on the hillside, and not participating in the
+riot, I think, considerably aggravated the trouble, from my
+observation.
+
+Q. You were not there when the firing took place?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know that the mob did not fire--that, at least, the soldiers
+did not fire on the mob in front of them?
+
+A. That was the information, and I believe that was the fact, that they
+fired on the hill-side, and not on the strikers.
+
+Q. How many people were killed and wounded upon the hill-side?
+
+A. I think there is a list there that was tolerably accurate at the
+time. I cannot vouch for its absolute accuracy. You refer to the number
+killed on the hill-side?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. I could not tell that. This boy, there mentioned, was shot on the
+hill-side, and I heard of a number of others. I cannot exactly re-call
+them. That list merely embraces the total number.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were these editorials, with the head-lines, intended to mollify and
+quiet the mob?
+
+A. They were intended to represent the exact condition of affairs as we
+understood it at that time.
+
+Q. Regardless of what effect it would have on the mob?
+
+A. It is an exact reflex of the condition of affairs at the time. In
+the articles below, and in different other parts of the paper, any
+resort to physical violence was deprecated, further than the act of
+striking.
+
+Q. In your estimation, did your editorial give a representation of the
+general sentiment of the citizens here as a reflex of the sentiment of
+the people?
+
+A. I think it was, as far as I could learn.
+
+Q. At that time?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Eugene O'Neal, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you live?
+
+A. Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. Connected with Pittsburgh _Dispatch_.
+
+Q. Are your files here?
+
+A. I sent a file up by your sergeant-at-arms.
+
+Q. Just state what knowledge you have of the occurrences?
+
+A. My knowledge of the occurrences is confined first to the strike and
+calling out of the military. I was there on the Thursday, Friday, and
+part of Saturday preceding this bloodshed. I was then called away upon
+business to Buffalo, and all that I know of the strike reporters
+brought of the suspension of work of the railroad hands, and I saw a
+crowd collected around the tracks. I was on the ground on Friday night.
+I also noticed in some degree manifestations of public feeling in
+regard to the strike and calling out of the troops. That came from
+personal knowledge. The entire knowledge I had was derived from
+reports.
+
+Q. There is an editorial in your issue of the 21st July, entitled
+"Fruits of a Hasty Step." Did you write that article?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+[The following is the article referred to:]
+
+    [Dispatch, July 21.]
+
+    FRUITS OF A HASTY STEP.
+
+    There was a general feeling in the community yesterday that the
+    sudden and unlooked for ordering out of the troops to adjust the
+    railroad difficulty was not the wisest course that might have been
+    pursued. The actions of the strikers, while in some instances
+    reprehensible, could scarcely be held by any construction to amount
+    to a continuous riot, as there was only one case of violence, (in
+    which the offender, McCall, was promptly arrested by the police,)
+    and while there was a very general trespassing upon the company's
+    road, there was certainly no destruction of property. It was hoped
+    that with a cooling night intervening to both the officers and the
+    men calmly thinking the situation over, an amicable arrangement
+    might be effected, and the inconvenience to the public ended; but
+    the precipitate calling for troops dispelled that possibility, and
+    made the affair assume a really very serious aspect.
+
+    One point that must have been lost sight of by the sheriff in his
+    excitement (and perhaps by the company's representatives too) was,
+    that the engineers and firemen, while not themselves striking, were
+    naturally in sympathy with their late associates, and that the
+    stoppage of the trains was done rather upon solicitation than
+    compulsion.
+
+    But the question arises whether, conceding there was a riot within
+    the legal acceptation of the term, the usual remedies were
+    exhausted before calling for troops. So far as appears, a small
+    squad of the mayor's police was sufficient to quell the only fight
+    that occurred. It was then supposed that peace was reigning, until
+    sometime after midnight, when Sheriff Fife addressed a party of the
+    strikers advising them to go home, and when a more irreverent
+    person in the crowd replied that he (the mayor) might migrate to a
+    hot climate. This simple circumstance seems to have been the last
+    straw. It was, of course, a very wrong remark to the sheriff who
+    (without waiting, so far as is evidenced, to summon a _posse
+    comitatus_) hastened off to the telegraph office and apprised
+    the Governor, at lightning speed, that the red planet of war had
+    risen on the banks of the Allegheny. And then flashed back
+    telegrams to the major general in local command, and the major
+    general emitted general order number one, (it must have scared the
+    readers of yesterday morning's _Dispatch_ as it burst upon them
+    with double-leaded significance from our advertising columns,) and
+    troops were hurried out of bed, and amid a great rushing to and fro
+    in hot haste, and sleepy eyes looked sad farewells to other eyes
+    that winked, and mouths that yawned again, the regiments were put
+    in marching order for the battle-field which lay from the Union
+    depot along Snyder's hollow to the East Liberty stock-yards.
+
+    There was a sort of general feeling through the community yesterday
+    that there was a good deal of farce about this, that so solemn a
+    matter as calling out the military, spreading broad-cast over the
+    continent the notion that Pittsburgh was on the verge of a civil
+    war, ought not to have been resolved upon before at least all the
+    ordinary police resources were exhausted. It also had the effect of
+    creating an active sympathy for the strikers with many, who before
+    had none. And besides, it incensed the men themselves, made them
+    less open to argument and persuasion, and in so far as it did this,
+    it tended to prolong the strike, and consequently disturb the
+    business interests of the city; and worse yet, it drew hundreds of
+    angry outsiders to the scene and mixed them in the controversy. We
+    do not believe, as some are inclined to fear, that this affair
+    will--ill-advised though it may have been--will occasion a general
+    bitter feeling between labor and capital. The best proof is to be
+    found in the expressions upon the street yesterday, which were not
+    those of labor against capital or capital against labor; but almost
+    unanimously, one of mortification at the eagerness and haste with
+    which the solemn and expensive course of proclaiming a community in
+    a state of insurrection was decided upon. It was hoped all around
+    that the difference between the railroads and the hands would
+    adjust itself inside of forty-eight hours at the furthest, if left
+    to take its course; when or how it will be settled now remains to
+    be seen; but at the best, there will be bitter feeling, and it is
+    to be feared acts from time to time that under moral suasion and
+    under peaceful treatment would not have been thought of. Two hours
+    of calm, candid talk and fair treatment between the officers of the
+    roads and the employés would have done more toward a permanent
+    pacification than a regiment of military. Who would answer for the
+    consequences, supposing that on the head of the hasty turn out of
+    the military blood had been shed yesterday? The law is great and
+    its majesty powerful when administered with cautious solemnity and
+    decorum, but never should it be stripped of its grave and most
+    serious surroundings. To abate one jot or one tittle of them, is to
+    inflame the passions of the multitude, and make them to forget
+    their paramount duty of obedience to the law, and to precipitate
+    the very evils sought to be avoided. It is scarcely necessary to
+    add to aught which has been written, that on the question of the
+    attitude of the strikers or violence by them or obstruction thrown
+    by them in the way of the company, there can be no two opinions
+    among calm people. Yesterday we said, as we believed firmly and as
+    gathered from their conversations, the reasons that led them to
+    quit work. For quitting work, they are certainly not censurable; in
+    fact, considering the lowness of their wages, if by this method
+    alone they could improve their condition, sympathy would attend
+    their effort; but, of course, they have no right to violently
+    interfere with the roads, if the roads can get other men to fill
+    their places. On this point, no two intelligent and unheated
+    persons think of disputing. There is, however, as explained by
+    them, a considerable difference of opinion between the community
+    and the authorities as to the wisdom of trying to knock this
+    principle into the heads of the strikers with the butt end of a
+    gun, instead of exhausting first peaceful methods. Brute force is
+    bad all around, and even threats of it are not always the best or
+    quickest remedy for evils.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of the causes leading to the strike?
+
+A. I have no personal knowledge. I had, however, some knowledge of the
+causes which had been gathered for some months before, and which were
+familiar in people's mouths about the time--the reduction of wages and
+the bitter feeling that existed between the employés and officers of
+the roads. I heard of these things as leading to the strikes. I was
+very familiar with the reports that Tradesmen's Unions had been formed
+for the purpose of carrying them out.
+
+Q. For the purpose of carrying out the strike, do you mean?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How did you obtain that information?
+
+A. I obtained it by personal information--partly among railroad men,
+partly among citizens, and from our reporters.
+
+Q. Did you have any knowledge leading you to suppose that this strike
+would take place before the 19th?
+
+A. No; the strike had taken place before my attention was directed to
+it. Of course the information had come from other sections of the
+country that it had already taken place there.
+
+Q. From your knowledge and information, was there any necessity for
+calling out the troops?
+
+A. Not the slightest, sir, according to the best of my judgment and
+belief, at the time they were called.
+
+Q. I believe you were not here after the troops arrived?
+
+A. I was here after they arrived, but not here on the night of the
+bloodshed.
+
+Q. You say there was no necessity for calling the troops here?
+
+A. None that I could see.
+
+Q. You mean by that that the civil authorities were able to cope with
+the mob, or with the strikers?
+
+A. I think the civil authorities could have successfully coped with any
+disorder if it had not been for the introduction of the troops and
+their want of discipline. I think that the troops helped more than any
+other cause, so far as my judgment has been able to reach. Their want
+of discipline, their want of coolness, and subsequently their
+demoralization, running away, was the prime cause which led the mob,
+and brought out the bad elements in it, and gave them to suppose they
+were masters of the field.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You mean to say that there was a demonstration of that kind before
+the Philadelphia troops arrived?
+
+A. Of which kind?
+
+Q. Of the mob going out to destroy property?
+
+A. It had assumed that which in popular parlance, is termed a mob.
+
+Q. Was there any demonstration of that kind?
+
+A. There was a demonstration to the extent of numbers of citizens
+assembling at the different points along the road, drawn by curiosity.
+The first demonstration I saw, was a demonstration of people who went
+out of curiosity to see the troops.
+
+Q. That was your Pittsburgh troops?
+
+A. Pittsburgh, yes, sir. So far as I could see, there was no
+disposition to violence, in any shape, manner or form, at that time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. After the arrival of the Philadelphia troops, did it excite the
+people of the city of Pittsburgh or the mob, to more violence than
+before they arrived?
+
+A. There had been no act of violence, to my knowledge, in the sense of
+physical violence. There was no violence, save in so far as the
+presence of these men as trespassers might be considered violence, and
+the action of the strikers in their dealings with the engineers towards
+stopping the cars, so far as that might be considered violence. I do
+not speak of that. But there was no violence up to Saturday morning,
+that I heard of, save in the case of the assault upon the railroad
+officer at the time, which seemed to be an assault and battery, and the
+party, I think, was arrested, and brought to the station-house.
+
+Q. After the arrival of the Philadelphia troops, was it then
+demonstrated that the citizens of Pittsburgh or the mob, was determined
+to clean out the Philadelphia troops?
+
+A. I was not in the city after the conflict occurred, but suppose that
+of course. I could only judge as you judge, from what you read, that
+the shedding of blood aroused the feeling of animosity, and as to the
+feeling among the citizens, I do not think there was any disposition
+among the citizens of Pittsburgh, to the encouragement of arson or
+bloodshed--that is, among the respectable and larger portion of the
+community. After the militia, which was supposed to be able to take
+charge of the situation had fled, then I have no doubt that the mob
+took control.
+
+Q. Did you see any demonstrations made to clean out the Philadelphia
+troops?
+
+A. Not the slightest. The troops arrived here the morning I left. I had
+arranged for a trip to New York, and I went to Buffalo, and the troops
+had arrived, and there was a bitter feeling among the people in regard
+to calling out the Philadelphia troops. There had been mention of that
+feeling about calling out the Pittsburgh troops, and a great many
+people thought it was unnecessary, as the civil authorities had been
+able to cope with disorder for ten years, and would be able to do it on
+this occasion, and I think the people thought the military force was
+being used as a police force for the railroad. I think they felt
+aggravated about it; but there was no evidence of disposition to
+resist, or tendency towards bloodshed, so far as my observation went,
+or so far as any reports we heard would lead me to believe.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. M. Carson, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What is your name?
+
+A. Joseph M.
+
+Q. Where do you reside, sir?
+
+A. Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is you occupation?
+
+A. Journalist.
+
+Q. Was that your occupation in July last, at the time of the riots?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Will you be kind enough to state any information that you have in
+regard to the causes leading to the riot?
+
+A. I have none to give of personal knowledge. I was not out of the
+office that day from three o'clock until the next morning or the next
+day at one or two. I only know it from reporters that had been out at
+the scene of the difficulty. I only know it from hearsay, and I do not
+suppose that is evidence. I am prepared to answer to the queries in
+regard to the paper. There is an editorial in there. I desire to state
+that that is mine.
+
+Q. That is in the _Critic_ of July 22?
+
+A. I desire that to be part of my evidence.
+
+Q. "Military Blunder--Uncalled-for Bloodshed."
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+    [Critic, July 22.]
+
+    MILITARY BLUNDER--UNCALLED-FOR BLOODSHED.
+
+    Even at the moment of this writing, it is not difficult to perceive
+    that a fearful blunder has been committed by the Governor and his
+    ill-timed military advisers. It is impossible for us to conceive
+    that the action of the railroad strikers, taking the worst view of
+    either side of the case, justified the calling out of the military.
+
+    Time should have been allowed for a respectful parley between
+    parties; time for the railroad company to properly consider the
+    grievances complained of in the respectful petition of the
+    strikers, and time for the railroad employés to act in response.
+    There is tyranny in this country worse than anything ever known in
+    Russia, and it is time we should get at the gist of it.
+
+    Strikes are common occurrences, but it appears that it is only when
+    the "great monopoly," the hated company, which discriminates
+    against the interests of Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania, is
+    subjected to one of these strikes, that the military are ordered
+    out, and that, too, without a moment's consideration, us though the
+    Pennsylvania railroad was more important than the peace and order
+    and the lives of half the citizens of this State.
+
+    There is no use disguising the matter. The people of this city
+    sympathize with the strikers. They are incensed beyond measure,
+    with the cold, corrupt legislation which has fostered the colder
+    and more corrupt organization known as the Pennsylvania Railroad
+    Company. But we cannot disguise the legal technicalities which
+    appear to brace up that company as against the people. All that we
+    say and care to know is, that a fearful blunder was made by the
+    constituted authorities, who from the Governor down to General
+    Pearson and Sheriff Fife, appeared to be only the willing tools of
+    the giant oppressor.
+
+    We hold that the reckless haste of General Pearson and Governor
+    Hartranft makes them the prime ringleaders of what promises to be
+    the bloodiest riot with which the Commonwealth has ever been
+    visited. The insane policy of calling Philadelphia troops to this
+    city to quell a domestic quarrel is reprehensible beyond degree.
+
+    Hartranft and Pearson have only added fuel to the flames, that may
+    not be satisfied till the lives of hundreds of militia and citizens
+    are sacrificed. But while we counsel peace, it is only the duty of
+    journalists to fix the blame where it belongs, and therefore we
+    arraign before the board of public opinion General Pearson, Sheriff
+    Fife, Thomas Scott, and Governor Hartranft, and their aiders and
+    abettors for the murder of our fellow-citizens, who were
+    slaughtered by the Philadelphia militia.
+
+    Whether the officer commanding was drunk or crazy when he ordered
+    the Philadelphia soldiers to fire into our own Nineteenth regiment,
+    whereby one member was killed, it is a matter that should engage
+    the minds of a military court. But such recklessness and
+    mismanagement is only part and parcel of the great blunder of which
+    we complain.
+
+    The railroad magnates claim and protest their inability to carry on
+    their business with profit without the much vexed reduction. All
+    the employés can say is, we must starve at these wages. Now,
+    granting that on one side or the other there must be suffering,
+    which, is it equable, should suffer? But the concession can only be
+    made for the sake of casuistic argument. The railroads affirm that
+    they cannot meet expenses without curtailing salaries to the extent
+    that has caused this present trouble. Let us take the case of the
+    Pennsylvania Company. In this instance, we could show some other
+    method of escaping the difficulty. Look at this:
+
+    J. N. McCullough,                           $12,000 per annum.
+    William Thaw,                                10,000 per annum.
+    Thomas D. Messier,                           10,000 per annum.
+    John Scott, (solicitor,)                     10,000 per annum.
+    H. H. Houston, (in no recognized position,)  10,000 per annum.
+
+    Contrast this with the ninety cents of the poor brakeman. But then,
+    what is the poor laboring man? Let the following real occurrence
+    tell:
+
+
+    BABY FOOD FOR LABORING MEN.
+
+    While circulating among the strikers at the outer depot, the
+    reporter found a few of the men willing enough to tell their
+    grievances. One said: "When Vice President Cassatt and General
+    Manager Frank Thomson were at the Altoona shop, Cassatt
+    remonstrated with Thomson against any further reduction. 'Why,'
+    said Cassatt, 'the men cannot buy butter for their bread.'
+    'Butter,' said Thomson, 'what do they want with butter, let them
+    make dip.' The reduction was made," continued the complaining
+    striker, and whether the men have been living on dip or not, it is
+    very evident from the belligerent feeling displayed here to-day,
+    that they can fight on dip. "Yes," continued the man, in a cold,
+    bitter tone, which showed plainly how deeply, how plainly, the
+    cold-hearted insult.... "Mr. Frank Thomson drives his tandem team
+    and draws his big salary, whilst we must do double work at half
+    pay."
+
+    The officials can build palaces, the laborer can rent a hovel. The
+    one can roll along in the bustling splendor of a four-in-hand, the
+    other cannot hide the burnt and frost-bitten foot. These railroad
+    authorities can afford salaries that will secure the costliest
+    luxuries and sustain an apish aristocracy, that cannot extend the
+    salary to meet the commonest necessaries of life, to the beggared,
+    starving, crushed laborer and his family. All these magnates will
+    talk of the impossibility of running business without further
+    curtailing the wages of the poor laborer. Arrogant impudence!
+    Unbearable tyranny! Why, it has come to this, that labor is
+    servitude! That a poor man must delude himself to satisfaction at
+    the thought of starving, and respectfully take a pittance called
+    wages. The millions must stand off and die smilingly, and look
+    pleasurably at the outstretched arms of a few like Tom Scott
+    grasping, robbing, paralyzing, crushing our industries, even our
+    lives. Capital has raised itself on the ruins of labor.
+
+    The laboring class cannot, will not stand this longer. The war cry
+    has been raised, and has gone far and wide. It will not confine
+    itself to the narrow, nor even long stretch of the railroads. Labor
+    will assert itself. It must have its equality, and that it will,
+    sooner or later, amicably, it is desirable, forcibly, if necessary.
+    Certainly rebellion against lawful authority is never lawful, but
+    the principle that freed our nation from tyranny will free labor
+    from domestic aggression.
+
+The witness: The first page there was our reporters. The head-lines I
+do not know anything about. I went to bed that morning at half-past
+four, and those head-lines were put in after.
+
+Q. That is, on the first page, and starts out with "Bread or Blood?"
+
+A. Yes, sir; but the reports themselves I believe to be correct, and I
+believe as fair a statement as has been made of the occurrences. I
+regret this; but I believe they are as fair a statement as could be
+had. I know they were truthful--there was no object in misrepresenting
+them, and the exasperating state of troubled feeling, after shooting
+down and killing twenty-two citizens of Pittsburgh--men and
+women--would have induced any community to have felt the same way as we
+did.
+
+Q. Who is responsible for these head-lines starting out with "Bread or
+Blood?"
+
+A. Legally, I am responsible; morally, I am not, but legally I am. I do
+not shirk any responsibility.
+
+Q. What I mean by that question is, who wrote these head-lines?
+
+A. I did not. I would rather the committee would not press the question
+as to who did it. It is not material to the issue anyhow. It was done
+by a young man in my employ at that time, after I had gone to bed. I
+did not know anything about it. For every line in that paper I am
+responsible, except these--for everything excepting the head-lines I am
+responsible for, and nobody else, and I am legally responsible for
+them. I do not seek to evade any responsibility.
+
+Q. When I ask the question as to the responsibility, I do not mean
+legal responsibility?
+
+A. I was the real editor. I do not object to the head-lines. They
+adequately represented popular sentiment at that time. If it was
+twenty-two citizens of Philadelphia shot down by Pittsburgh troops, I
+think there would be a feeling of that kind evinced by the Philadelphia
+papers. That is my judgment.
+
+Q. One part of the head-lines says, "The worthy strikers arm
+themselves, and assemble thousands strong to compel their rights?"
+
+A. I did not say so. I simply said I was legally responsible, and not
+morally. I did not write them, but I say this: that if twenty-two
+Philadelphians had been shot down without orders, as the evidence
+before your committee proves, that the Philadelphia papers would have
+had just such head-lines. It is very well now, four or five months
+after the occurrence, and when we can calmly and coolly review the
+facts, to say that that is incendiary and improper. That is all right.
+I agree with you. I agree now that it was perhaps to that extent, but
+you, as a Philadelphian, if our Pittsburgh troops had gone down there
+and shot you Philadelphians, you certainly would have felt as I did
+when that was written. I did not write it, but I do not shirk any
+responsibility for it.
+
+Q. Do you mean that that expresses the feeling at that time?
+
+A. I believe that it adequately and fully represented that feeling.
+That is my candid, conscientious conviction.
+
+Q. At the time of the occurrence?
+
+A. Yes, I did. It is no idle thing to come out here and shoot down
+twenty-two people that were innocent. If they had been rioters or
+strikers, if they had had any part or lot in this thing and had shot
+them down, they would have been right. I would not have blamed you. I
+do not blame the committee, of course, but I do say this: it was no
+more and no less than murder to shoot down these people as they were
+shot down. I think that is the fullest and best account of the riot
+that appeared in any Pittsburgh paper.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Mr. Carson, do you say and do you think, in your opinion--had the
+press time to deliberate--do you believe they would have written so
+sarcastic an article as that?
+
+A. There is no paper in the city of Pittsburgh, published on the
+eventful Sunday morning of that day, that would not have put some such
+article as that in their paper.
+
+Q. Understand me right. Had the press had time to deliberate, would
+they have cast these articles broadcast to the world?
+
+A. No, sir; they would not, but that Sunday morning--Monday morning
+there was a change. I understand you----
+
+Q. This was done, Mr. Carson, on the spur of the moment?
+
+A. It was done when we knew--when we had four reporters out there, when
+they were bringing in the intelligence of the murder, as we deemed it
+then, and as the grand jury has since, by their presentment presented,
+and when they were shot down without orders, we wrote those head-lines.
+I did not, but I am responsible. That is why we did it.
+
+Q. You say you wrote the balance of the article?
+
+A. No; four reporters did. The head-lines--I am responsible for every
+line that appears there but the head-line. And that editorial, I
+dictated that. That is entirely my own, and every word of it--I stand
+over it to-day, after months have elapsed. The head-lines--I did not
+know of it until the next morning.
+
+Q. You say in this editorial, "It is impossible for us to conceive that
+the action of the railroad strikers, taking the worst view of their
+side of the case, justified the calling out of the military"--what do
+you mean by that?
+
+A. I mean their action was passive--was not aggressive. They simply
+were there. They refused to work, and I furthermore believe, that had
+there been any conciliation, or attempt at conciliation, used by Scott
+or their pampered officials, that it could have been arranged. That is
+my candid belief.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Suppose that the railroad officials had agreed to comply with the
+request of the strikers--is that what you mean?
+
+A. I do not mean that. I mean if there was any attempt made, but there
+was not any. They assumed the attitude of tyrants--were overbearing,
+were tyrannical, and they were abusive.
+
+Q. What reason have you to believe, Mr. Carson, that the strikers would
+have gone to work had the railroad officials not raised their wages?
+
+A. I can only say in reply to that, I believe they could have been
+conciliated, and there could have been an adjustment of troubles, and
+more than that I cannot say. I believe it could have been managed.
+
+Q. Without the increase of wages?
+
+A. I do. I believe even that.
+
+Q. You believe, then, that the strikers would have conceded to the ten
+per cent. being taken off?
+
+A. Yes, I do. But you treat a workingman as a dog, and he will be very
+apt, like a worm, to turn. It was not so much the reduction as it was
+they wanted to crush out all the manhood in him, and trample him into
+the dust. They treated them with no consideration at all. They treated
+them as just so much machinery. I do not want to interject a speech
+into my evidence, but if you want a speech I can give it to you on that
+question.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Had the strikers--had the men sent a committee to the railroad
+officials?
+
+A. Yes--and how was the committee received.
+
+Q. How?
+
+A. I do not know. If you want me to tell you how I was told they were
+received, I will tell you; I do not know of my own knowledge.
+
+Q. You must have some grounds for forming an opinion.
+
+A. I will give you that now. They were received with the utmost
+haughtiness. They were dismissed with a wave of the hand. They said,
+"We will make no terms, no concessions with you. Go back to your
+wages--go to work--then we will talk to you. We will have nothing at
+all to do with you." Now that was the way they were received.
+
+Q. Were they not told that if they would retire from the company's
+property, and allow the company to enjoy its property and its rights,
+that they would receive them?
+
+A. No, sir, never heard of it; no, sir. Not the most sanguine man that
+knows anything about the Pennsylvania railroad officials in western
+Pennsylvania would ever say such a thing either. I make that a part of
+my testimony.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Do you pretend to say that the----
+
+A. I pretend to say that the railroad officials in western
+Pennsylvania, on the part of the Pennsylvania railroad, are tyrants,
+and serfs in Russia have better lives to lead than employés on the
+Pennsylvania railroad. There is no serfdom in Russia--if the reporter
+will make that correction. Slavery has been abolished in America, and
+has been abolished in Russia, but there is a modified form of it on the
+Pennsylvania----
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What do you mean when you say that the "hated company discriminates
+against the interests of Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania?"
+
+A. Do you want me to talk on that subject? I can talk for five hours. I
+say they have systematically discriminated against Pittsburgh, and they
+have ruined it--that is what they have done. They will carry freight
+from Pittsburgh--they have systematically discriminated against
+Pittsburgh to the extent of twenty-five per cent., and when Colonel
+Scott was here, he said he was horrified. He had not dreamed there was
+such discrimination. He could not believe it possible; and James Parke,
+junior, who was one of our most eminent citizens, a Christian
+gentleman, too, he said it was true. Why, said he, I could not believe
+it possible. We know it's possible--we know it has ruined Pennsylvania;
+and the only thing that is going to help us is a competing road, and
+that, thank God, we will have in the course of three or four months.
+
+Q. Let me ask you, what do you mean by discriminating?
+
+A. it means that they will carry freight from Chicago to Philadelphia
+cheaper than they will carry from Chicago to Pittsburgh; that they will
+carry cheaper from Chicago to Albany than they will carry it to
+Pittsburgh; that Pittsburgh merchants can take goods to Boston, and
+take them to San Francisco a great deal cheaper--paying the freight to
+Boston and back--a great deal cheaper than they can ship them direct to
+San Francisco. There were three thousand tons shipped by Wilson, Walker
+& Co., to Boston, and from Boston to San Francisco, paying the freight
+to Boston and back. That is what made trouble in this community. They
+have been systematically oppressing Pittsburgh. There is no
+manufacturer unless he has got drawbacks and rebates.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. This trouble might just as well have fallen on some other portion of
+the State as it did on Pittsburgh, would it not?
+
+Q. It could have, and I think would, had we not anticipated the whole
+trouble here. There was not a community in the State of Pennsylvania,
+which would have sympathized to the extent that we did. I will answer
+why: we would have sympathized because we have been systematically
+oppressed for the last fifteen years. We have been practically ruined.
+
+Q. This thing was as likely to occur at Harrisburg or Scranton or
+Reading, as it was at Pittsburgh, but, unfortunately, Pittsburgh was
+the place.
+
+A. We bore the blunt of it. We were the first to receive it, and it
+found the community in full sympathy with the strikers, because of
+their sufferings. You systematically oppress a people, and revolution
+is not only right, but it is a duty.
+
+Q. You say the community--did your merchants give aid and abet in this
+strike?
+
+A. They did not. They were in sympathy with the strikers; but I was up
+on Sunday, there at the Union depot, and I saw the people. Saw that
+they were burning, and all that kind of thing. I did not see a single
+Pittsburgher. They were all strange faces, and not a face there that
+was familiar to me, and I am thoroughly familiar with Pittsburgh. They
+were tramps gathered from all parts of the Union.
+
+Q. That is not the question I asked you. The question I asked you was
+this: if the merchants of the city of Pittsburgh sympathized with the
+strikers?
+
+A. They did.
+
+Q. Sympathized with the mob in their violence?
+
+A. No, sir. I went up to the Union depot on Sunday, between one and
+three o'clock in the afternoon. I saw that mob, and there was not a
+single Pittsburgh face in it. They were all strangers--tramps, and the
+strikers had gone away.
+
+Q. No strikers among them.
+
+A. No; I did not see any.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was there any sympathy expressed by the good portions of the
+citizens of this city after the burning and destruction of property had
+commenced?
+
+A. On the contrary, the utmost detestation of the ravages of the mob.
+They sympathized with the strikers in their demand for higher wages.
+Ninety cents is not much for a man to live on, and I would like to see
+you gentlemen try to live on it.
+
+Q. Was there any expression of sympathy on the part of citizens with
+the mob that attacked the troops in the round-house before the burning
+took place?
+
+A. I rather imagine that the feeling of the community was that the men
+who had murdered----
+
+Q. I want you to answer the question, whether there was an expression
+and sentiment to that effect.
+
+A. No; no organized expression.
+
+Q. Was there any individual expression?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Of good citizens?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Justifying the attack upon the troops in the round-house?
+
+A. No; not justifying the attack on the troops in the round-house?
+
+Q. Or in their retreat from the round-house?
+
+A. No; but there was a feeling that it was no more than retributive
+justice--there was no urging that to be done.
+
+Q. There seems to be an article in the nature of an advertisement,
+commencing, "Attention Citizens," &c.
+
+A. I cannot tell you about that. That is an advertisement. I did not
+see that, and I do not know who put it in, even.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. That part you claim that you are not responsible for?
+
+A. I do not know anything about an advertisement. A man pays for it and
+he gets them in.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was that paid for?
+
+A. I presume so. I am not business manager. I am responsible for
+whatever is written there. I assume that responsibility wholly.
+
+Q. Do you know of any articles that were published in your paper that
+were calculated to arouse and inflame the people that were paid for for
+insertion?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Have you got any idea who wrote that article, if you were paid for
+it?
+
+A. I do not know who wrote it. I do not know anything about that.
+
+Q. In writing an article--supposing I was even competent to write an
+article for your paper, and would wish to suppress my name, would not
+you require to have my name, so that if you were come back upon you
+could get it?
+
+A. In regard to that, that is not an article, it is an advertisement.
+
+Q. It might come under that head. I think it would keep you very busy
+to make that out an advertisement. I do not claim to be a newspaper
+man, but it would keep me pretty busy to make that out?
+
+A. It was paid for, or it would not have been in, because I have
+assumed the responsibility for everything that was in there, but I do
+not assume for that, because I do not know anything about it.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. That was paid for as an advertisement?
+
+A. I have no doubt that our business manager could give you proper
+information. I am willing to assume any responsibility. I do not shirk
+that, but that is a matter that is not in my line. That is a business
+advertisement.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I am not a newspaper man, but, I suppose, if I should write an
+article for your paper, you would require the name?
+
+A. Look at the position it occupies; it is put among the
+advertisements, I believe.
+
+Senator Reyburn: No, sir.
+
+Mr. Means: No, sir; it would hardly bear that construction.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Is not the editor of a paper responsible for anything that is
+published in his paper, whether it is an advertisement or anything
+else?
+
+A. He is.
+
+Q. And therefore you are responsible, as editor of that paper, for that
+advertisement?
+
+A. I am.
+
+Q. Now, give us the name of the man that had that advertisement put in?
+
+A. I cannot.
+
+Q. Can you give us any party that can give us the name?
+
+A. Our business manager probably could.
+
+Q. Who is he?
+
+A. E. G. Minnemeyer.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+W. F. Aull, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Were you a member of the National Guard of the State of Pennsylvania
+in July last?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What position did you hold?
+
+A. Captain of the Eighteenth regiment.
+
+Q. Did you receive an order from General Latta, ordering General
+Brinton to take a certain route after leaving the round-house, in case
+he was driven from the round-house?
+
+A. I received an order from General Latta, after they had left the
+round-house, to deliver to General Brinton, with instructions to
+deliver to him at the arsenal. It was then supposed he was located at
+the arsenal.
+
+Q. Did you deliver that order to General Brinton?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Can you give the substance of the order?
+
+A. Yes, sir. On Sunday morning, we were lying at Torrens station.
+Communication had been cut off, both by telegraph and couriers. We had
+no communication with General Latta at all, and Colonel Guthrie
+requested me to go to the Union depot, and endeavor, if possible, to
+obtain an interview with General Latta, and ask him what orders he had
+to issue for our regiment. I went to the Union depot, and, on my way
+there, I passed the Philadelphia troops just coming out of the
+round-house. I went to the Union depot and reported to General Latta
+that the troops were out of the round-house, and on their way out Penn
+avenue--I do not know where. He waited a few moments, and a messenger
+came in, stating that they had left the round-house, and had gone to
+the arsenal. Another one came in in a few moments, saying that they
+were quartered in the arsenal. General Latta, after deliberating for a
+few moments over the matter, and consulting one or two parties there,
+requested me to remain a few moments until he would write an order. I
+did not know what the substance of the order was at all, and, after I
+had started, he told me to take that order to General Brinton at the
+arsenal, and, as soon as I left the Union depot, I read the order,
+which was instructing General Brinton to proceed by way of Penn avenue
+to East Liberty, and join Colonel Guthrie. I went immediately to the
+arsenal, and I found that they were not quartered there at all. I made
+inquiry and was told they had gone on out Butler street. I drove on up
+Butler street as rapidly as possible, and when I got to Sharpsburg, or
+two miles beyond there, they told me they were stationed two miles
+ahead of me, on the other side of the river. There was a gentleman
+remarked there that they were striking for Butler county. I deliberated
+a few moments whether I would follow them, or report first to the
+regiment, and consult Colonel Guthrie. I finally concluded I would go
+to my regiment, at East Liberty, and, if Colonel Guthrie thought it
+advisable, after consulting him, I would go across the river, and
+deliver the order to General Brinton. Upon handing the order to Colonel
+Guthrie, he instructed me to take command of the regiment, and he would
+go to town and see General Latta in person, which he did. I never saw
+the order from that time until this. A day or two afterwards, however,
+I received a telegram from General Latta, requesting me, for the first
+time, to report what action I had taken in the matter, and I reported
+to him by letter, which is published in the Adjutant General's report,
+I see.
+
+Q. Did you read the order to Colonel Norris, or did he see the order,
+to your knowledge?
+
+A. Yes; I showed him the order at the arsenal. He overtook me at the
+arsenal coming up a different route, and started for East Liberty. I
+hailed him, and told him he was on the wrong road. I told him I had an
+order here, producing it, I think. I think I told him I had an order
+for General Brinton, and I was going on to overtake him, and he turned
+immediately and went on ahead of me. I went back to my buggy and he
+went on ahead of me, and I did not overtake him. He understood,
+however, what was in the order. I believe he read the order before it
+left General Latta, at the Union depot.
+
+Q. Who was responsible for the delivery of that order, handed you by
+General Latta for General Brinton?
+
+A. Who was responsible for its delivery?
+
+Q. For its delivery or its non-delivery?
+
+A. My instructions were to deliver the order to General Brinton in the
+arsenal. When I found he was not in the arsenal, and my instructions
+being to report back to my regiment, I considered my first duty, after
+I found he had gone away outside of my route, was to report to my
+colonel and see what he would do. He then advised me to remain where I
+was, and said he would go with the order to General Latta, which he
+did. He took the order, put it in his pocket, and left the regiment on
+Sunday about eleven o'clock, I think, and went in and had an interview
+with General Latta.
+
+Q. You were at Torrens station?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You know nothing of the movement of the troops during Saturday night
+and Sunday morning?
+
+A. I received an order on Sunday morning, at two o'clock, to join
+Colonel somebody, from Wall station, and move to Twenty-eighth street.
+We went to Torrens station, and received ammunition sent there for
+them, and waited there until the next morning, and they never put in an
+appearance.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+August Ammon, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. City of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is your occupation?
+
+A. I am insurance agent.
+
+Q. Are you the father of Robert Ammon, known as Bob Ammon during the
+troubles in July?
+
+A. Yes; I am.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of the occurrences during that time in
+Allegheny City?
+
+A. I have, somewhat. I felt, of course, it was natural that I should
+feel an interest, seeing that my son was concerned there.
+
+Q. Were you in Allegheny City at the time?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Have you any personal knowledge of any of the occurrences over
+there?
+
+A. Not of the occurrences. My aims were directed to inspire Robert as
+much as possible--to prevent destruction of property. I sent messages
+and communications to him frequently, almost hourly.
+
+Q. To that effect?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Your son Robert testified in Philadelphia that he had some
+communications with some parties that were concerned in the railroad,
+either the officials of the railroad company and the civil authorities
+of Allegheny City--have you any of these communications--the originals?
+
+A. Yes, sir; Robert handed them to me in the jail of Allegheny City,
+and I turned them over to his lawyer. I would have brought them up this
+morning, but Mr. Miller was sick. I did not go to see them until this
+afternoon. I have those that I deemed the most important here.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. In whose handwriting are they?
+
+A. I do not know.
+
+Q. Do you know your son's handwriting?
+
+A. Yes. They were dispatches which he received there.
+
+Q. Just select them in their order?
+
+A. Now here is the first one I present here. I have read them over so
+often that I am familiar with them, and if you will permit I will read
+them.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Read that one [indicating?]
+
+A. This dispatch is directed to Allegheny City, at the outer depot,
+where Robert had his station, reads as follows:
+
+"Operator, do anything to save property, and if engines and freight can
+be moved out of the city and men enough to do it, and the strikers will
+permit, run them west on north track far enough to be safe from any
+damage from Pittsburgh men. Give copy to Ammon. G. S. G."
+
+If you desire an explanation of these, those initials signify "George
+S. Griscom," whose duty it was to send them. A gentleman by the name of
+W. A. Routson occupied his place.
+
+Q. What position?
+
+A. The position of Mr. Griscom, during his absence.
+
+Q. What is Mr. Griscom's position?
+
+A. He is a railroad official. Kind of assistant superintendent, Mr.
+Layng is general superintendent, and those gentlemen are next to him.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. That was not signed by Griscom?
+
+A. Not that. Routson signed these dispatches. I got that information
+from Robert. There is something on the other side. The operator who
+signs "K," says, "Ammon wants to know if you want the sixty-eight armed
+men."
+
+Q. Signed by the operator?
+
+A. Signed by the operator who signs himself "K." The answer of "G. S.
+G.," "Yes; if he is in good faith to defend the company's property." If
+it is in order, I might give you a little explanation.
+
+Q. Certainly.
+
+A. On Sabbath morning early, I guess, as early as five o'clock--I live
+on the south side--I got up, and I got my horse and buggy, and I put
+Robert's mother in with a younger son of mine, and asked them to drive
+over. I read in the _Chronicle_ that Bob was among the strikers, and I
+supposed Bob was in the oil regions at the time; I did not know that he
+was in Allegheny. I sent Mrs. Ammon over with the request to Robert,
+that if he thought he would be involved in the strike he had better get
+in the buggy with his mother and come to Birmingham, and stay until the
+trouble was over, and I gave the little fellow, who was in the buggy
+some money to pay his fare in the street car. She informed me that Bob
+would willingly have complied with my request, but that he could not
+leave. There was a very great many tramps there, and he and the
+strikers had to get arms to keep these men away from robbing the cars,
+and for this reason he could not follow my advice, and go to
+Birmingham.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I would like to know this before you go any further. Are those
+telegrams that Robert Ammon received from the railroad officials during
+the time that he had charge of the road?
+
+A. Yes, sir; this is the commencement of them. He had not charge on
+Sunday. He took charge of it on Monday. The next telegram is directed
+to Bob. It says:
+
+    "Ammon, a large crowd of men going down the Brighton road, where
+    coaches and cars are on the main track, east of Manchester. Can you
+    protect them?
+
+    "G. S. G."
+
+Q. Who is "G. S. G."?
+
+A. Assistant superintendent Griscom. Here is one directed to the
+initials "W. F. R." That means William F. Ross. He was also official of
+the railroad.
+
+Q. Dispatcher, wasn't he?
+
+A. Yes; I think so.
+
+    "Tell Ammon, if the freight cannot be moved, we would like to move
+    the engines any way. Tell him to help the C. & P., too. [That means
+    Cleveland and Pittsburgh.]
+
+    "G. S. G."
+
+Q. Were these sent by wire--by telegraph?
+
+A. Yes; he got them.
+
+Q. By telegraph?
+
+A. Yes, sir. Here is an original that is in Bob's handwriting.
+
+    "J. D. L.: [That means, J. D. Layng.]
+
+    "I have just sent Ed. Compbell and Paisley to Mayor Phillips for
+    twenty-five police to watch cars, as our men are completely
+    prostrated and wish to obtain some rest. They will watch with
+    police. Can you make some arrangement to get victuals for these men
+    on watch?
+
+    "AMMON."
+
+They got a little provisions--that came a little previous, that ought
+to come in afterwards. Here is another addressed to J. D. L.:
+
+    "Can you arrange to send me to-day some hundreds of cartridges?
+    Answer me, as I expect to have use for them.
+
+    "AMMON."
+
+Here is another one:
+
+    "AMMON:
+
+    "Have instructed Ross and Parkin to arrange for provisions. See
+    them.
+
+    "J. D. L."
+
+That means J. D. Layng.
+
+Q. Who is "J. D. Layng?"
+
+A. "J. D. Layng;" he is general superintendent.
+
+    "AMMON:
+
+    "C. & P. Shifter wanted to go down to Glendale and back, and take
+    down relief guards and supper to the men. Is it O.K. to run them
+    following 37?
+
+    "G. S. G."
+
+Bob's answer is written in his own handwriting:
+
+    "Will spare engine 305. Will pick it up and take it down with the
+    relief.
+
+    "AMMON."
+
+Here is another one:
+
+    "Please hurry engine for 17 over.
+
+    "W. F. ROSS."
+
+Q. These are without dates?
+
+A. "AMMON:
+
+    "Engine No. 421 will go on No. 17; and engine 97 on No. 37; and
+    engine 325 on No. 39.
+
+    "J. G. PARKIN."
+
+Q. Who is J. G. Parkin?
+
+A. He arranged with Ross and Parkin for provisions--he was a regular
+employé there.
+
+    "AMMON:
+
+    "Engine, No. 330, will go on 17, instead of engine, No. 421.
+
+    "G. S. P." That is Parkin.
+
+Here is a despatch from Mr. Layng:
+
+    "AMMON:
+
+    "I think a new request on the mayor would give you the cartridges,
+    as he no doubt, has been supplied by this time.
+
+    "J. D. L."
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Here is a dispatch:
+
+    "D. R. AMMON:
+
+    "Of course, you understand that I cannot do anything in the matter
+    of sending, but if you will permit me, as a private individual, to
+    make a suggestion, it would be, that you send to Mayor Phillips and
+    ask him to send you fifty to one hundred men, to protect the
+    property now on the Fort Wayne tracks. I think, that on a proper
+    representation of the facts, he would do this, and it would give
+    the men now in charge of the property, the rest I have no doubt
+    they very much need.
+
+    "J. D. L."
+
+    "AMMON:
+
+    "You had better see Cole, and get matters in shape to talk; but, as
+    I said in former message, what our men want to do, is to let the
+    mob element quiet down and then they can talk calmly. You all want
+    to maintain a record free from violence in any shape. I know you
+    can fully appreciate the force of this.
+
+    "J. D. Layng."
+
+The witness: These are all the dispatches which represent the general
+spirit, and there are a great many more, all in the same strain, and
+that is all I have to say. They speak for themselves as to their being
+genuine. If it should come to trial, I think it would be no trouble to
+prove that. One other matter I desire to call your attention to. As I
+stated already, that on Sunday, I sent Mrs. Ammon to bring Bob to
+Birmingham. Mr. Siebeneck informed me on Saturday evening that Bob was
+over there, and I told him I didn't think it was so. I understood, from
+Bob's wife, he was up in the oil regions. Bob was living right at the
+scene where the troubles in Allegheny occurred, and had been an employé
+of the road, as you are aware. On Sunday, when Mrs. Ammon came home, I
+felt calm about it. I knew when Bob promised a thing, he generally
+would, at least, try to carry it out. On Monday morning matters seemed
+to move along smoothly in Allegheny--what I got was from the newspaper
+reports. I could not leave my office on Wood street, because our
+secretary had gone to Bedford, and I was there with one of the clerks
+and the janitor, and the situation in Pittsburgh then looked very
+threatening. We have a great many valuable assets there about our safe,
+and I thought my presence was necessary. Occasionally I would go up on
+Fifth street and send somebody for Bob, with a verbal message or a few
+lines. On about three o'clock in the afternoon--perhaps a little
+before----
+
+Q. On what day?
+
+A. On Monday, I saw Mr. Siebeneck. He says to me, "Ammon," says he, "I
+have just got word that Bob is in charge of the Fort Wayne road." I,
+for a moment, didn't know what to say, but Siebeneck assured me that
+the thing was so. Looking up the street, I saw Mr. Watt, the ticket
+agent of the Pennsylvania road, at the corner of Fifth and Smithfield
+street. He came up to me, and says, "My God, squire, has not there been
+enough property destroyed! Is there any end to this thing! Can you do
+anything so that property would not be destroyed in Allegheny. Have you
+any influence with Bob?" I told Mr. Watt, that I thought I had, and if
+he would go out and see General McCauley, the vice president of the
+road, for me, and could tell him that I would go to Allegheny, drive
+over with my wagon, and I was satisfied that Bob would come away with
+me, if they wanted him away, but that I would not do so unless I had
+the consent of the railroad officials, and I gave him my reasons. From
+what I knew, that Bob kept the thing there at bay, there had been no
+row, no disturbance. If I should take him away, and trouble should
+accrue in consequence, I would feel that I was indirectly responsible
+for it. Mr. Watt went out, and in perhaps half an hour or less time, he
+came back, and I give you his words as near as I can remember. He said,
+that the general said, "Tell the old squire we are very much obliged
+for his kindness, and the interest he shows, but the taking away of
+Bob, would be, perhaps, the worst move we could make." When I heard
+that, I felt calm--my clerk--one of my clerks, lives in Allegheny. I
+again wrote a letter to Bob, and implored him, by all that could be
+dear and holy to him, to see to it, that no destruction of property
+would take place there. Early next morning, I got an answer from Bob,
+wherein he assured me that everything was working smoothly, and said
+all the best citizens, James L. Bennett, and gentlemen who had been
+before you, and others had been there, and saw him, and they all seemed
+to be satisfied for the present that he would do the best he could.
+Shortly after I received that letter, Mr. William L. Jones came in. He
+lives in Sewickley, is an insurance man, on Fourth avenue, and he told
+me that Bob was in charge of the road. I told him I was well aware of
+that, and stated to him that I had communicated with Mr. Watt and
+General McCauley, and says he, "I know Mr. Layng; will you permit me to
+go out and make him the same offer." I told him he should go, and I
+should be obliged to him. He went out and came back with about the same
+answer. Mr. Layng said he was perfectly satisfied to leave Bob at
+present where he was. I heard some more afterward, that Mr. McCauley
+said he hadn't said that to Watt, and I went out. I knew the general
+well. He says, "'Squire, I only said I didn't remember it, but if it is
+said that I did say it, I would not take it back, and under like
+circumstances I would perhaps say the same thing again." I advised Bob,
+during the day, then, to get out of it just as soon as he safely could
+for himself and the property. In the evening the Governor came, and you
+know, you have heard his Excellency; and the next morning the papers
+reported that Bob had stepped out and things had assumed the usual
+aspect again. From that time until Bob was arrested the committee of
+safety, or sub-committee of safety, they took Bob in charge. He stepped
+out, say on Wednesday morning, and about noon a gentleman attached to
+the _Chronicle_ office came down and said there was a committee up
+there with Bob, and they wanted to see me. When I came up there Mr.
+Jacob Rees, Major Swearinger, Mr. Slagle, of the iron-works on the
+south side, and some others were present, and they told me they wanted
+to see Bob and get the blockade raised of the freight which was still
+on the tracks there, and it seems he was not much acquainted with him
+and didn't know what to do, and he said he would not say anything to
+him until his father came, and I told Bob there to follow the advice of
+these gentlemen, and if, in consequence of their advice, he would get
+into trouble, I would see him through. These men subsequently got into
+the secret meetings of the strikers down to Dietrick's hall, in
+Allegheny, and things came all right again, and on Monday following--it
+was just one week after--a railroad official came to my office in the
+morning, I guess about as early as nine o'clock, and said, "Squire, if
+you don't want to have Bob arrested, get him out of the road," and I
+told that gentleman that I was obliged to him for his kindness, but if
+Bob and the railroad company had anything to settle, they had better
+settle it now. About two o'clock in the afternoon Bob was standing near
+the corner of Fourth avenue and Wood street, and six detectives pounced
+on him and dragged him to jail, and he stayed there for eleven weeks.
+That is all I have to say in regard to Bob. Now permit me to say, in
+less than a dozen words, in regard to what I read in the newspapers
+this afternoon, of the testimony of my friend, the mayor of Allegheny.
+The mayor swears, point blank and positively, that he had but one
+interview with Bob. If that was all, it must have been a mighty long
+one--a very long one. The mayor and myself have been personally
+acquainted for a number of years, and shortly after Bob was arrested he
+met me on Fifth avenue, and he stepped up to me and said, "Squire, I am
+sorry, on your account, in regard to the scrape Bob was in." I told his
+honor that the thing was certainly unpleasant, but that I did not worry
+much, after all, about it. I did not think it was anything that was
+disgraceful, like a charge of stealing or murder, or anything of that
+kind. It had happened in all countries before, and that I would have to
+be satisfied whatever the law said; and I says to him, says I, "So far
+as your city was concerned, mayor, there was not a dollar's worth of
+property stolen." "There was not anything destroyed." Says I,
+"Supposing, if Bob is tight, and we put you on the stand, what is the
+worse you could say against him." "Well," says the squire, "I would
+have to say that, by continuously persuading Bob and his men, I kept
+them down so that everything passed off quietly." Now, if it was the
+only one interview with him, it seems to me he must have been most of
+the time with Bob.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did the mayor of Allegheny City give your son credit for maintaining
+the peace and order, and saving the destruction of property--did he do
+that?
+
+A. How is it?
+
+Q. Did Mayor Phillips, to you, give your son the credit for maintaining
+peace, and of restraining the crowd and rioters from the destruction of
+property?
+
+A. That is all, sir, that was said between the mayor and myself, what I
+have recited--what I stated. I asked him what the worst was, if he was
+on the witness stand, he could say against Bob, and he stated that he
+would have to say, that, by continuously persuading Bob and his men, he
+kept them down. That everything went off smoothly.
+
+Q. He went to Bob--when he wanted anything he went to Bob?
+
+A. He said, by continuously persuading Bob and his men. That is the
+mayor's words. If he has forgotten it, I have not.
+
+Q. In any communication that you had with Bob, did he assure you, or
+say to you, that he would not allow any property to be destroyed?
+
+A. He said that in the most positive terms, verbally and in writing.
+
+Q. To you?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. That he would not allow it?
+
+A. Yes; he sent me verbally. Sometimes I would send over a man just to
+talk to him. That man might bring me back a verbal message, or might
+bring back a few lines. He said that I should not have the slightest
+fear.
+
+Q. That he would take care of the railroad property?
+
+A. He would take care of the property, and nothing should be destroyed
+while he was there. In one of his letters, he said he would rather die
+than submit to the destruction of property.
+
+Q. Did he intimate to you in these communications that he had control
+of these men--that they would obey him?
+
+A. They did obey him most implicitly. He said that.
+
+Q. That they would obey him?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. And do what he told them to do?
+
+A. And others told me something similar. I would say--permit me to
+recur to one conversation--Mr. James I. Bennett, a gentleman whom I
+believe has testified before you--he is president of the insurance
+company which I represent as general agent. I went to him after I had
+these assurances from the railroad officials that they did not want Bob
+away. I felt dissatisfied; but I thought I would have been more
+satisfied if he had been away. I went down to his office, at the
+iron-works, on Water street, and I told him. Says I, "Mr. Bennett, this
+is the way things stand." Well, says he, "I was down last night." Mr.
+Bennett lives near, in close proximity to where the trouble occurred.
+Says he, "I was there last night and saw Bob, and things are working
+about as smooth as they could under the circumstances," and says he,
+"Don't you do anything of the kind." Says he, "The strikers put Bob
+there to run the road, and, if you take him away, they will put some
+other man there who is, perhaps, not half as well qualified as Bob is."
+Those were Bennett's words to me.
+
+Q. Is he the president of that road?
+
+A. No; Bennett is president of the insurance company which I represent.
+
+Q. Did the president of that road, or any of the officials of that
+road, say to you that they were satisfied that Bob should have charge
+of this road?
+
+A. The vice president, the first vice president, General McCullough,
+was the man to whom I first went. I heard that Bob was in charge of the
+road, and agreed to go over and take Bob away, and he sent me back
+word, through Mr. Watt, the ticket agent, that that would be the worst
+move he could make.
+
+Q. Taking Bob away?
+
+A. Yes, sir. And when I afterwards heard that it was said that
+McCullough hadn't said that, I went out and saw him--I am on intimate
+terms with him, and says he, "Squire, I simply don't remember that I
+said it; but, under like circumstances, I would perhaps say the same
+thing again to-day. I do not know what else I could say."
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+W. C. McCarthy, recalled:
+
+The witness: I read in the newspapers this afternoon, that Mr. Stewart
+stated to this committee that he had an interview with me on Friday, in
+which he stated that the railroad company desired to have one hundred
+men, that they would pay for them. I have to say that Mr. Stewart had
+no interview with me on Friday, and he did not make that statement to
+me on Friday, nor did he make that statement to me upon any other day.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see Mr. Stewart on Friday?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. At the city hall steps?
+
+A. I did not. I did see Mr. Stewart at the city hall steps on Saturday
+forenoon.
+
+Q. What was the conversation then?
+
+A. It was simply conveying from Mr. Scott or Mr. Cassatt, as he stated,
+a desire that I should go up to the Union depot to see Mr. Cassatt. I
+declined to do so, and gave my reasons for it, which were,
+substantially, that the troops were brought here unnecessarily; that it
+was disgracing the city, and that I had an abiding conviction it would
+end in bloodshed, which would be unnecessary; and I declined to go to
+see him, as I knew who and what Pennsylvania railroad officers were;
+that they were imperious and dictatorial, and I could have no influence
+upon them whatever, and the result verified my predictions.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. At that time did this gentleman ask you to swear in a certain number
+of police officers, and the railroad company would pay them?
+
+A. He never said anything of the kind, either that day or any other
+day. It is pretty hard to join those two statements together.
+
+Q. It is a little rough, mayor?
+
+A. Well, I swear to that. The fact is, I scared them, and he did not
+know whether he was standing on his head or his heels. I blowed at him
+about bringing troops here, and it would result in murder, and I used
+strong language.
+
+Q. Did you attempt to scare him?
+
+A. No; I just gave the honest convictions of my soul to him in very
+strong and emphatic language.
+
+Q. Why was it necessary that you should scare him?
+
+A. It was not necessary to scare him, but he was scared. That is the
+only way I can account for his ideas that he delivered that message.
+
+Q. Why was it necessary for you to use this very strong language to
+him?
+
+A. Except I felt what I said, that these men had brought the troops
+here and shot people down unnecessarily, made me tell you over there
+that the police had broken the back of that strike on Thursday
+afternoon--utterly broken it, and if they had any gumption about them,
+with the expenditure of less than $500, they could have moved a train,
+and the strike never would have been heard of again. But instead of
+that, they laid down upon their belly like dogs, and cried for troops,
+and did nothing for twenty-four hours, and allowed the strike to get
+ahead.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. I think that is in your testimony before?
+
+A. Indeed, I do not know. As I understand, I thought when I was in
+Philadelphia listening to your proceedings at the St. Cloud, that I
+heard a gentleman swear that he saw the police, at the station-houses
+on Penn avenue, fire at them. I was very deaf that day, and I could not
+swear positively whether he said so, but on that point I have a few
+words to say. The first that I knew, or rather the first that I heard
+about the firing by the police upon the troops was contained in this
+dispatch to Mayor McCarthy:
+
+    "One of my men was murdered by your police force as we marched up
+    Penn avenue, _en route_ for Sharpsburg. The murderer can be
+    identified by a dozen men of my command, although several others of
+    your force discharged their pistols shots into my column while we
+    marched out Penn avenue. Are you willing to assist me in arresting
+    this murderer?"
+
+I replied that I am, that I would. That dispatch I did not preserve a
+copy of. I afterwards received the following, second one from him:
+
+    "MAYOR MCCARTHY:
+
+    "You seemed to misunderstand my telegraph. I asked you if you were
+    willing to assist me in having your man identified. There is no
+    question about the fact. I can produce the evidence of a dozen
+    respectable citizens of Philadelphia who witnessed the firing. By
+    making the proper inquiries on your part, and by arresting all
+    suspected, I can produce those to identify the guilty party. It was
+    not true that the police of Pittsburgh were hooting and yelling at
+    us openly at nearly every point.
+
+    "R. M. BRINTON,
+    _Major General_"
+
+To this dispatch, of which I preserved a copy, I sent the following
+answer:
+
+    "R. M. BRINTON,
+    _Major General_:
+
+    "I will assist you in identifying or arresting any murderer who is
+    on the police force, or on either side of the struggle."
+
+I said on either side of the struggle, because I believed both sides
+committed murder, and I may say that I and six or eight of my policemen
+are now under bonds to answer the charge--a civil charge--for damages
+for arresting two men who were suspected as being engaged in shooting
+at the Philadelphia troops as they went out Penn avenue, out Butler
+street. Then I go on to say:
+
+    "By referring to the language of your first dispatch, you will see
+    that the misapprehension was on your part, and not on mine."
+
+Well, gentlemen, when the Philadelphia troops came back here, I sent
+out orders and got all the police who had been up there at that time
+together, to meet at nine o'clock in the evening. I saw by a newspaper
+article--I had forgotten who it was--but I saw by a newspaper article
+here that it was Lieutenant Cochran that I sent out to the Philadelphia
+troops, to tell Brinton that at nine o'clock that night the men would
+be all at the mayor's office, and for him to come with his evidence.
+Nine o'clock came and no person came--until ten o'clock we waited, and
+they were dismissed. I dismissed the men with orders to appear at nine
+o'clock the next morning, and sent word out to camp to General Brinton.
+If General Brinton requires me to state I will just quote from a little
+remark I made. I say here Cochran had reported to me that the
+Philadelphia men, for some reason or other, didn't think they could get
+here last evening. That was the reply of Cochran. Then I took it back
+until ten o'clock or nine o'clock next morning, when the police were
+there, together with a large number of citizens in the neighborhood of
+the station-houses, who were there at the time that the troops passed.
+The police unanimously, and the citizens unanimously all joined in the
+statement that on Penn street, between Twenty-sixth street and
+Twenty-seventh street, where the station-house is, and where the police
+were on the pavement, that at the time the troops passed the
+station-house there was no shooting, no disturbance of any kind
+whatever. That is the testimony of the police and of the citizens,
+given and sworn to upon that day, when I found the Philadelphia men
+didn't come to make good their word.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You say the Philadelphia men did not come to make good their word.
+What did you expect of the Philadelphia men?
+
+A. I believed the Philadelphia men to be as good as their word, as laid
+down here by General Brinton. Here is General Brinton's dispatch to me:
+"One of my men was murdered by your police force as we marched up Penn
+avenue, _en route_ for Sharpsburg. The murderer can be identified by
+a dozen men of my command, although several others of your force
+discharged their pistol shots into my column while we marched up Penn
+avenue. Are you willing to assist me in arresting this murderer?" I
+expected General Brinton to come with his men and attempt to identify
+the murderers, as he alleged we shot at those troops as they were
+passing the station-house. He did not come with his men. An hour or so
+after all these parties left, two men came to the office; I did not see
+them myself, but my man at the office reported to me that two men came
+there, dressed like officers, who stated that they were officers in the
+Philadelphia regiment, and they repudiated the statement that the
+troops were fired on as they passed the station-house.
+
+Q. They said there was no firing on the troops?
+
+A. Yes; these men's names--I heard at the time the names they gave.
+
+Q. Do you know the names now?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not. I might be able to find out--I don't know whether
+I could or not. I have forgotten the names; but if that circumstance is
+sworn to at Philadelphia, I can produce one hundred men to disprove it.
+
+Q. Is that all?
+
+A. That is all. I think I have said enough.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned to meet at the call of the
+chairman.
+
+
+    HARRISBURG, _April 11, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, in Senate committee room
+No. 6. All members present except Mr. Reyburn.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+William S. Quay, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you present Saturday afternoon, July 24, when the communication
+was received by General Latta from General Brinton?
+
+A. I was. I was present with General Latta in his room during the
+entire night.
+
+Q. In the Union depot?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How many dispatches were received?
+
+A. I think three, but I am not certain.
+
+Q. What time was the first received?
+
+A. The first one was in the early part of the night. I couldn't fix the
+time of receiving any telegrams, or, in fact, any of the occurrences of
+the night.
+
+Q. Can you give the substance of the first dispatch?
+
+A. I cannot give the nature. The first dispatch, however, was very
+discouraging, I remember that much. It related to the condition of his
+troops in the round-house, related to the supplies, subsistence,
+ammunition, and he went on, further, to say, my recollection is, that
+he considered part of his command as unreliable, and that one of his
+regiments was disposed to sympathize with the strikers--wouldn't fight
+with them, anyhow.
+
+Q. Did he state what regiment it was?
+
+A. He didn't use that language, but that was the idea conveyed.
+
+Q. Do you recollect whether he named the regiment?
+
+A. I think he named the Sixth regiment. We understood that to be the
+regiment referred to. Sometime afterwards, a second dispatch was
+received, in better character, and we were re-assured. The first one
+was very bad.
+
+Q. The next dispatch was more encouraging?
+
+A. Yes; decidedly more encouraging.
+
+Q. Do you recollect how the next dispatch reached the Union depot?
+
+A. I think that the dispatches were brought through the lines by
+Sergeant Wilson of the Jefferson Cavalry. He came out in disguise.
+
+Q. All the dispatches you referred to were brought by him?
+
+A. I think so. I will not be positive about that.
+
+Q. Do you recollect of General Matthews making any remarks when he
+received the first dispatch?
+
+A. I couldn't say positively, but there was conversation. I was in the
+room, but didn't pay any attention to it myself.
+
+Q. Did you know whether General Latta contemplated ordering General
+Brinton's command out of the round-house, prior to receiving that first
+dispatch?
+
+A. I have no recollection of anything that indicated any such
+intention.
+
+Q. Was it a subject of conversation at all at his head-quarters, during
+the night?
+
+A. As to the removal of those troops?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Yes. There was considerable conversation as to that, when General
+Latta was dictating his last dispatch to General Brinton. There was a
+conflict of opinion about it.
+
+Q. Was the question of the expediency of ordering the troops out, for
+the purpose of stopping the destruction of property and driving the
+rioters from the ground--from the railroad ground? Was that the subject
+of conversation?
+
+A. I think not. I don't remember that. There was no conversation
+amongst us. We had no idea of ordering the troops alone--that
+detachment of troops. The general plan was to bring on the Philadelphia
+troops, at Torrens station, unite them with Guthrie, and march them
+down on the rear of the mob, and attack and disperse them.
+
+Q. How early in the evening did the General adopt that as a plan of
+action?
+
+A. I couldn't say, as I said before. I couldn't, at this time, say.
+
+Q. Can you tell us anything in relation to the dispatch that was sent
+by General Latta and General Brinton, Sunday morning, by Captain Aull,
+what knowledge you have of that dispatch, and what was done?
+
+A. I don't think that I have any personal knowledge of that
+dispatch--don't think I saw it--and what I would give you would be
+hearsay about that. I have a recollection of a telegram to direct
+Brinton, I think, to join Colonel Guthrie.
+
+Q. Were you present when Major Norris started to find General Brinton?
+
+A. I don't think I was present when he left the hotel. I was in the
+hotel.
+
+Q. Did you hear General Latta give him any instructions?
+
+A. Well, I couldn't say. I know he had his instructions, but whether I
+heard Latta give them to him, I don't know. I don't know what his
+instructions were.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know anything about any proclamations issued by the Governor,
+in relation to this riot?
+
+A. I know very little more than the proclamation was issued. At least,
+I saw the proclamation signed by the Governor and myself, which, I have
+no doubt, was issued here, under the seal of the State, but I was not
+present at the time. I know nothing more, really, than you, gentlemen
+of the committee, yourself.
+
+Q. That proclamation was issued under general instructions from the
+department?
+
+A. When the heads of departments leave, they generally leave blanks
+signed, to be used in case of an emergency, if they are required.
+
+Q. They are issued according to general instructions and custom?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I suppose the facts relating to that proclamation are
+already before the committee.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you receive any communications from General Latta, or from any
+person connected with the department, prior to the issuing of the
+proclamation?
+
+A. I think not.
+
+Q. All proclamations of the Governor are signed by the Secretary of the
+Commonwealth, are they not?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. The military orders of the commander in chief signed by the Adjutant
+General?
+
+A. Adjutant General.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Has the Secretary of the Commonwealth, or his deputy, authority,
+under general instructions, to issue proclamations, in the absence of
+the Governor?
+
+A. Well, I don't know. I think I would assume that authority without
+any hesitancy, in case of necessity. Whether it would be ratified or
+not, I don't know.
+
+Q. Under general custom?
+
+A. Custom; yes, sir. I really don't remember a case where I have done
+so. I am not certain, but what I have, in a case when the Governor was
+not here, about the reduction of the sinking fund.
+
+Q. Do you know anything about a request made by the civil authorities
+of Allegheny county on the Governor, for troops?
+
+A. I received on the morning of Friday, I think the 20th of July--the
+riots were on the 21st--on the day before, about three o'clock in the
+morning before, I received a telegram from the sheriff of Allegheny
+county, including a telegraph to Harrisburg, making the request. He
+stated that he inclosed it to me for my information.
+
+Q. Was there any request made by private citizens or corporations for
+troops?
+
+A. I forwarded the telegram to the Adjutant General, stating that I had
+received it, and I suggested that the major general commanding the
+Pittsburgh division furnish the necessary troops.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What time did you receive that?
+
+A. I think it must have been three o'clock on the morning of Friday.
+
+Q. What time did you forward it to the Adjutant General?
+
+A. I think by the same messenger. It was from the sheriff of Allegheny
+county, and I replied to him that I received his telegram.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you at the Union depot at the time the firing took place?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you see General Pearson as he returned from the round-house or
+that vicinity?
+
+A. Yes; I was in General Latta's room that evening with General Pearson
+and one or two other gentlemen, and he came in.
+
+Q. Was he relieved from command by General Latta at that time?
+
+A. I didn't understand that he was formally relieved of his command,
+but I know he was obliged to leave.
+
+Q. For what reason?
+
+A. The mob was said to be in search of him, and surrounding his house,
+and destroying his property. There was some conversation passed between
+us. I said I thought he was of no use there.
+
+Q. How long did you remain at the Union depot, Saturday?
+
+A. I was there all night.
+
+Q. All that Saturday night?
+
+A. I was there until in the morning at ten or eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. Did you see General Brown there?
+
+A. Yes, I saw General Brown in the early part of the night, I think.
+General Brown came in when the Pittsburgh troops were relieved.
+
+Q. Did you know anything about his disbanding his command and sending
+them home?
+
+A. Nothing, except from hearsay.
+
+Q. Would you consider it justifiable or legal to issue a proclamation
+in the absence of the Governor in emergencies of this kind?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+Q. Did you regard it proper for the Adjutant General to call out troops
+or furnish troops for the suppression of the riot in the absence of the
+Governor?
+
+A. That is a question I was not considering. There was nothing improper
+here when he had direct telegraphic communication with the Governor,
+and had authority to do so.
+
+Q. In your estimation, would it require special instructions from the
+Governor to call out the troops?
+
+A. I think he should act under general instructions. The Governor is
+the commander-in-chief of the troops.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you receive any general instructions prior to the departure of
+the Governor for the West, as to what would be done in case of an
+emergency?
+
+A. No, sir, I think not. I understood such authority was given in
+relation to troops to the Adjutant General. I didn't feel that I was
+vested with any special authority.
+
+Q. In forwarding the demand that was made by the sheriff for troops to
+the Adjutant General, did you say anything to the Adjutant General
+about issuing any proclamation?
+
+A. Nothing.
+
+Q. Knew nothing of that until it was issued?
+
+A. In my telegram to the Adjutant General was simply a suggestion that
+the major general commanding the Pittsburgh division--I didn't know who
+he was at the time--should furnish the troops.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+W. W. Jennings, re-called.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You may identify those papers, if you will state what they are?
+
+A. This is my proclamation--the first one. Both are proclamations of
+mine, and this is an order. [Indicating.]
+
+Q. Can you state the date when the first proclamation was issued?
+
+A. The first proclamation was placarded over town--both these
+proclamations was placarded over town by eight o'clock Tuesday morning,
+the 24th. I arrived here on the 23d, about seven o'clock in the
+evening. These were all printed in posters.
+
+Q. And the citizens were all summoned in accordance, or came out in
+accordance with this proclamation, I suppose--on the demand made by you
+in this proclamation?
+
+A. Yes, they did, a number of them, in answer to my call. Before this
+was published I had gathered them up--parties who were excited, and
+ready to take hold.
+
+Q. This force you collected, did you swear them in as deputy sheriffs?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Or special police?
+
+A. I summoned as----
+
+Q. _Posse comitatus?_
+
+A. _Posse comitatus._ We didn't stand on ceremony very long.
+
+Q. If there are any statements you wish to make, please make them?
+
+A. I do not know of any, sir.
+
+The following are the proclamations and orders referred to by the
+witness:
+
+
+    PROCLAMATION.
+
+    SHERIFF'S OFFICE, HARRISBURG, PA.
+
+    WHEREAS, For the past two days the peace and good order of
+    the county have been disturbed and grave apprehensions exist lest
+    injury be done;
+
+    _And whereas_, The duty rests upon me to preserve the peace and
+    promote tranquillity;
+
+    Now, therefore, I, William W. Jennings, high sheriff of the county
+    of Dauphin, do hereby enjoin all persons to remain quietly at their
+    homes or places of business, to avoid gathering upon the streets
+    and highways, thus by their presence keeping alive the excitement
+    which pervades the community, and to further the restoration of
+    good order, I charge upon parents to prevent the half grown lads
+    over whom they have control from frequenting the streets.
+
+    And I hereby announce my resolute determination, with the aid of
+    special deputies whom I have appointed, and the posse which I have
+    summoned to preserve the peace and protect the person and property
+    of the people within my bailiwick, and I hereby call upon all good
+    and law abiding citizens to assist me and those acting with me to
+    enforce the law and maintain good order.
+
+    Given under my hand this 23d day of July, A.D. 1877.
+
+    WM. W. JENNINGS,
+    _Sheriff_.
+
+
+    NOTICE TO LAW AND ORDER POSSE.
+
+    The chief engineer of the fire department of the city of
+    Harrisburg, having issued an order specifying to what alarms the
+    several fire companies shall respond, the following companies of
+    the law and order posse, for the purpose of preserving good order
+    in the event of any fire alarm, will repair to the place designated
+    by the alarm as follows:
+
+    Company A to Nos. 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 41, 42 for the Friendship Fire
+    Company.
+
+    Company C to Nos. 6, 21, 24, 31, 32, 61 for the Hope Fire Company.
+
+    Company I to Nos. 5, 6, 7, 23, 41, 61, for the Citizen Fire
+    Company.
+
+    Company B to Nos. 7, 12, 13, 41, 42 for the Paxton Fire Company.
+
+    Companies D, F, and G to Nos. 21, 23, 24, 31, 32 for the Good Will
+    Fire Company.
+
+    Company H to Nos. 5, 7, 41 for the Mt. Pleasant Hose Company.
+
+    The other companies of the posse will hold themselves in readiness
+    for orders.
+
+    WM. W. JENNINGS,
+    _Sheriff_.
+
+    SHERIFF'S OFFICE, HARRISBURG, _July 24, 1877_.
+
+
+    SHERIFF'S OFFICE, HARRISBURG, _July 24, 1877_.
+
+    Joseph F. Knipe, Commanding Co. A.
+    William K. Alricks, Commanding Co. B.
+    Charles Snyder, Commanding Co. C.
+    J. B. Boyle, Commanding Co. D.
+    George G. Boyer, Commanding Co. E.
+    C. A. Wilhem, Commanding Co. F.
+    Isaiah Reese, Commanding Co. G.
+
+
+    LAW AND ORDER POSSE
+
+    Will report with their respective commands at the Court-House at
+    two o'clock.
+
+    The posse will hold themselves in readiness to respond to two taps
+    of the court-house bell at any time prior to that hour. Other
+    companies will be designated and assigned to duty as the public
+    exigency may necessitate.
+
+    W. W. JENNINGS,
+    _Sheriff_.
+
+Adjourned to meet at the call of the chairman.
+
+
+    HARRISBURG, _April 16, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at eight o'clock, P.M., in
+Senate committee room No. 6.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James H. Stewart, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence?
+
+A. I reside in Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Did you reside there in July last?
+
+A. Yes; I was a resident of Pittsburgh in July, 1877.
+
+Q. Were you there during the riots of the 21st and 22d of July?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. State whether you accompanied Colonel Norris on Sunday morning, the
+22d, to General Brinton's command?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. State where you overtook General Brinton?
+
+A. Do you want me to state where?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. We overtook General Brinton north of the Allegheny river--north-east
+of the Allegheny river--about a mile, I think, above Sharpsburg, on the
+bank of a ravine running up a hill. I don't know the name of the
+street. I was trying to remember it this afternoon, but I have
+forgotten the name of the road.
+
+Q. From what point did you start?
+
+A. From the Union Depot hotel.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. I can't exactly state the time precisely--it was in the morning. We
+paid very little attention to time, having been very busily engaged all
+night and through the morning. We started, I suppose, between nine and
+ten o'clock, if my recollection serves me right--some place about that
+time.
+
+Q. Had you been with General Latta and Colonel Quay during the night?
+
+A. Yes, sir; with the exception of the time that I had been detailed
+for service outside of the city limits. Of course, where I went to from
+the Union depot was under orders of the Adjutant General.
+
+Q. At whose instance did you and Colonel Norris go in pursuit of
+General Brinton?
+
+A. I was directed by the Adjutant General to accompany Colonel Norris
+to the office of General Brinton.
+
+Q. Did you hear the Adjutant General give Colonel Norris any orders to
+tell to General Brinton?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. Verbal?
+
+A. I did not hear any.
+
+Q. Did he give him any written orders to your knowledge?
+
+A. I think not.
+
+Q. When you overtook General Brinton, state what conversation took
+place between Colonel Norris and General Brinton?
+
+A. After passing through the city--through Penn avenue--we overtook
+General Brinton at the rear of his command, then marching very rapidly
+to the north. We drove partially through the left of his command, got
+out of our carriage, and walked the balance of the way to the front.
+Then General Brinton ordered a halt of his troops, and Colonel Norris
+then told him that the Adjutant General requested that he would turn
+back, and form a junction with Colonel Guthrie at Torrens station. Do
+you want me to go on and repeat the whole conversation?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. They talked some time. I stayed with them. There were some officers
+of General Brinton's command with him, whom I was not personally
+acquainted with. General Brinton replied that his troops had been
+without food for twenty-four hours. That he had been fired upon from
+every corner and street car in the city. That he intended to go back
+into the country until he could get a position in which he could
+intrench himself and protect his men. And he furthermore added, that he
+would be God damned if he would go back into the city of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Where were you when that conversation occurred?
+
+A. Alongside of him. We were all sitting down. There had been a halt of
+the command made, and we sat down on the banks of a stream that ran
+along the public road.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris deliver it as an order coming from the Adjutant
+General, or did he state that Captain Aull had had such an order?
+
+A. Not that I know of. I can go back in my testimony and mention the
+fact that we met Captain Aull.
+
+Q. Where did you meet Captain Aull?
+
+A. We met Captain Aull at the eastern side of the arsenal, on Penn
+avenue. He stopped our carriage on, I think, the eastern side--the
+furthest extremity of the arsenal, on Penn avenue--stopped our
+carriage, and asked us where we were going. I told him we were after
+Brinton's troops. He said nothing at all about an order that he had.
+
+Q. Do you know that he had an order?
+
+A. I did not; no, sir.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris tell General Brinton that Captain Aull had an
+order?
+
+A. Not that I know of. 1 have no recollection of him telling him so.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris repeat to General Brinton the substance of the
+order?
+
+A. I do not know that he knew that Colonel Norris----
+
+Q. Let me ask you the question over again. Did Colonel Norris tell
+General Brinton that Captain Aull had an order for him? Did Colonel
+Norris repeat the substance of the order which Captain Aull had?
+
+A. Not that I know of. Captain Aull's name was not mentioned, and from
+the simple fact that we met Captain Aull, and he knew we were on the
+way to General Brinton--if Colonel Norris knew he had an order from the
+Adjutant General, it was not my business to know anything about it. I
+was simply directed to accompany the colonel on business.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris state to General Brinton that the Adjutant
+General had requested him to deliver the order to return and form a
+junction with Colonel Guthrie?
+
+A. As I said before, Mr. Chairman, Colonel Norris said to General
+Brinton that the Adjutant General had directed him to turn his column
+back, and pass the Allegheny river, making a junction with Colonel
+Guthrie, at Torrens station. Stated that fact, that the Adjutant
+General requested him to do so.
+
+Q. And requested Colonel Norris to deliver that order to General
+Brinton--did he inform him--so inform?
+
+A. Of course. He came direct from the Adjutant General, acting under
+orders of the Adjutant General.
+
+Q. He was delivering the orders of the Adjutant General, as you
+understood?
+
+A. Yes. That is what he was doing. That is what took me there. The
+Adjutant General directed me to accompany Colonel Norris. He was going
+on official business.
+
+Q. We want to get at what Colonel Norris said to General Brinton?
+
+A. That the Adjutant General directed him to turn his command back and
+form a junction with Colonel Guthrie, of the Eighteenth regiment, at or
+near Torrens.
+
+Q. Did you return with Colonel Norris?
+
+A. I did; yes, sir.
+
+Q. To the Monongahela house?
+
+A. To the Union Depot hotel.
+
+Q. What time did you go back to the Union Depot hotel?
+
+A. As I told you before, I don't remember anything about time; but when
+I got back there--when we got out of the carriage--we started upstairs
+to the room which the Adjutant General occupied, and was then informed
+that they had changed the head-quarters from the Union Depot hotel to
+the Monongahela house. I suppose that might have been one o'clock.
+
+Q. In the afternoon?
+
+A. In the afternoon.
+
+Q. Of Sunday?
+
+A. Of Sunday. At that time the fire was coming down the track towards
+the hotel. Colonel Norris went before I did to the Monongahela house,
+and I followed him shortly afterwards.
+
+Q. Did you hear him make any report to the Adjutant General?
+
+A. I did not; no, sir.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you present when Captain Aull received the orders from the
+Adjutant General?
+
+A. I was not.
+
+Q. Did General Latta order Colonel Norris to proceed with any orders to
+General Brinton?
+
+A. He did; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you ordered to accompany him?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. When you reached General Brinton, what reason did he give for not
+returning to the city of Pittsburgh or Sharpsburg?
+
+A. I stated before that he complained that his command had been without
+food for twenty-four hours, that he had been fired on from every street
+corner in the city, that he was anxious to get to the open country,
+where he could entrench himself, and take up a position to protect his
+men. He declined to return and make any junction with any troops, or to
+have anything to do with any troops.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris ask him to fall back to Sharpsburg, near the
+railroad, where he could be supplied with ammunition and food?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did he ask him to go to Pittsburgh at all?
+
+A. I think not. If you will allow me to make a remark here, that at
+that time trains on the Valley road I believe had been stopped. On our
+road towards Brinton, after we had crossed the Allegheny river, we
+found the West Pennsylvania road was running, and I then remarked to
+Colonel Norris that if Brinton would come back to the river, I would
+see that rations were sent up the West Pennsylvania road, knowing that
+we could provide his troops with rations.
+
+Q. He was to form a junction with Guthrie's troops where?
+
+A. He was requested to go to Torrens station, or to go as near Torrens
+station as he possibly could.
+
+Q. That is where Guthrie was stationed?
+
+A. Yes; where the Eighteenth regiment was.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did you see General Loud there?
+
+A. I did; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Was he present during the time that this talk occurred between
+Colonel Norris and General Brinton?
+
+A. That I cannot say. There were several of General Brinton's staff
+with him; but when we halted we left the line of the troops, and went
+down to the banks of this stream I speak of. There was several of his
+staff officers, and some of the colonels, whose names I am not
+acquainted with.
+
+Q. Did you see General Matthews with him?
+
+A. I do not remember.
+
+Q. There were several of his staff officers?
+
+A. They were all strangers to me.
+
+Q. How many of his staff officers were present at the time this
+conversation occurred?
+
+A. I suppose there were five or six gentlemen present scattered around.
+Whether they were listening to the conversation or not I cannot pretend
+to say.
+
+Q. What time was Colonel Norris and General Brinton talking this matter
+over?
+
+A. How long?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I suppose twenty minutes. I know it was a longer time than I wanted
+to stay. I was anxious to get back.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was he sitting down?
+
+A. Yes; sitting on the bank of the stream.
+
+Q. Not sitting on a log?
+
+A. Not on a log.
+
+Q. On a rock?
+
+A. I might have been sitting on a log or rock. I know I sat down on the
+grass. It was very dusty and very hot, and we all took a drink out of
+the stream.
+
+Q. This conversation took place while they were sitting there together?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. A number of the officers sat with them?
+
+A. Yes; sitting scattered around, some standing. You know how it is
+yourself, colonel, when you have a consultation with officers.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris make any other business known to General Brinton,
+except this one matter?
+
+A. I do not know, they had some little private conversation between
+themselves.
+
+Q. This one matter was all--the business matter that you heard talked
+over between them?
+
+A. So far as I was concerned. That was the business that took me out
+there, that was all I know.
+
+Q. When that concluded, then you turned about and left?
+
+A. Yes; walked back nearly to the Sharpsburg bridge, and found our
+carriage, and returned through the mob at considerable trouble.
+
+Q. There was a mob following them at that time?
+
+A. No, sir; nobody.
+
+Q. You spoke about a mob--you found the mob after you got back?
+
+A. Yes; Colonel Norris and myself had some considerable difficulty, and
+were stopped on our road back by a mounted guide, or vidette, or
+something--I don't know who he was, or what he was after. He followed
+us for some considerable time, and came up and addressed us.
+
+Q. What was your understanding of the nature of the business that you
+pursued Brinton? For what purpose did you pursue Brinton?
+
+A. Why we pursued Brinton?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. My understanding was, that he was to go back and form a junction
+with Colonel Guthrie, and march into the city of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Was that your understanding before you left the head-quarters of
+General Latta?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know how you got that impression?
+
+A. By being in consultation with the Adjutant General and the balance
+of the staff during the entire night.
+
+Q. And conversation?
+
+A. Yes, sir; we were consulting together, of course, about the most
+feasible means or measures--what to do with this exigency there. If you
+remember, we were but a handful of men ourselves, and there all night
+long. Could not get our troops into Pittsburgh, wires were cut, lines
+of railroad were stopped, and our great anxiety was to get as many
+troops as possible into the city to protect the city. The idea was,
+this first division would make a junction--that the Fourteenth and
+Nineteenth regiments having disbanded, you might say virtually
+disbanded. Having left the Eighteenth regiment at three o'clock in the
+morning, it was our desire to get the First division form a junction
+with the Eighteenth regiment, and come into the city to protect
+property which was then on fire.
+
+Q. Where did Brinton say he was going to when he was asked to return,
+and refused to?
+
+A. He said he was going to the open country, where he would entrench,
+and take up a position to protect his troops. Whether he was going to
+Butler county or further north, I do not know. That was his
+remark--that he was going to the open country. Where he found that open
+country is more than I know, if he ever did find it. We did hear that
+he was marching to Philadelphia.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton say anything that would lead you to think that
+he did not recognize Colonel Norris as an officer?
+
+A. Did he say to us?
+
+Q. Did he make any remarks to that effect, that led you to think he did
+not recognize him?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    THURSDAY EVENING, _April 18, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, at the call of the chairman, in Senate committee
+room No. 6. All present except Mr. Larrabee. Mr. Lindsey in the chair.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    David Branson, _sworn_:
+
+Q. State your residence?
+
+A. No. 1315, South Broad street, Philadelphia.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. Coal merchant.
+
+Q. A member of the National Guard?
+
+A. Yes; I was last secretary, and am still quarter-master, of the Sixth
+regiment of infantry; but during the commotion acted as brigade
+quartermaster and commissary, on the staff of General Loud, commanding
+the Second brigade of the First division.
+
+Q. Did you accompany the troops to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes; in the first expedition that started, and remained with the
+division until it returned in August. Present for duty all the time.
+
+Q. On Saturday evening, state where you were--what your position was,
+on Saturday evening of the troubles at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I was on duty with the brigade in the yards of the company, between
+the Union Depot hotel and the round-house, engaged in overlooking the
+line of the men, which kept back the crowd from that portion of the
+company's property.
+
+Q. Were you in the round-house during the night?
+
+A. In the round-house during the whole night.
+
+Q. Did you leave with the troops in the morning?
+
+A. Yes; the last officer to leave the building.
+
+Q. State, if you please, whether the building was on fire or not when
+you left?
+
+A. The buildings were all more or less afire when I left.
+
+Q. How extensive was the fire in and about the round-house at the time
+you went out?
+
+A. At the time the troops commenced to march out, there had been
+considerable burning of the buildings which we occupied, some of which
+had been put out, and re-kindled by the burning cars that were run down
+against the building. That happened two or three times. We thought it
+was impossible to keep the fire from spreading, and decided to abandon
+the building. At the time the troops were going out, all the buildings
+were on fire, and in some of them the fire had got very extensive; so
+much so, that I felt hot when I went through the last door.
+
+Q. You accompanied the troops on their march out Penn avenue, did you?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you at the arsenal grounds?
+
+A. Didn't go into the arsenal grounds, and didn't witness the interview
+between Brinton and Buffington. At that time, I was engaged in
+re-forming the troops. They had been broken up by the killed and
+wounded.
+
+Q. Were you present when Colonel Norris overtook General Brinton?
+
+A. Yes; when Colonel Norris overtook us beyond Sharpsburg, I was
+between the two brigades, the first brigade was marching in the rear,
+some of them assisting the men in charge of the Gatlings, dragging them
+up the hill. The other brigade had halted to give them time to catch
+up, and Major Norris arrived in a carriage or a hack, accompanied by
+some other party whom I didn't know, and Norris not recognizing me,
+stuck his head out of the side of the hack and told his driver to stop,
+and asked where General Brinton was. I told him a little further in
+advance, and I would go and show him, and went up with him about one
+hundred yards further, and found General Brinton sitting beside of the
+road, waiting for the troops to close up.
+
+Q. You walked with him?
+
+A. Walked with him. Walked hastily to him, found him waiting there, and
+he expressed great gratification to find the general again, they being
+old personal friends, and showed a good deal of feeling in the matter,
+and seemed very much exhausted and excited and worn out, evidently with
+loss of sleep and over-exertion, and the excitement of the occasion.
+Seemed almost dazed in his appearance by the state of affairs. He
+immediately inquired of General Brinton, what he proposed to do, and
+where he was going, and how much he had suffered. The general told him
+how he had got along. He had got out that way in order to find a place
+where supplies could reach us, and feed the men and get some supplies
+to feed the troops and get a little rest. They were completely
+exhausted with want of sleep and food. Colonel Norris assented to that,
+as about the only thing that could be done, and asked Brinton what he
+wanted him to do. Repeated the question several times in the course of
+the conversation: what do you want me to do, stay with you or go back
+and see what I can do outside. The General said there was nothing he
+wanted so much as provisions. That was the substance of the
+conversation. There was nothing in the form of an order given. The
+whole conversation was a discussion as to what had best be done, and
+what he, Brinton, intended to do, and what he wished Norris to do for
+him to help him. He had arrived there with the impression that we had
+suffered much more than we had.
+
+Q. Did the gentleman who was with Colonel Norris get out of the
+carriage and accompany you up to where General Brinton was?
+
+A. He didn't accompany him. He may have got out of the carriage
+afterwards. I never noticed, after Norris got out of the carriage. I
+never saw him, to my knowledge.
+
+Q. Was he present when you met General Brinton?
+
+A. No, sir. He might have been a short distance in the rear, following
+us up. I didn't see him. He was not close to us. There was a few
+officers gathered around. I didn't see anybody else.
+
+Q. Officers of----
+
+A. Our division staff officers. And General Loud was there at about the
+time the conversation commenced. I think General Matthews joined us
+afterwards. There was several of the staff there, and I was there, by
+authority of the position which I occupied on the staff, ready to
+receive any instructions that might be given.
+
+Q. Was the division all right when Colonel Norris and you overtook
+General Brinton?
+
+A. The brigade that was marching in advance was halted, waiting for the
+other to close up; the other was staying back in order to give the men
+with the Gatling guns time to get up the hill--the brigade in the rear
+wouldn't go on and leave the men with the guns back there unprotected.
+We had to halt several times, during our march, on that account. Halted
+the head of the column, and let the others close up.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton and Colonel Norris sit down and have a
+conversation together, upon a bank or a log? Do you recollect that?
+
+A. I don't think they exactly sat down. I think they surrounded, or
+stood around, a log or stone, with one foot on it, or grouped
+together--pretty close together--and four or five of us lounged around,
+waiting for those to close up. I couldn't specify the exact position I
+was in. There was nothing said without my hearing it, unless some
+whispering, and I didn't notice any.
+
+Q. Did the carriage remain back?
+
+A. Some little distance back of where we were. The driver came up close
+to us, when Colonel Norris went to get in again. The carriage
+approached us. I don't know exactly the time; and he went away.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris say anything about Captain Aull's having an order
+for General Brinton?
+
+A. I didn't hear Captain Aull's name mentioned. Never heard of such a
+man until long afterwards.
+
+Q. Did he say anything to General Brinton about returning and joining
+Colonel Guthrie at Torrens?
+
+A. I didn't hear anything about joining him. General Brinton asked
+questions about where the other troops were. Talked to Norris, and made
+inquiries where the other troops were, and why they didn't come to his
+relief, and how disappointed they were that they didn't come, and
+matters of that kind.
+
+Q. Did he tell Colonel Norris that General Latta had given an order to
+Captain Aull.
+
+A. I didn't hear anything of the kind. Didn't hear anything said about
+orders.
+
+Q. Were you present during the whole of the time that they were
+together?
+
+A. I was not more than four paces away all the time they were together.
+If anything was said that I didn't hear, it must have been purposely
+said in an undertone to avoid being overheard.
+
+Q. Did you know Mr. Stewart, who accompanied Colonel Norris?
+
+A. Didn't know him. Never heard of the man before.
+
+Q. Did you see any person in the group not an officer in the command?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Do you recognize Major Stewart here as being the man who came up
+with Colonel Norris?
+
+A. No, sir; I didn't recognize him. If that was the man, he looked very
+different on that occasion.
+
+Q. Did you see him?
+
+A. I don't remember of seeing him before.
+
+Q. Do you remember of seeing any person?
+
+A. I saw a man in the carriage with Colonel Norris.
+
+Q. Did he accompany you, or did he come up afterwards and join the
+group?
+
+A. He must have kept in the background--might have kept back behind
+us--didn't crowd up into the group.
+
+Q. But did Brinton and Colonel Norris have any conversation by
+themselves?
+
+A. Didn't appear to have any.
+
+Q. Or in an undertone that could not be heard by the others?
+
+A. Didn't hear anything of the kind going on. There appeared to be no
+effort to conceal what they were saying from any of the staff. They
+talked above an ordinary tone of voice.
+
+Q. Have you given all the conversation that took place as near as you
+recollect it?
+
+A. I couldn't give the exact wording of the conversation, as I never
+expected to be questioned about it; but the whole tone and manner of
+the conversation was as I have stated--asking for information on both
+sides, and an expression of disappointment on the part of General
+Brinton, why the troops had not joined him, his intentions as to
+procuring rest and food for his troops, and his desire, in answer to
+Colonel Norris' question what he should do, that Norris should go back
+and assist in getting provisions to him, and if there had been any
+order given it should certainly have been made known to me at once.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Will you state to this committee what transpired with the troops
+during that night in the round-house, and what took place there during
+the night--about their going out of the round-house--you were there. I
+believe you said that you were about the last man leaving it, didn't
+you?
+
+A. Yes; the orders given me require me to be the last man to leave.
+
+Q. If you please, just state to this committee what transpired during
+the night about their leaving the round-house, and what condition the
+troops were in when they left it, and what condition the round-house
+was in?
+
+A. Commencing with after we were stationed in the round-house, the mob
+commenced to gather around, and, in a short time, they began to fire
+pistols, and throw stones into the windows, smashing all the windows,
+and breaking the furniture inside with the missiles they threw in. Shot
+the sentinels at the gate, wounded other men inside, most of them not
+seriously. We didn't know at that time whether they were seriously
+injured or not. Finally, a large number made their appearance with
+muskets, and commenced firing with rifle balls.
+
+Q. That was the crowd outside?
+
+A. The crowd outside. Along about dusk this thing got warm.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was this immediately before retiring from the round-house?
+
+A. Saturday evening about dusk. That had begun to get right hot, balls
+commenced to come in very thick and heavy, and some of the rioters
+emboldened by our not returning the fire, which we were ordered by
+General Pearson not to, had come up to the gates pointing out at the
+head of Twenty-eight streets, and commenced sticking their pistols
+through the gates, and shot two sentries stationed there.
+
+Q. Soldiers standing there?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were they Philadelphia soldiers?
+
+A. Yes; they shot those two men. They were dragged away by their
+comrades. Still they would not allow us to fire. While this was going
+on, we staff officers busied ourselves in making preparations for the
+slaughter of the crowd, which we thought was bound to come, and was the
+proper thing to do to extinguish the rioters, and stationed soldiers at
+the different windows, and got the artillery in proper position--brass
+pieces and two Gatlings--gave instructions to the infantry not to fire
+until the artillery opened, knowing, of course, the artillery wouldn't
+fire without orders from proper authority. When the fire got pretty hot
+and the sentries were shot down, General Brinton got pretty warm about
+it, and insisted upon being allowed to fire, and went up to one of the
+offices where General Pearson made his head-quarters.
+
+Q. Did you go to General Pearson?
+
+A. Went to General Pearson. I followed him in, and he explained the
+necessity of being allowed to open fire on the rioters, that he could
+not stand this thing any longer, that the men were being shot down in
+cold blood, and now was the time; and Pearson says, "No, no; we must
+hold on a little longer; the thing must quiet down a little; don't let
+us have any more bloodshed"--some such thing as that. General Brinton
+replied, that it was only getting worse, the longer we put off the
+worse it would be, and Pearson said, "No; we might kill more innocent
+people. There might be some innocent women and children killed," and
+made replies of that kind to justify himself in not allowing the
+firing, which the staff officers standing by--I think about four in
+number were present besides the general--they were of opinion it ought
+to be done, and still he would not allow it, and several of us made
+some remarks on the subject--several of the staff officers.
+
+Q. Be kind enough to state what those remarks were?
+
+A. They were to the effect, that if we were going to do any shooting,
+now is the time to do it, and the remark I made to him was, if we were
+going to kill anybody--at first I said there were no women and children
+in that crowd.
+
+Q. Was that remark made to General Brinton?
+
+A. I made this to General Pearson, in the presence of General Brinton
+and some two or three or four other officers.
+
+Q. You were addressing General Pearson?
+
+A. I addressed General Pearson, right over General Brinton's
+shoulder--alongside of him. My rank did not justify it, but my old army
+rank did, and I presumed to advise him. Says I, "If we are going to do
+any killing, these are the men to kill. There are no women and
+children--they are all active rioters;" and he replied, "No, don't
+fire. You do not know who you will hurt; the artillery will shoot clear
+through the crowd." Just at that time the men in charge of the Gatling
+gun again moved it nearer the gate, and he saw the motion outside, or
+heard the wheels of the gun, and he jumped up and went to the window
+and motioned not to fire. "Don't fire, don't fire, don't fire," he
+said; "if they fire, the balls might shoot some innocent woman on a
+doorstep a mile away down street." That disgusted me so, I sneeringly
+remarked, if they were afraid of killing people so far off as that, let
+us fire with infantry, that won't hurt any a mile away, by shooting out
+of a second story window; and he said, "No, no; don't fire; it will all
+quiet down; you will kill some innocent people." Then I turned away in
+disgust, and left him. He went down stairs, and was about three
+quarters of the opinion to go down in the shadow of the building and
+give the command to fire anyhow. I changed my mind, for fear that the
+Pittsburgh troops might be coming around the corner. I am sorry
+afterwards that I did not give the order.
+
+Q. Were you in the service during the late rebellion?
+
+A. Yes; five years and one week.
+
+Q. What rank?
+
+A. I went in as a private and came out as a colonel and brigade
+commander.
+
+Q. As a military officer, what should you have done under the
+circumstances?
+
+A. I should have opened fire with every weapon we had, at just about
+dusk, from the most available points at the time that General Brinton
+asked him to allow him to do so. The mob was so dense at that time they
+could hardly have got out of each others way. They were composed of
+very different material from the mob at Twenty-eighth street, where the
+first conflict occurred, the better class having disappeared, and the
+worst came to the front. The criminal classes, vagrants, bummers, and
+tramps of every kind, and such men as we call night owls--never seen in
+day time, were conspicuous in front, urging each other on. A class of
+the population that would benefit the community by fertilizing the
+soil. I think at that time, if we had killed those men, it would have
+silenced the whole riot.
+
+Q. As a military man and having military experience, do you believe
+that General Brinton had force enough there to have cleared that track
+and taken possession of the railroad property.
+
+A. At that time, if we had acted at that time, at dusk, we would had no
+more trouble.
+
+Q. Do you believe that if General Brinton had the privilege to have let
+his command fire on that mob, could he have taken possession of the
+track and of the railroad property?
+
+A. Yes; if General Pearson had allowed us to fire at the time General
+Brinton wished to do so, we would have destroyed the mob, and could
+have taken possession of anything around that neighborhood. All that
+would have been left of the mob would not have made any fight.
+
+Q. I understand you to say in your testimony, that the round-house was
+on fire before General Brinton's command left it?
+
+A. Yes; all the buildings. We not only occupied the round-house, but
+several other buildings that form a yard between them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Wings of the round-house?
+
+A. There were shops. There is a round-house, and engine houses, and
+machine shops, and there was a wood-working shop, and a car repair
+shop, and an upholstery shop, and then the company's offices. They are
+all connected together, and form a small yard in between them.
+
+Q. Were they attached to the round-house?
+
+A. One came in direct contact with the round-house, or within two or
+three feet of it, and another within ten feet of it, and there was a
+space wide enough for two teams to pass between them. We had artillery
+in this yard and in towards the gates, and the different detachments of
+troops occupied the different buildings--men were stationed at the
+windows.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. One more question, and I believe I am done. What kind of discipline
+were the troops under while in the round-house?
+
+A. I considered, for militia, uncommonly good discipline. They obeyed
+every order I heard given. I will say this: very much to my surprise,
+from the time I left Philadelphia, there never was an officer or
+soldier under me that refused to obey an order I gave him. Further than
+that, I would say, their obedience to the order not to fire, under the
+aggravating circumstances in the round-house and on the street the next
+day, when they were fired at constantly with pistols, was one of the
+most remarkable exhibitions of good discipline I ever witnessed in all
+my military experience. That is a test of discipline.
+
+Q. Do you know of any arrangement, or any effort made, to furnish the
+troops with provisions at Torrens station, or at any other place, after
+you left the round-house?
+
+A. The first I knew about the provision business, was what I have said
+about Colonel Norris and General Brinton talking, and then, again, in
+the evening, when Major Barr overtook us, near the poor-house. He was
+sent back to arrange about provisions, and we got provisions in the
+night. We got some provisions at the poor-house.
+
+Q. What was the messenger's name in the carriage with you--that rode in
+the carriage with you? Did you not say there was a party rode in the
+carriage, when you met General Brinton? Who was with Colonel Norris?
+
+A. I do not know who the gentleman was that was with Major Norris. I
+was not acquainted with him, and never saw him before. Do not know
+anything about it.
+
+Q. Do you know if he got out of the carriage and walked up with you?
+
+A. Did not see him get out of the carriage. I could not say positively
+that he got out of the carriage at all. He might have done so. I did
+not look back to see.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did you say that the troops had orders not to fire upon the men that
+were following them, firing, on Sunday morning.
+
+A. That was in order not to bring on a conflict as long as we could
+avoid it--to pay no attention to them. They were firing with pistols,
+and I did not reply to them, until they commenced to fire with
+rifles--a number of men.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton give orders to that effect?
+
+A. I do not know who the orders came from. I got orders from my brigade
+commander, General Loud.
+
+Q. That the troops were not to fire upon the mob that were following
+on?
+
+A. It was not so much on the mob following, as people on the sidewalk,
+and in the doors and windows of the houses, firing with small pistols?
+
+Q. At the time there was firing by the troops?
+
+A. After a time, when the rioters in different places, under cover,
+generally, at the windows, and behind signs, and around corners of
+buildings, commenced firing with rifles, then we returned that fire. In
+some cases the men standing on the sidewalk deliberately pulled out
+pistols, and fired at the rear of the column, just as we got by there.
+In one case I saw a man standing within four feet of a policeman on one
+side of him, and a squad of policemen, about ten or twenty feet on his
+other flank--saw this man, who was in citizen's dress, take a revolver
+and fire into our ranks, and no reply was made to him.
+
+Q. No effort made by the police to interfere with him?
+
+A. No; they looked on as if it was a dog fight.
+
+Q. Did that shot hit any of the soldiers?
+
+A. One shot I know took effect. They fired just as the rear of the
+column was getting by.
+
+Q. At the police station?
+
+A. It was right near a police station or an engine-house.
+
+Q. Where the police were standing?
+
+A. A group of them standing there. It was a municipal building. I think
+it must have been a fire station from the appearance of it. I looked
+back--we had just got by--and I judge, from the appearance of the
+building in Philadelphia, that it was a fire station. I was told since
+that it was. Those policemen were in uniform--quite a number of
+them--certainly seven or eight. There might have been a dozen of them,
+and no large crowd near to interfere with them in case they had chosen
+to arrest the man. I heard other firing at the same time, which, I
+believe, has been testified to by others as being done by policemen. I
+did not actually hear a policeman fire. There was more than one man
+fired--firing from the other side. I noticed this one man,
+particularly.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Where did this firing come from, parties on the sidewalks or from
+houses?
+
+A. Some from sidewalks, houses, and doorways and cellars, from down
+street, in our rear, men from the corners of the streets we had just
+passed from behind projecting signs, in front of stores, boxes in front
+of stores. Saw some of them shoot.
+
+Q. By pistols or muskets?
+
+A. Those that fired from the rear were firing with muskets. All that I
+saw fire from doorways were pistols. Those from the windows were partly
+muskets and partly pistols.
+
+Q. Were the police drawn up in line as you passed them?
+
+A. Just standing on the curb-stone--that would naturally put them in
+line--they did not appear to be drawn up purposely.
+
+Q. What was the conduct of the troops as they retired from the
+round-house?
+
+A. They went out in as good order as from parade--regular formation.
+The only men out of place were three sharp shooters I had under my
+charge in the upper story of the building to keep men away from the
+cannon in the street. I was ordered to keep that gun quiet until the
+troops got out of the building. I had a detachment of men there that I
+held until nearly all the troops went out, and then dismissed all but
+three of them to rejoin their companies, and those three men remained
+out there Sunday until the last moment, and I got down opposite the
+passage-way through the building, and as the last file of men marched
+out of the building--the last file of the division marched out--I
+signaled for them to fire and come down. I fired at the corner of the
+building around which the rioters were sharp-shooting, to get at the
+cannon. It chipped off the corner of the building, and we made a run
+for it and got off before they made a shot at us, and the building that
+it was from was blazing at the time.
+
+Q. The round-house?
+
+A. The round-house and this office building, smoke pouring from the
+building at the time.
+
+Q. Could you have remained in that round-house for any length of time
+after the time you retired, in your opinion?
+
+A. Ten minutes afterwards every man's clothes would have been burnt off
+him if he had stayed there. As we marched around we made a sort of half
+circle. We went out Twenty-fifth street afterwards, went north to Penn
+street, and then east along Penn street, and as we passed Twenty-sixth,
+Twenty-seventh, and Twenty-eighth opposite the buildings, a square
+away, we saw the buildings, and that the fire had made great progress.
+The buildings were in complete blaze. Could not have stayed there ten
+minutes.
+
+Q. Was your command supplied with ammunition to hold out against a mob?
+
+A. We had very little ammunition then. During the night or just towards
+morning, I went around and made inquiry among the men and found most of
+them had from three to seven cartridges left. Here and there I found a
+man who had a large number, one man as many as twenty-eight, that had
+been obtained by some sharp practice--he would not tell me how. He
+would chuckle over it because he was an old soldier and knew how to
+take care of it.
+
+Q. Was there a considerable amount of men that followed you as you
+retired from the round-house out Penn avenue?
+
+A. When we looked back at some of the street corners, quite a crowd
+would make their appearance. They would not follow directly on the
+street, they would run down side streets and come up cross streets and
+come up on the corner at us. If we made a show to fire they would
+disappear--they would seem to follow the streets parallel with Penn
+street.
+
+Q. Where did Colonel Norris overtake your command?
+
+A. A short distance east of Sharpsburg, on the hill-side, in the edge
+of the timber, I think, about a mile from Sharpsburg. I do not know the
+exact distance.
+
+Q. He got out of the carriage and walked along with the general. How
+far did he march with your command before he stopped?
+
+A. The head of the column had stopped when he arrived.
+
+Q. Was General Brinton marching at the time or was he walking along?
+
+A. General Brinton was resting at the side, on the slope of the hill
+overlooking the stream. He sat down on something at the side of the
+hill. Colonel Norris approached and he got up to meet him. General
+Brinton had been marching at the head of the column, and halted at the
+head of the column, in order to get time for the guns to pull up.
+
+Q. Was the entire command at rest when Colonel Norris reached there?
+
+A. The leading brigade was resting. The other was marching to overtake
+the leading one. On account of difficulty in hauling the guns, quite a
+gap intervened between one brigade and the other.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris walk with General Brinton with his command for
+any distance?
+
+A. When the brigade with the guns overtook us the order was given for
+the whole column to move forward. By that time Brinton and Norris
+closed their conversation, and we walked along a short distance. We all
+walked along together a little ways talking, and he decided to go back,
+and the carriage turned around and Norris got in and rode back.
+
+Q. What was the distance he marched with General Brinton?
+
+A. I could not state the exact distance. I do not remember the exact
+distance. It was not a great distance. Did not pay much attention to
+that.
+
+Q. When General Brinton and Colonel Norris met, was there any
+considerable excitement in the party?
+
+A. The only excitement was on the part of Colonel Norris. He was very
+much excited, and seemed to be full of expressed emotion. We were all
+very cool. We got over our excitement and cooled off. Got out of the
+fire, and we were not half as much excited as outsiders.
+
+Q. What was the language used by Colonel Norris at that time to General
+Brinton?
+
+A. Expressed great gratification at seeing him sound and
+well--something to the effect that he never expected to see him again,
+and glad to see him--an expression of great gratification, great
+friendliness.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did General Brinton say to Colonel Norris he would be damned if he
+would go back to Torrens and form a junction with Colonel Guthrie?
+
+A. There was no language of that kind used on any one's part, no
+violent language of any sort, no obstinate language, everything was
+pleasant, in the friendliest manner, the whole conversation the whole
+time they were together.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you present, within hearing distance, during the time that
+Colonel Norris and General Brinton were together?
+
+A. Yes; the whole time. They could not have said anything unless they
+had whispered without my hearing, and I saw no sign of whispering. I
+might add that we were all very much interested in what Colonel Norris
+had to say, what was going on in Pittsburgh, what was the situation in
+the city, and Colonel Norris described the events that had occurred, so
+far as he had seen or heard what was going on in Pittsburgh, and we
+were intensely interested in listening.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What errand had Colonel Norris--what specific reasons, if any, did
+he make known that he came for?
+
+A. I did not hear him specify any particular reason for his coming. I
+supposed, as a matter of course, he came out to see where we were, and
+hear what was necessary to be done, the proper thing for a staff
+officer to do; ascertain the whereabouts and condition of the troops.
+He seemed to want to know what we wanted and what could be done for us.
+
+Q. Did he say he had been sent there by anybody--been ordered to go out
+and find General Brinton?
+
+A. Didn't hear him say anything of the kind. I assume, as a matter of
+course, that he had been sent to see what had become of us.
+
+Q. That you presumed?
+
+A. Yes; that is, military custom did not require any statement. The
+proper duty of a staff officer, when any troops are scattered is to
+hunt them up and see what is the matter with them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you hear General Brinton say what he intended to do, and what
+course he intended to pursue?
+
+A. He said he wanted to get a place to give the men a chance to sleep,
+and get his men something to eat. They were entirely exhausted, and
+remarked that they were fit for nothing until they had that.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris ask him to go back to Sharpsburg, where he could
+be supplied with ammunition and rations near the railroad?
+
+A. Didn't hear anything of that kind said. It would have aroused me if
+I had. There was no ammunition at Sharpsburg, and no way to get it
+there. It would have been an absurd suggestion.
+
+Q. The reason I ask that question, there was some testimony heretofore,
+that he had been asked to go back to Sharpsburg on the railroad, where
+he could be supplied with rations and ammunition. I want to know
+whether there was any suggestion of that kind on the part of Norris or
+any one else?
+
+A. I did not know how we could get ammunition to Sharpsburg if we could
+not get it to the round-house. They might get it to us in the country
+just as well. They had to wagon it wherever they took it.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris propose to furnish you with ammunition or
+rations--propose to furnish General Brinton with ammunition or rations
+for his command, or say anything about ammunition or rations?
+
+A. The word "proposal" hardly covers it. He said he wanted to know of
+General Brinton if he wanted to go back for supplies, or whether he
+wished him to stay with him. And General Brinton said he thought it was
+better to go back for supplies. He particularly needed provisions right
+away. They might have used the word "supplies" two or three times, but
+he laid great stress on the fact that the men were nearly starved. That
+was spoken of two or three times. We were in a pretty desperate
+condition for something to eat; hadn't eaten anything for twenty-four
+hours. I know that made an impression on my mind and on my stomach.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What time was it when Colonel Norris arrived?
+
+A. When Colonel Norris arrived it was along about ten o'clock. It might
+have been from half past nine to half past eleven.
+
+Q. You had something at the Union depot within twenty-four hours?
+
+A. I had not. I sat down to the meal after the others had had their
+sandwiches, just before two o'clock, and was called away when I was
+putting the first mouthful in my mouth. I never got back. I was sorry
+my politeness kept me from putting it in my pocket.
+
+Q. Where did you get your first provisions?
+
+A. Along in the afternoon a man overtook us in a buggy with some loaves
+of bread, which General Brinton purchased, and broke up in pieces and
+gave to the men. Some of the men didn't get any.
+
+Q. Did anybody in Sharpsburg furnish your men with provisions and water
+as your men passed through?
+
+A. The men helped themselves to the water.
+
+Q. Any of the citizens furnish provisions?
+
+A. Some one came out that evidently recognized one of our captains, and
+came along to inquire for him, and handed him a bundle of cakes and
+crackers, which he scattered around among a dozen or twenty
+men--perhaps it might have been twenty-five. The men that got the
+crackers and cakes broke them up and passed them around. There was only
+a few got those.
+
+Q. In marching out Penn street, after you left the round-house, at what
+gait did the troops march?
+
+A. They marched rather slower than ordinary quick marching time, on
+account of pulling the guns, which necessitated their moving slow.
+
+Q. Was there any haste at any point in the line of march?
+
+A. There was a sort of break or stampede at one point before they
+reached the arsenal, where there was an unusual amount of firing. There
+was a sudden fusillade of musketry and pistols out of the doors, and
+out of the windows. A great many came from the second story windows at
+one time, or windows having the ordinary outside blinds.
+
+Q. Shutters?
+
+A. Slat shutters. Most of the houses at that time became two stories
+high. The shutters were bowed, and there came a volley of pistol balls
+and some rifle balls, and some from the rear. More than half of all the
+men that were hit during the commotion, were hit within five minutes,
+in that block. The firing was so sudden and unexpected, and two men
+were killed at the time, and one mortally wounded, and several others
+wounded slightly, that the men instinctively stopped. That was in the
+second brigade, in the rear. The others were beyond it, immediately
+where this firing took place. I believe I mentioned that all the
+attacks were made on the men in the rear. They would wait until we just
+passed before they fired, and fired from behind, alongside of the rear
+column. The first brigade continued to march on. Our brigade halted,
+and the men, by common impulse, without any order, commenced to fire in
+these windows, from which the smoke came. Of course, it stopped the
+firing from the windows. Some of the men fired from back down the
+street, and we opened the Gatling gun and fired down the street. The
+moment we commenced firing with that, we could not see a living thing
+down the street. Saw a dead horse, and two or three dead men, some
+smashed signs, and then we succeeded, by loud talking, in getting the
+men to cease firing, and just at that moment I noticed that the first
+brigade, or the first regiment, was double-quicking the men in the rear
+to their regiment, to close up the gap that had occurred in the
+straggling marching, and that had an appearance as though they were not
+marching away. The men at the head of the column were marching; in
+ordinary quick time, and in marching, the men would straggle out. It is
+very important, in a fight, that they should be together and touch
+elbows, and they were closing up, and some men in our brigade suddenly
+remarked, or raised the cry, that "the first is running away!" in the
+frightened tone of voice. It had that effect, and several others took
+it up and looked around, stopped firing, and saw that the first brigade
+was a block away from them, and with a common impulse, there was a sort
+of stampede or rush after them. The officers rushed around in front and
+could not stop them, and when they overtook the first brigade, they ran
+up into them in confusion. That was all the stampede there was. It was
+settled in a few minutes and got into shape again.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know of any orders, written or verbal, urging General Brinton
+during the time he was in the round-house, or after he retired from
+there, within twenty-four hours, from General Latta, as to his course
+to be pursued after he left the round-house?
+
+A. I do not know as I am a competent witness on that. I heard it second
+hand.
+
+Q. Just what you know of your own personal knowledge?
+
+A. I didn't see the order. I was informed through my brigade commander
+that the orders were to go east out Penn street, that was in reply to
+my expression of opinion that we ought to go to the Union depot and get
+our ammunition and supplies there. He told me General Brinton had
+orders to go east out of Penn street when we left. Of course, like a
+good soldier, I shut up. I supposed that was sufficient knowledge of
+the order.
+
+Q. Any orders to General Guthrie to your knowledge?
+
+A. I did not hear of any. All that was explained to me was that the
+order was to go east at Penn street when we left.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+James H. Stewart, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were you an officer in command of a regiment or brigade--a field
+officer or commissioned officer?
+
+A. I was not, sir.
+
+Q. I mean a commissioned officer at that time?
+
+A. No, sir. I was not.
+
+Q. What position did Colonel Norris occupy?
+
+A. I do not know, I understood on the Governor's staff. I don't know
+whether he held a commission or not.
+
+Q. Do you know whether he was commissioned or not?
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. Do you know of any arrangement that was made through the colonel to
+have the troops rationed at any place or at any time?
+
+A. Of the first division?
+
+Q. Of Colonel Brinton's command?
+
+A. Yes; I know something about it. I know we used every effort--do you
+want me to explain why?
+
+Q. I want to know the whys and the wherefores.
+
+A. Every effort was made to ration Brinton's command, whilst he was
+opposite to the round-house. We used everything in our power to do
+that. I myself had secured an engine from Cassatt, the vice president
+of the Pennsylvania railroad, and some gentlemen communicated with the
+Governor. Colonel Farr and Colonel Quay, and quite a number of us,
+carried on some tubs of sandwiches, and I having learned that the fire
+had taken place on Liberty street, we then telegraphed out, and found
+it was west of Twenty-eighth street, consequently, we could not get the
+rations, and we abandoned that. I afterwards went out myself to the
+general, carried an order, both written and verbal. I then returned to
+the Union Depot hotel. Every person connected with us, was very anxious
+to get the general's command furnished with provisions.
+
+Q. Then the sum and substance of it was, you didn't succeed in
+furnishing them with rations?
+
+A. We could not, it was utterly impossible.
+
+Q. Were there any other arrangements made to furnish General Brinton's
+command with rations, after they arrived at the round-house, and after
+they got away from it?
+
+A. We would have furnished him, if we had known where the general was.
+
+Q. I ask the question, and I expect an answer plain, whether you did or
+didn't?
+
+A. Whether we had sent any rations to them?
+
+Q. Whether you did furnish them, and whether there was an arrangement
+made to get rations to them?
+
+A. We had made arrangements--if he had turned his column back from
+where he was, beyond Sharpsburg, we had made arrangements to send
+rations up by the West Pennsylvania road.
+
+Q. Where to?
+
+A. To Sharpsburg. I supposed we might meet him there.
+
+Q. Then you had no definite place that you expected to furnish these
+troops rations at?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Does the West Pennsylvania road run through Sharpsburg?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Now. Mr. Stewart, in short, what arrangements did you make to
+furnish them with rations at all?
+
+A. Where do you mean?
+
+Q. At any place after they left the round-house.
+
+A. After they left the round-house?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. We made no arrangements, for the very simple reason, that as I said,
+we could not find out where General Brinton's command was. You will
+remember, the telegraph lines were cut. We learned accidentally, that
+the general was retreating, and we would have used every effort in our
+power to get the command furnished with rations, and could have done
+it, if he had turned the head of his column back. And in this
+connection, I want to just state here, that so far as the First
+division is concerned, they were a valorous set of troops, and did good
+service for the county of Allegheny, used every effort that they could.
+I believe, that so far as my own personal knowledge is concerned, that
+General Brinton did everything that he possibly could to help along the
+trouble that occurred. He was posted there in the round-house all
+night, and I do not blame him, really.
+
+Q. Do you mean just what you said: that General Brinton did all he
+could to help along the trouble that occurred?
+
+A. Oh, no.
+
+Q. I wish you would explain this; give an explanation.
+
+A. What I want to say is this: the general in command did everything he
+possibly could to protect the citizens of Allegheny county.
+
+Q. And suppress the riot?
+
+A. And suppress the riot.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. And the railroad property?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. I would like you to be a little more explicit--a little more
+definite in regard to these rations. When you intended to transport the
+rations to these troops, and how you intended to get them there, and if
+you intended to get them there at all?
+
+A. In the first place, we didn't know where the first division were
+retreating to. We understood that they had left the round-house, and
+were going north. We then could have made--did make--some arrangements
+to send rations to them, as I said before in my testimony.
+
+Q. What arrangements did you make--put them on cars, or take them by
+wagons--how did you intend to transport them over there?
+
+A. If he had come back south of the Allegheny, we would have sent them
+out the West Pennsylvania road--if he had made a junction with Guthrie,
+as we wanted.
+
+Q. As who wanted?
+
+A. General Latta.
+
+Q. Did you say as you wanted?
+
+A. I didn't say as I wanted.
+
+Q. As the commander-in-chief wanted?
+
+A. The Adjutant General; the commander-in-chief was not there.
+
+Q. General Brinton, or who?
+
+A. If General Brinton had come, and made a junction with Colonel
+Guthrie, we could have fixed the rations for him--could have done so if
+he had stayed in Sharpsburg.
+
+Q. Now, in what way could General Brinton have made that connection
+with Colonel Guthrie?
+
+A. How do you mean?
+
+Q. By what road did he or could he have made it?
+
+A. When he left the round-house, it was as easy for him to go to
+Guthrie's command as it was to march out to Sharpsburg.
+
+Q. As you appear to know something about these arrangements, I would
+like to know what arrangement was made to get General Brinton's command
+any ammunition?
+
+A. What arrangement?
+
+Q. Yes; or if any?
+
+A. I do not know that General Brinton's command had been exhausted of
+ammunition. We could have furnished him with all the ammunition that he
+wanted; as Colonel Norris told him, if he would turn back the head of
+his column, and make a junction with Guthrie, we could furnish him with
+both ammunition and rations.
+
+Q. Now, do you know that Colonel Guthrie had ammunition, and plenty of
+it?
+
+A. He had enough for his troops.
+
+Q. How do you know that he had?
+
+A. Having been out there in the morning, before daylight, furnishing
+Colonel Rodgers' command with some ammunition, I happened to know that
+Colonel Guthrie had plenty of it, and then we had more of it at the
+Union Depot hotel, and could have furnished the general's command with
+all the ammunition that he wanted.
+
+Q. Had you any arrangements by which you would transport that
+ammunition to General Brinton's command--from the round-house, I mean?
+
+A. After he left the round-house?
+
+Q. From the Union depot?
+
+A. O, yes; we could if we knew exactly where General Brinton was.
+
+Q. Did you have any arrangements made to do that?
+
+A. Well, we knew just exactly how we were handling our own stuff there.
+
+Q. You did not know exactly what you were doing?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did you know from the commander-in-chief that General Brinton was
+short of ammunition?
+
+A. From the commander-in chief? The commander-in-chief was not there.
+The Adjutant General was there. I knew from what General Brinton had
+told us on his route north of the Allegheny that he was short of
+ammunition.
+
+Q. Did General Latta know that, to your knowledge?
+
+A. Not until we returned from seeing General Brinton.
+
+Q. And when General Brinton had marched north, you say then you
+supposed him to be retreating, and you gave up all hopes of furnishing
+any provision or anything else--when General Brinton, you say, went
+north, out Penn avenue--I believe it is north?
+
+A. North-east; yes, sir.
+
+Q. Then, after you found he crossed the Allegheny river you gave up all
+hopes and quit making any efforts to furnish him with either provision
+or ammunition?
+
+A. No, sir; we did not. I believe that every effort was made to furnish
+his men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I would like to ask Mr. Stewart in what capacity he was acting?
+
+A. As a volunteer aid of the Adjutant General.
+
+Q. And did what he directed you to do simply?
+
+A. At what time?
+
+Q. While you were acting as volunteer aid?
+
+A. You don't want me to tell everything I know?
+
+Q. No, sir; my question is, you did what he directed you to do?
+
+A. Everything, of course.
+
+Q. That was all?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You did not assume to do anything on your own responsibility?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were you a member of the National Guard at that time?
+
+A. I was not. I had been a major on the staff of General Pearson.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Of the National Guard?
+
+A. Of the National Guard.
+
+Q. And you went out with Colonel Norris because you were directed to go
+out there by the Adjutant General?
+
+A. Directed to go by the Adjutant General.
+
+Q. And all you know about ammunition or provisions is what you were
+directed to do in relation to it?
+
+A. Of course that is all.
+
+Q. In your testimony heretofore you stated that Brinton made a remark
+that he would be God damned if he would return to Pittsburgh again. Are
+you certain he made that remark and used that language?
+
+A. I am under oath, am I not?
+
+Q. Refresh your memory and see whether he made that remark?
+
+A. The general knew Colonel Norris better than he knew me, and of
+course, was speaking to him.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Mr. Yutzy asks you whether you are certain that he made that remark?
+
+A. I most positively assert that General Brinton made that remark.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Major Lewis D. Baugh, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State whether you were with General Brinton's command on Sunday
+morning on their retreat?
+
+A. No, sir; I was not.
+
+Q. State what knowledge you have of the dispatches sent by General
+Brinton to General Latta during the night of Saturday?
+
+A. I cannot, without my memorandum. I was present when the dispatches
+came in, several of them, two of them brought in by a scout, I think.
+
+Q. From whom?
+
+A. From General Brinton.
+
+Q. To General Latta?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You were in General Latta's office?
+
+A. I was in General Latta's office.
+
+Q. When two of them were brought in?
+
+A. I think one or two, I cannot recollect. I was there when the scout
+came in.
+
+Q. When the first dispatch was brought in?
+
+A. I think so, yes, sir. I came in the room and found him there. If I
+had a report here I could talk more plain.
+
+Q. You mean the Adjutant General's report?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Can you state the nature of the dispatch?
+
+A. If I saw the book I could state which dispatch it is.
+
+Q. Did you see any other one than those that are published in the
+Adjutant General's report?
+
+A. I don't recollect of seeing any other. I was in General Latta's
+head-quarters off and on during the evening, being cut off from my
+division, and naturally went to the next head-quarters, and I was in
+there during the evening, trying to get my rations out to the troops. I
+was commissary of the first division, acting quarter-master at the
+time, I had some ammunition there as well as rations, and I was in the
+room and out of it until pretty near midnight, and then I attempted to
+join General Brinton by myself, and went up street in citizen's
+clothes.
+
+Q. Did you succeed?
+
+A. No, sir; could not get to the round-house, found that I would get
+shot very likely by our own men as I was in citizens clothes, and
+looked about as much like a rioter as any of the rest of them.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton complain of being short of ammunition in any of
+those dispatches?
+
+A. I think he did, short of ammunition and short of provisions.
+
+Q. Do you recollect what he said about it?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not, because it is all written down, and I had the
+report.
+
+Q. Are all the dispatches that you read or saw, as coming from General
+Brinton that night, published in the Adjutant General's report?
+
+A. I think they are. There may be some more that I did not see. I read
+it over, and found it pretty near as I knew. I tried my best to get
+provisions to him, and I delivered ammunition--four boxes--to somebody,
+to take out to some other station to some other troops.
+
+Q. Torrens station?
+
+A. Torrens station, I think it was. I recollect going down in the
+cellar of the hotel and getting them out; it was pretty hard work for
+some one or two people, besides myself, to lift them up. The elevator
+was stopped.
+
+Q. You were the commissary of General Brinton's staff?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I am regular commissary of the First division--General
+Brinton's division.
+
+Q. And as such were in consultation with the general during the night?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know of any supplies being provided to General Brinton's
+command during the night, or at Torrens station?
+
+A. No, sir; not that I know of. There were some supplies I sent down
+there, but whether they reached or not I do not know; I don't think
+they did. Some started out there. The supplies went out in a wagon; I
+did not send those out--out to the round-house. When General Brinton
+started, he directed me to remain there and make arrangements to ration
+the troops in the evening and following morning. I made the
+arrangements, and after getting through with that arrangement I went on
+the track, and found there had been a fight.
+
+Q. You say you were not with General Brinton when Colonel Norris
+reached him?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. When did you see General Brinton after that?
+
+A. I think about three o'clock in the afternoon, as near as I can
+recollect, without having any watch on me.
+
+Q. Of Sunday?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton say anything about having seen Colonel Norris?
+
+A. I do not know that he did--I do not recollect it.
+
+Q. Did he tell you anything about Colonel Norris having been to see
+him?
+
+A. I don't think he did. As soon as I found they had left the
+round-house, I heard they had gone to the arsenal. I heard Captain
+Breck say to somebody that they had gone to the arsenal. I drove there,
+and found they were not there, and somebody said they had gone to the
+right. I followed out, and crossed the railroad track, and came to the
+hospital, and down to the hotel again. I found they had gone to
+Sharpsburg. I hired another carriage, and drove out to Sharpsburg; and
+when I got to Sharpsburg, I was bothered which road to take, and I
+daresn't ask anybody. I found the mark of the shoes that the column had
+moved in the road, and I followed up that road some distance.
+
+Q. General Brinton did not mention the fact of Colonel Norris having
+met him that day?
+
+A. I don't recollect of it.
+
+Q. Did he say anything about having received any orders from General
+Latta?
+
+A. No, sir; he asked me for orders as soon as I got there. I told him I
+had none. Then I went back to General Latta for the orders.
+
+Q. Why did you go back?
+
+A. He wanted orders.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton send you back for orders?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where did you go?
+
+A. Drove down the river road to the bridge, about opposite to the
+Monongahela House; crossed there, and went to the Monongahela House,
+and went to General Latta's room, and found him, and delivered a note
+to General Latta.
+
+Q. From whom?
+
+A. General Brinton.
+
+Q. What did General Latta say in reply?
+
+A. Asked where General Brinton was, and I told him back on the hills
+about the poor-house, as near as I could tell, being a stranger there,
+then he gave me written orders to give to General Brinton.
+
+Q. When did you tell this to General Brinton?
+
+A. When he gave me the written orders, I asked him about provisions,
+and he says, I was commissary and it was my business to feed them. Says
+I, "Yes, but it is your business to give me some stuff." They had not
+time, and they left me there. Major Lazarus, one of the special
+officers, was in the room all the time, and there was a captain of the
+first regiment. I took them down with me, and turned around to Lazarus,
+and says I, "You read these orders. In case I do not reach General
+Brinton, or you see him first, give him these orders." Then there was
+two of us, in case one got picked up then the other would deliver the
+orders. When I crossed the river at the West Pennsylvania depot, he
+drove down and delivered the orders. As soon as I got out in the
+morning, I overhauled General Brinton and gave him the written order.
+
+Q. Do you know what those orders were?
+
+A. If I had a report here, I could tell you, sir.
+
+Q. They are published in the Adjutant General's report?
+
+A. Yes, sir. The substance was to proceed to Altoona.
+
+Q. What is the date of the order--can you give that?
+
+A. Sunday night, about nine o'clock, when I received it.
+
+Q. You may give the substance of the order, as near as you can
+recollect?
+
+A. To proceed to Altoona, and Mr. Creighton would furnish
+transportation. When I went back General Latta gave me orders that
+General Brinton should have it to-night. I went out, and jumped in a
+wagon, and started over.
+
+Q. While you were at the Monongahela house, did General Latta say
+anything about General Brinton having disobeyed his orders?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Did he say anything to you about having sent orders to General
+Brinton?
+
+A. Not to me. Didn't hear him say a word about it.
+
+Q. Did he mention having sent Colonel Norris or Captain Aull with
+orders?
+
+A. No, sir; didn't say a word to me about it. I took General Brinton a
+note in, and handed it to him, and he then dictated an order. The order
+was written out, and handed to me, and delivered to General Brinton.
+
+Q. Do you know whether Colonel Norris had returned?
+
+A. I don't know anything about him.
+
+Doctor J. E. Mears, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State whether you were at the Union depot on Saturday morning, when
+Colonel Norris was sent by General Latta and General Brinton.
+
+A. I was, sir.
+
+Q. You may state what conversation took place between General Latta and
+Colonel Norris?
+
+A. I don't know that I can state positively the conversation. I came to
+the hotel about eight o'clock on Sunday morning, went to General
+Latta's room, and reported that the troops had left the round-house,
+having learned that fact at the hospital, where I had spent a portion
+of the night, and said to him that I proposed to purchase some medical
+stores, and join him at once, and asked him where I should go to join
+him, and he told me to go to the arsenal. At that time, Colonel Norris
+was making preparations to join General Brinton also. What their
+conversation was, I cannot state positively, or what the nature of the
+instructions given to him were. I knew that he was going to see General
+Brinton, and, at the time, my impression was that he was going to see
+him in a friendly way. I knew that he was not officially connected with
+the National Guard, and the impression I had arrived at, at that time,
+was, he was simply going out to see him in behalf of General Latta, as
+a friend of General Brinton, to see what had happened and what
+condition they were in, but I didn't understand, at the time, that he
+was going officially to him.
+
+Q. Was Captain Aull there, at the time?
+
+A. That I cannot state positively. I went into the dining-room of the
+hotel, and had a conversation with Captain Breck. That I remember, but
+I don't remember of meeting Captain Aull, at the time.
+
+Q. Did you see the major, Saturday?
+
+A. I didn't, sir. I may have seen him not to know him.
+
+Q. Did you see Colonel Norris when he started in the carriage?
+
+A. I didn't; because Colonel Norris started before I did. He took a
+hack, and I was going to a drug store to get some medical stores, and
+also going to a livery stable to get a conveyance, and Colonel Norris
+left the hotel before I had left Pittsburgh. As I said in my testimony
+before, I met once, after he had seen General Brinton.
+
+Q. State what conversation you had with him?
+
+A. I took with me, at the suggestion of Captain Breck, a man who had
+acted as scout during the night, a member of Murphy's cavalry, I
+believe. He went with me on account of my being a stranger in
+Pittsburgh, and showed me the way to the arsenal. When we reached the
+arsenal and found the troops were not there, and when I was denied
+admittance by the guard at the gate, or refused to be permitted to go
+near the gate or have conversation with him, I drove on, and the crowd
+knew nothing at all about the country beyond that point, so that the
+way was ascertained by asking persons, of course very cautiously, so as
+not to let them know what our object was. I followed the command by
+watching the road and seeing the foot-marks across the bridge going
+through Sharpsburg, and got through Sharpsburg and passed into the
+country, turned to the left, and I should think, not more than a
+quarter of a mile from the point at which I met Colonel Norris
+returning to the city. He was in a carriage with another person whom I
+did not know, and to whom I didn't pay particular attention. I got out
+of the buggy and halted them. They didn't seem to be very desirous to
+be halted, because it was not desirable that it should be known who
+they were in that portion of the country. I asked the colonel where the
+command was, and he told me it was about a quarter of a mile beyond, on
+the hill. That was the only conversation I had with Colonel Norris. As
+I said before, he wasn't desirous of stopping very long to give me any
+information. His words and manner was such as indicated that it was not
+desirable that we should be seen conversing together, or holding any
+communication which would indicate that they were in any way associated
+or connected with the troops, as there were persons along the road that
+had followed up the command. I joined the troops, certainly no more
+than a quarter of a mile beyond. I found them resting in good order.
+
+Q. When you joined the troops and met General Brinton, did he say
+anything about having received any orders from Colonel Norris?
+
+A. No, sir; he didn't.
+
+Q. Did he say what he intended to do?
+
+A. I asked him the question, and he replied that he was going to the
+poor-house to get a place to rest his command, and also to get food,
+and I asked him whether he knew where the poor-house was, and what his
+information was, and he said that a citizen or some person at
+Sharpsburg had directed him, and told him to go there, that he could
+get food there, and get an opportunity to cook his rations.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris say anything to you as surgeon of the division
+about having the column halted at any point?
+
+A. No, sir; he didn't.
+
+Q. To dress any wounds?
+
+A. No, sir; not a word. It was as much as I could do to get him to halt
+them enough to ask him what I regarded as a very important question,
+where the command was, that I should join him.
+
+Q. Did he say anything about what his business had been to the command?
+
+A. Not a word; no, sir.
+
+Q. Was there anybody in the carriage with him?
+
+A. There was a person, sir, whom I didn't know. They were sitting--both
+of them--back in the corner of the carriage very closely.
+
+Q. Would you recognize the person now?
+
+A. No, sir. I didn't see anybody in the room whom I should recognize as
+being with Colonel Norris. I didn't closely examine the person. My
+business was with Colonel Norris, because I knew him, and desired
+simply to get the information from him.
+
+Q. Did you know Colonel Norris?
+
+A. I knew him by sight, having met him with the Governor's staff on one
+or two occasions. I had seen him at the hotel before.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned, to meet to-morrow morning, at
+Reading, Pennsylvania.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    READING, _April 19, 1878_.
+
+The committee met at the Mansion house, at eleven o'clock, A.M. Mr.
+Lindsey in the chair. All members present except Messrs. Reyburn,
+Larrabee, and Yutzy.
+
+George S. Goodhart, _affirmed_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State whether or not you were coroner in July last, at the time of
+the difficulties here among the railroad employés?
+
+A. I was coroner; yes, sir?
+
+Q. Still holding that position?
+
+A. Still hold that position. I was elected at the same time that Samuel
+J. Tilden was elected--elected, I say, that is my opinion.
+
+Q. Can you state what day the first difficulty among the railroad
+employés broke out here, or commenced?
+
+A. No; I cannot. I cannot state the day. I presume it was within a week
+or somewheres about the 16th--15th or 16th of July. I would date it
+about a week anterior to the time these men were killed, which was on
+the 23d, Monday. The excitement ran very high throughout the day of
+Sunday.
+
+Q. Will you please give us a history of how it first started, and then
+trace the extent of the difficulty and troubles along up until you come
+to the date of the conflict between the strikers and the militia?
+
+A. Well, I don't know that I can answer that question with much
+accuracy. There had evidently been for some time before considerable
+contending between these engineers who were suspended and the Reading
+Railroad Company. It is that, I presume, that led to the difficulty.
+
+Q. What time were the engineers suspended by the railroad company?
+
+A. That is more than I can say.
+
+Q. Was it some time prior to this difficulty--outbreak?
+
+A. Yes; certainly it would be prior to this.
+
+Q. How many of them had been suspended?
+
+A. That I cannot say--a large majority of them, I think, that were on
+the road were suspended.
+
+Q. Were there a large number of them suspended, and were without employ
+in and about the city of Reading?
+
+A. It was generally so supposed.
+
+Q. And the first dissatisfaction was among that class of men, was it?
+
+A. Yes; and those who sympathized with them. There were differences of
+opinion among the citizens here. Many sympathized with the railroad
+company, and many, also, with these employés, and the feeling during
+the day of Sunday was very much against the Reading Railroad Company.
+
+Q. That was Sunday, the 22d?
+
+A. Yes; the 22d, and on Monday the general impression was here, with
+those that I had interviews with, that property and shops would be set
+fire to that night.
+
+Q. The railroad shops?
+
+A. Yes; during the day of Sunday, there was a good deal of excitement
+on the street here, on Penn street, and a great many people congregated
+out about the corner of Sixth and Penn and Seventh and Penn.
+
+Q. What class of people generally gathered?
+
+A. They were mostly workingmen, men thrown out of employment.
+
+Q. Men from the manufacturing establishments?
+
+A. Manufacturing, yes, sir; mechanics and laboring classes,
+principally.
+
+Q. How large a number assembled?
+
+A. I presume I saw as many as fifty to seventy-five, probably one
+hundred at times during the day on Sunday.
+
+Q. What day was the railroad bridge across the Schuylkill burned?
+
+A. It was burned that same night.
+
+Q. Sunday night?
+
+A. Yes; sometime during the night, about midnight, I think.
+
+Q. This assembly of men on Sunday, was it composed of railroad
+men--were they actually engaged in running trains then--or was it men
+who had been discharged?
+
+A. I am not prepared to answer that question, because I know very few
+of the engineers on the road. I do not know that I can point out a
+single man of them.
+
+Q. Did the Reading railroad continue to run their trains?
+
+A. They did on Sunday, I think, and a part of the day on Monday. On
+Monday, towards evening, some of the trains were stopped here in the
+city by some parties. It seems some of them were boys. Young men got on
+to the trains, on to the locomotive. At one time, I understood a
+boy--however, I don't know that I can say that, either, it was so
+stated by some of the witnesses, that a certain boy got on to a
+locomotive, and moved it back and forth, just about as he would a
+little wagon--made a plaything out of it.
+
+Q. Drove the engineer from his engine?
+
+A. Yes; they got off some way.
+
+Q. You did not see them?
+
+A. No; I did not see them. In fact I did not go on Seventh street at
+all on that day. I don't think I was on Seventh street on the Monday.
+
+Q. Did the crowd remain together during the night of Sunday night, or
+did it disperse during the evening?
+
+A. That is more than I can say, but I should suppose that it did not
+disperse very early--I think it highly probable that they kept up
+looking round for news.
+
+Q. What street were they on on Sunday?
+
+A. Principally, Penn street--corner Sixth and Penn streets.
+
+Q. What was the character of the crowd, as being demonstrative?
+
+A. Well, they were anxiously looking for news from other quarters, from
+Pittsburgh and Baltimore, where they had been on the strike, and, as a
+matter of course, they would congregate in front of the telegraph
+offices. Well, the news came pretty direct to the _Eagle_ office,
+and they looked there to the bulletin boards for exciting news, and
+they came around for that purpose, and there was some of them, no
+doubt, were hard cases, and ready for any emergency.
+
+Q. Were they noisy and boisterous?
+
+A. I cannot say that they were.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with any of them?
+
+A. No; I did not.
+
+Q. What seemed to be their troubles and grievances. Did they make them
+manifest in any way?
+
+A. Well, the main grievance among them, that I could learn, was the
+depressed state of things, being out of employment, not able to get
+any-anything to do, and want generally.
+
+Q. Who did they seem to blame for that state of things?
+
+A. There was a good deal of censure placed upon the Reading Railroad
+Company, more than perhaps any other.
+
+Q. On Monday morning was that crowd still in the streets?
+
+A. Yes; there were some there on Monday morning.
+
+Q. How large a crowd?
+
+A. Probably not so many. I do not think there were so many there that
+morning as there were on Sunday evening and during the day on Sunday.
+
+Q. Had the news of the burning of the bridge reached you then?
+
+A. Well, not until during the night. I heard the fire alarm bell, but I
+did not get up. I did not go out at all.
+
+Q. The fire alarm was sounded, was it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were there any efforts made to extinguish the fire by the fire
+companies or civil authorities of the city?
+
+A. Well; yes, sir. They went out, as was stated, before the
+inquisition--before the inquest; the firemen went out, Chief Boyer was
+there and a number of others, and it appears they could not do anything
+towards arresting the fire in any way. Some of the cars, I think, were
+set on fire, some box cars they had out there. Afterwards, it appears,
+that the report came that the bridge was on fire--that was stated
+before the inquest, that the mob was so great that they threatened the
+engineer, the chief of police, and other parties there that intended to
+suppress the flames--to put down the excitement.
+
+Q. The mob would not permit the firemen to work?
+
+A. Would not permit them to work--to put any water on the fire at all.
+
+Q. Did they use any violence towards the firemen?
+
+A. Not that I could learn.
+
+Q. Did they make any efforts?
+
+A. Not any that I know of.
+
+Q. Do you know whether the police of the city were there--any of them
+to protect the firemen?
+
+A. The chief of police was there, and no doubt he had a number of the
+police with him.
+
+Q. Did you see the crowd during the day? How large a crowd was there
+during the day on Monday?
+
+A. I suppose it would vary, likely, from one hundred to one hundred and
+fifty.
+
+Q. Where were they mostly during the day?
+
+A. Between the Keystone house, and the _Eagle_ office.
+
+Q. They still continued to gather around the bulletin boards?
+
+A. Yes; around the bulletin boards. Some of them would come over,
+occasionally, to look at the _Times'_ office, but most of the news came
+through the _Eagle_ office, and the consequence was, the most of the
+crowd were in front of the _Eagle_ office, there and at the Keystone
+house.
+
+Q. How was it at the railroad depot, and about the railroad offices?
+
+A. I don't know, for I didn't go there at all.
+
+Q. Do you know how large a crowd was there?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Do you know whether there was any efforts made by the civil
+authorities of the city to disperse the crowd during the day?
+
+A. Well, there was an effort made, at least it so appeared in the
+inquisition, that parties went to the sheriff, with a view of getting
+him to render some assistance. One party, a man by the name of Miller,
+proffered to suppress the mob with fifty men. Said that if the sheriff
+would allow him to, that he thought he could procure that number of
+men. This was sometime during the day of Monday that this statement was
+made. The proffer was made to the sheriff.
+
+Q. Made by Mr. Miller himself?
+
+A. By Mr. Miller, in company with Mr. Wood.
+
+Q. What reply did the sheriff make to that offer?
+
+A. I don't know the exact words--I have all that testimony down.
+
+Q. Give us the substance of it--of his reply?
+
+A. He did not feel disposed to do anything. They said they would get
+arms and ammunition, and everything that was necessary, to put it down,
+if he would give his consent, which, it seems, he declined to do; and
+when they said they would get the arms or guns, he said the rioters
+have guns, too; and he also said to them that he would not go to do
+anything by way of suppressing it, for fear that he would be shot the
+same as the sheriff was at Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. You had received news, then, that the sheriff of Allegheny county
+was shot, had you here?
+
+A. Yes; at that time.
+
+Q. Which afterwards proved incorrect. Was that the only reason that he
+gave for not accepting the proposition of Mr. Miller?
+
+A. I am inclined to think that was the only plausible reason he gave.
+He didn't believe in going out and being a target to fire at.
+
+Q. Did he make any effort to arrest the parties who were in the
+disturbance during Monday?
+
+A. None that I can learn.
+
+Q. Did he make any effort at any time?
+
+A. I think not.
+
+Q. Did he call for any posse to assist you in any way?
+
+A. He swore in the next day quite a number of deputy sheriffs, but on
+Monday I don't think he called on any. He issued his proclamation and
+called and put it up, I think, in the evening, about five or six
+o'clock.
+
+Q. On Monday?
+
+A. On Monday.
+
+Q. Now, can you give us the substance of the proclamation?
+
+A. No; I cannot. I didn't see it.
+
+Q. Didn't see it?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was there any call made for the militia to come out, by the sheriff,
+to preserve the peace?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Do you know how the militia happened to come here?
+
+A. Well, it was said afterwards that they came here by the order of
+General Bolton.
+
+Q. Monday night--go on and describe the situation of affairs, if you
+will--where the crowd was, and what took place on Monday night?
+
+A. The main crowd was up at the corner of Seventh and Penn, and where
+there are always quite a number of men congregated, particularly at
+that hour, shortly before dusk, and about that time. There had been
+large crowds there for some weeks or so, who frequently congregated
+there, and on that night, as a matter of course, it would be expected
+there would be more, in consequence of the transactions that took place
+during the day. People went there to see the excitement, and so on, and
+it was with a great deal of difficulty, as I understood from the
+testimony of Chief Cullen, that they could keep the pass-way clear, to
+allow people to pass up and down the street. I think, if I mistake not,
+Mr. Cullen had nearly all his force there. He was chief of police, and
+once or twice, I think, he stated he got the pass-way cleared. It was
+soon blocked up again. Just about dusk, or a little after, it appears
+that General Reeder arrived with some men at the outer depot. Mr.
+Paxton, in communication with him, told him where the rioters were, and
+where one of the cars were that they wished to release from the mob.
+That was at the commencement of the cut there. The general ordered his
+men right there to release that car, and I suppose, passing through the
+cut. He concluded to force his men right through. I don't know what
+acquaintance he had with the surroundings of the cut, but it strikes me
+very forcibly, even now, and has all along, that if he had sent a dozen
+men on either side of that cut, and his main body of men through the
+cut, that there would hardly have been a drop of blood shed. As these
+troops moved up the cut, they were met with volleys of stones and
+missiles, pistol-shooting, &c., from above either side, as they were
+passing along; and, indeed, I cannot see how they got through there and
+escaped with so little injury as they did. It looks to me almost a
+miracle. Have you observed the cut--have you been up there?
+
+Q. Only in passing through it.
+
+A. The testimony came in that they would throw stones large
+enough--well, too large for one man to handle--take two men--at one
+time two men were seen to get hold of a large stone, and push it right
+over, apparently on to them. They were treated in that way, until they
+got to the lower end of the cut, and they marched up the tracks on
+either side, I think, principally, on the west side. When they got
+about two thirds of the way through the cut, they fired forward,
+killing a number of men right at the corner of Penn and Seventh. One
+man was killed about two squares--better than two squares--below. He
+was on his way up town, somewhere. A man by the name of Trace, I
+believe.
+
+Q. A citizen of the city?
+
+A. Yes, sir; a citizen. Two or three men were killed on the southeast
+corner or near the southeast corner of the street, near the gutter. One
+or two of them were on the sidewalk. I think it very remarkable,
+indeed, that these men would come through there, and when they met with
+these missiles on either side of them, that they would fire forward,
+and being attacked as they were, it would appear as though they would
+fire in almost any direction for relief, and get out as speedily as
+possible.
+
+Q. After they passed through the cut, did they encounter the mob at the
+end of the cut?
+
+A. Some of them. Those that were throwing these missiles, on either
+side, I dare say, didn't organize in front of them; but there was some
+of the parties--some of the same mob--there.
+
+Q. Was there any firing there, after they had passed through?
+
+A. No; not after they had passed through.
+
+Q. What street did they come out on, in passing through the cut?
+
+A. Out on Penn street, and then down Penn.
+
+Q. There was no firing, as they passed through the cut?
+
+A. No; not after they had got on to Penn, west of Seventh.
+
+Q. Did the troops accomplish what they were sent to--started to
+accomplish--gaining possession of the car?
+
+A. Yes; they did that.
+
+Q. How long did the troops remain in the city, then?
+
+A. Well, during the night, I think. I think they left the next morning.
+
+Q. Do you know where they went to from there?
+
+A. No; I don't; but I learned that they had gone back to Allentown or
+Easton.
+
+Q. Were any troops left at Reading, at all?
+
+A. Yes; there was some left at the outer depot.
+
+Q. To guard railroad property?
+
+A. To guard the property of the railroad company.
+
+Q. Was there any disturbance occurred after that Monday night?
+
+A. None, that I could learn.
+
+Q. Was the mob dispersed by the firing that took place?
+
+A. Effectually.
+
+Q. Did they ever rally, or come together again?
+
+A. No; no rallying there.
+
+Q. I wish you would give us the number of killed--the number that was
+actually killed--so far as you can?
+
+A. There were ten killed--then another one subsequently died, about six
+or eight weeks, I think, afterwards--Corbett--from the wounds received
+at the same time.
+
+Q. Making eleven in all?
+
+A. Making eleven altogether.
+
+Q. Were these all citizens, or a portion of them soldiers?
+
+A. They were all citizens--no soldiers.
+
+Q. Were any of them actually engaged, or were they citizens who had
+congregated there out of curiosity?
+
+A. The larger part of them were there out of curiosity. Two of those
+that were killed were said to have had something to do with this
+matter, and were not innocent. The others--that is, taking it for
+granted that they were innocent, by being there, which the law, I
+believe, doesn't grant, either--may be said to have been innocent.
+Trace was, perhaps, the least censurable of any of them, for he was far
+away from the scene where this was transacted.
+
+Q. I understand you to say this: of the killed there were only two who
+were actually engaged in the riots?
+
+A. I would say, whose record was not altogether clear--free from
+censure.
+
+Q. Now, how many persons were wounded, so far as you could ascertain?
+
+A. That I cannot ascertain; but I presume there were as many as six or
+eight more that were wounded--probably more.
+
+Q. Do you know how many of the soldiers were wounded?
+
+A. No; I didn't learn, but I understand--I think that there were but
+two or three that were in any ways seriously hurt--none mortally.
+
+Q. Now you may state what efforts were made by the sheriff on
+Tuesday--Monday night and Tuesday to preserve the peace?
+
+A. The only effort that he made then that I know of was that he sent
+notice to quite a number of the citizens to call at his office and be
+sworn in as deputy sheriffs. What instructions they received from him I
+don't know.
+
+Q. Do you know how many offered themselves or responded to his notice?
+
+A. I don't know, but I understood there was some five or six hundred
+citizens that were sworn in by him or his deputy.
+
+Q. What efforts did the mayor make, if any, to preserve the peace
+during the entire disturbance?
+
+A. The mayor was not here at the time, but returned the night, I think,
+shortly before these troops left. He afterwards went out to the depot
+and was in communication with General Reeder, if I mistake not. I don't
+think that anything further was done to suppress the mob, for
+everything was quiet then.
+
+Q. The chief of police was on the ground was he?
+
+A. He was on the ground, and I think manfully did his duty.
+
+Q. How many police were on duty at the time in the city?
+
+A. I suppose there were about twenty-five or thirty, I forget the
+number.
+
+Q. Do you know what authority the mayor has in case of riot and
+disturbances, given by the charter of the city or the laws relating to
+the city?
+
+A. I have never read them. I have never read the charter of the city;
+but my own judgment would tell me that he had power of suppressing--the
+same power of suppressing a riot that a sheriff would have.
+
+Q. Was that matter discussed, or taken into consideration by the
+citizens at the time? Did you hear any expression by legal gentlemen as
+to what the power of the mayor was?
+
+A. I cannot say that I did; but the matter was discussed pretty freely
+among citizens, and some seemed to think that the mayor ought to have
+suppressed the riot. I presume he would if he had been here.
+
+Q. Did he arrive here before the firing took place in the cut?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Not until after?
+
+A. Not until afterwards.
+
+Q. Did the chief of police make any arrests, to your knowledge, prior
+to the conflict between the troops and the mob?
+
+A. No; they made no arrests so far as I could learn. It seems they were
+under the impression that they were almost entirely powerless with the
+meager number they had to arrest them.
+
+Q. They didn't feel strong enough to cope with the mob without greater
+assistance?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. Were any arrests made that afternoon?
+
+A. Yes; a great many arrests.
+
+Q. By what authority--by whom?
+
+A. Well, by the chief of police--they made the most of the arrests.
+
+Q. Were any arrests made by the sheriff?
+
+A. I think not. I don't know of any.
+
+Q. The arrests then were mostly made by the chief of police on warrants
+issued by the mayor?
+
+A. I think they were issued by the mayor.
+
+Q. What was done with those persons who were arrested?
+
+A. Some of them were taken up to jail. Others were released on bail.
+
+Q. How many have been tried?
+
+A. I suppose there were between forty and fifty that were tried--they
+were to have been tried. Whether they have all been or not, I don't
+know.
+
+Q. How long is this cut?
+
+A. Well, it is nearly two squares.
+
+Q. How soon after the soldiers were in did they begin to attack them?
+
+A. Within about probably fifteen or twenty minutes.
+
+Q. Did they continue to fire on them then until they got down on to
+Penn street, where the cut runs down level?
+
+A. No, not quite. I don't think there were any stones thrown after they
+had passed Court street, within just half a square from Penn.
+
+Q. The firing didn't commence until they got on to the cut?
+
+A. No; it was before the firing on the soldiers you mean?
+
+Q. Yes, sir?
+
+A. It was not, I think, until after they passed Court street--about
+that.
+
+Q. It was still in the cut?
+
+A. Still in the cut.
+
+Q. Then they got out of the cut on to level ground, and then it was
+that the firing was done, and when the mob was dispersed.
+
+A. Yes; there was firing done there, and at Penn street. They couldn't
+fire up and down Penn street without being very close to it.
+
+Q. And this stone that took two men to throw down--did that hit
+anybody?
+
+A. That is more than I know; not directly, evidently, or it would have
+killed them.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was the sympathy of the people of the city of Reading with the
+strikers, the discharged employés of the Reading railroad?
+
+A. Well, there was sympathy on both sides, evidently; and during the
+day, on Monday, I am inclined to think, quite a number of the people
+sympathized with the strikers, rather than with the railroad company.
+
+Q. You say on both sides. Now, I would like to know what you mean by
+both sides?
+
+A. I mean the Reading Railroad Company and the dismissed engineers of
+the road.
+
+Q. Then, in your opinion, the sympathy of the people of Reading was
+with the employés of the Reading railroad in striking and destruction
+of property?
+
+A. No; I couldn't say that.
+
+Q. My question was simply this: that I wanted to know if the citizens
+of the city of Reading were in sympathy with the strikers, or the
+discharged employés of the Reading road?
+
+A. I should say no; although they had a good many to sympathize with
+them here in the city.
+
+Q. Well, then, Mr. Goodhart, were they simply discharged employés of
+the Reading road that participated in this destruction of property?
+
+A. That question I cannot answer, because, as I stated before, I don't
+know any of the engineers of the road now.
+
+Q. Did there appear to be any tramps or any strangers connected with
+this party who were with the engineers or employés of the Reading road?
+
+A. So far as I know they were all strangers to me, and I have very
+little hesitation in saying, that a good many of them were strangers,
+coming here from a distance.
+
+Q. From a distance and from other sections of the country?
+
+A. Yes, sir. I think a number of them were strangers, not citizens of
+the place, nor had they been in the employ of the Reading Railroad
+Company.
+
+Q. To your knowledge, do you know whether or not, the mayor of the
+city of Reading ordered out his police to suppress these rioters?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge.
+
+Q. When the mayor was not here, was there any person in authority?
+
+A. The chief of police. Chief Cullen, he has stated, took his men up to
+the corner of Seventh and Penn that evening, and I presume did his
+utmost to clear the pass-way there, and suppress the mob. What effect
+it would have had upon them had they arrested two or three or half a
+dozen of these men I am not prepared to say, it might, possibly, have
+dispersed the mob.
+
+Q. Well, then, Mr. Goodhart, in your opinion, what amount of men would
+it have taken to suppress this mob and restore order and peace?
+
+A. I should think that one hundred and fifty or two hundred men would
+have done it, properly armed.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What other property was destroyed beside the destruction of the
+bridge?
+
+A. There was a few houses that were burned.
+
+Q. Any freight in them?
+
+A. I think there was some, and then there was some property destroyed
+right on the road here in the city.
+
+Q. Private property?
+
+A. No; that was cars loaded, and there was one car filled with tobacco,
+that was broken into and a great deal of it being carried away.
+
+Q. Was there any property beside railroad property destroyed?
+
+A. No, I think not; not that I know of.
+
+Q. What day was the other property destroyed--before or after the
+destruction of the bridge?
+
+A. That was afterwards.
+
+Q. The bridge then, I understand, was the first thing?
+
+A. No. These cars, at this side of the bridge, were the first, I
+understood, that were burnt, afterwards the bridge, and then, on
+Monday--this was on Saturday night--and on the Monday, there was some
+property destroyed on Seventh street; coal trains were arrested, and
+the coal was dumped down right on the track, at different places. The
+watchman's house was turned upside down.
+
+Q. Now, I understand you to say that the citizens, some of them,
+sympathized with the railroad employés who had been discharged, and
+some sympathized with the railroad company? That is the way you put it,
+I believe?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Well, now, was there any sympathy manifested by the citizens of
+Reading for those strikers or employés after they began to destroy
+property--or, in other words, in sympathy with the destruction of
+property?
+
+A. None whatever, that I could learn.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. There was no disposition on the part of the rioters, Mr. Goodhart,
+if I understand you, to destroy any property except that which belonged
+to the Reading railroad?
+
+A. Yes; just so.
+
+Q. Not outside of it?
+
+A. Not outside of it.
+
+Q. Where did you get your information in regard to Mr. Mullin having
+proffered his services to the sheriff?
+
+A. Got it from his own testimony.
+
+Q. Before you at the coroner's inquest?
+
+A. Before me; yes, sir, and through Mr. Wootten, also. He testified to
+the same thing.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+E. F. Evans, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You were mayor of the city of Reading during the past summer?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. You may tell us, if you please, where you were when the difficulties
+in July occurred?
+
+A. On the Friday morning preceding the riot in this city, which
+occurred on the Monday, or rather the burning of the bridge, took place
+on Sunday night. What was known as the riot, followed on Monday night,
+and the firing of the troops, and so forth. I left this city for four
+or five days, and went down to Ocean Grove, following the example of
+the Executive of the State, the mayor of Philadelphia, and the mayor of
+Scranton, to spend a few days there, intending to return the following
+week, and at that time I did not dream or apprehend of any danger here
+with a strike or anything of that kind. On the following Monday
+morning, at the Grove, I received a telegram about half past ten or
+eleven o'clock, from the chief of police of this city, that a number of
+cars were on fire. At that time it said nothing of the bridge, in fact
+that had not been fired, I believe, at that time. I picked up my
+things, and left in the first train, which was shortly after twelve
+o'clock. After reaching Allentown that night, at probably seven
+o'clock, I was informed that the train had been taken off the East Penn
+road, and I could not reach home. I then telegraphed to Mr. Wootten. I
+stated my position in the telegram that I could not get home. He then
+ordered a train to bring me over--a special car and engine was placed
+at my disposal--and we started out and ran here, probably at half past
+ten or eleven o'clock. That was on Monday evening--on, I believe, the
+23d, if I mistake not; at any rate, it was Monday evening.
+
+Q. Monday evening was the 23d?
+
+A. I reached this city after the firing had taken place, and these men
+had been wounded. I came in from the depot and came down to my office,
+issued a proclamation requesting our citizens to uphold the authorities
+of the city. Had it published that night, or rather in the morning
+paper. I then went up to the depot and remained there until two or
+three o'clock in the morning, requesting during that time that if there
+was any trouble, the military being out there, that they should take
+charge, my police officers then, five or six of them being wounded, and
+they had been on duty Sunday night, and all day Monday and Monday
+night. On the following day, then--I think it was the following day--I
+swore in probably from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and
+fifty men, furnishing them with maces, to go on duty if any further
+danger was apprehended. There was but little occurred after Monday
+night. I believe the tracks were torn up in some places on Seventh
+street, but not to any extent. Didn't amount to anything, and that was
+about the closing of what I--we did everything we could after I
+returned home--the city authorities--to suppress any further violence
+or outbreak.
+
+Q. And succeeded in preserving the peace?
+
+A. After that there was nothing occurred.
+
+Q. Did the citizens respond heartily to your call?
+
+A. As a general thing, as I have stated, probably one hundred and
+twenty-five or one hundred and fifty were sworn in, and they were
+willing to do duty when called upon.
+
+Q. Was there any question about your authority to call out a posse of
+citizens?
+
+A. It was voluntary. It was supposed, that the sheriff, having
+unlimited power, should have acted, whether in my absence or not,
+particularly in my being absent, and should have called on parties up
+there. I do not know when he reached here. There was a train or engine
+sent for him to bring him back to the city. He resides somewhere below
+the city. Of course, hearsay evidence does not amount to anything, but
+they said he didn't act as promptly as he should have done. That is
+what I heard after I reached home. When I reached home on Monday
+evening, I learned he had issued a proclamation sometime that evening.
+
+Q. Everything was quiet on Friday, as I understand you, when you left?
+
+A. I didn't apprehend any danger at all. There was nothing spoken of
+riot or any outbreak, or anything of the kind--didn't dream of such a
+thing.
+
+Q. Was there any larger number of idle men, discharged men, in the city
+at that time than usual?
+
+A. Not that I know of. I passed around portions of the city, the
+greater part of it, and I found nothing that would be necessary to call
+into order the police officers after I returned home.
+
+Q. How large a police force had you at the time?
+
+A. That I cannot exactly tell. At that time it was reduced, either
+before or after that, I think, however, before that--amounting to some
+twenty-six or twenty-nine men.
+
+Q. Did you make any arrests after?
+
+A. There were quite a number of arrests made. I think in all to be
+probably fifty--forty or fifty, or along there.
+
+Q. Did you learn what the cause of the outbreak was?
+
+A. Only from hearsay.
+
+Q. What did the men themselves assign? What did they give as their
+reasons?
+
+A. I didn't converse with any of the men on the subject.
+
+Q. Did you form any opinion of yourself?
+
+A. In reference to the outbreak?
+
+Q. In reference to the cause of the outbreak.
+
+A. I didn't. Nothing more, than I presume it was stimulated by the
+action taken in other portions of the country. There was then an
+outbreak, I believe, in some portions of Maryland, if I mistake not,
+near Baltimore, and perhaps in Pittsburgh, or near there.
+
+
+    By Senator Torbert:
+
+Q. The bridge was burned down before you returned?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I believe Stokley left the same day I did, and also the
+Scranton man.
+
+At this point, the committee adjourned till half-past one o'clock, this
+afternoon.
+
+
+    AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+    READING, _April 19, 1878_.
+
+The committee met, pursuant to adjournment. All members present, except
+Messrs. Reyburn, Larrabee, and Yutzy.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Peter Cullen, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State where you reside?
+
+A. I reside 1022, Centre avenue.
+
+Q. Were you connected with the police officers of the city of Reading
+in July last?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. In what capacity?
+
+A. Chief of police.
+
+Q. State what day the first disturbance or assemblage of strikers in
+any considerable number occurred?
+
+A. That was on Sunday night, July 22.
+
+Q. Had there been any difficulty threatened before that, to your
+knowledge?
+
+A. There didn't appear to, in a general way, going round the
+streets--the principal streets. There had been a great deal of talk.
+Parties gathering, would talk quietly. Some were excited; that is, on
+the news received from Pittsburgh. That seemed to start them up some,
+but there was not anything particular done until Sunday night, on 22d,
+when the mob went out to the outer depot, or the new depot of the
+Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, and the first intimation I
+had that a mob had gone out there; in fact, I did not expect anything
+serious. The first intimation I had, was standing at the corner of
+Fifth and Penn, and I was informed that the crowd, or mob, had gone out
+to the depot, and were at the depot. That they were there, hooting and
+yelling, and throwing stones before the engines, and pulling down
+engineers, and so forth. I immediately started out this street, to go
+to the depot, and I got as far as Fifth and Elm, and found that box 35
+fire-alarm sounded, and I also saw the flame of the Philadelphia and
+Reading Railroad Company's property. Saw flames near Fifth street
+bridge, between the depot and the bridge, just about a square off--not
+more from the depot; and I took Fifth street route, and then saw the
+crowd had gone over into the cut, and on to the track of the Lebanon
+Valley road, and I saw the cars were on fire. As I got to Fifth and
+Elm, I found Chief Engineer Boyer going out in his usual style, and I
+proceeded to the fire, and when I got there, I found there were a good
+many people there. The cabooses were on fire and burning on the tracks
+at that time. There didn't appear to be any disturbance of any kind,
+but the crowd was very large. That was Sunday evening, July 22, and the
+crowd was large, and somewhat excited; but there was no fighting. There
+was nothing in the way of any disturbance going on at that time, as the
+work had been done, which it appears the rioters had accomplished--which
+was intended. That was to burn the cars. I saw Chief Engineer Boyer
+then, and asked him about the fire department going into service, and he
+said he had been stopped, companies had been stoned, and were not
+allowed to go into service. We consulted together, and told him we would
+do all in our power to get the fire department into service. He was
+willing to do anything; and then G. A. Nichols, the vice president of
+the Philadelphia and Reading road, he came there, and myself and Chief
+Engineer Boyer and Mr. Nichols talked about this matter together, and
+Nichols asked me how many officers I had there. I looked around, and
+found I had about six or seven officers, and Mr. Nichols asked me if we
+had all revolvers and pistols. I told him, I was not so sure about that.
+I thought the most of the men had. I had, and I thought most of the men
+had. I came to the conclusion that this matter was a very serious
+disturbance, and we agreed that I would get the entire police force
+together, and to go immediately to the scene of the riot, and to get the
+fire department in the service, and instructed the men on the ground to
+do all in their power to assist Chief Engineer Boyer, of the fire
+department, and keep the peace, so far as was in their power to do so,
+until I could get back with the balance of the force. I got as many of
+the men together as I possibly could, and instructed them to proceed at
+once to Chief Engineer Boyer, to render him such aid as was in their
+power to do so; and we found by the time I had got around, or not quite
+around--and found a box on Jefferson street had sounded an alarm, and
+the cry was raised that the Lebanon Valley bridge was on fire, and I saw
+the illumination, which showed that the bridge was on fire. I proceeded
+to the telegraph office, and telegraphed to Mayor Evans to come home at
+once, that the cabooses were burning, and that there was serious trouble
+apprehended, and the state of affairs at that time was very bad in the
+city. The whole population was very much excited, and there were a great
+many of the people in the city, in the confusion, running round in the
+streets, in all directions. Everything seemed to be confused. When I
+found the bridge had been on fire, instructed the officers to go to the
+bridge, and they did so; but when they got out, that work of destruction
+had been completed, so far as the bridge was concerned. The city that
+night was in a continual state of excitement, and the property of the
+Reading Railroad Company seemed to be in danger, if not the city of
+Reading, and matters went on in that way, and also on the following day,
+(Monday.) The mob kept together. They stopped engines, and were drinking
+around and disorderly, and they seemed to have a great many sympathizers
+in the city at the time. I sent out for two hundred men. There were two
+prominent gentlemen in Reading, Captain E. P. Boas and Henry S. Eckart,
+that called upon me at the office, and asked what could be done. I told
+them I was willing to do anything, but we wanted more help, and this
+thing done right, and they agreed at once that they would be responsible
+for two hundred men. They would see that they were paid, and they would
+equip them and give them all seven-shooters and cartridges, and so
+forth. I then detailed a number of men--cannot tell the exact number--to
+go out in the different parts of the city, and to prevail upon parties
+to come to the city hall, and to go on duty to help squelch the riot. I
+waited and waited, and all in vain, and the reports that came in by the
+different officers was that they could not get anybody to assist. They
+would only laugh, and make different kinds of remarks; they didn't want
+their heads shot off, and they were going against their friends, and it
+was a workingman's fight, and all that sort of thing.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. This was immediately after dinner, on Monday, the 23d, and I only
+found there was one man I could get in the whole city to respond to the
+call of two hundred men. I inquired about the sheriff that night.
+
+Q. State what inquiries you made of the sheriff?
+
+A. I first went to the residence of the sheriff, where he lived, on
+South Sixth street--that was about twelve o'clock, or half-past twelve,
+Sunday night--and they informed me that he was not in the city. He had
+been down home, somewheres near or in the neighborhood of Pottstown--a
+little this side. I didn't know what to do at the moment, so I called
+on Judge Hagenman and told him the state of affairs, and how the city
+was, and how the town was in danger of being destroyed, that the torch
+of incendiaries had been applied to the property, and all that, and I
+asked what might be best to do under the circumstances. I told him
+Sheriff Yorgy was not home, and he advised me at once to try to get
+Yorgy to come to the city as quick as possible. I immediately, then,
+went to the office of Mr. Paxton, the master machinist of the P. and R.
+Railroad Company, and I met him at his office. That was on Monday
+morning, about one or half-past one o'clock. It might have been in the
+neighborhood of two. I asked him whether he would accommodate
+me--whether he could send a telegram for Sheriff Yorgy to come on at
+once to the city, that there was a riot here, and a large mob had
+gathered here and were destroying the property of the P. and R., and
+the city of Reading was in danger. Mr. Paxton was willing to do
+anything, and had the telegram sent. I also asked Mr. Paxton if he
+would furnish a special engine to bring the sheriff on to Reading, as
+it was very important. Mr. Paxton did so, and had an engine furnished
+to the sheriff, and he had also a conveyance from the sheriff's house
+to the engine. The sheriff arrived, to the best of my knowledge, early
+in the morning, about daylight, or thereabouts. I went to the sheriff's
+office on that Monday morning, and found him in his office in the
+court-house. I went to consult him as regards the situation, and making
+arrangements to see what could be done. Told him it was necessary to
+act at once, and act promptly, and to get at least five hundred men if
+he possibly could. He seemed, at that time, willing, and said he had
+sent for William B. Albright. He wanted to consult with him as regards
+the matter, and he showed all signs of willingness to act and perform
+his duty on that occasion. I told him I was willing to do anything to
+aid, help, or assist in the matter, and to have this thing wiped out;
+and I came back to the office, then, on that morning, and waited there
+with the intention of reporting to the sheriff, and about nine or ten
+o'clock on that morning Mr. J. E. Wootten, the superintendent, at that
+time, I believe, of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, and
+he informed me at the city hall that the sheriff had backed out, and
+was not going to act; that he would not do anything. I was very much
+surprised to hear that answer, as he had seemed to be willing in the
+morning, and matters were getting worse all the time. On that Monday
+evening, at six o'clock, I took the entire police force.
+
+Q. Now, starting with the Monday evening, you give a full history here
+in this evidence? [Indicating testimony taken before coroner's
+inquest.]
+
+A. From there on, as to what occurred?
+
+Q. A full history you give here?
+
+A. Yes; it is about correct there as to the trouble.
+
+Q. State whether this is evidence given by you before the coroner's
+inquest?
+
+A. Yes; that is all correct.
+
+Q. This is your evidence, given under oath?
+
+A. That is evidence given under oath before Coroner Goodhart at the
+city hall, immediately after the trouble.
+
+Testimony offered in evidence is as follows:
+
+On Monday evening, at six o'clock, I started out with the force for
+Seventh and Penn streets, where a large crowd had collected. I informed
+the officers that we would have to go there, and do our duty. I found
+that nearly all the officers had pistols. Marched them to Seventh and
+Penn. Saw thousands of people there. Many strangers whom I had never
+seen before. There were people in all directions. The pavements and
+walls, as far as I could see along Seventh street, were lined with
+people, and the crowd extended up and down Penn street; and I got into
+the crowd at Seventh and Penn streets. I called upon the crowd to
+disperse, but the people paid but little attention to me. I then
+ordered the force up, for the purpose of pressing the force back, which
+they did, and I succeeded in clearing the pavements. Cleared the whole
+corner and crossings, and I kept the passage open on one side for a
+certain length of time to allow parties to pass, as also the street
+cars. A large number were forced up the cut in driving them away, most
+of whom were strangers, which made the crowd there much larger. I then
+drew the force up in line from Bechtol's corner over toward the Ubil
+house. I was expecting an attack at that time from the party in the
+cut. I noticed then, that they disconnected the engine, and commenced
+running it up towards us, as also the freight car, and I expected that
+they intended to attack our police force. They came forward to within
+sixty or seventy-five yards of us. They saw our lines were firm and
+solid, and they then stopped. I remained in that position for some time
+with the force. I found then that the party I had at first dispersed,
+had come in around me in all directions. Things then became quiet in
+the cut, and the people remained there. I then formed the force north
+and south, with the right resting on Breneiser's corner. I had all the
+police force that was at my command. I had them along the one track. I
+then detailed men to open the crossings, which they succeeded in doing.
+That position enabled us to keep the crossings clear, and to allow
+street cars to pass. The crowd was very large during all this time.
+There were thousands there. The first disturbance that I heard, was on
+Sunday evening about nine o'clock. I heard they had stopped a train,
+and that they had things their own way. There had been gatherings on
+Saturday evening, but there was nothing of a serious nature. There were
+no arrests made until Tuesday. I had twenty-six or twenty-eight men on
+the force at my command. I consulted on Monday with some of the
+officials of the road, also on Sunday. They made no report to me of
+threatened destruction of their property. I was at the firing of the
+caboose on Sunday evening, and had seven or eight men there. I received
+information of a disturbance at the depot, and went there--the alarm
+struck before I got there. I saw the light from Fifth and Elm streets.
+I was not at the Lebanon Valley railroad bridge. I met Howard Boyer at
+the first fire. He told me his carriage had been stoned, that the mob
+would not let him put any water on the fire. I consulted with Howard
+Boyer, and we concluded that it would be best not to interfere. We had
+no idea who the parties were who were implicated in this matter--they
+were not all strangers--some of them have since been arrested. I
+applied for special power. I was authorized by two citizens to raise a
+special force of two hundred men. I sent the members of my force out to
+endeavor to enlist men to do special duty up to six o'clock in the
+evening, but failed to obtain any. There was no person here who had
+appointing power. Persons laughed at our policemen when they asked for
+help. Five officers of the force were seriously wounded on Monday
+evening. I received information on Monday evening, at Seventh and Penn,
+that troops were coming. Half an hour afterwards heard that troops had
+arrived at the outer depot. I was not present at their arrival, was not
+requested to be there, had no communication with them. Did not know who
+ordered them here, or for what purpose they had come. The first I
+heard, was two pistol shots from above Court street. I didn't see any
+bricks thrown, as I had enough to do at Seventh and Penn. I couldn't
+see anything but the people, as everything was a solid mass. I saw some
+of the killed and wounded, and helped to carry some of them off. I knew
+Mr. Weaver, who was killed. The first I saw of the soldiers, was when
+they passed down Penn. I saw no wounded soldiers then, but have seen
+several since. During Sunday night and Monday I felt that my force was
+entirely inefficient, from the large crowds which were gathering and
+the excitement. I had a consultation with Sheriff Yorgey in his office
+in the court-house, soon after his arrival. I had telegraphed for him
+to come at quarter past two o'clock on Monday morning. I telegraphed
+from the depot, after trying at several other places. I had arranged
+with Mr. Paxton to furnish a special train to bring him up. He arrived
+about five o'clock. I informed the sheriff of the condition of affairs
+at seven o'clock in the morning. Told him it would be necessary for him
+to summon a thousand men, or thereabouts. He told me he had intended to
+do it, but it would take some time. I was certain he intended to do it,
+but he told me had sent for William B. Albright, and was waiting for
+him. I telegraphed him that I wanted help. Two hours after my
+interview, Mr. Wootten, of the Reading railroad, called upon me and
+said that Sheriff Yorgey refused to act, which very much surprised me.
+There was no force called out until to-day. I placed myself in
+communication with the mayor, telegraphed to him at a quarter past
+twelve, A.M., on Monday, July 23. I informed him of the condition of
+affairs. Asked him to come home at once, that tracks were being torn
+up, freight cars had been burned, &c. I was told that the telegraph
+office at Ocean Grove had closed. The mayor arrived in Reading on
+Monday night. The men on the police force obeyed my commands whenever I
+asked them to do so.
+
+I heard two pistol shots in the cut, and immediately afterwards I heard
+a volley. Those balls did not come down our way, of any account. The
+next volley came into us, as well as the third volley. I realized the
+situation at once. The people commenced running in all directions. I
+requested all of them to get out of the way. I was struck by a ball on
+my left breast, while on duty at Seventh and Penn. I was expecting that
+the military, upon their arrival, would report to some of the civil
+authorities. All the information that I received was, that the troops
+had arrived at the outer depot.
+
+There were shots fired on Penn street. Know that shots were fired down,
+as I was in the party. At about half past seven in the evening, was
+informed of the arrival of troops at the outer depot. Things looked
+very serious that night after the militia arrived. They reported to me
+at Fifth and Penn. I found the people were greatly excited in regard to
+the shooting, and I kept them away from the soldiers as well as I
+could. There were no riotous disturbances in this city after that,
+except the tearing up of the tracks. I do not know who ordered the
+soldiers to come here. Was satisfied they were coming, but did not
+expect that they were coming in the way in which they did.
+
+On being re-called, Chief Cullen said (while the cars were burning) I
+consulted Mr. Boyer in regard to the situation, and asked him whether
+it wouldn't be better to attack the party and try to get the fire
+department into service. I had only seven or eight men with me that
+evening, and the crowd was very large. When I was there every person
+was quiet, and the cars were burning on the track. There was no breach
+of the peace there, so far as I saw. When I asked Mr. Boyer whether it
+wouldn't be better to make an attack, I believe he answered, "Yes." He
+told me he was not armed, and I said that under the circumstances I
+would go into town and get as many men together as I possibly could for
+the purpose of doing my entire duty; but before I was half way through
+I noticed that box No. 7 struck an alarm, and immediately afterwards I
+saw a light looming up along the Lebanon Valley railroad, and I knew
+there would be trouble, and I told my men to go out and do everything
+in their power to assist Mr. Boyer to get the department into service.
+At that time a number of the police were taking lunch, and I had
+difficulty to get them together. By that time box No. 7 struck again,
+and I saw the fire looming up at the Lebanon Valley bridge. After I got
+as many of the force together as I could to go out there, I went to the
+telegraph office and telegraphed to Mayor Evans to come home at once,
+telling him of the situation. Then I went to the City hotel to see the
+sheriff and I was told that he had gone to his home in the country. I
+then went to see Judge Hagenman at his residence, as affairs were very
+serious. I told him that neither the mayor nor the sheriff was in town.
+Judge Hagenman advised me that the best thing to be done would be to
+telegraph for the sheriff at once. I immediately started out and found
+the telegraph office closed. I went down to Seventh and Chestnut and
+saw Mr. Blackman, and asked him where the telegraph operator was, and
+he told me that he had just gone home. He sent for him then and the
+operator came to the office, and I telegraphed to the sheriff at once
+that there was a mob here of about two thousand persons and there was
+great excitement, that they were tearing up the tracks and burning
+cars, and so on, and that he shouldn't fail to come. I then saw Mr.
+Paxton, master machinist, and I asked him whether he would furnish an
+engine to bring the sheriff up to Reading at once, and he said he
+would, and he also engaged a conveyance to bring him to the depot, and
+the sheriff arrived in Reading, as far as I know, at about five o'clock
+in the morning. I addressed the crowd at Seventh and Penn streets on
+Monday evening. The feeling seemed to be all one way among the persons
+who had gathered there. I approached Seventh and Penn with the police,
+in front of Breneiser's store, and I announced to the crowd to
+disperse. I appealed particularly to all good citizens to go to their
+homes so that we would know with whom we had to contend. My voice was
+loud, so that the people could hear me a considerable distance on Penn
+and Seventh.
+
+I had no power to appoint persons on the police force or call out a
+posse. Made an effort to get two hundred and fifty men, but failed to
+get even two men. Found it difficult to get anybody. Persons who were
+asked, laughed and said they didn't want their heads shot off. The
+mayor left on Friday morning previous to the disturbance, when
+everything appeared to be quiet. The city charter, I believe, empowers
+the mayor to raise a posse the same as the sheriff. This power, I
+believe, can not be conferred upon the chief of police. Two hundred
+men, armed, would have done a great deal towards quelling the
+disturbance.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with the men engaged in the riot, at
+any time?
+
+A. I had, on Sunday--Sunday afternoon, the 22d of July.
+
+Q. What complaints did they make?
+
+A. They were talking about the Pittsburgh troubles, and that seemed to
+be all the go on Sunday, seemed to excite them, and they talked about
+it, and that was all that was done, so far as talking and exciting and
+gathering in crowds. I did go into one party, and they were talking
+over these troubles. In Pittsburgh, the riot was going on at the time,
+and I had said to them that they would be a great deal more thought of
+and respected by keeping out of difficulties of the kind, and attending
+to their business, than in gathering, and going into riots, and one
+party made the remark, "That was not bread and butter," and that seemed
+to be the feeling generally among the elements that were going around
+the streets, and gathering in crowds. The sympathy seemed to be
+considerably in favor of riot, on the Sunday and Monday, and it only
+commenced to turn about on Tuesday.
+
+Q. What did they appear to complain of--set out as their grievance? Did
+they seem to have any particular thing?
+
+A. No; they did not seem to say much on the matter, so far as that was
+concerned, as I know of, but the whole feeling seemed to originate from
+the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, and the feeling in the city of
+Reading was very strong in favor of the Brotherhood of Locomotive
+Engineers; at least two thirds of the city, as near as I could
+calculate, they seemed to sympathize with the men's dispute between the
+company and themselves, and that feeling seemed to follow in reference
+to the troubles commencing here.
+
+Q. Do you know what that dispute was?
+
+A. As near as I understand, and so far as I was informed, the
+Philadelphia and Reading requested the Brotherhood of Locomotive
+Engineers that they would have to quit the organization called the
+Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, and to apply to something similar
+of their own, which would be beneficial, and as much derived from it as
+what they would have received from their own, and that the company
+would not have them in their employ unless they complied with those
+terms. I heard that spoken of. I cannot say to that officially, because
+I don't know it. That seemed to be the general talk.
+
+Q. Had there been a large number of them discharged by the company
+prior to this disturbance?
+
+A. Well, they were all either discharged or else quit. I believe the
+men quit. I don't think there were any discharged. I believe the men
+all quit, that is, the engineers and firemen, and a great many brakemen
+quit, and I believe some conductors quit.
+
+Q. Was it the engineers that had been discharged--the idle employés of
+the railroad here that first started this disturbance?
+
+A. It appears so, that is, some parts of them--not all. There were some
+men of their brotherhood implicated in these troubles from the first
+start-out, others did not appear to have much to say or do as far as we
+know.
+
+Q. What class of men, so far as you could judge, were engaged in the
+actual destruction of property, and burning of the bridge?
+
+A. I have knowledge of two of the party that I had caused the arrest
+of. One of them was a railroad man employed by the company, and the
+other man had nothing at all to do with the railroad company, so far as
+I knew; who used to boat on the canal, and perhaps he would be brought
+into their employ in that way. I believe he was a boatman.
+
+Q. Was this one employed by the railroad company at the time?
+
+A. He was one of the men that quit the employ of the company.
+
+Q. What in your judgment was the actual cause of the riot here?
+
+A. I do not believe we would have had a riot in Reading, if the
+troubles had not started in Pittsburgh. That is my opinion of it, and I
+would judge to the best of my knowledge, and from what I know, that the
+troubles originated in this city from the dispute between the P. and R.
+engineers and the company. That seemed to be at the bottom of it,
+because some of their men participated in private meetings, held in
+this city previous to the outbreak which we knew of.
+
+Q. And the news from the city of Pittsburgh from the outbreak there
+stimulated the movement?
+
+A. That stimulated the movement, or give it a start. That seemed to
+start them up, and made them quite lively on having some disturbance.
+
+Q. Do you know what the damage done to the railroad property was. What
+it was estimated at, including the bridge and the burning cars?
+
+A. I can't say exactly; but it may have been--it was in the
+neighborhood of anywheres between $150,000, it may have been more, or a
+little less, may have gone probably about that. The loss of the bridge
+was somewheres in the neighborhood of $100,000. I believe there was
+some ten or twelve freight cars burned, and some cabooses burned. There
+were telegraph poles cut down, tracks burned up, engines damaged to
+some extent, and soon. The actual amount, of course, I am unable to
+say; but I suppose somewheres in the neighborhood of $150,000, may be
+less and may be more.
+
+Q. I understood you to say that this bridge was on fire before you
+reached the place with your police?
+
+A. Yes, sir; the party, when they made this start to go to the Lebanon
+Valley road from the depot, after they had the engine stop there, &c,
+and committed their depredations, they started out on the tracks going
+right from us, and they commenced setting the cars on fire right
+straight along. There were a number of freight cars standing between
+the Fifth street bridge, where the first cars had burned, and the
+Lebanon Valley bridge, and they had them set on fire, and they appeared
+to keep on right straight ahead, until the whole thing was in flames.
+There did not appear to be any disturbance we know of, in all that
+movement. It seemed to be a concocted and well understood plan.
+
+Q. Was there any sympathy with the strikers manifested by any of your
+police force?
+
+A. Well, I can't say about that. To the best of my knowledge there was
+not. They did not express this in my presence. If there was, I have no
+knowledge of them expressing themselves as being in sympathy with the
+rioters, that I heard of.
+
+Q. Did you have any trouble in getting them to obey orders, or do
+anything you required of them to do to preserve the peace?
+
+A. No, sir; they did just as I told them, I had no trouble whatever.
+They were willing to just obey any order that was given in the
+performance of their duty.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Do you know of any communication between the railroad employés of
+the city of Reading, and any of the railroad employés of the city of
+Pittsburgh during this strike?
+
+A. No, sir; I do not. I have no knowledge at all on that subject.
+
+Q. You said in your testimony, that had it not been for the troubles at
+Pittsburgh, you would not have had any trouble at Reading. Now I want
+to know how you know that?
+
+A. The reason I know that, is owing to telegrams being brought here to
+the city of Reading, and posted on bulletin boards.
+
+Q. To whom were those telegrams sent?
+
+A. The telegrams I have referred to, were sent to the _Eagle_ office,
+they were on the bulletin boards of the _Eagle_ office.
+
+Q. To the editor of the _Eagle_?
+
+A. I can't tell who they were sent to, but I saw them on the bulletin
+boards.
+
+Q. What was the import of those telegrams?
+
+A. Well, they were about the trouble there, and about firing--the
+trouble in Pittsburgh, in a general way, showing a great deal of
+trouble, and fighting, and riot going on there.
+
+Q. In short, those telegrams were to the effect that the rioters had
+possession of the railroad property at the city of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I believe that was about the way it worded, or something like that.
+I cannot say positively the exact wording of the telegram.
+
+Q. I just want this for information?
+
+A. Certainly, I understand, I will answer all questions.
+
+Q. I just want to know this, that if there was an understanding--did
+you as an officer, in the absence of the mayor of the city of Reading,
+believe that there was an understanding between these rioters, in the
+city of Reading, and the city of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. There may have been, but I do not know it. I have no knowledge of
+that at all. As regards any understanding between the parties here, and
+the parties in Pittsburgh, I do not know. The only reference I had in
+regard to the trouble in Pittsburgh, is, as I stated, that I believed
+that had it not been for the trouble there, the probability is, we
+might not have had any here, because the news coming here, seemed to
+stimulate the matter.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+George S. Goodhart, recalled:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State whether this is the testimony taken before you at the
+coroner's inquest held here in July last? [Indicating paper.]
+
+A. It is; yes, sir; I took it down.
+
+Q. You reduced it to writing yourself?
+
+A. I did, myself.
+
+Q. The witnesses here were all sworn?
+
+A. Sworn.
+
+Q. This is the testimony of John E. Wootten, as it was taken down by
+you? [Indicating.]
+
+A. Yes, sir; _verbatim_.
+
+The testimony of John E. Wootten, taken at the coroner's inquest,
+offered in evidence, and is as follows:
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John E. Wootten, General Manager Philadelphia and Reading Railroad
+Company, _sworn_:
+
+I called at Sheriff Yorgey's office at about nine and a half o'clock on
+Monday morning, 23d July, and said to the sheriff that I had come to
+see him for the purpose of asking him to take some means for the
+protection of the property of the railroad company, and for the
+suppression of the mob then threatening to destroy not only the
+railroad company's property but that of the citizens of Reading. The
+sheriff said, "Well, what can I do?" I asked him if he had learned of
+the destruction of the Lebanon Valley bridge and of the burning of the
+company's cars. He said that he had. I replied that he should issue his
+proclamation, and call out a force for the suppression of violence and
+incendiarism. "Yes, I know that, but the men when called upon would not
+come." I then told him that in such an event I would engage to furnish
+him with a sufficient force to suppress the mob, and if he wished it,
+the force would be well armed. He replied "Yes, but the rioters also
+have arms?" I then said, "Do I understand you to say that nothing can
+be done by you to check the riotous and incendiary spirit that now
+threatens to destroy so much property, and for which damage the county
+is liable?" He replied by saying that he did not see that he could do
+anything. I said, "Suppose you advise with counsel in relation to the
+matter." He replied that he had had a talk with Judge Sassaman about
+it. I asked what he said. The sheriff replied that he did not know what
+course would be taken.
+
+I then left the office, and in the corridor I met Reverend B. R.
+Miller, who said that the existing condition of affairs at Reading
+required immediate action, and that he, for one, was ready for any call
+that might be made upon him to assist in the suppression of the mob. I
+replied that I was very glad to hear him say so, and told him that I
+had just called upon the sheriff, who was disinclined to act, and that
+I would make another appeal to the sheriff if he would accompany me to
+his office, which he did. I then told the sheriff that Mr. Miller had
+made a tender of his services for the suppression of disorder, and that
+I thought there would be no difficulty in getting as many more of our
+citizens as he might want. To which he replied that he didn't know yet
+what he would do in the matter, and after somewhat of a repetition of
+my previous conversation with him, in the presence of Mr. Miller, I
+left the sheriff's office and proceeded to the office of Chief of
+Police Cullen. Immediately after the interview with the sheriff I went
+to Philadelphia and conferred with President Gowen. At the time of my
+interview with the sheriff, so far as I knew, no one had any intimation
+that any troops were coming. The troops were sent at the order of
+General W. J. Bolton. After my arrival in Philadelphia, I telegraphed
+General Bolton that Reading was entirely without protection.
+
+Q. State whether this is the testimony of Reverend B. R. Miller, as
+taken down by you, at the time? [Indicating paper.]
+
+A. It is so.
+
+Testimony of Reverend B. R. Miller offered in evidence, and is as
+follows:
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Reverend B. R. Miller, _posse comitatus_, said:
+
+My story is a short one. Coming from my home, on Monday morning, July
+23, I saw an unsettled state of affairs at Seventh and Penn. Of course,
+I knew what had been going on the night before, and I stopped, and then
+passed on about my business. I saw Mr. Wootten enter the sheriff's
+office, and followed him, and I said, when he came out, "This is a
+great scare, and if the sheriff will give me arms and ammunition, I
+will raise fifty men, and quell the riot before night," and he said,
+"Come in, and we will see him." Mr. Wootten said to the sheriff, "Here
+is a volunteer, will raise men for you." The sheriff said, "I would
+rather not do anything about that," and wouldn't entertain the
+proposition at all, and Mr. Wootten turned around on his heels,
+perfectly disgusted, and left the office. This was between nine and ten
+o'clock in the morning. I didn't know the soldiers were coming until I
+met them on the platform. Don't know who ordered them through the cut.
+When I offered to raise men, I thought that was the time to work, but
+the sheriff wouldn't do anything.
+
+Q. State whether this is the testimony of Sheriff George R. Yorgey, as
+taken down by you?
+
+A. It is.
+
+Testimony of George R. Yorgey offered in evidence, and is as follows:
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+George R. Yorgey, _sworn_:
+
+I am the high sheriff of Berks county. Noticed no collision between the
+militia and citizens or disorderly persons on Monday night. Was in my
+office at the time, and remained in the office until eleven o'clock
+that night--Monday night. No officer of the militia, nor any person
+called upon me between those hours at my office to quell this riot. I
+had no notice, whatever, that any troops would arrive on that night.
+Was not aware that any troops were here until I heard the firing, and
+after they told me. I was never consulted in reference to the military
+at all. I never ordered them nor knew nothing about them being ordered.
+They never formed any part of my posse. Daniel Francis and the watchman
+of the court-house were with me in my office. I was waiting for orders
+which detained me until eleven o'clock. After the firing, I inquired to
+know the result and what had been done. Was told that the crowd had
+dispersed. I did not visit the scene of disaster. I was there once on
+Monday, saw the crowded condition of the streets, and witnessed the
+riotous proceedings. Saw this when I posted up my proclamations on the
+four corners. I should have been informed of the coming of the troops,
+but was not informed. I do not know whose business it was to tell me. I
+informed the railroad officials where they might find me if they wanted
+me to call out the _posse comitatus_. I telegraphed this to Mr. Gowen,
+Monday afternoon about four o'clock, shortly before I issued my
+proclamation, and I received no answer from Mr. Gowen. The militia came
+here without my knowledge, and I had nothing to do with them after they
+were here. In the forenoon things were middling quiet, and in the
+afternoon I had my proclamations struck off. I was not in the city on
+Sunday night, and came up from my Douglass township farm Monday morning
+at five o'clock. I heard the news Monday morning, and in the evening at
+five issued my proclamation. I did not think I should have issued my
+proclamation early on Monday morning instead of waiting until nearly
+night. In the forenoon of Monday, Mr. Wootten called on me and offered
+to furnish me with men. I did not issue my proclamation sooner because
+I could not get ready any sooner.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Peter Cullen, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State what the conduct of the militia under the command of General
+Reeder was during their stay in Reading, so far as you are able to
+judge.
+
+A. Well, the conduct of General Reeder and his troops was good, so far
+as I know. They behaved well, and obeyed the commands of the officers,
+I know. Immediately after the firing, he marched his command right in
+front of the Mansion house; and he asked me what was best to be done,
+or something to that effect, in a general way to inquire about things,
+and I told him that the Philadelphia and Reading Company seemed to be
+the property in danger, and I suggested to him that it would be a good
+idea to go to the new depot, and I furnished a guide to escort his
+command to the depot. It was then dark, probably half past eight
+o'clock in the evening, and a great many of the mob followed down. The
+streets were filled with people at that time, and, undoubtedly, there
+were a great many of the rioters there--I know there were--and he had
+his command formed here in front of the Mansion house, Fifth and Penn,
+and there were some of the men going to attack the soldiers with their
+sleeves rolled up, and some had brickbats in their hands. One man I had
+requested one officer to arrest, and he was locked up, and he was going
+to attack the soldiers of Reeder's command, but Reeder's command was
+all soldierly, and had a good line of battle when they formed in front
+of the Mansion house, after their fight in the cut; they seemed to have
+perfect discipline all throughout.
+
+Q. Were there any other troops here whose conduct was not as good as
+General Reeder's?
+
+A. The Sixteenth regiment was here. I saw some of the members of the
+Sixteenth regiment on the streets, walking about loosely, and one of
+the members I asked him where he was going to, and got into a
+conversation with him, and I saw he was away from his command, and I
+asked him why he did not stay with his command, and he told me, he was
+not going to fire on his fellow workmen--that he didn't come here to do
+that. He showed me his hand, and says he, "Do you see that I am a
+workingman myself? I am not going to fire on any workingman."
+
+Q. Who commanded the Sixteenth regiment?
+
+A. I can't say positively about that. I believe Colonel Good is
+commander, or was the commander.
+
+Q. Did you meet him, or have any conversation with him?
+
+A. I did not come in contact with any of the officers of the Sixteenth
+regiment then.
+
+Q. Knew nothing of his conduct but what was soldierly?
+
+A. Never heard anything but what was right on the part of the officers
+of the regiment; and, undoubtedly, a large portion of the Sixteenth
+regiment was right. And I had received positive information that
+members of the Sixteenth regiment had been dealing out ammunition
+amongst the rioters in the crowds on the street during the day time.
+
+Q. Of what day?
+
+A. That was on Tuesday, the 24th of July.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with more than one of the regiments?
+
+A. Yes; I spoke to several, as they were walking about, and they did
+not seem to care about being connected with the military at all. They
+were walking round independent--didn't seem to care whether they had
+any duty to perform as soldiers. I did not see very many of them. I
+saw, probably, five or six in that way; but I heard a number of reports
+in regard to their giving out ammunition. I have that from worthy
+sources.
+
+Q. Did you call the attention of the commanding officer to that fact?
+
+A. I had word sent to that effect to the officer at the depot, but
+whether it was communicated to him, I am unable to say. But I did send
+word out to the depot that some of the men had been in amongst the
+crowd of rioters dealing out ammunition. That made the worst feeling of
+all that occurred--the soldiers giving their ammunition away, and
+mingling around with the rioters, and being away from their command. I
+cannot tell whether they were away from their command with leave. I
+suppose, certainly, they ought not to have leave given in a crisis of
+this kind, and I judge they must have been absent without leave.
+
+Q. How long was the regiment here?
+
+A. The Sixteenth were here, I believe, about a day and a half, to the
+best of my knowledge.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. I would like to know from whom you received the fire--or if you did
+receive any--at the cut at Penn street, I believe you call it?
+
+A. Seventh and Penn.
+
+Q. You received a volley of musketry, or pistol shots, or something
+there. Whom did you receive it from?
+
+A. From the military. I had a police force right on our tracks.
+
+Q. It was at Seventh and Penn, if I am rightly informed?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. That is a part I had already forgotten, but it came into my mind a
+while ago, that while you had that police force there, you received a
+volley fired by somebody there at that point. I would like to know who
+it was from?
+
+A. To the best of my knowledge, it was from the soldiers.
+
+Q. Of what command?
+
+A. General Reeder's command. The soldiers came down through the cut,
+and the first firing we heard, there were some parties said they are
+firing blank cartridges. The first firing I heard was pistol shots,
+that was the starting of the fire, but the crowd was very large on both
+sides of the cut, and the cut was pretty well filled with the
+rioters--with the mob, and the first I heard was pistol shots, and then
+I heard louder shots that seemed more like gun shots, and rifle shots.
+There were several of them, and immediately afterwards, there was a
+regular volley fired right down in the crowd.
+
+Q. Have you ever been in active service in the army?
+
+A. Yes; I have been three years and nine months.
+
+Q. And from what you know of being there, did you consider that this
+shooting was musketry, or was it pistol shots?
+
+A. It was musketry, it was rifle firing--there was pistol firing and
+rifle firing. The shots were sharp enough, that I knew they were minie
+balls.
+
+Q. Could you tell whether there was a volley or skirmishing?
+
+A. First, there were a few shots fired that went over our heads. Then a
+second volley was fired--a heavy volley, and just took a low range.
+
+Q. You were there at that time, if I am rightly informed, endeavoring
+to clear that track, and keep that cut open?
+
+A. Keep the crowd open, trying to disperse the crowd at that time.
+
+Q. That is the time you received the volley?
+
+A. That is the time we received the volley. The military did not see
+the police force, nor did the police force see the military. It was
+just dusk, and about that time the crowd was very large, and they came
+marching into the cut, and were at the corner of Seventh and Penn,
+right on the railroad tracks, and they got very close upon us before we
+knew it, owing to the large crowd.
+
+Q. If I understand you, the military fired on the party, not knowing
+who they were firing on?
+
+A. They were brick-batted and stoned, and pistol shots fired on the
+soldiers in the cut before they fired, and from the best information I
+have, and in that way I judge they did it in self-defense.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You don't think that they knew, or had any intention of firing on
+the police?
+
+A. No; I don't believe that. About the place where the military
+commenced firing was in the cut, between Court street and Washington
+street bridge, or about there, and the crowd or mob was all up along
+that place, from Walnut street, for two squares above in the street,
+and on the sidewalk, and all along the walls of the cut, and it appears
+the military came in through the cut, and when they got in they were
+attacked, and the pistol shots fired, and to the best of my knowledge
+the shots came from the wall of the cut, right above, over the
+soldiers' heads.
+
+Q. That is what I wanted to know--if you believed that the firing was
+done in self-defense?
+
+A. That is the way I looked at it. I looked at it in that light. They
+did it in self-defense, and the pistol shots seemed to come from the
+wall. That was pretty close--only half a square from the place where
+the firing took place.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned, to meet at the call of the
+chairman.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    HARRISBURG, _May 2, 1878_.
+
+The committee met at half past seven o'clock, P.M. Mr. Lindsey in the
+chair. All members present.
+
+
+    Colonel A. Wilson Norris, re-called:
+
+Q. Colonel, you may state briefly the facts and details in reference to
+your visit to General Brinton, on Saturday morning, of July 22?
+
+A. Well, I can only state the substance, probably, of what I stated
+before. When I discovered in the morning that General Brinton had
+escaped from the round-house, I believe the information was first
+brought by Captain Aull, of the Grays, and afterwards we ascertained
+through Captain Breck. There were no officers, I think, at the time,
+but Colonel Stewart and myself, and I volunteered to go to find--in
+fact, I was not an officer. I would like that stated. I volunteered to
+go and find General Brinton. I was moved to this action out of my
+regard for General Brinton, personally, and for his command, a great
+many of whom were my friends, and for public reasons, which I thought
+paramount to all. I thought it was very necessary to effect the
+junction with Colonel Guthrie and the other troops that were to join
+him, and I said to General Latta, that if he would procure me a
+carriage, I would endeavor to find him. At this time, or a little
+before, the order that is contained in the Adjutant General's report,
+and which closes, I believe, with an allusion to me, and with a
+suggestion to General Brinton to consult with me, was written and
+handed to Captain Aull, and at the same time was read to me, so that I
+could understand the purport of it. Captain Aull then left with the
+same purpose of reaching Brinton. When I volunteered to go, Colonel
+Stewart said he would accompany me, and rose off the bed where he was
+lying, and when the carriage came, we started and rode through the mob,
+which was chiefly on Liberty street--I believe it is called. We passed
+right up Liberty street, over the hose, and through the mob. There was
+no other way for us below them at that time, and after going a few
+squares we passed down to the street below. I do not know what the name
+of it is--I think Penn street; and we went in pursuit of General
+Stewart to the arsenal. By that time we had reached the skirts of the
+mob, and had gotten beyond it, we found numbers of men along the way,
+but no indications of any great crowd having been there. We then
+discovered Captain Aull, and he told us that General Brinton and his
+command had gone on before towards Sharpsburg, I believe, or in that
+direction. I do not remember distinctly where he said. We continued our
+pursuit of him; inquired here and there from little groups of men that
+were discovered along the way.
+
+Q. What was Captain Aull doing at the arsenal?
+
+A. Well, I don't know. He had his buggy there, and had evidently been
+making some inquiry, I suppose. I didn't know at the time what he was
+doing.
+
+Q. Did you leave him at the arsenal?
+
+A. Yes; left him near there. We drove on.
+
+Q. Was he driving when you left him?
+
+A. No, sir; I think when we saw him he was out of his buggy. His buggy
+was a short distance away from him--at least I thought it was his
+buggy. I don't know whether it was or not; I didn't ask him.
+
+Q. Proceed?
+
+A. We then followed General Brinton across the bridge, and inquired at
+the end of the bridge if anybody had followed him across the bridge. We
+thought perhaps the mob had pursued him. He stated that nobody crossed
+the bridge after him--the toll man. We followed through the town, where
+everything was peaceful, and there was no indications of any mob, and
+found General Brinton's command perhaps a half a mile beyond
+Sharpsburg. The carriage drove up, and I hallooed to some officer, I
+don't remember who he was, and he directed the command to be opened,
+and we drove through and I joined General Brinton. We got out of the
+carriage before he stopped his command, as my recollection is, and then
+I joined him and continued to walk with him. There were some of his
+officers around, of course. I couldn't swear positively as to whom were
+all there, and my first salutation to General Brinton was
+congratulating him upon his escape, and then made some remarks about
+where in the name of Heaven he was going, or something of the kind. He
+was going in the wrong direction, and then the conversation ensued
+about the order, in which I said that an order had been prepared,
+signed by Captain Aull. I may have said an officer. I may not have
+mentioned Captain Aull; but I think I did--pretty sure I did--because
+very likely when I knew he had gone with the order, and that he had it
+that, I did say so. General Brinton said that he couldn't take his
+command back in the condition they were in, and he wouldn't take his
+command back. He said perhaps if he had a positive order he might go,
+which implies at once--I don't think he will deny that--that he was
+pursuing the wrong direction. He then commenced to talk to me about his
+ammunition and provisions, and I suggested to him to levy mail on the
+country, to assess the provisions if his troops were in that condition.
+He said he wouldn't do that, he would have two hundred and fifty
+thousand people in the country down upon him. That I am positive he
+said. I then suggested that he should go back to Sharpsburg, saying
+that he could hold his position there. I didn't say this as an order,
+perhaps, but it was in our conversation. Of course, I had no right to
+give it as an order, and I did not. And he said he was not satisfied
+with the disposition of the people at Sharpsburg. That they were even
+worse there than they were at Pittsburgh. I thought that rather
+strange, because I had seen a train standing there, and people sitting
+in their yards, as we drove through. I am sure he said that. He said,
+further, that he had been fired on from that train--at least, I so
+understood it. It may have been from the cars in the city--I may have
+gotten the two mixed, so far as that is concerned. He said, too, that I
+told him where he first turned off to unite with Colonel Guthrie. And
+he said he had been followed by at least a thousand armed men to that
+point, and they had men over in the direction of Colonel Guthrie. I
+asked him whether I should go with his command, or go back. He said he
+would prefer that I would go back, and endeavor to get provisions and
+ammunition for him. Of course, there had been a running conversation
+about provisions and ammunition, and his men looked as though they
+needed it. The most of this conversation passed between us while we
+were walking along, and I am certain it couldn't have been heard by all
+of his officers, because Brinton and I went side by side--it could have
+been heard, a good deal of it. I have no doubt these gentlemen are
+perfectly honest in saying they didn't hear me say it. I am sure some
+of them know that what I have stated to-night they did hear. We then
+had a talk about whether I should stop there, or whether I should go
+back. And he said he would go on a short distance, and remain there--I
+think he said about a mile, on a hill. I forgot to say that when I
+first met him, in speaking about his designs in leaving the city, he
+said he wanted to get the river between him and the mob, and to reach
+the hills and entrench; and that was his object in going across the
+river, so that he could feed his troops and revive them. When I closed
+the conversation with him, he said then he would go a short distance
+beyond--and I think he said half a mile--and remain there. That he
+didn't remain, I only know, of course, from hearsay--that he was not
+there.
+
+Q. Did you see Captain Aull when he started with the order?
+
+A. Did I see him when he started?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How long did he go prior to your starting?
+
+A. Possibly half an hour, probably more--may have been more. I couldn't
+swear to that positively. He started before I did. When Captain Aull
+started, I suppose he went out with his buggy, and we, in the meantime,
+had to get a carriage. It simply was an effort to duplicate the attempt
+to reach Brinton, and I volunteered to go, as I said, simply for that
+reason. I had no other object in the world.
+
+Q. You saw the order handed to him by General Latta, did you?
+
+A. Yes; I did.
+
+Q. Did you read the order?
+
+A. The order was read to me, sir. The order, as you observe, contained
+a suggestion to General Brinton to consult with him in regard to the
+situation in Pittsburgh. Of course, we had a running general
+conversation about what had happened in Pittsburgh. The general asked
+him about the hotel--whether it had been burned, and, when I left, he
+handed me, and several of the officers handed me, their checks, which
+were afterwards delivered, I believe, by one of the officers of the
+staff or one of the gentlemen, over to Major Baugh.
+
+Q. When you overtook Captain Aull, at the arsenal, did you have any
+conversation with him, as to where he was going then?
+
+A. No; I didn't.
+
+Q. Had you then learned where Brinton's troops were?
+
+A. Nothing positive, sir. I don't know whether Captain Aull knew
+positively. He just, I supposed, had ascertained in some way from
+inquiries made along the road.
+
+Q. When you reached General Brinton, you say you indicated to him the
+fact that Captain Aull had delivered an order, or an officer had
+delivered an order?
+
+A. An officer had an order to effect this junction.
+
+Q. You are not certain whether you named Captain Aull or you named an
+officer?
+
+A. I am not positive about it, but I feel very sure that I did, because
+of the fact that Captain Aull had the order that had been read to me,
+and that he had started in advance of me, and all that, and it strikes
+me that I would say so. I cannot see why I should not. Of course I may
+not have done it.
+
+Q. Did you communicate to him the fact of having seen Captain Aull at
+the arsenal?
+
+A. I don't know that I did, sir.
+
+Q. Or that you left an officer at the arsenal?
+
+A. I don't know that I did that. I may have done so, without having any
+recollection of it.
+
+Q. Was any other person with you in the carriage, except Mr. Stewart?
+
+A. No, sir; nobody accompanied us except the driver. It was an ordinary
+cab, and the driver was on the outside.
+
+Q. When you reached General Brinton's force, did the driver drive you
+to General Brinton?
+
+A. I think not all the way. I think I got out before we reached him. I
+may not have done so. I wouldn't be sure about that, but am pretty sure
+we got out before we reached General Brinton and joined him, walking up
+to him.
+
+Q. When you left the carriage, did Stewart leave the carriage with you?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did he accompany you to General Brinton?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton stop himself?
+
+A. He didn't stop. My recollection is that the general didn't stop his
+command until his surgeon came up and asked him to stop, to take a ball
+from the shoulder of one of the men. Then they stopped, and the place
+where we stopped was along a small ravine, where several of the
+officers and ourselves sat down.
+
+Q. Then you walked beside him for some little distance before he
+stopped?
+
+A. Yes; I think I must have walked three fourths of a mile or a mile. I
+say that, from the fact that we had to go back to find our carriage,
+and our carriage stopped about the place we left it, and I think it was
+fully three quarters of a mile or a mile before we joined it. I know we
+became a good deal alarmed about it, and were afraid that we had lost
+him, and it was during our walk back we met I think Dr. Mears.
+
+Q. Did you and General Brinton walk side by side?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Where was Stewart during that time?
+
+A. Stewart was walking by my side, and perhaps on the other side of
+General Brinton a portion of the time. I am pretty positive he was
+present during nearly everything that was said.
+
+Q. Were there any officers walking with General Brinton when you
+overtook him?
+
+A. Yes; I think there were.
+
+Q. Did they continue to walk along?
+
+A. Well, I think probably they did--some of them.
+
+Q. Did you know the officers?
+
+A. I remember General Loud being there. I remember Colonel Wilson being
+there; but whether they were around when everything was said I didn't
+know. I remember seeing Mr. Pettit. I remember seeing Dale Benson, but
+not with them. I think I met him on my way back. I know I shook hands
+with him.
+
+Q. Do you remember of seeing Surgeon Mears?
+
+A. I recollect about Surgeon Mears directly. I recollect him bringing
+up some bread, after we had left the command on our way back--that is,
+the person I took for Surgeon Mears. I have met him since, but I don't
+think I knew him then.
+
+Q. After you had walked some distance, General Brinton halted, I
+understand you to say?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. How long did you remain standing there in conversation?
+
+A. Well, I don't suppose we had a ten minutes' conversation there.
+
+Q. Did you remain standing all the time?
+
+A. No, sir; I think we sat down, or sort of lolled on a bank or
+something of the kind. I don't think we stood, because we were all
+pretty tired. I know I was dreadful tired. That was the chief cause of
+my alarm when we went back to find the carriage, because I was
+satisfied I could never reach Pittsburgh. I had been up for two nights,
+and was worn out. The ride was a dreadful one.
+
+Q. In communicating to him that an officer had been sent out with an
+order, you communicated to him the substance of the order you saw?
+
+A. Yes; it was as I explained to him. I didn't say it in those words,
+probably, simply the substance of those orders, and they were to effect
+a junction with Guthrie. The whole object was to have the troops
+concentrated, and it was with that purpose that I went out. There was
+no earthly purpose for me to go and find General Brinton, other than
+that.
+
+Q. In communicating that to him, did you tell him that General Latta
+had requested you to communicate the order to him?
+
+A. Yes; I think I did.
+
+Q. Did you tell him you had been sent for that purpose?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Did he make any reply?
+
+A. Yes; he said what I have said, that if he got a positive order, he
+would take his command back. I can say, too, without any reservation,
+that there was no reason under heaven why General Brinton should not
+have stopped with his command at Sharpsburg. There was not a symptom of
+the riot within two miles, after we left the skirts of it, at the
+arsenal. We rode on, and, of course, we met groups of men, but there
+were none of them that numbered thirty, and he was followed up by
+nobody from Sharpsburg but a small collection of boys, that were in the
+rear of his column, more out of curiosity than anything else, and that
+was the reason I suggested his taking up the position there, because I
+knew, and I said to him, we could have access to him there very easily,
+because the trains were then running, and I had seen a train standing
+there, and it moved off as we passed toward Allegheny, and my idea was,
+that if he wanted provisions and ammunition we could more easily get it
+there for him than at any other point, and I said that he could protect
+that bridge against any force. Any one who knows the bridge would be
+aware of that. It is an open bridge, and those two guns would have
+protected it against any force coming in that direction.
+
+Q. Did you meet any officer of General Brinton's command on your return
+to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. That had been with him?
+
+Q. Any one that had remained in the city during the night?
+
+A. Major Baugh.
+
+Q. Where did you meet Major Baugh?
+
+A. I saw Major Baugh at the Monongahela house.
+
+Q. What time?
+
+A. That night, sir.
+
+Q. Did you meet him when you were returning to Pittsburgh anywheres
+about the arsenal, or on the way going to General Brinton's command?
+
+A. I don't think I did. I met one officer, and I thought he was Doctor
+Mears--he had the bread in a bucket--and I don't think we met anybody
+else, because I cannot remember this circumstance, and if we had met
+them, I would have recollected it. We were followed, just after the
+doctor accosted us, by a man on horseback, who endeavored to have us
+intercepted three or four times--came up to the carriage--and when we
+got into Pittsburgh, evidently tried to have us intercepted by the mob,
+and we drove through the alleys to escape him, and we were more
+concerned about that than anything else at that time, and I think if we
+would have met anybody, it would have impressed itself upon my mind,
+and I don't recollect meeting anybody after we crossed the bridge. That
+I am quite sure. We didn't discover this man until we got across the
+bridge, and we discovered it by his coming up, and making inquiries,
+and making some remarks.
+
+Q. After you crossed the bridge, you don't remember of meeting Major
+Baugh?
+
+A. I don't, sir.
+
+Q. Who made the inquiries of you?
+
+A. Major Baugh?
+
+Q. Yes, sir?
+
+A. I don't have the slightest recollection of that. I think the one
+officer we took for Surgeon Mears. I think he was pretty nearly where
+this man accosted us.
+
+Q. When Major Baugh came to the hotel in the evening, did you learn the
+object of his mission?
+
+A. What--to General Latta?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. No, sir; I couldn't say that I did.
+
+Q. Did you hear any conversation between him and General Latta?
+
+A. I may have heard it without having any recollection of it.
+
+Q. Do you know whether General Latta gave him any orders or not?
+
+A. I really don't know that, sir.
+
+Q. That is all, unless you desire to state something further.
+
+A. I have nothing to say, sir, I believe, except what I have said. I
+simply would ask these gentlemen to be called who heard me, because
+when I went back I made a statement which, in substance, is what I said
+here, and I may have said it a little different, but substantially the
+same, to Colonel Guthrie; and Captain Aull is here himself, and he
+knows that I was present when the order was given, and Colonel Stewart
+was present with me all the time, and I simply would like to have them
+called for that reason, to show that my two statements are consistent.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Colonel P. N. Guthrie, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You may state what Colonel Norris stated to you on his return from
+General Brinton's command, in relation to his conversation with General
+Brinton?
+
+A. Well, Mr. Chairman, I would like to start out a little further back
+than that, because Major Norris stated nothing to me of his own will,
+only at my request. I would like to state here that when Captain Aull
+left my regiment to enter the town, he was sent by me with instructions
+to General Latta, to this effect: that I didn't believe, at that hour,
+it was possible for the troops from Walls station to reach me; and that
+it was useless for me to remain at the stock-yards; and to report fully
+to General Latta the condition in which my regiment was placed; that we
+were doing nothing, and of no particular service to the railroad or to
+the public peace, and neither the railroad, at that hour, was
+threatened, nor the public peace. Captain Aull having gone in and
+witnessed the departure of General Brinton from the round-house, and
+conveyed that information to General Latta, receiving an order from
+General Latta, to be conveyed to General Brinton, one copy of which was
+to be conveyed to me, and reaching me at an hour of the day--I do not
+remember what--with the information that he had not reached General
+Brinton, I deemed it of the greatest importance that I should know, of
+my own knowledge, what was the intention of the Adjutant General, and
+what was the condition of the forces. I waited at the stock-yards until
+I was satisfied by the actual appearance of the troops from Walls
+station, and from knowledge that I had received by sending one of the
+men from my regiment out in search of General Brinton, that there was
+no possibility of that junction. I then came into town fully impressed
+with the necessity that there should be some understanding between
+General Brinton's troops and mine, which was the only regiment left in
+Allegheny county, or in the vicinity of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, after
+General Brinton had crossed the river at Sharpsburg. I came in there to
+ascertain information from General Latta. I met Colonel Norris, and I
+asked him the question. At first he gave me no particular information.
+Afterwards, when I asked him again, he told me that he and Major
+Stewart had gone out in search of General Brinton, and had reached him
+at a point, I understood, across the Sharpsburg bridge. That he had
+represented to General Brinton that an order had been issued by General
+Latta, which was an order to him, General Brinton, through Captain
+Aull, instructing General Brinton to form a junction with me. When that
+junction was formed, General Brinton was to judge himself of the
+circumstances, and govern himself accordingly. It was my belief, that
+if that junction had been formed, the troops could have come into
+Pittsburgh, and reached the vicinity of that disturbance in time to
+have saved property. I asked Major Norris, particularly, if he had seen
+General Brinton and had conversed with him. He said he had. I asked him
+what the reply was, and he said that General Brinton was not able to
+come in. I asked him again what General Brinton's reply was. He
+shrugged up his shoulders, and still did not give me the verbal reply
+of General Brinton. Sometime afterward, in conversation with Colonel
+Norris, he told me that General Brinton had refused to form that
+junction with him, that is, to return from the position that he was
+then in. There is no "ifs" and "ands" in the matter, in my mind. My
+impression is distinct and clear that Colonel Norris told me he had met
+General Brinton and he had had that conversation with General Brinton.
+He had urged upon General Brinton that he would comply with what were
+the instructions of this order, though General Brinton had not received
+it. That General Brinton had refused to comply with that order. I would
+further state to the committee here, that a copy of that order that was
+intended for General Brinton reached him on Sunday. I brought it back
+into the city on Sunday afternoon to General Latta, and I delivered it
+myself, personally, to General Brinton, at his head-quarters at the
+hospital, in Pittsburgh, after the return to Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What day?
+
+A. Well, nearly a week--just a week. I gave it personally to General
+Brinton.
+
+Q. The 31st of July, was it not?
+
+A. I guess so. It was after General Brinton had gone back to the
+junction and then returned to Pittsburgh with the Governor. General
+Brinton told me at that time, that that was the first information he
+had of that order.
+
+Q. The copy was delivered to you by Captain Aull, was it, colonel?
+
+A. Captain Aull failed to reach General Brinton, for reasons which I
+will let Captain Aull state to you himself.
+
+Q. I do not quite understand your statement, whether it was the
+original or a copy that was delivered?
+
+A. The original order. There was one copy of that order, the original
+order is probably on file in the head-quarters. Copies of the order
+were given to Captain Aull, one for General Brinton and one for myself.
+
+Q. You brought it into the city and kept it in your possession all the
+time, until you delivered it to General Brinton?
+
+A. I kept it in my possession until I delivered it, personally, to
+General Brinton, at the hospital grounds, after the return to the city.
+
+Q. Do you know whether General Latta was notified that General Brinton
+had not received the order?
+
+A. I cannot say. I do not remember whether I stated that fact to
+General Latta or not. I do not believe I did. I went into town fully
+impressed that General Brinton would not join me, and that some other
+arrangement of troops must be made, and I do not know whether I stated
+to General Latta that General Brinton would not join me, and that he
+must make some other arrangement, or whether I stated to him that
+Captain Aull had been unable to reach General Brinton. At all events,
+the original order General Brinton never received until the 31st, I
+believe it was.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Captain W. F. Aull, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Just state, if you please, what your conversation was with Colonel
+Norris, and why you did not reach General Brinton with the order given
+to you by General Latta Sunday morning, the 22d July?
+
+A. Colonel Guthrie has stated that he sent me in for a personal
+conversation with General Latta, and I just state here that in passing
+Twenty-sixth street, I think it was, that as I approached Twenty-sixth
+street, I saw the people massed around the corners of the building,
+looking round up the street, as if something was going on, and I asked
+two or three parties what it was, and they said the troops were out. I
+drove across. They undertook to stop me, saying I had better look out,
+or I would get shot, that they had the Gatling guns up there, and they
+would shoot down street. I drove across the street and saw no
+indications of anybody shooting. I drove on and went around the square
+from there, where I could see the troops more closely, and they passed
+on out Penn street. I waited until I saw they had the Gatling guns
+along with them, and I drove then, as rapidly as possible, to the Union
+depot. I was not aware that General Latta had not yet received the
+information of their leaving the round-house, until I went in, and, I
+think General Latta will remember, I was a little slow to tell him,
+from the fact that I supposed he knew about it, and when I told him
+they had got out of the round-house, and after getting out upon the
+street with their Gatling guns, he jumped up and appeared very much
+pleased, said, "Thank God they are out." I knew then that that was the
+first information he had received. He then turned to some officers
+present, and they commenced to congratulate each other that they had
+got out, and he told me to take a seat and remain. I sat down. A few
+moments afterwards, a party that I didn't know at the time, but who
+afterwards turned out to be a man by the name Surgeon Wilson, who had
+been acting the part of a spy for General Latta, reported that they
+were out of the round-house, and, I think, reported that they were
+going to the arsenal. A few moments afterwards another party came in,
+and reported that they had gone to the arsenal, and were now quartered
+in the arsenal. That I am positive of. I heard that--that they were
+quartered in the arsenal. That appeared to afford a great deal of
+relief to the officers present, and General Latta immediately began to
+dictate an order to his clerk, Mr. Russell, I believe. I waited until
+he had written the order, and he either wrote out a duplicate or wrote
+out two orders, I don't remember which. I am not clear as to whether
+they were two different orders or duplicate orders. At any rate he gave
+me an order; but before he gave it to me he had a long talk with
+Colonel Norris, took him into a private room, or talked with him first.
+He then read the order in my presence, that he afterwards handed to me,
+giving Colonel Norris instructions to reach General Brinton. My
+instructions were to return to my regiment, and that General Brinton
+being quartered in the arsenal, I should take the order, which I
+received, to deliver it to him there, then deliver the other order to
+Colonel Guthrie. When I reached the arsenal, I found the troops were
+not quartered there, and I went to two or three different parties at
+the arsenal for fear that they were trying to deceive me, that probably
+they were in the arsenal. I walked round the fence, and looked in
+wherever I could see, wherever I had the opportunity to see in, to
+convince myself positively that they were not there, before I would go
+any further; but finally, I being convinced that they had gone out
+Butler street, as the sentinel informed me, I started back to my buggy,
+and just as I was approaching the street that crosses Butler street at
+right angles, Colonel Stewart and Major Norris came driving across the
+street, and I hailed them, and told Colonel Norris that they had gone
+on out Butler street, that I had information enough to convince me of
+that, and immediately turned round and started on, without asking for
+any further information. He drove on out Butler street. I got into my
+buggy and started after them. I drove on as far as Sharpsburg bridge,
+and made numerous inquiries of parties along the street how far they
+were ahead of me, and what the prospects would be of overtaking them.
+When I reached Sharpsburg bridge I was told they must be at least two
+miles ahead of me, and they had struck out into the country, towards
+Butler county. I supposed I stood or sat in the buggy for fully two or
+three minutes, meditating whether I would follow or take the other
+order to Colonel Guthrie first. I concluded, at last, that I would
+first take the order to Colonel Guthrie. I had two orders to deliver,
+and I concluded I would take the order to Colonel Guthrie, and if he
+advised me to, to strike across the country, and reach General Brinton
+with the other order. I drove straight to East Liberty, and reported to
+Colonel Guthrie what I had seen, and handed him the order that I had
+been authorized to deliver to him. I also stated to him that I had an
+order for General Brinton, and stated the circumstances under which I
+had not delivered it. I asked him the question if I should strike
+across the country from there, right directly across the river, the
+direction I knew they were in, or whether I would remain where I was.
+He replied, "Give me that order and I will go to the city and see
+General Latta myself," and I handed him the order and I never saw it
+afterwards. Colonel Guthrie then left the regiment and went to the
+city, as he has stated.
+
+Q. When did you see Colonel Norris next after leaving him at the
+arsenal?
+
+A. I am not exactly clear on that. I think I saw him Friday. I saw him
+at the Duquesne club-rooms.
+
+Q. Well, did you see him within a week?
+
+A. No, sir; it was some time afterwards before I saw him again.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Norman M. Smith re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You may state the facts in relation to the conversation that
+occurred between General Brinton and Colonel Norris, or what you know
+in relation to it?
+
+A. Mr. Chairman, the only evidence I can give is corroborative. I met
+Colonel Norris immediately after his return from his trip to General
+Brinton's command. Met him in front of the Union Depot Hotel,
+immediately after he got out of his carriage, I think. He stated to me
+that he had carried the orders to General Brinton. That Colonel Norris
+has already said to you, that he carried, and also said that General
+Brinton had refused to obey them, and return to Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What time was it you met him?
+
+A. Well, it is pretty hard for me to give the hour exactly. I had been
+up for three or four days and nights. I think, though, it was between
+nine and ten o'clock. I will not be positive about that. It might have
+been earlier, and it might have been later. I think, though, between
+nine and ten o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. Did he state exactly where he found him?
+
+A. He said he had followed him beyond Sharpsburg, and dismounted from
+his carriage, and had marched on foot with him for some distance. Had
+communicated the order that he has stated. Had conversed with him for
+some time, and that General Brinton had refused to return to
+Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Did he say anything about his refusal to join Colonel Guthrie?
+
+A. While I said return to Pittsburgh I meant to join Colonel
+Guthrie--that was implied. That after they joined, that is, it was in
+our minds, after they had united their commands, that they were to
+return to Pittsburgh; but when I said refused to return to Pittsburgh,
+I meant refused to join Colonel Guthrie, or rather to execute the order
+that Colonel Norris had to carry.
+
+Q. Did he say anything about the condition of General Brinton's troops?
+
+A. Perhaps he may have mentioned it in a general way, but 1 do not
+recollect that he specified it particularly.
+
+Q. That was not spoken of?
+
+A. I think not. At least that did not impress itself on my mind, if it
+was mentioned.
+
+Q. Anything said about getting provisions to them?
+
+A. Well, there probably was, but I am not prepared to say what it
+was--that was a matter that was paramount in all our minds, the matter
+of provisions for the troops had been concerning me, particularly, from
+the evening before, and continued to concern me until the next evening,
+until I secured some provisions and got them to the troops.
+
+Q. Is that all that you know in relation to what occurred between
+Colonel Norris and General Brinton?
+
+A. That is all, I believe, sir.
+
+Colonel Norris: I would like to say, when I got back to the hotel, Mr.
+Cassatt was there, and I believe Mr. Bennett, of Allegheny, and we had
+a conversation then about supplying General Brinton's command with
+provisions and ammunition, and an arrangement was there made, I myself
+giving the directions where he was to convey the provisions to him, and
+that provisions did ultimately reach him. That conversation was heard,
+I believe, by Colonel Hassinger.
+
+Colonel Smith: If I may be permitted--I was speaking of the time I met
+Colonel Norris. I was present at that conversation, at the Monongahela
+house, and can verify what the colonel said at that time.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Colonel D. L. Hassinger, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You understand, I believe, the subject of evidence to-night. Will
+you go on and state what knowledge you have on the subject?
+
+A. I was at the Monongahela house when Colonel Norris and Major Stewart
+returned, and I heard just about--he reported that he had caught up
+with General Brinton on his way out beyond Sharpsburg bridge, that he
+got out of the carriage and walked along, and had the conversation, and
+spoke about the order which had been sent to him through Captain Aull,
+and he said he gave him the substance of the order, and General Brinton
+had refused to obey him.
+
+Q. Can you give the language of Colonel Norris--the exact words that
+Colonel Norris used?
+
+A. Well, I don't know that I can, exactly. I do not recollect that part
+of it.
+
+Q. You don't pretend now, in our statement, to give the language?
+
+A. No. I have not heard any of the evidence at all that was before the
+committee, except sitting here for a few minutes.
+
+Q. You are a member of the National Guard?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. What regiment?
+
+A. Assistant Adjutant General of the State.
+
+Q. Had you been at Pittsburgh during the riot--the entire progress of
+it?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Were you with General Latta?
+
+A. I was with him most of the time that he was there. On that morning I
+had started out when I heard that the troops were out of the
+round-house. I went out as far as the arsenal, and when I got there I
+found that they had gone in another direction. I was afoot, and, I
+think, returned to the hotel.
+
+Q. You were at the hotel when the colonel arrived?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. Do you know whether Colonel Norris communicated that fact to General
+Latta that you have just related?
+
+A. Yes; he did. General Latta was in the room at the time.
+
+Q. In your presence?
+
+A. Yes, sir.
+
+Q. That is all you know in relation to the conversation that occurred
+between them, is it?
+
+A. That is about all, sir; yes, sir.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+General James W. Latta re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I would like you to state, general, just what Colonel Norris stated
+to you on his return from General Brinton's command?
+
+A. I did detail that, sir, about as fully as I recollect it, describing
+the room and situation and surroundings. I will go over it again if you
+desire.
+
+Q. I want to ask you one other question. Did you learn on Sunday that
+Captain Aull had not reached General Brinton with that order?
+
+A. I did not find it out, sir, until nearly a week afterwards.
+
+Q. When Major Baugh came to the hotel on Sunday, was anything said to
+him by you about whether Captain Aull had reached the command or not?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. And he did not communicate anything of the kind to you?
+
+A. No, sir.
+
+Q. When you gave the order to Major Baugh, you had no knowledge
+whatever of whether Captain Aull had reached General Brinton with the
+first order or not?
+
+A. I had not, sir. I supposed he had. I took that for granted.
+
+Captain Aull: Will General Latta add that he gave me no instructions to
+report back?
+
+The witness: I did say that in my report.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Major General R. M. Brinton re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I wish you to state, general, whether at any time during your stay
+in Pittsburgh any attempt was made by any of the officials of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company to control your movements, or the
+movements of your troops in any way?
+
+A. No, sir; there was no attempts made by any officers of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, to my knowledge, to dictate or interfere
+in the slightest with the movements of the troops. I remember at one
+time, just after the firing occurred at Twenty-eight street, that
+General Pearson was in Mr. Pitcairn's office, and Mr. Cassatt was
+there, one of the vice presidents of the Pennsylvania railroad, and I
+asked permission of General Pearson to clear the streets, and to follow
+the crowd to the arsenal, and he, more in his manner than anything
+else, appealed to Mr. Cassatt, and Mr. Cassatt said I have nothing to
+do with the movements of the troops, I know nothing about that
+whatever. I can say that at no time did they attempt, to my knowledge,
+to interfere in any way with the movements of the troops.
+
+Q. Will you state from whom, or by whom, the provisions were delivered
+to your troops, on the hill beyond Sharpsburg?
+
+A. After our arrival in Pittsburgh, or previous to our arrival, I
+telegraphed to Pittsburgh for provisions, to General Pearson, and he
+procured them from the Union depot, that is, a sandwich and a cup of
+coffee. After that, we were in the round-house, and I made repeated
+appeals----
+
+Q. I speak of the provisions that were brought after you went beyond
+Sharpsburg, on the hill, when you were encamped there--from whom you
+received, the provisions, that is, who delivered them to you?
+
+A. I had a note from Mr. Cassatt, about, I should think, ten or eleven
+o'clock that night, that is, Sunday night, saying that he had procured
+for us a lot of hams and provisions, &c, and had sent them out. I
+thought, at the time, that Mr. Cassatt had left Pittsburgh, but I found
+that he had not, and he had also sent two parties from Sharpsburg,
+merchants there, who said that they had an order from Mr. Cassatt to
+give us whatever they had in their stores, and they gave me an
+inventory of it, and said it was at my disposal, and that Mr. Cassatt
+had given them orders, and that he would be responsible for it, and I
+might say the only provisions I did receive from the time we went to
+Pittsburgh, until we arrived at Blairsville, came through his energies.
+
+Q. Who delivered the line from Mr. Cassatt to you?
+
+A. My impression was, or is, it was Mr. Smith--Colonel Smith, I
+think--who brought it there that night. There is one point I should
+like to correct. I won't detail any of the conversation, further than
+to allude to my evidence, which I gave before. You have, with Colonel
+Norris, stated that I wanted to cross the river and intrench. That I
+did not say, and, moreover, it would have been impossible, because I
+had not any means of intrenching--no tools, or anything of the kind. He
+said he saw no crowd, at all, following to Sharpsburg, and that we
+should have remained there, in his idea. I merely refer to a dispatch
+which General Latta sent to the Governor at that time, and which he
+must have received information either from Captain Aull or Colonel
+Norris, as it was sent by telegram. It was directed to Governor
+Hartranft, dated July 22, p. 36, in which he says, among other things:
+"The first division, after stiff fighting for about fourteen hours,
+have retired to a point near Sharpsburg, pursued vigorously by a mob,
+to the high bridge at that point, under a hot fire pretty nearly all
+the way, but they effectually checked the attack." Colonel Norris
+returned, he said that there was no mob following us whatever.
+
+Q. Go on, general?
+
+A. In regard to our not stopping in Sharpsburg, and that ammunition,
+&c, could reach us, I want to state that we went on a point of the
+railroad below Sharpsburg, where we could procure provisions, and where
+we were in direct communication by rail with Pittsburgh, the same
+railroad which runs through Sharpsburg, and therefore we lost nothing
+by not stopping in Sharpsburg. In regard to receiving the provisions
+which Colonel Norris promised us if we would remain there, the
+provisions never came, except by the hands of the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company. The evidence which Colonel Norris has given in regard to the
+situation we were in, &c., of course is entirely different from what I
+have already stated, and from what the officers who were immediately
+surrounding us when he joined us said. They being on the spot, it was
+not hearsay evidence on their part, but it was what they actually
+heard, and they have sworn that they were sufficiently near to hear
+every word that was passed at the time, but if it is necessary, I can
+produce those officers to corroborate it.
+
+Q. We have had that.
+
+Colonel Norris: I wish to ask Colonel Smith, whether the provisions
+were not sent in pursuance of the arrangements made after my
+conversation with Mr. Cassatt and Mr. Bennett?
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+You may state that, Colonel Smith.
+
+Colonel Smith: As has already been stated, Mr. Cassatt and Mr. Bennett,
+and others, had a consultation at the Monongahela house, about noon of
+Sunday. Mr. Bennett and Mr. Cassatt left the hotel together, Mr.
+Cassatt, at least, and I think Mr. Bennett with him, went to Allegheny,
+to arrange with bakers, and other people there, to prepare sandwiches
+and other provisions to send out. I left the Monongahela house about
+three o'clock, and had this understanding with Mr. Cassatt, who was to
+take the road on the north side of the river, with the wagons of
+provisions. I was to move up on the south side, as stated in my
+examination in chief. I proceeded by certain routes across the
+Allegheny river, and at Aetna, I met Mr. Campbell Herron, and I stated
+the necessities of the troops, and asked him whether he could assist me
+in procuring provisions for them. I had in mind the conversation and
+action taken place at the Monongahela house, between Mr. Cassatt and
+others. Mr. Herron said that the store belonging to their furnace,
+their property, had some provisions in it, and he sent for his manager,
+Mr. Chalfant, and with him I arranged to load up whatever provisions
+they had, as soon as it became dark, and that they should be sent on to
+the camp of General Brinton's command. My arrangement with Cassatt, was
+to wait at General Brinton's camp until I heard from him--either saw
+him or heard from him. After that, I was to proceed to execute the
+orders I carried from General Latta, which has already been stated here
+to the committee. I waited there until about ten o'clock, when a man by
+the name of Bradley, a livery stable keeper--he had charge of hauling
+the provisions out there--came into camp, and reported two wagon loads
+within a short distance, and in the meantime, Mr. Chalfant had reported
+there, that a wagon containing hams, and some other provisions, which
+we turned over to the commissary of General Brinton's command. I
+believe there is no question about that, but all these arrangements
+were made in pursuance of the understanding arrived at between Mr.
+Cassatt, and Mr. Bennett and others, at the instigation of Colonel
+Norris, after his return from visiting General Brinton's command in the
+morning.
+
+At this point the committee adjourned, to meet at the call of the
+chairman.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    Explanatory Note by the Reporter of the Committee.
+
+    Owing to an urgent desire on the part of the committee to have the
+    testimony--taken in shorthand--transcribed and printed as rapidly
+    as possible after the order to print was made by the Legislature, a
+    number of men were put to work on it, each man taking a portion,
+    irrespective of dates. As fast as transcribed, these portions were
+    printed. This will explain the mingling of dates. Furthermore and
+    unfortunately, in the hurry and confusion of such quick work, some
+    of the copy was mislaid or lost before reaching the printer's
+    hands, necessitating a re-dictation by myself from the original
+    notes. This will explain the consequent delay.
+
+    SAM'L B. COLLINS,
+    _Official Reporter of Legislature_.
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, September 30, 1878.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+F. B. Gowen, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence and official connection with the Reading
+Railroad Company?
+
+A. I reside at Mount Airey, in the city of Philadelphia, and am
+president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, and have
+been so since the spring of 1869.
+
+Q. We wish you to state now whether there was any difficulty on the
+Reading railroad during the riots last July; and if so, give us the
+circumstances?
+
+A. There was a difficulty at Reading, on the line of the Reading
+railroad. We did not originate that, nor was it participated in by any
+one then in the employ of the company, so far as we have been able to
+ascertain. In other words the riotous attacks on property at Reading,
+which culminated in the burning of a large bridge over the Schuylkill
+river, in the city of Reading, were not the acts of any one of the then
+employés of the company, nor, so far as we have been able to learn, was
+there any single man then in the employ of the company absent from his
+post at that time, nor was there then any strike of any kind whatever
+among any of the then employés of the company.
+
+Q. Did the road continue to run during the troubles?
+
+A. The road was stopped for one day--absolutely for a little over
+twenty-four hours--the main line of the road was stopped--all the
+branches were running. The main line was stopped at Reading, by the
+tearing up of the track, and also the Lebanon Valley railroad was
+stopped for a long time, in consequence of the burning of the bridge,
+which took place on the night of the day on which the disturbance
+occurred elsewhere in Reading.
+
+Q. Was this destruction of property caused by former employés of the
+road?
+
+A. Almost entirely. It was caused by a mob that was composed
+principally, I believe, of former employés of the company, or led by
+them--organized by them--and, of course, participated in, or witnessed
+by a great crowd of people, many of whom may not have been at all
+active participants, but merely spectators.
+
+Q. State whether you had reason to believe there would be any
+difficulty; and if so, what steps you took to prevent it?
+
+A. Early in the spring of the year, as early as March, at least, we had
+reason to believe that the society called the Brotherhood of Locomotive
+Engineers was arranging to make some kind of an attack upon the
+company, somewhat similar to that one which occurred on the Boston and
+Maine railroad and the Central railroad of New Jersey, and we had also
+reason to believe that there was then being organized throughout the
+country, somewhat under the shadow of, or in some way connected with
+the Locomotive Brotherhood, another society, which was to embrace all
+the trainmen employed upon the railroads generally, and we thought that
+the proper way to prevent such action having a disastrous effect upon
+our company and its property would be to state to those who belonged to
+this society that they could no longer remain in our employ; and upon a
+demand being made upon us by a committee of the Brotherhood of
+Locomotive Engineers for an advance in wages of twenty per cent., which
+we believed to be the preliminary step for testing the question of
+power, we notified all the engineers and firemen, who belonged to the
+Brotherhood of Engineers, that they could not remain in the service of
+the company and be members of that organization at the same time; but,
+as we understood, that that organization had a beneficial fund from
+which the members derived some benefit, we proposed to give them a fund
+of the same kind to which the company also would be a contributor, as
+well as themselves, so that no man, in leaving that Brotherhood of
+Locomotive Engineers, would lose the money value of his membership.
+When we issued this circular, between three and four hundred men,
+principally engineers and firemen, and a few others who left in
+sympathy with them, left the service of the company. That was in the
+month of April. That has been spoken of as a strike, but it was no
+strike, because these people who joined it knew that they could not
+remain in the service of the company, and it was different from a
+strike where persons simply stop work for the purpose of enforcing a
+demand for higher wages. A great number of those persons who left the
+service of the company in April, still, I think, remained under the
+impression that they could force the company to take them back, and
+they organized themselves more closely at Reading, and had a series of
+meetings at which they took in a great many others that didn't belong
+to the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. They had regular meetings
+in some hall there, and maintained a position or attitude of hostility
+to the company. Their object being to embarrass the company in the
+transaction of its business, so that the company would be forced to
+take them back; but as the company didn't take them back, as they
+desired, from day to day, and week to week, and month to month, they
+became very sore on the subject, and I believe that the riot at
+Reading--indeed, although I can only speak from hearsay evidence; but
+as I took part as a lawyer in the cases that grew out of it, I derived
+a great deal of information as to the reason of it. I believe that when
+the news came to Reading of the general outbreak upon the Baltimore and
+Ohio railroad at Martinsburg, a number of those former employés of the
+company assembled at a hall in one of their meetings, and determined
+that they would have to do something of the kind, such as the burning
+down of the bridge and the tearing up of the track, and, resulting from
+that, this attack was made upon the company, which I believe was
+confined entirely to such employés as had left the service of the
+company, and among them such followers or sympathizers as could be got
+into a crowd on such an occasion; but I believe that none of the
+employés of the company had anything to do with it, or took any part in
+it.
+
+Q. Prior to the breaking out of the riot, had you filled the places of
+all those men who had left your services?
+
+A. Yes; their places were filled within two or three or four days of
+the time. Indeed, there was no interruption in the business of the road
+resulting from those engineers leaving us in the month of April, except
+that we stopped the movement of the coal trade one day so that all the
+engineers who remained in our service connected with the coal trade
+might be on hand in case we didn't have enough new ones, so that all
+the trains we call schedule trains, that is passenger trains and
+freight trains, might be moved promptly. The whole thing was over in
+two or three days. The places of those who left were immediately
+supplied. We promoted a great many firemen competent to take the places
+of the engineers. I am sure that within a week or ten days after they
+commenced to leave, there was no longer any vacancy in our service not
+filled.
+
+Q. Was there any difficulty in finding men?
+
+A. None whatever. It was rather remarkable we had them so quickly, so
+rapidly. Of course, anticipating this disturbance, we were quietly on
+the lookout for men.
+
+Q. Were the new men you employed experienced engineers?
+
+A. Yes; and it was more remarkable still. Our business is a peculiar
+one. It is very much more difficult for an engineer from another road
+to take hold of a heavy coal train on a down grade, than to handle a
+passenger or a common freight train on an ordinary grade. But there
+were very few accidents. There were a few such as might result from the
+inexperience of men unaccustomed to that kind of business; but they
+were remarkably few. Of course we had to be very vigilant. The company
+went to some expense in order to guard against accident.
+
+Q. Were any of those new men you got men who had been discharged from
+other roads?
+
+A. I cannot answer that question positively, for the reason that I
+don't know it; but I should judge from the habit or custom of the
+company in that respect, that no new man was taken into the service of
+the company who didn't bring a certificate of good character. I am sure
+no one would have been taken that was discharged from any cause that
+affected his ability or knowledge as an engineer.
+
+Q. Then I understand you to say that you had no difficulty in securing
+plenty of engineers?
+
+A. None whatever. You will understand, of course, that while quite a
+number of firemen left our service, a great many other firemen in our
+service were competent to take an engine, and a number of those were
+promoted.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of the number of new men employed?
+
+A. I think the entire number of engineers and firemen could not have
+been more than about from three hundred to three hundred and
+fifty--probably not so many. I think about three hundred or three
+hundred and fifty would cover all of those two classes--engineers and
+firemen.
+
+Q. What steps were taken by the company to punish the rioters at
+Reading?
+
+A. We left that, to some extent, to the civil authorities of Reading.
+In connection with them, prosecutions were commenced against a great
+number. Two of them who were known to have actually set fire to the
+bridge, or participated in the actual burning, who ran away, were
+arrested at a distance, and plead guilty.
+
+Q. Were they men who had been in the employ of the company?
+
+A. One of them had been at one time.
+
+Q. In what capacity?
+
+A. I think as a brakeman, and he had left the service of the company,
+at the time the locomotive engineers left, and at this meeting I spoke
+of as taking place at the hall in Reading, he had been promised by the
+Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers to be paid so much a month, if he
+left the service of the company. The other one had never been in the
+service of the company--not that I am aware of.
+
+Q. Do you know what steps were taken by the civil authorities at
+Reading to suppress the riot at that time?
+
+A. There was very little done at the time. I think that all disturbance
+at Reading could have been prevented, if the sheriff of the county had
+shown the slightest amount of pluck or appreciation of his position. He
+had full knowledge--in fact, he was informed that it was to take place,
+but he did nothing practically, except when it was too late, to issue a
+proclamation that amounted to nothing.
+
+Q. Do you know how long before it took place that this information was
+communicated to him?
+
+A. Information was communicated to him of the intended rising. He was
+told of the facts in the possession of the party informing him, and an
+offer was made to him of men to act as a _posse comitatus_, about eight
+or ten o'clock in the morning of the day in which the trouble
+culminated. He did nothing until late that afternoon. I am quite
+confident that a determined man, armed with the law, in the position of
+the sheriff of Berks, at Reading, with twenty men--ten times which
+number he could have gotten from the citizens--could have prevented the
+whole disturbance.
+
+Q. Do you know whether he made any call for help from the State?
+
+A. I am not aware that he did, nor am I really aware of the means used
+to bring the military to Reading, or who first made the call for them.
+I know the military were sent there by the orders of some one in the
+military department of the State, who had authority upon that subject,
+and the disturbance was finally quelled by the action of the military,
+which unfortunately led to the killing of several persons.
+
+Q. Had there been any reduction of wages on your road prior to July?
+
+A. I think there had been no reduction of wages on the road for months
+before that. There had been two reductions of wages within the last few
+years.
+
+Q. Since 1873--the time of the panic?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How large?
+
+A. Each, I think, was ten per cent. The engineers on the Reading
+railroad have been for a great number of years paid according to the
+length of service. We have four grades, the first year the men get the
+lowest grade, and after they have been in the service of the company
+four years, they get the highest grade. That was due entirely, not to
+his knowledge as an engineer, but to his length of service as an
+employé in the company. It was understood that the men's wages should
+increase with the length of time they remained with us. When any man
+left us, and came back, again he had to go down and come up, as the
+lowest men.
+
+Q. Did that apply to any other employés but the engineers?
+
+A. It applied to the firemen.
+
+Q. Can you give the wages that the brakemen and firemen and engineers
+were getting per day.
+
+A. I cannot give it exactly. I think at the time of this disturbance
+the highest grade engineers were paid $2 97 per day. I think the
+firemen were getting about $1 50 to $1 60 per day. In the coal trade on
+the Reading railroad there were opportunities for engineers, during the
+busy seasons, to earn more than six days per week. Since the strike, or
+shortly after this trouble occurred, in April, as a mark of our
+appreciation of the fidelity of those who remained with us and resisted
+the temptation to leave when the Brotherhood of Engineers left--a good
+many of them, indeed, were members of the Brotherhood that stayed with
+us--we made a new grade of engineers, which no new men thereafter could
+enter, except after five years of service, and we put all the faithful
+men who remained with us in that grade, and gave them $3 23. We have
+also that system among the conductors of the passenger trains. They are
+paid according to length of service, and there is an amount of their
+pay kept back from them, and invested for their benefit which increases
+with length of time.
+
+Q. What were the wages of the brakemen?
+
+A. I think from $1 50 to $1 60.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Were you at Reading during the riots?
+
+A. I was not there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did any of those firemen or engineers who left you at that time,
+ever make application to come back?
+
+A. A great many, and it was a very sad thing.
+
+Q. Was there a man by the name of Clarke who made that application to
+you personally?
+
+A. I cannot give their names, but a great many have made application
+personally.
+
+Q. Didn't you tell him that he had done wrong in being led away by the
+Brotherhood?
+
+A. I know of a great many such cases. A great many I knew expressed a
+willingness to come back.
+
+Q. And acknowledged to you that they had done wrong, and after their
+places had been filled by other parties, wanted to be again in the
+employ of the road?
+
+A. A great many--I can hardly give you the number. The point with the
+company was this: we had taken on three hundred new men, and the first
+duty was to them. And most of those new men are excellent men. Some of
+them went to the expense of moving their families hundreds of miles.
+Many of the old men have written and asked to come back, saying that
+they did wrong, and saying that they were threatened. Many of them have
+been very seriously crippled, by reason of not receiving the pay
+promised them. I think that they promised sixty dollars a month to
+every man who quit the service of the company.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. From what source?
+
+A. The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. The money didn't come?
+
+A. They got very little. From what I understand from a number of them,
+I don't think they got enough to make more than ten dollars a
+month--hardly that.
+
+Adjourned, to meet at eight o'clock this evening.
+
+
+    SAME DAY.
+
+    FRIDAY, _March 22, 1878_--8, P.M.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled at eight o'clock,
+P.M., and continued the taking of testimony.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Robert M. Brinton, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I reside at 1301 South Broad street, Philadelphia.
+
+Q. You are a member of the National Guard of Pennsylvania?
+
+A. Commanding the First Division National Guard of Pennsylvania.
+
+Q. What is your rank?
+
+A. Major General.
+
+Q. State where you were when the news of the troubles at Pittsburgh, on
+the Pennsylvania railroad, reached you, and what your movements were
+afterwards?
+
+A. I was at my office in Washington avenue about six o'clock in the
+afternoon, when I received a note from Mr. Thompson, of the
+Pennsylvania railroad, saying that General Latta had telegraphed me
+some instructions in regard to the riot at Pittsburgh. I proceeded to
+my home, where I found a message asking--from Colonel Scott, of the
+Pennsylvania railroad, saying that he had a message asking me to come
+to the Pennsylvania railroad office to confer with him. I did so and
+found him there. He handed me a message from General Latta, saying that
+troops were needed, and wanted to know how soon I could have a regiment
+ready to proceed to Pittsburgh. I suggested to him that if any troops
+were needed the whole division should be sent. I afterwards received a
+communication from General Latta to put the division under arms and be
+ready to move at a moment's notice, to report to General Pearson, at
+Pittsburgh. I telegraphed to General Pearson my instructions from
+General Latta, and immediately ordered the division to assemble,
+sending out officers to notify the different commands. It was summer
+time, and a great many of the men were absent. It was nine o'clock
+before I received the last message from General Latta, ordering me to
+report, and about two o'clock we had some six hundred men at the
+Pennsylvania depot.
+
+Q. On what day?
+
+A. In the morning of Saturday. I received the message on Friday night.
+I kept up communication with General Pearson, informing him of the
+number of men I had, and where I was on the road. We had no ammunition
+with the exception of a few rounds that the First regiment had. At
+Harrisburg we received some ammunition and two Gatling guns, which we
+attached to our train. We went through to Pittsburgh in eleven hours,
+arriving there about one o'clock on Saturday afternoon. There I met
+General Pearson, who ordered me to disembark the troops. I reported to
+him and General Latta in the Union Depot Hotel. The troops were rested
+and given coffee and sandwiches, and I ordered an additional ten rounds
+of ammunition, making twenty in all.
+
+Q. Distributed?
+
+A. Yes, among the men. General Pearson ordered me to have the troops
+ready to move to Twenty-eighth street. At that time. I told them in
+coming up, I had seen the hills covered with people, and I asked them
+in the event of their ordering me out, to go out with me, and look over
+the ground. I was an entire stranger there, and I thought they must be
+misinformed in regard to having cleared the hill, as they said General
+Brown's brigade had. I also met Mr. Cassatt at the depot, and I said in
+the event of our going down and clearing the tracks, can you move your
+trains. He said we can; we have crews already engaged to take out
+double-headers. General Pearson then ordered me down to Twenty-eighth
+street. I ordered one brigade to go down Liberty street. General
+Pearson then told me to go down the railroad, which I did, dragging the
+Gatling guns. We arrived at the crossing near Twenty-eighth street,
+going through rows of men, who were hooting and howling at us. Previous
+to this, while I was yet in the Union depot, I had been approached by
+several parties, who wanted to know if I would fire on poor workingmen.
+I didn't give any decided answer, not desiring any conversation with
+them. I called the brigade companies and several of the regimental
+companies together, and told them no matter what was done to us--even
+if they spit in our faces--I didn't want a shot fired, but if they
+attempted any personal violence, we had the right to defend ourselves,
+and we should do it. That was the order from which the firing
+commenced. We got down near to the Twenty-eighth street crossing. There
+was a large concourse of people there, far back as you could see, back
+on the railroad, and we were stopped. Sheriff Fife and his posse were
+ahead of us, and I believe he attempted to read the riot act, at least
+I heard him saying something; but he disappeared, and I didn't see any
+more of him or his deputies. General Pearson was with us. We could not
+force our way through without using some force, and I asked General
+Pearson whether he had any instructions to give. He hesitated a moment,
+and then said that the tracks must be cleared. The crowd then had
+pressed in between the column of fours, and I ordered the fours put
+into lines backward, and face the rear rank, about to push the crowd
+back from either side, and form a hollow-square.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How did you march?
+
+A. The right in front--the First regiment was in front. The crowd gave
+back. We had a little difficulty in getting them back to the line of
+the cars. Quite a number of cars were there--the Twenty-eighth street
+crossing was blocked. The men standing there had evidently made up
+their minds to stay, saying that the railroad company had nothing to do
+with it, that they were not occupying anything but public ground. I
+then ordered two small companies, but finding them insufficient, I
+ordered up another command with arms aport, and attempted to push the
+crowd back; but finding it impossible, I gave orders to charge
+bayonets, which they did, and I saw one or two men bayoneted. The crowd
+at that time commenced firing on us, not only stones but pistol balls,
+and the men, acting on the orders already given to defend themselves,
+commenced firing--firing a few shots at first, which gradually went
+along the whole line. At that time, I had not over three hundred men.
+The second brigade had been left back, to guard the yard where the
+engines were to start from.
+
+Q. Give us the position of your men at that time?
+
+A. At that time, the rear rank was faced about. The Washington Grays
+and the Weccacoe Legion were in double rank, and were occupying the
+space between the two ranks of the First regiment facing east, trying
+to force their way back along the railroad from the Twenty-eighth
+street crossing, and the First regiment was keeping the crowd back from
+the railroad from the hill, and also from the car-shops.
+
+Q. Had you the front and rear ranks of any companies on each side of
+the railroad?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. In open order, one facing to the rear and the other to the front?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And then a command in front of them in the direction of the
+railroad?
+
+A. A command on their flank--the right flank--facing eastward.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. On the railroad?
+
+A. Yes. The firing lasted about a minute--not over that, and the crowd,
+the moment the firing commenced, or shortly afterwards, dispersed and
+went in every direction. I gave the order to cease firing, and my staff
+officers had the firing stopped, and the ranks, which were somewhat
+broken, were re-formed, and I sent a staff officer to report to General
+Pearson. I thought he was on the ground, because it was not
+certainly--my opinion is, that in three minutes after he gave me the
+order to clear the tracks, the firing commenced. In the meantime, the
+Pittsburgh troops on the hill--I had not discovered them before--quite
+a number of them threw down their arms and left. I went up the hill a
+very short distance, and I saw what was going on there, and I hunted
+for General Pearson; finally, I received a note from him, saying he was
+at Mr. Pitcairn's office at the outer depot, and, that if I wished to
+communicate with him, to send a staff officer, which I did--Colonel
+Wilson--and he came back and said that General Pearson desired to see
+me. I turned the command over to General Matthews, and reported to
+General Pearson at the office of the Pennsylvania railroad at the outer
+depot--Mr. Pitcairn's office. I said to General Pearson at the time,
+that I thought we ought to continue to drive the crowd. I understood
+that they had gone to the arsenal. Several men came up to me and said
+that the crowd had gone to the United States arsenal to arm themselves,
+and I thought, when I found that they had gone away, that they would
+probably get arms and ammunition, and I proposed to General Pearson
+that we should follow the crowd. He hesitated some time about it, and
+finally I grew more imperative in my question, and I said, you must do
+something, I cannot allow my men to stand on the track with the crowd
+pushing around me, and not be allowed to fire. We will either have to
+move from there or attack the crowd. Finally, he said that the Second
+brigade had been moved into the round-house and machine shops, because
+he was afraid that they would be burned, and then he told me to move my
+whole force in, amounting to six hundred men, which I did just at dusk
+in the evening. We moved in there. They told me to occupy one
+round-house and the machine and upholstery shops and the lumber-yard,
+and that General Brown would move into the other round-house at
+Twenty-eighth street, and I was not aware he was not there until I saw
+the flames. As soon as I went there, the crowd commenced trying to get
+into the yard, and I had a guard detailed and put out, and two of them
+were shot, one through the arm and one other through the leg, while on
+their beats. I then got down the Gatling guns and prepared to fire
+them, but thought it would be courtesy to communicate with General
+Pearson, and tell him what I was going to do; which I did, and he
+prohibited me from doing so. The crowd were firing pistol balls in at
+us, and a few rifle balls and a considerable number of stones. I went
+to General Pearson, and said, "I cannot stand it, we must defend
+ourselves." He said he would go to the mayor and see him, which would
+do more good than our bullets would, as he had a great deal of
+influence over the elements predominant then, and said that he did not
+want to take life unnecessarily, &c., at the same time we were short of
+ammunition and rations, only having twenty rounds, and if we were going
+to be in a state of siege, I thought we ought to have a sufficient
+amount. General Pearson said he would go and see that we got provisions
+and also ammunition, and left, saying he would be back in an hour. He
+went through the lumber-yard, and left us. At the same time he told me
+to open any dispatches that came for him, and I asked if he had any new
+instructions. He said, "I want you to hold the place," and after he
+left I proposed to hold it in the way I thought proper, by firing into
+the mob at the gates, which drove them away from there, so that
+presently there were only pistol bullets and a few straggling musket
+balls. We continued to hold it in that way without receiving any
+communications from the other world. I expected General Pearson back
+every moment. I didn't want to take it on myself to move out there, or
+do anything. About two o'clock in the morning Colonel Snowden, of the
+Third regiment, called into the round-house, and directed my attention
+to what he considered a piece of artillery. It was quite dark at the
+time. We watched it for probably fifteen minutes, when a cloud cleared
+away, and we decided it was a piece of artillery, around which were
+quite a number of men who were training the piece. I immediately
+ordered Colonel Snowden to get fifty men out, and told him to lower
+their pieces and fire low, and I gave the order. They had got the piece
+finally into a position to suit themselves, and a man had hold of the
+lanyard. I gave the order to fire, and when the smoke cleared away
+eleven of them were lying there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. The mob had it?
+
+A. Yes; it was a brass field-piece that they had captured from
+Hutchinson's battery, I believe. During the whole night we had a
+skirmish with those people. They ran cars down loaded with oil, and
+attempted to set fire to the building, but fortunately some jumped the
+track and blocked the others. The next morning they ran down cars from
+the Allegheny side, which came down with their own gravity, but we
+finally threw a pile of car wheels on the track, and upset the cars.
+They were burning. They were loaded with whisky, or the most of them
+with high wines. We put out those fires by fire extinguishers, and also
+by a hose that we had there. We finally discovered that the building
+part of the Sixth division was on fire, and it communicated with the
+building we were in by the oil sheds. They got on fire, and the
+building we were in got on fire. During the night I had communication
+with General Latta, finding General Pearson did not return, and told
+him my situation, and received orders from him--or suggestions they
+were afterwards styled--in the first place to hold on vigorously, but
+in case I was obliged to leave there, to go out Penn avenue east
+towards Torrens station, and that there would be reinforcements sent to
+us not later than six o'clock in the morning; that part of the
+command--three hundred--who had failed to join, were at Walls station,
+and would join Colonel Guthrie at Torrens, and that they would join us.
+We waited until ten minutes of eight o'clock, when the smoke got so
+great that the men could scarcely breathe, and we went through the
+machine shops. We couldn't go out of the gate, the regular gate, on
+account of the cars that had been upset there and were burning, and I
+went out, I think, Twenty-third street--I am not very familiar with the
+streets--with the intention not to leave Pittsburgh, but to go to the
+United States arsenal, where I certainly could get ammunition and
+possibly something to eat, as we had nothing but a sandwich and a cup
+of coffee since leaving Philadelphia, and through the excitement and
+the loss of two nights' sleep, the men were very much fatigued and
+thoroughly worn out. We went out towards the arsenal, and probably had
+gone a quarter of a mile out Penn avenue, when we were attacked. I was
+at the head of the column, and didn't see the force that was attacking
+us, but I sent a staff officer immediately to the rear. The firing was
+all at the rear, and I think four men were killed and some ten or
+twelve wounded.
+
+Q. On your retreat from the round-house?
+
+A. Yes; these men were shot from street cars, and from out of houses,
+and from behind chimneys. There was not any regular organized body, or
+a body sufficiently large to attack, until we got nearly to the
+arsenal, when--the Gatling guns I had placed between the two brigades,
+so that we could use them either in rear or at the front--when we
+opened with one of them, and dispersed the mob. We got to the arsenal,
+and I went ahead to see the commandant there, and went inside the gate,
+and went to his house and saw him, and told him who I was, and that my
+men were thoroughly worn out, and asked permission to form in the yard.
+The men were very thirsty, and the grounds were shady, and I thought we
+would wait there until I had orders from General Pearson. But we
+received positive orders from the commandant that we could not come in.
+I did not want any altercation with him, so I proceeded on eastward. I
+had received a communication from General Latta during the night,
+saying that he had made every attempt to feed us, and that it had been
+impossible, and I therefore thought that the best thing to do was to
+get something to eat. We had arrived within a short distance of
+Sharpsburg, when they told us if we came over there we could be fed. I
+concluded to do so, and went over there, and just as we got into the
+town, we were informed that two of the Fourteenth regiment, who had
+been on the hill, had been wounded seriously there by our shots, and
+that the people had no friendly feeling for us, and then I concluded we
+had better go on and wait for provisions, which I proceeded to do, when
+we were met by two gentlemen, who joined us, one belonging to the
+Pennsylvania railroad, I believe, who said we could be fed a little
+lower down, at Claremont, where they gave us coffee and rations; but
+the rations they brought were berries--not very suitable things for
+soldiers to eat. We proceeded to Claremont, and there, awaited orders.
+
+Q. Claremont hospital or the work-house?
+
+A. They are both together--that is the work-house or home they call
+it--it is the poor-house. We were fed, I presume, from both
+houses--they both sent us out provisions. It has been said that we were
+ordered to Torrens, and disobeyed orders in not going there; but the
+orders I received, in regard to Torrens, came just one week after the
+orders were sent. I got them one week afterwards from Colonel Guthrie,
+who handed them to me. Colonel Norris is reported to have given us some
+orders, which I positively deny. I never received them in any way,
+shape, or form. On the contrary Major Baugh, whom I left at the Union
+depot, with General Latta, reported to me out there. I asked him "have
+you any orders," and he said "no; I have not." I said then you will
+have to go right back to Pittsburgh, and get me some orders.
+
+Q. Who was it?
+
+A. Major Baugh.
+
+Q. What time did he leave General Latta?
+
+A. I cannot say; but he joined me about two o'clock--two and a half
+o'clock.
+
+Q. On Sunday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. In the afternoon?
+
+A. Yes. It has also been said that we marched in a very rapid way out
+that street. It is about four miles, and I left at ten minutes after
+eight, and arrived at Sharpsburg a little after ten, which amounts to
+two miles an hour, and in the army three miles was considered fair
+marching. The orders we received afterwards from General Latta were to
+proceed to Altoona, which, as soon as I could procure transportation, I
+attempted to do, and arrived at Blairsville, where I received a
+dispatch from Mr. Garner saying, I had better not come there, because
+he had made some arrangements with the rioters. I telegraphed that my
+orders were imperative, and that I was coming, provided I could get
+transportation. I got to Blairsville junction. I could not get
+transportation any further. I immediately telegraphed General Latta,
+Colonel Scott, and the Governor. I disembarked my troops, and remained
+there until I got orders to go back to Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. It was on Saturday night you were ordered by General Pearson to
+enter the round-house? What time did General Pearson leave you?
+
+A. About half past eight o'clock.
+
+Q. What did he leave for?
+
+A. For the purpose of seeing the mayor, for the purpose of getting us
+rations and ammunition.
+
+Q. Did he leave you in general command after he left?
+
+A. Yes. His instructions to me were to open any dispatches which might
+come for him, and hold on until I return, his words were.
+
+Q. Hold on until I return?
+
+A. I think those were his words.
+
+Q. It was a verbal order?
+
+A. Yes. He was standing in front of the company shops--inside the yard.
+
+Q. Did you hear from him again that night?
+
+A. I didn't hear from him until about one week.
+
+Q. In his absence, would you have full command yourself?
+
+A. I didn't consider I had full command, because he said he would be
+back in an hour, and I was waiting for him to return. When I found he
+didn't return, I opened communication with the Adjutant General of the
+State for him.
+
+Q. What orders did you receive from him?
+
+A. I received orders to hold on vigorously, that I would be reinforced
+by Colonel Guthrie's command, and that Colonel Rodgers' men would
+certainly join me before six o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. Did it occur to you to march out with your command at any time--out
+of the round-house--and disperse the mob gathered there?
+
+A. That was discussed. I talked that over with my staff officers, at
+any rate, but we were ordered to remain there, and I didn't know--I
+expected General Pearson's return, and that he would bring us
+information about what was occurring outside. We had no information of
+any kind whatever. We couldn't tell whether there were ten thousand
+armed men in the town, or five hundred thousand. We knew that the force
+we had there was fully armed and had artillery, and we were outnumbered
+five to one.
+
+Q. Who was it you sent to the Adjutant General?
+
+A. A man named Sergeant Wilson, of the Jefferson cavalry, who was
+disguised.
+
+Q. Did he bring you any report as to the number of the mob?
+
+A. He didn't bring me any reports as to how many there were, and even
+if he had, I couldn't trust to a man simply passing through a crowd,
+because they were on every side. He said that the mob had vowed that
+they would burn us out or up--if they couldn't capture the place that
+they could burn us, and they were making arrangements to do that.
+
+Q. What time did they begin to fire the cars?
+
+A. The first I saw of the fire--I didn't know whether they were cars or
+buildings--but whatever they were, the first light I saw was about
+eleven o'clock. I may be mistaken in that, but I think it was.
+
+Q. Could you see anything of the number engaged in the burning--the
+actual burning?
+
+A. No; I couldn't see anything of the burning, because the buildings
+were on the other side--the Twenty-eighth street round-house was below
+us, and the buildings were above.
+
+Q. Above Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I mean west--nearer the Union depot.
+
+Q. Didn't they burn east of you, also?
+
+A. They might have burned east, but the first light I saw was there,
+and it seemed too far down for the cars.
+
+Q. They kept burning down towards the Union depot?
+
+A. I don't know. I couldn't see from where I was anything, except the
+illumination in the sky.
+
+Q. Nor how many men were engaged in the burning?
+
+A. No; on Liberty street and the street--I don't know the number of
+it--which would have run through the depot had it been prolonged--we
+could see men marching up and down that street, and could hear them
+giving commands along Penn street, which ran parallel with Liberty
+street, and we could see wagon loads of men coming in all the time.
+
+Q. Did you send out any scouts?
+
+A. I sent out two men of the Hutchinson battery, but they never
+returned. They said they would carry a dispatch to General Latta, and I
+wrote a note, but never heard of them afterwards. This scout returned,
+whose idea was that there were a great many, but he couldn't tell
+anything more than that, as he walked through the crowd. He could not
+tell whether there were five thousand or twenty thousand in the
+city--he could only see the street they were in. I thought if he could
+get back General Pearson might.
+
+Q. You didn't deem it safe to undertake to attack the crowd during the
+night?
+
+A. I thought I would be superseding my orders if I attempted it. I was
+ordered to remain there. At no time was I in command in Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. In the absence of General Pearson, you were the highest in rank, or
+the senior general, were you not?
+
+A. Yes; but I was ordered by him to remain where I was. It was not left
+discretionary with me.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Is General Pearson your senior?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In his failure to return, would you not be justifiable in acting on
+your own judgment?
+
+A. I communicated then with General Latta, and received a reply from
+him, saying they had made every attempt to provision us and get us
+ammunition, and that it was impossible, and knowing there were three
+regiments in Pittsburgh, and not knowing their demoralization--I didn't
+know they were so much demoralized as they were--if they couldn't
+communicate with us, I thought there must be a very strong force
+opposed to us, and my orders were to remain where I was.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. From General Latta?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What time did you get those orders from General Latta?
+
+A. I received two communications from him by the same man. One of them,
+I think, about eleven o'clock, and the other about one o'clock. I asked
+the man to out again, and he said he would not attempt it, that he had
+been stopped before, and that it was at the risk of his life. He would
+not attempt to go out again.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. As a military man, you received a command from your senior, to hold
+your position, and you wouldn't have felt like doing anything else but
+to hold your position--you would have been liable to a court-martial,
+if you had disobeyed that order?
+
+A. I would.
+
+Q. The responsibility rested with your senior?
+
+A. I told General Latta, in my note, which may have had some influence
+in his orders to me, that my men were terribly worn out, and had not
+had anything to eat for over twenty-four hours, and had not had any
+sleep for two nights, and I didn't think it would have been a wise
+thing with the amount of ammunition we had to attack that mob that
+night.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. General Latta had no power as a commanding officer, had he? His
+duties as Adjutant General were simply to marshal, and bring together
+the forces of the State--the militia forces, and when General Pearson
+was relieved or was absent, you would be the next general in
+command--would you not?
+
+A. That is one way of viewing it. I would be, probably. A staff officer
+does not command troops; but General Latta was acting under the
+Governor or in his place, and you notice in the Governor's message, he
+blames me for disobedience of orders which I never received, saying I
+had refused to return to Pittsburgh by orders of General Latta.
+
+Q. Did you understand that General Latta was commander-in-chief.
+
+A. I did. I would have obeyed any command that General Latta had sent
+to me; and not only that, I solicited his commands--I asked him what I
+should do.
+
+Q. What induced you to leave the round-house on Saturday morning?
+
+A. The round-house was on fire, and the men were choking with smoke
+when we left there, and it was not more than twenty minutes after we
+left, when the whole thing was a cinder.
+
+Q. How large a crowd did you encounter when you left the round-house?
+
+A. When we left, we came out in perfect order. The moment we came out
+the crowd fled, and we had no difficulty until we had gone some three
+or four squares. The crowd had disappeared.
+
+Q. Couldn't you have formed then, after driving the crowd?
+
+A. There was no crowd to drive at that time. We didn't see any crowd
+except the crowd which ran. My idea was to go to some place where the
+men could get something to eat. The Third regiment had three rounds of
+ammunition, and I thought certainly, at the United States arsenal we
+could get ammunition, and the men could be fed, or we should certainly
+get ammunition, and get water.
+
+Q. Did it occur to you that it would be good policy to go to the Union
+depot?
+
+A. Yes; and two of my staff, Colonel Wilson and Colonel Pettit, both
+advised me to go; but I told them my orders are to go east out Penn
+avenue, and I am going to obey my orders.
+
+Q. Those were the orders you received from General Latta?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. But your own judgment directed you to take the other course, and go
+to Union depot?
+
+A. It did.
+
+Q. If you had been acting on your own judgment, should you have gone
+there?
+
+A. If I had it to do over again, I should go there.
+
+Q. That was your judgment at that time?
+
+A. Yes; but I thought the next best thing was to go to the arsenal. I
+would then be carrying out my orders, and would remain where General
+Latta could further instruct me.
+
+Q. You had gone some distance before the firing commenced on your
+troops--that firing from the house?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you ever ascertain who fired--have you ever been able to learn
+the names of the parties?
+
+A. We ascertained a few. We killed a few, and I think that a policeman
+fired on us. Mr. Lennig, who was a member of the Washington Grays at
+the time, and who is a member of the bar here, when he went back to
+Pittsburgh, identified this man, and talked to him, and the man
+acknowledged it--that he did fire.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Where did this policeman fire? When you went by the station-house?
+
+A. We went by the station-house, but I didn't see them fire, but Mr.
+Lennig saw them fire near the cathedral.
+
+Q. Did you see any policeman fire yourself?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did Mr. Lennig?
+
+A. He saw a policeman fire, and identified him when he went back to
+Pittsburgh the second time.
+
+Q. When you arrived at the arsenal, did you enter at the gate?
+
+A. I entered at the gate. The sentry there allowed me to enter, and
+showed me where Mayor Buffington was to be found, and I went to his
+quarters and saw him.
+
+Q. Was he up at the time?
+
+A. He was up. He came out of the house.
+
+Q. How was he dressed when he came out?
+
+A. In citizen's dress. I asked whether he was the commandant there, and
+he said he was. He was in citizen's clothes.
+
+Q. Was he fully dressed?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you tell him your name?
+
+A. My name and where we had been, and told him I wanted to bring the
+men in there. He said we couldn't come there, and I asked him where we
+could encamp.
+
+Q. You are positive about giving him your name?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. And rank?
+
+A. Yes; I had an officer with me who will corroborate it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Whereabouts did you meet him?
+
+A. Right at his house.
+
+Q. At the door?
+
+A. He came on to the steps of a little porch and stepped down to the
+ground.
+
+Q. Whereabouts is his house situated from the gate as you enter?
+
+A. Probably two hundred feet from the gate.
+
+Q. On the right side of the road leading down through the grounds or
+the left?
+
+A. It is about two hundred yards from the street where we marched
+out--where the sentry gate is. A path led down, and Major Burlington
+turned on his heel, and didn't take the trouble to say he was sorry,
+but immediately turned on his heel and left.
+
+Q. Where did he go?
+
+A. Back to his house.
+
+Q. Did he afterwards come up to the gate?
+
+A. I never saw him afterwards.
+
+Q. Did you have any wounded at the gate?
+
+A. Yes; we had some three or four men carried in there, and Lieutenant
+Ash had his leg amputated and died there.
+
+Q. Did he tell you that he would take care of the wounded?
+
+A. No; he never made any remark to me of that kind.
+
+Q. Did Lieutenant Lyon make any such remark?
+
+A. I never knew such an officer was there.
+
+Q. How long did you remain inside of the grounds?
+
+A. I don't think I was there over two minutes--maybe I was longer. The
+firing was quite heavy after I got in there, and I went down to join my
+command.
+
+Q. How were you dressed when you met Major Buffington?
+
+A. In a blouse and a cap, with two stars on it, and blue pants. One of
+my shoulder straps during the night had been torn down, and it hung,
+and I took it off.
+
+Q. Was the other on?
+
+A. No; I had taken both off when I found one of them was torn.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What request did you make of Major Buffington when you went there?
+
+A. I told him we had been in the company's shops all night, and that we
+were burned out, and that the men were out of ammunition, and that I
+wanted something to eat, and wanted to form my men there until I could
+get some further orders.
+
+Q. You wanted to form your men in the arsenal grounds?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did he refuse?
+
+A. Most peremptorily, and said that we could not come there. I asked
+where I could encamp or could bivouac, and he said that I couldn't come
+in there, but could go somewhere else. I said I was a total stranger in
+the city, and wanted somebody to direct me--nothing more than a civil
+question, and he said he didn't know, that I would have to go away, and
+turned on his heel and left.
+
+Q. What excuse did he make, if any, for refusing you admission?
+
+A. I think that he had very few men there. The purport was that he was
+afraid we might draw the fire of the mob. That was the impression left
+on my mind.
+
+Q. Did he say anything about a large amount of valuable ammunition and
+stores?
+
+A. Not to my recollection. He might have said so; but I don't
+recollect. I know he said he had no ammunition for us.
+
+Q. Did he say he had artillery ammunition, but no ammunition for
+infantry?
+
+A. I do not recollect that he did.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you rap at the door or call at the door, and meet him outside,
+or did he come out before you arrived at the house?
+
+A. Two men were at the gate, and one ran ahead, and I think, told him.
+I think he rapped at the gate.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with Lieutenant Lyon?
+
+A. I do not remember seeing him.
+
+Q. I understood you to say that you called at Colonel Scott's office,
+and was there shown the communication from General Latta?
+
+A. Yes; I got my dispatch over the Pennsylvania railroad lines.
+
+Q. Was it directed to Colonel Scott or to you?
+
+A. To me.
+
+Q. It went over their line?
+
+A. Yes; all the time I was away we used their wires.
+
+Q. Did you receive any orders from any one else before you left
+Philadelphia, than from General Latta?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you receive any communication from General Latta at Pittsburgh,
+while you were in the round-house, after General Pearson left you,
+before you sent a communication to him?
+
+A. There was a communication, which came over the wires, directed to
+General Pearson. A dispatch which I did not understand, saying
+something about when the troops arrive, make disposition for them--a
+dispatch could not understand, directed to General Pearson, from
+General Latta.
+
+Q. That was from General Latta?
+
+A. Yes; but immediately after that the wires were cut, and we had no
+other communication.
+
+Q. Did you send a communication to General Latta by a messenger, before
+you received the orders from him to hold the round-house?
+
+A. I did. It was by the messenger whom I sent to General Latta that I
+received those orders.
+
+Q. That was in reply to your communication?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. There was no other communication from General Latta?
+
+A. I sent him two. The first communication was--the purport of it
+was--that General Brinton had left there, and that we were suffering
+for ammunition and for rations, and also had but two friction primers.
+I have a copy of this, and one of the Sunday papers, I believe, copied
+it.
+
+Q. That was the first?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Can you give us the original of that?
+
+A. I think I can give the original--I can give you the original of one.
+_The Sunday Republic_ published it.
+
+Q. What was the second communication--the one you received and replied
+to from General Latta?
+
+A. I received a reply to both from General Latta.
+
+Q. Give us the nature of the second communication?
+
+A. I cannot remember the exact phraseology of it.
+
+Q. Give it in substance, as near as you can?
+
+A. It was a mere reiteration, asking for ammunition, and asking for
+rations--saying that we must be provisioned--that the troops were in a
+terrible state, nearly starved, and suggesting in one of the
+dispatches, how they could get in there with their engines, that they
+might run down and we would try to have the gates ready for them to
+come in, and the engine, I believe, was subsequently loaded, and the
+engineer refused to take it.
+
+Q. Did you try to convey the idea to General Latta, that your troops
+were unfit for duty?
+
+A. No; I conveyed the idea, or attempted to, that they were worn out,
+not being properly cared for or rationed, and that I had no sufficient
+amount of ammunition. I tried to convey that idea.
+
+Q. That they were demoralized?
+
+A. No--I did not.
+
+Q. Could there have been such a construction placed on your message?
+
+A. No; I don't think so. A few of my men were not in the best
+condition, morally, but very few. I only placed them in another part of
+the building. I designated those.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you designate those in your message to General Latta?
+
+A. I probably did.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were they officers or men?
+
+A. A few of the men--none of the officers. But so far as the men were
+fatigued or worn out, I tried to convey that in the strongest terms.
+
+Q. For the purpose of getting supplies?
+
+A. For the purpose of getting something to eat and ammunition.
+
+Q. Did General Latta say anything in his communications to you that you
+were left in command of the round-house, and that you were expected to
+act on your own discretion?
+
+A. No; on the contrary, he gave me specific orders what to do, and when
+I left where to go.
+
+Q. Did you expect to receive further orders from General Pearson when
+you received your communications from General Latta?
+
+A. I cannot say that I expected to, although I would not have been
+surprised to have received them.
+
+Q. Did you consider it your duty to take command of the force and to
+act at your own discretion after General Pearson had left you and you
+were not able to communicate with him?
+
+A. No further than I did, because communications should have come the
+other way. I was ordered to do a certain thing, and it was possibly
+superseding my duty to send out an officer after orders. It would
+probably have been more soldierly for me to stay there and receive
+communications from my superior than to send after them.
+
+Q. Didn't you consider it proper, as a military man, to exercise your
+own discretion in an emergency of that kind, and take the
+responsibility of it?
+
+A. No; I do not think I did, nor do I yet. The responsibility rested on
+me to obey orders, and as I had no means of ascertaining what was going
+on outside, I resolved to hold that place as far as I could, and didn't
+move out until the men were nearly choked with the smoke. We held it
+for two hours longer than we were ordered to hold it.
+
+Q. Was the round-house on fire when you left it?
+
+A. It was.
+
+Q. And the shops adjoining the round-house?
+
+A. Yes; the machine shops adjoining the round-house were entirely on
+fire. The roof was on fire and the floors were saturated with oil and
+General Matthews sent to me two or three times saying that the smoke
+was so intense that they could scarcely stay there. Then I moved them
+out into the yard.
+
+Q. The floors were saturated with oil?
+
+A. Yes; it was not twenty minutes after leaving the place until it was
+a cinder.
+
+Q. How did that place become saturated with oil--by the mob?
+
+A. No; the employés of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company put it there
+while greasing the engines.
+
+Q. Did any whisky or high wines run down into the round-house while you
+were there?
+
+A. Some whisky ran into the cellar of the office while we were there.
+It was lower than the pavement, and when they threw the cars off the
+track there, some barrels got down on the pavement.
+
+Q. Did it run down into the cellar?
+
+A. Yes; into the cellar or basement where the telegraph batteries were
+stationed.
+
+Q. Was the office connected with the round-house or the building you
+were in?
+
+A. They were some of the buildings we were in, but not connected
+although not over three or four feet off them.
+
+Q. Did you see Colonel Norris on your march from the round-house to
+Claremont?
+
+A. I saw Wilson Norris after we had passed Sharpsburg, between there
+and Claremont.
+
+Q. Did you receive any orders from him?
+
+A. I have no recollection of receiving any orders from him, and I have
+questioned my staff who were around me at the time, and they have none.
+
+Q. Neither verbal or written?
+
+A. Neither verbal or written.
+
+Q. Did you receive any orders from any one else before you reached
+Sharpsburg or Claremont?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. No orders from any one to go to Torrens station during Sunday?
+
+A. Whilst in the round-house, to proceed east out Penn Avenue, towards
+Torrens, from General Latta. I did not go there for this reason:
+Colonel Guthrie was to be at the outer depot at six o'clock in the
+morning, and we waited there until ten minutes after eight, waiting for
+him two hours and ten minutes. The suggestions which General Latta gave
+me were based on Colonel Guthrie's being at Torrens station, but
+considered I would only be exchanging places with Colonel Guthrie, and
+for that reason I concluded to go to the arsenal. In the second place,
+General Latta or the authorities had said it was impossible to ration
+us.
+
+Q. Did you receive any communication from General Latta, or any other
+superior officer, before you got to Blairsville?
+
+A. Yes; from General Latta, to proceed to Altoona, which we immediately
+proceeded to do.
+
+Q. Through whom?
+
+A. Through Major Baugh, whom I sent back to General Latta for
+instructions--sent him back to Pittsburgh.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. On Saturday afternoon, when the firing commenced--where did it
+commence?
+
+A. The firing commenced from the Weccacoe Legion.
+
+Q. Facing east?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. It was the first firing from the troops?
+
+A. The first firing came from there.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. From what direction did the stones and other missiles come?
+
+A. They came from every direction.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Was there any pistol firing from the side of the hill?
+
+A. After the firing commenced it was very hard to detect in which
+direction it came. It seemed to come in all directions, and the stones
+were striking against the muskets of the men as they held them up. It
+was very hard to detect where the firing came from.
+
+Q. Was there any positive order given to fire?
+
+A. I didn't hear it, and I didn't give it, and I don't think there was,
+further than the general order I gave, if we were attacked that we
+should defend ourselves.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was General Pearson present when the firing took place?
+
+A. I think he was--not that I saw him, but he gave me the order to
+clear the tracks, and the time was so short after he gave the order
+before the firing commenced, that I do not see how he could arrive at
+Mr. Pitcairn's office before the firing took place, although I didn't
+see him myself. He gave me those orders, and I ordered the Weccacoe
+Legion, which had about seventy-five yards to go, and the whole time
+didn't occupy over two minutes.
+
+Q. How was he dressed?
+
+A. I think in full uniform--my impression is that he was. I think he
+was.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What do you mean by full uniform?
+
+A. Blouse and cap--regular fatigue uniform.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Suppose he had turned around immediately after giving you the order
+and gone to Mr. Pitcairn's office, could he have got there before the
+firing took place?
+
+A. I do not think so, but I may be mistaken.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did he wear a hat or a cap?
+
+A. I cannot tell you, sir. It really didn't make sufficient impression
+on me, but I think he had a cap on. That is my impression, because I
+knew him in the army a long time, and he always used to wear a cap
+there.
+
+Q. Had he a sword and belt on?
+
+A. Yes; a sword and belt on.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you in the late war?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What rank did you occupy?
+
+A. I went out as a private in the Second Pennsylvania cavalry, and
+afterwards was promoted to different grades to major of a regiment, and
+brevet lieutenant colonel at Five Forks. I served two years as personal
+aid to General Griffin, of the Fifth Army Corps.
+
+Q. When did you go out?
+
+A. In September, 1861, and left the army in June, 1866.
+
+Q. What rank did you hold when you left?
+
+A. I was major and brevet lieutenant colonel.
+
+Adjourned, to meet at two o'clock to-morrow.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, _Saturday_, _March 23, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled in the St. Cloud
+hotel, at two o'clock, P.M., this day, and continued the taking of
+testimony.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+J. Ewing Mears, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. At No. 1429 Walnut street, in this city.
+
+Q. What is your profession?
+
+A. That of a physician.
+
+Q. State whether you were a member of the National Guard, and if so,
+what position you held at the time of the riots?
+
+A. I was the division surgeon of the First division, National Guard,
+under command of General Brinton.
+
+Q. State whether you accompanied the command of General Brinton to
+Pittsburgh, and on what day?
+
+A. I left the city of Philadelphia on the morning of Saturday, the 21st
+of July, in company with General Brinton, and arrived at Pittsburgh
+shortly after the middle of the day of Saturday.
+
+Q. Go on and relate just what occurred after your arrival at
+Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I don't know whether I can state it as you wish, without questions
+from yourself. After our arrival at Pittsburgh, the troops were
+disembarked, and orders were given with regard to their march up
+towards the round-house, and I was ordered by General Brinton to
+establish the division hospital in the mail-room connected with the
+railroad station. It was nearly opposite to the outer telegraph
+station, as the depot existed prior to its destruction. Before the
+command left the depot, I had assigned to the different brigades and
+regiments medical officers, taking from some regiments officers who
+were in access of the needs of the regiments; in other words, I
+distributed medical officers to the different commands, in accordance
+with the orders of General Brinton.
+
+Q. Did you accompany the command at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I didn't.
+
+Q. Where were you yourself?
+
+A. I was at the depot. My orders from General Brinton were, to
+establish the division hospital at the depot, to which the wounded, if
+any happened to be wounded, could be sent.
+
+Q. Did you send out surgeons with the command--as you distributed them,
+they went out?
+
+A. Yes; there were two surgeons with the First regiment, one surgeon
+connected with the Second brigade, and one surgeon who was not acting
+as such among the other companies.
+
+Q. Did you remain at the Union depot during Saturday night?
+
+A. No; I remained there until ten o'clock, then I left the depot, the
+object being to join the command in the round-house, if possible. I
+had, in the meantime, met the surgeon of the Pennsylvania railroad,
+Doctor Murdock, who was also surgeon of the West Penn hospital, and he
+informed me that some of the wounded of the division were in the
+hospital, and offered his services to me to assist, and also on behalf
+of the staff, the use of the hospital. In view of this fact, and as I
+had also completed my duty at the depot by sending all of the wounded
+to Philadelphia prior to ten o'clock, I left the depot to start to join
+General Brinton in the round-house, but being unable to do so by reason
+of the mob, I went to the hospital, where I found some of the command.
+
+Q. How many wounded were brought to the Union depot?
+
+A. Fifteen.
+
+Q. Of the militia?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. They were sent to Philadelphia?
+
+A. Yes; I obtained from Mr. Cassatt a special car for that purpose.
+
+Q. How were the different men wounded?
+
+A. The majority were wounded by small Smith & Wesson balls--balls that
+belong to the ordinary pocket revolver, and the gun shot wounds were
+all in the lower extremities.
+
+Q. Were any wounded with stones or clubs?
+
+A. They were wounded both with bullets, and also with clubs and stones,
+the majority being wounded with bullets, and as they stated, the wounds
+being given to them by persons under the cars, the result of that being
+that the wounds were in the lower extremities. Some had scalp wounds,
+received from clubs and stones, and some of the wounds in the lower
+extremities were also from clubs or stones. I should say that 1 moved
+the hospital from the mail-room, which I had taken, into the hotel, and
+took for that purpose the two large reading-rooms of the hotel. There I
+dressed the wounds of those sent to me, and sent them home when I
+finished the work.
+
+Q. On Sunday, where were you?
+
+A. On Sunday morning, at seven and a half o'clock, I left the West Penn
+hospital, and came into the depot. I was aware then that the command
+had left the round-house, that is, I was so informed, and I came into
+the hotel for the purpose of getting the medical stores, and also for
+the purpose of getting means of conveyance to the command. I had
+received a requisition the afternoon before, from one of the surgeons
+for lint and medical stores, and I had purchased some the night before
+in a drug store, at Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. The details we don't care for--just simply the number of wounded,
+and if you heard the firing, and was with the command at the time?
+
+A. I didn't hear the firing, and there were more wounded than I saw,
+because some didn't come to the depot.
+
+Q. Do you know the number of the wounded altogether?
+
+A. I have endeavored to ascertain that, but have failed thus far. I
+understood there were about twenty-eight.
+
+Q. How many were killed?
+
+A. As far as I can ascertain, three were killed, two instantly, and one
+died from the result of a gun-shot wound.
+
+Q. Did you go with the command when it retreated out Penn avenue, and
+across the river?
+
+A. I followed the command as closely as I could, and joined them after
+they had crossed the river.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. Ten and a half o'clock.
+
+Q. Were you dressed in uniform?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. In citizen's clothes?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you have any trouble in reaching the command?
+
+A. No; I was not interfered with, although I drove through the mob. I
+had with me a guide, a member of one of the cavalry companies of
+Pittsburgh, but he knew nothing of the country after passing the
+arsenal. I acted on my own responsibility. I had received an order from
+General Brinton the evening before, about joining the command, and was
+directed to join him in citizen's clothes.
+
+Q. Did you stop at the arsenal?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Did you see Major Buffington?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Or Lieutenant Lyon?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you see Lieutenant Ash?
+
+A. I didn't see him.
+
+Q. Did you know that Lieutenant Ash was there?
+
+A. I didn't at that time.
+
+Q. You reached your command in safety?
+
+A. Yes; with the stores I had taken with me. I had a wagon and a horse,
+and I placed them in the wagon, and took them to the command.
+
+Q. Are there any other facts that you wish to state? State whether you
+heard any orders given by General Latta to General Brinton?
+
+A. I heard orders dictated to his secretary or to an officer in his
+room--I did.
+
+Q. At what place?
+
+A. At the Union Depot hotel.
+
+Q. At what time?
+
+A. About eight o'clock on Sunday morning.
+
+Q. What were they?
+
+A. As near as I can remember them--I was not the officer supposed to
+hear them, but they were given in an ordinary tone of voice--the order
+was congratulatory to General Brinton on his retreat from the
+round-house, as to his generalship in getting out of the round-house,
+and upon his march out Penn square to the arsenal. That is a portion of
+the order I distinctly remember. Further, when I asked General Latta
+where I should join the command, he told me to go to the arsenal.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with General Latta at that time?
+
+A. I asked him where the command was, and how to get there.
+
+Q. Did you hear any other command given by General Latta to General
+Brinton?
+
+A. I did not. I met Major Norris returning from the command. He had
+joined them, and I asked him where they were, and he said on the hill,
+and that they were going to the poor-house. He said to me nothing at
+all in regard to any other destination. This hill, I suppose, was a
+quarter of a mile after the bridge had been crossed--after crossing the
+river.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with citizens of Pittsburgh, or come
+in contact with them?
+
+A. I did, on Saturday night. I had taken, fortunately, a letter of
+introduction to a druggist in Pittsburgh, and I went to his drug store
+to make a purchase.
+
+Q. Just state whether the citizens of Pittsburgh showed sympathy with
+the strikers?
+
+A. Yes; most decidedly.
+
+Q. Their sympathies were with the strikers?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And they were hostile to the troops?
+
+A. Most decidedly. I had conversations with a number of medical men,
+and I was surprised to hear them, as medical men, express their
+sympathy with the action of the rioters.
+
+Q. In plain words, they said that the strikers were doing right?
+
+A. Yes; they approved their action.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In what way did they manifest or express sympathy with the rioters?
+
+A. In this way: they thought they were taking the proper action to
+redress the wrongs they had suffered.
+
+Q. Did they say that the strikers were taking proper action?
+
+A. They said that they thought they were doing right.
+
+Q. What citizens said that?
+
+A. I do not remember the names. I met one gentleman on the street. He
+was kind enough to conduct me back to the hotel, it being night, and I
+not knowing the way. He didn't know who I was or my business, and
+expressed himself very freely about the matter.
+
+Q. Was he a business man?
+
+A. I do not know that. He appeared to be a gentleman--he was dressed as
+such.
+
+Q. Living in the city of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I suppose he did, sir.
+
+Q. At the drug store, did you meet any citizens more than the druggist
+himself?
+
+A. I didn't, because he advised me not to stay there long--that it
+would not be desirable for them to know who I was.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. The druggist advised you not to stay there long--that he did not
+want the strikers to know you were in his place of business?
+
+A. Or the citizens even to know it. It was rather out of regard for my
+safety, than possibly for himself. I went through the streets of
+Pittsburgh, when they were breaking into the stores and seizing arms,
+and the citizens looked on that indifferently, and no efforts were made
+to stop that.
+
+Q. You went through the city of Pittsburgh, in disguise for your own
+safety, for fear of bodily harm you might receive.
+
+A. I went into the streets of Pittsburgh in citizen's dress, in the
+first place, because I had been warned by General Latta, in regard to
+wearing my uniform. He advised me to remove it. He said it was not safe
+even for himself, or anybody connected with the military, to appear in
+uniform. That it would probably attract the mob to the hotel. I did it
+at his suggestion, and also, when I reflected on it, for my own safety.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where was that drug store?
+
+A. I cannot tell you where, it was night.
+
+Q. Do you remember the street?
+
+A. I do not. I can go to it in daytime.
+
+Q. Do you know whether it was the proprietor of the drug store with
+whom you had the conversation?
+
+A. It was the clerk.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Did you get an introduction to the proprietor?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. Who was the letter addressed to?
+
+A. To Mr. Ottinger. I took it, thinking I should possibly want to
+purchase something.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. You cannot give the street?
+
+A. I didn't see it in the daytime at all.
+
+Q. Can you give us the language--what he said?
+
+A. I cannot, because I didn't stop very long at his store. I had sent
+him an order, and asked that it should be filled, and I went for the
+order. It was not completed, and it kept us a few minutes. Further, to
+show the hostility to the troops, when I was taking the wounded to the
+cars, the mob had got into the station, and were jeering us and making
+use of insulting remarks, such as to show that they were gratified that
+they were going home in that condition.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Thomas A. Scott, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State what your official connection with the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company is?
+
+A. I am president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
+
+Q. You have held that position for a number of years?
+
+A. I have been connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in
+various capacities, over twenty-six years.
+
+Q. State, if prior to the strike that occurred in July last, you had
+any information that such a strike was to take place, or had any reason
+to apprehend a strike?
+
+A. We had no information on the subject. I was on that evening up the
+river Delaware eighteen miles, visiting some friends--my daughters'
+family--and had gone to bed about ten o'clock, and heard nothing of the
+strike, or anything connected with it, until about eleven o'clock, when
+one of our officers from West Philadelphia, came up and advised me that
+there was trouble on the road, and wanted me to come to West
+Philadelphia. I did so, and arrived there a quarter before twelve, on
+Thursday night. At that time I had no intimation of any possible
+trouble with any of our people.
+
+Q. Had you any knowledge of the existence of an organization called the
+Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. Yes; I had heard that there was such an organization. There was some
+discontent about salaries and other matters connected with railroad
+management, and I had an interview with some engineers and firemen a
+few weeks before, and went over the whole subject--went over the whole
+ground with them. I suppose it was a committee of twenty or thirty
+altogether; and after hearing all that was to be said on both sides, we
+finally agreed that it was one of the inevitable things that could not
+be avoided, but would be remedied as soon as the condition of the
+country got into a more prosperous condition. After the committee
+retired from the interview, they came back again with a letter directed
+to me, expressing just what I said, in substance, to you; therefore I
+had no idea that there was discontent among our people likely to lead
+to anything like the results attained afterwards--like the difficulty
+that resulted in Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What complaints did this committee make when they waited on you?
+
+A. They wanted to have the ten per cent. restored.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. It may have been three or four weeks before the difficulty occurred.
+
+Q. It was after the 1st of June--after the ten per cent. reduction?
+
+A. After the notice was given.
+
+Q. Did they have any other complaint to make than about the ten per
+cent. reduction?
+
+A. They discussed the question of privilege to ride over the road, and
+about being allowed for time when off duty, and several things of that
+character, all of which were discussed in the most friendly way with
+the committee, and I supposed that the committee went away perfectly
+satisfied. They so expressed themselves in writing to me--perfectly
+satisfied with the action of the company.
+
+Q. Did they make any objections to the classification--what is called
+the classification?
+
+A. They discussed that question with me, and they wanted to get some
+changes made in that. That had been agreed upon with the engineers and
+firemen some years before.
+
+Q. They were satisfied on that point?
+
+A. Entirely.
+
+Q. Had you heard of any dissatisfaction on that point from any other
+source than from this committee?
+
+A. I had heard nothing about the question at all.
+
+Q. Had there been any complaints made prior to the one made by this
+committee on that subject?
+
+A. A year or two before the question had been discussed. I have always
+been in the habit when our people come to state their grievances or
+supposed grievances to hear them, and discuss the matter, and do what
+we think right about it. I believe I never have declined to receive our
+men, and talk over matters connected with the company.
+
+Q. After the order was issued to run double-headers, did you hear of
+any dissatisfaction?
+
+A. Not until this Thursday night. That that was one cause of
+dissatisfaction.
+
+Q. How long before that was the order issued to run double-headers?
+
+A. I cannot give the time, but it was, I think, a few weeks--but how
+long, I don't know. It is a matter of detail management of the
+respective divisions that scarcely ever comes to me at all.
+
+Q. Do you know what date it went into effect?
+
+A. No; I do not.
+
+Q. From whom did you get the first information that a strike existed
+there at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. From Mr. Charles E. Pugh, one of our superintendents at West
+Philadelphia, who came up for me to Andalusia, or near there.
+
+Q. What time did he get there?
+
+A. At a quarter before eleven o'clock.
+
+Q. On the 19th?
+
+A. Yes; on Thursday night.
+
+Q. When did you get the next information?
+
+A. When I got to the depot at West Philadelphia.
+
+Q. What was the character of that?
+
+A. That there was an outbreak among the men on all the roads extending
+rapidly over all the lines in the country, and that there was not a
+sufficient police force in the city of Pittsburgh, to manage the
+matter, and that the sheriff had been called out or called upon by
+somebody to organize a _posse comitatus_, and I believe he did make
+some effort about it.
+
+Q. That he was called upon by some officer of your road?
+
+A. No; but by some authorities of the city of Pittsburgh; but that, I
+cannot say. I was not there. That they called upon him, but just when
+they called upon him, I do not know.
+
+Q. That information was communicated to you?
+
+A. Yes; by telegraph.
+
+Q. Were you informed that the city authorities and the sheriff were not
+able to suppress the strike or the riot there?
+
+A. Yes; I was informed of that fact--that the sheriff had called upon
+the Governor of the State for aid.
+
+Q. What time did you get that information?
+
+A. Three or four o'clock in the morning.
+
+Q. From whom did you get the information?
+
+A. From our officers at Pittsburgh. I think probably from Mr. Pitcairn.
+
+Q. Had you any communication with the Governor?
+
+A. Yes; I telegraphed to the Governor after he had been called upon and
+given the general results of the trouble--I telegraphed. I thought it
+was very important for him to be back in the city at the earliest
+moment he could come. That I thought the peace of the whole State was
+threatened.
+
+Q. What time did you send that telegram?
+
+A. I think that was sent the next day some time.
+
+Q. On Friday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see General Latta before he left for Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes. He was there when I got to West Philadelphia. He was very much
+disturbed. He told me that the Governor, before leaving, had left power
+and authority with him to exercise his authority in case of
+disturbance. I asked what he proposed to do about the matter, and he
+said he proposed to go to Pittsburgh, and be governed by circumstances.
+If the Governor was called upon, that he would do what was necessary
+and proper to be done, under the circumstances, to preserve the order
+of the State. I think it was about a quarter before twelve o'clock on
+Thursday night when I saw him. I expressed to him the importance of
+preserving the highways of the country intact, as I understood it and
+believed it.
+
+Q. When did you first learn that they had ordered the troops out--when
+the Adjutant General had ordered them out?
+
+A. I understood about four o'clock Friday morning that the sheriff of
+Allegheny county had called for troops.
+
+Q. And you understood then that General Latta would call them in
+pursuance of the call of the sheriff?
+
+A. General Latta told me if called on, that he had abundance of troops
+in the city of Pittsburgh to take care of anything that might
+arise--under General Pearson.
+
+Q. Did you have any communication with General Pearson?
+
+A. No; if General Pearson asked me any question about transportation of
+troops, I told him what was proper under the circumstances; but I do
+not recollect of having any from him.
+
+Q. Had you ever had any strikes on that road prior to this time?
+
+A. We had a strike in 1860, when I was general superintendent of the
+road--a small affair that didn't last but a few days--principally among
+some of the engineers and some of the shop men. But I believe we had no
+strike or trouble with our people from that time up to the occurrences
+last summer.
+
+Q. What steps were taken at that time to control it by the company?
+
+A. Simply notice to the men engaged in it, that if the wages or
+arrangements of the company did not suit them, to peaceably go away.
+
+Q. Was there any attempt, at that time, to molest or disturb the
+property of the company?
+
+A. Nothing at all, except stoppage of the trains.
+
+Q. There never has been any strike before where there was an attempt to
+destroy property?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Can you give us the amount, or an estimated amount, of the
+destruction of property at Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Well, I think it is in the neighborhood--you mean what property?
+
+Q. Belonging to the company?
+
+A. About $2,000,000--various things we were interested in.
+
+Q. Does that cover the merchandise?
+
+A. Not at all.
+
+Q. Simply the actual property of the company?
+
+A. Yes; and it does not cover the consequent loss from the interruption
+of our business.
+
+Q. But you include the destruction of cars, and engines, and shops, and
+tracks?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Do you know how many cars were destroyed?
+
+A. I have not got the number at the end of my fingers, but it is in the
+annual report of the company. It is all stated there, sir. I think it
+is summed up in that report, that the probable loss, by reason of this
+trouble, was about $5,000,000 to our company and to the community at
+large in Pittsburgh and the community elsewhere owning property in
+transit.
+
+Q. In consequence of the riot that existed there?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. That includes the merchandise?
+
+A. Yes; it is an estimated amount of what we thought about the right
+thing--as near as we could get at it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did General Brinton telegraph you at Blairsville Junction that he,
+General Brinton, could clear the tracks with the force under his
+command?
+
+A. I think General Brinton did telegraph me; but I do not recollect the
+details of it at all.
+
+Q. At Blairsville Junction?
+
+A. That he thought with troops properly located he could take care of
+it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. In the interview you had with this committee, they stated their
+views on the reduction of ten per cent.?
+
+A. That and several other questions connected with it.
+
+Q. When did this ten per cent. reduction take place?
+
+A. In June.
+
+Q. Had there been any prior reduction?
+
+A. Yes; in 1873, we made a reduction of ten per cent.--following the
+panic.
+
+Q. Then in June you made another reduction?
+
+A. Of ten per cent. It applied to everybody in the company--to men on
+the track, and in the shops, and on the engines, and in the depots, and
+every officer of the company.
+
+
+    By Mr. Yutzy:
+
+Q. To all the employés?
+
+A. To all getting above a dollar per day.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Was this last reduction made in pursuance of any arrangement with
+any other road?
+
+A. Not at all.
+
+Q. Was there not a meeting of representatives of the trunk lines in
+Chicago in May sometime, at which matters were talked over?
+
+A. I don't know--I was not there.
+
+Q. Was there a representative of your company present?
+
+A. There may have been. I don't know nor whether they had up the
+question of compensation to the men. Our action on the subject was
+based on the general results of the business of the company, and the
+necessity of some positive thing being done in aid of the company and
+in aid of the men as well.
+
+Q. The action of your company, in this reduction, was solely by
+yourselves, without any understanding?
+
+A. With the other trunk lines?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. None whatever. I think they didn't make any reduction until July.
+
+Q. Didn't the New York Central make a reduction about that time?
+
+A. I think on the 1st of July.
+
+Q. And the Baltimore and Ohio about that time?
+
+A. Somewhere along there. I don't know the dates exactly.
+
+Q. This reduction was arrived at by yourselves without any
+understanding with other roads?
+
+A. Yes; we thought it proper to be done. I think, and believe now, that
+we were paying men then twenty per cent. above the average price paid
+for an equivalent amount of labor anywhere else.
+
+Q. Do you remember the prices paid the trainmen?
+
+A. I don't recollect, but I can get you the data if you want them. I
+don't recollect the details. Our wages differ a little on different
+divisions--they are not entirely uniform. There are some places where
+the living is more expensive, and there the compensation is higher.
+They are paid according to locality. There are some places where the
+cost of living is a great deal less than in others, and a difference is
+made in wages. It is always been so both on the track and roadway and
+the trainmen also.
+
+Q. Do you know whether arrangements were made at Chicago to pool the
+earnings of the three trunk lines?
+
+A. An attempt was made.
+
+Q. But never carried out?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You don't know whether this question of wages was discussed at that
+meeting?
+
+A. I don't know.
+
+Q. You had no report made to you by the representative of your road who
+was there?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. To pool the entire earnings of the road?
+
+A. No; the competitive business to avoid disagreements, and to put all
+the shippers on a perfect equality, and get a fair living compensation
+for doing the work to be done. Through excessive competition, very
+often business was done resulting in a loss to the companies. They did
+the work for a great deal less than cost, and in doing, that with
+certain kinds of traffic, they did violence and injustice to other
+people at other points. That was one of the troubles with the city of
+Pittsburgh--perhaps their chief trouble.
+
+Q. The purpose of it was to secure uniformity of freights?
+
+A. And compensation to everybody.
+
+Q. To shippers, too?
+
+A. To shippers. In the early part of last year, the through business of
+the company was done below actual cost to every road that did it.
+During the first six months of last year, not a farthing was made on
+through competitive freight by any line.
+
+Q. Was that agreed upon at that meeting in Chicago?
+
+A. They made an effort, but didn't succeed in having it carried out
+practically.
+
+Q. The trouble was in one line cutting down freights?
+
+A. That is the allegation always--that somebody is cheating somebody
+else.
+
+Q. It was attempted to carry it into effect?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. For how long a time did you work at it?
+
+A. Three or four months, probably, but finally it all broke up. On
+west-bound traffic we have an arrangement for a division of the
+business under low established rates, by which everybody is placed on a
+perfect equality. New York, a certain price, Philadelphia so much below
+that, and Baltimore, so much below that. Under that arrangement, the
+lines have been doing very much better than when in open warfare. I
+believe now that every west-bound shipper is placed on an entire
+equality.
+
+Q. You have referred to Pittsburgh. Had there been complaints by
+shippers in Pittsburgh about discrimination?
+
+A. Always.
+
+Q. What were the complaints?
+
+A. That through goods were carried at a less rate per ton per mile than
+their goods, and that we ought to be able to control that. I think I
+have tried diligently for the last five years of my life to get an
+arrangement or an agreement by which all these questions could be
+adjusted, and these discriminations of every character wiped out, and I
+went even to this trouble: I met a committee of merchants and
+manufacturers of the city of Pittsburgh, and went over the whole case
+with them. I said to them: gentlemen, there are times when it cannot be
+controlled. If we succeed in making this west-bound arrangement we will
+put all your interests here, so far as relates to the western markets,
+on a fair equality with everything that comes into competition with you
+from the east. I said so far as we are concerned, we have a strong
+desire to do just what you want done, and to that end we are working,
+and we will do anything we can do to bring it about; and if it should
+happen in the future that we must go through other and more violent
+wars than we have now passed, we will still agree that your trade in
+competition with like trade--that your manufacturing interests here
+shall be protected by at least ten per cent. less than the aggregate
+rates from points east of you. They expressed themselves very well
+satisfied with that arrangement.
+
+Q. Can you give us any of the methods you have tried for the purpose of
+preventing those complaints by the people of Pittsburgh?
+
+A. The general endeavor is to agree upon rates, and to adhere to them
+absolutely. We never charge in any case exceeding the rate charged from
+a distant point. In this arrangement, I referred to, for the city of
+Pittsburgh, I told them, in any possible state of things, we would make
+their rates ten per cent. less than any rate prevailing from any point
+east of them--Philadelphia, New York, or Baltimore. It sometimes
+happened that competition ruled so strong that we carried things from
+New York to Chicago lower than we did from Pittsburgh, and when engaged
+in one of these little troubles, the rates are frequently changed a
+dozen times in a day. Our aim always has been to put all the shippers
+on our road and all the intermediate shippers on rates as low as
+competition might force at the extremes. We think it is right, and
+endeavor to do it. There have been isolated cases when it is not done,
+as it may happen that a shipper from New York to-day will have a low
+rate on some specific kind of goods, while the shipper from Pittsburgh
+would be paying the rate that prevailed the day before. But whenever
+such cases came to our notice we gave a drawback. Sometimes they never
+came to our notice, but have been nursed up, and made a cause of
+trouble and complaint. Whenever we found the difference too great we
+always paid them back.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. By rebates?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. There never has been a time when the price charged from Pittsburgh
+was greater than from any point beyond?
+
+A. It never was the policy of the company that it should be so, but it
+has frequently happened in isolated cases that such was the case.
+
+Q. Has that been the case for any length of time?
+
+A. Never--not for any length of time.
+
+Q. For a month at a time?
+
+A. Oh, no--a day or two.
+
+Q. How did freights compare in July last with what they had been for
+three months preceding that time?
+
+A. They had been extremely low the whole of the year up to that time,
+and were then extremely low on east-bound business. On west-bound
+business on the 1st of July that arrangement was made to have a
+division of the business.
+
+Q. How were freights after the strike was over?
+
+A. On west-bound business, the arrangement that went into operation
+then is in operation now. On east-bound, every two or three weeks they
+have the same chronic trouble. After making an agreement, they violate
+it and break down, but as a general thing, the rates are better now
+than they were a year ago.
+
+Q. How did rates compare the fore part of last season with the year
+before, at the same time?
+
+A. Very much lower. Two reasons brought it about. First a short crop in
+the fall of 1876, when there was very little freight to come
+east--nothing at all equal to the facilities of the various companies,
+the result being a scramble and competition to get it, and prices ruled
+away below the cost of doing the work.
+
+Q. How did the amount of freight or tonnage during the months of May
+and June, 1877, compare with the months of May and June, 1876?
+
+A. It was not so heavy, but after the harvest of last year--and it was
+a heavy crop all over the west--and in consequence of the European war,
+which cause a demand, the roads had better tonnage.
+
+Q. Was there any difference in the local freights?
+
+A. They were greater in quantity all along our line. The crops were
+better.
+
+Q. How did the local rates compare with the previous year?
+
+A. They were on the same general basis as the previous year. I don't
+think there was any change, unless we got into those violent
+competitions, when we would reduce our local as well as through rates.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you ship goods or freight cheaper from New York to San Francisco
+than from Pittsburgh to San Francisco, such as steel or iron?
+
+A. I think that has occurred a number of times. The rates are made by
+the Union and Central Pacific roads. At New York they come into
+competition with the Pacific mail and sailing vessels around Cape Horn,
+and on account of that competition, the rates are made low.
+
+Q. Less from New York to San Francisco than from Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Has it been the custom on your road to get a larger rate from New
+York than from Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes; on our road we get a larger rate from New York than from
+Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Do you mean per ton per mile?
+
+A. No. I mean the aggregate rate. The Pacific road fixes its own prices
+from Chicago west-bound.
+
+Q. Can you not ship freight at a less rate per ton per mile for a long
+distance than for a short?
+
+A. I think we can. It saves the intermediate handling.
+
+Q. Do you know of any instance where iron or steel has been shipped
+from Pittsburgh to New York and from there to San Francisco by rail?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Because the rates would be cheaper?
+
+A. No. I have understood of one or two cases where drugs were sent from
+Pittsburgh to New York, and these came into competition with drugs
+shipped by ocean, and were then shipped on back.
+
+Q. Did the cheap rates at New York arise from competition with water
+transportation?
+
+A. Yes; at sea. That only applies to heavy articles, about which there
+is no question of time or of insurance. It may apply to heavy drugs;
+but it does not apply to dry goods or groceries, or things like that.
+
+Q. Are your local freight rates governed by your through rates in any
+way?
+
+A. To the extent that whenever through rates come down below the local
+charges we reduce the local charges.
+
+Q. Proportionately?
+
+A. No; but we do not exceed on our local business the amount charged on
+other roads.
+
+Q. Do you reduce the rates on local traffic when you reduce them on
+other traffic in equal proportion?
+
+A. No. Say the rate from Chicago to New York is fifty cents, and the
+rate from Philadelphia or Harrisburg is fifty cents, and the rate from
+New York should be reduced to forty or thirty, we reduce the other
+rate.
+
+Q. To the same per centage?
+
+A. The same gross rate.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was there any strike in the city of Philadelphia among your
+employés?
+
+A. There was some striking among the men on our trains.
+
+Q. When did that first break out?
+
+A. Probably a day or two after the trouble at Pittsburgh. I think the
+trouble occurred here on Friday night or Saturday.
+
+Q. Among what class of your employés.
+
+A. The trainmen entirely.
+
+Q. Did it include the engineers?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. The brakemen, firemen, and conductors?
+
+A. Yes; the trainmen--on freight trains.
+
+Q. Did they interfere with your property in any way here?
+
+A. They declined to run the trains out, and said their lives were in
+danger, and the result was the trains didn't go for several days. It
+didn't apply to the Northern Central road or the New York division.
+
+Q. Did they attempt to interfere with the property of the road?
+
+A. Destroy it?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. Not at all. I think they felt themselves bound by some organization
+that seemed to have control of them, not to do anything or allow others
+to take their places, and, therefore, it was simply a stand off
+policy--the trains didn't go. But they attempted no destruction of
+property at all.
+
+Q. Did it become necessary for you to call on the civil authorities
+here?
+
+A. Yes. There was a great deal of threatening all over town in regard
+to the possibility of serious trouble, and we had some trouble at the
+yards in West Philadelphia. Engines were taken from trains.
+
+Q. What steps did you take for protection here?
+
+A. I sent word down to the mayor's office about this difficulty on the
+lines of the road, and that we feared that some effort might be made to
+destroy our property, and that, therefore, we wanted the protection due
+to every interest in our State and city--nothing more. He organized a
+police force. A great many of the people of the city were alarmed about
+the situation of affairs, and, I believe, they gave the mayor authority
+to take on additional policemen, which he kept employed for some days,
+until the threatened trouble was all over. I think his whole action in
+the management of the police force under him was very efficient and
+thorough.
+
+Q. Did he respond promptly to that call?
+
+A. Yes; and succeeded in maintaining order entirely.
+
+Q. There was no trouble in maintaining peace and order?
+
+A. No; excepting the exercise of a great deal of vigilance and care
+with a strong force.
+
+Q. Was it necessary for the policemen to make any attack on the crowd?
+
+A. I think nothing serious. They had several little disturbances. The
+crowd was armed and threatened trouble and all that.
+
+Q. Did the crowd assemble in very large numbers?
+
+A. I have been told from two to five thousand people; but they
+persuaded them to disperse. I do not think there was any trouble at any
+time. The mayor's policy was to prevent crowds from assembling, to
+prevent disturbance, and in the conduct of the whole matter I think he
+showed great wisdom and great efficiency.
+
+Q. What day did you start your trains here?
+
+A. From here west?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I think on the 27th or the 28th.
+
+Q. Did you meet with any trouble in getting men to start them?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was there any resistance made by the crowd?
+
+A. Not here.
+
+Q. Was it necessary to have any guard to protect the first trains that
+started?
+
+A. Of military?
+
+Q. Or policemen?
+
+A. No. There were men here about the yards and depots to see that the
+peace was preserved, but they made no arrests, I believe, in connection
+with people in leaving trains. They did make arrests of some people for
+destroying some oil cars.
+
+Q. On the Pennsylvania railroad?
+
+A. On the junction road.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you, as president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, at any
+time, make any requisition on the State authorities for troops to
+protect your property?
+
+A. Not at all. The State authorities were called out, as I understood,
+on a requisition from the county of Allegheny.
+
+Q. By the sheriff?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Have you any knowledge of any officer of the Pennsylvania Railroad
+Company calling on the Governor for troops?
+
+A. None whatever. They, no doubt, suggested to the Governor of the
+State that it was his duty to put the force in such a position as to
+preserve peace and order.
+
+Q. Did you understand that you, as president of a railroad company or
+as a citizen, have the right to call on the Governor for troops, and
+that the Governor has a right to respond to that?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. In the case of an outbreak, such as existed there, to whom would you
+apply for help?
+
+A. To the civil authorities of the place, and they, in their turn, are
+obliged, as I understood the law, to make the requisition. I do not
+understand that I, as president of a company, have the right to make a
+requisition on the Governor, but I certainly have the right to notify
+him. I have no right to make a requisition.
+
+Q. You have the right to notify him under the act of 1864?
+
+A. I have no reference to any particular act. I never understood that a
+railroad company or a mining interest or anything else had a right to
+make a requisition. I always thought they had the right to state their
+case, and ask that some action should be taken, letting the mayor or
+sheriff, as the case may be, make his own requisition.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. It has been charged by some that the troops were ordered by the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company in their movements?
+
+A. I think if you will ask the military officers--General Brinton--he
+will tell you that he moved his troops according to his superior
+officer's directions, and not at the direction of any railroad man. I
+guess he was careful to do that. I certainly never asked them to move
+troops to any particular place or to do any particular thing.
+
+Q. But you conferred with the officers or advised them?
+
+A. No; I conferred with the Governor of the State, and he gave his
+orders through his officers. I didn't give them any orders. I did give
+them every facility they asked for, just as we did with the Government
+of the United States when they got into the rebellion, when we stopped
+all our business for a time, and gave our road completely to carry men
+and equipments, and whatever they might require for the field or
+elsewhere. We gave them entire control of our road.
+
+Q. Do you say you never made any requisition on the State authorities
+for protection?
+
+A. We stated our case to them, and said we are in great danger, and the
+highways of the State are in great danger, and we want that protection
+which it is our right to have.
+
+Q. As every other citizen of the State, you would have the right to
+demand protection?
+
+A. I think we all pay for peace and order to be preserved in the State,
+and it ought to be.
+
+
+    By Mr. Engelbert:
+
+Q. Then you never did dictate to the Governor, or to any one in his
+absence, what to do with the military?
+
+A. Not a bit. I was especially careful not to do anything of that kind.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State if you have been able to ascertain or to gather facts
+sufficient to form a judgment as to what produced the strike?
+
+A. I think the trouble originated through the discontent of men all
+over the country--not confined to railroads. Every other branch in some
+how was directly or indirectly connected with the outbreak, looking for
+compensation of an increased character, without regard to whether
+parties were able to pay it or not, and altogether, I think that whole
+movement was made up--either agreed upon or concerted and agreed upon
+under their own mode of organization. I think they took this abatement
+of ten per cent. as one pretext for making the outbreak.
+
+Q. What facts have you that lead you to believe it was a concerted
+movement or agreed upon?
+
+A. Simply their action, and the results spread before us everywhere.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Is the pay of railroad employés less, as a general thing, than that
+of any other ordinary avocation?
+
+A. No; I think it is greater; and I think it ought to be a little
+greater, because the men are subject to risks in railroading, that they
+are not subject to in ordinary work; therefore, I think it is the duty
+of railroad companies to pay a little more for that service than is
+paid for an equal amount of labor in the ordinary channels of life. I
+think we pay twenty per cent. more to-day than men receive in the
+various other channels of business.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Are they subject to greater expense than others?
+
+A. Yes; by reason of going from their homes, their extra cost of living
+is something.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. And in one sense you call it skilled labor, in addition to the risks
+they run?
+
+A. Yes; we want men understanding their duties to run our trains and
+take care of the property and of the people in their charge. We want
+that in all the men, and, I think, as a general thing, we have as good
+a set of men as was ever organized.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Was there any complaint among the men about their not being able to
+work full time?
+
+A. Yes; when the depression of business came so strong, we undertook to
+retain more men in our service than were needed to do the work, and we
+did that very often at the request of men--of the older men, in order
+that younger men might have an opportunity to get some work and get a
+living out of the general result. Instead of men getting ten hours work
+they would probably get an average of six, seven, or eight hours, and
+in that way the work was distributed among a greater number of people.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You did that instead of discharging them?
+
+A. Yes; the result of that was that it made the average low, and was a
+cause of complaint, and when this thing was all over, we had simply to
+compromise and in giving more hours of work, consequently, to do with
+fewer men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Looking at the matter from the experience you have, was that plan of
+retaining more men than you could give full work to a good one?
+
+A. No; it caused dissatisfaction to the men, and caused them to
+complain, I think unreasonably and unjustly against the company,
+because the company, so far as it was concerned, was perfectly willing
+to pay that number of dollars for the service done, but it was
+distributed among so many that instead of their getting fifty dollars,
+say, per month, they would get thirty or forty, perhaps. Very many of
+the oldest men had their sympathies aroused in favor of men, and wanted
+them retained even if they could not get full time, and asked us to do
+that thing in many instances; but it resulted just in that discontent I
+have mentioned. Now we have changed our policy, and endeavor to give
+our men nearly as full time as we can, and in that give our oldest men
+and thoroughly loyal men, of course, the preference.
+
+Q. From your experience and knowledge of the number of railroad men in
+the country, is there a surplus?
+
+A. There is to-day.
+
+Q. There are men out of employment?
+
+A. Yes; the depression in the iron business, and coal business, and
+lumber business, and everything else, makes less traffic, and a greatly
+decreased number of trains. This decrease has made a corresponding
+decrease in the demand for men. We hope one day that it will change,
+and we can take on all our people and pay them better wages than now;
+but we cannot do it until the country becomes more prosperous than now.
+
+Q. Did this number of men out of employment have a tendency to produce
+restlessness among them, and bring on the trouble?
+
+A. There is no question about that. It was the want of employment that
+made the labor of the country dissatisfied. I think if we could set men
+to work making a living for themselves and their families, I think
+there would be no trouble about it. I think it is the best law that can
+be made.
+
+Q. It was more that, in your judgment, that caused the trouble than low
+wages?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+George R. Sowden, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. I live in west Philadelphia, No. 1421 Locust street.
+
+Q. What is your business?
+
+A. I am a practicing lawyer.
+
+Q. Go on and state what knowledge you have of the occurrences at
+Pittsburgh last July, and the movements of the militia?
+
+A. During last summer I was colonel of the Third regiment of infantry,
+connected with the First brigade of the First division. I was in the
+brigade commanded by General Mathews. On the evening of Friday, July
+20, I got a dispatch from him, asking me to assemble my regiment, and
+report for duty as soon as possible at the West Philadelphia depot. I
+got the dispatch at Bryn Mawr. I got to Philadelphia at nine o'clock,
+and sent out dispatches to my field officers and staff officers and
+company commanders, and I assembled part of my regiment there, and at
+two o'clock of Saturday, July 21, I went on the train to Pittsburgh. We
+reached there about two o'clock on Saturday. There the troops were
+ordered out of the train, and we moved up the railroad track. I was on
+the left of Colonel Benson, and in my rear was the Weccacoe Legion and
+the Keystone Battery. They were dragging the Gatling guns at that time
+without horses, but it was found impossible to drag the guns over the
+railroad ties, and men were detailed from the three regiments to assist
+in hauling the guns. I sent a detail for that purpose. After we got in
+to the neighborhood of Twenty-eighth street--I do not know in the
+meantime what had become of the Second brigade--I was facing west on
+the railroad track seventy-five yards below the crossing on
+Twenty-eighth street, and the rear of my command was towards the hill.
+
+Q. Facing toward the hill?
+
+A. No; I was facing toward the Allegheny river, forming a straight
+line. Some little time after I was there, the crowd of rioters formed
+in front of us, and also on my left flank, and, as I was in a straight
+line, I withdrew my left flank, so as to connect and form an angle with
+the balance of the brigade, to keep the rioters from coming in behind
+us. General Mathews approved of the partial change of front. At that
+time, there was an enormous crowd of people on the hill back of us, and
+in front of us, and there was a good deal of noise and confusion. After
+we had been there some little time, there was some firing of pistol
+shots; and stones, and brickbats, and clubs, and every thing of that
+sort were fired at us, and, presently firing began among the troops on
+my right, and also on the other side. The brigade at one time formed
+three sides of a hollow square. The firing by the people began, as I
+saw, from the hill. That was the first I saw. That was, the firing at
+the troops. After some little firing on their part, the troops began
+the return fire. My men I didn't permit to fire until on Saturday
+afternoon, as I had received no orders to fire, and didn't see the
+immediate occasion for firing. I restrained my men from firing. Then,
+after this general firing on the right, a great many people on the hill
+were killed, and some of the rioters in front on twenty-eighth street
+were also killed. In the mean time, we were all surrounded, where I
+was, by the rioters.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command given to fire?
+
+A. No; I did not. There was no command to fire. I got no command to
+fire.
+
+Q. Were there any shots fired by the mob before there was any firing by
+the militia?
+
+A. Yes; a great many.
+
+Q. Pistol shots?
+
+A. Mostly pistol shots, and, I think, there were two or three gun shots
+from the side hill fired at us.
+
+Q. What other demonstrations were made by the crowd, before the firing
+took place on the soldiers?
+
+A. I was some distance from what you call the right of the brigade, on
+Twenty-eighth street. I had my hands pretty full where I was, and
+didn't pay much attention to what was going on there. In front of me
+some rioters showed pistols, and wanted to go through my lines. I
+refused to let them. They threatened what they would do with me and my
+men, and also tried to seduce the men from the lines. They were saying
+we are all workingmen, and you won't fire on workingmen. In this way
+they endeavored to break up the morals and discipline of the command. I
+drove them away without using violence, so far as I could, and kept
+them at a distance of from three or four yards.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What was the general conduct of the whole command?
+
+A. Do you mean of the brigade?
+
+Q. Your men?
+
+A. It was very good. For raw troops, it was excellent. I have seen
+troops in the field that didn't behave nearly as well as the men in my
+command. Most of them are boys, and, like young colts, were a little
+skittish at the first fire; but finding they didn't get killed, they
+stood to their work very handsomely.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Had any of your command ever seen actual service during the late
+war?
+
+A. Yes; I have seen service, and some of my officers and some of the
+men.
+
+Q. What proportion of them?
+
+A. I should say ten per cent. on an average. Perhaps more.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. What was the general conduct of the division as a whole?
+
+A. I cannot speak of that because I didn't see the Second brigade, and
+didn't know where it was; but the general conduct of the troops was
+excellent.
+
+Q. From the commencement of the trouble?
+
+A. Yes; in my judgment there was as good discipline, and order, and
+soldierly behavior on the part of the officers and men, as there would
+be in an army in the field, and much better than I have seen at times,
+in case of disaster. I was in the field about two years, and served
+under Generals McClellan, and Burnside, and Hooper, and Mead. I joined
+the army at Antietam, and served in the Pennsylvania Reserves at
+Fredericksburg, with the Third division, under General Reynolds, and
+was at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. In what capacity did you serve in the army?
+
+A. First as orderly sergeant, and I was then made first lieutenant and
+captain. I was on General Doubleday's staff part of the time. After
+this general firing had taken place on Saturday afternoon, we were
+moved down into the round-house. Some reason was given that we were
+sent to guard the property. We went into the round-house about dusk,
+and a little later--between seven and eight o'clock--I was following
+Colonel Benson, and was given that part of the house to guard opposite
+Liberty street, about seventy-eight feet long, and was instructed to
+put out sentries along the line and inside the house to guard the
+windows, with orders to keep the mob outside back from the windows, and
+observe their operations, and not to fire without orders. There was
+great confusion and tumult outside, and a great deal of yelling and
+screaming, and some firing, and we could scarcely show ourselves at the
+windows until the mob outside began to throw bricks and direct pistol
+shots at us, but my men, owing to the orders I had given, didn't fire
+at all. Occasionally I went to see if the sentinels were on duty and
+obeying orders. About one o'clock I was lying on a board, when I heard
+a sentinel call for the sergeant of the guard on this line of
+Twenty-eighth street, and I immediately went over, taking a posse with
+me, to learn the cause of the alarm, when I found a large crowd around
+a field piece, apparently loading it, and preparing to fire. I
+immediately sent my adjutant to notify General Mathews--to notify him
+of the fact, and request his attendance. While my adjutant was going
+for General Mathews, he met General Brinton, and brought him, and
+General Mathews turned up at the same time. We held a council. The
+piece was ready to be discharged, and was pointed toward where I was
+told the Second brigade was. Then it was determined to disperse the
+mob. I cannot say now whether any intimation was given to them at the
+time to leave or we should fire--I am not positive--but I think there
+was.
+
+Q. Warning you mean?
+
+A. Yes. I am not positive; but they had a light, and were about ready
+to fire, when, by General Brinton's or Mathew's orders, I drew some men
+up inside of the windows, and we opened fire on them. They immediately
+dispersed, a number being killed and wounded. After an interval they
+came up again, and we let them come up; but as soon as they came up to
+the piece, and attempted to fire, we ordered them back, and when they
+didn't go back, we opened fire. After that time notice was always
+given. I suggested the propriety of going out for the piece and
+bringing it in, and volunteered to go with my men and bring it in and
+spike it; but our commanders thought it was not worth while, as we had
+it covered. After the crowd had withdrawn from the piece, they got back
+of board-piles and small houses, and kept firing at us all night. One
+man fired an explosive bullet. Every now and then it would come in over
+the heads of the men and strike something large--such as the stack of a
+locomotive--and immediately explode. A number of them had muskets and
+rifles. In the meantime some cars out on the right of us had been
+fired, and a number of these burning cars were sent down towards the
+buildings where we were, and lodged against some building not filled
+with troops, and in a little while the flames rushed through the window
+of the first floor and struck the ceiling of the second floor, and in
+the course of half an hour or so everything was on fire, and about six
+o'clock everything was on fire all around us, and cinders were falling
+as long as my hand--large cinders from this building--and the roof of
+this outside building was entirely on fire, and it had communicated to
+the roof of the round-house, so that we were enveloped with a great
+deal of smoke, and in danger of being enveloped entirely in flames.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How far was this cannon stationed from the position you held?
+
+A. About as far as from here across the street--about eighty feet.
+
+Q. In what direction?
+
+A. It was facing about the direction of the grain elevator--in that
+direction.
+
+Q. Down the track?
+
+A. Not exactly, but sort of angularly, so as to strike the machine
+shops. It was on Liberty street.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Below you then?
+
+A. Yes; but right opposite to us. After we were almost smothered in
+smoke, and these heavy cinders were falling, we fell in for the purpose
+of marching out--where, of course, I had no means of knowing--it was
+not proper for me to inquire. In the meantime we took the ammunition
+out of two or three guns there and dampened them with water so that it
+could not be used against us. We turned out the first street and went
+towards the Allegheny river and then we struck for Penn street, I
+think, and as soon as we struck that street and got opposite those men,
+who were firing all night, they turned about face and fired into our
+flanks. The firing began as soon as we got on Penn street, and they
+kept firing into our flanks all the time until we got to the arsenal.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where did the firing come from?
+
+A. From door-ways, and alley-ways, and second story windows, and doors
+of houses, and telegraph poles, and from every place where a man could
+get behind--where he could fire without being in any danger. I saw men
+standing along the side-walks with large navy revolvers in their coat
+tails waiting for us to get past a sufficient distance to fire into us.
+
+Q. For what distance was the firing kept up?
+
+A. I can only give an estimate. I should say a mile.
+
+Q. Firing out of houses--was there much of that?
+
+A. A great deal of that? I saw repeated cases where a man's arm would
+be out of a window firing at us; and generally when we would pass a
+corner there would be a crowd there apparently peaceable, but when we
+got past they would immediately fire into us.
+
+Q. How many men were wounded in going out?
+
+A. I don't know. I do not remember the number of men wounded.
+
+Q. Was there any jeering of citizens from the houses as you passed
+along?
+
+A. A great deal.
+
+Q. And participated in by women?
+
+A. I think I heard several women abusing us and a number of men
+stating, that we had killed their brothers and sons and so on, and that
+they would kill us.
+
+Q. When you arrived at the arsenal, did you go into the grounds?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. You do not know what took place?
+
+A. Not of my own knowledge.
+
+Q. What was the conduct of the troops there under General Brinton,
+taking them all, during Saturday in the round-house?
+
+A. In my judgment, it was excellent, and, as we marched out of the
+round-house in the morning, I think the men all kept perfect order. The
+men were dressed in regular files, and no officer, that I saw, was not
+in his proper place. There was no confusion among the troops until as
+we got near the arsenal, when there was a movement made, coming from
+the right, to close up on a double quick, and that brought the Second
+brigade in the rear up on us, and that sort of huddled up the First
+brigade, and made some confusion there.
+
+Q. Where was that?
+
+A. Somewhere in the neighborhood of the arsenal--probably two squares
+from the arsenal. That confusion lasted two or three minutes, probably,
+and the Second brigade was just put on the right, and order was
+immediately restored. At one time there was a little difficulty about
+drawing the Gatling guns, and I know I assisted myself in pulling a gun
+some distance with my men.
+
+Q. Was there any demoralization during the night in the round-house?
+
+A. Not a particle--so far as I saw--not a particle.
+
+Q. The discipline was good at the time you were in the round-house?
+
+A. Yes; I had sentinels on front, and they observed their duty
+perfectly, and my whole command was in excellent condition.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was there any disobedience of orders on the part of the officers or
+men?
+
+A. No; occasionally there would be a man that didn't have any
+experience in the field, as there will always be men who will shirk
+their duty. Once in a while there would be a man indifferent to his
+duty, but that was simply in isolated cases just as you would see in
+the army. I saw it in the army of the Potomac. As a whole the
+discipline of the troops in the round-house was excellent.
+
+Q. You state you thought there was some musket firing or rifle firing
+from the mob at Twenty-eighth street.
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see any musket firing?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see any muskets or rifles in the hands of the mob?
+
+A. I cannot say that I saw--yes I did. I saw it on Saturday morning
+after leaving the round-house, as we were going up the street. I saw
+these men firing into us all night. I saw them have muskets. On
+Saturday afternoon I saw firing that must have come from muskets. I
+know the difference, and I judged from the sound and the smoke. The
+firing couldn't have been done with pistols.
+
+Q. Were any of the military struck by pistol or rifle shots before they
+commenced firing on the mob?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you hear any command given to fire?
+
+A. On Saturday afternoon?
+
+Q. After this firing from the mob--following the stones thrown at the
+military.
+
+A. No; I cannot say that I did. I am positive I did not; therefore I
+didn't fire nor order my men to fire.
+
+Q. Did you hear a command from any officer to cease firing?
+
+A. I do not remember any command to cease firing.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see General Pearson at that time?
+
+A. I saw him once that afternoon. That is the time we were going up
+from the Union depot to the Twenty-eighth street crossing; at least I
+saw a major general I took to be General Pearson.
+
+Q. Did you hear any general give a command in this way: "Order your men
+to fire?"
+
+A. No, sir; I did not.
+
+Q. How was General Pearson dressed?
+
+A. If this was General Pearson, he had a military coat on with shoulder
+straps, and no sword.
+
+Q. A cap?
+
+A. I think he had a cap on.
+
+Q. You saw no belt?
+
+A. I think he had no sword nor belt.
+
+Q. After you left the round-house and were marching along Penn avenue,
+did you see any police officers fire at you?
+
+A. No; I didn't see any firing. I saw them in front of a
+police-station, and I saw them with pistols; but I know a man that did
+see them fire.
+
+Q. Did they make any hostile demonstration?
+
+A. Yes--no; I cannot say that I saw any hostile demonstrations, except
+in their manner. They looked at us with a forbidding sort of manner.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did they have pistols in their hands?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+E. Wallace Mathews, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In Philadelphia--No. 4105 Walnut street.
+
+Q. What is your connection with the National Guard--what is your rank?
+
+A. At present I am not in the National Guard. During the July riots I
+occupied the position of brigadier general, and was in command of the
+First brigade, First division.
+
+Q. State whether you were at Twenty-eighth street on Saturday, the
+21st, when the collision occurred between the troops and the mob?
+
+A. I was in the neighborhood of Twenty-eighth street, near the railway
+crossing, in command of my brigade.
+
+Q. State what occurred prior to the firing?
+
+A. The troops had been marching in column of fours, preceded by a
+gentleman in citizen's dress, who was pointed out to me as the sheriff
+of the county, and directly in advance of us was General Brinton and an
+officer dressed in fatigue uniform--a major general--who was pointed
+out to me as General Pearson. We marched toward Twenty-eighth street,
+in which was a dense crowd. The crowd was pressing upon both flanks,
+and was very dense in front, on Twenty-eighth street, at the crossing.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You marched with the right in front?
+
+A. Yes. The order of the troops was as follows: The First regiment,
+under command of Colonel Benson; next the Third regiment, commanded by
+Colonel Snowden; third an independent company, the Weccacoe Legion; then
+followed the Gatling guns, with a detachment from some of the different
+commands to haul them, including one of my independent companies, the
+Washington Grays. We marched in this order, and we marched into the
+crowd until we couldn't march any further on account of the pressure
+ahead of us. Then, by direction or command of General Brinton, when the
+crowd in the neighborhood of Twenty-eighth street became so dense that
+we could not penetrate it, the fours were wheeled into line, facing our
+left flank, that is, facing the Allegheny river. Then, by order of
+General Brinton, the brigade was marched directly to the front, and
+across the tracks slowly, the men with their pieces at a carry, thus
+backing the crowd off from the tracks, the purpose being, as I was
+informed, to clear the tracks. The crowd was pushed gently back, until
+they were pushed entirely off the tracks that were free from cars; but
+there were several open cars in the vicinity, and we saw that in
+attempting to clear the tracks we had already cleared, perhaps, four
+tracks. Then, by direction of General Brinton, the front rank was left
+in this place, and the rear rank was brought to about face, and marched
+to the rear, thus clearing the few men gathered in the rear.
+
+Q. How far did you march to the rear?
+
+A. About twenty feet.
+
+Q. Across the tracks?
+
+A. Yes--twenty or thirty feet--facing the hill so that the front two
+ranks were facing outward, opposite each other. Their backs were
+towards the center. The crowd on our right, that is on Twenty-eighth
+street, were very demonstrative and noisy, and began to press in
+between the open ranks. By General Brinton's orders, the Washington
+Grays were brought forward to drive out the crowd between the two
+ranks. They proved to be insufficient. They were only nine men beside
+the officer, and the Weccacoe Legion was brought forward to assist them,
+and General Brinton actively superintended the effort to drive the
+crowd out. That is where the first mélée occurred in driving out the
+men who had intruded between the two ranks. As the general took direct
+command, I didn't interfere. During that trouble some of the crowd, I
+believe, were hurt by bayonet thrusts, and then commenced pistol
+firing, and then almost simultaneously from every direction came pieces
+of coal and stones and all sorts of missiles, in a great measure from
+the hill and also from the cars--I think some were loaded with
+coal--and from Twenty-eighth street, mingled with pistol shots and
+shouting, so that it was a scene of confusion I never saw equaled. We
+were without orders, and I saw nothing of General Pearson there at that
+time. General Brinton I saw occasionally moving about in different
+places. I watched the crowd, because I saw they were very much
+incensed, fearing for my men. I saw them in several instances seize the
+muskets of the men, and I knew that many of them were young men, and I
+feared if such a movement as that became general, they would disarm my
+men. Consequently, I watched very closely the temper of the crowd,
+until I became convinced we couldn't temporize any longer, and I gave
+the command to load.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How long before the firing did you give the command to load?
+
+A. Not more than one minute, I should judge; and there had been pistol
+firing.
+
+Q. From the mob?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Before you ordered your men to load?
+
+A. Yes. Then, before I could take decided action in the matter, the
+firing commenced somewhere on the right, as near as I could judge, in
+the ranks of the Weccacoe Legion, or the artillery corps, Washington
+Grays. I heard no order to fire, and I gave no order to fire. The
+firing commenced first, a single piece, and then one or two near
+together, and then it became general on the right of the First
+regiment, and ran down as far as the center of the regiment, and as far
+as the close. Immediately all the officers, from all I saw--I remember
+Colonel Benson and his lieutenant--Colonel Clark--together with the
+staff officers and myself, attempted to stop the firing. We rushed
+among the troops in order not only to make ourselves seen, but felt and
+heard, and gave orders to cease firing. The crowd scattered entirely as
+soon as the firing commenced. We then moved immediately to the right,
+covering Twenty-eighth street, and took possession of that, in other
+words, brought up the Gatling guns, by order of General Brinton, and
+placed them on the street. One to command twenty-eighth street, and the
+other to command the tracks eastward. Then a company of the First
+regiment were brought--as the crowd attempted to cross on to
+Twenty-eighth street--were brought entirely across that street in the
+rear, and stretched across the street, in that direction, to keep the
+people back. Gradually the crowd began to get together in knots, and
+assemble in our front, and some of the more violent among them, who
+seemed to be under the influence of liquor or partially
+intoxicated--some of them came up to within three or four feet, and
+shook their fists in our faces, and called us vile epithets, in order
+to break our lines. I saw no disposition on the part of the troops, not
+even the privates, to hurt anybody, except in self defense. In some
+cases they allowed the rioters to push through their lines, and get
+inside. In this way the crowd gathered in little knots, and came
+nearer, and got more and more bold, until I gave directions for one or
+two companies commanding Twenty-eighth street to bring their pieces to
+a ready, when the crowd immediately dispersed, showing that they still
+feared any application of lead. We then held this position until about
+dusk, when, by direction of General Brinton, I brought the brigade,
+marching left in front, into the round-house. There was no explanation
+given me at the time, so far as I remember, why we were taken into the
+round-house; but it being night, I presumed we were to be quartered
+there.
+
+Q. By whose command?
+
+A. I received my commands from General Brinton. We marched into the
+round-house, and around the circle, nearly covering the entire circle,
+the Third regiment, under Colonel Snowden, being stationed, as they had
+followed in line, opposite the Liberty street windows of the
+round-house. General Brinton and some of his staff and myself, with
+some of my staff, then went around the building, looked at the windows,
+and determined to put on a strong guard, and I gave the orders
+accordingly. The detail was made, and the guard was stationed at those
+windows, and I then attempted to get a little rest, but, after a few
+hours, about ten o'clock, some firing commenced, and, after the firing
+once commenced, there was no such thing as rest. I spent almost the
+whole night in the round-house proper. Where I attempted to rest was in
+the building that had been occupied as the telegraph office at the
+outer depot.
+
+Q. In the round-house?
+
+A. Immediately adjoining--three or four feet from the round-house. We
+had to increase the guard after the firing commenced. Had to put men at
+each window on the Liberty street side, and on the side of the yard on
+that side of the building towards Twenty-eighth street. I think we
+increased the guard, perhaps, twice during the night. At one time
+during the night, about one o'clock, I received information that a
+piece of artillery was in Liberty street, and I immediately hastened to
+the window, and saw a brass piece, which I judged to be a Napoleon gun.
+
+Q. What time was that?
+
+A. About one o'clock on Sunday morning. Several men were standing about
+it, and General Brinton was there, and Colonel Snowden. I asked if I
+should send out a detachment to capture the gun, and bring it in, but
+he didn't give me direct permission, but gave me some encouragement,
+and I went immediately to Colonel Benson to consult him about it, and
+asked for a detail----
+
+Q. Who was Colonel Benson?
+
+A. The commander of the First regiment. While consulting him about this
+matter, the Third regiment opened fire, as I understood, by direction
+of General Brinton, on the crowd surrounding the piece, and from that
+time on there was more or less firing. As the mob would come forward
+and make a demonstration as if they were going to fire the piece, the
+men at the windows would fire on them, but, after a time, they
+restrained firing, and ordered them to go back; and that became a
+by-word through the division, "Go back, go back, one, two, three," and
+then discharge.
+
+Q. Was there any firing at that time from the mob outside on the
+troops?
+
+A. Yes; pistol firing and gun firing--from some sort of guns. From that
+time until morning there was a good deal of firing. There was one party
+that was firing an explosive bullet, which would come through the
+windows and strike and explode.
+
+Q. Explode after they came into the round-house?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You mean explosive shells, fired from a rifle?
+
+A. Yes; small things. One struck on a column not more than four feet
+from where I was. I happened to be looking in that direction, and I saw
+it. First there was a sharp crack, and then I saw the smoke and some
+white ashes drop down from that spot. From that I knew very well that
+it was an explosive bullet. Further on towards morning, some burning
+cars were run in between our troops and the cannon, and from that time
+on we had very little firing there. Then some cars were stopped on the
+next building from the round-house, towards Twenty-eighth street, and
+that building took fire. General Brinton had organized a fire brigade,
+and had the fires put out. I didn't witness it myself, but understood
+it. He had put out those burning cars, so the round-house was not set
+on fire by the burning cars; but the machine-shop next took fire, and
+we could not find any means to put that out. The burning of that
+decided our case, for the round-house was connected with that by
+buildings filled with light kindling wood used by locomotives for
+firing up, and the burning of that building also sent columns of smoke
+down into our open round-house and cinders, and after a time the
+building itself took fire. I was then called after day light into a
+council, by General Brinton, who stated that he had received orders
+from General Latta, in case of moving out to go out eastward to Penn
+avenue--I understood it. There was a young man there from the Jefferson
+Cavalry, and he told where Penn avenue was--and for that matter, I knew
+myself--and when it was decided, the general gave me orders to take my
+brigade out first. I formed with Colonel Benson, of the First regiment,
+and Colonel Snowden, of the Third, and the Weccacoe Legion, and the
+Washington Grays, with the Gatling guns, and we issued out upon Liberty
+street.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. The round-house was on fire?
+
+A. I think the building itself was on fire. At any rate it was only a
+question of a few minutes. After those other buildings were fired it
+could not have been saved.
+
+Q. Would it have been possible for your troops to have remained there?
+
+A. It would not have been possible--not many minutes more.
+
+Q. Was the round-house filled with smoke?
+
+A. The whole building was so filled with smoke--the smoke was so dense
+that it was difficult to see.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Before you left?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. After coming out and manoeuvering in the street, your troops were
+steady and kept in good order?
+
+A. I was at the head of the line, where I thought my services were most
+required--at the very head of the line, in advance of the First
+regiment, nothing being ahead of me, excepting a small skirmish line of
+a dozen men stretched across to clear the street, and on looking back I
+never saw a regiment march in better condition, even in the streets of
+Philadelphia, or march in parade in better order. They had their arms
+at right shoulder, and were in perfect order. After we had been
+besieged there and harassed all night, it nerved me, when I looked back
+at that sight, when I saw those men come out in such gallant style,
+after being harassed all night, and unaccustomed as they were to
+fighting. We went down Twenty-fifth street to Penn avenue, and out Penn
+avenue to the arsenal. From my position at the head of the line, I
+didn't see any firing in the street. As we went along, people on either
+side were looking at us, and I was quite anxious about this little
+skirmish line, and was keeping my eye on them to see that they didn't
+get nervous, and on that account may not have seen as much as the
+others. I didn't see any firing from our flanks or in any direction,
+until we arrived at the arsenal. We halted there, and I saw the guard
+let General Brinton in, and I think one or two pressed in with them;
+but after a time they came back again. During that time there was some
+firing in the rear. We heard them hallooing there, and I distinctly
+heard firing in the rear, which increased, and then I noticed that the
+troops in our rear had become somewhat confused, and did not keep their
+alignment, and some of them came up into my brigade. My brigade then
+took the left, and Colonel Benson put his regiment in the rear, putting
+his command on the two sides of the street, so that they could command
+the windows. Those on the right side of the street commanding the
+windows opposite, and _vice versa_.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you march in that form?
+
+A. Yes; and after that we were not disturbed. We marched to the
+Sharpsburg bridge, and crossed it, and in Sharpsburg we received a few
+pieces of bread, and passed on over the hill.
+
+Q. From whom?
+
+A. From citizens, I think.
+
+Q. Of Sharpsburg?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were your troops exhausted by want of food?
+
+A. Very much. I didn't get even a piece of bread, but I saw some that
+had that. I received nothing personally until we passed a mile and a
+half, perhaps, beyond Sharpsburg, and there I obtained a little
+buttermilk.
+
+Q. Just state in this connection what rations the troops had received
+from the time they left Philadelphia to the time that you reached
+Sharpsburg?
+
+A. After leaving Philadelphia, received nothing until we got to
+Altoona. There the men were served with sandwiches and coffee--one or
+two sandwiches and a cup of coffee to each man. These provisions were
+handed in to the men. Then on arriving at Pittsburgh they were served
+with similar things--sandwiches and coffee.
+
+Q. During the night of Saturday you had nothing?
+
+A. We had nothing after marching to Twenty-eighth street.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. At what time did you get the last rations?
+
+A. About three o'clock on Saturday afternoon.
+
+Q. And you did not get anything after that until you reached
+Sharpsburg?
+
+A. Nothing at all--excepting once in a while a soldier had put into his
+haversack an extra piece of bread.
+
+Q. And this was three o'clock on Saturday afternoon, until that time on
+Sunday?
+
+A. Nine o'clock, Sunday morning; and there was no serving of rations in
+Sharpsburg.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. It was every fellow for himself?
+
+A. Yes: each one foraging for himself. Rations were not served until
+that night. So far as I saw, everything was paid for that was received.
+I know that I paid for the buttermilk I received.
+
+Q. Did you know or hear of any order being given to General Brinton by
+Colonel Norris to move to Torrens station?
+
+A. I heard of no such order.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Or from any one else?
+
+A. No; I asked General Brinton frequently what his orders were, and so
+far as I know, he told me the orders he had. I heard of no such orders.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. If these orders had been given, do you think that General Brinton
+would have obeyed them and communicated the fact to you? You consulted
+together?
+
+A. We did. I think he would have told me certainly if he had such
+orders. There was hardly any occasion to consult after we left the
+city.
+
+Q. But during Saturday night?
+
+A. I frequently saw him, and had he received such orders I would have
+heard of them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you consult with him during the march from the round-house to
+Sharpsburg?
+
+A. During the march, until my brigade was put on the left, I frequently
+saw General Brinton.
+
+Q. Did you see Colonel Norris?
+
+A. I didn't see him--to know him.
+
+Q. Do you know him?
+
+A. No; I saw a barouche later in the day in the vicinity of the
+arsenal, and I heard it stated that Colonel Norris was in the barouche.
+
+Q. You stated that some cars were run between you and this gun?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What became of the gun after that?
+
+A. I saw it from the windows--from the higher windows--I went up once
+for that purpose to look after that gun--and I found that provision had
+been made by General Brinton in regard to it. I think he had stationed
+some men of the Second brigade in the upper windows of the office of
+the building near the round-house, and towards which that gun was
+pointed.
+
+Q. To pick off the gunners?
+
+A. I understood that.
+
+Q. Did you see any one with a lanyard in his hand fire that gun at any
+time?
+
+A. I didn't. It would have been too dark up to daylight to see a
+lanyard.
+
+Q. Did you see a light with the gun?
+
+A. I didn't. I was with Colonel Benson consulting, at that time.
+
+Q. Do you know it was a Napoleon?
+
+A. No; I judged it was. I could see the gun distinctly, yet Colonel
+Benson could not see it at all. I would like to corroborate the
+testimony of Colonel Snowden in regard to the discipline of our troops
+in the round-house--of both brigades, so far as I saw them.
+
+Q. In short, was the conduct of your troops commendable?
+
+A. Perfectly so.
+
+Q. Of officers and men?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Have you had experience in the army?
+
+A. Yes. I entered the army early in 1861, in the infantry--the three
+months' service--and at the end of that time I raised a battery, and
+served as captain of that battery for a year and a half. I was then on
+detached duty for awhile, and then, in the spring of 1863, I rejoined
+the army of the Potomac as major of the First artillery--the same
+regiment my battery was connected with--and served on General
+Doubleday's staff, and was in active command of three batteries in the
+field, and was with my command in the beginning of Chancellorsville,
+and later on in the battle I served as chief of corps, and after that
+battle had command of eight batteries in the artillery reserve of the
+army of the Potomac.
+
+Q. With the rank of major?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Of artillery?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Do you know of any communications sent by General Brinton to General
+Latta while in the round-house?
+
+A. I heard him say repeatedly that he had sent messages and received
+messages from General Latta.
+
+Q. Did you see the communications from either one?
+
+A. I saw one, but didn't read it.
+
+Q. Do you know the nature of those communications?
+
+A. Nothing except as I have stated that in case of leaving--this was
+near morning, I think--in case of leaving, to march out Penn
+avenue--whether it stated march east, or go by way of Penn avenue, it
+was something about Penn avenue. I knew where that was.
+
+Q. From your experience as a military man, do you consider that it was
+a prudent move to go into the round-house with the troops at that time?
+
+A. It is very easy to see mistakes after they are made. I can say,
+however, on general principles, it seemed to me at the time, as it has
+seemed since, that the first thing to be done was to disperse the mob.
+Until that was done, there was no safety in going into the round-house.
+That the troops needed rest, there can be no question. Standing in the
+sun, many of them had fallen from sheer exhaustion and the heat of the
+sun. Several of the men were lying about there, and they were applying
+water to them, if they could get it. There was complaint from all
+quarters that the men were exhausted, and some seemed to be sunstruck.
+In that condition, they needed rest, and their commanding officers
+wanted to give them rest, but it was evident that the mob must be
+dispersed before there could be much rest for them.
+
+Q. Was not the mob already dispersed?
+
+A. It was on the crossing, but they were continually gathering.
+
+Q. They were re-assembling?
+
+A. Yes; and some were very demonstrative and very violent.
+
+Q. Did you see General Pearson in the round-house, after you retired
+there?
+
+A. Yes; he was in the telegraph office, which was immediately adjoining
+the round-house. A building some four or five feet from the
+round-house. I think they called it the dispatcher's office. It was the
+office where the wires centered. It was a square building, directly
+opposite Twenty-sixth street. I saw General Pearson sitting at a desk
+writing, when I entered.
+
+Q. In this telegraph office, adjoining the round-house?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How was he dressed?
+
+A. There was not much light and I could not tell, except that he was
+dressed in the fatigue uniform of a major general. He had straps on his
+shoulders, with two stars.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did he have a blouse on?
+
+A. I cannot say.
+
+Q. Did he have a cap on?
+
+A. I don't know. He may not have had any anything on his head in the
+house. When I saw the officer pointed out as General Pearson, on the
+tracks, I cannot tell whether he had a cap on or not, but it was
+something not unmilitary.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. But do not remember whether it was a hat or cap?
+
+A. No. But if he had a silk hat on, with a soldier uniform, I should
+have noticed it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Do you know of any telegrams passing between General Brinton and
+Colonel Scott in regard to General Brinton clearing those tracks?
+
+A. I do not know of any communications whatever, between them; but I am
+very confident, I am positive, I heard General Brinton say--we said to
+each other during the afternoon, we have possession of those tracks,
+and why don't they send out their trains.
+
+Q. Then, in your opinion, they could have sent out trains, so far as
+you had possession of the tracks?
+
+A. So far as the tracks were cleared up to the point where we were. But
+we understood the reason to be that the men would not serve.
+
+Q. That they refused to run?
+
+A. That was the excuse we heard; but there was no time during the
+afternoon, after the first firing, when the crowd were cleared from our
+immediate neighborhood, and no time, only during the night, that I did
+not feel as a military officer, that we had command of the position,
+and were competent to deal with the crowd. The only thing was, that we
+were lacking rest, and were greatly reduced in strength from hunger.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you hear General Pearson give such an order as follows, to the
+officers: "Order your men to fire," before the firing took place?
+
+A. I did not--nothing of the kind. I heard nothing in relation to
+firing, except the first fire.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You suppose that the troops fired in self-defense?
+
+A. I supposed at that time, and I don't know that I have any reason to
+change my impression, that it was an actual shot--the first shot--and
+there was so much confusion at the time that it would have been very
+natural for others to suppose the order was given.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You stated that you saw pistol shots fired from the crowd?
+
+A. It would be more correct to say that I heard them.
+
+Q. Did you see stones and missiles thrown?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Did you consider that an assault on your troops?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Did you not then consider the order to fire justifiable?
+
+A. I did.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Robert A. Ammon re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What day and what time of the day was it you got word that the
+Governor was coming to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I think it was on the 24th. I think it was early in the morning, but
+won't be positive about that. That is my recollection.
+
+Q. Where did you learn he was at the time?
+
+A. He had left Chicago.
+
+Q. What time did you expect him?
+
+A. I cannot state, as the rioters at that point were not aware when he
+had left Chicago. I telegraphed along to the different trains, and
+found he was coming on No. 4.
+
+Q. Did you have any communication with him?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What did you do when you learned he had come in?
+
+A. I knew some men were lying along on the road, and more especially in
+Ohio, and I had heard the talk indulged in by the men. Some were in
+favor of stopping the train, and putting the Governor off. So I
+telegraphed to the men not to do anything to get the Governor down on
+us. I asked them to do that to please me, and they telegraphed back
+that they would.
+
+Q. Did you telegraph them to more than one point?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. To what point?
+
+A. Latonia, Ohio. I then telegraphed to the Governor, extending a
+welcome back to the State, and guaranteeing him a safe passage. I won't
+be positive whether he got my message at Latonia or Salem.
+
+Q. Did the Governor communicate with you?
+
+A. No; but the conductor answered "O.K."
+
+Q. Did you telegraph more than once to the Governor?
+
+A. I believe not.
+
+Q. Where were you when the train arrived?
+
+A. At the outer depot, Allegheny city.
+
+Q. Did you see him immediately on his arrival?
+
+A. Yes; in a Pullman car.
+
+Q. You went in and saw him?
+
+A. Yes; I talked with him about five minutes, I suppose.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What was the nature of the conversation?
+
+A. I went into the car, and as I went in the Governor got up and
+extended his hand, and I sat down alongside of him. He asked what do
+you men propose to do. I told him what we had done--that we will behave
+ourselves. He said that he was glad of it, that he wanted the peace of
+the State preserved, and that he was glad to see us disposed to save
+property. He wanted to know if he could do anything for me, and I said
+nothing, but I would be glad if he would come out on the rear platform,
+and say something to the boys. He did so, and made a little speech.
+
+Q. How did you introduce him?
+
+A. I just said "boys, this is Governor Hartranft." I pulled the bell
+cord, and we went up as far as the round-house, and had the train
+stopped there, and Mr. Perkins, the master mechanic, jumped aboard, and
+I spoke to him for a while.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. How did the boys take the remarks of the Governor?
+
+A. They gave a cheer. I went on to Federal street with him, and a
+delegation from Pittsburgh met him with carriages, and took him across
+the river.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you go across the river?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. With the Governor?
+
+A. No; in the crowd that went over. Before I left, I had his car
+switched over on the West Penn road.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What is your age?
+
+A. Twenty-five years.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were you at Torrens station on Thursday?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. On Friday?
+
+A. I came by there on Thursday night or Friday morning.
+
+Q. Were you there when the sheriff came out?
+
+A. I was not.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. At what time were you arrested?
+
+A. I was arrested on the 30th of July, about three and a half o'clock
+in afternoon.
+
+Q. Was there any preliminary affidavit made?
+
+A. I was arrested on a bench warrant, issued by Judge Ewing.
+
+Q. Who made the information?
+
+A. Chauncey McCoy.
+
+Q. Of what road?
+
+A. Of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago.
+
+Q. Have they ever taken any steps to bring on your trial?
+
+A. No. I have asked for my trial repeatedly, but have never got it.
+
+Q. Have you asked for your discharge?
+
+A. No; because I don't want a discharge.
+
+Q. Have you demanded a trial?
+
+A. My attorney has asked for my trial. That is what I wish.
+
+Q. Are you under bail now?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Do you go to Pittsburgh and renew your bail every time?
+
+A. When my bail expires my bond is sent to New York, and I take it to a
+notary public and sign it, and he puts his seal to it, and I send it
+back to Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. What is the amount of it?
+
+A. Fifteen hundred dollars.
+
+Q. What are the charges made against you?
+
+A. Misdemeanor, under your own railroad act of March, 1877.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. I wish you would state once more just what is the object of the
+Trainmen's Union?
+
+A. It was to resist this reduction of ten per cent., and to see if we
+couldn't bring the company to terms, and get them to look into our
+condition, so that anything of the kind should not occur again. We
+thought our labor skilled labor, and we were running great risks, and
+we thought we ought to earn more money, that instead of reducing it
+they ought to increase it. The object was to get up a union so strong
+that the railroad magnates would have to listen to us.
+
+Q. Did you intend to strike?
+
+A. We did, if they did not accede to our demands.
+
+Q. What is a strike?
+
+A. It is a body of men acting together for the purpose of quitting work
+in a body--to strike, and leave the work alone--as we understood it in
+the Trainmen's Union. We understood it that every man should leave his
+work at a given day and hour, and go to his home.
+
+Q. Go to your homes?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You claimed no right then to interfere with those who desired to
+work?
+
+A. No; but we claimed the right to use moral suasion. We didn't think
+we had any right to use any violence at all.
+
+Q. Did you claim any right to interfere with railroad property?
+
+A. No; it didn't belong to us.
+
+Q. Prior to the organization of the Trainmen's Union, did you have any
+conversation with the officers of the railroad company in relation to
+this reduction of wages?
+
+A. No; because we didn't think it would be advisable.
+
+Q. Why not?
+
+A. We thought it better to go ahead, and when we were in shape, if they
+refused we were ready to act.
+
+Q. On the 27th day of June, you sent out forty men to notify all the
+lodges to get ready for a strike?
+
+A. On Sunday, the 24th of June. Unless our demands were acceded to.
+
+Q. Had you notified the railroad companies of your demand that the ten
+per cent. should be restored before that?
+
+A. We drew up these resolutions--that is what Mr. Cassatt spoke
+about--and submitted them by a committee of five to the officials in
+Pittsburgh--to the local authorities there. They said they did not
+concern them, and they didn't want anything to do with them.
+
+Q. When was that done?
+
+A. I think on the 25th.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You mean the railroad authorities?
+
+A. Yes. We then asked for passes to come to Philadelphia to see Tom
+Scott. They wouldn't give us passes, and the boys didn't think they had
+enough money, with the ten per cent. reduction, to come to
+Philadelphia. They thought they could quell us by discharging some of
+the ringleaders, and they discharged a couple hundred of the boys, and
+this committee were all discharged, and they got around among the men,
+and said that they did not want them to have anything to do with those
+men, and they closed the telegraph wires against us, and everything of
+that kind. So, on the morning of the 27th day of June, we sent a
+request for them to meet us in the hall.
+
+Q. To whom did you send it?
+
+A. To the local authorities--Lang, Barrett, Scott, Pitcairn. They
+didn't come. We found we could not get hold of the telegraph wires to
+work them. On the night of the 26th, on the last train that night they
+sent out men on the train--thoroughly loyal men, as they called
+them--men that belonged to the Union, and we thought all right. They
+carried the news west and east that there would be no strike in
+Pittsburgh, and we knew nothing of that, but found it out afterwards.
+On Wednesday, June 27, one of our men jumped over the traces, and
+brought the word he was going out, and he told us what instructions his
+conductor had received in regard to the strike. Mr. Barrett, the
+superintendent of the Pan Handle road, had told him with the other
+trains he had sent word that night to the men that there would be no
+strike in Pittsburgh on the 27th. They told all the men to stay at
+work, that the thing would be arranged later; but it never was
+arranged. All were under the impression that the bubble would burst
+sooner or later. When the railroad officials say they had no notice of
+it, and did not know anything about the strike, why we tried everything
+in the world to let them know.
+
+Q. In what way?
+
+A. Why they discharged three or four hundred of us, and they certainly
+discharged us for cause. I received a letter myself from Mr. Thaw
+stating that I had lost the situation on account of being a member of
+the Trainmen's Union. I was discharged somewhere near Sunday the 24th
+of June.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you discharged before you organized Trainmen's Union lodges on
+the Baltimore and Ohio railroad in Virginia?
+
+A. I traveled all over the Baltimore and Ohio, and I came back to
+Pittsburgh--part of the way over the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern
+and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh. Mr. Thomas had been watching for me,
+and he stopped me. I had not been paying railroad fares, so I came into
+Pittsburgh on a freight train.
+
+Q. Were you still an employé?
+
+A. Yes; at that time.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Who was running in your place?
+
+A. An extra man. I got back and reported for duty. I went west and
+thought I would lay off at Alliance and go out to Chicago, but while at
+the breakfast table, notice came that the superintendent of the road
+wanted to see me at his office, and I went over there and had a talk
+with him, and the consequence was that I was discharged.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. And he gave you that letter you spoke of at that time?
+
+A. Yes; or a few days afterwards, I don't remember which. I don't
+remember whether it was at that time or a few days afterwards.
+
+Q. Did you ask for the letter?
+
+A. No; but a pass to Chicago. It is customary, when they discharge a
+man, to give him a pass to where he wants to go.
+
+Q. How did he come to give you that letter?
+
+A. I don't know. I guess he thought he could use me.
+
+Q. Did you ask him for it?
+
+A. No. I guess he thought he was doing me a favor, and that I would
+return him the favor, if he gave me the letter.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Have you a family?
+
+A. Yes; a wife and two children.
+
+Q. How long have you been married?
+
+A. Four years the 13th day of last September.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Why did you select Pittsburgh for the strike?
+
+A. The 19th of July?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I don't know. The strike did not originate there. It was not our
+idea at all. Our idea was to have it all over on the 27th day of
+June--all over the country--to just stop the traffic all over the
+country. We thought the public would look at it as we did, unless they
+could get enough pumpkin rollers and snake hunters to run their roads.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was that the day the strike took place at Martinsburg?
+
+A. No; It took place there on the 16th of July.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. In making arrangements for this strike, did you talk about
+Pittsburgh being a suitable place, or a better place, for a strike, on
+account of the sympathy of the local authorities?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. How long were you railroading?
+
+A. Between nine and eleven months--about nine months altogether.
+
+Q. Didn't you think you were managing that western road pretty
+successfully, with the experience you had?
+
+A. I didn't claim credit for it. If I had not had the men I had, I
+could not have done it.
+
+Q. But were you not the man who run it? You laid out your plans the
+same as a military officer, and your men carried them out?
+
+A. After Mr. Lang put the road in my possession, I tried to do the best
+I could for it--for the stockholders.
+
+Q. Did you have the interests of the stockholders at heart? Did you
+take into consideration their interests more than the interests of the
+employés of the road--the men you represented?
+
+A. I thought the stockholders were in about the same pew with us. I
+thought they were about swamped, and that we were.
+
+Q. But I mean the question?
+
+A. I was looking at the stockholders interests when I turned over all
+the money, and I wanted the boys to get back their ten per cent. I
+don't know that I made any distinction between them.
+
+Q. But answer my question?
+
+A. I think my sympathies did lean a little towards the boys, because I
+was one of them myself.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you act as general superintendent of the Fort Wayne and Chicago
+Railroad, while you were in charge of it?
+
+A. I was supposed to be.
+
+Q. Who acted as dispatcher?
+
+A. A particular friend of mine. I saw that all trains went off, and
+came in.
+
+Q. Had you a dispatcher acting in that capacity?
+
+A. I had three telegraph operators, but I acted in the capacity of
+dispatcher myself. I gave the orders.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. While running that railroad as general manager, what would you have
+done if your men had struck?
+
+A. I would have increased their wages.
+
+Adjourned to Monday morning, at ten o'clock.
+
+
+    PHILADELPHIA, _Monday, March 25, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled at ten o'clock,
+A.M., this day, in the St. Cloud hotel, and continued the taking of
+testimony.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+R. Dale Benson, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where is your residence?
+
+A. No. 260 South Fifteenth street.
+
+Q. Were you a member of the National Guards in July last?
+
+A. I was colonel of the First regiment of infantry.
+
+Q. And you accompanied General Brinton's division to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes; I left with them from Philadelphia.
+
+Q. Did you go with them to Twenty-eighth street, on Saturday?
+
+A. Yes; my position was the right of the First brigade--the right of
+the division. I have heard General Mathews' and Colonel Snowden's
+testimony in regard to the details, and my testimony is pretty much the
+same.
+
+Q. Their testimony in that respect was correct?
+
+A. Yes; the only difference I would notice is in regard to what they
+testify in regard to my right. My right was impeded by a crowd of
+citizens at Twenty-eighth street. The column was halted on account of
+moving the Gatling guns, and I went ahead and told the crowd to leave
+my front, and some citizen came back to me agitated and excited, and
+said it was the sheriff's posse. I told him that it didn't make any
+difference what it was, that they must leave my front. He asked me
+whether my men would do their duty, and I told him it was not his
+business, and I ordered them to disperse. Two or three others came back
+and said they were ordered to march there, and I declined to allow them
+to march in my front. General Mathews was in the rear, attending to the
+Gatling guns, and I turned the party over to him, who turned out to be
+the sheriff of Allegheny county. General Mathews afterwards came and
+said they were instructed to march there, and so they were permitted.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was it the sheriff himself that you stopped?
+
+A. I was so informed afterwards.
+
+Q. You knew it was the sheriff afterwards?
+
+A. Yes; I didn't know him, and don't now. I never met him after that.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State whether there was any order given to fire at Twenty-eighth
+street?
+
+A. I never received any order, and gave no order to fire, nor do I
+believe any order was given to fire. The firing at Twenty-eighth street
+commended by the men in the rear rank of the Weccacoe Legion. The
+company had been brought to a charge bayonets when the crowd seized
+this man's musket. I saw them take hold of it. He drew back and fired.
+The firing extended then towards the right--towards the Washington
+Grays.
+
+Q. Did he draw his musket away?
+
+A. He stepped back about a pace, and fired.
+
+Q. Did he fire at the man?
+
+A. I cannot tell, but he fired into the crowd. The firing then extended
+to the right. My regiment was crowded into--the crowd overlapping my
+right, which I suppose was the cause of the troops being ordered from
+my right to push the crowd back. The firing was desultory file firing,
+and I think that the responsibility for it rests with the authorities
+who put the troops into that perilous position.
+
+Q. Had there been firing by the crowd before that?
+
+A. Yes; there had been shots from the hill, and stone firing and firing
+also took place from Twenty-eighth street and from under the cars on my
+front.
+
+Q. What time did this occur--this firing?
+
+A. I should judge about three and a half or four o'clock. I didn't
+refer to my watch. Its only a calculation of mine--a guess at it.
+
+Q. Did that disperse the crowd?
+
+A. Entirely--from our immediate front and from the hill.
+
+Q. Where did you remain after the firing?
+
+A. In the same position.
+
+Q. Until what time?
+
+A. Until towards seven o'clock--six and a half or seven o'clock--I
+didn't refer to my watch during the afternoon.
+
+Q. Then you retired into the round-house?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State what the condition of the round-house was when you left it in
+the morning?
+
+A. I considered it wholly untenable. During the morning, General
+Brinton came to me, and we were talking over some matter, and I called
+his attention to the fact that we would have to leave the building very
+soon. From the windows we could see that the machine shops adjoining
+were on fire. At the time the fire was very close, and cars were
+burning on Liberty street. I told him that the building could not be
+saved, and some hour or two after that the building was entirely on
+fire adjoining us, and the smoke was so dense we could not breathe.
+Shortly after that we were moved out.
+
+Q. Did the troops move out in good order?
+
+A. In perfect order.
+
+Q. In what direction did you retire?
+
+A. Out Twenty-fifth street to Penn avenue, and down Penn avenue.
+
+Q. Did your troops keep good order during the entire retreat out Penn
+avenue?
+
+A. Pretty much so, until we got to the arsenal. There was some
+confusion there.
+
+Q. What caused it?
+
+A. I judge--I was on the extreme right--I suppose it was the firing in
+the rear. My position on the extreme right prevented me from seeing
+what took place; but I have no question that the troops were fired
+into, though I could not see it myself.
+
+Q. Did you see any firing along the route from the round-house?
+
+A. I didn't, though I heard shots.
+
+Q. You heard shots?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State what the conduct of the men was in the round-house during the
+night?
+
+A. My observation was almost entirely confined to my own corps. I never
+left my regiment, except to visit the detachments on duty, and so far
+as my regiment was concerned they were entirely under my control. The
+troops in the other buildings I didn't see.
+
+Q. Was there any demoralization discoverable?
+
+A. None that I saw. I never saw men more patient or under better
+discipline.
+
+Q. How long did you halt at the arsenal?
+
+A. I judge a very few moments. Probably five minutes.
+
+Q. Did you know or see where General Brinton went?
+
+A. I didn't.
+
+Q. Did any of your men leave you at the arsenal?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many?
+
+A. I think five or six--an officer and five or six men.
+
+Q. Where did they join you?
+
+A. Some at Blairsville Intersection and some at Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. How long afterwards?
+
+A. Two or three men joined us in two or three days, and the officer in
+six or seven days. One of the men never reported at all. He was
+court-martialed--and the officer, too--all the men that left.
+
+Q. A regimental court-martial?
+
+A. No; it was ordered by brigade head-quarters.
+
+Q. Was the officer discharged from the service?
+
+A. He was not discharged.
+
+Q. What was done by the court-martial?
+
+A. The verdict was absent without leave, without criminal intent.
+
+Q. That was the officer?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What was his rank?
+
+A. Major and surgeon.
+
+Q. If you know the reasons that induced that verdict you may state
+them?
+
+A. My opinion is pretty much hearsay. I was not a member of the court.
+The proceedings were reviewed by General Brinton, and he can give you
+better the facts that led to the verdict. His order didn't approve of
+the action of the court.
+
+Q. It didn't?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Were the men discharged?
+
+A. The result of the court-martial has not been promulgated as yet.
+
+Q. Had you any men that refused to report for duty when you first got
+the call to proceed to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I don't think there was any instance of that kind. My regiment had
+on duty four hundred and sixty-four men out of a roll of about five
+hundred and sixty, and some of these men who were absent had made
+efforts to report, but were unable on account of lack of
+transportation, or on account of being sent back after they started.
+
+Q. Did any of your men who were not able to join you the night you left
+undertake to come to you at Pittsburgh afterwards?
+
+A. Quite a number. One detachment reach Altoona and went back.
+
+Q. Which regiment?
+
+A. I refer to the detachment of my own regiment.
+
+Q. Do you know why they went back?
+
+A. My information is--I demanded a statement from the lieutenant--that
+General Beaver allowed the troops to do as they pleased at Altoona--to
+remain or to return.
+
+Q. Was that detachment the one that marched on foot part of the way,
+and was escorted over the bridge at Harrisburg?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did they get back to Philadelphia?
+
+A. Yes; they made a march and detour near Harrisburg, but they got to
+Philadelphia. They were on the same train with the First City Troops.
+
+Q. Was there any court-martial of those troops?
+
+A. No; they reported to the regiment afterwards.
+
+Q. What was done about them?
+
+A. The case was scrutinized by me. It didn't go up any higher than
+myself, because I thought that the officer was justified under the
+circumstances. He merely followed the direction that most of the other
+troops took.
+
+Q. Could he have gone on to Pittsburgh at that time?
+
+A. I judge not--for want of transportation.
+
+Q. How many days was it before the road was opened so that the
+detachment could have gone to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I cannot give the exact day. I think the road was opened about the
+27th or 28th.
+
+Q. What day was it they returned from Altoona?
+
+A. They reported at Blairsville intersection--that detachment with
+others.
+
+Q. When did they report to you at Blairsville?
+
+A. I judge it was about the 26th, probably.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Do you think the troops could have remained any longer in the
+round-house than they did?
+
+A. No; and I didn't see what the necessity was for their remaining
+there anyhow.
+
+Q. What was the condition of your command, in regard to rest and want
+of food?
+
+A. The men were very much exhausted. They had been taken away during
+the night from their homes, and, of course, had very little sleep, and
+little or nothing to eat, and, of course, they were very much
+exhausted. Still, as they demonstrated on their march, they could do
+their duty. I would like to state to the committee, that at no time,
+from the hour when my regiment left Philadelphia until it returned, was
+there any moment, in my estimation, when the men were not prepared for
+any duty, that they were called on to do.
+
+Q. You had some army experience?
+
+A. I served about three years and six months in the army.
+
+Q. Your troops were as ready to do service as those in the United
+States army?
+
+A. I never saw any difference.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Walter G. Wilson, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence, and what position you held in the National
+Guard in July last?
+
+A. I live at No. 2323 Green street, Philadelphia, and I was major and
+acting assistant adjutant general with General Brinton, during the July
+riots.
+
+Q. Did you hear the testimony of Generals Brinton and Mathews?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. In the details as to what occurred at Twenty-eighth street. State
+whether their testimony was substantially correct?
+
+A. Their testimony was entirely correct, so far as my knowledge went. I
+was on the ground constantly with General Brinton, during that
+afternoon, and reported to General Pearson, of my arrival with him.
+General Pearson was then at the Union depot. The formation of the
+column and line of march was stated by both Generals Brinton and
+Mathews, and is substantially correct.
+
+Q. State whether at Twenty-eighth street you heard any command given to
+fire?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. By any officer?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. State what the action of the crowd was there, prior to the firing by
+the troops?
+
+A. The action of the crowd was such as to induce me to believe that a
+conflict was inevitable. I was satisfied they had made up their minds
+to have a row. There was jeering and insults in every direction, but
+the men bore it all patiently. I heard General Brinton, on leaving the
+Union depot, state, if I am not mistaken, to General Mathews and
+General Loud, that he wanted them to endure, and pay no attention to
+anything the mob might say or do, even if they spat in their
+faces--simply, if they were attacked, to defend themselves. At
+Twenty-eighth street it was absolutely impossible to move on account of
+the crowd. The Gatling guns were brought in between the ranks, and,
+when the crowd were pushing in and surging in at the end, the
+Washington Grays were formed across, but were found insufficient to
+keep the crowd back. General Brinton then sent me with instructions to
+bring up other men, as the mob were pressing in between the ranks of
+the First regiment, which I did. I heard no order given to fire, and
+saw distinctly, not only pistol shots, but stones and missiles of
+various kinds thrown from all directions. I saw, after the firing--in
+fact, it seemed to me that the firing had hardly commenced before the
+crowd scattered in every direction. I saw, immediately, Generals
+Brinton and Mathews and Colonel Benson, if I am not mistaken, give the
+command to cease firing, and go up and down the line endeavoring to
+stop the men. The crowd had dispersed in every direction.
+
+Q. How long did you remain in that position before you moved into the
+round-house?
+
+A. I should judge it was about two hours, probably three hours. The
+firing had hardly ceased, when General Brinton got a note from General
+Pearson, to which he sent me to reply in person. Upon reporting to him
+the state of affairs at Twenty-eighth street, he directed me to return,
+and inform General Brinton that he would like to see him personally. I
+did so, and accompanied General Brinton back to the outer office, where
+General Pearson was.
+
+Q. Where was he?
+
+A. In the second story in the office at Twenty-sixth or Twenty-seventh
+street, at the outer depot.
+
+Q. How was he dressed?
+
+A. He had on a fatigue uniform and cap, and sack coat or blouse--an
+officer's blouse--and dark pants, and, if I am not mistaken, a white
+vest. He had on shoulder straps, and the mark of his rank on the cap.
+
+Q. Did he have on a belt?
+
+A. No; I think not.
+
+Q. State what the conduct of the troops was during the night in the
+round-house?
+
+A. The conduct of the troops was unexceptionable. I was up and around
+during the entire night, from one part of the building to the other,
+and I saw no instance where the men refused to obey any order given to
+them, although they were, of course, rather exhausted, and rather
+hungry; yet, at the same time, any command that was given was obeyed at
+once, cheerfully and willingly. The slight disturbance that General
+Brinton spoke of in his testimony was so slight that I never knew
+anything about it until long afterwards, and I suppose I had probably
+as much opportunity to know what was going on as anybody.
+
+Q. State whether you had notice of the orders received by General
+Brinton from General Latta or from General Pearson?
+
+A. Yes, sir; I had.
+
+Q. Of all the orders?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State whether General Brinton received any orders from General Latta
+before leaving the round-house?
+
+A. He received two dispatches during the night from General Latta.
+
+Q. State what they were?
+
+A. The first one was complimenting him very highly.
+
+Q. Were they telegraphic dispatches?
+
+A. No; they came by the hand of a scout whom General Brinton sent to
+communicate with General Latta.
+
+Q. Named Wilson?
+
+A. Yes--of the Jefferson Cavalry. The first were sent off with members
+of the Hutchinson Battery, and they never returned. Wilson brought back
+an answer regarding the situation in which we were placed, stating we
+understand the situation thoroughly, and an effort would be shortly
+made to provision the troops--that ammunition had been sent to Guthrie,
+and that the troops at Walls station would join Guthrie, and that
+Guthrie would be on the way, and certainly ought to be with us by six
+or seven o'clock, and stating also that there was no chance for
+friction primers. The second dispatch--Sergeant Wilson went out again
+and returned about two o'clock--maybe three o'clock--and brought
+another dispatch from General Latta complimenting the division very
+highly upon their conduct, and stating that the ammunition had reached
+Colonel Guthrie, and that he would be on his way shortly, and certainly
+would reach the round-house not later than five or six o'clock, and to
+hold on vigorously, or if compelled to leave, that we should do so by
+way of Penn avenue or eastward, and take Penn avenue.
+
+Q. What time was that dispatch received?
+
+A. I should judge in the neighborhood of two or three o'clock.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton stay as long as he could in the round-house?
+
+A. He stayed as long as he possibly could stay--as long as it was
+possible to stay. I think it was ten minutes of eight o'clock when the
+order was given for the troops to fall in for the purpose of leaving.
+At that time the roof of the round-house was on fire, and the building
+was full of smoke, and the only part that was not on fire was the
+office building of the upholstery shop, through which we went out. The
+piles of lumber in the direction of the Union depot--I don't know
+whether east or north from that--were all afire. Shortly before
+leaving, I went to the upholstery shops, and could see nothing but a
+mass of flames to the Union depot.
+
+Q. Were any guards thrown out to guard the approaches to the
+round-house during the night?
+
+A. Yes; as far as it was prudent or possible to throw them.
+
+Q. Were any attacks made on the guards during the night by the mob?
+
+A. There was no attack. It was a desultory kind of firing during the
+entire night from every direction. Men would conceal themselves behind
+piles of lumber, and in the windows of the houses, and behind chimneys,
+on roofs. The firing came from every direction.
+
+Q. At what distance were guards placed from the round-house?
+
+A. It was probably as far as from here to Eighth street--probably two
+hundred yards.
+
+Q. Did they remain out all night that distance?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were any of them wounded there?
+
+A. No; it was on the track side, towards the Union depot. The building
+was not defensible at all from that side.
+
+Q. From the side towards the depot no attack was made?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. How far were the guards out on the side towards Philadelphia?
+
+A. There were no guards there. A part of the Sixth division was
+supposed to be in the Twenty-eighth street round-house.
+
+Q. You had no guards on the street leading to Penn street?
+
+A. There was no occasion for them. Everything was in perfect view, as
+far as that was concerned, from the building itself.
+
+Q. State in what kind of order the troops marched out?
+
+A. The order was perfect.
+
+Q. Was there any firing along the route?
+
+A. There was considerable firing along the route.
+
+Q. Were you present when General Brinton met Major Buffington at the
+arsenal?
+
+A. I was present when he met a person, supposed to be the person
+commanding the arsenal.
+
+Q. Where was he?
+
+A. It was at his house inside the arsenal grounds.
+
+Q. How far from the house?
+
+A. Right on the steps--right on the porch.
+
+Q. What took place between them?
+
+A. Well, General Brinton introduced himself, and told him who he was,
+and requested substantially--that was he requested permission to bring
+the men inside, and, if possible, to get ammunition and provisions for
+them, or if not, to allow them to remain there until he could
+communicate with General Latta, and get some orders. Buffington
+immediately ordered him to leave the place as rapidly as possible, and
+leave no men inside. He did that in an abrupt manner, as much as to
+say, if you don't go out, I will throw you out.
+
+Q. Had you been directed to Major Buffington's house by anybody?
+
+A. My impression is that Captain Murphy took us there. It may have been
+that some person just at the door, or the sentry at the gate, may have
+said so.
+
+Q. You accompanied General Brinton to the house?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you meet him before calling at the door or ringing the bell?
+
+A. We met him right at the porch. I think there was a lady standing
+there, and the question was asked if Major Buffington was in, and at
+that moment he came out. I know that nobody went for him.
+
+Q. You turned then and----
+
+A. Went to the gate as rapidly as possible.
+
+Q. Did Major Buffington come up to the gate before you left?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you see anything more of him?
+
+A. I didn't. He turned on his heel and went into the house.
+
+Q. Did you see anything of Lieutenant Lyon?
+
+A. I don't know the lieutenant at all. I will state this much, I think
+there was some one in citizen's clothing, when the wounded were brought
+to the gate, who said allow them to come in, and I suppose from what I
+heard afterwards that it may have been Lieutenant Lyon.
+
+Q. Describe the appearance of the man you met at the house, supposed to
+be Major Buffington?
+
+A. I cannot do that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was he in uniform?
+
+A. No; in citizen's clothes. I don't know that I would know him if I
+saw him. It was all in a moment, and the excitement, as a matter of
+course, was great, and I paid no particular attention to the man's
+appearance.
+
+Q. Do you remember whether he wore a mustache or not?
+
+A. I think he had hair on his face; but whether a mustache or not I
+won't be certain. I think he had hair on his face.
+
+Q. Some gentleman was there?
+
+A. There was somebody who said he was Major Buffington.
+
+Q. There was some person who permitted you to bring the wounded inside?
+
+A. Yes; that was afterwards. After we were ordered out.
+
+Q. State whether you were present when Colonel Norris overtook General
+Brinton?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. What orders did he give, if any?
+
+A. None; he gave no orders.
+
+Q. Did you hear anything or all of what took place between them?
+
+A. I did. I heard the entire conversation.
+
+Q. Do you know whether General Brinton received any orders after
+leaving the round-house or not during that day?
+
+A. Not until late in the afternoon.
+
+Q. What were they, and who communicated them?
+
+A. Those orders came out by the hand of Major Baugh, who reported to
+General Brinton at Claremont, and was immediately sent back by orders
+from General Latta--I think it was him--but they were received late
+that afternoon, directing the general to bring the entire division to
+Altoona by rail.
+
+Q. That was a written order?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did a man by the name of Colonel Smith reach you during the day,
+Sunday?
+
+A. Norman Smith?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. He reached us on Sunday. I saw him--the first time I saw him to know
+him--he may have reached us an hour or so before--it was after the
+division had encamped on the hills overlooking Claremont. He was there,
+and stayed for some hours.
+
+Q. Do you know what his mission was?
+
+A. I don't know that it had anything to do with any military matters,
+and I think he said he had an appointment with somebody to go across
+the country. I didn't ask him who.
+
+Q. Do you know whether General Brinton telegraphed to Colonel Scott of
+the Pennsylvania Railroad?
+
+A. He sent a number of dispatches to Colonel Scott during the time we
+were out, in relation to various matters, for the purpose of urging the
+necessity of endeavoring to procure us ammunition, and provision, and
+blankets, and clothing, &c. And I know he also sent a note. I am under
+the impression it was in response to an inquiry as to the condition of
+the men, and he stated that, if he was allowed his own way, he could
+open the entire road from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh with the First
+division.
+
+Q. When did he send that dispatch?
+
+A. While we were at Blairsville Intersection.
+
+Q. Do you know on what day?
+
+A. I cannot state the day. We got there, I think, on the afternoon of
+the 23d, and it may have been the following morning. It was just in
+response to an inquiry as to the morale of the division.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Was there one or more sentinels at the gate when you reached the
+arsenal?
+
+A. There was but one. There may have been one or two in the box; but
+one was patrolling the beat.
+
+Q. Didn't the sergeant there point out to you and General Brinton the
+gate to Major Buffington's quarters?
+
+A. No. There may have been somebody who pointed out the house, but
+nobody went for him.
+
+Q. No one went on with you to the house?
+
+A. No. He may have pointed it out to General Brinton, in response to a
+question. I don't recollect that he did or didn't.
+
+Q. Did the major come out of the house there, and stand on the steps?
+
+A. He came out of the house--out of the entry way--on to the steps.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did Major Buffington give any reason for refusing admission into the
+arsenal grounds?
+
+A. I don't think he said anything, except that there was a large amount
+of property there, or something.
+
+Q. Did he say it would be endangered by bringing on a conflict with the
+mob?
+
+A. I think not. I have no recollection of it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did he tell General Brinton there was no small ammunition there?
+
+A. I have no recollection of his saying anything of the kind. He may
+have told him that he could not get any; but I have no recollection of
+his saying there was none.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How were your troops supplied with ammunition? Did you have
+sufficient?
+
+A. No; not at that time. The next morning--Monday morning or
+afternoon--the ordinance return showed that the Third regiment had
+about three rounds to a man, and the First regiment, I think, an
+average of ten.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. How many did you have on Saturday afternoon when you went out to
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. We were supposed to have twenty rounds to a man. Ten were issued at
+Harrisburg, and ten at Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. State whether General Brinton received orders from General Latta to
+go to Torrens station; and, if so, when he received them?
+
+A. He received orders from General Latta to go to Torrens station on
+the night of the 3d of July.
+
+Q. What kind of an order was it?
+
+A. A written order, and sent, as I was afterwards informed, by the
+hands of Captain Aull, and delivered by him to Colonel Guthrie, and by
+Colonel Guthrie to the general, at the reception of the Duquesne club,
+the night before we left Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. When was the order dated.
+
+A. On the morning we left the round-house. It was a very congratulatory
+order, directing him to go to the stock-yards, and entrench himself
+there, and congratulating him on the movement of the morning, and
+stating he was glad to hear he was safe.
+
+Q. What per centage of the men of the First division were soldiers of
+the late war? Do you know?
+
+A. No; that is pretty hard matter to tell.
+
+Q. From your acquaintance with them could you form an estimate?
+
+A. I should judge probably fifty per cent. of them--taking the strength
+of the division right straight through--probably more than that.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You stated you heard no command given to the troops to fire.
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Didn't you consider the men justifiable in firing?
+
+A. Yes; I consider it would not have been half a minute before the
+command would have been given. It would have been necessary.
+
+Q. Was there a consultation among the officers as to the position you
+should take after the firing took place?
+
+A. The only consultation was between--or a conversation--it was hardly
+in the nature of a consultation--was between General Brinton and
+General Pearson. General Pearson sent to know of General
+Brinton--stating he had heard the firing--whether there were any killed
+or wounded, and requested him, if he desired to communicate, to send a
+staff officer. General Brinton sent me, and I immediately returned and
+reported that General Pearson desired to see him and went back with
+him.
+
+Q. Where did you find General Pearson?
+
+A. In the second story of the outer office.
+
+Q. Mr. Pitcairn's?
+
+A. I don't know. He was in the telegraph room. There was no
+consultation about it. It was an absolute order from General Pearson to
+move the troops in there.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+E. DeC. Loud, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Please state your residence?
+
+A. No. 3741 Spruce street.
+
+Q. State whether you are a member of the National Guard now?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And you were in July last?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What was your rank?
+
+A. Brigadier General, commanding the Second brigade.
+
+Q. You accompanied General Brinton to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State whether you went out with his command to Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I did not.
+
+Q. On Saturday?
+
+A. I did not. When we started from Pittsburgh, or rather from Union
+depot, a portion of my command was then ordered to guard the passenger
+trains that were going to be run out, and when we got about the
+center--from the western half to the center of the round-house--I was
+ordered to take that position, and to keep the tracks clear, and see
+that nobody came into my line excepting those that had authority--to
+keep out all citizens--that the trains were ready to be run, and that I
+should keep things clear, in that shape, until they could open the road
+at Twenty-eighth street. I held that position until the firing began at
+Twenty-eighth street; but, I think, perhaps a little before that I sent
+an aid to General Brinton and asked him, if possible, to return to me
+the troops that had been detached, as the ground I had to cover was too
+large to be covered by the troops I had. He sent them back. Shortly
+after that, I saw the firing at Twenty-eighth street. It was about a
+square and a half, and I could see the firing. I had stationed a line
+across east to keep the crowd back from that side, and when the rioters
+broke around from the rear of the First brigade, and came back, I
+ordered the line doubled, and turned the crowd through the yard out on
+to Liberty street, instead of letting them come on the tracks. So far,
+as I saw, the trains were all ready, with nobody interfering with them,
+and if they had had men to run them--engineers and firemen--I think
+they could have run those trains out after Twenty-eighth street was
+cleared.
+
+Q. Were the engines fired up?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+Q. Were there engineers with them?
+
+A. There seemed to be men about the engines that seemed to have
+authority. They seemed to be train hands--engineers.
+
+Q. And brakemen?
+
+A. They seemed to be. The most trouble I had was with young men that
+claimed to be clerks in the railroad office, who broke through the
+lines. While I was there, two or three passenger trains were run in
+from the west, coming in off the Pan Handle and Fort Wayne road, going
+east. They were some little while getting along; but they went on east.
+There was some trouble with the passengers on them, because they wanted
+to see what was going on. I held that position until some time after
+the firing at Twenty-eighth street, when I got orders from General
+Brinton, through Major Pettit, to move into the railroad shops
+connecting with the round-house. I knew the ground, as I had been there
+several times before, and I supposed we were going through this yard
+out to Liberty street, and going back to Pittsburgh; but when I got
+inside, General Brinton ordered me to take possession of the shops
+there on the left or on the west, and put one regiment in there and
+some other troops in the office, and put a guard over the gate. There
+was a double wagon gate there. I had no time to detail a regular guard,
+so I instructed Captain Ryan, of the Fencibles, to take charge of the
+gate. In the meantime, Breck's Battery came in, and the First brigade
+went into the round-house and took possession of that. In about ten
+minutes, a train was going to run back on the Allegheny Valley road,
+which runs besides this railroad office or repair shop. When the cars
+came back--it was some local train--they were just filled with rioters,
+who were brought back right into Pittsburgh, and they were yelling and
+hooting and hallooing, and then this crowd gathered around the gate. We
+had no orders to fire on them at all, and we paid no attention to what
+was said by the mob. Along about dark, I was talking to General
+Brinton, when a man pushed himself in, and we ordered him out, and
+eventually pushed him out. Then a row began, and a couple of pistol
+shots were fired, and two men were shot, and Captain Ryan came to me
+and said that my men cannot stand this to be fired at, and without
+returning the fire. I told him I could not give an order to fire; but
+that I would ask General Brinton; but he said he could not give an
+order, that he was under the orders of General Pearson, and that we
+must first ask General Pearson if we couldn't open fire on the rioters.
+We run the Gatling guns, in the meantime, so as to command the gate.
+General Pearson said no, you must not fire a shot, and of course, when
+he said no, we had nothing else to do. He left about nine o'clock, and
+when he left General Brinton gave orders if anybody came near the gate
+to order them away, and if they didn't go, to fire on them. We remained
+there until they began to run the cars down on us. At first we supposed
+they ran the cars down to shoot this field-piece off--we supposed that
+was their idea--but we soon found it was on fire. The general then
+ordered me to take a detail of men up into the third story of this
+office, which had windows facing east, and we went up there, and put
+guards in the second and third stories, and in that way covered the
+field-piece. We stayed around there until daylight. During the night I
+think I saw pretty near every dispatch that General Brinton got, and I
+don't think I was away from him ten minutes at any one time during the
+night. I saw every dispatch, and was cognizant of their contents. I
+passed the scout in and out through my lines--this man that carried the
+dispatches to General Latta--and I know the instructions from General
+Latta were to hold the position as long as we could, and I know of the
+dispatch to move east out Penn avenue. When the eastern buildings had
+got afire, they came and told me that it was necessary to vacate, that
+the fire had got so hot that they couldn't stand it, and when the First
+regiment formed, we could hardly see the lines for the smoke and
+cinders. There had been some cars filled with corn whiskey that had run
+down and got afire. We got the fire out; but they had blocked the gate
+so that we couldn't get the field-pieces out. The general then
+instructed me to have the brass guns spiked, to have them dismounted,
+and to destroy the powder. The powder was taken into the round-house
+and soaked in water, so that it couldn't be used, and the ammunition
+was thrown away, and the pieces were spiked. The Gatlings being much
+lighter, we found an entrance on the west of this repair-shop, and we
+moved the Gatlings through the repair-shop out to Twenty-sixth street.
+When we marched out I was at the head of my brigade. We must have got a
+half a mile or so, and there was some firing into the lines, and one or
+two men were wounded. I then went back, and you couldn't see any great
+number of rioters anywheres near us. I suppose within one or two
+Philadelphia blocks you could not see anybody; but you could see the
+crowd back that far. Every now and then there would be a shot coming
+from a doorway or a window as we passed along the street. Nobody would
+fire directly at us from a window as we passed along--either from the
+corners of the streets or the windows; but the firing was all after we
+passed, after we got by half a block or a block--then they would let
+into us. About this time a street car was coming up the street, and I
+don't know why, but I was looking at it, wondering whether it was going
+to try to get through the lines, when the first thing I heard was two
+rifle shots from the car, and two men of the Sixth regiment fell dead,
+one on top of the other. The shots were fired by two men apparently
+lying on their stomachs--lying on the cushions, and firing out the
+windows.
+
+Q. Did the street car stop after they fired?
+
+A. That I cannot say. I recollect, at that time, that the Gatling gun
+was opened, and I ordered my men to separate, so that they could fire
+into it, and they did fire. Just before that the driver of the street
+car had uncoupled the horses, and left the car standing. I have heard
+since that those two men were killed; but, of course, I cannot testify
+to that.
+
+Q. Those two men in the car?
+
+A. Yes; along about that time this man they called the bad angel--he
+would fire and then run into a house, and run back through the yard,
+and come out again and fire. He would fire coolly. I saw him twice drop
+on his knee and fire, just the same as if he were firing at a target. I
+heard Captain Ryan hallooing "shoot that man," and they fired at him,
+but, as he was firing out of door-ways or from behind trees, it was
+almost impossible to hit him. We were moving all the time. I cannot say
+positively whether Lieutenant Ash was shot previously to that time or
+not, but I recollect seeing him stagger. I suppose I noticed it more
+particularly because he was a personal friend of mine. I saw him
+stagger and fall into the gutter on the north side of the street, and
+throw up his hand and say, you are not going to leave me, and I ran
+back with three or four men, and carried him ahead apiece, until some
+men of the regiment ran their pieces under him, and brought him on, and
+he was carried on the limber of the Gatling up to the arsenal. By that
+time I concluded my brigade had enough of that, and I sent word to
+General Brinton, asking him if I could not change places with the First
+brigade, and he sent word back, yes, and I changed places at the turn
+of the street. The reason why I asked to be relieved was, that every
+man in the brigade had been on duty all night--every man. We had the
+lumber-yard to cover, and the railroad offices, and the repair shop,
+and the men had been up all night. I took the right of the line then,
+and I don't think that there was a shot fired after we changed position
+in the line.
+
+Q. Where was Lieutenant Ash wounded?
+
+A. In the leg. He bled very freely. I didn't suppose that he was
+mortally wounded, and I think if there had been anybody there to take
+care of him, he might have got through.
+
+Q. He was left at the arsenal?
+
+A. Yes; that is about the story, until we got to Sharpsburg. We had
+nothing to eat all the way along. When we got to Sharpsburg, along
+about ten and a half o'clock, Major Wilson then, Colonel Wilson now,
+went into a store and bought a couple of boxes of crackers. I recollect
+it, because he gave one to my brigade, and one to the First brigade.
+That was all we got until about twelve o'clock.
+
+Q. While you were down at the round-house, guarding the trains that
+were to move out, was there any attack made upon your line by the
+rioters?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Was there any firing by your men?
+
+A. No; there is not a shot fired--they were rather troublesome. There
+was a considerable crowd there, but Captain Ryan kept them back. I
+might say that my orders were to keep all citizens off. I met a
+gentleman coming through, and told him to get out, and had some
+considerable difficulty. He said he was the sheriff of Allegheny
+county. That was away back at Twenty-sixth street. He was all alone--no
+posse with him or anything.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You say no posse was with him?
+
+A. No; and he didn't seem to want a posse.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. That was after the firing at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I think it was right after the firing.
+
+Q. The sheriff was going towards the depot then?
+
+A. Yes; and making pretty good time.
+
+Q. State whether there was any insubordination on the part of the
+troops during the night in the round-house?
+
+A. I heard that some of the troops were dissatisfied--that they wanted
+something to eat, and didn't think they were treated right, and all
+that. I didn't see anything of it, and I was among them all night long.
+
+Q. Was there any refusal to obey orders?
+
+A. No; no man refused. There was, perhaps, a little hesitation when I
+asked some men to do a little piece of business, but they went and did
+it.
+
+Q. What was that?
+
+A. I wanted some car wheels put across the track. It was a rather open
+space, and they didn't seem to like it much, but they went and did it.
+
+Q. Have you anything else to say?
+
+A. I might say that I saw the scout going out all night long, carrying
+messages back and forward.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you consider the firing by the troops justifiable?
+
+A. I can only say that if I had had command I would have fired sooner
+than they did.
+
+Q. You would have given the order?
+
+A. Yes; I gave the order to fire going out Pennsylvania avenue. I
+always considered when attacked you have the right to return the fire.
+
+Q. You have had some experience in the army?
+
+A. Some little.
+
+Q. How much?
+
+A. Four years.
+
+Q. And you think that most any troops would have fired under such
+circumstances without orders?
+
+A. I have my own opinion, and I think if I had been in the lines, I
+would have fired.
+
+Q. If struck with a brick, you would have fired?
+
+A. I think so. I will say simply this: I think if the troops had been
+sent to Pittsburgh three days sooner, it would have been a great deal
+better. They had been playing with the Pittsburgh troops before we got
+there.
+
+Q. Did you see Colonel Norris when he joined General Brinton's command?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Did Colonel Norris give General Brinton any orders?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you hear the conversation between them?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. If he had communicated any orders to General Brinton, you would have
+heard them?
+
+A. I certainly should. I might say that I was standing with General
+Brinton, when Colonel Norris drove up. He jumped out of the carriage,
+and he seemed very glad, indeed, to see General Brinton and all hands,
+and we went over and sat along side of the road, and I heard all the
+conversation. I would have been very apt, if any orders had been given,
+to pay some attention, because I was anxious about the situation
+myself, and particularly as I was personally acquainted with Colonel
+Norris.
+
+Q. You are certain he gave no orders to go to any point from where he
+was then?
+
+A. Not that I know of; and I think if such orders were given, I would
+have heard them.
+
+Q. Were you present during the entire conversation?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. All the time?
+
+A. I think so.
+
+Q. Do you know of any orders having been received by General Brinton
+from any one or by the hands of any one to make any movement in any
+direction?
+
+A. Yes; we had one about going out of Pittsburgh, to go east.
+
+Q. After you left the round-house?
+
+A. No; I saw the orders that night. I heard or read all the orders that
+came. The orders were, as I understood, to take a train down at the
+work-house, and join the command at Blairsville Intersection. I know we
+got an order after we were in the round-house, or rather an instruction
+that Colonel Lyle--we supposed that colonel, and the detachment under
+Colonel Rodgers, were with Colonel Guthrie, and would join us about
+daybreak.
+
+Q. Did General Brinton receive any orders to move his command to
+Torrens station?
+
+A. Not that I am aware of.
+
+Q. Or to join Colonel Guthrie?
+
+A. Not that I am aware of.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. The brass guns at the round-house--whose command did they belong to?
+
+A. To General Pearson's.
+
+Q. Couldn't you have saved those guns, and taken them with you?
+
+A. If we had any way of getting them out, and if we had horses to haul
+them.
+
+Q. It was not possible to take them out where they were, and take them
+along by hand?
+
+A. It might have been done, but under the circumstances, no. If there
+had not been any firing there, we might have cleared the track, and got
+the gate open.
+
+Q. Couldn't you have taken those guns out of the same gate you took the
+Gatling guns out?
+
+A. No; it would have taken a long while, because the shop was full of
+timber and all kinds of material, which would have had to be cleared
+out of the way, and it is not much of a joke to run a twelve pounder by
+hand. We might have taken a crowd and have dragged them a short
+distance, but not a long distance. It was as much as the men could do
+to drag the Gatlings.
+
+Q. No horses were provided for those guns?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. Did Captain Breck have charge of those pieces?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did he turn them over to General Brinton?
+
+A. Of course, he was under General Brinton's command.
+
+Q. Do you know whether Captain Breck's command retired to the
+round-house with your command?
+
+A. I don't know, but I suppose they did. I cannot say positively.
+
+Q. Did many of your men--the rank and file--have experience in the army
+as soldiers?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. About what proportion of them?
+
+A. I suppose thirty-three per cent. of them, anyhow. I should judge so.
+
+Q. What character of men were the balance of the troops composed of
+generally?
+
+A. I would just as lief depend on them, I think, as regular soldiers.
+
+Q. You would depend on them just as soon?
+
+A. Or a little sooner, I think.
+
+Q. In what business were those men before they went out with you, as a
+general thing?
+
+A. Most of them were mechanics.
+
+Q. And some clerks?
+
+A. Some.
+
+Q. Professional men?
+
+A. Very few.
+
+Q. Men accustomed to manual labor?
+
+A. Yes; and accustomed to three square meals a day, too.
+
+Q. Could you expect men, taken from their homes as those men were, to
+be as efficient, so far as endurance is concerned, as men accustomed
+not only to military discipline, but to service in the field?
+
+A. Why certainly not. If you have ever been in the service, you know
+how long it takes to break men in, before you get them into shape.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Louis D. Baugh, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. In Philadelphia, No. 2009 Chestnut street.
+
+Q. State what your rank was in the National Guard in July last?
+
+A. I was commissary of the First division, with the rank of major. I
+was then and am yet.
+
+Q. Did you accompany the troops under General Brinton to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I did. I went with the first detachment.
+
+Q. Were you at Twenty-eighth street during the firing?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. What was your particular duty?
+
+A. It is the duty of the commissary to feed the men--to supply them
+with rations.
+
+Q. Where were you during Saturday?
+
+A. When the column was ready to move to Twenty-eighth street, General
+Brinton ordered me to remain to procure subsistence for the men.
+
+Q. When did you re-join the command?
+
+A. On Sunday afternoon, about three o'clock.
+
+Q. At what point?
+
+A. At the work-house.
+
+Q. Of Allegheny?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you have any orders for General Brinton?
+
+A. I had none, sir.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation about orders with him?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What did he say?
+
+A. The moment I arrived, he asked me for orders, once or twice, and I
+told him I had no orders, or had received none, and he sent me back for
+orders.
+
+Q. To whom?
+
+A. General Latta.
+
+Q. Did you go back?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Where did you find General Latta?
+
+A. At the Monongahela house.
+
+Q. What orders did you get?
+
+A. Do you want the order?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. I took him the following order:
+
+    "_Major General R. M. Brinton, commanding First division National
+    Guard of Pennsylvania, bivouacked near Claremont station, West
+    Pennsylvania division, Pennsylvania railroad_:
+
+    "You will move your command by rail to Altoona, where the rest of
+    your division now is, and there remain for further orders. I leave,
+    _via_ Erie, for Harrisburg to-night. Will be at Erie to-morrow
+    night, on the rail Tuesday, and Harrisburg Wednesday. Have ordered
+    Mr. Creighton, superintendent of the West Pennsylvania division to
+    furnish transportation. Make requisition for more ammunition on
+    Harrisburg by telegraph, and communicate further as to
+    transportation with Mr. Gardner.
+
+    "JAMES W. LATTA,
+     _Adjutant General_."
+
+Q. What time did you take that to General Brinton and deliver it to
+him?
+
+A. The written order?
+
+Q. Yes?
+
+A. I read that order to another officer, who reached him early in the
+morning, one or two o'clock. I reached him about eight o'clock.
+
+Q. What morning?
+
+A. Monday.
+
+Q. With that order?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And delivered it to him?
+
+A. Yes; I handed him the written order. When the order was given to me,
+I asked for it in writing. There were two of us together, and I gave
+the other staff officer the contents of the order, and told him if he
+reached him first to give it to him.
+
+Q. Who was that staff officer?
+
+A. Major Lazarus.
+
+Q. Where did you find him on Monday morning?
+
+A. On the railroad.
+
+Q. Where?
+
+A. I don't know the place, but I guess it is a little off Claremont.
+
+Q. A major of whose staff was Major Lazarus?
+
+A. General Brinton's. He was in the room when I got this order. I read
+it to him, and, as the mob was very great, I said if you reach him
+first, give him this order, and if I reach him first, I will carry it
+with me.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+E. DeC. Loud re-called:
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. On your retirement from the round-house, did you cover the retreat a
+part of the way?
+
+A. I had the left of the line as long as there was any firing going on.
+
+Q. Did you, on your march, see any policemen on the street?
+
+A. I did.
+
+Q. Tell us what you saw them do?
+
+A. I saw, I suppose, at least fifteen or twenty-five of them standing
+on a kind of low porch that looked to me something like a
+station-house, or as if it might be, as we went out, and they seemed to
+make no effort to keep the peace whatever. They were standing there,
+and after we passed, I heard the crack of a pistol. I cannot say
+positively that they fired it; but they certainly made no effort
+whatever to preserve the peace there. They were in full uniform, too.
+
+Q. Did the sound seem to come from that direction?
+
+A. Yes; right behind me. At that time I was on the right flank.
+
+Q. How far were you from the police when you heard the shot fired?
+
+A. Half a block I suppose--perhaps not that far. They were standing on
+a porch elevated, perhaps, two or three feet.
+
+Q. You judge from the sound that the shot came from the police?
+
+A. If it didn't come from them, it came from very near them.
+
+Q. Did you see any arms in their hands?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Did you see any pistols in their hands?
+
+A. No; I was in the street and they were just the width of the pavement
+from me.
+
+Q. Is that the only place where you saw police?
+
+A. That is the only place where I saw police.
+
+Q. And you say that they made no effort to arrest any of the parties
+following you?
+
+A. Not that I saw, and I would have been very apt to see it. I think
+there were enough of them there to have stopped it.
+
+Q. Did you hear them make any remarks as you passed?
+
+A. No; but they didn't seem to be very particularly pleased over the
+troops being there.
+
+Q. But they said nothing?
+
+A. No; but I could judge from the expression of their faces that their
+remarks were not at all complimentary. That was the inference I drew.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you have any communication with the citizens of Pittsburgh--did
+you go out into the crowd among the rioters at any time?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Do you know of any citizens' committee that waited on General
+Brinton or that waited on your command to have a conversation in
+relation to this riot?
+
+A. No; I heard that a committee came out to see General Brinton while
+we were at the hospital, when we got back a second time, and I
+understood that they just came out to pay their compliments to him.
+
+Q. It was after you got back to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes; the first time nobody came near us--not a soul. In Sharpsburg
+some men came out, and said they were very sorry that so many were
+killed, and they seemed to be very kind.
+
+Q. Is there anything you know that you have not yet testified to of
+interest to us or that might be important in the making up of a full
+history of this affair?
+
+A. No; I don't know of anything more that I can say about the matter. I
+only had my own brigade to look after, and I can only tell what
+happened there. I can only say this, that I was very much surprised
+when we were put into the round-house and those shops.
+
+Q. Surprised at your being stopped in the round-house?
+
+A. Yes; a question has been asked that perhaps I can throw some light
+on. It was about what kind of a cap or head-covering General Pearson
+had on. He had a blue blouse on with a fatigue cap.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did he have soldier straps on?
+
+A. I think so, but cannot say positively--I know he had.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did he have a sword or belt?
+
+A. I didn't see any.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did he have a white vest on?
+
+A. I cannot say that.
+
+Q. Could you have seen a white vest if he had had one on?
+
+A. If he had turned right around to me I could have seen it. We all had
+white vests on, as we didn't have time to get anything else. He might
+have had no vest at all on. It was hot weather, and it was dark.
+
+Q. How close were you to him?
+
+A. About as near may be as to this gentleman here, [indicating a party
+in the room sitting near by.]
+
+Q. Almost touching him?
+
+A. I could have touched him if I had wanted to. He walked out with me
+to the wash-stand, I recollect. I don't know what he had on when he
+went out. All of his staff with him had fatigue suits on.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Louis D. Baugh re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Were you dressed in uniform when you went to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you wear that uniform all the time?
+
+A. No; I took it off, by orders of my superior officer.
+
+Q. Did you mingle with the crowd after you dressed yourself in
+citizen's clothing?
+
+A. Yes. I attempted to get to the round-house to General Brinton, and I
+started up from Union Depot hotel.
+
+Q. Did you have any conversation with citizens of Pittsburgh, or with
+the rioters or the strikers?
+
+A. I had no conversation with them, because I kept myself very quiet,
+listening to what they said.
+
+Q. What did they say?
+
+A. They wanted every damned Philadelphia soldier to go home in a box.
+That they would tear them to pieces. Then I went on apiece. I didn't
+want to get into that crowd.
+
+Q. Who were they?
+
+A. People of Pittsburgh.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What people?
+
+A. Part of the crowd along the street.
+
+Q. In the vicinity where the riot was going on, or down in the city?
+
+A. In the street running from Union depot to the round-house.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Parallel with the railroad?
+
+A. Yes. I was trying to get to General Brinton, to make arrangements
+about feeding the soldiers. When I found what affection they had for us
+I would move on again. They wanted every damned one sent home in a box.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You looked upon that as the disposition manifested towards the
+Philadelphia soldiers?
+
+A. Yes; indeed, it was--all Saturday night and Sunday morning when I
+left town.
+
+Q. Did they go for you once in the depot?
+
+A. In the West Pennsylvania depot they did, or I thought they did, and
+I got out. I knew what they were from the night previous.
+
+Q. For your own safety, you thought it better to get away?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+George Francis Leland, _sworn with the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. 1622 Chestnut street.
+
+Q. You were a member of the National Guard in July last?
+
+A. I was adjutant of the Third regiment of infantry.
+
+Q. Colonel Snowden's regiment?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Were you with him at Twenty-eighth street when the firing occurred?
+
+A. I was. Just below Twenty-eighth street.
+
+Q. Did you hear any orders given to fire?
+
+A. I didn't. I heard Colonel Snowden distinctly say that no one was to
+fire until they received orders, and they received no orders from him
+to fire.
+
+Q. Were you in the round-house during that night?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. State what the conduct of the troops was during the night, as to
+discipline?
+
+A. It was very good, I think as far as I am a judge.
+
+Q. Was there any insubordination?
+
+A. No; none whatever.
+
+Q. What was the condition of the round-house when you left in the
+morning?
+
+A. It was on fire, I should judge from the amount of sparks and smoke
+and flame about us. Some of the troops attempted to put the flames out,
+but did not succeed.
+
+Q. Was it safe to remain in the round-house any longer?
+
+A. It was not.
+
+Q. How did the troops march out--in good order?
+
+A. In excellent order.
+
+Q. Where were you in the line of march?
+
+A. With the right of our detachment part of the time, and part of the
+time in the rear. We only had about forty-three men in our regiment.
+
+Q. Was there any firing along the line in the street?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Where did it come from?
+
+A. I should judge from citizens of Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. Did you see any firing?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see any person when they fired?
+
+A. Yes; one or two I could pick out if I should see them again.
+
+Q. What class of citizens were they?
+
+A. The ordinary class of citizens--mechanics and workingmen; and I saw
+some policemen fire, too.
+
+Q. Where were they?
+
+A. At a station-house, evidently, from the number of men grouped around
+it.
+
+Q. A police station-house?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many of them?
+
+A. Twenty-five or thirty of them.
+
+Q. Did they fire as you passed them?
+
+Q. They fired after we passed. I should judge the firing they did was
+intended for General Loud's command. They were in our rear.
+
+Q. They fired on the rear of the line?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see them when they fired?
+
+A. Yes; I think I did. I looked back--I was attracted by the noise--and
+I turned my head, and I distinctly heard not only the noise, but saw
+the smoke and the raising of their arms among this crowd of men that I
+took to be policemen.
+
+Q. Were they in uniform?
+
+A. Yes; or in dark looking hats and blue sack-coats, I think. I am not
+familiar with the uniform of the police of that city.
+
+Q. Did you see any pistols in their hands?
+
+A. Yes; as I passed I saw one with a pistol by his side. One of them
+stood by the curbstone, as if he was reviewing us.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did they have their maces?
+
+A. I think not, but I am not positive about that. I didn't notice any
+belts.
+
+Q. Did you see a uniform on any one policeman--a full uniform?
+
+A. I don't know what it is; but the uniform that most of them had on
+was the same uniform I noticed on the police officers after we returned
+to the city.
+
+Q. When did you return to the city?
+
+A. I think on the 28th of July.
+
+Q. And the uniform was the same that you saw those men wearing?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see any of the policemen on your return to the city, who
+were in that crowd?
+
+A. I couldn't distinguish any of them. We were marching rather rapidly,
+and I was, in fact, too far off--probably fifty or one hundred feet. I
+couldn't recognize them again.
+
+Q. How many shots were fired from that crowd?
+
+A. I cannot tell that--quite a number, I should judge--half a dozen, or
+a dozen, or more.
+
+Q. Did they wait until your men had passed, before they fired?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And they fired into your rear?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. What effect did the firing have?
+
+A. I cannot say that it had any. I know none were killed about there,
+or I don't think there were any. There may have been some
+wounded--scratches.
+
+Q. Was the firing returned by your men?
+
+A. No; it was not.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Did you see that man with the linen duster following the command,
+with a musket?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see him shoot?
+
+A. Yes; I remember that fellow distinctly. He followed us quite a
+distance. I remember another fellow particularly--a man with a crutch.
+As we went along he stood on the sidewalk, and I saw what I took to be
+a navy revolver in his hand as we passed, and after we passed he
+deliberately fired and run down a side street, and I could go right to
+the locality and pick that fellow out; I took a good look at him; I was
+on the right, near the gutter, and close to him as we passed him. They
+said afterwards that this fellow in the duster was the man that had
+been pegging away at us all night with a rifle that had a bullet that
+exploded when it struck. He kept it up all night while we were in the
+round-house. They said afterwards that he had lost a brother, and he
+wanted to be revenged. I am not positive, but I think he was
+killed--shot.
+
+Q. Did you see any firing from houses?
+
+A. Yes; from second-story windows.
+
+Q. How long after you had left the round-house?
+
+A. Some distance down--somewhere in the neighborhood of this police
+station. The firing I saw from the windows was on the left-hand side
+going up this street.
+
+Q. Going eastward?
+
+A. I don't know the location of Pittsburgh.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Towards the arsenal?
+
+A. Yes; on the left hand side I noticed firing from the windows, and
+the police station was on the right hand.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You say this man was killed?
+
+A. I heard he was.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Thompson Lennig, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence?
+
+A. 1300 Walnut street.
+
+Q. Were you with General Brinton at Pittsburgh, in July last?
+
+A. I was in the division--yes.
+
+Q. What was your rank?
+
+A. I was a private at that time.
+
+Q. In which regiment?
+
+A. In the artillery corps, Washington Grays.
+
+Q. State what your position was in the line in moving out Penn street
+in the morning?
+
+A. I was helping to drag the first one of the Gatling guns.
+
+Q. State whether there was any firing from houses or from persons along
+the street?
+
+A. There was no firing, as far as I remember, until we had gone five or
+six squares, and I thought when there was no firing, that we were going
+to get out of the town without any trouble at all. It was not until
+shortly after we had passed the police station on our right, that the
+firing began. From that time there was firing until we reached the
+arsenal.
+
+Q. There was not much until you reached the police station?
+
+A. No. There was considerable firing, which might amount to skirmish
+firing in real service.
+
+Q. Were there any policemen in the station when you passed?
+
+A. Yes. I don't know how many. I saw eight or ten men turn up in line
+on the curb, and I think there may have been from ten to twenty-five
+scattered around. As I say, I saw eight or ten turn up in line on the
+curb as we passed.
+
+Q. Was there any firing by the police or the troops as you passed?
+
+A. That I don't know. I didn't say it; but I should like to say this:
+that there was firing, and as we passed by the station, I noticed one
+policeman particularly whose face was impressed upon me. And I saw him
+the following Sunday--the week following--the 29th of July, when I was
+wandering through the ruins, with a corporal of the Washington Grays. I
+saw this same man, and I accosted him and said, that I had seen him in
+front of the police station last Sunday, and he said he had been there.
+I then said that I heard it stated among our men that you fired upon
+us, and he said, I didn't fire, but others did, and he even went so far
+as to say that the lieutenant had ordered them to fire. Corporal Rider,
+who was with me at the time, heard the whole conversation, and can
+corroborate everything I have stated.
+
+Q. What is his name?
+
+A. Penn Rider, one of the assistant clerks in common pleas, No. 2.
+
+Q. He stated that he had been ordered to fire?
+
+A. He said that they were ordered by the lieutenant to fire. I saw this
+man's face.
+
+Q. Just give the language of the policeman as near as you can?
+
+A. I was walking over the ruins and I caught his face. It struck me
+again, and I said to myself, that is the man I saw last Sunday, and I
+accosted him, and said, "You were standing in front of the police
+station last Sunday." He said, "I was." I said, "I have heard from our
+men that you fired on us as we passed," and he said, "I didn't fire,
+but others did, and the lieutenant ordered us to do it." That was the
+whole conversation. I passed along, and didn't see anything more of
+him.
+
+Q. Did you ask him who the lieutenant of the police was?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Have you ever found it out since?
+
+A. I have made no inquiry. After I came back, I made affidavit to these
+facts, at the request of Colonel Pettit, and I thought it was no longer
+any matter of mine. It was in their hands.
+
+Q. Did you see that policeman any time after that--have you seen him
+since?
+
+A. No; I have not been in Pittsburgh since. I happened to be off duty
+at the time.
+
+Q. Do you think you would recognize that policeman?
+
+A. I should know him if I saw him five years hence.
+
+Q. Was he in uniform when you met him or saw him?
+
+A. Both times.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+John W. Ryan, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence and what position you held in the National
+Guard in July last?
+
+A. I live at No. 102 North Fortieth street, and had command of the
+independent company State Fencibles, attached to the Second brigade,
+First division.
+
+Q. You accompanied General Brinton to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. You were at Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Where were you stationed after you went to Pittsburgh?
+
+A. I was on the extreme left of the division, the portion of troops
+closest to Union depot. My company was formed--the major portion of it
+facing Union depot, with their backs towards Twenty-eighth street, and
+the smaller portion of it was on front, facing towards Penn street.
+
+Q. What was your duty there?
+
+A. To keep the people out.
+
+Q. And guard the track?
+
+A. To keep the people out, was the instruction I received.
+
+Q. Well?
+
+A. We did so.
+
+Q. Did you have any trouble in doing that?
+
+A. None special. After the firing began, some people came down the
+hill--came down, and once or twice my men were on the point of firing
+at them, because they would not go back; but I held the men in as long
+as possible. It seemed to be more a want of understanding what we
+wanted them to do. After they found out what we wanted them to do, they
+did it.
+
+Q. Was there any firing by your company?
+
+A. We didn't fire a shot.
+
+Q. How many men had you in your company?
+
+A. I brought home seventy-four. I had about fifty at that time.
+
+Q. Were you in the round-house during the night?
+
+A. Once in a while I would go over there. My position was not directly
+in the round-house. I was in the paint shop, I think it is called, or
+the machine shop, or something of the kind.
+
+Q. Adjoining the round-house?
+
+A. Yes; and out in the board-yard. They sent us out there until we got
+ready to move out of the position.
+
+Q. Was any attack made upon you in the shops during the night?
+
+A. No; not directly.
+
+Q. State what the discipline of the troops was--taking the whole
+command of General Brinton during the night?
+
+A. There was no complaint--it was as good as might be expected.
+
+Q. Was there any insubordination or refusal to obey orders that came
+under your observation?
+
+A. Yes; some.
+
+Q. Relate it?
+
+A. When the companies of the Sixth regiment were formed into line, the
+company next to mine--I sent one of my sergeants to find out the
+matter, and he came back and told me that they proposed to lay down
+their arms and go home, and I said I would like to see them try it, and
+I intend to shoot them if they attempt to do it.
+
+Q. Did you see them afterwards or talk to them about it afterwards?
+
+A. I intended to hunt the officers up; but while making up my mind to
+proceed in the matter, orders came to get ready to move, and that broke
+the little arrangement up.
+
+Q. Did they move when the order came--did they obey the command?
+
+A. Yes; so far as I could see, they did. They behaved as well as the
+rest did.
+
+Q. They didn't throw down their arms?
+
+A. No.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you say to them after you heard it, that you would shoot them?
+
+A. I told them I wouldn't let them out. I told the commander that. My
+company was put on guard as soon as we got into that portion of the
+grounds.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What attracted your attention was something unusual in that
+particular command?
+
+A. Yes; they were forming, and I had not received any orders to do so,
+and was anxious to know what they were forming for.
+
+Q. How many were reported as going to throw down their arms?
+
+A. One company.
+
+Q. How many men were in that company?
+
+A. Probably thirty.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What was the reason they gave for doing this, if they gave any?
+
+A. They didn't seem to give any. It was sort of dissatisfaction.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you see the officer of the company--the captain?
+
+A. I saw an officer in front of them, and afterwards learned he was a
+lieutenant.
+
+Q. You had no talk with him?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. What was the conduct of the balance of the men in the division, so
+far as you could judge?
+
+A. In the round-house?
+
+Q. Yes.
+
+A. First rate.
+
+Q. It was that of soldiers?
+
+A. Yes; and very patient ones, under the circumstances, I thought.
+
+Q. Were you in the army during the late war?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How long were you out?
+
+A. Over four years.
+
+Q. What proportion of your company has seen service?
+
+A. I don't know exactly now--we did represent one hundred and fifty-one
+years at one time in the company.
+
+Q. Of actual service?
+
+A. Yes; all the officers and non-commissioned officers, with one
+exception, were veterans.
+
+Q. How many men were there in the company, when they represented one
+hundred and fifty-one years?
+
+A. Sixty-seven men. Late on Saturday afternoon, I sent to the brigade
+commander, and asked permission to come and see him, and I waited, and
+asked if I could not have permission to drive the people away from the
+gate, that they were blackguarding us in the most scandalous manner.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. What gate?
+
+A. Leading out on the street. Men, women, and half-grown boys. It was
+the most outrageous language I ever heard in my life. When we would go
+up, and attempt to drive them away, they would just stand and spit at
+us, and call us all sorts of names. But my men stood it, and walked up
+and down, and paid no attention to them. But they finally got
+brandishing revolvers, and the excitement had become intense, when one
+of my corporals says to me: "I don't think we can stand it any longer,
+unless you give us permission to kill some of those people out there."
+and I said if I get permission, I will give it to you very quick. So I
+asked General Loud, if he would give permission, and he said: "I have
+no authority," and I asked if I might go and see General Brinton. I did
+so, and asked the question, and was told that permission could not be
+given. I said who was in command, and was told General Pearson. I said
+I know the gentleman, and will you give me permission to go and see
+him. I stated the position to him, and stated it was impossible to hold
+out any longer at the gate, and he said: "you must not agitate them. I
+don't want you to excite them poor people." They were too close to his
+heart. I turned away perfectly disgusted.
+
+Q. You held the position you were commanded to hold?
+
+A. Yes; after that General Loud thought it would be a little more
+secure to put some iron in front of the gate, which we did. I would
+have been glad to have given a little lead instead. They blackguarded
+us so that I was anxious to square matters with them.
+
+Q. You could have cleared the tracks at that time?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you hear any women using obscene language to the troops?
+
+A. They were a little worse than the men. The language was terrible.
+One young fellow about twenty years of age climbed on to the stone post
+of the gate, and blackguarded us for the longest time. I have got a
+very large corporal, and he made a deliberate set at that man. The
+corporal said, can't I put him off, and I said, yes, he said he makes
+use of language more than I ever took of any one. I said knock him off,
+if he don't get off, or give him a jab with a bayonet; but he slipped
+off.
+
+Q. What company of the Sixth regiment was it that wanted to lay down
+their arms?
+
+A. I cannot say, but I can furnish the testimony of that fact from the
+members of my company, who reported the matter to me. I considered it
+of such little importance at the time that I really didn't pay much
+attention to it.
+
+Q. They didn't lay down their arms, and obeyed orders afterwards?
+
+A. No; they didn't lay down their arms, and I think that,
+notwithstanding their disposition to do an unmilitary act, if they had
+been called into line and directed to do their duty as soldiers at that
+time, they would have done so cheerfully.
+
+Q. Did they remain with your command during the rest of your military
+movements?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And went to Scranton with you?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did they observe their duty as soldiers after that?
+
+A. As far as I saw, entirely so.
+
+Q. You say you didn't ascertain their reasons for wanting to lay down
+their arms?
+
+A. Not especially so. It was a sort of a growl they got into.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Were they not a little disgusted, like yourself?
+
+A. I think they would have stood it a little better if they had had
+orders to defend themselves.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How many companies are there in this Sixth regiment?
+
+A. I don't know, but I think they are eight--I don't know exactly.
+
+Q. How many men about in the regiment?
+
+A. I should judge they had about one hundred and fifty men.
+
+Q. How many men in a company?
+
+A. About thirty men--twenty-five or thirty.
+
+Q. Was it a larger company than the rest of them?
+
+A. I don't believe there were over twenty or twenty-five men that
+appeared in line when my attention was called to them. My company lay
+across the entrance of the paint-shop at this time, and this company
+was on the right. I said to one of the sergeants what is that company
+forming for, and he said I don't know, and I said go and see, and he
+came back and said they proposed to quit, and lay down their arms and
+go home.
+
+Q. You didn't hear them say it yourself?
+
+A. No; I saw the company in line. I told the sergeant to see what they
+were in line for, and he came back and reported that they proposed to
+lay down their arms and go home. I said I would like to see them try
+it.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What time in the night was that?
+
+A. It was in the morning--sometime before we started away.
+
+Q. After daylight?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. As late as seven o'clock?
+
+A. I cannot tell you that, because I don't remember the time we left
+the round-house. It was a short time before we left. I know that the
+orders we got to get ready to move broke the little arrangement up for
+them.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did they lay down their arms any of them?
+
+A. No; they had their arms in their hands. I didn't think it amounted
+to anything at all.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What is the name of the sergeant that brought you the information?
+
+A. George Simpson.
+
+Q. Do you know where he is now?
+
+A. I think I can find him in a short time. I think he is about the
+armory of the State Fencibles.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You were with the balance of the troops as they retired out Penn
+street?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did you see any firing from citizens or policemen on your troops?
+
+A. I saw some firing--considerable.
+
+Q. By whom?
+
+A. It was very hard to tell. I saw parties firing out of a street car.
+I saw a man fire the shot that I thought killed those two men in the
+Sixth regiment. It was about the time that the street car came along. I
+heard General Loud's testimony in reference to the car matter, and I
+thought at the time, and do yet, that he is mistaken about it. I think
+yet it was a single man that killed those two men and a single bullet.
+
+Q. One shot?
+
+A. Yes; I saw him raise the rifle.
+
+Q. From the car window?
+
+A. No; but behind a large iron pipe lying along the road where a stone
+wall runs along on the right hand side as we came down. I saw him raise
+the rifle, and saw his head down on the sight, and I saw the flash, and
+the bullet came along and cut some little limbs off a tree behind us. I
+could almost trace its flight until it struck these men, and the two of
+them fell almost at the same instant; and I thought before, and do yet,
+that that was the man who killed those two men.
+
+Q. Was it near the car?
+
+A. The car was down in the hollow, and this was when we were going up
+the hill, before we got to the arsenal. I called up two or three of my
+men and said, shoot that fellow, and we tried to, but we didn't
+succeed, and I am sorry we didn't. Just then things got mixed up a
+little, and we were ordered to the rear, and we stayed there as long as
+there was any firing going on, when they took us up and puts us on the
+right until we found a camping ground.
+
+Q. Did you see any policemen on your march?
+
+A. Yes; quite a squad in front of a fire engine house or a police
+station house. It had the appearance of either of those two places.
+They were strung along the curb-stone as we went along. Some of boys
+were hallooing "pass in review," "guide right," as soldiers will
+sometimes, even under the most trying circumstances. I noticed half a
+dozen or probably ten people there that I supposed to be policemen,
+with a good many citizens mixed in behind. It looked like a sort of
+rendezvous for the mob.
+
+Q. Did the policemen make any remarks as you passed?
+
+A. I didn't hear any. There was some firing out of the crowd after we
+got by a little piece. Some few shots were fired, and I told the boys
+to turn around and give it to them; but as we turned around, they went
+into the house.
+
+Q. Could you tell who fired?
+
+A. I could not tell. There were some citizens mixed up with them. I saw
+smoke, and knew the shots came from the crowd, but whether it was
+policemen or citizens I cannot say.
+
+Q. How far away were you?
+
+A. Sixty or seventy-five yards.
+
+Q. Were any threats made by those policemen to arrest any of those
+citizens or the crowd who were following you?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Could they have prevented them from following you--the policemen
+that you saw?
+
+A. If they had had the disposition.
+
+Q. If they had made the effort?
+
+A. Yes; the impression may have been a false one, but our impression
+was that they were about as bitter enemies as we had there.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. You mean the policemen?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. How did you get that idea?
+
+A. From the manner in which they acted. We regarded them as bad as
+anybody we had met there, and so far as my boys were concerned we had
+made up our minds to give it to them when we got a chance. We thought
+it was their duty to protect the peace, and not assist in breaking it
+up, and we preferred them to citizens. That is what I mean. We meant to
+give it to them, if we got a chance.
+
+
+    By Mr. Means:
+
+Q. Did you have an opportunity to mingle in with the crowd?
+
+A. Not a great many. I served with the Pittsburghers for three years,
+and I met a few of them out there.
+
+Q. You knew some of the Pittsburghers?
+
+A. Yes; I have served with them.
+
+Q. In what regiment were you?
+
+A. The Sixty-first Pennsylvania, commanded by Oliver H. Ripley, of
+Pittsburgh.
+
+Q. You met some of them there while on this trip?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State whether you were led to believe that the people of Pittsburgh
+sympathized with the rioters?
+
+A. There is no doubt about it.
+
+Q. That they sympathized with the rioters?
+
+A. Entirely so.
+
+Q. And were hostile towards the Philadelphia soldiers?
+
+A. It was very difficult to tell whether they despised the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company or the Philadelphia troops most; but they certainly
+hated both of them. They were very angry at our coming out there.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You spoke of citizens of Pittsburgh. Was it not the crowd that
+surrounded you there, or in the mob that you heard these conversations
+that led you to think that the people were in sympathy with the
+rioters?
+
+A. No. Not to that extent. Some of my old regiment, the Sixty-first
+Pennsylvania, came to see me the following Sunday, after we went back,
+and took occasion to say that it was a great mistake, that they were
+sorry to see me where I was, and that they didn't want to see any of
+the Sixty-first coming out there. And they were very bitter.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Of what class of men were they--what positions did they hold in
+life?
+
+A. They were working men, I should judge--men employed in the mills,
+probably, that work hard for a living, but yet, might be good citizens.
+
+Q. You heard them talk so?
+
+A. They said they were sorry to see me there.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you have charge of the prisoners captured at Johnstown?
+
+A. General Brinton captured three men on the railroad track, and they
+were taken back, and I think, handed over to the charge of the
+Washington Grays.
+
+Q. Did you take any of those prisoners to Pittsburgh, and hand them
+over to the civil authorities?
+
+A. Yes. And we were most grossly insulted by a policeman in the
+station-house at the time. He was an officer.
+
+Q. What was the nature of that insult?
+
+A. He could have easily passed my company. We were in line, and he
+insisted on pushing me out of his road into the ranks. And I asked him
+if he couldn't go by without breaking the company up, and he turned
+around and made use of a very impertinent answer. He was a great big
+fellow.
+
+Q. Did you learn his name?
+
+A. No.
+
+Q. Or rank?
+
+A. He was an officer, I know. He broke the left of my company up. He
+was a man that weighed two hundred and sixty, and was six feet two or
+three inches high. He was a very fine large man, but a very great
+blackguard, none the less. There seemed to be some spite against the
+soldiers out there on the part of everybody.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Silas W. Pettit, _sworn_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your rank in the militia, in July last?
+
+A. I was judge advocate of the First division, with the rank of major,
+in July last, when the division went out, on General Brinton's staff.
+
+Q. Go on and state the circumstances, omitting the details?
+
+A. I was called out about eight or nine o'clock in the evening, and
+together with the other staff officers went around to notify the
+different commands, and about two and a half o'clock or two o'clock we
+left the Pennsylvania railroad depot, about six hundred strong, and got
+to Pittsburgh about two and a half o'clock on Saturday afternoon. When
+we got there, General Brinton reported to General Latta. We went
+upstairs into a room in the hotel. General Latta was there, and General
+Pearson, and Mr. Quay, and some others. We then marched out. In the
+meantime, the men were getting fed. We marched out toward Twenty-eighth
+street, along the track. They had horses for the Gatling guns, but no
+proper harness or arrangements for them, and the guns had to be hauled
+by hand. When we got near Twenty-eighth street, General Pearson ordered
+General Brinton to detach a part of his command to keep the track clear
+in the rear, and as a result of that, the Second brigade was left,
+General Pearson superintending that part of the command, to keep those
+tracks in the rear clear, and the rest of the command--the First
+brigade--consisting of the First regiment, and the Third regiment, and
+the Weccacoe Legion, and the Washington Grays, and battery went on
+towards Twenty-eighth street. When we got there, or close to it, the
+crowd was very thick on the track and on the hills, and in the empty
+and loaded cars on our left. The command was formed then into two
+ranks, the rear rank clearing one side and the front rank the other;
+but the crowd commenced to press in between the ranks, and the Weccacoe
+Legion and Washington Grays were thrown across the front. Then we
+attempted to push the crowd back, and just as we got to Twenty-eighth
+street the fuss commenced. The sheriff and a posse were in front of us,
+and they attempted to arrest somebody, as far as I could make out, and
+clear the tracks themselves, but they failed. The firing took place
+immediately upon the order to charge bayonets, given to the Washington
+Grays and Weccacoe Legion. Some men were hurt with the bayonets.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Firing from the troops or the mob?
+
+A. From the crowd. The firing from the troops immediately followed. The
+air seemed to be full of stones, and a great many pistol shots were
+fired from underneath the cars, and from over fences near the
+round-house. We got in on both sides of us--on both flanks and in
+front--then the troops fired. I may be mistaken, but I thought I heard
+an order when the firing took place.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Whence did the order come?
+
+A. I cannot tell that very well. I was between the two ranks--a few
+feet from the head of the column. It was a short column, not many men
+in it--not over two hundred and fifty all told, while the crowd must
+have been ten or fifteen thousand, and it looked pretty short in
+consequence. I heard the firing, and the men towards the fences and
+cars returned the fire, and it cleared them, and then they fired up the
+hill. The men facing the hill fired that way, and the men in front
+fired, and the crowd commenced to run. The order was given then to
+cease firing, and I endeavored to see it enforced, and to stop the
+firing as soon as the order was given. It was all over in a few
+moments.
+
+Q. Who gave the order first to cease firing?
+
+A. I heard General Brinton give that order when the crowd was running.
+Of course, it was my duty to see that it was done.
+
+Q. When they commenced firing how far were you from General Brinton?
+
+A. I cannot tell exactly. General Brinton had gone front. I thought he
+was with General Pearson, and I was standing where he left me. He
+didn't ask me to follow him, and I stopped there. He went up towards
+the sheriff's posse. They were apparently in among the crowd right
+where that little watch-tower was or is.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. You say you heard an order?
+
+A. To cease firing. I thought I heard an order to fire before that.
+
+Q. Before there was any firing by the troops?
+
+A. I thought I heard an order to fire--commence firing.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Did you see who it was that fired first?
+
+A. It was over on the right of the First regiment--these two companies
+that were crossed from the front--it was right there it commenced. It
+could not have been delayed, however.
+
+Q. You stood between the ranks?
+
+A. The ranks were open, and all the officers were between them. The men
+had been faced outwards to drive the crowd away. It was the only
+formation that could have been made at the time.
+
+Q. Were you in the round-house during the night?
+
+A. After this firing the tracks were cleared, and the First brigade was
+turned across Twenty-eighth street. The crowd were all off the tracks,
+and nobody was allowed to cross them except those carrying dead and
+wounded. In one or two instances women came up or men who wanted to go
+up the hill to their residences; but the main tracks were as clear as
+Arch street is now. General Brinton reported the tracks were clear, and
+that he was ready to protect the trains; but we didn't get any, and we
+waited there for a considerable time. General Brinton went to the
+round-house with Colonel Wilson, and I remained out where I was, he not
+asking me to accompany him, and after awhile we received an order to go
+into the round-house. We took in the command and the guns that were
+commanded by Captain Breck, and then brought in the Second brigade,
+which had been back there all this time, and the men were posted in the
+round-house and the machine-shop, or paint-shop, and lumber-yard. I
+accompanied General Brinton up stairs into the office, where General
+Pearson was. The crowd commenced to come around the buildings with
+jeers and whoops, and were firing shots. General Brinton desired
+permission to drive them away, which was refused. Shortly after that,
+two of our sentries were wounded. General Brinton reported that fact,
+and desired permission to protect himself and drive the mob away, which
+was again refused him. Several of General Pearson's staff, whose names
+I don't know, and several railroad men, and Mr. Pitcairn, I think, and
+Mr. Cassatt, and I think that Mr. Watt was there, but I am not certain
+about him. Before they left it was fully dark, somewhere between eight
+and ten o'clock. General Pearson left, and told General Brinton that he
+was going to the depot to report to General Latta, and get orders and
+get provisions for the command, and that he would be back.
+
+Q. What orders did he give General Brinton about matters while he was
+absent?
+
+Q. He told him, if necessary, that he must use his own discretion until
+his return, but gave him to understand that he would be back in some
+little time--a few hours. Then we stayed there during the night. There
+was a good deal of firing. It sounded like an extra Fourth of July. The
+men who were on duty as sentinels and guarding parts of the building
+were alert; and the rest of the men were resting themselves.
+
+Q. Just state what the conduct of the troops was during the night?
+
+A. They were in good condition--in good spirits, and subordinate--they
+were in first-rate condition, except that they were hungry. I didn't
+see this trouble with the Sixth regiment, although I heard of it. But
+the Sixth regiment marched out in as good shape as any other. They are
+a regiment scattered all over the city, pretty much. They have no
+regimental armory, and have labored under a great many difficulties,
+and have not got that regimental organization and _esprit de corps_
+which they would have if they had proper facilities. They are poor
+men--workingmen, and scattered almost over the city, and it is a wonder
+to me that they ever kept together at all. When we were going to march
+out, it was necessary to clear that part of the street, and they
+cleared it. They opened fire out of some of the windows.
+
+Q. Which regiment?
+
+A. The left of the Sixth regiment. Captain Ryan's men were guarding at
+the board-yard.
+
+Q. Was there any firing going out Penn street?
+
+A. Yes; the command passed out--I don't know what direction it is--the
+west end of the machine shop in good order. I had cause to know that,
+because I went back while they were marching out, to see whether
+Captain Breck had spiked his guns. They were too heavy for us to take
+with us, and we had no ropes to haul them by. I saw the whole column.
+We were marching in column of fours. We had received orders during the
+night to go, and at the time we left the round-house was on fire, and
+it was a physical impossibility for men to stay there.
+
+Q. Did you see any policemen at the station, as you passed out Penn
+street?
+
+A. I saw a number of policemen at the place which I took to be a
+station-house. It may not have been. In talking about it afterwards, we
+always spoke of it as a station-house. As I remember, it had a lamp or
+bracket in front of it. It may have been an engine-house, or some sort
+of a public hall. A crowd was there of fifteen or twenty men, dressed
+in police uniform. Of course, I don't know that they were policemen. I
+did not see them fire.
+
+Q. Whereabouts were you in the column?
+
+A. I was at the rear part of the time--most of the time--but went
+forward to report to General Brinton what was the state of affairs
+there. Then I would come back and see what was going on along the
+column. The First regiment was front, and the Third regiment in the
+rear of them, and the battery, and the Weccacoe Legion, and the
+Washington Grays, and I think Captain Ryan at that time was in the
+center, and then the Sixth regiment in the rear.
+
+Q. Did you hear any firing from near the station-house as you passed?
+
+A. It was pretty near all the time, and I didn't notice it specially.
+It was a subject of conversation afterward among ourselves, that that
+firing had taken place among the policemen.
+
+Q. Were you present when General Brinton met Major Buffington at the
+arsenal?
+
+A. I was at the rear at that time.
+
+Q. And you didn't hear what took place?
+
+A. I did not. I went to the arsenal--I went up to the front of the
+column, and was told that General Brinton was in the arsenal, and I
+jumped over the fence--I was refused admission at the gate--and I went
+in there, but I met a lot of wounded men and I told them where to go,
+and I thought, perhaps, I had better go back. So I went back to the
+rear.
+
+Q. Where did you tell them to go?
+
+A. I told them to go up towards the buildings, and get attended to.
+They allowed the wounded to go in. They took in Lieutenant Ash and all
+the wounded.
+
+Q. Were you in the regular army during the late war?
+
+A. I was in the Fifteenth Infantry.
+
+Q. For how long?
+
+A. I was in there about a year. I was only a boy, and my health gave
+out.
+
+Q. What is your profession now?
+
+A. I am an attorney-at-law.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Was Captain Breck in the round-house during the night you were
+there?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did he remain there until you left?
+
+A. Yes; he remained there, and seemed to desire to do his duty, as did
+his command. He only had a squad, however.
+
+Q. Where did he go with his command after you left the round-house?
+
+A. Nowhere; his men scattered in the city. We could not take his guns,
+and I suppose he didn't think he was obliged to go with us.
+
+Q. Do you know how many men he had?
+
+A. About a dozen or fifteen at the outside. Then there was a Captain
+Murphy who offered to show us the way to the arsenal. I only saw one
+man with him in uniform. He did his duty as well as he could, and
+piloted us out there. We were strangers in the city, and didn't know
+where to go, except that we had orders to go out Penn avenue, and did
+not know where it was. At Sharpsburg we met Major Norris, and went on
+towards the poor-house.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you present when Major Norris met General Brinton?
+
+A. I was present when he got out of his carriage.
+
+Q. Did you hear him give any orders?
+
+A. No; I was with the guns we were pulling up. He spoke to me, and then
+went towards General Brinton, and I didn't see him afterwards. He
+didn't tell me anything particular, and I never heard of any orders
+given by him, until about three weeks afterwards.
+
+
+    Walter G. Wilson, re-called:
+
+By the witness: I simply want to make a little correction in my
+testimony, in regard to the arsenal. I stated I was not aware of any
+sentinel or sergeant accompanying us. My impression was it was Captain
+Murphy, of the Jefferson Cavalry, but I have since been informed it was
+a sergeant of the guard. I simply want to have that matter corrected.
+
+
+    E. DeC. Loud, re-called:
+
+By the witness: A statement has been made here, in regard to the Sixth
+regiment, which I wish to correct. It was one of my brigade. They had
+about one hundred and ninety to two hundred men that night. That
+company that Captain Ryan testified in regard to had somewhere in the
+neighborhood of twenty men.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. The company that wanted to lay down their arms?
+
+A. Yes; I went in to see about the matter, and I could find nothing of
+it. The thing had been all quieted over, and when the troops were
+ordered out, they obeyed as promptly as any other troops.
+
+Q. Who was the captain of that command?
+
+A. There was no captain, but a lieutenant.
+
+Q. What was his name?
+
+A. I don't remember now. I thought it was nothing but a company growl.
+This company was peculiarly situated. It had a position where they
+could see nothing of what was going on. I heard from my adjutant
+general that something was going on--some disturbance--and I went to
+see about it; but the whole thing was quieted over. The men said they
+understood that all were going out, and they thought they might as well
+go out as anybody else, as they had not any chance to get anything to
+eat. They couldn't defend themselves, and they got tired, and they had
+nothing to eat. I didn't attach any importance to it, because when I
+took them out on the street they stood up to their work as well as the
+rest of them.
+
+At this point, the committee adjourned to three o'clock, P.M.
+
+
+    SAME DAY.
+
+    MONDAY, _March 25, 1878_.
+
+Pursuant to adjournment, the committee re-assembled at three o'clock,
+P.M., this day, in the St. Cloud hotel, and continued the taking of
+testimony.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Alexander Gilchrist, _sworn by the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where do you reside?
+
+A. At No. 1806, Webster street.
+
+Q. Were you with General Brinton at Pittsburgh, in July last?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. In what capacity?
+
+A. Division orderly.
+
+Q. Were you stationed on Saturday afternoon, when the firing occurred,
+at Twenty-eighth street.
+
+A. At the telegraph office.
+
+Q. Who placed you there?
+
+A. I was placed there by order of General Brinton, who told me to place
+his division flag out there. I did so. The troops were marched towards
+Twenty-eighth street. He told me if any dispatches came, to bring them
+down to him. I put the division flag out there, and kept it out until
+five and a half o'clock. Then I understood from Major Baugh that the
+mob was trying to pull the flag down, and he told me to take it down,
+and put it in the Union depot. I did so. He then told me to get some
+men of the Black Hussars, and keep guard over some ammunition there. We
+did so, until two o'clock Sunday morning.
+
+Q. How many of the Black Hussars were with you?
+
+A. Four or five were there. We kept guard there until very near
+daybreak. At that time the men said they were going to get something to
+eat, and I said I would remain until they came back. But no one came
+back. I then went to major Baugh, and said nobody was on guard but
+myself over the ammunition, and he said they had shifted for
+themselves, and I thought I had better do so. I addressed him as major,
+and he said don't address me as major. He wanted me to drop that. I
+remained until the people came out of church, and I said I was not
+going to stay there any longer by myself. I said I was going to try to
+find out where the division was, and I asked a police officer where the
+mayor's office was. He said down the street. I said what street. I
+didn't know the streets. He said, oh, you are one of those
+Philadelphians. I said yes. One of those damned Philadelphians. He
+said, down the street, and any person can tell you where it is. I went
+down to a stone building, and asked a citizen if that was the mayor's
+office, and he said it was. I went inside, and asked somebody if he
+could tell where the mayor was, and he said yes, in the back room. I
+went in and asked a man if he was the mayor. He said he was. I asked if
+he could tell me where the Philadelphia division was. He said, do you
+mean General Pearson's division. I said no; General Brinton's division.
+He said, I don't know anything about that damned division. They ought
+to be all burned or killed, or something of that kind.
+
+Q. You were certain it was Mayor McCarthy?
+
+A. He was pointed out to me by an officer.
+
+Q. Did you ask him?
+
+A. I asked if he was the mayor of the city, and he said he was.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. What did he say?
+
+A. I asked him if he could tell me where the Philadelphia division was,
+and he said he didn't know anything about the division--that they ought
+to be all killed or in hell, and I thanked him and came away, and went
+down to Union depot again. That was just before they set fire to it. I
+stood there a few minutes. At that time the fire was caught to the
+telegraph office, adjoining the sheds. I thought probably I could get
+in and get the division flag, but the flames got in that far. I went
+in, and counted four officers and a sergeant of police. I went to go up
+stairs, and the sergeant asked where I was going. I said I wanted to
+get the division flag. He said you just get out of here, or I will
+break my club over your damned neck. I tried two or three times, and
+every time I was told I couldn't go up.
+
+Q. Where was this ammunition stored that you guarded during Saturday
+night?
+
+A. It was in the cellar, at the Union depot.
+
+Q. You remained there until two o'clock Sunday, guarding it?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. When you left, was there anybody guarding it?
+
+A. No. Nobody was there at all. Every person had cleared out.
+
+Q. Did Captain Breck come there at any time during Sunday, to move the
+ammunition?
+
+A. Not that I saw.
+
+Q. Was any attempt made to move the ammunition while you were there?
+
+A. No; the ammunition was all burned up. On Saturday night, I was
+standing at the gate there, as you go into Union depot; two citizens
+were standing there talking, and they said it would be the roughest
+day's work for the Philadelphia militia coming there; that not a damned
+one would go back alive.
+
+Q. How were they dressed?
+
+A. They looked to me to be like business men.
+
+Q. From their dress, you would think they were?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did they say anything else?
+
+A. No; that is all I heard. I was standing right behind them at the
+time.
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. Whereabouts was the division head-quarters?
+
+A. At the telegraph office.
+
+Q. At Union depot?
+
+A. No; a little office at the far end of the sheds, towards
+Twenty-eighth street. General Latta was sending telegraphs from there.
+
+Q. Was it at the end of the sheds connected with Union depot, or down
+in the yard further?
+
+A. Say there is Union depot, then there is a line of sheds running down
+towards Twenty-eight street, and there is a little off sort of place
+there, and a telegraph office on the first floor.
+
+Q. Some distance from Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. I don't know how far Twenty-eighth street is.
+
+Q. Was it attached to the sheds?
+
+A. I would not say that for certain, but I think it was.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Wilson Norris, _sworn by the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. State your residence, and what official capacity you were acting in,
+in July last?
+
+A. I live here in Philadelphia. In July last, I was going from Beaver
+to Pittsburgh, when the riots broke out. General Latta requested me to
+accompany him. At that time I was going west to visit Colonel Quay. I
+did accompany him to Pittsburgh, and during the night the riot broke
+out. The general then requested me to stay. I was there during the
+whole period of the riot, and subsequently. It would be a long story,
+to go on and tell all I saw, but I will be glad to answer any
+questions.
+
+Q. Did you convey any orders, or visit General Brinton at any time to
+convey any orders to him from General Latta?
+
+A. In this way. In the morning when we heard that General Brinton had
+escaped from the round-house, Captain Aull was there, and an order was
+given to him to convey to General Brinton. No other officers were
+around, and I volunteered to go and find General Brinton, if I could. I
+knew very well that General Brinton, perhaps, would not respect my
+order if I did convey it, and therefore it was mentioned in the order
+to Captain Aull, that he should consult with me about the situation. I
+started with Colonel Stewart in a carriage, and reached General Brinton
+beyond Sharpsburg, just on the hill. I explained the purport of the
+order sent by Captain Aull, and by the way, the order was but a
+sequence of other orders he had received during the night. He told me
+he had not taken the direction he was ordered to go, because he wanted
+to escape to the hills and entrench, where he could protect himself
+from the mob. I suggested to him to return to the town of Sharpsburg,
+but he said there was a worse feeling, or as bad a feeling manifested
+there as in Pittsburgh, and that directly he would have two hundred and
+fifty thousand people of the county about him. We had some conversation
+why he didn't take the route to the east, and he said he had been
+followed by a large crowd of men. I knew nothing about that, because I
+saw no armed men on the way to him. General Brinton certainly
+understood the purport of the order given to Captain Aull, because his
+conversation evidenced that--there is no question about that. As to the
+propriety of his going the way he did, going on his own discretion, I
+have nothing to say about that. But he certainly knew what the purport
+of the order was, which was that he was to make a junction with Colonel
+Guthrie, and the other troops at East Liberty.
+
+Q. Were you present when the order was given to Captain Aull by General
+Latta?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Was any direction given to him as to what route he should take to
+reach General Brinton?
+
+A. I don't remember any further, than by the most immediate route. I
+passed Captain Aull myself on the way; as he had a buggy, I presumed he
+would reach there before we did.
+
+Q. How were you traveling?
+
+A. In a cab. I then overtook General Brinton, and told him if he would
+come back to Sharpsburg, that we might possibly get provisions and
+ammunition to him. That was his great complaint. I suggested that cars
+were running to and fro--and while I was there a Pullman train was just
+passing. He didn't even stop to consult with me or stop his command
+until it was stopped by the surgeon's request--stopped to take a ball
+out. I walked at least a mile with General Brinton, leaving the
+carriage behind. I know it must have been that far, from the distance I
+had to walk back. I wanted him to go back, but he said he would wait
+half a mile beyond--on the hill beyond, but I ascertained afterward he
+didn't stop there. I immediately went back.
+
+Q. From what point did you start when you started to reach General
+Brinton?
+
+A. From Union depot; and I came back to Union depot.
+
+Q. What time of the day was it?
+
+A. I won't be positive about that. I cannot say what time. I will not
+be positive--probably about eight or nine o'clock in the morning. It
+was shortly after their exit from the round-house. It was not a very
+great length of time afterwards.
+
+Q. What time did you learn of their exit from the round-house?
+
+A. I presume it was about half an hour before I started--possibly it
+might have been three quarters.
+
+Q. How did the news reach you?
+
+A. It came from Captain Breck. He came down the track with some eight
+or nine men--no, I think the first information we got was from Captain
+Aull. He said he had seen the command start down the street, and we
+discredited it, and went down to make some inquiries, and discovered
+Captain Breck, and he said it was so. Then the suggestion was made that
+the command be reached by somebody, and then Captain Aull and myself
+were sent.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Did you see any messages or dispatches while in the round-house from
+General Brinton to General Latta?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How many.
+
+A. I should think three or four, carried by the messenger that was
+passing to and fro.
+
+Q. Can you give the purport of those messages?
+
+A. Well they were chiefly calling for provisions and for ammunition,
+and explaining the situation.
+
+Q. Did he ask for any assistance?
+
+A. I believe he did. I didn't see what assistance could have been
+furnished him just then, further than to supply him with ammunition and
+provisions, and every effort was made to do that.
+
+Q. Did he ask about the regular troops--whether they were on the way?
+
+A. I really don't recollect. He possibly may have done so--I cannot say
+at this time. I think there was some information given about the coming
+of Colonel Rodgers and other troops from the east and General
+Huidekoper's command from the north. I think there may have been some
+inquiries about that. I think possibly there were.
+
+Q. Did you infer from any of those messages received from General
+Brinton that his men were in a demoralized condition or inefficient?
+
+A. From one portion of them. There was a dispatch that conveyed that
+information in unmistakable terms. I remember that distinctly, for I
+remember the regiment he named.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. What regiment did he name?
+
+A. I would rather not say that, unless you insist.
+
+Q. Was it the Sixth regiment?
+
+A. Yes. I think myself from the temper of the people about there, that
+General Brinton would have been ordered to take the street, had it not
+been for that dispatch. So far as I was personally concerned, I thought
+it was a piece of folly to remain there. I was satisfied, at any time,
+if a proper movement had been made that he could have gotten out. I saw
+the mob probably better than they did themselves--I saw a great deal of
+it--in the night and in the morning. It was very much worse in the
+morning than in the night, because it was aflame with rum, and utterly
+irresponsible at that time. I think it just simply exhausted itself.
+
+
+    By Mr. Larrabee:
+
+Q. Was any one present when you communicated the substance of this
+order to General Brinton?
+
+A. There may have been several officers around. I think there were.
+
+Q. Do you remember who?
+
+A. I don't, because I walked along half a mile, or a mile,
+possibly--half a mile at least. I suppose that some of General
+Brinton's staff officers were around. The conversation was just in the
+way I tell you. I gave him no direct order, because I doubted whether I
+had the authority, and he intimated he would not take such information,
+anyhow. He said if he got a direct order he might move back. I didn't
+pretend to convey any positive order to him.
+
+Q. You say you found the command at Sharpsburg or Claremont?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. How far is it from Sharpsburg to Claremont?
+
+A. I really cannot tell you.
+
+Q. How far did he march after you met him?
+
+A. I heard some seven or eight miles. I don't know anything about that;
+but, when I asked where they found him, they told me some seven or
+eight miles from where I met him.
+
+Q. Do you know where he encamped that night?
+
+A. I do not. I was in Pittsburgh.
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you with General Latta during Sunday evening?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. And remained with him until Monday?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did any officer or any person reach General Latta from General
+Brinton asking for orders, on Sunday evening?
+
+A. I saw one or two of his officers, but I have no recollection whether
+they were after orders or not.
+
+Q. Where did you see them?
+
+A. At the hotel.
+
+Q. The Union Depot?
+
+A. No; the Monongahela house. When I came back from General Brinton,
+the Union Depot hotel had been abandoned.
+
+Q. What time did these officers come to the Monongahela house?
+
+A. In the evening, about seven o'clock--possibly later.
+
+Q. Did they return to General Brinton that night?
+
+A. That I cannot say.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Thompson Lennig, re-called:
+
+
+    By Senator Reyburn:
+
+Q. You were a private in the artillery corps, Washington Grays?
+
+A. Yes; I served as such on that occasion.
+
+Q. Were you in the company detailed to clear away the crowd at
+Twenty-eighth street?
+
+A. Yes; after the First regiment had been divided, the rear rank
+remained on the left hand side of the railroad; and the front rank was
+marched across the railroad, extending west from Twenty-eighth street,
+and the Washington Grays, to which I was attached at the time, were
+taking charge of the Gatlings. We were ordered to come front, march
+through the two ranks, and take charge of the crossing. We only had
+nine men and one officer. We had received short notice to leave, and
+that is all the men we had. We were ordered to push the crowd back with
+arms aport. It had no effect. They outnumbered us six or eight to one.
+Then the Weccacoe Legion was ordered up, a company with from twenty to
+twenty-five men at the outside. The Grays were divided, five men to one
+side, and four men on the other. We were then ordered to push the crowd
+back again. Being a little heavier, we succeeded in pushing them back;
+but they began to grab our pieces, and I saw one of the Grays who had
+his piece almost taken out of his hand. The crowd then began to draw
+their pistols. We had received no orders to fire whatever. This man
+simply retained his piece by using his bayonet, and my impression is he
+run the man through. His piece was rusty the next day. At that time the
+pistol firing began at Twenty-eighth street. The mob were all yelling
+and hooting. I then heard a rifle shot on our right; that is to say,
+the rear rank of the First regiment, which had been marched toward the
+hill. At the most, in thirty seconds not a man in our command would
+have had his piece, they outnumbered us so. Other shots followed, and I
+think that the general impression was that the command had been given.
+Every man felt that it was necessary it should come. The shots followed
+each other, and I think the whole command fired spontaneously. I heard
+no command to fire, and I don't think any other man in the command did.
+
+Q. Could you have heard a command?
+
+A. No; the only command I heard was from Colonel Benson, as the First
+regiment was coming up, and from the evolution which followed, it must
+have been "four paces left." Colonel Benson has a powerful voice. I
+only judged what it was from the evolution that followed. All the
+rioters were yelling and screaming at the same time, and it was utterly
+impossible to hear any command.
+
+Q. How many pistol shots were fired before this shot?
+
+A. It would be impossible to say.
+
+Q. Generally speaking?
+
+A. I think there had been firing, perhaps, two or three minutes. There
+were a number of cars standing there, and a number of rioters were
+underneath the cars, and the shots came out from underneath, and many
+of our men, I have heard, were wounded in the legs. I saw myself men
+drawing pistols in front of us, and heard them all calling us
+opprobrious names, and saying that no one would get home. They
+evidently thought we never would fire at all. As soon as the firing did
+take place, they scattered completely, and to all intents and purposes,
+it struck me that the riot was quelled. If there had been a little more
+determination after that, I think there would have been no further
+trouble.
+
+Q. You were in the round-house?
+
+A. Until nine o'clock, then the Washington Grays were ordered out with
+one of the guns or Gatlings, facing on Liberty street, on the opposite
+side from Captain Ryan's command, and we were there all night.
+
+Q. What was the conduct of the soldiers during the night?
+
+A. I saw nothing that was not thoroughly soldierly. This Sixth
+regiment, of which they speak, was in the paint-shop, and we could not
+see them where they were. I heard no complaints for want of food, yet,
+of course, we didn't have food. We had an ample supply of water in the
+round-house. I heard no complaints for want of food.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Robert M. Brinton, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were there any of your division that failed to report to you at
+Pittsburgh, after being ordered out, and if so, why?
+
+A. There were quite a number--probably one half of the division. More
+than one half. They failed to report at Pittsburgh on account of the
+shortness of the notice they received in Philadelphia. They
+subsequently followed, however, and a number of them reached, I
+believe, Walls station--some three hundred and fifty, under Colonel
+Rodgers. Colonel Lyle, with probably as many men, reported at Altoona,
+where he was stopped. He reported there and did duty with General
+Beaver. I believe the only reason they failed to report was because of
+the impossibility of receiving timely notice. Wherever men failed to
+report, when we returned, the brigade commanders made strict
+investigation into the cases, and all those men were called before a
+regimental court of inquiry.
+
+Q. Some evidence has been given before the committee of a detachment
+who, in coming back, stopped across the river from Harrisburg, and were
+escorted over the river by some parties in Harrisburg. Was that part of
+your division?
+
+A. I have heard that an officer and some twenty or thirty men were,
+when we were returning, escorted over the river, and their arms taken
+away from them. I have had that officer placed under arrest, and a
+court-martial ordered, and the trial was in progress when,
+unfortunately, the president of the court tendered his resignation, and
+his resignation was accepted and forwarded to him, and the court was
+dissolved. Since then another court has been appointed, and that court
+is now sitting in the investigation of the conduct of that officer. For
+the last six months we have had courts-martial going on in the
+division, and in the case of one officer tried, I think the testimony
+amounted to twenty-seven pages, closely written matter. The finding was
+cowardice and absence without leave, and the court said under
+extenuating circumstances. I reviewed the testimony carefully, and from
+the testimony couldn't see how cowardice could be substantiated--how
+that verdict was proper. In regard to being absent without leave, I
+thought that the testimony was not sufficient to exonerate the officer,
+although he was ill at the time, as he could have communicated with the
+commanding officer to know where he was. In every instance where we
+could detect any omission of duty, we examined into it carefully.
+
+Q. Did you ascertain who the privates were with that crowd?
+
+A. Yes; and those men will be tried.
+
+Q. They have not been tried yet?
+
+A. Not to my knowledge. I don't officially know anything about the
+inquiry until it comes from brigade head-quarters; but I know that
+proceedings have been instituted against every man we could find that
+deserted his command or who didn't go out. The pay of this officer who
+was on trial has been stopped. He has not been paid, and it is hanging
+in that way until the case is decided.
+
+Q. The case you speak of now, as reviewing, is the one alluded to by
+one of the witnesses--Colonel Benson?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. Did that detachment afterwards report for duty?
+
+A. I think it did. I think it afterwards joined us when the Governor
+came and opened communication with us at Blairsville.
+
+Q. State what time Colonel Norris reached you on Sunday?
+
+A. We had crossed the bridge near Sharpsburg, and had gone beyond the
+limits of the town, and were halted on the side of a stream when T
+first saw Colonel Norris. He stopped his barouche below and came up and
+stood along side of me. Colonel Wilson and General Loud were with me at
+the time. I am not mistaken on the subject. He gave me no orders
+whatever. I have tried to tax my memory, because it was what I wanted
+all the time. I thought it was a singular thing, because after our
+column had marched from the round-house, where it was impossible to get
+orders, I thought possibly I might get an officer to guide our column,
+and when I saw Colonel Norris, I was glad to see him, expecting orders.
+
+Q. What did he state his mission was?
+
+A. His mission was to find out where we were, and to attempt to ration
+us. That seemed to be his particular mission. So far as giving me any
+orders or consulting me in regard to them, I positively deny it.
+
+Q. Did he state to you that Captain Aull had received an order from
+General Latta, to communicate to you?
+
+A. I don't remember that he did that. I didn't know Captain Aull at the
+time. He was not on the Governor's staff. I had been on the Governor's
+staff myself, and I knew no such officer on the staff.
+
+Q. Did Captain Norris claim to be acting on the staff of General Latta,
+or on that of the Governor in any way? Was he a staff officer?
+
+A. At that time, no.
+
+Q. Did he represent himself to be?
+
+A. No, sir; he didn't.
+
+Q. Or that he was authorized by the Adjutant General to convey orders?
+
+A. Our conversation--I remember the first thing he said, was when we
+got up, "Bob, my God I am glad to see you;" that was the first
+expression he used. He asked where I was going to, and I said I was
+going to get something to eat, and that I had moved up the hill because
+I didn't want to remain in Sharpsburg, where some of the Fourteenth
+regiment had been shot, and where I thought there might be further
+difficulty, it being Sunday, and the men all idle. He walked along with
+us, and halted with us. We were halted when he joined us. We halted
+there for some little time. I remember going down and getting a drink
+out of a brook, and quite a number of men did so also. He walked with
+us for probably quarter of a mile. I said to him, for Heaven's sake
+Norris, try to get us some rations and some ammunition. Major Baugh
+joined us, and I sent him back immediately. I asked him whether he had
+any orders, and then I told him he would be obliged to go right back to
+Pittsburgh and get them. Major Baugh went back and got the orders he
+showed here to-day.
+
+Q. Does anything else occur to you?
+
+A. Only this; those officers who were with me, they may remember what
+Colonel Norris said; they may have refreshed their memories. I should
+like you to re-call those officers who were with me at the time.
+
+Q. Captain Aull didn't reach you that day?
+
+A. I don't remember to have seen Captain Aull that day. He didn't reach
+me at all. The orders I received, said to be handed to him for me, were
+given me one week afterwards, by Colonel Guthrie. If I had received
+those orders, I should have obeyed them implicitly.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+E. DeC. Loud, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you with General Brinton when Colonel Norris reached him on
+Sunday?
+
+A. I was.
+
+Q. State what Colonel Norris said?
+
+A. When Colonel Norris came up he jumped out of his barouche, and said
+what General Brinton has testified to--my God, Bob, I am glad to see
+you; where are you going--and he came up and shook hands with him. He
+said he was glad to know that we got out, and said it was a pretty good
+thing to get out all right. General Brinton asked about rations. We
+were more interested in that than anything else. We sat down on a rock
+along by a little run, and talked there awhile.
+
+Q. Did you hear him say anything about Captain Aull having received any
+order from General Latta?
+
+A. I don't know him.
+
+Q. Did you hear him call his name?
+
+A. I don't think I did. I think if there had been anything of the kind
+I should have noticed it, because I was with General Brinton, and my
+relations with General Brinton, after we got into the round-house, were
+closer than any other officer, except the Adjutant General. I was with
+him--I was with him when the scout came in and went out, and was
+walking with him all the way out. I was with him from the time my
+brigade took the right of the line, until Doctor Maris came along, and
+he got into the carriage with Doctor Maris. I was not away from him
+five minutes during all the time.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+Walter G. Wilson, re-called:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Were you with General Brinton when Colonel Norris reached him?
+
+A. I was standing right alongside of him.
+
+Q. State what Colonel Norris said?
+
+A. The first remark that Colonel Norris made was, my God, Bob, I am
+glad to see you alive, and he went on to ask some men as to what had
+taken place during the night, and said, where are you going? The
+general said, I am going to get something to eat. He said, I have been
+promised rations on this side of the river. He said, why don't you stay
+down in Sharpsburg? When he said, I am informed that there is a worse
+feeling in Sharpsburg than in any other part of this neighborhood, and
+I deem it best, if that is the case, to take possession of the hill
+above, only a short distance, probably a quarter of a mile. He said, I
+had been offered provisions for my men if I came over here, and I have
+done so. These men are hungry and tired, and worn but, and they really
+need food. They went on and had some further conversation in relation
+to what had taken place during the night. The general asked about some
+matters in relation to the movements of the troops, I believe. He had
+received a dispatch from General Latta during the night, announcing
+that a certain division had been ordered there. Colonel Norris then
+wanted to know whether he should stay, and the general said no; that he
+would rather he should go back and get some orders, and, if possible,
+make an effort to get provisions and ammunition.
+
+Q. Did he mention Captain Aull's name?
+
+A. He did not.
+
+Q. Did you walk along with him?
+
+A. I was at no time further away than from your phonographer here,
+(three or four feet.) We got up from the brook and walked up the
+road--probably walked a distance of a couple of squares on the road.
+Then Colonel Norris went back, and said he would use his utmost efforts
+to communicate with him again, and furnish him with ammunition and
+rations. Captain Aull's name I never heard mentioned in any way, shape,
+or form until the night of the 31st of July, when at the Duquesne Club,
+Colonel Guthrie came up to General Brinton, and said I have got a
+dispatch for you--the order.
+
+
+    By Senator Yutzy:
+
+Q. Were you within hearing distance all the time?
+
+A. Yes; at no time further away than from this gentlemen here, (the
+stenographer.) I considered that my post, and was always there ready
+for anything the general might want.
+
+                     *      *      *      *      *
+
+H. S. Huidekoper, _sworn by the uplifted hand_:
+
+
+    By Mr. Lindsey:
+
+Q. Where were you when the news of the Pittsburgh riots reached you?
+
+A. I was in Chicago.
+
+Q. How did they reach you?
+
+A. I got the first news of the riot on Friday evening, I think. I was
+attending the United States court there, and couldn't leave, but had
+requested General Latta by letter, early in the week, to notify me by
+letter if the services of my division were needed, and, relying on
+that, I waited until Saturday morning, when I saw by the newspapers
+that my division had been ordered to Pittsburgh. I took the eight
+o'clock train, sending three telegrams, one to General Latta, that I
+would be in Pittsburgh on Sunday night; one to my brother for my
+uniform, and one to the assistant adjutant general of the division to
+move the division to Rochester, Pennsylvania, and await my arrival. I
+found afterwards that my request to General Latta had escaped his
+memory, among the many things he had to look after.
+
+Q. What is your rank in the National Guard?
+
+A. Major general of the Seventh division, commissioned eight years ago.
+
+Q. Where is your residence?
+
+A. In Meadville, Pennsylvania. I had command of the Fifteenth and
+Seventeenth regiments.
+
+Q. Who is colonel of each of those regiments?
+
+A. The colonel of the Fifteenth regiment is Colonel Carpenter, and of
+the Seventeenth regiment is Colonel Magee, of Oil City, then lieutenant
+colonel.
+
+Q. Who was your assistant adjutant general?
+
+A. John M. Clarke, of Meadville.
+
+Q. Is he the one you directed to move the division to Rochester?
+
+A. Yes.
+
+Q. State what time you arrived at Rochester?
+
+A. I arrived at Rochester probably about two o'clock on Sunday morning.
+Fortunately on the train I met Mr. Layng, general manager of the Fort
+Wayne road. He was in a private car on his way from Chicago to
+Sewickley. About four or five o'clock in the afternoon Mr. Layng, at my
+request, telegraphed to Greeneville an instruction to the troops there
+to take some ammunition that I had put in Packer's warehouse which had
+been left over under some requisition I made two years ago in
+anticipation of some trouble in Mercer county, and bring it with them
+to Rochester.
+
+Q. Five o'clock of what day?
+
+A. Saturday afternoon. After that Mr. Layng told me it was impossible
+to get telegraphic communication with anybody except through the hands
+of the men who had the wires in charge, and who were rioters.
+
+Q. The strikers?
+
+A. Yes; it was an exceedingly delicate thing to know how far you could
+telegraph to the troops, how far you could expose your weakness or want
+of ammunition, or how far to send your orders, or make any inquiries
+concerning numbers or dispositions.
+
+Q. You arrived at Rochester at what time?
+
+A. Two o'clock Sunday morning.
+
+Q. What were your movements from that time?
+
+A. I kept on the Fort Wayne train, getting out of Mr. Layng's car some
+twelve miles from Pittsburgh, and got into a car in front of the
+sleeping-car, and ran into Pittsburgh. The train was stopped at the
+outer depot and was examined there, and I could see the strikers moving
+along the cars, and there was quite a large crowd outside. The next
+time the train stopped, I jumped off--it was about a minute
+afterwards--and went across the Federal street bridge, and took a back
+street to the Monongahela house, and went in there to leave a
+hand-book, and stepped down towards the round-house. There I met
+General Brown, and called twice for a dispatch, but he didn't answer at
+once, until he saw who I was. I was in citizen's clothes. I then went
+in a carriage down to General Latta's head-quarters, in the Union Depot
+hotel. The room he occupied was on the side of the depot towards the
+street, and I very much questioned the safety of his position or of his
+staying there, as it was liable at any moment to be entered. Colonel
+Norris and Colonel Farr and Colonels Russell, Quay, and Stewart were
+all present in that room. Colonel Norris took me immediately to the end
+of the building, and looked out to where we could see the round-house
+burning. We could see distinctly the flames around it, and in a very
+little while a bright blaze came up, as if some cars were suddenly
+struck by the fire, and there was a good deal of noise and firing. He
+said the Philadelphia troops were in there, and asked if I couldn't get
+down to relieve them. I then went back and asked about ammunition, and
+was told it was in the cellar--about twenty boxes of it--and that
+Colonel Stewart had engaged wagons to remove it, and I went down on a
+wharf about five o'clock to engage a boat to take the ammunition to
+Rochester. It was hard to find any person willing to take the
+ammunition or anything. Most all were with the strikers, except one
+boat, and the captain of that agreed to take it. We went back, and
+there was considerable delay about getting the ammunition. I went once
+or twice to the ordinary telegraph office to get word from the troops,
+but found I could get nothing, as the wires were in the hands of the
+strikers.
+
+
+
+
+    OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC PRINTING AND BINDING,
+    HARRISBURG, PA., _November 4, 1878_.
+
+    The copy for the latter portion of the testimony was not delivered
+    to me by the official reporter until November 2, 1878, which will
+    account for the delay in the printing of this volume.
+
+    J. W. JONES,
+    _Superintendent of Public Printing and Binding_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Report of the Committee Appointed to
+Investigate the Railroad Riots in July, 1877, by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42766 ***