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diff --git a/42779-0.txt b/42779-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6025007 --- /dev/null +++ b/42779-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2999 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42779 *** + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are indicated by footnotes to the relevant item. + + * * * * * + + +{577} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +Vol. V.--No. 138.] +SATURDAY, JUNE 19. 1852 +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + + Defoe's Pamphlet on the Septennial Bill, by James Crossley 577 + + Arthur O'Connor 579 + + Inedited Poetry, by W. Sparrow Simpson 580 + + Folk Lore:--Lancashire May-day Custom--Hair cut off, an + Antidote--Weather Prophecy--The Oak Tree and the Ash 581 + + The Diphthong "ai" 581 + + Minor Notes:--A Bit o' fine Writin'--Custom of Cranes in + Storms--Aldress--How the ancient Irish used to crown + their King--One of Junius's Correspondents identified 581 + + QUERIES:-- + + Old Music 582 + + Treasury of St. Mark's; Record at Tiberius 583 + + Unicorn 583 + + Flanagan on the Round Towers of Ireland 584 + + Minor Queries:--St. Augustine's Six Treatises on + Music--Bishop Merriman--The Escubierto--J. Scandret--Mary + Horton--Biblicus on the Apocalypse--Cleopatra playing + at Billiards--"Then comes the reckoning"--Giving the + Sack--Scotch Provincial Tokens of the Seventeenth + Century--Burial of Sir John Moore--Mexican, &c. + Grammar--Foundation Stones--Mary Faun--Tonson and + the Westminsters 584 + + MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Lady Farewell's Funeral Sermon-- + Sir E. K. Williams--Order of the Cockle--Waller Family-- + Life of St. Werburgh--Blindman's Holiday--Ab. Seller-- + Martin-drunk--Bagster's English Version 585 + + REPLIES:-- + + Reply to Mr. Hickson's Objections 587 + + The Term "Milesian," by John D'Alton 588 + + Ben. Jonson's adopted Sons, by C. H. Cooper 588 + + Shakspeare's Seal 589 + + Reason and Understanding according to Coleridge 590 + + General Wolfe 590 + + "The Miller's Melody," an old Ballad, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault 591 + + Surnames 592 + + Sir John Trenchard, by Sydney Walton 593 + + Papal Seal 593 + + Market Crosses 594 + + Replies to Minor Queries:--The two Gilberts de Clare-- + Baxter's Shove--Frebord--Devil--Mummy Wheat--Nacar-- + Mistletoe--The Number Seven--Gabriel Hounds--Burial-- + Marvell's Life and Works--The Death-Watch--The Rabbit + as a Symbol, &c. 594 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 599 + + Notices to Correspondents 599 + + Advertisements 599 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +DEFOE'S PAMPHLET ON THE SEPTENNIAL BILL. + +It is impossible to read Chalmers' and Wilson's _Lives of Defoe_ without +being constantly struck not merely by the want of all critical acumen and +ordinary knowledge of the characteristics of Defoe's style which they +display, but also by the absence of research on almost every point of +importance connected with his career. Out of innumerable instances, I may +mention his pamphlet on the subject of the Septennial Bill. Chalmers, and +after him Wilson, are satisfied with repeating Boyer's statement that Defoe +was the author of _The Triennial Bill Impartially Stated_, London, 1716; +but neither of them appears to have referred to the pamphlet itself, and +Wilson does not seem to have even consulted Boyer. He observes, "Mr. +Chalmers thinks the pamphlet was not his." Whatever Chalmers might think, +he does not certainly say so in express terms. The point itself is a +curious one; and as it has not hitherto been gone into, perhaps I shall not +trespass too much upon your space if I give your readers the results of my +examination of it. In Boyer's _Political State for April_, 1716 (p. 484.), +he enumerates in the following terms the pamphlets on the Septennial +Bill:-- + + "_A Letter to a Country Gentleman, showing the Inconveniences which + attend the Last Act for Triennial Parliaments_, which, I am informed, + was written by the learned Dr. Tyndal. This was followed with others + intitled, _An Epistle to a Whig Member of Parliament_; _Some + Considerations on a Law for Triennial Parliaments_; _The Suspension of + the Triennial Bill, the Properest Means to unite the Nation_; _A First + and Second Letter to a Friend in Suffolk_; _The Alterations in the + Triennial Act Considered_; _The Innkeeper's Opinion of the Triennial + Act_; and a few others. The only pamphlet that was published on the + other side was called _The Triennial Act Impartially Stated_, &c. This + pamphlet was judged, from its loose style and way of arguing, to be + written by that prostituted fool of the last ministry, D---- D-- F--; + but whatever was offered either in print, or vivâ voce, against the + Septennial Bill, was fully answered and confuted by the following + writing, generally fathered on the ingenious and judicious Joseph + Addison, Esq." + +{578} + +Then follows (pp. 485-501.) a printer of a pamphlet, certainly an able one, +entitled: + + "Arguments about the Alteration of Triennial Elections of Parliament. + In a Letter to a Friend in the Country." + +In the following year, when Defoe had occasion to notice _The Minutes of +the Negociations of Mons. Mesnager_, 1717, 8vo., the well-known work which +has been so frequently attributed to him, in a letter in the public prints, +which letter seems entirely to have escaped all his biographers, and yet is +of the most interesting description, he adverts to the above charge of +being the author of _The Triennial Act Impartially Stated_, in the +followings words:-- + + "About a year since, viz., when the debates were on foot for enlarging + the time for the sitting of the present Parliament, commonly called + repealing the Triennial Bill, a stranger, whom I never knew, wrote a + warm pamphlet against it; and I, on the other hand, wrote another about + a week before it. Mr. Boyer, with his usual assurance, takes notice of + both these books in his monthly work, and bestows some praises, more + than I think it deserved, upon one; but falls upon the other with great + fury, naming, after much ill language, D. D. F. to be the author of it, + which, he said, might be known by the inconsistency of the style, or to + that effect. Now that the world may see what a judge this Frenchman is + of the English style, and upon what slender ground he can slander an + innocent man, I desire it may be noted, that it has been told him by + his own friends, and I offer now to prove it to him by three + unquestionable witnesses, _that the book which he praised so + impertinently I was the author of, and that book which he let fly his + dirt upon I had no concern in_." + +This declaration of Defoe, which claims to him the pamphlet fastened on the +"ingenious and judicious Joseph Addison, Esq.," and repudiates that "judged +to be written by that prostituted fool of the last ministry, D---- D-- +F--," will amuse your readers, as it seems to form an admirable commentary +on the text-- + + "And every blockhead knows me by my style." + +We can fully accept his disclaimer of _The Triennial Act Impartially +Stated_. It is, however, singular enough that the style of the _Arguments +about the Alteration of Triennial Elections of Parliament_, without +attaching too much importance to that criterion, is not the style of Defoe; +and the Bill of Commerce with France is denounced in it in such terms as +"that destructive bill," "that fatal bill," as one can scarcely suppose, +without entertaining a meaner opinion of him than I feel assured he +deserves, he could or would, under any circumstances, have made use of. To +carry this Bill of Commerce he exerted all his great powers as a writer, +and supported it in the _Review_ and the _Mercator_, in the _Essay on the +Treaty of Commerce with France_ (1713, 8vo.), and in two other tracts, both +of which were unknown to Chalmers and Wilson, and have never been noticed +or included in the list of his works, namely, _Some Thoughts upon the +Subject of Commerce with France: by the Author of the Review_ (Baker, 1713, +8vo.), and _A general History of Trade, in which an Attempt is made to +state and moderate the present Disputes about settling a Commerce between +Great Britain and France for the Month of September_ (Baker, 1713); being +the fourth Number of the _History of Trade_, which Wilson says "extended +only to two Numbers" (vol. iii. p. 339.). In the _Appeal to Honour and +Justice_, published only the year before (1715), he supports the same cause +with all his strength. He vindicates the part he had taken, and says-- + + "This was my opinion, and is so still; and I would venture to maintain + it against any man upon a public stage, before a jury of fifty + merchants, and venture my life upon the cause, if I were assured of + fair play in the dispute."--_Works_, edit. 1841, vol. xx. p. 43. + +His opinion on the policy of the bill, as appears by all his subsequent +commercial works, never changed: and that he could so speak of it in this +pamphlet (_Arguments about the Alteration, &c._), supposing it to be his, +seems almost incredible. I feel convinced that no other similar instance +can be found, during the whole of his career, in which he can be shown to +express himself with such a total disregard of his avowed opinions and his +honest convictions. Were it certain that he had done so, then the character +which the Tolands, Oldmixons, and Boyers have given of him, as ready to +take up any cause for hire, and as the prostituted agent of a party, and +which I believe to be a base slander, would indeed be well deserved. But it +will be asked how, after so apparently distinct and explicit an avowal, can +it be doubted that he was the author of the pamphlet in question? I can +only account for it on the supposition that Defoe, in writing from +recollection of what Boyer had stated, in the following year, confounded +the pamphlet praised with one of the pamphlets noticed. It appears to me +that one of them, the full title of which is _Some Considerations on a Law +for Triennial Parliaments, with an enquiry_, 1. _Whether there may not be a +time when it is necessary to suspend the execution even of such Laws as are +most essential to the Liberties of the People?_ 2. _Whether this is such a +time or no?_ (London, printed for J. Baker and T. Warner, at the Black Boy, +in Paternoster Row, 1716, pp. 40.), and which is noticed in Boyer's list, +has infinitely more both of Defoe's style and manner of treating a subject +than the other pamphlet. I entertain no doubt that it was written by him, +though it has never hitherto been attributed to him; and it is far from +being unlikely that his recollection may have deceived him and that he may +have thought that Boyer's praise applied to this pamphlet, written on the +same side, and not to the other. It {579} will be observed that Defoe does +not give the title of the pamphlet, and that he does not notice that it was +attributed by Boyer to Addison; which he would scarcely have omitted doing +if he had written his letter with Boyer's words before him, in which also +the term "inconsistency" is not used. Such is my solution of the +difficulty, which unexplained would throw a new, and certainly a very +unfavourable light on Defoe's character as a pamphleteer and politician. + +JAMES CROSSLEY. + + * * * * * + +ARTHUR O'CONNOR. + +From the French recent papers we learn that Arthur O'Connor, one of the +prominent actors in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, has just closed his +prolonged life at his residence, the Château de Bignon, near Nemours (Seine +et Marne) in France. When, in 1834, by permission of the government of Lord +Grey, he and his accomplished wife were in this city (Cork), with the view +of disposing of his inherited and not confiscated property, in order to +invest the produce in France, I was almost in daily intercourse with them; +and, from my recollection of the lady's father, the Marquis de Condorcet, a +distinguished mathematician, but better known as the biographer and ardent +propagator of Voltaire's infidel principles, as well as the zealous +partisan of the Revolution, though finally its victim, I was always a +welcome visitor. O'Connor, whom Bonaparte had raised to the rank of General +of Division, equivalent to that of General in full in our service, being +next to the degree of Marshal, told me that the disunion and personal +altercations of the Irish Legion engaged in the service of the then +republican France had deservedly and utterly estranged and disgusted the +French successive rulers, particularly Napoleon, in whose triumphs they +consequently were not allowed to participate as a national body. The +rancorous duel between two officers, McSweeny and Corbet, both from Cork, +had made a deep impression on the great soldier, and the Legion was +disbanded. Having inquired from O'Connor whether he did not intend to +publish the events of his variegated life, he told me that he was preparing +the narrative; but, on mentioning to his wife that he had made this +acknowledgment, she immediately called on me with an earnest request that I +would dissuade him from doing so. She did not explain her motive, and I +only promised to avoid the future renewal of the subject in our +conversations. As yet, whatever preparations he may have made, the press +has not been resorted to; though, if in existence, as may be presumed, the +work, or its materials, will not, most probably, be suffered to remain in +closed and mysterious secrecy. The Memoirs, for so he entitled it, cannot +fail to be most interesting; for he was a man of truth, and incapable of +misrepresentation, though, of course, liable to misconception, in his +recital of events; nor can it be denied, that a history, in any degree +worthy of the theme--that is, of the Irish Rebellion, is still +unpublished.[1] Whatever objection may have prevented the publication +during his life, none, I should suppose and hope, can now be urged after +his death, which, singularly enough, in an article devoted to him in the +_Biographie Universelle_, I find as having occurred so long since as 1830. +His son, too, is there represented as the husband of his own mother! the +writer, with other confusions of facts, having mistaken Arthur for his +elder brother, Roger O'Connor, father of the present eccentric Feargus, +M.P. It is thus, too, that the great vocalist Braham is in the same +voluminous repository stated to have died of the cholera in August, 1830, +though, several years subsequently, I saw him in hale flesh and blood; but +the compilation, valuable, it must be admitted, in French biography, teems +with ludicrous blunders on English lives, which, in the new edition now in +state of preparation, will, I hope, be corrected. Even the articles of +Newton, though by Biot, and of Shakspeare and Byron by Villemain, are not +much to their credit, particularly the latter, in which the national +prejudices prominently emerge. + +O'Connor, after having for sixteen years occupied apartments in the house +of an eminent bookseller and printer, Monsieur Renouard, in the Rue de +Tournan, leading to the Luxembourg, and the only street that I remember, +now sixty years since, had a flagged footpath in that, at present, +embellished metropolis, purchased his late residence, the Château de +Bignon, with the proceeds of his paternal estates sold here, as previously +stated, in 1834. The purchase was made from the heirs of Mirabeau, who was +born in that mansion, and not in Provence, as generally supposed, because +that southern province was the family's original seat. The great orator's +father, distinguished, _per antiphrasim_, as "l'Ami des hommes," for he was +the most unamiable of men, had acquired and removed to the castle so +called, in order to approach the royal court of Versailles. The renowned +son's bursts of eloquence still, I may say, resound in my ears, dazzling +and entrancing my judgment, as Lord Chatham is reported similarly to have +affected his hearers. Yet my old friend Vergniaux's genuine oratory and +reasoning power struck me as far superior; and I can well believe that +Chatham's son's were to those of his father, which his contemporary, Hume, +no incompetent judge, and doubtless his {580} hearer, by no means exalts, +though the effects on his parliamentary audience appear to have been so +extraordinary. "At present," writes Hume (Essay xiii.), "there are above +half-a-dozen speakers in the two houses, who, in the judgment of the +public, have reached very nearly the same pitch of eloquence, and no man +pretends to give any one a preference over the next. This seems to me a +certain proof that none of them have attained much beyond mediocrity in +this art." Hume's _Essays_ first appeared in 1742, when the elder Pitt was, +indeed, young in parliament; but he survived till 1776, during which +interval Chatham's fame reached its culminating point. Yet, in all the +ensuing editions, the author never thought it necessary to modify his +depreciation of British eloquence. + +O'Connor, it is said, published his father-in-law Condorcet's _collective_ +works; but whether the edition of 1804 in 21 volumes is meant, I cannot +determine, though I know no other; nor does this contain his mathematical +writings. While outlawed in 1793 with the Girondist faction, he evaded, +from October to March, 1794, the revolutionary search, when he poisoned +himself, unwilling, he said, in some verses addressed to his wife, the +sister of Marshal Grouchy, further to participate in the horrors of the +period, though he had been most instrumental in preparing the way for them. +He chose, however, the better side, in his conception, of the proposed +alternative or dilemma: + + "Ils m'ont dit: Choisis d'être oppresseur ou victime; + J'embrassai le malheur, et leur laissai le crime." + +Madame O'Connor, a child of five years old at her father's death, had a +very faint recollection of him; but I perfectly remember him, with his +ardent look, and, while still young, a grey head,--"a volcano covered with +snow," as was observed of him. O'Connor's only child, a mild gentlemanly +young man, but certainly not the inheritor of his parent's talents, +predeceased him, so that no descendant, either of Condorcet or O'Connor, +now survives. + +J. R. (of Cork). + +[Footnote 1: Indeed, the general history of the kingdom is still a sad +desideratum, and, in the impassioned dissensions of the people, not likely +to be adequately supplied.] + + * * * * * + +INEDITED POETRY. + +(Vol. v., pp. 387. 435.) + +By way of concluding my notes upon the MS. volume of poetry, from which I +have already transcribed two pieces (inserted at pages 387. 485. of your +present volume), I now send you the short poem referred to in my first +communication: + + "February 15th, past two in the morning. + Going to bed very ill. + + Oh, when shall I, from pain and sorrow free, + Enjoy calm rest, and lasting peace with thee! + When will my weary pilgrimage be o'er, } + When shall my soul from earth to heav'n soar, } + And, freed from flesh, the God of Gods adore. } + Oh thou who only knowest what is best, + Give me, oh give me, peace, content and rest! + In life and death, oh be thou ever nigh, + And my great weakness with thy strength supply. + If on the bed of sickness I am laid, + Then let me find that thou can'st give me aid. + My drooping soul may thy blest Spirit che_a_r, + And dissipate d_i_sponding gloomy fear. + May the bright angels watch around my bed, + And keep my timorous soul from fear and dread. + And should excess of agony or pain, + Or fever's rage o'er reason longest gain; + Even then protect me by thy mighty power, + Oh save me, save me, in that dreadful hour! + Make every thought such as thou mayst approve, + And every word show I my Maker love. + If void of reason I should think, or say, + _O_ught that's improper, wash such stain_e_s away. + Resign'd unto thy will let me submit, + With joy to whatsoe_v_er thou think'st fit. + In peace let me resign my latest breath, + And, void of fear, meet the grim tyrant death. + My parting soul let me to God entrust, + And hope a Resurrection with the just." + +The devotional feeling displayed in these lines, and the circumstances +under which they were composed, will probably render them interesting to +some of your readers. The other poems in the little volume relate chiefly +to the death of her beloved husband. I should have sent one of these had I +thought them suitable to your columns. Suffice it to say, that her grief +for her bereavement seems only to have been equalled by her affectionate +reminiscences of the piety and excellence of the departed bishop, and only +to have been assuaged by the "sure and certain hope" which filled her mind. +The Queries which I would found upon the MS. are two in number: + +1. What is the precise date of the author's death? + +2. The meaning (if any) of the subscription to the piece printed at page +435.? + +Permit me to notice a trifling error of the press, p. 387. col. 2. l. 21, +for _then_ read _them_; and to thank you for the space given to these three +communications. + +W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A. + +P.S.--Since writing the above I have seen the observation of your +correspondent C. B., p. 523.: I cannot think the meaning of the signature +so evident as he implies. His reason for the use of the name Juba is +evidently correct: I am indebted to him for the suggestion, and must +confess that the coincidence had escaped me. With regard to the word +Issham, had it been intended to signify that the former name was "assumed, +or false," it would certainly have been written I-sham, as C. B. evidently +feels. It is _possible_ that this part of the signature may have no +meaning: this I must leave for some other correspondent to determine. + + * * * * * + +{581} + +FOLK LORE. + +_Lancashire May-day Custom._--On the 1st of May, the following custom is +observed in some parts of Lancashire, though now very nearly obsolete. + +Late on the preceding night, or early on that morning, small branches of +trees are placed at the doors of houses in which reside any marriageable +girls. They are emblematical of the character of the maidens, and have a +well understood language of their own, which is rhythmical. Some speak +flatteringly, others quite the reverse: the latter being used when the +character of the person for whom it is intended is not quite "above +suspicion." + +A malicious rustic wag may sometimes put a branch of the latter description +where it is not deserved, but I believe this is an exception. + +I only remember a few of the various trees which are laid under +contribution for this purpose. The following will illustrate what I am +writing about. I must premise that _wicken_ is the local name for mountain +ash: + + _Wicken_, sweet chicken. + _Oak_, for a joke. + _Ash_, trash. + _Gorse in bloom_--rhymes with at noon, + +(I omit the epithet given here, as commonly, to an unchaste woman), and is +used for a notorious delinquent. + +A. B. + +Liverpool. + +_Hair cut off, an Antidote._--A few days ago I observed my old servant +thrusting something into the ear of one of my cows. Upon inquiry, I was +informed that it was hair cut off the calf's tail, the said calf having +been taken away from the cow on the previous morning: the butcher cut it +off, for the above purpose, "to make her forget the calf." I half resolved +on sending this account to "N. & Q.," but I hesitated, under the idea that +it would perhaps hardly be worth the while. But this afternoon my eye +caught the following scrap in a newspaper just published: + + "At Oldham, last week, a woman summoned the owner of a dog that had + bitten her. She said that she should not have adopted this course had + the owner of the animal given her some of its hair, to ensure her + against any evil consequences following the bite." + +There is so much similarity in the two cases, that I now would ask whether +your readers can throw any light on the subject? + +BOEOTICUS. + +Edgmond, Salop. + +_Weather Prophecy--The Oak Tree and the Ash_ (Vol. v., p. 534.).--When the +oak comes out before the ash, there will be fine weather in harvest. I have +remarked this for several years, and find it generally correct, as far as +such things can be. + +BOSQUECILLO VIEGO. + + * * * * * + +THE DIPHTHONG "AI." + +Speaking of the diphthong _ai_, Walker, in the "Principles of English +Pronunciation" prefixed to his _Dictionary_, says (Art. 202.): + + "The sound of this diphthong is exactly like the long slender sound of + _a_; thus, _pail_ a vessel, and _pale_ a colour, are perfectly the same + sound." + +This sound is analysed (Art. 225.) as follows: + + "This triphthong (_aye_) is a combination of the slender sound of _a_, + heard in _pa-per_; and the _e_ in metre." + +The sound, therefore, is a combination of _two simple_ sounds. But in a +previous article (8.) _a_, _e_, _o_ are called _simple_ vowels; or +(according to his definition): + + "Those which are formed by _one_ conformation of the organs only; that + is, the organs remain exactly in the _same_ position at the _end_ as at + the _beginning_ of the letter; whereas, in the _compound_ vowels _i_ + and _u_, the organs _alter_ their position before the letter is + completely sounded." + +Walker, therefore, makes the sound to be "_combination_ of _two simple_ +sounds," although he had already declared it to be a _simple_ sound. Now, +strange to say, Dr. Richardson, in his very valuable contribution to our +literature, viz. his 8vo. _Dictionary_ (a veritable _Richardson_, very long +ago foretold by Joe Miller), is guilty of the same inconsistency. In the +"Grammatical and Etymological Examination adapted to the Dictionary," he +reckons _thirteen simple_ vowels in our language. The _tenth_ is the "long +slender sound of _a_," as Walker would call it; and the sound is given us +(according to Richardson) in these words: "_Lame_, _Tame_, _Crane_, +_Faint_, and _Layman_." My Query is, ought not this sound to be transferred +from the _simple vowels_ under the _true diphthongs_? And ought we not to +distinguish between the pronunciation of _pail_ and _pale_, just as we do +between _neigh_, and _né_ (French); _bait_ and _bête_ (French); or between +_pay_ and _pe_ (Welsh); _tay_ and _te_ (Welsh)? It is worthy of remark, +that the Welsh language has only the _simple_ sound, _not_ the +_diphthongal_? + +R. PRICE. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_A Bit o' fine Writin'._--In the Preface to certain _Lectures on +Ecclesiastes_, recently published, there occurs a choice scientific +illustration, the "intellectual vastitude" whereof "necessitates a certain +catholicity" of acquirements possessed by few readers. The author is +referring to Jerome, and says: + + "The most painful thing in his writings is the tone of _litigious + infelicity_ by which they are pervaded. It is a sort of _formic acid + which flows from the finger-points not of our good father alone, but of + a whole class of {582} divines; and, like the red marks left by the + feet of ants on litmus-paper, it discolours all his pages_." + +There are two vignettes in the work: one illustrates "Consider the lilies," +concerning which the artist had the benefit of an eminent botanist's +opinion, to ensure correctness in the design. The other represents Solomon +in all his glory, _driving his own chariot_, holding the reins in his right +hand, and a sceptre or "morning-star" in his left hand. Methinks this +illustration would not have passed muster with Mr. Scharf or Dr. Braun. + +AN UPLONDISHE MANNE. + +_Custom of Cranes in Storms._--Some of your readers may be able further to +illustrate the customs which I mention: + + "Ex avibus est præsagium coeli. When the crane taketh up a stone and + flies with it in his _foot_, it is a sign of a storm."--Bishop + Andrewes' _Orphan Lectures_, p. 92.: Lond. 1657, fol. + +Nonnus describes cranes as carrying stones in their _mouths_ to prevent +them from being carried hither and thither by the violence of winds and +storms.--_Dyonysiacks_, lib. xii. p. 689.: Antwerp, 1569. + +Bishop J. Taylor mentions a similar custom in the case of geese, but there +is a different reason assigned for it: + + "Ælian tells of the geese flying over the mountain Taurus: [Greek: + hôsper embalontes sphisi stomion diapetontai]; that for fear of eagles + nature hath taught them to carry stones in their _mouths_ till they be + past their danger."--Sermon XXIII. _The Good and Evil Tongue._ Part II. + ab init., p. 168.: Lond. 1678, fol. + +RT. + +Warmington. + +_Aldress._--This word signifies the wife of an alderman. It is found on a +brass plate in the following epitaph, in the church of St. Stephen, +Norwich, as given by Blomefield, _Hist. Norw._, 1739, vol. ii. p. 595. +Where else may it be met with? It is assuredly a better designation than +that of "Mrs. Ald. A.," or "The Lady of Ald. B.;" and, from its occurrence +in this place, seems to be a term once in use: + + "Here ly buried Misstresse Maud Heade, + Sometyme an Aldress, but now am deade, + Anno MCCCCCLX and Seaven, + The XIII Day of April, then + My Lyf I leafte, as must all Men, + My Body yelding to Christen Dust, + My Soule to God the faithfull and Just." + +COWGILL. + +_How the Ancient Irish used to crown their King._-- + + "A White cow was brought forth, which the king must kill, and seeth in + water whole, and bathe himself therein stark naked; then, sitting, in + the same cauldron, his people about him, he must eat the flesh and + drink the broth wherein he sitteth, without cup or dish, or use of his + hand." + +Cited by Sir R. Peel in the debate on the Union with Ireland, April 25th, +1834. (_Mirror of Parliament_, p. 1311.) + +_One of Junius's Correspondents identified._--It has often appeared to me +that a portion of the pages of "N.& Q." would be usefully employed in +supplying information relative to works either anonymous, or by authors of +whom little is known. The French have one or two works expressly on this +subject, but we have not any of the kind. + +I have a volume now before me, concerning the author of which I now seek +for information, as he was one of those who entered the lists with Junius, +and addressed him under the signature of "An Advocate in the Cause of the +People." One of his letters is reprinted in vol. i. p. 429. of (I am sorry +to say) the unsatisfactory edition of the _Letters of Junius_ recently +published by Mr. Bohn; but the editor does not seem to have known the name +of this "Advocate." This I learn from the work in question: _Hope's Curious +and Comic Miscellaneous Works, started in his Walks_: London, printed for +the Author, 8vo. without year or printer's name; but the Preface is dated +April 24, 1780, and the Dedication is signed "John Hope," who had, he tells +us, "once the honour of sitting" in the House of Commons; and he also +informs us that Falkner wrote part of the poem _The Shipwreck_ under his +roof. Besides many amusing articles in prose and verse, the volume contains +twenty-one papers entitled "The Leveller," which I believe originally +appeared periodically in the _Westminster Mag._; but I do not find them +noticed by Drake in his Essays on that class of literature. + +F. R. A. + +Oak House. + + [We entirely agree with our Correspondent on the subject of the first + part of his Note; and can assure him there are no communications which + we more earnestly desire than such as identify the authors of anonymous + works, or furnish new information respecting writers of whom little is + known.--ED.] + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +OLD MUSIC. + +I feel thankful to DR. RIMBAULT for the "Old Concert Bill" which you have +printed in Vol. v., p. 556., and wish it may lead to more contributions +towards what does not exist, but is much to be wished for, a history of +_instrumental_ music in this country. Having had this subject in my mind a +good while, and having had occasion to observe how defective and erroneous +the supposed sources of information are, I have from time to time made +memoranda, which would be at the service of anybody who would undertake +such a {583} work as the correction of the _Dictionary of Musicians_, or +the compilation of a more complete work. My notes indeed are not of much +importance, but it is the kind of case in which every little helps. In this +concert bill, for instance, relating to a first-rate performance, we have +five names, Grano, Dieupart, Pippo, Vebar, and Baston, which are not in the +Dictionary. As to the first, I only know him by a set of solos for a violin +or flute, which I have; of the next three, I know nothing; and of the last, +I did not know that he performed Woodcock's music, or indeed that he +performed at all, though I knew him as a composer. And in a volume now +lying before me, "XII Concertos" by Woodcock are followed by "Six Concertos +in Six Parts for Violins and Flutes, viz.: a Fifth, Sixth, and Concert +Flute: the proper Flute being nam'd to each Concerto; composed by Mr. John +Baston," and printed for Walsh. He is not, however, named either as a +composer or performer in the Dictionary. It may be said that these are +obscure persons; but that is the very reason why some slight, plain notice +of them should exist somewhere; for the history of an art is not well +written, or well understood, if there is not some easy way of learning more +or less about the obscure persons who are every now and then coming on the +stage. + +To this note, may I be allowed to add a couple of Queries which perhaps +some musical reader may be able and willing to answer. + +1. Who was "_Joseph_ Jackson, Batchelor in Music, late of St. John's +College, Oxford;" and did he compose anything beside six sonatas for two +violins and a violoncello, which were "printed for the widow by Thompson +and Son in St. Paul's Churchyard," I suppose (from some other "just +published" music advertised on the title-page) about a century ago? + +2. I have also-- + + "Six Trio pour deux Violons et Alto Viola ou Basse obligé. Composés par + Mr. Bach; mis au jour par Mr. Huberty de l'Academie Royale de Musique, + gravés par M^e son Epouse. Oeuvre II." + +Which Bach was the composer? I do not pretend to know by the style, being +only-- + +AN AMATEUR. + + * * * * * + +TREASURY OF ST. MARK'S; RECORD AT TIBERIUS. + +In Howell's _Familiar Letters_, edit. 1726, p. 62., he says that he saw in +the Treasury of St. Mark's, Venice, a huge[2] iron chest as tall as +himself-- + + "that hath no lock, but a crevice through which they cast in the gold + that's bequeathed to St. Mark in legacies, whereon is engraven this + proud motto: + + 'Quando questo scrinio S'apria, + Tutto 'l Mundo tremera.' + + 'When this chest is opened, the whole world shall tremble.'" + +Is there any other account of this chest, or of its having been opened, as +it was evidently reserved for some great necessity? Did not the exigencies +of the state, during its decline, compel the Venetians to resort to it; if +not, such a treasure could hardly escape the lynx-eyed rapacity of some one +of the many spoilers to whom the unfortunate city has been subject. At p. +275. he gives an account of having read in _Suidas_, that in his time a +record existed at Tiberius which was found in the Temple at Jerusalem when +it was destroyed, which affirms that our Saviour was in his lifetime upon +earth chosen a priest of the Temple, and registered therein as "Jesus +Christ, the Son of God and of the Virgin Mary." Howell requests the opinion +of Dr. Usher, Lord Primate of Ireland, on the subject. Is there any +corroborative evidence that such a register existed? + +E. N. W. + +Southwark. + +[Footnote 2: "huge" corected from "hugh"--Transcriber.] + + * * * * * + +UNICORN. + +Can any of your correspondents refer me to an account of the supposed +habits of this animal, which in these matter-of-fact days we must, I +presume, be content to consider as fabulous? I am desirous to know from +what source we derive the stories of the animosity between the lion and +unicorn, and the curious way of catching the latter, which are referred to +in Spenser's _Faerie Queen_, Act II. Sc. 5. 10.: + + "Like as a lyon, whose imperiall powre, + A prowd rebellious unicorn defyes, + T'avoide the rash assault and wrathful stowre + Of his fiers foe, him a tree applyes, + And when him ronning in full course he spyes, + He slips aside; the whiles that furious beast + His precious horne, sought of his enemyes, + Strikes in the stocke, ne thence can be releast, + But to the mighty victor yields a bounteous feast." + +Shakspeare also (_Julius Cæsar_, Act II. Sc. 1.) speaks of the supposed +mode of entrapping them: + + "For he loves to hear, + That unicorns may be betrayed with trees, + And bears with glasses, elephants with holes, + Lions with toils, and men with flatterers." + +The ancients were most liberal with their descriptions of fabulous animals, +and the Monoceros or Unicorn was a favourite subject with them; but I am +not aware whether or no the account which Spencer gives has so early an +origin. + +The connexion of the unicorn with the lion in the royal arms of this +country naturally forces itself upon the attention, and I find that the +present arms were settled at the accession of George I. We owe the +introduction of the unicorn, however, to James I.; who, as King of +Scotland, bore two unicorns, and coupled one with the English lion when the +two kingdoms were {584} united. Perhaps some of your correspondents can +inform me how two unicorns became the "supporters" of the "achievement" of +the Scottish kings. + +The position of the lion and unicorn in the arms of our country seems to +have given rise (and naturally enough in the mind of one who was ignorant +of heraldic decoration) to a nursery rhyme, which I well remember to have +learnt: + + "The lion and the unicorn + Were fighting for the crown, + The lion beat the unicorn + All round the town," &c. &c.; + +unless it alludes to a contest for dominion over the brute creation, which +Spenser's "rebellious unicorn" seems to have waged with the tawny monarch. + +ERICA. + + * * * * * + +FLANAGAN ON THE ROUND TOWERS OF IRELAND. + +Can you tell me anything of the history of a little work, of which the +following is the title?-- + + "A Discourse of the Round Towers of Ireland, in which the errors of the + various writers on that subject are detected and confuted, and the true + cause of so many differences among the learned, on the question of + their use and history, is assigned and demonstrated. By John Flanagan, + Kilkenny. Printed for the author by Thomas Kelly, 1843." + +It was purchased by a Dublin bookseller at Jones' last sale (Catalogue, No. +704.), for 2s. 6d. The bookseller, who has kindly lent me the book, says +that it was never printed in Kilkenny, and that it is very scarce, he +having seen only one other copy of it. It is a small quarto of twenty-four +pages, beautifully printed on good paper, which leads me also to believe +that the book could not have been printed in Kilkenny. The author, whoever +he was or is, boldly says that, "There are no Round Towers in Ireland," p. +8., and through the pages of the work runs a vein of nonsense, which would +lead a person to think that the author was not very right in his mind. +Still, there is something very remarkable in the production. + +R. H. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_St. Augustine's Six Treatises on Music._--Dupin mentions St. Augustine's +_Six Treatises on Music_: do these exist in print? if so, in what edition +are they to be found? + +E. A. H. L. + +_Bishop Merriman._--A few years ago inquiry was unsuccessfully made in the +_Gentleman's Magazine_, and elsewhere both in England and Ireland for some +particulars of John Merriman, the first Protestant Bishop of Down and +Connor. + +In Cox's _Hibernia Anglicana_ it appears that "Loftus, Archbishop of +Armagh, was consecrated by the Popish Archbishop Curwin; Thomas Lancaster, +the first Protestant Bishop of Kildare, was consecrated by Archbishop +Brown; and John Merriman, the first Protestant Bishop of Down and Connor, +was consecrated by Lancaster when Primate." + +This Bishop Merriman had been chaplain to Queen Elizabeth; he was made +Vicar of St. John's, Atheboy, in the first year of her reign, and was +consecrated Bishop of Down and Connor, Jan. 19, 1568/9. He died in 1572. + +The probable father of Bishop Merriman may be found in the _Rutland +Papers_, published by the Camden Society, where _Mr. Meryman_, in a second +list called _William Meryman_, who held some office in the "Kechyn," is +selected as one of the attendants on Henry VIII. and Queen Katherine to the +Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. + +There was formerly a family of the name of Merriman residing in Ireland: +does it now exist? In England there are several families of this name: are +any of them descended from this source? + +T. D. P. + +_The Escubierto._--Where can the effusions of the Capateiro da Bandarra be +seen in England? And has any of your correspondents read them, so as to be +able to explain the nature of his language and teaching concerning the +Escubierto? I believe it is admitted, that the doctrine of the +Sebastianistas is superadded, exegetically, to that of the Capateiro, and +is not to be found in him. + +A. N. + +_J. Scandret._--I should be much obliged for any information respecting "J. +Scandret, priest of the Church of England," the author of a little treatise +entitled _Sacrifice, the Divine Service_, originally published in 1707; +with a recommendation from the celebrated Charles Leslie, Chancellor of +Connor. Mr. Parker, of Oxford, reprinted it in 1840; but as "N. & Q." had +not then begun its useful career, the editor was unable to satisfy that +curiosity which most readers feel respecting the authors of such books as +merit their attention. + +E. H. A. + +_Mary Horton._--I find in Burke's _Extinct Baronetage_, p. 269. (article +"Horton of Chadderton"), that "William Horton, of Coley, in Halifax parish, +died in 1739-40: by Mary his wife, daughter of (Thomas) Chester, Esq., he +left an only daughter, _Mary_, living and unmarried in 1766." Can any one +inform me whether this Mary Horton ever _married_, when she _died_, and +where she was buried? + +TEWARS. + +_Biblicus on the Apocalypse._--I shall feel much obliged if any reader of +"N. & Q." will give me information respecting a series of articles which +appeared about the year 1819 in some newspaper or periodical with the +signature of _Biblicus_ {585} appended to them: they were intended, as far +as I can learn, to be a sort of commentary on some portion of the +Apocalypse. The writer left his work unfinished; but as many as appeared +thus periodically were afterwards published in a separate pamphlet. I +should be glad to know where a copy of this pamphlet is to be had; or in +what paper the articles originally appeared. + +F. N. + +_Cleopatra playing at Billiards._--Perhaps one of your readers, more +learned in Shakspeare than myself, can tell me what game he refers to in +the following extract: + + "_Cleo._ Let us to billiards. Come, Charmian. + _Char._ My arm is sore: best play with Mardian." + _Ant. and Cleo._, Act II. Sc. 5. + +Can the game of billiards, as we now have it, boast of such high antiquity +as to have been played by "the serpent of Old Nile;" or is the mention of +it simply one of the great poet's anachronisms? + +CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. + +"_Then comes the reckoning_," &c.--Who is the author of the following +well-known couplet? + + "Then comes the reckoning when the feast is o'er, + The dreadful reckoning, when men smile no more." + +A CONSTANT READER. + +_Giving the Sack._--Will any of your numerous readers kindly explain to me +the _origin_ of the phrases "to give any one the sack or bag," and "einem +einen Korb geben"? We must all be aware of their acceptation. + +THOMAS LAWRENCE. + +Ashby-de-la-Zouch. + +_Scotch Provincial Tokens of the Seventeenth Century._--Can any of your +readers inform me if there were any of these tokens, which were so abundant +throughout England, Wales, and Ireland, issued in Scotland? + +R. H. B. + +_Burial of Sir John Moore._--You have had many very interesting +communications respecting the justly admired poem on "The Burial of Sir +John Moore." Let me ask whether it was a matter of fact, that they "buried +him darkly at dead of night"? I believe the clergyman who read the service +is now living near Hereford, and that he will state that the interment took +place _in the morning_ after the battle. + +BALLIOLENSIS. + +_Mexican, &c. Grammar._--I hope some of your readers can tell me where I +may get a grammar of the language of the Mexicans, Chilians, or any other +of the tribes of South America. The Spanish missionaries compiled grammars +of some of the South American tongues; but I think they must have become +scarce, as I can never find one in any catalogue of old books. + +W. B. D. + +_Foundation Stones._--In the _Illustrated News_ of the 29th of May, is an +account of the masonic jewels for the grand lodge of England, including +three ivory gavels for "laying foundation stones:" hence arise the +following Queries. + +When did the laying of foundation stones first become a ceremony? + +What old foundation stones have been restored to light, showing the date of +laying, and the accessories used, whether oil, wine, and corn, or what +else? I have never seen an allusion to such discovery in the demolition of +old buildings. + +JNO. D. ALLCROFT. + +Oxford Square. + +_Mary Faun._--Can any of your subscribers give me any account of the +ancestry of Mary Faun said to have married Thomas Charlton, Esq.? See +Burke's _Landed Gentry_, vol. i. p. 209. + +B. + +_Tonson and the Westminsters._--I have a small duodecimo print, in which +are represented three scenes,-- + + A man tossed in a blanket. + A man flogged. + A man begging. + +This victim is said to be Jacob Tonson, the printer. The tormentors, who +are all in collegiate dresses, are said to be Westminster Collegians. + +Are these scenes facts or fictions? + +What was Tonson's offence? + +Is there any other explanation of the print? + +I hope some old Westminster to whom the school tradition may have descended +will be kind enough to answer these Queries. + +GRIFFIN. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries Answered. + +_Lady Farewell's Funeral Sermon._--Would any of your correspondents help me +to unravel the mystery (if there be any) involved in the typography of the +Latin portion of the following title of a book "printed for Edw. Brewster, +at the Crane, in St. Paul's Church-yard, 1661?" + + "Magna Charta; or the Christian's Charter Epitomized. In a Sermon + preached at the Funerall of the Right Worshipfull the Lady Mary + Farewell at Hill-Bishops near Taunton, by Geo. Newton, Minister of the + Gospel there. + + D. FareweLL obIIt MarIa saLVtIs + In anno + Hos annos posItos VIXIt & Ipsa + VaLe." + +W. A. J. + + [The information required by our correspondent is more quaint and + curious than difficult to supply. The four lines with which the title + concludes form a chronogram, or an inscription comprising a certain + date and number, expressed by those letters inserted in larger + characters; which are to be taken separately and added together, + according to their value as Roman numerals. When the arithmetical + letters occurring in the first two lines are thus taken, they will be + found to compose the year 1660, when the Lady Farewell died, {586} as + the words declare; and when the numerals are selected from the last two + lines, they exhibit 74, her age at the time, as they also indicate; in + the following manner:-- + + D 500 I 1 + LL 100 VIXI 17 + II 2 I 1 + MI 1001 VL 55 + LVI 56 -- + I 1 74 + ---- -- + 1660 + + The lady who is commemorated in this inscription was the daughter of + Sir Edwald Seymour of Berrie Castle, in Devonshire, Baronet, and wife + of "the excellently-accomplished Sir George Farewell, Knight, who died + May 14, 1647;" as it is recorded on his monument at Hill-Bishops. In + the same epitaph it is stated, that she was the mother of twenty + children, and that she died Dec. 13, 1660; and the inscription + concludes with these verses to the united memory of Sir George and Lady + Farewell: + + "A person graceful, learn'd, humble, and good, + Well match'd with beautie, virtue, and high blood: + Yet, after sufferings great and long, both dead + To mind us where great worth is honouréd." + + Collinson's _Somersetshire_, vol. iii. p. 255. + + The practice of making chronograms for the expressing of dates in + books, epitaphs, and especially on medals, was extremely common in the + sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. One of the most remarkable is that + commemorating the death of Queen Elizabeth:-- + + "My Day Is Closed In Immortality:" + + the arithmetical formula of which is M = 1000 + D = 500 + C = 100 + III + = 3 = A. D. 1603. In the second paper by Addison on the different + species of false wit (_Spectator_, No. 60) is noticed the medal that + was struck of Gustavus Adolphus, with the motto: + + "ChrIstVs DuX ergo trIVMphVs." + + "If you take the pains," continues the author, "to pick the figures out + of the several words, and range them in their proper order, you will + find they amount to MDCXVVVII, or 1627; the year in which the medal was + stamped." + + There is one peculiarity in the chronogram sent by our correspondent, + which singularly illustrates a passage in Shakspeare, and by which also + it is most amusingly illustrated. It will be observed, that the Rev. G. + Newton takes advantage of the double letters at the end of Farewell, to + express 100: and it will be remembered that "good M. Holofernes," in + _Love's Labour's Lost_, introduces the same thought into his sonnet as + an exquisite and far-fetched fancy: + + "If Sore be sore, then _L to Sore_ + _Makes Fifty Sores_: Oh sore L! + Of _One_ sore I _an Hundred_ make, + By adding but _One more L_."] + +_Sir E. K. Williams._--Will any gentleman refer me to the pedigree of +Lieut.-Gen. Sir Edmund Kenyon Williams, a distinguished Peninsular officer, +who died about three years ago? And also, where can I find or obtain such a +book as the _History of Aberystwith, or Blaina Gwent?_ + +C. W. + +Bradford. + + [Sir Edmund Keynton Williams, K.C.B., born 1779, at Mathern, county of + Monmouth, died Dec. 7, 1849, Colonel of the 80th Regiment of Foot, was + only son of the Rev. Henry Williams, Vicar of Undy, county of Monmouth; + who was second son of Edmund Williams, of Incasryddit, in the parish of + Bedwelty, county of Monmouth; and grandson of William Williams of the + same place. Where any farther account of his family can be found we + know not.] + +_Order of the Cockle._--What sort of Order was this? Was it the Order of +_St. Michael_? It is mentioned incidentally by John Knox in his _History of +the Reformation of Religion in Scotland_ (book v.): + + "In the end of January [1566] arrived an ambassador from France, named + Monsieur Rambullet, having with him about forty horse in train, who + came from England. He brought with him the Order of the Cockle from the + King of France to the king [Lord Darnley], who received the same at the + mass, in the chapel of the palace of Holyrood House." + +In 1548, also, the Duke of Chatelherault, and the Earls of Huntly, Argyle, +and Angus, had been invested with the same Order (book i.). Of course, Knox +was always ready to ridicule such "remnants of paganism and popery." + +R. S. F. + +Perth. + + [The order which Dudley received was that of St. Michael. There was + formerly in France an order "du navire et de la coquille de mer," + instituted, says Perrot[3], by St. Louis, in 1269, in memory of a + perilous expedition which he made by sea for the succour of Christians; + but adds, "il a peu survécu à son fondateur."] + +[Footnote 3: _Collection Historique des Ordres de Chevalerie._ Paris, 4to. +1820, p. 270.] + +_Waller Family._--I find from Clutterbuck's _Herts_, vol. ii. p. 476., that +Sir Henry Boteler, Kt., of Hatfield Woodhall, Herts, married to his first +wife, at Watton Woodhall, Herts, July 26, 1563, Katherine, daughter of +Robert Waller, of Hadley, and widow of Mr. Pope. I have examined all the +pedigrees of the Wallers I can find to ascertain to which branch of them +this lady belonged. Can any of your readers supply me with any particulars +of her family? + +TEWARS. + + [Possibly from the Wallers of Groombridge, county of Sussex. Thomas + Waller, of Lansdall, in that county, second son of Thomas Waller, of + Groombridge, had a son, Thomas, whose only daughter and heir, + Catherine, married Thomas Pope, of Henfield, county of Sussex. In such + cases the Christian name given by Clutterbuck may be wrong.--See the + Histories of Kent and Sussex for the account of the Wallers.] + +{587} + +_Life of St. Werburgh._--In King's _Vale Royal_, and other works on +Cheshire antiquities, reference is made to a _Life of St. Werburgh_ in +verse, by Henry Bradshaw, a monk of Chester. I am anxious to ascertain +whether the original MS. is now in existence; and, if not, in what +collection a _copy_ of the poem is preserved? + +T. H. + + [Mr. Hawkins of the British Museum edited a reprint of this _Life of + St. Werburgh_ for the Chetham Society, and in Mr. H.'s preface will be + found all that is known of the existing copies of the printed work. The + Editor did not know of any manuscript copy of the _Life_.] + +_Blindman's Holiday._--I have frequently heard the term "Blind Man's +Holiday" used when it is getting dark in the evening, and one cannot see to +read or write, work, &c. I have asked several persons if they knew the +origin and reason of application of this expression, but can obtain no +satisfactory explanation. Can any of your readers furnish one? + +W. H. C. + + [Florio has "_Feriato_, vacancy from labour, rest from worke, + _blindman's holiday_." That amusing old antiquary, Dr. Pegge, made a + query of this term about half a century ago. He says, "The twilight, or + rather the hour between the time when one can no longer see to read, + and the lighting of the candle, is commonly called _blindman's + holiday_: _qu._ the meaning or occasion of this proverbial saying? I + conceive, that at that time, all the family being at leisure to + converse and discourse, should there be a blind person in the family, + it is the time when his happiness is greatest, every one then being at + liberty to attend to, and to entertain him."--_Anonymiana_, cent. iii. + sect. xviii.] + +_Ab. Seller._--Any information respecting Ab. Seller, rector of +Combentynhead, Devon, and author of _The Devout Communicant, assisted with +Rules for the Worthy Receiving of the Blessed Eucharist_, London, 1686, +will be much valued by + +E. D. R. + + [Abednego Seller was a native of Plymouth, educated at Lincoln College, + Oxford; minister of Combentynhead, in Devonshire, and subsequently + vicar of St. Charles, Plymouth; but was deprived for refusing to take + the oaths to William III. In Hearne's _MS. Diaries_, 1710, vol. xxv. + occurs a notice of him:--"Mr. Abednego Seller was another Nonjuror, and + had also collected an excellent study of books; but as he was a man of + less learning than Dr. Thomas Smith [the editor of Bede], so his books + were inferior to them, and heaped together with less discretion." + Another notice of him occurs in Granger's _Biog. Dict._, vol. iv. p. + 11.;--"Mr. Ashby, President of St. John's College, Cambridge, has a + copy of _Konigii Bibliotheca_, interleaved and filled with MS. notes by + A. Seller." He was the author of several works which are given in + Watt's _Bibliotheca Britan._, but the following is omitted: _Remarks + upon the Reflections of the Author of 'Popery Misrepresented,' &c. in + his Answerer, particularly as to the Deposing Doctrine_, Anon., London, + 4to. 1686. Another work has also been attributed to him, viz. + _Considerations upon the Second Canon in the Book entitled + 'Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiastical,'_ &c. Lond., 4to. 1693. + Seller died about 1720, aged seventy-three. A letter from Seller to + Humphrey Wanley, concerning Greek music, &c., will be found in the + Harl. MSS. No. 3782, Art. 26. Consult also Wood's _Athenæ Oxon._, vol. + iv. p. 563. edit. Bliss.] + +_Martin-drunk._--1. Thomas Nash, in his classification of drunkards, +describes the seventh species as "Martin-drunk, when a man is drunk, and +drinks himself sober ere he stir." What is the origin of the expression +"Martin-drunk?" + +2. This passage reminds me of a line, which I fancied I had read in Lord +Byron, but which I am now unable to trace. It is (if I remember aright): + + "And drinking largely sobers one again." + +Can you give me a reference for this, either in Byron or any other of our +poets? + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia. + + [2. The latter passage occurs in Pope's _Essay on Criticism_, line + 215:-- + + "A little learning is a dangerous thing! + Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: + There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, + And drinking largely sobers us again."] + +_Bagster's English Version._--Who edited Bagster's English version of the +_Polyglott Bible_? The preface is signed T. C. Whence is the motto: + + [Greek: Pollai men thnêtois Glôttai, mia d' Athanatoisin?] + +A. A. D. + + [The late Dr. Thomas Chevalier was the editor, and wrote the Preface; + and the Rev. H. F. Cary supplied the Greek motto.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +REPLY TO MR. HICKSON'S OBJECTIONS. + +Vol. v., pp. 554. 573.) + +That MR. HICKSON should have discovered no graver objections to certain +suggestions of mine respecting the text of Shakspeare than those he has +brought forward, is of itself no slight testimonial in their favour. + +In one instance I have already (Vol. v., p. 210.) shown MR. HICKSON (I +trust _satisfactorily_) that his then somewhat similar objection had no +weight; nor do these now advanced appear much more formidable. + +As to the passage from _As You Like It_, which MR. HICKSON remarks is +capable of a moral as well as a physical interpretation--undoubtedly it is! +But, in the first place, it must still remain a matter of opinion _which_ +sense best accords with the context: and, secondly, even admitting the +moral sense to be the true one, still it does not necessarily disturb the +analogy between it and {588} Imogen's allusion to the _jay of Italy_. In +that case, also, the _moral_ sense may be understood as implying the +absence of all principle other than that derived from her own gaudy vanity. + +Were I disposed to cavil, I might, in my turn, question MR. HICKSON'S +estimate of Phebe's beauty. Surely Rosalind's depreciation of it is not +real, but only assumed, for the purpose of humbling, Phebe! _Inky brows, +black silk hair, bugle eye-balls, cheek of cream_--these are not items in a +catalogue of ugliness! + +MR. HICKSON'S second objection (p. 573.) is to my explanation of the +demonstrative _that_ in the Duke's opening speech in _Measure for Measure_. +He thinks that, according to "the language we in England use," the Duke +would have used the word _this_ instead of _that_. + +Does MR. HICKSON seriously mean to say that Shakspeare's language is to be +scanned by our present ideas of correctness? Is the bold sweep of the +Master's hand to be measured by the graduation of modern convention? Are +there no instances in Shakspeare of the indiscriminate substitution of +personal and impersonal pronouns--of active and passive participles--of +words and phrases waiting upon the magician's wind, like familiar spirits, +to be moulded to his will, and acknowledging no rule but of _his_ creation? + +But, in the present case, I will not admit that any such licence is +necessary. To MR. HICKSON'S question, "Is this the language we in England +use?" I answer, It is! + +We do, even at the present day, say to a messenger, "Take _that_ to," &c., +even before we have transferred the missive from our hand to his. I can +even fancy an individual, less anxious perhaps about grammar than +benevolence, stretching forth to some unfortunate, and exclaiming, while +yet his intended gift was in his own keeping, "_There needs but_ THAT _to +your relief--there it is!_" + +It does not seem to have occurred to MR. HICKSON that the same "fatal +objection" which he brings forward against _that_, might also be pleaded +against _there_. When the Duke says, "_There_ is our commission:" why not, +"_Here_ is our commission"? _There_ stands precisely in the same relation +to _that_, as _here_ does to _this_! + +A. E. B. + +Leeds. + + * * * * * + +THE TERM "MILESIAN." + +(Vol. v., p. 453.) + +In reference to the communication of MR. RICHARDS, but I have not seen MR. +FRASER'S Query, I beg to observe, for the honour of "Old Ireland," that +upwards of thirty years since, the Royal Irish Academy awarded to me a +prize of 80l., with the Cunningham gold medal, for an _Essay on the Ancient +History, &c. of Ireland_. It was published in the sixteenth volume of their +_Transactions_ to an extent of 380 pages quarto; and Mr. Moore has done me +the honour to write to me, that it was his guide throughout the first two +volumes of his history of this country. In that Essay, I have written very +fully of the "Milesian" colonisation; so called, not directly from Milesius +himself, but from his two sons, Heber and Heremon, who led the expedition. +The native annalists represent the course of the emigrants through the +Mediterranean by such progressive stages as indicate the state and progress +of the Phoenicians after their exodus under the conduct of Cadmus; though +the ingenuity of the Bards occasionally introduced that colouring of +romance, which perhaps can alone make very remote objects distinguishable. +External testimonies of these oriental wanderers are traceable through +_Herodotus_, lib. iv. c. 42.; _Pliny_, c. 86.; Nennius, _Hist. Britt._, c. +9.; Thomas Walsingham, _Ypodigma Neustriæ_ ad ann. 1185. The venerable +WINTOUN adopts all the traditions of the Irish Chronicles on the subject +(_Cronyk. of Scotl._, lib. ii. c. 9.); and Macpherson declares +(_Dissertation_, p. 15.) that such of the ancient records of Scotland as +escaped the barbarous policy of Edward I. support this account. The writers +on Spanish history, the _Hispania Illustrata_, De Bellegarde's _Hist. Gen. +d'Espagne_, vol. i. c. i. p. 4., Emanuel de Faria y Sousa, &c., carry the +links through Spain; and such indeed has been the long and general faith in +the tradition, that it has been actually embodied, even to the names of +those alleged leaders Heber and Heremon, in an act of parliament (of +Ireland I must admit) in the eleventh year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, +and through an occurrence therein engrafted upon it is expressly derived +one of Her Majesty's-- + + "Auntient and sundrie strong authentique tytles for the Kings of + England to this land of Ireland." + +JOHN D'ALTON. + +48. Summer Hill, Dublin. + + * * * * * + +BEN. JONSON'S ADOPTED SONS. + +(Vol. v., p. 537.) + +I doubt if _Alexander_ Brome was one of Ben. Jonson's adopted sons. It is +not improbable, however, that _Richard_ Brome (author of the comedies of +_The Northern Lass_ and the _Antipodes_) was one. In Ben. Jonson's +_Underwoods_ is a poem to Richard Brome "on his comedy of _The Northern +Lass_," which commences thus: + + "I had you for a servant once, Dick Brome, + And you perform'd a servant's faithful parts; + Now you are got into a nearer room + Of fellowship, professing my old arts." + +Thomas Randolph was certainly one of Jonson's sons. See in his _Poems_ (4th +edit. p. 17.): "A {589} gratulatory to M. Ben. Jonson for his adopting of +him to be his _son_." + +In Jonson's _Underwoods_ is a poem "To my _dear Son_ and right learned +Friend Master Joseph Rutter." This is in praise of his "first play," but I +am unable to state what that play was; nor can I give further information +respecting Master Joseph Rutter, than that he is apparently the author of +"An Elegy upon Ben. Jonson" in _Jonsonus Viribus_. + +Of William Cartwright Ben. Jonson used to say, "_My son_, Cartwright, +writes all like a man." (Campbell's _Specimens of the British Poets_, ed. +1841, p. 183.) + +James Howell was another of Jonson's sons, and has, in _Jonsonus Viribus_, +some lines "Upon the Poet of his Time, Benjamin Jonson, his honoured Friend +and _Father_." + +Shackerley Marmion seems to have been another son. See in _Jonsonus +Viribus_, "A Funeral Sacrifice to the sacred memory of _his thrice-honoured +father_ Ben. Jonson." + +If Jonson really had twelve sons, it is not improbable that some of the +following were of the number: Sir Kenelm Digby, Thomas Carew, John +Cleveland, Sir John Suckling, Thomas May, Edward Hyde (afterwards Earl of +Clarendon), Owen Feltham, Jasper Mayne, Richard West, John Vaughan, Thomas +Hobbes. + +I should have been disposed to have added to the above illustrious list the +name of Edmund Waller, but for a statement of Aubrey, who says, "He told me +he was not acquainted with Ben. Jonson" (Aubrey's _Lives_, p. 564.). + +Aubrey (_Lives_, p. 413.), speaking of Ben. Jonson, says: + + "Serjeant Jo. Hoskins, of Herefordshire, was his _father_. I remember + his sonne (S^r Bennet Hoskins, baronet, who was something poeticall in + his youth), told me, that when he desired to be adopted his son, 'No,' + sayd he, ''tis honour enough for me to be your brother; I am your + father's son, 'twas he that polished me, I do acknowledge it.'" + +I observe that, prefixed to Randolph's _Poems_, are some lines by Richard +West, B.A., and student of Christ's Church: "To the pious Memory of my dear +_Brother-in-Law_, Mr. Thomas Randolph." As West must have been unmarried, +and as I believe Randolph was also unmarried, it is possible that West +calls him his brother-in-law from his being also an adopted son of Ben. +Jonson. + +C. H. COOPER. + +Cambridge. + + * * * * * + +SHAKSPEARE'S SEAL. + +(Vol. v., p. 539.) + +There is a very full and curious account of a _ring_-seal (of which I +possess two red wax impressions), supposed to have belonged to Shakspeare, +in a work unassumingly entitled _A Guide to Stratford-upon-Avon_, by R. B. +Wheler, published in 1814. I presume _that_ is the seal--or, rather, +_ring_-seal--to which reference is made; but how far Mr. Wheler's +statements and speculations may encourage "belief in the genuineness of +this relic," your correspondent, and others taking any interest in such +matters, must for themselves determine. + +As the publication above named is before me, it may not be unacceptable to +give a summary of Mr. Wheler's narrative, which occupies eight concluding +pages of the _Guide_. It appears that on the 16th March, 1810, an ancient +gold ring, weighing 12 dwts., and bearing the initials "W. S.," engraved in +Roman characters, was found by a labourer's wife upon the surface of the +mill-close adjoining Stratford churchyard, being the exact spot whereon Mr. +Oldaker since erected his present residence. It had undoubtedly been lost a +great many years, being nearly black; and, continues Mr. W.,-- + + "Though I purchased it upon the same day, for 36s. (the current value + of the _gold_), the woman had sufficient time to destroy the 'precious + _ærugo_' by having it unnecessarily immersed in _aquafortis_, to + ascertain and prove the metal, at a silversmith's shop, which + consequently restored its original colour. It is of tolerably large + dimensions, and evidently a gentleman's ring of Elizabeth's age. + Similar seal-rings are represented on cotemporary paintings and + monuments: and the crossing of the central lines of the 'W.' with the + oblique direction of the lines of the 'S.' exactly agree with the + characters of that day. For proof we need wander no farther than + Stratford Church, where the Totness and Clopton tombs will furnish + representations of rings, and Shakspeare's monument of letters, + perfectly corresponding in point of shape. The connexion or union of + the letters by _the ornamental string and tassels_" [or _True Lover's + Knot_, according to your correspondent], "was then frequently used, of + which numberless instances may be found upon seals and upon + inscriptions, in painted windows, and in the title-pages of books of + that period; and for further coincidence of circumstances, it may be + observed over the porch leading into the hall of Charlcote House near + Stratford (erected in the early part of Elizabeth's reign, by the very + Sir Thomas Lucy said to have prosecuted Shakspeare for deer-stealing), + that the letters 'T. L.' are surrounded in a manner precisely similar." + +After adverting to many vain efforts made by him to discover whether there +existed anywhere Shakspeare's seal attached to letter or other writing, Mr. +Wheler states that he had examined-- + + "A list of all the inhabitants of Stratford assessed to the levies in + 1617, wherein I cannot discover any apparently _respectable_ person the + initials of whose name agree with 'W. S.:' but from this assessment, + though probably copied from an anterior one, nothing conclusive can be + estimated, it being made in the year subsequent to Shakspeare's death; + and I should, from a close observation of the ring, be inclined to + suppose that it was {590} made in the early part of the poet's life. + Mr. Malone, in a conversation I had with him in London," (adds Mr. + Wheler), "the 20th April, 1812, about a month before his death, said + that he had nothing to allege against the probability of my conjecture + as to its owner." + +Mr. W. afterwards proceeds: + + "That such a seal was used by a person connected with Shakspeare by a + marriage is certain; for I possess an impression of the seal (and + apparently a seal-ring) of Adrian Quiney, bailiff of Stratford in + 1559-60; and who, I have every reason to believe, was the uncle of + Thomas Quiney, our poet's son-in-law. This seal of Quiney's, which is + appended to a deed dated June 28, 9 Eliz., 1567, being a conveyance of + property in Bridge Street, Stratford, very minutely corresponds with + the Shakspeare ring in size, and has a very near resemblance to it in + _the string and tassels_ uniting the Roman initials 'A. Q.;' which + ornamental junction is carved somewhat similar to what is now called + _The True Lover's Knot_, and in the Shakspeare ring the upper bow or + flourish resembles a heart." + +In Shakspeare's age-- + + "Seal-rings were very fashionable, but were probably more limited than + at present to the nobility and respectable families; for I still + confine myself to the respectability of its proprietor.... After + numerous and continued researches into public and private documents, I + find no Stratfordian of that period so likely to own such a ring as + Shakspeare." + +Mr. Wheler concludes-- + + "At present, I possess no positive proof whatever. Let it be remembered + that my observations are merely relative. I yet hope to meet with an + impression of the ring in my possession; and in this I am more + particularly encouraged by the fact, that should success attend the + investigation, this seal-ring would be the _only existing article_ + PROVED to have originally belonged to our immortal poet." + +When Mr. Wheler wrote, the signatures in Montaigne's work, &c. had not been +restored to the light. + +A HERMIT AT HAMPSTEAD. + + * * * * * + +REASON AND UNDERSTANDING ACCORDING TO COLERIDGE. + +(Vol. v., p. 535.) + +Your correspondent C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY will pardon me if I deny the +discrepancy in Coleridge's statements on the difference between these +faculties. Coleridge refuses to brutes the possession of reason as a +contemplative faculty; he allows them, that which in kind differs from +reason, the understanding _in a certain degree_, and asserts that they do +possess, in a very marked and characteristic manner, instinct, which, in +degree only, falls below understanding. Instinct is distinguishable in +_degree_ from understanding. Reason is distinguishable from it in _kind_. +Some kinds of brutes, as dogs and elephants, possess more intelligence than +others, as tigers and swine; and some individual dogs possess more of this +intelligence than others. This intelligence arises from the superior +activity of the "faculty judging according to sense;" and, when Coleridge +says that it is not clear to him "that the dog may not possess an analogon +to words," he might have gone, I think, further, and have said, with much +probability of truth on his side, that the dog _has_ this analogon of +words. I am sure I have often known a dog's thoughts by his own way of +expressing them, far more distinctly than I am sometimes able to gather a +fellow man's meaning from his words. Nay, much as I love and venerate +Coleridge--his goodness, his genius, his writings, his memory--I find a dog +sometimes far more intelligible. Language is a property of the +understanding, but it cannot be developed in words unless there be in the +creature an adequate degree of the faculty. This degree of the faculty, +dogs have not. If they had it, they might fairly be expected to speak, +read, and write. What we want is the man, or the observation and +experiment, which shall show us where the line is to be drawn, if in the +nature of such gradations lines can be drawn at all, which shall +distinguish the degree at which instinct overlaps understanding. The case +is perhaps too hopelessly complicated. Coleridge has carefully guarded his +expressions, that they should not seem to assert for brutes more than he +can _prove_ that they possess, by the use of the words "analogous or fully +equivalent." That brutes can and do reflect, abstract, and generalise, it +needs but an understanding of the terms, and some observation of their +habits, to feel assured. + +CASPAR. + + * * * * * + +GENERAL WOLFE. + +(Vol. v., pp. 185. 398. &c.) + +Since my last communication relative to this celebrated soldier, I have +fallen in with a volume of the _London Chronicle_ for the first half of the +year 1760, and from it I send the following extracts: although there is +more information relative to the battle, these only I thought worth +insertion in "N. & Q." The first is entitled: + + "A CALL TO THE POETS, ON THE TAKING OF QUEBEC. + + "While to brave Wolfe such clouds of incense rise, + And waft his glory to his native skies; + Shall yet no altar blaze to Moncton's name, + And consecrate his glorious wound to fame; + Shall Townshend's deeds, o'er Canada renown'd, + So faint in British eulogies resound! + No grateful bard in some exalted lay + Brave Townshend's worth to future times convey + Who, for his country, and great George's cause, + Forsook the fulness of domestic joys, + To crush 'midst dangers of a world unknown, + The savage insults on the British crown. + {591} + See him return'd triumphant to his king, + Wafted on Vict'ry's, and on Glory's wing: + Hast thou, great patroness of martial fire, + No fav'rite genius, Clio, to inspire? + Shall worth, like his, unnotic'd pass away + But with the pageant of a short-liv'd day? + No; Soul of numbers, tune the votive strings + On which thou sing'st of heroes and of kings; + Rouse from ungrateful silence some lov'd name + Or from the banks of Isis, or of Cam; + Bid him, tho' grateful to the dead, rehearse + The living hero in immortal verse: + So shall each warlike Briton strive to raise, + Like him, a monument of deathless praise; + So shall each patriot heart his merit move + By the warm glow of sympathy of love."--T. D. + P. 71. Jan. 19. + +At p. 120., June 31st, is "A New Song, entitled and called, Britain's +Remembrancer for the Years 1758 and 1759." The fourth verse runs as +follows: + + "Quebec we have taken, and taken Breton; + Tho' the coast was so steep, that a man might as soon, + As the Frenchmen imagin'd, have taken the moon, + Which nobody can deny." + +May 10th, p. 449.: "Capt. Bell, late Aide-de-Camp to the great Gen. Wolfe, +is appointed captain in the fifth regiment," &c. Under the date of June +28th is Gen. Murray's despatch. + +Among the advertisements are, "A Discourse delivered at Quebec," &c., by +the Rev. Eli Dawson (dedicated to Mrs. Wolfe); "Two Discourses by Jonathan +Mayhew, D.D. of Boston;" and "Quebec, a Poetical Essay, in imitation of the +Miltonic Style, composed by a Volunteer in the service; with Notes +entertaining and explanatory." + +A notice of the death of Sir Harry Smith, Bart., aide-de-camp to Wolfe, +appears in the _Examiner_ for October 22nd, 1811. + +Among other instances of the name is a notice of Major J. Wolfe in +_Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1836, p. 334. + +H. G. D. + + * * * * * + +"THE MILLER'S MELODY," AN OLD BALLAD. + +(Vol. v., p. 316.) + +The original ballad of "The Miller's Melody" is the production of no less a +person than a "Doctor in Divinity," of whom the following are a few brief +particulars. + +James Smith was born about 1604, educated at Christ Church and Lincoln +Colleges, in Oxford; afterwards naval and military chaplain to the Earl of +Holland, and domestic chaplain to Thomas Earl of Cleveland. On the +Restoration of Charles II. he held several Church preferments, and +ultimately became canon and "chauntor" in Exeter Cathedral. He was created +D.D. in 1661, and quitted this life in 1667. Wood informs us he was much in +esteem "with the poetical wits of that time, particularly with Philip +Massinger, who call'd him his son." + +I have an old "broadside" copy of the ballad in question, "Printed for +Francis Grove, 1656," which is here transcribed, _verbatim et literatim_, +for the especial benefit of your numerous readers. It may also be found in +a rare poetical volume, entitled _Wit Restored_, 1658, and in Dryden's +_Miscellany Poems_ (second edition, which differs materially from the +first). + + "THE MILLER AND THE KING'S DAUGHTER. + _By Mr. Smith._ + + "There were two sisters they went playing, + With a hie downe, downe, a downe-a, + To see their father's ships come sayling in, + With a hy downe, downe, a downe-a. + + "And when they came unto the sea-brym, + With, &c. + The elder did push the younger in; + With, &c. + + "O sister, O sister, take me by the gowne, + With, &c. + And drawe me up upon the dry ground, + With, &c. + + "O sister, O sister, that may not bee, + With, &c. + Till salt and oatmeale grow both of a tree, + With, &c. + + "Sometymes she sanke, sometymes she swam, + With, &c. + Until she came unto the mill-dam; + With, &c. + + "The miller runne hastily downe the cliffe, + With, &c. + And up he betook her withouten her life, + With, &c. + + "What did he doe with her brest bone? + With, &c. + He made him a violl to play thereupon, + With, &c. + + "What did he doe with her fingers so small? + With, &c. + He made him peggs to his violl withal; + With, &c. + + "What did he doe with her nose-ridge? + With, &c. + Unto his violl he made him a bridge, + With, &c. + + "What did he doe with her veynes so blew? + With, &c. + He made him strings to his violl thereto; + With, &c. + + "What did he doe with her eyes so bright? + With, &c. + Upon his violl he played at first sight: + With, &c. + + {592} + "What did he doe with her tongue so rough? + With, &c. + Unto the violl it spake enough; + With, &c. + + "What did he doe with her two shinnes? + With, &c. + Unto the violl they danc'd _Moll Syms_; + With, &c. + + "Then bespake the treble string, + With, &c. + O yonder is my father the king; + With, &c. + + "Then bespake the second string, + With, &c. + O yonder sitts my mother the queen; + With, &c. + + "And then bespake the strings all three; + With, &c. + O yonder is my sister that drowned mee. + With, &c. + + "Now pay the miller for his payne, + With &c. + And let him bee gone in the divel's name. + With, &c." + +As this old ditty turns upon the making "a viol," it may be as well to add +that this instrument was the precursor of the violin: but while the viol +was the instrument of the higher classes of society, the "fiddle" served +only for the amusement of the lower. The viol was entirely out of use at +the beginning of the last century. + +Moll (or Mall) Symms (mentioned in the thirteenth stanza) was a celebrated +dance tune of the sixteenth century. The musical notes may be found in +_Queen Elizabeth's Virginal Book_, in the Fitzwillian Museum, Cambridge; +and in the curious Dutch collection, _Neder Lantsche Gedenck clank_, +Haerlem, 1626. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + * * * * * + +SURNAMES. + +(Vol. v., p. 509.) + +I shall endeavour to answer some of MR. LOWER'S Queries. + +1. Names having the prefix _Le_ and ending in _er_ or _re_. They are +undoubtedly Norman or French, and generally relate to personal trade or +employment, as _Le Mesurier_, _Le Tellier_, _Le Tanneur_, _Le Fevre_. +Another class with the prefix _Le_, but of various terminations, are +obviously of French origin, as _Leblanc_, _Lenoir_, _Lebreton_, +_Lechaplin_, _Lemarchant_. All these came to us by the French Protestant +refugees, or from Jersey and Guernsey. + +2. The meaning of _worth_. This word generally implies a _military work_, +and, I think, an _earth-work_; and I doubt whether _worth_ and _earth_ are +not from the same root; I personally have been able to trace _works_ in +many places whose names end in _worth_. I am satisfied all such surnames +were _local_, that is, derived from _places_ so named from military mounds +or _earth-works_. + +3. The meaning of _Le Chaloneur_. It is evidently the same as our English +name _Challoner_, which Cole admits into his dictionary as "the name of an +ancient family." It means in old French either the _boatman_, from +"chalun," a boat; or a _fisherman_, from "chalon," a kind of net. As we +have in English _Fisher_, in modern French _Lepécheur_, in Italian +_Piscatory_. + +4. _Le Cayser._ The same as _Cæsar_, a name now, we believe, extinct +amongst us, but preserved in our literature by Lord Clarendon and Pope. I +suspect that it was of a class of _fancy_ names which I shall mention +presently. + +5. Baird and Aird are Scotch names, and probably local. Jameson (whose +authority is very low with me) derives _Baird_ from _bard_, and _Aird_ he +does not mention. _Aird_ or _ard_ is Celtic for _high_, and is a common +local denomination in Scotland and Ireland. + +6. For the rest of the out-of-the-way names MR. LOWER mentions I can give +no more explanation than of many thousands others which have been probably +produced by some peculiarity or incidents in the first nominee, or some +corruption of a better known name. As to this class of fancy names, I can +give MR. LOWER a hint that may be of use to him. It used to be the custom +at the old Foundling Hospital and in all parish workhouses, to give the +children what I venture to call _fancy_ names. I remember being shocked at +the heterogeneous nomenclature that was outpoured on fifty or a hundred +poor babes at the Foundling. I happened once to accompany a noble lady--the +daughter of a great sea officer--to one of these Foundling christenings, +when the names of Howe, Duncan, Jervis, and Nelson, were in fashion, and +they were each given to half-a-dozen children; and while this was going on, +my fair and noble friend whispered me, "What a shame! all these poor little +creatures will grow up to be our cousins." Sometimes the names given were +grotesque, such as ought not to have been permitted; and sometimes the +children brought into the hospital, pinned to their clothes, names in which +I suppose the poor mother may have had a meaning, but which seemed to us +fantastical and extravagant. + +Illegitimacy is a considerable source of strange names. I could give some +droll instances. Corruption is another; there are half-a-dozen names of +labourers in my village which are mere corruptions by vulgar pronunciation +of some of the noblest names of the peerage. + +MR. LOWER cannot have failed to observe the {593} great tendency in the +United States to vary the orthography, and of course, I suppose, the +pronunciation of some of their old English patronymics; not from any +dislike to them, for the contrary sentiment, I believe, is very prevalent, +but the emigrants who carried out the names were ignorant or indifferent as +to the true orthography or pronunciation, and in time the departure grows +more wide. Instances of this may be also found in the small towns of +England, where MR. LOWER will find on the signs frequent deviations from +the usual spelling of the commonest as well as of the rarer names. + +C. + +In glancing through Cole's MSS. in the British Museum, my eye rested on two +paragraphs, which perhaps may be unknown to MR. LOWER. In Additional MSS. +No. 5805. p. iv., Cole says: + + "Before surnames were in use they were forced to distinguish one + another by the addition of _Fitz_ or _Son_, as John Fitz-John, or John + the son of John, or John Johnson, as now in use. This was in the first + Edward's time: nay, so late as the reign of Queen Elizabeth, in some + places in France they had no surnames, but only Christian names, as the + learned Monsieur Menage informs us: 'Il y a environ cent ans, à ce que + dit M. Baluze, qu'à Tulle on n'avait que des noms propres, et point de + surnoms.'--_Menagiana_, tom. i. p. 116. edit. 1729." + +Again, in Cole's MSS., vol. xliii. p. 176., relating to a deed of the +Priory of Spalding, Cole says: + + "One observes in this deed several particulars: first that the Priory + used a seal with an image of the Blessed Virgin, together with one of + their arms; if possibly they used one of the latter sort so early as + this John the Spaniard's time, in the reign, as I conceive, of King + Richard I., when arms for the chief gentry were hardly introduced. + Among the witnesses are two Simons, one distinguished by his + complexion, and called Simon Blondus, or the Fair; the other had no + name as yet to distinguish him by, and therefore only called here + 'another Simon.' This occasioned the introduction of sirnames, and + shows the necessity of them." + +J. Y. + +Hoxton. + + * * * * * + +SIR JOHN TRENCHARD. + +(Vol. v., p. 496.) + +Your Querist E. S. TAYLOR will find an interesting account of the manner in +which a pardon was obtained for John Trenchard, afterwards secretary of +state under William III., in MR. HEPWORTH DIXON'S work on William Penn. MR. +TAYLOR is evidently wrong in supposing that the pardon, of which he +furnishes a copy, was issued in 1688, and at the very critical period to +which he refers it. It was issued in 1686, that being the third year, +reckoning by the old style, of King James's reign; so that his quotation +from Pepys, and his suggestion of a reason for the pardon, are beside the +purpose. It appears from MR. DIXON'S account, that William Penn was the +mediator between Trenchard and the king; but the circumstances which led to +it were so curious, that I transcribe part of the statement from page 276 +of the new edition. + + "Lawton, a young man of parts and spirit, had attracted Penn's notice; + in politics he was a state whig, and it was at his instance that he had + braved the king's frown by asking a pardon for Aaron Smith. One day + over their wine at Popples, where Penn had carried Lawton to dine, he + said to his host, 'I have brought you such a man as you never saw + before; for I have just now asked him how I might do something for + himself, and he has desired me to obtain a pardon for another man! I + will do that if I can; but,' he added, turning to Lawton, 'I should be + glad if thou wilt think of some kindness for thyself.' 'Ah,' said + Lawton, after a moment's thought, 'I can tell you how you might indeed + prolong my life.' 'How so?' returned the mediator, I am no physician.' + Lawton answered, 'There is Jack Trenchard in exile; if you could get + leave for him to come home with safety and honour, the drinking of a + bottle now and then with Jack would make me so cheerful that it would + prolong my life.' They laughed at the pleasantry, and Penn promised to + do what he could. He went away to the Lord Chancellor, got him to join + in the solicitation, and in a few days the future secretary was + pardoned and allowed to return to England." + +It appears also frown MR. DIXON'S narrative, that Trenchard was employed by +Penn to dissuade James from his bigoted and violent course, and that he had +interviews with the king for this purpose. MR. TAYLOR will find in the same +place curious particulars, given on the authority of Lawton himself, +concerning the intrigues which preceded the fall of James. + +SYDNEY WALTON. + + * * * * * + +PAPAL SEAL. + +(Vol. v., p. 508.) + +I have in my possession a _leaden_ seal, which has on the one side a +precisely similar impression to that described by H. F. H. in p. 508. of +"N. & Q.:" viz. two heads, with a cross between them, and the letters "S P +A S P E" over them. The head under "S P A" has straight hair and a long +pointed beard. The other head, under "S P E," has curled hair and a short +curled beard, the whole surrounded with a circle of raised spots. On the +other side of the seal is the following inscription, also surrounded by a +circle of raised spots: + + + + · E V G E N + I V S . P.P + · I I I I · + +It was attached by a strong cord that runs through the substance of the +seal to a parchment {594} document that, some thirty years since, I found +being cut into strips for labels for a gardener. The few fragments I was +enabled to preserve showed that the document related to some conventual +matter, from the repetition of the words "Abbati, Conventii, et +Monasterii." One of the lines commences with an illuminated capital of +about half an inch in height, as follows: + + "Militanti ecdie licet immeriti disponente domino presidente".... + +Another line commences-- + + "Persone tam religiose qua seculares necnon duces Marchione".... + +On one of the fragments, apparently an endorsement on the back of the +document, are the names "Anselmus," and beneath it "Bonanmy" or "Bouanmy." +There are unfortunately no traces of the name of any place, or of a date. +The writing is very clear and in good condition. Is the document a papal +bull? I shall be obliged by any reply to my inquiries. + +R. H. + +Kensington. + + * * * * * + +MARKET CROSSES. + +(Vol. v., p. 511.) + +It is stated in Gillingwater's _History of Bury St. Edmunds_, edition 1804, +that "The theatre, an elegant structure, originally the _Old Market Cross_, +was erected in the year 1780, from a design by Mr. Adams." + +In Alexander Downing's _Plan of the ancient Borough of Bury St. Edmunds_, +published in 1740, there is a very good view of the old _Cross_. It appears +from this print to have been a fine old building; the lower part open. It +is possible that there might have been a chapel in the upper part of the +cross, as it appears in the print on Downing's map to have been three +stories high, with a bell turret or tower. + +Downing's _Plan_ is not scarce: it is one large sheet, and is engraved by +W. C. Toms, sculpt. + +In Thomas Warren's _Plan of Bury_, subsequently published, there is a view +of the _New_ Cross, with the theatre above it, as built in 1780. + +J. B. + +Since I sent you a hasty Note respecting the Old Market Cross at Bury St. +Edmunds, with reference to your correspondent's Query, I bethought me of +the old market cross which formerly stood in the Great Market Place at +Norwich. Blomefield, in his _History of Norfolk_, vol. ii. p. 652., gives +an account of that ancient cross, which is too long to quote but he states +that "it was a neat _octagonal_ building, with steps round it, and an +_oratory or chapel in it_, with a chamber over it." + +Now possibly there might have been such a "chapel" in the old cross at +Bury, wherein "Henry Gage was married in 1655;" for I put faith in all that +Mr. Rookwood Gage said or wrote. + +There is still standing, at Wymondham in Norfolk, an old wooden market +cross, with a chamber over it, supported by wooden columns: it is an +octagon building. Blomefield makes no mention of it. An etching was +published of this cross, by -- Dixon, of Norwich, some few years back. + +J. B. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_The two Gilberts de Clare_ (Vol. v., p. 439.).--In reference to No. 2. of +"Irish Queries", as to the relationship which existed between the two +Gilberts de Clare, Earls of Gloucester, I beg to send you the information +required by your correspondent MAC AN BHAIRD. + + Gilbertus Co. Gloucest. = Isabella, tertia natu filiarium + & Hertf.: | & cohær. Will. Mareschalli + obiit 14 Henr. 3. | Co. Pembr. + | + +-------------------+ + | + Ricardus, Co. Gloucest. = Matilda, filia Joh. de Laci + & Hertf.: | Comit. Lincoln ux. 2. + obiit 46 Henr. 3. | + | + +-------------------+ + | + Gilbertus, Comes = Joanna de Acres, filia Regis + Glouc. & Hertf. | Ed. 1. + cogn. Rufus, ob. | + 24 Ed. 1. /|\ + + Dugdale's _Baronage_, i. 209. + +See also Miller's _Catalogue of Honor_, pp. 369-373.; Vincent's _Errours of +Brooke_, pp. 122, 123.; Yorke's _Union of Honour_, pp. 109, 110. + +FARNHAM. + +Farnham, Cavan. + +_Baxter's Shove, &c._ (Vol. v., p. 416.).--I fear it may savour somewhat of +presumption in me to offer the following remarks to one who confesses +himself to be a collector of Baxter's works; but if they afford no +information to your correspondent MR. CLARK, they may probably prove +acceptable to other less sedulous inquirers after the writings of this +truly pious man. + +Baxter, in his enthusiastic zeal in the cause of religion, did not hesitate +to append to some of his popular tracts, titles more calculated to excite +the curiosity of the vulgar than engage the attention of the refined +reader; as the age became more enlightened, this breach of propriety was +discontinued, and these records of genius and piety have been since +reprinted under more appropriate appellations. If I am not misinformed, the +title of Baxter's _Shove_ has undergone this transformation, and now +appears under that of _The Call to the Unconverted_. {595} + +The two following works are doubtless familiar to your correspondent, viz.: +_Crumbs of Grace for &c._, and _Hooks and Eyes to &c._ I think the former +is the original title to _The Saint's Rest_; but as to the latter, I am not +able to say whether it has been issued under any new name or not. + +M. W. B. + +_Frebord_ (Vol. v., pp. 440. 548.).--In some, if not in all, of the manors +in this vicinity in which this right exists, the quantity of ground claimed +as _frebord_ is thirty feet in width from the set of the hedge. + +LEICESTRIENSIS. + +_Devil_ (Vol. v., p. 508.).--If [Greek: Diabolos] was used as an equivalent +for Adversarius, I should say that "the rendering _would_ be accurate" in +no slight degree; especially when understood in the juridical sense. But +the "adversarius in judicio" is the character of the Hebrew Satan in Job, +c. i. and ii., and Zechariah, c. iii.; and the same appears clearly in +Revelations, c. 12: + + "The accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before + our God day and night." + +The term [Greek: diabolos] adds, to that of [Greek: katêgoros], the idea of +falsehood and injustice, essential to the accuser of the Saints, but not +expressed in the latter word[4]. Why the word should mean "a supernatural +agent of evil," I cannot form the slightest idea. The name of a thing does +not express all which that thing is! _Physician_ does not mean a natural +agent of good. As little can I understand how the correctness of a +derivation can form "a case of ecclesiastical usage." + +With what words, manifestly and analogically Greek, but yet clearly derived +in reality from the vague sources termed _Oriental_, nay even from Hebrew, +are "the Septuagint and Greek Testament replete?" I say "clearly," because +one paradoxical conjecture cannot obtain support from others. + +I am surprised that MR. LITTLEDALE should be struck by the "similarity" of +the gipsy word _Debel_, "God," "and our word devil," after himself +admitting that our word is _diabolos_, and confining his attack to that +"first link in the chain." + +I will add a very few words on the other point, though not relevant. What +is holy at one time, becomes the direct contrary in subsequent times and +circumstances. Homer's Minerva ascended to heaven [Greek: meta daimonas +allous], among the other dæmons. But that word in modern Europe means a +devil of hell. _Deva_ and _Devi_ are (I believe) god and goddess in +Sanskrit. _Div_, in Persian (MR. L. says), is a wizard or dæmon. I have no +_Zend Avesta_ at hand: but we require to know whether _Div_ had a decidedly +evil and Ahrimanian sense, in the language of the dualistic Pagan ages; or +only in Ferdoosi and the like. If _afriti_ is "blessed" in Zend, and "a +devil" in Arabic, I again ask whether the allusion be to the literary +remains of Arabic polytheism, or to Islam? I suspect the latter; and so, it +would come to nothing. + +A. N. + +[Footnote 4: "word" corected from "work"--Transcriber.] + +I think MR. LITTLEDALE'S difficulty about the same Hebrew word's +representing both [Greek: Diabolos] and _Adversarius_ is, on the contrary, +rather a confirmation of the old derivation. Had he forgotten that "the +Adversary" is often technically used for the _Devil_? Surely there can be +no more doubt that _Devil_ comes from _Diavolo_, and that from [Greek: +Diabolos], than that _journal_ comes from _giorno_, and that from +_diurnus_. + +C. + +_Mummy Wheat_ (Vol. v., p. 538.).--Having a few grains of mummy wheat in my +possession, I send you the following information concerning it, with a +portion thereof as sample. About three years ago, when in New York, I +purchased, at a sale of the Hon. Judge Furman's effects, a small parcel +which was stated in his own writing to be "Egyptian wheat such as is +mentioned in Scripture, and taken out of a mummy case." + +I planted a few of the grains in a flower-pot, and they came up in an +apparently very healthy and flourishing manner, with an appearance similar +to that represented in Scriptural illustrations as Egyptian corn. But after +attaining a height of about two inches, I noticed that it began to grow +sickly, and in a short time afterwards died away. Upon examining the mould +I found some of the grains still there; but they looked as though some very +minute insect had eaten away the entire heart, leaving the shell only. It +seemed to me that such insect must have been within, and not entered the +grain from without. + +Lately I have again tried in my garden a few of the grains I had reserved +from the original stock. These, however, have not come up at all; and I +find, on uprooting them, that the same sort of decay had taken place as +occurred in New York. I am not able to forward you any of the husks, for +they are now rotted: but I thought that some of your readers and your last +correspondent might feel interested in knowing other attempts had also been +made to rear mummy wheat. + +S. + +Meadow Cottage, Ealing. + + [We have placed the grains forwarded by our Correspondent in the hands + of a skilful horticulturist; and will publish the result.--ED.] + +_Nacar_ (Vol. v., p. 536.).--This word is not, I believe, a name +appropriated to any one particular shell, but is the term used for the +pearl-like substance which, in greater or smaller quantities, forms the +lining of many shells. This substance, frequently called mother-of-pearl, +exhibits in some species a beautiful play of colours, said to be due to a +particular arrangement of the particles. The words _naker_ and +_nacreous_--with _nacar_ Spanish, _nacchera_ Italian, and _nacre_ +French--are given {596} in Webster's _Dictionary_, 2 vols. 4to., London +1832. The beard, or byssus, found in a few genera only, as _Avicula_, +_Mytilus_, _Pinna_, and some others, is strong and silky, formed of +numerous fibres produced from a gland near the foot of the soft animal, and +employed by it to form an attachment to rocks or other objects. In Sicily +this is sometimes made into gloves or stockings, more for curiosity than +use. A byssus now before me measures six inches in length, is delicately +soft and glossy, varying in colour from a rich dark brown to golden yellow, +and is nearly as fine as the production of the silk-worm. _Byssine_ is an +old name for fine silk. + +WM. YARRELL. + +_Mistletoe_ (Vol. v., p. 534.).--Mr. Jesse, in his agreeable and +instructive _Scenes and Tales of Country Life_, has devoted a chapter of +eight pages to the mistletoe, giving a list of more than forty different +species of trees and shrubs upon which this parasitic plant has been found, +with many localities. In this list the white, gray, black, and Lombardy +poplars are included. The mistletoe is there stated to have been found +growing on the oak near Godalming, Surrey; at Penporthleuny, parish of +Goitre, Monmouthshire; also on one near Usk, and another at St. Dials near +Monmouth. + +WM. YARRELL. + +_The Number Seven_ (Vol. v., p. 532.).--The reply to the Query of MR. +EDWARDS is, that _sheva_, "seven," is used indefinitely for _much_ or +_frequently_ in Ruth iv. 15., 1 Sam. ii. 5., Is. iv. 1., Jer. xv. 9., and +Ezech. xxxix. 9. 12.; also in Prov. xxiv. 16., where, however, it may refer +to seven witnesses or pledges, as in Gen. xxi. 28-30. Compare Herodotus, l. +3. c. 8. on the seven stones of the Arabs, with Homer's _Iliad_, l. 19. v. +243. on the seven tripods of Agamemnon. In Arabic and Hebrew the word +_seva_ means finished, completed, satiated, as in Ezech. xvi. 28, 29. and +Hos. iv. 10. Seven, as an astronomical period, is known to most nations, +and has been from times prior to history. Clemens Alex. (_Stromat._ lib. +vi. p. 685., Paris, 1629) says the moon's phases are changed every seven +days. Seleucus, the mathematician, he also says distinguished seven phases +of that luminary. He notices the seven planets, seven angels, seven stars +in the Pleiades and in the Great Bear, seven tones in music, seventh days +in diseases, and gives an elegant elegy of Solon on the changes of every +seven years in man's life. Clemens (lib. v. p. 600., Paris, 1629) has +accumulated a variety of passages from ancient poets on the sacredness of +the seventh day. Cicero, in the _Somnium Scipionis_, speaks of seven as +"numerus rerum fere omnium nodus est." The following have treated on this +mystic number: _Fabii Paulini Hebdomades, sive septem de septenario libri_; +Omeisius _de Numero septenario_; Philo, _de Mundi opificio_; Macrobius, in +_Somnio Scipionis_, l. 50. c. 6.; Gellius, _Noct. Attic._ l. 3. 10.; +Censorinus _de die Natali_, c. 7.; and Eusebius, _de Praep. Evang._ l. 13. +c. 12. The Hebrews commemorated their seventh day, a seventh week +(Pentecost), the seventh month (commencing their _civil_ year), the seventh +year (for fallowing the land), and the seven times seventh year, or +jubilee. + +T. J. BUCKTON. + +Bristol Road, Birmingham. + +_Gabriel Hounds_ (Vol. v., p. 534.).--The term occurs in Mr. Halliwell's +_Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, &c._, vol. i. p. 388., with +the following, explanation:-- + + "At Wednesbury, in Staffordshire, the colliers going to their pits + early in the morning hear the noise of a pack of hounds in the air, to + which they give the name of _Gabriel's Hounds_, though the more sober + and judicious take them only to be wild geese making this noise in + their flight.--Kennett, MS. Lansd. 1033." + +The species here alluded to is the Bean Goose _Anser segetum_, of authors. +A few of them breed in Scotland and its islands, but by far the larger +portion breed still farther north, in Scandinavia. Of the various birds +which resort to this country to pass the winter season the Bean Goose is +one of the first. I have seen very large flocks in Norfolk early in +September, where they feed on the stubbles. I have good authority for their +appearance in Gloucestershire, in the vicinity of the Severn, by the last +week in August. This is in accordance with the habits of this goose in some +parts of the Continent; Sonnerat and M. de Selis Longchamps calling it +_L'oie des moissons_, or Harvest Goose. They are frequently very noisy when +on the wing during the night, and the sound has been compared to that of a +pack of hounds in full cry. + +WM. YARRELL. + +_Burial_ (Vol. v., p. 509.).--To the names already given of those interred +in ground not consecrated, may be added that of the eccentric Samuel +Johnson, formerly a dancing-master, but through his talent, wit, and +gentlemanly manners, became the guest and table companion of the principal +families of Cheshire. + +He is not mentioned in Chalmers's _Biog. Dict._, and but very meagrely in +that of Rose. The best notice of him is in the _Biographia Dram._, ed. +1812, as the author of _Hurlothrumbo: or the Supernatural_, and five other +dramatic pieces, the first of which took an amazing run, owing to the +whimsical madness and extravagance which pervade through the whole piece. +Besides these, he is the writer of another strange mystical work, which, as +I do not find it anywhere mentioned, I will give the title of, from my copy +now before me: + + "A Vision of Heaven, which is introduc'd with Essays upon Happiness, a + Description of the Court, the Characters of the Quality: Politics, + Manners, Satyr, Wit, Humour, Pastoral, Sublimity, Extasy, {597} Love, + Fire, Fancy and Taste Universal. Written by Mr. Samuel Johnson. Lond., + for E. Withers, &c., where may be had Hurlothrumbo, 1738." 8vo., two + neat engravings, and six pages of music. + +The compilers of the _Biog. Dram._ state that they had not discovered the +date of his death; but we learn from Hanshall's _Hist. of the County +Palatine of Chester_: 1817, 4to. p. 515., that he died in 1773, aged +eighty-two, and was buried in the plantation forming part of the +pleasure-grounds of the Old Hall at Gawsworth, near Macclesfield, in +Cheshire. Over his remains is a stone (now there) with an inscription, +stating that he was so buried at his own desire. + +F. R. A. + +_Marvell's Life and Works_ (Vol. v., pp. 439. 513.).--I thought the +question proposed by J. G. F. had been answered to the satisfaction of all +unprejudiced minds by the remarks on this subject published long ago. (See +_Gentleman's Magazine_, vols. xlvi. & xlvii.; _Retrospective Review_, vol. +xi., &c.) I say all _unprejudiced_ minds; for I confess that, although I am +strongly prejudiced in favour of Marvell, yet the internal evidence of the +poems in question is so strongly against Marvell, that I am compelled to +resign them to their rightful owner. Any careful reader of poetry must +acknowledge that every feature in the style is Addison's. Captain +Thompson's having found them in MSS. in Marvell's own hand, is no proof of +parentage, as in the same MSS. is one which undoubtedly belongs to Mallet, +and another which has been proved to be from the pen of Dr. Watts. + +My chief reason, however, for intruding on your space is for the purpose of +correcting a mistake into which all the biographers of Marvell have fallen, +as to the time and place of his birth. It is again and again stated, +without any correction, that he was born at Hull, on the 15th November, +1620. That he was not born at Hull I am at length reluctantly compelled to +believe; and that the date of his birth is "March 2, 1621," I can prove +from authorised documents in my own possession, copied from MS. in his +father's hand-writing. + +With reference to MR. CROSSLEY'S hope that a new edition of his works might +soon be published, I may say that a new biography of Marvell, with a +selection from his works by a townsman, is already in the press. + +JOS. A. KIDD. + +Hull. + +_The Death-Watch_ (Vol. v., p. 537.).--A good account of this small insect +will be found in the second volume of the _Introduction to Entomology_ by +Messrs. Kirby and Spence. A chapter is devoted to the "Noises produced by +Insects." + + "In old houses, where these insects abound, they may be heard in warm + weather during the whole day. The noise is produced by raising the + head, and striking the hard mandibles against wood. + + "Thus sings the muse of the witty Dean of St. Patrick on the subject: + + --------------------'a wood worm[5] + That lies in the old wood, like a hare in her form: + With teeth or with claws it will bite or will scratch, + And chambermaids christen this worm a death-watch: + Because like a watch it always cries click; + Then woe be to those in the house who are sick! + For, sure as a gun, they will give up the ghost, + If the maggot cries click, when it scratches the post; + But a kettle of scalding hot water injected, + Infallibly cures the timber affected: + The omen thus broken, the danger is over, + The maggot will die, and the sick will recover.'" + +The kettle of scalding hot water is also very useful in houses infested +with ants or black-beetles. + +WM. YARRELL. + +[Footnote 5: A small beetle, the _Anobium tesselatum_ of Fabricius.] + +The Query of M. W. B. reminds me of a family bereavement that followed the +visit of this insect to my father's homestead. The ticking was heard in a +closet, which opened out of the drawing-room. I first discovered it; and +was struck with the fact that it occasionally altered the interval which +formed the standard of the beats, though with one standard the beats +remained punctually uniform. On examination, I found a very tiny insect, in +shape like an elongated spider, whose "hind leg" kept beat with the sound; +so I suppose that member to have been the instrument by which the ticking +was effected. The family bereavement that ensued was the total extinction +of the last dying embers of our faith in this world-famed omen; for +unhappily, in this instance, no death ensued in our domestic circle. + +C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. + +Birmingham. + +_The Rabbit as a Symbol_ (Vol. v., p. 487.).--It will be remembered that +Richard of the Lion Heart, on his way to the Holy Land, proceeded to +Sicily, where he played all manner of rough fantastic tricks, to the +infinite disgust of the king and people of the island. On pretence of +certain assumed claims, but the rather _pour passer le temps_, our Achilles +and his myrmidons fixed a quarrel upon the reigning sovereign, Tancred the +Bastard, whose immediate predecessor, William the Good, had married +Joanna[6], Richard's sister; took forcible possession of an important +fortress; turned the monks out of a monastery whose situation was +convenient for the purposes of his commissariat; and at last, by an act of +most unjustifiable aggression, laid siege to the city and castle of +Messina, {598} on whose walls was soon triumphantly planted the royal +banner of the Plantagenets. Now the hare and rabbit frequently occur upon +the coins of Spain and Sicily, of which countries they were, indeed, the +particular and well-recognised symbols. (Fosb. _Ency. Antiq._, pp. 722. +728.); and I would suggest that the device in question has reference to +Richard's proceedings in the latter kingdom, which, in an age whose +acknowledged principle was that "Might makes Right," would be looked upon +as redounding vastly to his credit and renown, and most worthy, therefore, +of commemoration amongst the other emblematic representations which give so +remarkable a character to the monumental effigies at Rouen. Regarding it in +this point of view, there appears to be much inventive significancy in this +device, and the exercise of a little ingenuity would soon, I think, render +manifest the peculiar applicability of its "singular details" to the +circumstances of Richard's transactions with Tancred, as they are presented +to us by our own chroniclers. + +The appearance of this symbol or device of a rabbit, upon old examples of +playing cards, as referred to by SYMBOL, is easily accounted for. These +"devil's books" came to us originally from Spain; and in ancient cards of +that country, columbines were Spades, _rabbits_[7] Clubs, pinks Diamonds, +and roses Hearts.--Fosb. _ut sup._, p. 602. + +COWGILL. + +[Footnote 6: This lady afterwards married Raymond, Count de St. Gilles, son +of the Count of Toulouse. Eleanora, another of Richard's sisters, married +Alphonso, third king of Castile.] + +[Footnote 7: The Clubs, in Spanish cards, are not, as with us, trefoils, +but cudgels, i. e. _bastos_: the Spades are swords, i. e. _espadas_.--Fosb. +_ut sup._; see the plate of "Sports, Amusements," &c.] + +_Spanish Vessels wrecked on the Irish Coast_ (Vol. v., p. 491.).--A fair +account of this eventful visitation may be expected from the _Annals of the +Four Masters_, a work compiled within forty years of the occurrence, and +not near so many miles removed from the waters over which most of its +fatalities were felt: + + "A large fleet (says this work) consisting of eight sure ships, came on + the sea from the King of Spain this year (1588), and some say it was + their intention to take harbour and land on the coasts of England + should they obtain an opportunity; but in that they did not succeed, + for the Queen's fleet encountered them at sea, and took four of their + ships, and the rest of the fleet was scattered and dispersed along the + coasts of the neighbouring countries, viz., on the eastern side of + England, on the north-eastern shores of Scotland, and on the + north-western coast of Ireland. A great number of the Spaniards were + drowned in those quarters, their ships having been completely wrecked; + and the smaller proportion of them returned to Spain, and some assert + that 9,000 of them were lost on that occasion." + +This narrative is utterly innocent of the wholesale, or of any _execution_ +of the unfortunate invaders; and, in truth, our Lord Deputies have too much +to answer for, without throwing the barbarism of such a massacre upon one +of them. Some colouring is, however, given to the charge by the writings of +Smith, _History of Kerry_; Cox, _Hibernia Anglicana_; and even Leland, +_History of Ireland_, vol. ii. p. 322. The deviation of these Spaniards +northwards can be, I think, accounted for by the discomfitures they +sustained from the English and Dutch fleets, who so kept the seas east and +south of England, as to make a circuit round the Orkney Islands, with a +descent to the westward of Ireland, the most advisable, though as it +proved, not the less dangerous line of return. + +JOHN D'ALTON. + +48. Summer Hill, Dublin. + +_Second Exhumation of King Arthur's Remains_ (Vol. v., p. 490.).--The +details of the circumstances attending the first (I am not aware of any +second) exhumation of these remains at Glastonbury in 1189, have been +transmitted to us by Giraldus Cambrensis, who saw both the bones and the +inscription, by the Monk of Glastonbury, and, briefly, by William of +Malmesbury, all cotemporaries with the event. Sharon Turner, in his +_History of the Anglo-Saxons_, 8vo. edit., 1823, vol. i. pp. 279-282., +gives a full account, from these and other authorities, of this remarkable +discovery. + +COWGILL. + +_Etymology of Mushroom_ (Vol. iii., p. 166.).--DR. RIMBAULT states that the +earliest example with which he is acquainted of this word, being spelt +_mushrump_, occurs in the following passage in Robert Southwell's +_Spirituall Poems_, 1595: + + "He that high growth on cedars did bestow, + Gave also lowly _mushrumps_ leave to growe." + +I suppose that this word has been derived from _Maesrhin_, one of the names +of the mushroom in Welsh. As the meanings of the word _rhin_ are "a +channel," "a virtue," "a secret," "a charm," none of which are applicable +to a mushroom, I conjecture that it is a corruption of the word _rhum_ +(also spelt _rhump_), but I am unable to mention an instance of the word +being spelt by any Welsh writer of ancient times. The etymology which I +suggest is _maesrhum_; from _maes_, "a field," and _rhum_, "a thing which +bulges out." This meaning very nearly resembles that of the French name of +one kind of mushroom, _champignon_. + +S. S. S. (2.) + +_The Grave of Cromwell_ (Vol. v., p. 477.).--MR. OLIVER PEMBERTON has +referred your correspondent A. B. to Lockinge's _Naseby_ for an account of +the Protector's funeral and probable burial on the field of Naseby. As the +volume may not be very generally known, would A. B. like a summary of Mr. +Lockinge's ten 12mo. pages? or could you, Mr. Editor, spare room for the +whole? Mastin, in his _History of Naseby_, alludes to the doubts that have +been expressed {599} "relative to the funeral-place of the Protector +Cromwell", and quotes a passage from Banks's _Life of Cromwell_, but gives +no opinion thereon. + +ESTE. + +_Edmund Bohun_ (Vol. v., p. 539.).--Of Edmund Bohun's _Historical +Collections_, in eight vols. folio, I became the purchaser at Mr. Bright's +sale. They consist of a most curious and interesting collection of the +newspapers, ballads, tracts, broadsides of the period (1675-92) in regular +series, bound up with original MS. documents, and with a manuscript +correspondence with Bohun from Hickes, Roger, Coke, Charlotte, and others, +relating to the politics and news of the day. If your correspondent MR. +RIX, from whom I am glad to find we are to expect the private Diary of +Bohun, wishes for a more particular description of the volumes, I shall be +happy to furnish it. + +JAS. CROSSLEY. + +_Sneezing_ (Vol. v., pp. 369. 500.).--D'Israeli, in the first series of the +_Curiosities_, in a paper on the custom of saluting persons after sneezing, +says: + + "A memoir of the French Academy notices the practice in the New World, + on the first discovery of America." + +A relation of mine tells me, that when young, he once fell down in a fit +after a violent sneeze; the "Cryst helpe" may therefore not be totally +superfluous! + +A. A. D. + +_Braem's Memoires_ (Vol. v., pp. 126. 543.).--Permit me to inform MR. J. F. +L. COENEN that the MS. volume containing Braem's _Memoires Touchant le +Commerce, &c._, is at Oxford, in the library of Sir Robert Taylor's +Institution, where it may be seen and consulted, but cannot be disposed of. +MR. COENEN is thanked for his obliging information. + +J. M. + +_Portrait of Mesmer_ (Vol. v., p. 418.).--I beg to inform SIGMA there is a +very good engraved profile (bust) of Mesmer in a German work by him, +entitled _Mesmerismus, oder System der Wechselwirkungen, &c._, published at +Berlin in 1814, in 1 vol. 8vo., a copy of which is now before me. + +J. M. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +SCOTT'S LADY OF THE LAKE. + +---- LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL. + +---- MARMION. + + The original 4to. editions in boards. + +FLANAGAN ON THE ROUND TOWERS OF IRELAND. 4to. 1843. + +A NARRATIVE OF THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE DOUGLAS CAUSE. London, Griffin, 8vo. +1767. + +CLARE'S POEMS. Fcap. 8vo. Last edition. + +MALLET'S ELVIRA. + +MAGNA CHARTA; a Sermon at the Funeral of Lady Farewell, by George Newton. +London, 1661. + +BOOTHBY'S SORROWS SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF PENELOPE. Cadell and Davies. +1796. + +CHAUCER'S POEMS. Vol. I. Aldine Edition. + +BIBLIA SACRA, Vulg. Edit. cum Commentar. Menochii. Alost and Ghent, 1826. +Vol. I. + +BARANTE, DUCS DE BOURGOGNE. Vols. I. and II. 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Edit. Paris. +Ladvocat, 1825. + +BIOGRAPHIA AMERICANA, by a Gentleman of Philadelphia. + +POTGIESERI DE CONDITIONE SERVORUM APUD GERMANOS. 8vo. Col. Agrip. + + + +THE COMEDIES OF SHADWELL may be had on application to the Publisher of "N. +& Q." + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +MARIA S. _will find Ben. Jonson's "Verses on the Marriage of the Earl of +Somerset" in No. 122., p. 193. of the present Volume_. + +W. M. H. _The song quoted by Mr. Bernal Osborne, which begins_, + + "Who fears to speak of ninety-eight," + +_is reprinted in a volume of poetry extracted from the_ Nation _newspaper, +and printed in Dublin under the title of "The Spirit of the Nation."_ + +EIRIONACH'_s Note on the Fern will be welcome_. + +CUTHBERT BEDE. _How can we forward a letter to this Correspondent?_ + +W. M. H. _The author of the work on the Apocalypse, to which our +Correspondent refers, has no present intention of completing it, for +reasons which our Correspondent would, we are sure, respect._ + +_We are this week compelled by want of space to omit many articles of great +interest--among which we may mention some Shakspearian Illustrations by Mr. +Singer and_ A. E. B.; _Mr. Sternberg's Popular Stories of the English +Peasantry; Rev. R. 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New Street Square, at No. 5. + New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; + and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish + of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. + 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, June 19. 1852. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 138, June +19, 1852, by Various + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42779 *** |