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diff --git a/42779.txt b/42779.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f8b99c8..0000000 --- a/42779.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3393 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 138, June 19, 1852, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Notes and Queries, Number 138, June 19, 1852 - A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, - Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc - -Author: Various - -Editor: George Bell - -Release Date: May 24, 2013 [EBook #42779] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian -Libraries) - - - - - -Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they -are indicated by footnotes to the relevant item. - - * * * * * - - -{577} - -NOTES AND QUERIES: - -A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, -GENEALOGISTS, ETC. - -"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. - - * * * * * - - -Vol. V.--No. 138.] -SATURDAY, JUNE 19. 1852 -[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. - - * * * * * - - -CONTENTS. - - NOTES:-- Page - - Defoe's Pamphlet on the Septennial Bill, by James Crossley 577 - - Arthur O'Connor 579 - - Inedited Poetry, by W. Sparrow Simpson 580 - - Folk Lore:--Lancashire May-day Custom--Hair cut off, an - Antidote--Weather Prophecy--The Oak Tree and the Ash 581 - - The Diphthong "ai" 581 - - Minor Notes:--A Bit o' fine Writin'--Custom of Cranes in - Storms--Aldress--How the ancient Irish used to crown - their King--One of Junius's Correspondents identified 581 - - QUERIES:-- - - Old Music 582 - - Treasury of St. Mark's; Record at Tiberius 583 - - Unicorn 583 - - Flanagan on the Round Towers of Ireland 584 - - Minor Queries:--St. Augustine's Six Treatises on - Music--Bishop Merriman--The Escubierto--J. Scandret--Mary - Horton--Biblicus on the Apocalypse--Cleopatra playing - at Billiards--"Then comes the reckoning"--Giving the - Sack--Scotch Provincial Tokens of the Seventeenth - Century--Burial of Sir John Moore--Mexican, &c. - Grammar--Foundation Stones--Mary Faun--Tonson and - the Westminsters 584 - - MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Lady Farewell's Funeral Sermon-- - Sir E. K. Williams--Order of the Cockle--Waller Family-- - Life of St. Werburgh--Blindman's Holiday--Ab. Seller-- - Martin-drunk--Bagster's English Version 585 - - REPLIES:-- - - Reply to Mr. Hickson's Objections 587 - - The Term "Milesian," by John D'Alton 588 - - Ben. Jonson's adopted Sons, by C. H. Cooper 588 - - Shakspeare's Seal 589 - - Reason and Understanding according to Coleridge 590 - - General Wolfe 590 - - "The Miller's Melody," an old Ballad, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault 591 - - Surnames 592 - - Sir John Trenchard, by Sydney Walton 593 - - Papal Seal 593 - - Market Crosses 594 - - Replies to Minor Queries:--The two Gilberts de Clare-- - Baxter's Shove--Frebord--Devil--Mummy Wheat--Nacar-- - Mistletoe--The Number Seven--Gabriel Hounds--Burial-- - Marvell's Life and Works--The Death-Watch--The Rabbit - as a Symbol, &c. 594 - - MISCELLANEOUS:-- - - Books and Odd Volumes wanted 599 - - Notices to Correspondents 599 - - Advertisements 599 - - * * * * * - - -Notes. - -DEFOE'S PAMPHLET ON THE SEPTENNIAL BILL. - -It is impossible to read Chalmers' and Wilson's _Lives of Defoe_ without -being constantly struck not merely by the want of all critical acumen and -ordinary knowledge of the characteristics of Defoe's style which they -display, but also by the absence of research on almost every point of -importance connected with his career. Out of innumerable instances, I may -mention his pamphlet on the subject of the Septennial Bill. Chalmers, and -after him Wilson, are satisfied with repeating Boyer's statement that Defoe -was the author of _The Triennial Bill Impartially Stated_, London, 1716; -but neither of them appears to have referred to the pamphlet itself, and -Wilson does not seem to have even consulted Boyer. He observes, "Mr. -Chalmers thinks the pamphlet was not his." Whatever Chalmers might think, -he does not certainly say so in express terms. The point itself is a -curious one; and as it has not hitherto been gone into, perhaps I shall not -trespass too much upon your space if I give your readers the results of my -examination of it. In Boyer's _Political State for April_, 1716 (p. 484.), -he enumerates in the following terms the pamphlets on the Septennial -Bill:-- - - "_A Letter to a Country Gentleman, showing the Inconveniences which - attend the Last Act for Triennial Parliaments_, which, I am informed, - was written by the learned Dr. Tyndal. This was followed with others - intitled, _An Epistle to a Whig Member of Parliament_; _Some - Considerations on a Law for Triennial Parliaments_; _The Suspension of - the Triennial Bill, the Properest Means to unite the Nation_; _A First - and Second Letter to a Friend in Suffolk_; _The Alterations in the - Triennial Act Considered_; _The Innkeeper's Opinion of the Triennial - Act_; and a few others. The only pamphlet that was published on the - other side was called _The Triennial Act Impartially Stated_, &c. This - pamphlet was judged, from its loose style and way of arguing, to be - written by that prostituted fool of the last ministry, D---- D-- F--; - but whatever was offered either in print, or viva voce, against the - Septennial Bill, was fully answered and confuted by the following - writing, generally fathered on the ingenious and judicious Joseph - Addison, Esq." - -{578} - -Then follows (pp. 485-501.) a printer of a pamphlet, certainly an able one, -entitled: - - "Arguments about the Alteration of Triennial Elections of Parliament. - In a Letter to a Friend in the Country." - -In the following year, when Defoe had occasion to notice _The Minutes of -the Negociations of Mons. Mesnager_, 1717, 8vo., the well-known work which -has been so frequently attributed to him, in a letter in the public prints, -which letter seems entirely to have escaped all his biographers, and yet is -of the most interesting description, he adverts to the above charge of -being the author of _The Triennial Act Impartially Stated_, in the -followings words:-- - - "About a year since, viz., when the debates were on foot for enlarging - the time for the sitting of the present Parliament, commonly called - repealing the Triennial Bill, a stranger, whom I never knew, wrote a - warm pamphlet against it; and I, on the other hand, wrote another about - a week before it. Mr. Boyer, with his usual assurance, takes notice of - both these books in his monthly work, and bestows some praises, more - than I think it deserved, upon one; but falls upon the other with great - fury, naming, after much ill language, D. D. F. to be the author of it, - which, he said, might be known by the inconsistency of the style, or to - that effect. Now that the world may see what a judge this Frenchman is - of the English style, and upon what slender ground he can slander an - innocent man, I desire it may be noted, that it has been told him by - his own friends, and I offer now to prove it to him by three - unquestionable witnesses, _that the book which he praised so - impertinently I was the author of, and that book which he let fly his - dirt upon I had no concern in_." - -This declaration of Defoe, which claims to him the pamphlet fastened on the -"ingenious and judicious Joseph Addison, Esq.," and repudiates that "judged -to be written by that prostituted fool of the last ministry, D---- D-- -F--," will amuse your readers, as it seems to form an admirable commentary -on the text-- - - "And every blockhead knows me by my style." - -We can fully accept his disclaimer of _The Triennial Act Impartially -Stated_. It is, however, singular enough that the style of the _Arguments -about the Alteration of Triennial Elections of Parliament_, without -attaching too much importance to that criterion, is not the style of Defoe; -and the Bill of Commerce with France is denounced in it in such terms as -"that destructive bill," "that fatal bill," as one can scarcely suppose, -without entertaining a meaner opinion of him than I feel assured he -deserves, he could or would, under any circumstances, have made use of. To -carry this Bill of Commerce he exerted all his great powers as a writer, -and supported it in the _Review_ and the _Mercator_, in the _Essay on the -Treaty of Commerce with France_ (1713, 8vo.), and in two other tracts, both -of which were unknown to Chalmers and Wilson, and have never been noticed -or included in the list of his works, namely, _Some Thoughts upon the -Subject of Commerce with France: by the Author of the Review_ (Baker, 1713, -8vo.), and _A general History of Trade, in which an Attempt is made to -state and moderate the present Disputes about settling a Commerce between -Great Britain and France for the Month of September_ (Baker, 1713); being -the fourth Number of the _History of Trade_, which Wilson says "extended -only to two Numbers" (vol. iii. p. 339.). In the _Appeal to Honour and -Justice_, published only the year before (1715), he supports the same cause -with all his strength. He vindicates the part he had taken, and says-- - - "This was my opinion, and is so still; and I would venture to maintain - it against any man upon a public stage, before a jury of fifty - merchants, and venture my life upon the cause, if I were assured of - fair play in the dispute."--_Works_, edit. 1841, vol. xx. p. 43. - -His opinion on the policy of the bill, as appears by all his subsequent -commercial works, never changed: and that he could so speak of it in this -pamphlet (_Arguments about the Alteration, &c._), supposing it to be his, -seems almost incredible. I feel convinced that no other similar instance -can be found, during the whole of his career, in which he can be shown to -express himself with such a total disregard of his avowed opinions and his -honest convictions. Were it certain that he had done so, then the character -which the Tolands, Oldmixons, and Boyers have given of him, as ready to -take up any cause for hire, and as the prostituted agent of a party, and -which I believe to be a base slander, would indeed be well deserved. But it -will be asked how, after so apparently distinct and explicit an avowal, can -it be doubted that he was the author of the pamphlet in question? I can -only account for it on the supposition that Defoe, in writing from -recollection of what Boyer had stated, in the following year, confounded -the pamphlet praised with one of the pamphlets noticed. It appears to me -that one of them, the full title of which is _Some Considerations on a Law -for Triennial Parliaments, with an enquiry_, 1. _Whether there may not be a -time when it is necessary to suspend the execution even of such Laws as are -most essential to the Liberties of the People?_ 2. _Whether this is such a -time or no?_ (London, printed for J. Baker and T. Warner, at the Black Boy, -in Paternoster Row, 1716, pp. 40.), and which is noticed in Boyer's list, -has infinitely more both of Defoe's style and manner of treating a subject -than the other pamphlet. I entertain no doubt that it was written by him, -though it has never hitherto been attributed to him; and it is far from -being unlikely that his recollection may have deceived him and that he may -have thought that Boyer's praise applied to this pamphlet, written on the -same side, and not to the other. It {579} will be observed that Defoe does -not give the title of the pamphlet, and that he does not notice that it was -attributed by Boyer to Addison; which he would scarcely have omitted doing -if he had written his letter with Boyer's words before him, in which also -the term "inconsistency" is not used. Such is my solution of the -difficulty, which unexplained would throw a new, and certainly a very -unfavourable light on Defoe's character as a pamphleteer and politician. - -JAMES CROSSLEY. - - * * * * * - -ARTHUR O'CONNOR. - -From the French recent papers we learn that Arthur O'Connor, one of the -prominent actors in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, has just closed his -prolonged life at his residence, the Chateau de Bignon, near Nemours (Seine -et Marne) in France. When, in 1834, by permission of the government of Lord -Grey, he and his accomplished wife were in this city (Cork), with the view -of disposing of his inherited and not confiscated property, in order to -invest the produce in France, I was almost in daily intercourse with them; -and, from my recollection of the lady's father, the Marquis de Condorcet, a -distinguished mathematician, but better known as the biographer and ardent -propagator of Voltaire's infidel principles, as well as the zealous -partisan of the Revolution, though finally its victim, I was always a -welcome visitor. O'Connor, whom Bonaparte had raised to the rank of General -of Division, equivalent to that of General in full in our service, being -next to the degree of Marshal, told me that the disunion and personal -altercations of the Irish Legion engaged in the service of the then -republican France had deservedly and utterly estranged and disgusted the -French successive rulers, particularly Napoleon, in whose triumphs they -consequently were not allowed to participate as a national body. The -rancorous duel between two officers, McSweeny and Corbet, both from Cork, -had made a deep impression on the great soldier, and the Legion was -disbanded. Having inquired from O'Connor whether he did not intend to -publish the events of his variegated life, he told me that he was preparing -the narrative; but, on mentioning to his wife that he had made this -acknowledgment, she immediately called on me with an earnest request that I -would dissuade him from doing so. She did not explain her motive, and I -only promised to avoid the future renewal of the subject in our -conversations. As yet, whatever preparations he may have made, the press -has not been resorted to; though, if in existence, as may be presumed, the -work, or its materials, will not, most probably, be suffered to remain in -closed and mysterious secrecy. The Memoirs, for so he entitled it, cannot -fail to be most interesting; for he was a man of truth, and incapable of -misrepresentation, though, of course, liable to misconception, in his -recital of events; nor can it be denied, that a history, in any degree -worthy of the theme--that is, of the Irish Rebellion, is still -unpublished.[1] Whatever objection may have prevented the publication -during his life, none, I should suppose and hope, can now be urged after -his death, which, singularly enough, in an article devoted to him in the -_Biographie Universelle_, I find as having occurred so long since as 1830. -His son, too, is there represented as the husband of his own mother! the -writer, with other confusions of facts, having mistaken Arthur for his -elder brother, Roger O'Connor, father of the present eccentric Feargus, -M.P. It is thus, too, that the great vocalist Braham is in the same -voluminous repository stated to have died of the cholera in August, 1830, -though, several years subsequently, I saw him in hale flesh and blood; but -the compilation, valuable, it must be admitted, in French biography, teems -with ludicrous blunders on English lives, which, in the new edition now in -state of preparation, will, I hope, be corrected. Even the articles of -Newton, though by Biot, and of Shakspeare and Byron by Villemain, are not -much to their credit, particularly the latter, in which the national -prejudices prominently emerge. - -O'Connor, after having for sixteen years occupied apartments in the house -of an eminent bookseller and printer, Monsieur Renouard, in the Rue de -Tournan, leading to the Luxembourg, and the only street that I remember, -now sixty years since, had a flagged footpath in that, at present, -embellished metropolis, purchased his late residence, the Chateau de -Bignon, with the proceeds of his paternal estates sold here, as previously -stated, in 1834. The purchase was made from the heirs of Mirabeau, who was -born in that mansion, and not in Provence, as generally supposed, because -that southern province was the family's original seat. The great orator's -father, distinguished, _per antiphrasim_, as "l'Ami des hommes," for he was -the most unamiable of men, had acquired and removed to the castle so -called, in order to approach the royal court of Versailles. The renowned -son's bursts of eloquence still, I may say, resound in my ears, dazzling -and entrancing my judgment, as Lord Chatham is reported similarly to have -affected his hearers. Yet my old friend Vergniaux's genuine oratory and -reasoning power struck me as far superior; and I can well believe that -Chatham's son's were to those of his father, which his contemporary, Hume, -no incompetent judge, and doubtless his {580} hearer, by no means exalts, -though the effects on his parliamentary audience appear to have been so -extraordinary. "At present," writes Hume (Essay xiii.), "there are above -half-a-dozen speakers in the two houses, who, in the judgment of the -public, have reached very nearly the same pitch of eloquence, and no man -pretends to give any one a preference over the next. This seems to me a -certain proof that none of them have attained much beyond mediocrity in -this art." Hume's _Essays_ first appeared in 1742, when the elder Pitt was, -indeed, young in parliament; but he survived till 1776, during which -interval Chatham's fame reached its culminating point. Yet, in all the -ensuing editions, the author never thought it necessary to modify his -depreciation of British eloquence. - -O'Connor, it is said, published his father-in-law Condorcet's _collective_ -works; but whether the edition of 1804 in 21 volumes is meant, I cannot -determine, though I know no other; nor does this contain his mathematical -writings. While outlawed in 1793 with the Girondist faction, he evaded, -from October to March, 1794, the revolutionary search, when he poisoned -himself, unwilling, he said, in some verses addressed to his wife, the -sister of Marshal Grouchy, further to participate in the horrors of the -period, though he had been most instrumental in preparing the way for them. -He chose, however, the better side, in his conception, of the proposed -alternative or dilemma: - - "Ils m'ont dit: Choisis d'etre oppresseur ou victime; - J'embrassai le malheur, et leur laissai le crime." - -Madame O'Connor, a child of five years old at her father's death, had a -very faint recollection of him; but I perfectly remember him, with his -ardent look, and, while still young, a grey head,--"a volcano covered with -snow," as was observed of him. O'Connor's only child, a mild gentlemanly -young man, but certainly not the inheritor of his parent's talents, -predeceased him, so that no descendant, either of Condorcet or O'Connor, -now survives. - -J. R. (of Cork). - -[Footnote 1: Indeed, the general history of the kingdom is still a sad -desideratum, and, in the impassioned dissensions of the people, not likely -to be adequately supplied.] - - * * * * * - -INEDITED POETRY. - -(Vol. v., pp. 387. 435.) - -By way of concluding my notes upon the MS. volume of poetry, from which I -have already transcribed two pieces (inserted at pages 387. 485. of your -present volume), I now send you the short poem referred to in my first -communication: - - "February 15th, past two in the morning. - Going to bed very ill. - - Oh, when shall I, from pain and sorrow free, - Enjoy calm rest, and lasting peace with thee! - When will my weary pilgrimage be o'er, } - When shall my soul from earth to heav'n soar, } - And, freed from flesh, the God of Gods adore. } - Oh thou who only knowest what is best, - Give me, oh give me, peace, content and rest! - In life and death, oh be thou ever nigh, - And my great weakness with thy strength supply. - If on the bed of sickness I am laid, - Then let me find that thou can'st give me aid. - My drooping soul may thy blest Spirit che_a_r, - And dissipate d_i_sponding gloomy fear. - May the bright angels watch around my bed, - And keep my timorous soul from fear and dread. - And should excess of agony or pain, - Or fever's rage o'er reason longest gain; - Even then protect me by thy mighty power, - Oh save me, save me, in that dreadful hour! - Make every thought such as thou mayst approve, - And every word show I my Maker love. - If void of reason I should think, or say, - _O_ught that's improper, wash such stain_e_s away. - Resign'd unto thy will let me submit, - With joy to whatsoe_v_er thou think'st fit. - In peace let me resign my latest breath, - And, void of fear, meet the grim tyrant death. - My parting soul let me to God entrust, - And hope a Resurrection with the just." - -The devotional feeling displayed in these lines, and the circumstances -under which they were composed, will probably render them interesting to -some of your readers. The other poems in the little volume relate chiefly -to the death of her beloved husband. I should have sent one of these had I -thought them suitable to your columns. Suffice it to say, that her grief -for her bereavement seems only to have been equalled by her affectionate -reminiscences of the piety and excellence of the departed bishop, and only -to have been assuaged by the "sure and certain hope" which filled her mind. -The Queries which I would found upon the MS. are two in number: - -1. What is the precise date of the author's death? - -2. The meaning (if any) of the subscription to the piece printed at page -435.? - -Permit me to notice a trifling error of the press, p. 387. col. 2. l. 21, -for _then_ read _them_; and to thank you for the space given to these three -communications. - -W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A. - -P.S.--Since writing the above I have seen the observation of your -correspondent C. B., p. 523.: I cannot think the meaning of the signature -so evident as he implies. His reason for the use of the name Juba is -evidently correct: I am indebted to him for the suggestion, and must -confess that the coincidence had escaped me. With regard to the word -Issham, had it been intended to signify that the former name was "assumed, -or false," it would certainly have been written I-sham, as C. B. evidently -feels. It is _possible_ that this part of the signature may have no -meaning: this I must leave for some other correspondent to determine. - - * * * * * - -{581} - -FOLK LORE. - -_Lancashire May-day Custom._--On the 1st of May, the following custom is -observed in some parts of Lancashire, though now very nearly obsolete. - -Late on the preceding night, or early on that morning, small branches of -trees are placed at the doors of houses in which reside any marriageable -girls. They are emblematical of the character of the maidens, and have a -well understood language of their own, which is rhythmical. Some speak -flatteringly, others quite the reverse: the latter being used when the -character of the person for whom it is intended is not quite "above -suspicion." - -A malicious rustic wag may sometimes put a branch of the latter description -where it is not deserved, but I believe this is an exception. - -I only remember a few of the various trees which are laid under -contribution for this purpose. The following will illustrate what I am -writing about. I must premise that _wicken_ is the local name for mountain -ash: - - _Wicken_, sweet chicken. - _Oak_, for a joke. - _Ash_, trash. - _Gorse in bloom_--rhymes with at noon, - -(I omit the epithet given here, as commonly, to an unchaste woman), and is -used for a notorious delinquent. - -A. B. - -Liverpool. - -_Hair cut off, an Antidote._--A few days ago I observed my old servant -thrusting something into the ear of one of my cows. Upon inquiry, I was -informed that it was hair cut off the calf's tail, the said calf having -been taken away from the cow on the previous morning: the butcher cut it -off, for the above purpose, "to make her forget the calf." I half resolved -on sending this account to "N. & Q.," but I hesitated, under the idea that -it would perhaps hardly be worth the while. But this afternoon my eye -caught the following scrap in a newspaper just published: - - "At Oldham, last week, a woman summoned the owner of a dog that had - bitten her. She said that she should not have adopted this course had - the owner of the animal given her some of its hair, to ensure her - against any evil consequences following the bite." - -There is so much similarity in the two cases, that I now would ask whether -your readers can throw any light on the subject? - -BOEOTICUS. - -Edgmond, Salop. - -_Weather Prophecy--The Oak Tree and the Ash_ (Vol. v., p. 534.).--When the -oak comes out before the ash, there will be fine weather in harvest. I have -remarked this for several years, and find it generally correct, as far as -such things can be. - -BOSQUECILLO VIEGO. - - * * * * * - -THE DIPHTHONG "AI." - -Speaking of the diphthong _ai_, Walker, in the "Principles of English -Pronunciation" prefixed to his _Dictionary_, says (Art. 202.): - - "The sound of this diphthong is exactly like the long slender sound of - _a_; thus, _pail_ a vessel, and _pale_ a colour, are perfectly the same - sound." - -This sound is analysed (Art. 225.) as follows: - - "This triphthong (_aye_) is a combination of the slender sound of _a_, - heard in _pa-per_; and the _e_ in metre." - -The sound, therefore, is a combination of _two simple_ sounds. But in a -previous article (8.) _a_, _e_, _o_ are called _simple_ vowels; or -(according to his definition): - - "Those which are formed by _one_ conformation of the organs only; that - is, the organs remain exactly in the _same_ position at the _end_ as at - the _beginning_ of the letter; whereas, in the _compound_ vowels _i_ - and _u_, the organs _alter_ their position before the letter is - completely sounded." - -Walker, therefore, makes the sound to be "_combination_ of _two simple_ -sounds," although he had already declared it to be a _simple_ sound. Now, -strange to say, Dr. Richardson, in his very valuable contribution to our -literature, viz. his 8vo. _Dictionary_ (a veritable _Richardson_, very long -ago foretold by Joe Miller), is guilty of the same inconsistency. In the -"Grammatical and Etymological Examination adapted to the Dictionary," he -reckons _thirteen simple_ vowels in our language. The _tenth_ is the "long -slender sound of _a_," as Walker would call it; and the sound is given us -(according to Richardson) in these words: "_Lame_, _Tame_, _Crane_, -_Faint_, and _Layman_." My Query is, ought not this sound to be transferred -from the _simple vowels_ under the _true diphthongs_? And ought we not to -distinguish between the pronunciation of _pail_ and _pale_, just as we do -between _neigh_, and _ne_ (French); _bait_ and _bete_ (French); or between -_pay_ and _pe_ (Welsh); _tay_ and _te_ (Welsh)? It is worthy of remark, -that the Welsh language has only the _simple_ sound, _not_ the -_diphthongal_? - -R. PRICE. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Notes. - -_A Bit o' fine Writin'._--In the Preface to certain _Lectures on -Ecclesiastes_, recently published, there occurs a choice scientific -illustration, the "intellectual vastitude" whereof "necessitates a certain -catholicity" of acquirements possessed by few readers. The author is -referring to Jerome, and says: - - "The most painful thing in his writings is the tone of _litigious - infelicity_ by which they are pervaded. It is a sort of _formic acid - which flows from the finger-points not of our good father alone, but of - a whole class of {582} divines; and, like the red marks left by the - feet of ants on litmus-paper, it discolours all his pages_." - -There are two vignettes in the work: one illustrates "Consider the lilies," -concerning which the artist had the benefit of an eminent botanist's -opinion, to ensure correctness in the design. The other represents Solomon -in all his glory, _driving his own chariot_, holding the reins in his right -hand, and a sceptre or "morning-star" in his left hand. Methinks this -illustration would not have passed muster with Mr. Scharf or Dr. Braun. - -AN UPLONDISHE MANNE. - -_Custom of Cranes in Storms._--Some of your readers may be able further to -illustrate the customs which I mention: - - "Ex avibus est praesagium coeli. When the crane taketh up a stone and - flies with it in his _foot_, it is a sign of a storm."--Bishop - Andrewes' _Orphan Lectures_, p. 92.: Lond. 1657, fol. - -Nonnus describes cranes as carrying stones in their _mouths_ to prevent -them from being carried hither and thither by the violence of winds and -storms.--_Dyonysiacks_, lib. xii. p. 689.: Antwerp, 1569. - -Bishop J. Taylor mentions a similar custom in the case of geese, but there -is a different reason assigned for it: - - "Aelian tells of the geese flying over the mountain Taurus: [Greek: - hosper embalontes sphisi stomion diapetontai]; that for fear of eagles - nature hath taught them to carry stones in their _mouths_ till they be - past their danger."--Sermon XXIII. _The Good and Evil Tongue._ Part II. - ab init., p. 168.: Lond. 1678, fol. - -RT. - -Warmington. - -_Aldress._--This word signifies the wife of an alderman. It is found on a -brass plate in the following epitaph, in the church of St. Stephen, -Norwich, as given by Blomefield, _Hist. Norw._, 1739, vol. ii. p. 595. -Where else may it be met with? It is assuredly a better designation than -that of "Mrs. Ald. A.," or "The Lady of Ald. B.;" and, from its occurrence -in this place, seems to be a term once in use: - - "Here ly buried Misstresse Maud Heade, - Sometyme an Aldress, but now am deade, - Anno MCCCCCLX and Seaven, - The XIII Day of April, then - My Lyf I leafte, as must all Men, - My Body yelding to Christen Dust, - My Soule to God the faithfull and Just." - -COWGILL. - -_How the Ancient Irish used to crown their King._-- - - "A White cow was brought forth, which the king must kill, and seeth in - water whole, and bathe himself therein stark naked; then, sitting, in - the same cauldron, his people about him, he must eat the flesh and - drink the broth wherein he sitteth, without cup or dish, or use of his - hand." - -Cited by Sir R. Peel in the debate on the Union with Ireland, April 25th, -1834. (_Mirror of Parliament_, p. 1311.) - -_One of Junius's Correspondents identified._--It has often appeared to me -that a portion of the pages of "N.& Q." would be usefully employed in -supplying information relative to works either anonymous, or by authors of -whom little is known. The French have one or two works expressly on this -subject, but we have not any of the kind. - -I have a volume now before me, concerning the author of which I now seek -for information, as he was one of those who entered the lists with Junius, -and addressed him under the signature of "An Advocate in the Cause of the -People." One of his letters is reprinted in vol. i. p. 429. of (I am sorry -to say) the unsatisfactory edition of the _Letters of Junius_ recently -published by Mr. Bohn; but the editor does not seem to have known the name -of this "Advocate." This I learn from the work in question: _Hope's Curious -and Comic Miscellaneous Works, started in his Walks_: London, printed for -the Author, 8vo. without year or printer's name; but the Preface is dated -April 24, 1780, and the Dedication is signed "John Hope," who had, he tells -us, "once the honour of sitting" in the House of Commons; and he also -informs us that Falkner wrote part of the poem _The Shipwreck_ under his -roof. Besides many amusing articles in prose and verse, the volume contains -twenty-one papers entitled "The Leveller," which I believe originally -appeared periodically in the _Westminster Mag._; but I do not find them -noticed by Drake in his Essays on that class of literature. - -F. R. A. - -Oak House. - - [We entirely agree with our Correspondent on the subject of the first - part of his Note; and can assure him there are no communications which - we more earnestly desire than such as identify the authors of anonymous - works, or furnish new information respecting writers of whom little is - known.--ED.] - - * * * * * - - -Queries. - -OLD MUSIC. - -I feel thankful to DR. RIMBAULT for the "Old Concert Bill" which you have -printed in Vol. v., p. 556., and wish it may lead to more contributions -towards what does not exist, but is much to be wished for, a history of -_instrumental_ music in this country. Having had this subject in my mind a -good while, and having had occasion to observe how defective and erroneous -the supposed sources of information are, I have from time to time made -memoranda, which would be at the service of anybody who would undertake -such a {583} work as the correction of the _Dictionary of Musicians_, or -the compilation of a more complete work. My notes indeed are not of much -importance, but it is the kind of case in which every little helps. In this -concert bill, for instance, relating to a first-rate performance, we have -five names, Grano, Dieupart, Pippo, Vebar, and Baston, which are not in the -Dictionary. As to the first, I only know him by a set of solos for a violin -or flute, which I have; of the next three, I know nothing; and of the last, -I did not know that he performed Woodcock's music, or indeed that he -performed at all, though I knew him as a composer. And in a volume now -lying before me, "XII Concertos" by Woodcock are followed by "Six Concertos -in Six Parts for Violins and Flutes, viz.: a Fifth, Sixth, and Concert -Flute: the proper Flute being nam'd to each Concerto; composed by Mr. John -Baston," and printed for Walsh. He is not, however, named either as a -composer or performer in the Dictionary. It may be said that these are -obscure persons; but that is the very reason why some slight, plain notice -of them should exist somewhere; for the history of an art is not well -written, or well understood, if there is not some easy way of learning more -or less about the obscure persons who are every now and then coming on the -stage. - -To this note, may I be allowed to add a couple of Queries which perhaps -some musical reader may be able and willing to answer. - -1. Who was "_Joseph_ Jackson, Batchelor in Music, late of St. John's -College, Oxford;" and did he compose anything beside six sonatas for two -violins and a violoncello, which were "printed for the widow by Thompson -and Son in St. Paul's Churchyard," I suppose (from some other "just -published" music advertised on the title-page) about a century ago? - -2. I have also-- - - "Six Trio pour deux Violons et Alto Viola ou Basse oblige. Composes par - Mr. Bach; mis au jour par Mr. Huberty de l'Academie Royale de Musique, - graves par M^e son Epouse. Oeuvre II." - -Which Bach was the composer? I do not pretend to know by the style, being -only-- - -AN AMATEUR. - - * * * * * - -TREASURY OF ST. MARK'S; RECORD AT TIBERIUS. - -In Howell's _Familiar Letters_, edit. 1726, p. 62., he says that he saw in -the Treasury of St. Mark's, Venice, a huge[2] iron chest as tall as -himself-- - - "that hath no lock, but a crevice through which they cast in the gold - that's bequeathed to St. Mark in legacies, whereon is engraven this - proud motto: - - 'Quando questo scrinio S'apria, - Tutto 'l Mundo tremera.' - - 'When this chest is opened, the whole world shall tremble.'" - -Is there any other account of this chest, or of its having been opened, as -it was evidently reserved for some great necessity? Did not the exigencies -of the state, during its decline, compel the Venetians to resort to it; if -not, such a treasure could hardly escape the lynx-eyed rapacity of some one -of the many spoilers to whom the unfortunate city has been subject. At p. -275. he gives an account of having read in _Suidas_, that in his time a -record existed at Tiberius which was found in the Temple at Jerusalem when -it was destroyed, which affirms that our Saviour was in his lifetime upon -earth chosen a priest of the Temple, and registered therein as "Jesus -Christ, the Son of God and of the Virgin Mary." Howell requests the opinion -of Dr. Usher, Lord Primate of Ireland, on the subject. Is there any -corroborative evidence that such a register existed? - -E. N. W. - -Southwark. - -[Footnote 2: "huge" corected from "hugh"--Transcriber.] - - * * * * * - -UNICORN. - -Can any of your correspondents refer me to an account of the supposed -habits of this animal, which in these matter-of-fact days we must, I -presume, be content to consider as fabulous? I am desirous to know from -what source we derive the stories of the animosity between the lion and -unicorn, and the curious way of catching the latter, which are referred to -in Spenser's _Faerie Queen_, Act II. Sc. 5. 10.: - - "Like as a lyon, whose imperiall powre, - A prowd rebellious unicorn defyes, - T'avoide the rash assault and wrathful stowre - Of his fiers foe, him a tree applyes, - And when him ronning in full course he spyes, - He slips aside; the whiles that furious beast - His precious horne, sought of his enemyes, - Strikes in the stocke, ne thence can be releast, - But to the mighty victor yields a bounteous feast." - -Shakspeare also (_Julius Caesar_, Act II. Sc. 1.) speaks of the supposed -mode of entrapping them: - - "For he loves to hear, - That unicorns may be betrayed with trees, - And bears with glasses, elephants with holes, - Lions with toils, and men with flatterers." - -The ancients were most liberal with their descriptions of fabulous animals, -and the Monoceros or Unicorn was a favourite subject with them; but I am -not aware whether or no the account which Spencer gives has so early an -origin. - -The connexion of the unicorn with the lion in the royal arms of this -country naturally forces itself upon the attention, and I find that the -present arms were settled at the accession of George I. We owe the -introduction of the unicorn, however, to James I.; who, as King of -Scotland, bore two unicorns, and coupled one with the English lion when the -two kingdoms were {584} united. Perhaps some of your correspondents can -inform me how two unicorns became the "supporters" of the "achievement" of -the Scottish kings. - -The position of the lion and unicorn in the arms of our country seems to -have given rise (and naturally enough in the mind of one who was ignorant -of heraldic decoration) to a nursery rhyme, which I well remember to have -learnt: - - "The lion and the unicorn - Were fighting for the crown, - The lion beat the unicorn - All round the town," &c. &c.; - -unless it alludes to a contest for dominion over the brute creation, which -Spenser's "rebellious unicorn" seems to have waged with the tawny monarch. - -ERICA. - - * * * * * - -FLANAGAN ON THE ROUND TOWERS OF IRELAND. - -Can you tell me anything of the history of a little work, of which the -following is the title?-- - - "A Discourse of the Round Towers of Ireland, in which the errors of the - various writers on that subject are detected and confuted, and the true - cause of so many differences among the learned, on the question of - their use and history, is assigned and demonstrated. By John Flanagan, - Kilkenny. Printed for the author by Thomas Kelly, 1843." - -It was purchased by a Dublin bookseller at Jones' last sale (Catalogue, No. -704.), for 2s. 6d. The bookseller, who has kindly lent me the book, says -that it was never printed in Kilkenny, and that it is very scarce, he -having seen only one other copy of it. It is a small quarto of twenty-four -pages, beautifully printed on good paper, which leads me also to believe -that the book could not have been printed in Kilkenny. The author, whoever -he was or is, boldly says that, "There are no Round Towers in Ireland," p. -8., and through the pages of the work runs a vein of nonsense, which would -lead a person to think that the author was not very right in his mind. -Still, there is something very remarkable in the production. - -R. H. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Queries. - -_St. Augustine's Six Treatises on Music._--Dupin mentions St. Augustine's -_Six Treatises on Music_: do these exist in print? if so, in what edition -are they to be found? - -E. A. H. L. - -_Bishop Merriman._--A few years ago inquiry was unsuccessfully made in the -_Gentleman's Magazine_, and elsewhere both in England and Ireland for some -particulars of John Merriman, the first Protestant Bishop of Down and -Connor. - -In Cox's _Hibernia Anglicana_ it appears that "Loftus, Archbishop of -Armagh, was consecrated by the Popish Archbishop Curwin; Thomas Lancaster, -the first Protestant Bishop of Kildare, was consecrated by Archbishop -Brown; and John Merriman, the first Protestant Bishop of Down and Connor, -was consecrated by Lancaster when Primate." - -This Bishop Merriman had been chaplain to Queen Elizabeth; he was made -Vicar of St. John's, Atheboy, in the first year of her reign, and was -consecrated Bishop of Down and Connor, Jan. 19, 1568/9. He died in 1572. - -The probable father of Bishop Merriman may be found in the _Rutland -Papers_, published by the Camden Society, where _Mr. Meryman_, in a second -list called _William Meryman_, who held some office in the "Kechyn," is -selected as one of the attendants on Henry VIII. and Queen Katherine to the -Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. - -There was formerly a family of the name of Merriman residing in Ireland: -does it now exist? In England there are several families of this name: are -any of them descended from this source? - -T. D. P. - -_The Escubierto._--Where can the effusions of the Capateiro da Bandarra be -seen in England? And has any of your correspondents read them, so as to be -able to explain the nature of his language and teaching concerning the -Escubierto? I believe it is admitted, that the doctrine of the -Sebastianistas is superadded, exegetically, to that of the Capateiro, and -is not to be found in him. - -A. N. - -_J. Scandret._--I should be much obliged for any information respecting "J. -Scandret, priest of the Church of England," the author of a little treatise -entitled _Sacrifice, the Divine Service_, originally published in 1707; -with a recommendation from the celebrated Charles Leslie, Chancellor of -Connor. Mr. Parker, of Oxford, reprinted it in 1840; but as "N. & Q." had -not then begun its useful career, the editor was unable to satisfy that -curiosity which most readers feel respecting the authors of such books as -merit their attention. - -E. H. A. - -_Mary Horton._--I find in Burke's _Extinct Baronetage_, p. 269. (article -"Horton of Chadderton"), that "William Horton, of Coley, in Halifax parish, -died in 1739-40: by Mary his wife, daughter of (Thomas) Chester, Esq., he -left an only daughter, _Mary_, living and unmarried in 1766." Can any one -inform me whether this Mary Horton ever _married_, when she _died_, and -where she was buried? - -TEWARS. - -_Biblicus on the Apocalypse._--I shall feel much obliged if any reader of -"N. & Q." will give me information respecting a series of articles which -appeared about the year 1819 in some newspaper or periodical with the -signature of _Biblicus_ {585} appended to them: they were intended, as far -as I can learn, to be a sort of commentary on some portion of the -Apocalypse. The writer left his work unfinished; but as many as appeared -thus periodically were afterwards published in a separate pamphlet. I -should be glad to know where a copy of this pamphlet is to be had; or in -what paper the articles originally appeared. - -F. N. - -_Cleopatra playing at Billiards._--Perhaps one of your readers, more -learned in Shakspeare than myself, can tell me what game he refers to in -the following extract: - - "_Cleo._ Let us to billiards. Come, Charmian. - _Char._ My arm is sore: best play with Mardian." - _Ant. and Cleo._, Act II. Sc. 5. - -Can the game of billiards, as we now have it, boast of such high antiquity -as to have been played by "the serpent of Old Nile;" or is the mention of -it simply one of the great poet's anachronisms? - -CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. - -"_Then comes the reckoning_," &c.--Who is the author of the following -well-known couplet? - - "Then comes the reckoning when the feast is o'er, - The dreadful reckoning, when men smile no more." - -A CONSTANT READER. - -_Giving the Sack._--Will any of your numerous readers kindly explain to me -the _origin_ of the phrases "to give any one the sack or bag," and "einem -einen Korb geben"? We must all be aware of their acceptation. - -THOMAS LAWRENCE. - -Ashby-de-la-Zouch. - -_Scotch Provincial Tokens of the Seventeenth Century._--Can any of your -readers inform me if there were any of these tokens, which were so abundant -throughout England, Wales, and Ireland, issued in Scotland? - -R. H. B. - -_Burial of Sir John Moore._--You have had many very interesting -communications respecting the justly admired poem on "The Burial of Sir -John Moore." Let me ask whether it was a matter of fact, that they "buried -him darkly at dead of night"? I believe the clergyman who read the service -is now living near Hereford, and that he will state that the interment took -place _in the morning_ after the battle. - -BALLIOLENSIS. - -_Mexican, &c. Grammar._--I hope some of your readers can tell me where I -may get a grammar of the language of the Mexicans, Chilians, or any other -of the tribes of South America. The Spanish missionaries compiled grammars -of some of the South American tongues; but I think they must have become -scarce, as I can never find one in any catalogue of old books. - -W. B. D. - -_Foundation Stones._--In the _Illustrated News_ of the 29th of May, is an -account of the masonic jewels for the grand lodge of England, including -three ivory gavels for "laying foundation stones:" hence arise the -following Queries. - -When did the laying of foundation stones first become a ceremony? - -What old foundation stones have been restored to light, showing the date of -laying, and the accessories used, whether oil, wine, and corn, or what -else? I have never seen an allusion to such discovery in the demolition of -old buildings. - -JNO. D. ALLCROFT. - -Oxford Square. - -_Mary Faun._--Can any of your subscribers give me any account of the -ancestry of Mary Faun said to have married Thomas Charlton, Esq.? See -Burke's _Landed Gentry_, vol. i. p. 209. - -B. - -_Tonson and the Westminsters._--I have a small duodecimo print, in which -are represented three scenes,-- - - A man tossed in a blanket. - A man flogged. - A man begging. - -This victim is said to be Jacob Tonson, the printer. The tormentors, who -are all in collegiate dresses, are said to be Westminster Collegians. - -Are these scenes facts or fictions? - -What was Tonson's offence? - -Is there any other explanation of the print? - -I hope some old Westminster to whom the school tradition may have descended -will be kind enough to answer these Queries. - -GRIFFIN. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Queries Answered. - -_Lady Farewell's Funeral Sermon._--Would any of your correspondents help me -to unravel the mystery (if there be any) involved in the typography of the -Latin portion of the following title of a book "printed for Edw. Brewster, -at the Crane, in St. Paul's Church-yard, 1661?" - - "Magna Charta; or the Christian's Charter Epitomized. In a Sermon - preached at the Funerall of the Right Worshipfull the Lady Mary - Farewell at Hill-Bishops near Taunton, by Geo. Newton, Minister of the - Gospel there. - - D. FareweLL obIIt MarIa saLVtIs - In anno - Hos annos posItos VIXIt & Ipsa - VaLe." - -W. A. J. - - [The information required by our correspondent is more quaint and - curious than difficult to supply. The four lines with which the title - concludes form a chronogram, or an inscription comprising a certain - date and number, expressed by those letters inserted in larger - characters; which are to be taken separately and added together, - according to their value as Roman numerals. When the arithmetical - letters occurring in the first two lines are thus taken, they will be - found to compose the year 1660, when the Lady Farewell died, {586} as - the words declare; and when the numerals are selected from the last two - lines, they exhibit 74, her age at the time, as they also indicate; in - the following manner:-- - - D 500 I 1 - LL 100 VIXI 17 - II 2 I 1 - MI 1001 VL 55 - LVI 56 -- - I 1 74 - ---- -- - 1660 - - The lady who is commemorated in this inscription was the daughter of - Sir Edwald Seymour of Berrie Castle, in Devonshire, Baronet, and wife - of "the excellently-accomplished Sir George Farewell, Knight, who died - May 14, 1647;" as it is recorded on his monument at Hill-Bishops. In - the same epitaph it is stated, that she was the mother of twenty - children, and that she died Dec. 13, 1660; and the inscription - concludes with these verses to the united memory of Sir George and Lady - Farewell: - - "A person graceful, learn'd, humble, and good, - Well match'd with beautie, virtue, and high blood: - Yet, after sufferings great and long, both dead - To mind us where great worth is honoured." - - Collinson's _Somersetshire_, vol. iii. p. 255. - - The practice of making chronograms for the expressing of dates in - books, epitaphs, and especially on medals, was extremely common in the - sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. One of the most remarkable is that - commemorating the death of Queen Elizabeth:-- - - "My Day Is Closed In Immortality:" - - the arithmetical formula of which is M = 1000 + D = 500 + C = 100 + III - = 3 = A. D. 1603. In the second paper by Addison on the different - species of false wit (_Spectator_, No. 60) is noticed the medal that - was struck of Gustavus Adolphus, with the motto: - - "ChrIstVs DuX ergo trIVMphVs." - - "If you take the pains," continues the author, "to pick the figures out - of the several words, and range them in their proper order, you will - find they amount to MDCXVVVII, or 1627; the year in which the medal was - stamped." - - There is one peculiarity in the chronogram sent by our correspondent, - which singularly illustrates a passage in Shakspeare, and by which also - it is most amusingly illustrated. It will be observed, that the Rev. G. - Newton takes advantage of the double letters at the end of Farewell, to - express 100: and it will be remembered that "good M. Holofernes," in - _Love's Labour's Lost_, introduces the same thought into his sonnet as - an exquisite and far-fetched fancy: - - "If Sore be sore, then _L to Sore_ - _Makes Fifty Sores_: Oh sore L! - Of _One_ sore I _an Hundred_ make, - By adding but _One more L_."] - -_Sir E. K. Williams._--Will any gentleman refer me to the pedigree of -Lieut.-Gen. Sir Edmund Kenyon Williams, a distinguished Peninsular officer, -who died about three years ago? And also, where can I find or obtain such a -book as the _History of Aberystwith, or Blaina Gwent?_ - -C. W. - -Bradford. - - [Sir Edmund Keynton Williams, K.C.B., born 1779, at Mathern, county of - Monmouth, died Dec. 7, 1849, Colonel of the 80th Regiment of Foot, was - only son of the Rev. Henry Williams, Vicar of Undy, county of Monmouth; - who was second son of Edmund Williams, of Incasryddit, in the parish of - Bedwelty, county of Monmouth; and grandson of William Williams of the - same place. Where any farther account of his family can be found we - know not.] - -_Order of the Cockle._--What sort of Order was this? Was it the Order of -_St. Michael_? It is mentioned incidentally by John Knox in his _History of -the Reformation of Religion in Scotland_ (book v.): - - "In the end of January [1566] arrived an ambassador from France, named - Monsieur Rambullet, having with him about forty horse in train, who - came from England. He brought with him the Order of the Cockle from the - King of France to the king [Lord Darnley], who received the same at the - mass, in the chapel of the palace of Holyrood House." - -In 1548, also, the Duke of Chatelherault, and the Earls of Huntly, Argyle, -and Angus, had been invested with the same Order (book i.). Of course, Knox -was always ready to ridicule such "remnants of paganism and popery." - -R. S. F. - -Perth. - - [The order which Dudley received was that of St. Michael. There was - formerly in France an order "du navire et de la coquille de mer," - instituted, says Perrot[3], by St. Louis, in 1269, in memory of a - perilous expedition which he made by sea for the succour of Christians; - but adds, "il a peu survecu a son fondateur."] - -[Footnote 3: _Collection Historique des Ordres de Chevalerie._ Paris, 4to. -1820, p. 270.] - -_Waller Family._--I find from Clutterbuck's _Herts_, vol. ii. p. 476., that -Sir Henry Boteler, Kt., of Hatfield Woodhall, Herts, married to his first -wife, at Watton Woodhall, Herts, July 26, 1563, Katherine, daughter of -Robert Waller, of Hadley, and widow of Mr. Pope. I have examined all the -pedigrees of the Wallers I can find to ascertain to which branch of them -this lady belonged. Can any of your readers supply me with any particulars -of her family? - -TEWARS. - - [Possibly from the Wallers of Groombridge, county of Sussex. Thomas - Waller, of Lansdall, in that county, second son of Thomas Waller, of - Groombridge, had a son, Thomas, whose only daughter and heir, - Catherine, married Thomas Pope, of Henfield, county of Sussex. In such - cases the Christian name given by Clutterbuck may be wrong.--See the - Histories of Kent and Sussex for the account of the Wallers.] - -{587} - -_Life of St. Werburgh._--In King's _Vale Royal_, and other works on -Cheshire antiquities, reference is made to a _Life of St. Werburgh_ in -verse, by Henry Bradshaw, a monk of Chester. I am anxious to ascertain -whether the original MS. is now in existence; and, if not, in what -collection a _copy_ of the poem is preserved? - -T. H. - - [Mr. Hawkins of the British Museum edited a reprint of this _Life of - St. Werburgh_ for the Chetham Society, and in Mr. H.'s preface will be - found all that is known of the existing copies of the printed work. The - Editor did not know of any manuscript copy of the _Life_.] - -_Blindman's Holiday._--I have frequently heard the term "Blind Man's -Holiday" used when it is getting dark in the evening, and one cannot see to -read or write, work, &c. I have asked several persons if they knew the -origin and reason of application of this expression, but can obtain no -satisfactory explanation. Can any of your readers furnish one? - -W. H. C. - - [Florio has "_Feriato_, vacancy from labour, rest from worke, - _blindman's holiday_." That amusing old antiquary, Dr. Pegge, made a - query of this term about half a century ago. He says, "The twilight, or - rather the hour between the time when one can no longer see to read, - and the lighting of the candle, is commonly called _blindman's - holiday_: _qu._ the meaning or occasion of this proverbial saying? I - conceive, that at that time, all the family being at leisure to - converse and discourse, should there be a blind person in the family, - it is the time when his happiness is greatest, every one then being at - liberty to attend to, and to entertain him."--_Anonymiana_, cent. iii. - sect. xviii.] - -_Ab. Seller._--Any information respecting Ab. Seller, rector of -Combentynhead, Devon, and author of _The Devout Communicant, assisted with -Rules for the Worthy Receiving of the Blessed Eucharist_, London, 1686, -will be much valued by - -E. D. R. - - [Abednego Seller was a native of Plymouth, educated at Lincoln College, - Oxford; minister of Combentynhead, in Devonshire, and subsequently - vicar of St. Charles, Plymouth; but was deprived for refusing to take - the oaths to William III. In Hearne's _MS. Diaries_, 1710, vol. xxv. - occurs a notice of him:--"Mr. Abednego Seller was another Nonjuror, and - had also collected an excellent study of books; but as he was a man of - less learning than Dr. Thomas Smith [the editor of Bede], so his books - were inferior to them, and heaped together with less discretion." - Another notice of him occurs in Granger's _Biog. Dict._, vol. iv. p. - 11.;--"Mr. Ashby, President of St. John's College, Cambridge, has a - copy of _Konigii Bibliotheca_, interleaved and filled with MS. notes by - A. Seller." He was the author of several works which are given in - Watt's _Bibliotheca Britan._, but the following is omitted: _Remarks - upon the Reflections of the Author of 'Popery Misrepresented,' &c. in - his Answerer, particularly as to the Deposing Doctrine_, Anon., London, - 4to. 1686. Another work has also been attributed to him, viz. - _Considerations upon the Second Canon in the Book entitled - 'Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiastical,'_ &c. Lond., 4to. 1693. - Seller died about 1720, aged seventy-three. A letter from Seller to - Humphrey Wanley, concerning Greek music, &c., will be found in the - Harl. MSS. No. 3782, Art. 26. Consult also Wood's _Athenae Oxon._, vol. - iv. p. 563. edit. Bliss.] - -_Martin-drunk._--1. Thomas Nash, in his classification of drunkards, -describes the seventh species as "Martin-drunk, when a man is drunk, and -drinks himself sober ere he stir." What is the origin of the expression -"Martin-drunk?" - -2. This passage reminds me of a line, which I fancied I had read in Lord -Byron, but which I am now unable to trace. It is (if I remember aright): - - "And drinking largely sobers one again." - -Can you give me a reference for this, either in Byron or any other of our -poets? - -HENRY H. BREEN. - -St. Lucia. - - [2. The latter passage occurs in Pope's _Essay on Criticism_, line - 215:-- - - "A little learning is a dangerous thing! - Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: - There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, - And drinking largely sobers us again."] - -_Bagster's English Version._--Who edited Bagster's English version of the -_Polyglott Bible_? The preface is signed T. C. Whence is the motto: - - [Greek: Pollai men thnetois Glottai, mia d' Athanatoisin?] - -A. A. D. - - [The late Dr. Thomas Chevalier was the editor, and wrote the Preface; - and the Rev. H. F. Cary supplied the Greek motto.] - - * * * * * - - -Replies. - -REPLY TO MR. HICKSON'S OBJECTIONS. - -Vol. v., pp. 554. 573.) - -That MR. HICKSON should have discovered no graver objections to certain -suggestions of mine respecting the text of Shakspeare than those he has -brought forward, is of itself no slight testimonial in their favour. - -In one instance I have already (Vol. v., p. 210.) shown MR. HICKSON (I -trust _satisfactorily_) that his then somewhat similar objection had no -weight; nor do these now advanced appear much more formidable. - -As to the passage from _As You Like It_, which MR. HICKSON remarks is -capable of a moral as well as a physical interpretation--undoubtedly it is! -But, in the first place, it must still remain a matter of opinion _which_ -sense best accords with the context: and, secondly, even admitting the -moral sense to be the true one, still it does not necessarily disturb the -analogy between it and {588} Imogen's allusion to the _jay of Italy_. In -that case, also, the _moral_ sense may be understood as implying the -absence of all principle other than that derived from her own gaudy vanity. - -Were I disposed to cavil, I might, in my turn, question MR. HICKSON'S -estimate of Phebe's beauty. Surely Rosalind's depreciation of it is not -real, but only assumed, for the purpose of humbling, Phebe! _Inky brows, -black silk hair, bugle eye-balls, cheek of cream_--these are not items in a -catalogue of ugliness! - -MR. HICKSON'S second objection (p. 573.) is to my explanation of the -demonstrative _that_ in the Duke's opening speech in _Measure for Measure_. -He thinks that, according to "the language we in England use," the Duke -would have used the word _this_ instead of _that_. - -Does MR. HICKSON seriously mean to say that Shakspeare's language is to be -scanned by our present ideas of correctness? Is the bold sweep of the -Master's hand to be measured by the graduation of modern convention? Are -there no instances in Shakspeare of the indiscriminate substitution of -personal and impersonal pronouns--of active and passive participles--of -words and phrases waiting upon the magician's wind, like familiar spirits, -to be moulded to his will, and acknowledging no rule but of _his_ creation? - -But, in the present case, I will not admit that any such licence is -necessary. To MR. HICKSON'S question, "Is this the language we in England -use?" I answer, It is! - -We do, even at the present day, say to a messenger, "Take _that_ to," &c., -even before we have transferred the missive from our hand to his. I can -even fancy an individual, less anxious perhaps about grammar than -benevolence, stretching forth to some unfortunate, and exclaiming, while -yet his intended gift was in his own keeping, "_There needs but_ THAT _to -your relief--there it is!_" - -It does not seem to have occurred to MR. HICKSON that the same "fatal -objection" which he brings forward against _that_, might also be pleaded -against _there_. When the Duke says, "_There_ is our commission:" why not, -"_Here_ is our commission"? _There_ stands precisely in the same relation -to _that_, as _here_ does to _this_! - -A. E. B. - -Leeds. - - * * * * * - -THE TERM "MILESIAN." - -(Vol. v., p. 453.) - -In reference to the communication of MR. RICHARDS, but I have not seen MR. -FRASER'S Query, I beg to observe, for the honour of "Old Ireland," that -upwards of thirty years since, the Royal Irish Academy awarded to me a -prize of 80l., with the Cunningham gold medal, for an _Essay on the Ancient -History, &c. of Ireland_. It was published in the sixteenth volume of their -_Transactions_ to an extent of 380 pages quarto; and Mr. Moore has done me -the honour to write to me, that it was his guide throughout the first two -volumes of his history of this country. In that Essay, I have written very -fully of the "Milesian" colonisation; so called, not directly from Milesius -himself, but from his two sons, Heber and Heremon, who led the expedition. -The native annalists represent the course of the emigrants through the -Mediterranean by such progressive stages as indicate the state and progress -of the Phoenicians after their exodus under the conduct of Cadmus; though -the ingenuity of the Bards occasionally introduced that colouring of -romance, which perhaps can alone make very remote objects distinguishable. -External testimonies of these oriental wanderers are traceable through -_Herodotus_, lib. iv. c. 42.; _Pliny_, c. 86.; Nennius, _Hist. Britt._, c. -9.; Thomas Walsingham, _Ypodigma Neustriae_ ad ann. 1185. The venerable -WINTOUN adopts all the traditions of the Irish Chronicles on the subject -(_Cronyk. of Scotl._, lib. ii. c. 9.); and Macpherson declares -(_Dissertation_, p. 15.) that such of the ancient records of Scotland as -escaped the barbarous policy of Edward I. support this account. The writers -on Spanish history, the _Hispania Illustrata_, De Bellegarde's _Hist. Gen. -d'Espagne_, vol. i. c. i. p. 4., Emanuel de Faria y Sousa, &c., carry the -links through Spain; and such indeed has been the long and general faith in -the tradition, that it has been actually embodied, even to the names of -those alleged leaders Heber and Heremon, in an act of parliament (of -Ireland I must admit) in the eleventh year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, -and through an occurrence therein engrafted upon it is expressly derived -one of Her Majesty's-- - - "Auntient and sundrie strong authentique tytles for the Kings of - England to this land of Ireland." - -JOHN D'ALTON. - -48. Summer Hill, Dublin. - - * * * * * - -BEN. JONSON'S ADOPTED SONS. - -(Vol. v., p. 537.) - -I doubt if _Alexander_ Brome was one of Ben. Jonson's adopted sons. It is -not improbable, however, that _Richard_ Brome (author of the comedies of -_The Northern Lass_ and the _Antipodes_) was one. In Ben. Jonson's -_Underwoods_ is a poem to Richard Brome "on his comedy of _The Northern -Lass_," which commences thus: - - "I had you for a servant once, Dick Brome, - And you perform'd a servant's faithful parts; - Now you are got into a nearer room - Of fellowship, professing my old arts." - -Thomas Randolph was certainly one of Jonson's sons. See in his _Poems_ (4th -edit. p. 17.): "A {589} gratulatory to M. Ben. Jonson for his adopting of -him to be his _son_." - -In Jonson's _Underwoods_ is a poem "To my _dear Son_ and right learned -Friend Master Joseph Rutter." This is in praise of his "first play," but I -am unable to state what that play was; nor can I give further information -respecting Master Joseph Rutter, than that he is apparently the author of -"An Elegy upon Ben. Jonson" in _Jonsonus Viribus_. - -Of William Cartwright Ben. Jonson used to say, "_My son_, Cartwright, -writes all like a man." (Campbell's _Specimens of the British Poets_, ed. -1841, p. 183.) - -James Howell was another of Jonson's sons, and has, in _Jonsonus Viribus_, -some lines "Upon the Poet of his Time, Benjamin Jonson, his honoured Friend -and _Father_." - -Shackerley Marmion seems to have been another son. See in _Jonsonus -Viribus_, "A Funeral Sacrifice to the sacred memory of _his thrice-honoured -father_ Ben. Jonson." - -If Jonson really had twelve sons, it is not improbable that some of the -following were of the number: Sir Kenelm Digby, Thomas Carew, John -Cleveland, Sir John Suckling, Thomas May, Edward Hyde (afterwards Earl of -Clarendon), Owen Feltham, Jasper Mayne, Richard West, John Vaughan, Thomas -Hobbes. - -I should have been disposed to have added to the above illustrious list the -name of Edmund Waller, but for a statement of Aubrey, who says, "He told me -he was not acquainted with Ben. Jonson" (Aubrey's _Lives_, p. 564.). - -Aubrey (_Lives_, p. 413.), speaking of Ben. Jonson, says: - - "Serjeant Jo. Hoskins, of Herefordshire, was his _father_. I remember - his sonne (S^r Bennet Hoskins, baronet, who was something poeticall in - his youth), told me, that when he desired to be adopted his son, 'No,' - sayd he, ''tis honour enough for me to be your brother; I am your - father's son, 'twas he that polished me, I do acknowledge it.'" - -I observe that, prefixed to Randolph's _Poems_, are some lines by Richard -West, B.A., and student of Christ's Church: "To the pious Memory of my dear -_Brother-in-Law_, Mr. Thomas Randolph." As West must have been unmarried, -and as I believe Randolph was also unmarried, it is possible that West -calls him his brother-in-law from his being also an adopted son of Ben. -Jonson. - -C. H. COOPER. - -Cambridge. - - * * * * * - -SHAKSPEARE'S SEAL. - -(Vol. v., p. 539.) - -There is a very full and curious account of a _ring_-seal (of which I -possess two red wax impressions), supposed to have belonged to Shakspeare, -in a work unassumingly entitled _A Guide to Stratford-upon-Avon_, by R. B. -Wheler, published in 1814. I presume _that_ is the seal--or, rather, -_ring_-seal--to which reference is made; but how far Mr. Wheler's -statements and speculations may encourage "belief in the genuineness of -this relic," your correspondent, and others taking any interest in such -matters, must for themselves determine. - -As the publication above named is before me, it may not be unacceptable to -give a summary of Mr. Wheler's narrative, which occupies eight concluding -pages of the _Guide_. It appears that on the 16th March, 1810, an ancient -gold ring, weighing 12 dwts., and bearing the initials "W. S.," engraved in -Roman characters, was found by a labourer's wife upon the surface of the -mill-close adjoining Stratford churchyard, being the exact spot whereon Mr. -Oldaker since erected his present residence. It had undoubtedly been lost a -great many years, being nearly black; and, continues Mr. W.,-- - - "Though I purchased it upon the same day, for 36s. (the current value - of the _gold_), the woman had sufficient time to destroy the 'precious - _aerugo_' by having it unnecessarily immersed in _aquafortis_, to - ascertain and prove the metal, at a silversmith's shop, which - consequently restored its original colour. It is of tolerably large - dimensions, and evidently a gentleman's ring of Elizabeth's age. - Similar seal-rings are represented on cotemporary paintings and - monuments: and the crossing of the central lines of the 'W.' with the - oblique direction of the lines of the 'S.' exactly agree with the - characters of that day. For proof we need wander no farther than - Stratford Church, where the Totness and Clopton tombs will furnish - representations of rings, and Shakspeare's monument of letters, - perfectly corresponding in point of shape. The connexion or union of - the letters by _the ornamental string and tassels_" [or _True Lover's - Knot_, according to your correspondent], "was then frequently used, of - which numberless instances may be found upon seals and upon - inscriptions, in painted windows, and in the title-pages of books of - that period; and for further coincidence of circumstances, it may be - observed over the porch leading into the hall of Charlcote House near - Stratford (erected in the early part of Elizabeth's reign, by the very - Sir Thomas Lucy said to have prosecuted Shakspeare for deer-stealing), - that the letters 'T. L.' are surrounded in a manner precisely similar." - -After adverting to many vain efforts made by him to discover whether there -existed anywhere Shakspeare's seal attached to letter or other writing, Mr. -Wheler states that he had examined-- - - "A list of all the inhabitants of Stratford assessed to the levies in - 1617, wherein I cannot discover any apparently _respectable_ person the - initials of whose name agree with 'W. S.:' but from this assessment, - though probably copied from an anterior one, nothing conclusive can be - estimated, it being made in the year subsequent to Shakspeare's death; - and I should, from a close observation of the ring, be inclined to - suppose that it was {590} made in the early part of the poet's life. - Mr. Malone, in a conversation I had with him in London," (adds Mr. - Wheler), "the 20th April, 1812, about a month before his death, said - that he had nothing to allege against the probability of my conjecture - as to its owner." - -Mr. W. afterwards proceeds: - - "That such a seal was used by a person connected with Shakspeare by a - marriage is certain; for I possess an impression of the seal (and - apparently a seal-ring) of Adrian Quiney, bailiff of Stratford in - 1559-60; and who, I have every reason to believe, was the uncle of - Thomas Quiney, our poet's son-in-law. This seal of Quiney's, which is - appended to a deed dated June 28, 9 Eliz., 1567, being a conveyance of - property in Bridge Street, Stratford, very minutely corresponds with - the Shakspeare ring in size, and has a very near resemblance to it in - _the string and tassels_ uniting the Roman initials 'A. Q.;' which - ornamental junction is carved somewhat similar to what is now called - _The True Lover's Knot_, and in the Shakspeare ring the upper bow or - flourish resembles a heart." - -In Shakspeare's age-- - - "Seal-rings were very fashionable, but were probably more limited than - at present to the nobility and respectable families; for I still - confine myself to the respectability of its proprietor.... After - numerous and continued researches into public and private documents, I - find no Stratfordian of that period so likely to own such a ring as - Shakspeare." - -Mr. Wheler concludes-- - - "At present, I possess no positive proof whatever. Let it be remembered - that my observations are merely relative. I yet hope to meet with an - impression of the ring in my possession; and in this I am more - particularly encouraged by the fact, that should success attend the - investigation, this seal-ring would be the _only existing article_ - PROVED to have originally belonged to our immortal poet." - -When Mr. Wheler wrote, the signatures in Montaigne's work, &c. had not been -restored to the light. - -A HERMIT AT HAMPSTEAD. - - * * * * * - -REASON AND UNDERSTANDING ACCORDING TO COLERIDGE. - -(Vol. v., p. 535.) - -Your correspondent C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY will pardon me if I deny the -discrepancy in Coleridge's statements on the difference between these -faculties. Coleridge refuses to brutes the possession of reason as a -contemplative faculty; he allows them, that which in kind differs from -reason, the understanding _in a certain degree_, and asserts that they do -possess, in a very marked and characteristic manner, instinct, which, in -degree only, falls below understanding. Instinct is distinguishable in -_degree_ from understanding. Reason is distinguishable from it in _kind_. -Some kinds of brutes, as dogs and elephants, possess more intelligence than -others, as tigers and swine; and some individual dogs possess more of this -intelligence than others. This intelligence arises from the superior -activity of the "faculty judging according to sense;" and, when Coleridge -says that it is not clear to him "that the dog may not possess an analogon -to words," he might have gone, I think, further, and have said, with much -probability of truth on his side, that the dog _has_ this analogon of -words. I am sure I have often known a dog's thoughts by his own way of -expressing them, far more distinctly than I am sometimes able to gather a -fellow man's meaning from his words. Nay, much as I love and venerate -Coleridge--his goodness, his genius, his writings, his memory--I find a dog -sometimes far more intelligible. Language is a property of the -understanding, but it cannot be developed in words unless there be in the -creature an adequate degree of the faculty. This degree of the faculty, -dogs have not. If they had it, they might fairly be expected to speak, -read, and write. What we want is the man, or the observation and -experiment, which shall show us where the line is to be drawn, if in the -nature of such gradations lines can be drawn at all, which shall -distinguish the degree at which instinct overlaps understanding. The case -is perhaps too hopelessly complicated. Coleridge has carefully guarded his -expressions, that they should not seem to assert for brutes more than he -can _prove_ that they possess, by the use of the words "analogous or fully -equivalent." That brutes can and do reflect, abstract, and generalise, it -needs but an understanding of the terms, and some observation of their -habits, to feel assured. - -CASPAR. - - * * * * * - -GENERAL WOLFE. - -(Vol. v., pp. 185. 398. &c.) - -Since my last communication relative to this celebrated soldier, I have -fallen in with a volume of the _London Chronicle_ for the first half of the -year 1760, and from it I send the following extracts: although there is -more information relative to the battle, these only I thought worth -insertion in "N. & Q." The first is entitled: - - "A CALL TO THE POETS, ON THE TAKING OF QUEBEC. - - "While to brave Wolfe such clouds of incense rise, - And waft his glory to his native skies; - Shall yet no altar blaze to Moncton's name, - And consecrate his glorious wound to fame; - Shall Townshend's deeds, o'er Canada renown'd, - So faint in British eulogies resound! - No grateful bard in some exalted lay - Brave Townshend's worth to future times convey - Who, for his country, and great George's cause, - Forsook the fulness of domestic joys, - To crush 'midst dangers of a world unknown, - The savage insults on the British crown. - {591} - See him return'd triumphant to his king, - Wafted on Vict'ry's, and on Glory's wing: - Hast thou, great patroness of martial fire, - No fav'rite genius, Clio, to inspire? - Shall worth, like his, unnotic'd pass away - But with the pageant of a short-liv'd day? - No; Soul of numbers, tune the votive strings - On which thou sing'st of heroes and of kings; - Rouse from ungrateful silence some lov'd name - Or from the banks of Isis, or of Cam; - Bid him, tho' grateful to the dead, rehearse - The living hero in immortal verse: - So shall each warlike Briton strive to raise, - Like him, a monument of deathless praise; - So shall each patriot heart his merit move - By the warm glow of sympathy of love."--T. D. - P. 71. Jan. 19. - -At p. 120., June 31st, is "A New Song, entitled and called, Britain's -Remembrancer for the Years 1758 and 1759." The fourth verse runs as -follows: - - "Quebec we have taken, and taken Breton; - Tho' the coast was so steep, that a man might as soon, - As the Frenchmen imagin'd, have taken the moon, - Which nobody can deny." - -May 10th, p. 449.: "Capt. Bell, late Aide-de-Camp to the great Gen. Wolfe, -is appointed captain in the fifth regiment," &c. Under the date of June -28th is Gen. Murray's despatch. - -Among the advertisements are, "A Discourse delivered at Quebec," &c., by -the Rev. Eli Dawson (dedicated to Mrs. Wolfe); "Two Discourses by Jonathan -Mayhew, D.D. of Boston;" and "Quebec, a Poetical Essay, in imitation of the -Miltonic Style, composed by a Volunteer in the service; with Notes -entertaining and explanatory." - -A notice of the death of Sir Harry Smith, Bart., aide-de-camp to Wolfe, -appears in the _Examiner_ for October 22nd, 1811. - -Among other instances of the name is a notice of Major J. Wolfe in -_Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1836, p. 334. - -H. G. D. - - * * * * * - -"THE MILLER'S MELODY," AN OLD BALLAD. - -(Vol. v., p. 316.) - -The original ballad of "The Miller's Melody" is the production of no less a -person than a "Doctor in Divinity," of whom the following are a few brief -particulars. - -James Smith was born about 1604, educated at Christ Church and Lincoln -Colleges, in Oxford; afterwards naval and military chaplain to the Earl of -Holland, and domestic chaplain to Thomas Earl of Cleveland. On the -Restoration of Charles II. he held several Church preferments, and -ultimately became canon and "chauntor" in Exeter Cathedral. He was created -D.D. in 1661, and quitted this life in 1667. Wood informs us he was much in -esteem "with the poetical wits of that time, particularly with Philip -Massinger, who call'd him his son." - -I have an old "broadside" copy of the ballad in question, "Printed for -Francis Grove, 1656," which is here transcribed, _verbatim et literatim_, -for the especial benefit of your numerous readers. It may also be found in -a rare poetical volume, entitled _Wit Restored_, 1658, and in Dryden's -_Miscellany Poems_ (second edition, which differs materially from the -first). - - "THE MILLER AND THE KING'S DAUGHTER. - _By Mr. Smith._ - - "There were two sisters they went playing, - With a hie downe, downe, a downe-a, - To see their father's ships come sayling in, - With a hy downe, downe, a downe-a. - - "And when they came unto the sea-brym, - With, &c. - The elder did push the younger in; - With, &c. - - "O sister, O sister, take me by the gowne, - With, &c. - And drawe me up upon the dry ground, - With, &c. - - "O sister, O sister, that may not bee, - With, &c. - Till salt and oatmeale grow both of a tree, - With, &c. - - "Sometymes she sanke, sometymes she swam, - With, &c. - Until she came unto the mill-dam; - With, &c. - - "The miller runne hastily downe the cliffe, - With, &c. - And up he betook her withouten her life, - With, &c. - - "What did he doe with her brest bone? - With, &c. - He made him a violl to play thereupon, - With, &c. - - "What did he doe with her fingers so small? - With, &c. - He made him peggs to his violl withal; - With, &c. - - "What did he doe with her nose-ridge? - With, &c. - Unto his violl he made him a bridge, - With, &c. - - "What did he doe with her veynes so blew? - With, &c. - He made him strings to his violl thereto; - With, &c. - - "What did he doe with her eyes so bright? - With, &c. - Upon his violl he played at first sight: - With, &c. - - {592} - "What did he doe with her tongue so rough? - With, &c. - Unto the violl it spake enough; - With, &c. - - "What did he doe with her two shinnes? - With, &c. - Unto the violl they danc'd _Moll Syms_; - With, &c. - - "Then bespake the treble string, - With, &c. - O yonder is my father the king; - With, &c. - - "Then bespake the second string, - With, &c. - O yonder sitts my mother the queen; - With, &c. - - "And then bespake the strings all three; - With, &c. - O yonder is my sister that drowned mee. - With, &c. - - "Now pay the miller for his payne, - With &c. - And let him bee gone in the divel's name. - With, &c." - -As this old ditty turns upon the making "a viol," it may be as well to add -that this instrument was the precursor of the violin: but while the viol -was the instrument of the higher classes of society, the "fiddle" served -only for the amusement of the lower. The viol was entirely out of use at -the beginning of the last century. - -Moll (or Mall) Symms (mentioned in the thirteenth stanza) was a celebrated -dance tune of the sixteenth century. The musical notes may be found in -_Queen Elizabeth's Virginal Book_, in the Fitzwillian Museum, Cambridge; -and in the curious Dutch collection, _Neder Lantsche Gedenck clank_, -Haerlem, 1626. - -EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. - - * * * * * - -SURNAMES. - -(Vol. v., p. 509.) - -I shall endeavour to answer some of MR. LOWER'S Queries. - -1. Names having the prefix _Le_ and ending in _er_ or _re_. They are -undoubtedly Norman or French, and generally relate to personal trade or -employment, as _Le Mesurier_, _Le Tellier_, _Le Tanneur_, _Le Fevre_. -Another class with the prefix _Le_, but of various terminations, are -obviously of French origin, as _Leblanc_, _Lenoir_, _Lebreton_, -_Lechaplin_, _Lemarchant_. All these came to us by the French Protestant -refugees, or from Jersey and Guernsey. - -2. The meaning of _worth_. This word generally implies a _military work_, -and, I think, an _earth-work_; and I doubt whether _worth_ and _earth_ are -not from the same root; I personally have been able to trace _works_ in -many places whose names end in _worth_. I am satisfied all such surnames -were _local_, that is, derived from _places_ so named from military mounds -or _earth-works_. - -3. The meaning of _Le Chaloneur_. It is evidently the same as our English -name _Challoner_, which Cole admits into his dictionary as "the name of an -ancient family." It means in old French either the _boatman_, from -"chalun," a boat; or a _fisherman_, from "chalon," a kind of net. As we -have in English _Fisher_, in modern French _Lepecheur_, in Italian -_Piscatory_. - -4. _Le Cayser._ The same as _Caesar_, a name now, we believe, extinct -amongst us, but preserved in our literature by Lord Clarendon and Pope. I -suspect that it was of a class of _fancy_ names which I shall mention -presently. - -5. Baird and Aird are Scotch names, and probably local. Jameson (whose -authority is very low with me) derives _Baird_ from _bard_, and _Aird_ he -does not mention. _Aird_ or _ard_ is Celtic for _high_, and is a common -local denomination in Scotland and Ireland. - -6. For the rest of the out-of-the-way names MR. LOWER mentions I can give -no more explanation than of many thousands others which have been probably -produced by some peculiarity or incidents in the first nominee, or some -corruption of a better known name. As to this class of fancy names, I can -give MR. LOWER a hint that may be of use to him. It used to be the custom -at the old Foundling Hospital and in all parish workhouses, to give the -children what I venture to call _fancy_ names. I remember being shocked at -the heterogeneous nomenclature that was outpoured on fifty or a hundred -poor babes at the Foundling. I happened once to accompany a noble lady--the -daughter of a great sea officer--to one of these Foundling christenings, -when the names of Howe, Duncan, Jervis, and Nelson, were in fashion, and -they were each given to half-a-dozen children; and while this was going on, -my fair and noble friend whispered me, "What a shame! all these poor little -creatures will grow up to be our cousins." Sometimes the names given were -grotesque, such as ought not to have been permitted; and sometimes the -children brought into the hospital, pinned to their clothes, names in which -I suppose the poor mother may have had a meaning, but which seemed to us -fantastical and extravagant. - -Illegitimacy is a considerable source of strange names. I could give some -droll instances. Corruption is another; there are half-a-dozen names of -labourers in my village which are mere corruptions by vulgar pronunciation -of some of the noblest names of the peerage. - -MR. LOWER cannot have failed to observe the {593} great tendency in the -United States to vary the orthography, and of course, I suppose, the -pronunciation of some of their old English patronymics; not from any -dislike to them, for the contrary sentiment, I believe, is very prevalent, -but the emigrants who carried out the names were ignorant or indifferent as -to the true orthography or pronunciation, and in time the departure grows -more wide. Instances of this may be also found in the small towns of -England, where MR. LOWER will find on the signs frequent deviations from -the usual spelling of the commonest as well as of the rarer names. - -C. - -In glancing through Cole's MSS. in the British Museum, my eye rested on two -paragraphs, which perhaps may be unknown to MR. LOWER. In Additional MSS. -No. 5805. p. iv., Cole says: - - "Before surnames were in use they were forced to distinguish one - another by the addition of _Fitz_ or _Son_, as John Fitz-John, or John - the son of John, or John Johnson, as now in use. This was in the first - Edward's time: nay, so late as the reign of Queen Elizabeth, in some - places in France they had no surnames, but only Christian names, as the - learned Monsieur Menage informs us: 'Il y a environ cent ans, a ce que - dit M. Baluze, qu'a Tulle on n'avait que des noms propres, et point de - surnoms.'--_Menagiana_, tom. i. p. 116. edit. 1729." - -Again, in Cole's MSS., vol. xliii. p. 176., relating to a deed of the -Priory of Spalding, Cole says: - - "One observes in this deed several particulars: first that the Priory - used a seal with an image of the Blessed Virgin, together with one of - their arms; if possibly they used one of the latter sort so early as - this John the Spaniard's time, in the reign, as I conceive, of King - Richard I., when arms for the chief gentry were hardly introduced. - Among the witnesses are two Simons, one distinguished by his - complexion, and called Simon Blondus, or the Fair; the other had no - name as yet to distinguish him by, and therefore only called here - 'another Simon.' This occasioned the introduction of sirnames, and - shows the necessity of them." - -J. Y. - -Hoxton. - - * * * * * - -SIR JOHN TRENCHARD. - -(Vol. v., p. 496.) - -Your Querist E. S. TAYLOR will find an interesting account of the manner in -which a pardon was obtained for John Trenchard, afterwards secretary of -state under William III., in MR. HEPWORTH DIXON'S work on William Penn. MR. -TAYLOR is evidently wrong in supposing that the pardon, of which he -furnishes a copy, was issued in 1688, and at the very critical period to -which he refers it. It was issued in 1686, that being the third year, -reckoning by the old style, of King James's reign; so that his quotation -from Pepys, and his suggestion of a reason for the pardon, are beside the -purpose. It appears from MR. DIXON'S account, that William Penn was the -mediator between Trenchard and the king; but the circumstances which led to -it were so curious, that I transcribe part of the statement from page 276 -of the new edition. - - "Lawton, a young man of parts and spirit, had attracted Penn's notice; - in politics he was a state whig, and it was at his instance that he had - braved the king's frown by asking a pardon for Aaron Smith. One day - over their wine at Popples, where Penn had carried Lawton to dine, he - said to his host, 'I have brought you such a man as you never saw - before; for I have just now asked him how I might do something for - himself, and he has desired me to obtain a pardon for another man! I - will do that if I can; but,' he added, turning to Lawton, 'I should be - glad if thou wilt think of some kindness for thyself.' 'Ah,' said - Lawton, after a moment's thought, 'I can tell you how you might indeed - prolong my life.' 'How so?' returned the mediator, I am no physician.' - Lawton answered, 'There is Jack Trenchard in exile; if you could get - leave for him to come home with safety and honour, the drinking of a - bottle now and then with Jack would make me so cheerful that it would - prolong my life.' They laughed at the pleasantry, and Penn promised to - do what he could. He went away to the Lord Chancellor, got him to join - in the solicitation, and in a few days the future secretary was - pardoned and allowed to return to England." - -It appears also frown MR. DIXON'S narrative, that Trenchard was employed by -Penn to dissuade James from his bigoted and violent course, and that he had -interviews with the king for this purpose. MR. TAYLOR will find in the same -place curious particulars, given on the authority of Lawton himself, -concerning the intrigues which preceded the fall of James. - -SYDNEY WALTON. - - * * * * * - -PAPAL SEAL. - -(Vol. v., p. 508.) - -I have in my possession a _leaden_ seal, which has on the one side a -precisely similar impression to that described by H. F. H. in p. 508. of -"N. & Q.:" viz. two heads, with a cross between them, and the letters "S P -A S P E" over them. The head under "S P A" has straight hair and a long -pointed beard. The other head, under "S P E," has curled hair and a short -curled beard, the whole surrounded with a circle of raised spots. On the -other side of the seal is the following inscription, also surrounded by a -circle of raised spots: - - + - . E V G E N - I V S . P.P - . I I I I . - -It was attached by a strong cord that runs through the substance of the -seal to a parchment {594} document that, some thirty years since, I found -being cut into strips for labels for a gardener. The few fragments I was -enabled to preserve showed that the document related to some conventual -matter, from the repetition of the words "Abbati, Conventii, et -Monasterii." One of the lines commences with an illuminated capital of -about half an inch in height, as follows: - - "Militanti ecdie licet immeriti disponente domino presidente".... - -Another line commences-- - - "Persone tam religiose qua seculares necnon duces Marchione".... - -On one of the fragments, apparently an endorsement on the back of the -document, are the names "Anselmus," and beneath it "Bonanmy" or "Bouanmy." -There are unfortunately no traces of the name of any place, or of a date. -The writing is very clear and in good condition. Is the document a papal -bull? I shall be obliged by any reply to my inquiries. - -R. H. - -Kensington. - - * * * * * - -MARKET CROSSES. - -(Vol. v., p. 511.) - -It is stated in Gillingwater's _History of Bury St. Edmunds_, edition 1804, -that "The theatre, an elegant structure, originally the _Old Market Cross_, -was erected in the year 1780, from a design by Mr. Adams." - -In Alexander Downing's _Plan of the ancient Borough of Bury St. Edmunds_, -published in 1740, there is a very good view of the old _Cross_. It appears -from this print to have been a fine old building; the lower part open. It -is possible that there might have been a chapel in the upper part of the -cross, as it appears in the print on Downing's map to have been three -stories high, with a bell turret or tower. - -Downing's _Plan_ is not scarce: it is one large sheet, and is engraved by -W. C. Toms, sculpt. - -In Thomas Warren's _Plan of Bury_, subsequently published, there is a view -of the _New_ Cross, with the theatre above it, as built in 1780. - -J. B. - -Since I sent you a hasty Note respecting the Old Market Cross at Bury St. -Edmunds, with reference to your correspondent's Query, I bethought me of -the old market cross which formerly stood in the Great Market Place at -Norwich. Blomefield, in his _History of Norfolk_, vol. ii. p. 652., gives -an account of that ancient cross, which is too long to quote but he states -that "it was a neat _octagonal_ building, with steps round it, and an -_oratory or chapel in it_, with a chamber over it." - -Now possibly there might have been such a "chapel" in the old cross at -Bury, wherein "Henry Gage was married in 1655;" for I put faith in all that -Mr. Rookwood Gage said or wrote. - -There is still standing, at Wymondham in Norfolk, an old wooden market -cross, with a chamber over it, supported by wooden columns: it is an -octagon building. Blomefield makes no mention of it. An etching was -published of this cross, by -- Dixon, of Norwich, some few years back. - -J. B. - - * * * * * - - -Replies to Minor Queries. - -_The two Gilberts de Clare_ (Vol. v., p. 439.).--In reference to No. 2. of -"Irish Queries", as to the relationship which existed between the two -Gilberts de Clare, Earls of Gloucester, I beg to send you the information -required by your correspondent MAC AN BHAIRD. - - Gilbertus Co. Gloucest. = Isabella, tertia natu filiarium - & Hertf.: | & cohaer. Will. Mareschalli - obiit 14 Henr. 3. | Co. Pembr. - | - +-------------------+ - | - Ricardus, Co. Gloucest. = Matilda, filia Joh. de Laci - & Hertf.: | Comit. Lincoln ux. 2. - obiit 46 Henr. 3. | - | - +-------------------+ - | - Gilbertus, Comes = Joanna de Acres, filia Regis - Glouc. & Hertf. | Ed. 1. - cogn. Rufus, ob. | - 24 Ed. 1. /|\ - - Dugdale's _Baronage_, i. 209. - -See also Miller's _Catalogue of Honor_, pp. 369-373.; Vincent's _Errours of -Brooke_, pp. 122, 123.; Yorke's _Union of Honour_, pp. 109, 110. - -FARNHAM. - -Farnham, Cavan. - -_Baxter's Shove, &c._ (Vol. v., p. 416.).--I fear it may savour somewhat of -presumption in me to offer the following remarks to one who confesses -himself to be a collector of Baxter's works; but if they afford no -information to your correspondent MR. CLARK, they may probably prove -acceptable to other less sedulous inquirers after the writings of this -truly pious man. - -Baxter, in his enthusiastic zeal in the cause of religion, did not hesitate -to append to some of his popular tracts, titles more calculated to excite -the curiosity of the vulgar than engage the attention of the refined -reader; as the age became more enlightened, this breach of propriety was -discontinued, and these records of genius and piety have been since -reprinted under more appropriate appellations. If I am not misinformed, the -title of Baxter's _Shove_ has undergone this transformation, and now -appears under that of _The Call to the Unconverted_. {595} - -The two following works are doubtless familiar to your correspondent, viz.: -_Crumbs of Grace for &c._, and _Hooks and Eyes to &c._ I think the former -is the original title to _The Saint's Rest_; but as to the latter, I am not -able to say whether it has been issued under any new name or not. - -M. W. B. - -_Frebord_ (Vol. v., pp. 440. 548.).--In some, if not in all, of the manors -in this vicinity in which this right exists, the quantity of ground claimed -as _frebord_ is thirty feet in width from the set of the hedge. - -LEICESTRIENSIS. - -_Devil_ (Vol. v., p. 508.).--If [Greek: Diabolos] was used as an equivalent -for Adversarius, I should say that "the rendering _would_ be accurate" in -no slight degree; especially when understood in the juridical sense. But -the "adversarius in judicio" is the character of the Hebrew Satan in Job, -c. i. and ii., and Zechariah, c. iii.; and the same appears clearly in -Revelations, c. 12: - - "The accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before - our God day and night." - -The term [Greek: diabolos] adds, to that of [Greek: kategoros], the idea of -falsehood and injustice, essential to the accuser of the Saints, but not -expressed in the latter word[4]. Why the word should mean "a supernatural -agent of evil," I cannot form the slightest idea. The name of a thing does -not express all which that thing is! _Physician_ does not mean a natural -agent of good. As little can I understand how the correctness of a -derivation can form "a case of ecclesiastical usage." - -With what words, manifestly and analogically Greek, but yet clearly derived -in reality from the vague sources termed _Oriental_, nay even from Hebrew, -are "the Septuagint and Greek Testament replete?" I say "clearly," because -one paradoxical conjecture cannot obtain support from others. - -I am surprised that MR. LITTLEDALE should be struck by the "similarity" of -the gipsy word _Debel_, "God," "and our word devil," after himself -admitting that our word is _diabolos_, and confining his attack to that -"first link in the chain." - -I will add a very few words on the other point, though not relevant. What -is holy at one time, becomes the direct contrary in subsequent times and -circumstances. Homer's Minerva ascended to heaven [Greek: meta daimonas -allous], among the other daemons. But that word in modern Europe means a -devil of hell. _Deva_ and _Devi_ are (I believe) god and goddess in -Sanskrit. _Div_, in Persian (MR. L. says), is a wizard or daemon. I have no -_Zend Avesta_ at hand: but we require to know whether _Div_ had a decidedly -evil and Ahrimanian sense, in the language of the dualistic Pagan ages; or -only in Ferdoosi and the like. If _afriti_ is "blessed" in Zend, and "a -devil" in Arabic, I again ask whether the allusion be to the literary -remains of Arabic polytheism, or to Islam? I suspect the latter; and so, it -would come to nothing. - -A. N. - -[Footnote 4: "word" corected from "work"--Transcriber.] - -I think MR. LITTLEDALE'S difficulty about the same Hebrew word's -representing both [Greek: Diabolos] and _Adversarius_ is, on the contrary, -rather a confirmation of the old derivation. Had he forgotten that "the -Adversary" is often technically used for the _Devil_? Surely there can be -no more doubt that _Devil_ comes from _Diavolo_, and that from [Greek: -Diabolos], than that _journal_ comes from _giorno_, and that from -_diurnus_. - -C. - -_Mummy Wheat_ (Vol. v., p. 538.).--Having a few grains of mummy wheat in my -possession, I send you the following information concerning it, with a -portion thereof as sample. About three years ago, when in New York, I -purchased, at a sale of the Hon. Judge Furman's effects, a small parcel -which was stated in his own writing to be "Egyptian wheat such as is -mentioned in Scripture, and taken out of a mummy case." - -I planted a few of the grains in a flower-pot, and they came up in an -apparently very healthy and flourishing manner, with an appearance similar -to that represented in Scriptural illustrations as Egyptian corn. But after -attaining a height of about two inches, I noticed that it began to grow -sickly, and in a short time afterwards died away. Upon examining the mould -I found some of the grains still there; but they looked as though some very -minute insect had eaten away the entire heart, leaving the shell only. It -seemed to me that such insect must have been within, and not entered the -grain from without. - -Lately I have again tried in my garden a few of the grains I had reserved -from the original stock. These, however, have not come up at all; and I -find, on uprooting them, that the same sort of decay had taken place as -occurred in New York. I am not able to forward you any of the husks, for -they are now rotted: but I thought that some of your readers and your last -correspondent might feel interested in knowing other attempts had also been -made to rear mummy wheat. - -S. - -Meadow Cottage, Ealing. - - [We have placed the grains forwarded by our Correspondent in the hands - of a skilful horticulturist; and will publish the result.--ED.] - -_Nacar_ (Vol. v., p. 536.).--This word is not, I believe, a name -appropriated to any one particular shell, but is the term used for the -pearl-like substance which, in greater or smaller quantities, forms the -lining of many shells. This substance, frequently called mother-of-pearl, -exhibits in some species a beautiful play of colours, said to be due to a -particular arrangement of the particles. The words _naker_ and -_nacreous_--with _nacar_ Spanish, _nacchera_ Italian, and _nacre_ -French--are given {596} in Webster's _Dictionary_, 2 vols. 4to., London -1832. The beard, or byssus, found in a few genera only, as _Avicula_, -_Mytilus_, _Pinna_, and some others, is strong and silky, formed of -numerous fibres produced from a gland near the foot of the soft animal, and -employed by it to form an attachment to rocks or other objects. In Sicily -this is sometimes made into gloves or stockings, more for curiosity than -use. A byssus now before me measures six inches in length, is delicately -soft and glossy, varying in colour from a rich dark brown to golden yellow, -and is nearly as fine as the production of the silk-worm. _Byssine_ is an -old name for fine silk. - -WM. YARRELL. - -_Mistletoe_ (Vol. v., p. 534.).--Mr. Jesse, in his agreeable and -instructive _Scenes and Tales of Country Life_, has devoted a chapter of -eight pages to the mistletoe, giving a list of more than forty different -species of trees and shrubs upon which this parasitic plant has been found, -with many localities. In this list the white, gray, black, and Lombardy -poplars are included. The mistletoe is there stated to have been found -growing on the oak near Godalming, Surrey; at Penporthleuny, parish of -Goitre, Monmouthshire; also on one near Usk, and another at St. Dials near -Monmouth. - -WM. YARRELL. - -_The Number Seven_ (Vol. v., p. 532.).--The reply to the Query of MR. -EDWARDS is, that _sheva_, "seven," is used indefinitely for _much_ or -_frequently_ in Ruth iv. 15., 1 Sam. ii. 5., Is. iv. 1., Jer. xv. 9., and -Ezech. xxxix. 9. 12.; also in Prov. xxiv. 16., where, however, it may refer -to seven witnesses or pledges, as in Gen. xxi. 28-30. Compare Herodotus, l. -3. c. 8. on the seven stones of the Arabs, with Homer's _Iliad_, l. 19. v. -243. on the seven tripods of Agamemnon. In Arabic and Hebrew the word -_seva_ means finished, completed, satiated, as in Ezech. xvi. 28, 29. and -Hos. iv. 10. Seven, as an astronomical period, is known to most nations, -and has been from times prior to history. Clemens Alex. (_Stromat._ lib. -vi. p. 685., Paris, 1629) says the moon's phases are changed every seven -days. Seleucus, the mathematician, he also says distinguished seven phases -of that luminary. He notices the seven planets, seven angels, seven stars -in the Pleiades and in the Great Bear, seven tones in music, seventh days -in diseases, and gives an elegant elegy of Solon on the changes of every -seven years in man's life. Clemens (lib. v. p. 600., Paris, 1629) has -accumulated a variety of passages from ancient poets on the sacredness of -the seventh day. Cicero, in the _Somnium Scipionis_, speaks of seven as -"numerus rerum fere omnium nodus est." The following have treated on this -mystic number: _Fabii Paulini Hebdomades, sive septem de septenario libri_; -Omeisius _de Numero septenario_; Philo, _de Mundi opificio_; Macrobius, in -_Somnio Scipionis_, l. 50. c. 6.; Gellius, _Noct. Attic._ l. 3. 10.; -Censorinus _de die Natali_, c. 7.; and Eusebius, _de Praep. Evang._ l. 13. -c. 12. The Hebrews commemorated their seventh day, a seventh week -(Pentecost), the seventh month (commencing their _civil_ year), the seventh -year (for fallowing the land), and the seven times seventh year, or -jubilee. - -T. J. BUCKTON. - -Bristol Road, Birmingham. - -_Gabriel Hounds_ (Vol. v., p. 534.).--The term occurs in Mr. Halliwell's -_Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, &c._, vol. i. p. 388., with -the following, explanation:-- - - "At Wednesbury, in Staffordshire, the colliers going to their pits - early in the morning hear the noise of a pack of hounds in the air, to - which they give the name of _Gabriel's Hounds_, though the more sober - and judicious take them only to be wild geese making this noise in - their flight.--Kennett, MS. Lansd. 1033." - -The species here alluded to is the Bean Goose _Anser segetum_, of authors. -A few of them breed in Scotland and its islands, but by far the larger -portion breed still farther north, in Scandinavia. Of the various birds -which resort to this country to pass the winter season the Bean Goose is -one of the first. I have seen very large flocks in Norfolk early in -September, where they feed on the stubbles. I have good authority for their -appearance in Gloucestershire, in the vicinity of the Severn, by the last -week in August. This is in accordance with the habits of this goose in some -parts of the Continent; Sonnerat and M. de Selis Longchamps calling it -_L'oie des moissons_, or Harvest Goose. They are frequently very noisy when -on the wing during the night, and the sound has been compared to that of a -pack of hounds in full cry. - -WM. YARRELL. - -_Burial_ (Vol. v., p. 509.).--To the names already given of those interred -in ground not consecrated, may be added that of the eccentric Samuel -Johnson, formerly a dancing-master, but through his talent, wit, and -gentlemanly manners, became the guest and table companion of the principal -families of Cheshire. - -He is not mentioned in Chalmers's _Biog. Dict._, and but very meagrely in -that of Rose. The best notice of him is in the _Biographia Dram._, ed. -1812, as the author of _Hurlothrumbo: or the Supernatural_, and five other -dramatic pieces, the first of which took an amazing run, owing to the -whimsical madness and extravagance which pervade through the whole piece. -Besides these, he is the writer of another strange mystical work, which, as -I do not find it anywhere mentioned, I will give the title of, from my copy -now before me: - - "A Vision of Heaven, which is introduc'd with Essays upon Happiness, a - Description of the Court, the Characters of the Quality: Politics, - Manners, Satyr, Wit, Humour, Pastoral, Sublimity, Extasy, {597} Love, - Fire, Fancy and Taste Universal. Written by Mr. Samuel Johnson. Lond., - for E. Withers, &c., where may be had Hurlothrumbo, 1738." 8vo., two - neat engravings, and six pages of music. - -The compilers of the _Biog. Dram._ state that they had not discovered the -date of his death; but we learn from Hanshall's _Hist. of the County -Palatine of Chester_: 1817, 4to. p. 515., that he died in 1773, aged -eighty-two, and was buried in the plantation forming part of the -pleasure-grounds of the Old Hall at Gawsworth, near Macclesfield, in -Cheshire. Over his remains is a stone (now there) with an inscription, -stating that he was so buried at his own desire. - -F. R. A. - -_Marvell's Life and Works_ (Vol. v., pp. 439. 513.).--I thought the -question proposed by J. G. F. had been answered to the satisfaction of all -unprejudiced minds by the remarks on this subject published long ago. (See -_Gentleman's Magazine_, vols. xlvi. & xlvii.; _Retrospective Review_, vol. -xi., &c.) I say all _unprejudiced_ minds; for I confess that, although I am -strongly prejudiced in favour of Marvell, yet the internal evidence of the -poems in question is so strongly against Marvell, that I am compelled to -resign them to their rightful owner. Any careful reader of poetry must -acknowledge that every feature in the style is Addison's. Captain -Thompson's having found them in MSS. in Marvell's own hand, is no proof of -parentage, as in the same MSS. is one which undoubtedly belongs to Mallet, -and another which has been proved to be from the pen of Dr. Watts. - -My chief reason, however, for intruding on your space is for the purpose of -correcting a mistake into which all the biographers of Marvell have fallen, -as to the time and place of his birth. It is again and again stated, -without any correction, that he was born at Hull, on the 15th November, -1620. That he was not born at Hull I am at length reluctantly compelled to -believe; and that the date of his birth is "March 2, 1621," I can prove -from authorised documents in my own possession, copied from MS. in his -father's hand-writing. - -With reference to MR. CROSSLEY'S hope that a new edition of his works might -soon be published, I may say that a new biography of Marvell, with a -selection from his works by a townsman, is already in the press. - -JOS. A. KIDD. - -Hull. - -_The Death-Watch_ (Vol. v., p. 537.).--A good account of this small insect -will be found in the second volume of the _Introduction to Entomology_ by -Messrs. Kirby and Spence. A chapter is devoted to the "Noises produced by -Insects." - - "In old houses, where these insects abound, they may be heard in warm - weather during the whole day. The noise is produced by raising the - head, and striking the hard mandibles against wood. - - "Thus sings the muse of the witty Dean of St. Patrick on the subject: - - --------------------'a wood worm[5] - That lies in the old wood, like a hare in her form: - With teeth or with claws it will bite or will scratch, - And chambermaids christen this worm a death-watch: - Because like a watch it always cries click; - Then woe be to those in the house who are sick! - For, sure as a gun, they will give up the ghost, - If the maggot cries click, when it scratches the post; - But a kettle of scalding hot water injected, - Infallibly cures the timber affected: - The omen thus broken, the danger is over, - The maggot will die, and the sick will recover.'" - -The kettle of scalding hot water is also very useful in houses infested -with ants or black-beetles. - -WM. YARRELL. - -[Footnote 5: A small beetle, the _Anobium tesselatum_ of Fabricius.] - -The Query of M. W. B. reminds me of a family bereavement that followed the -visit of this insect to my father's homestead. The ticking was heard in a -closet, which opened out of the drawing-room. I first discovered it; and -was struck with the fact that it occasionally altered the interval which -formed the standard of the beats, though with one standard the beats -remained punctually uniform. On examination, I found a very tiny insect, in -shape like an elongated spider, whose "hind leg" kept beat with the sound; -so I suppose that member to have been the instrument by which the ticking -was effected. The family bereavement that ensued was the total extinction -of the last dying embers of our faith in this world-famed omen; for -unhappily, in this instance, no death ensued in our domestic circle. - -C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. - -Birmingham. - -_The Rabbit as a Symbol_ (Vol. v., p. 487.).--It will be remembered that -Richard of the Lion Heart, on his way to the Holy Land, proceeded to -Sicily, where he played all manner of rough fantastic tricks, to the -infinite disgust of the king and people of the island. On pretence of -certain assumed claims, but the rather _pour passer le temps_, our Achilles -and his myrmidons fixed a quarrel upon the reigning sovereign, Tancred the -Bastard, whose immediate predecessor, William the Good, had married -Joanna[6], Richard's sister; took forcible possession of an important -fortress; turned the monks out of a monastery whose situation was -convenient for the purposes of his commissariat; and at last, by an act of -most unjustifiable aggression, laid siege to the city and castle of -Messina, {598} on whose walls was soon triumphantly planted the royal -banner of the Plantagenets. Now the hare and rabbit frequently occur upon -the coins of Spain and Sicily, of which countries they were, indeed, the -particular and well-recognised symbols. (Fosb. _Ency. Antiq._, pp. 722. -728.); and I would suggest that the device in question has reference to -Richard's proceedings in the latter kingdom, which, in an age whose -acknowledged principle was that "Might makes Right," would be looked upon -as redounding vastly to his credit and renown, and most worthy, therefore, -of commemoration amongst the other emblematic representations which give so -remarkable a character to the monumental effigies at Rouen. Regarding it in -this point of view, there appears to be much inventive significancy in this -device, and the exercise of a little ingenuity would soon, I think, render -manifest the peculiar applicability of its "singular details" to the -circumstances of Richard's transactions with Tancred, as they are presented -to us by our own chroniclers. - -The appearance of this symbol or device of a rabbit, upon old examples of -playing cards, as referred to by SYMBOL, is easily accounted for. These -"devil's books" came to us originally from Spain; and in ancient cards of -that country, columbines were Spades, _rabbits_[7] Clubs, pinks Diamonds, -and roses Hearts.--Fosb. _ut sup._, p. 602. - -COWGILL. - -[Footnote 6: This lady afterwards married Raymond, Count de St. Gilles, son -of the Count of Toulouse. Eleanora, another of Richard's sisters, married -Alphonso, third king of Castile.] - -[Footnote 7: The Clubs, in Spanish cards, are not, as with us, trefoils, -but cudgels, i. e. _bastos_: the Spades are swords, i. e. _espadas_.--Fosb. -_ut sup._; see the plate of "Sports, Amusements," &c.] - -_Spanish Vessels wrecked on the Irish Coast_ (Vol. v., p. 491.).--A fair -account of this eventful visitation may be expected from the _Annals of the -Four Masters_, a work compiled within forty years of the occurrence, and -not near so many miles removed from the waters over which most of its -fatalities were felt: - - "A large fleet (says this work) consisting of eight sure ships, came on - the sea from the King of Spain this year (1588), and some say it was - their intention to take harbour and land on the coasts of England - should they obtain an opportunity; but in that they did not succeed, - for the Queen's fleet encountered them at sea, and took four of their - ships, and the rest of the fleet was scattered and dispersed along the - coasts of the neighbouring countries, viz., on the eastern side of - England, on the north-eastern shores of Scotland, and on the - north-western coast of Ireland. A great number of the Spaniards were - drowned in those quarters, their ships having been completely wrecked; - and the smaller proportion of them returned to Spain, and some assert - that 9,000 of them were lost on that occasion." - -This narrative is utterly innocent of the wholesale, or of any _execution_ -of the unfortunate invaders; and, in truth, our Lord Deputies have too much -to answer for, without throwing the barbarism of such a massacre upon one -of them. Some colouring is, however, given to the charge by the writings of -Smith, _History of Kerry_; Cox, _Hibernia Anglicana_; and even Leland, -_History of Ireland_, vol. ii. p. 322. The deviation of these Spaniards -northwards can be, I think, accounted for by the discomfitures they -sustained from the English and Dutch fleets, who so kept the seas east and -south of England, as to make a circuit round the Orkney Islands, with a -descent to the westward of Ireland, the most advisable, though as it -proved, not the less dangerous line of return. - -JOHN D'ALTON. - -48. Summer Hill, Dublin. - -_Second Exhumation of King Arthur's Remains_ (Vol. v., p. 490.).--The -details of the circumstances attending the first (I am not aware of any -second) exhumation of these remains at Glastonbury in 1189, have been -transmitted to us by Giraldus Cambrensis, who saw both the bones and the -inscription, by the Monk of Glastonbury, and, briefly, by William of -Malmesbury, all cotemporaries with the event. Sharon Turner, in his -_History of the Anglo-Saxons_, 8vo. edit., 1823, vol. i. pp. 279-282., -gives a full account, from these and other authorities, of this remarkable -discovery. - -COWGILL. - -_Etymology of Mushroom_ (Vol. iii., p. 166.).--DR. RIMBAULT states that the -earliest example with which he is acquainted of this word, being spelt -_mushrump_, occurs in the following passage in Robert Southwell's -_Spirituall Poems_, 1595: - - "He that high growth on cedars did bestow, - Gave also lowly _mushrumps_ leave to growe." - -I suppose that this word has been derived from _Maesrhin_, one of the names -of the mushroom in Welsh. As the meanings of the word _rhin_ are "a -channel," "a virtue," "a secret," "a charm," none of which are applicable -to a mushroom, I conjecture that it is a corruption of the word _rhum_ -(also spelt _rhump_), but I am unable to mention an instance of the word -being spelt by any Welsh writer of ancient times. The etymology which I -suggest is _maesrhum_; from _maes_, "a field," and _rhum_, "a thing which -bulges out." This meaning very nearly resembles that of the French name of -one kind of mushroom, _champignon_. - -S. S. S. (2.) - -_The Grave of Cromwell_ (Vol. v., p. 477.).--MR. OLIVER PEMBERTON has -referred your correspondent A. B. to Lockinge's _Naseby_ for an account of -the Protector's funeral and probable burial on the field of Naseby. As the -volume may not be very generally known, would A. B. like a summary of Mr. -Lockinge's ten 12mo. pages? or could you, Mr. Editor, spare room for the -whole? Mastin, in his _History of Naseby_, alludes to the doubts that have -been expressed {599} "relative to the funeral-place of the Protector -Cromwell", and quotes a passage from Banks's _Life of Cromwell_, but gives -no opinion thereon. - -ESTE. - -_Edmund Bohun_ (Vol. v., p. 539.).--Of Edmund Bohun's _Historical -Collections_, in eight vols. folio, I became the purchaser at Mr. Bright's -sale. They consist of a most curious and interesting collection of the -newspapers, ballads, tracts, broadsides of the period (1675-92) in regular -series, bound up with original MS. documents, and with a manuscript -correspondence with Bohun from Hickes, Roger, Coke, Charlotte, and others, -relating to the politics and news of the day. If your correspondent MR. -RIX, from whom I am glad to find we are to expect the private Diary of -Bohun, wishes for a more particular description of the volumes, I shall be -happy to furnish it. - -JAS. CROSSLEY. - -_Sneezing_ (Vol. v., pp. 369. 500.).--D'Israeli, in the first series of the -_Curiosities_, in a paper on the custom of saluting persons after sneezing, -says: - - "A memoir of the French Academy notices the practice in the New World, - on the first discovery of America." - -A relation of mine tells me, that when young, he once fell down in a fit -after a violent sneeze; the "Cryst helpe" may therefore not be totally -superfluous! - -A. A. D. - -_Braem's Memoires_ (Vol. v., pp. 126. 543.).--Permit me to inform MR. J. F. -L. COENEN that the MS. volume containing Braem's _Memoires Touchant le -Commerce, &c._, is at Oxford, in the library of Sir Robert Taylor's -Institution, where it may be seen and consulted, but cannot be disposed of. -MR. COENEN is thanked for his obliging information. - -J. M. - -_Portrait of Mesmer_ (Vol. v., p. 418.).--I beg to inform SIGMA there is a -very good engraved profile (bust) of Mesmer in a German work by him, -entitled _Mesmerismus, oder System der Wechselwirkungen, &c._, published at -Berlin in 1814, in 1 vol. 8vo., a copy of which is now before me. - -J. M. - - * * * * * - -BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES - -WANTED TO PURCHASE. - -SCOTT'S LADY OF THE LAKE. - ----- LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL. - ----- MARMION. - - The original 4to. editions in boards. - -FLANAGAN ON THE ROUND TOWERS OF IRELAND. 4to. 1843. - -A NARRATIVE OF THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE DOUGLAS CAUSE. London, Griffin, 8vo. -1767. - -CLARE'S POEMS. Fcap. 8vo. Last edition. - -MALLET'S ELVIRA. - -MAGNA CHARTA; a Sermon at the Funeral of Lady Farewell, by George Newton. -London, 1661. - -BOOTHBY'S SORROWS SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF PENELOPE. Cadell and Davies. -1796. - -CHAUCER'S POEMS. Vol. I. Aldine Edition. - -BIBLIA SACRA, Vulg. Edit. cum Commentar. Menochii. 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