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diff --git a/43576-h/43576-h.htm b/43576-h/43576-h.htm index 5141354..a927116 100644 --- a/43576-h/43576-h.htm +++ b/43576-h/43576-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> An Introduction to Enomology: Volume I., by William Kirby and William Spence--A Project Gutenberg eBook. @@ -169,48 +169,7 @@ div.fn { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Introduction to Entomology: Vol. I (of 4), by -William Kirby and William Spence - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: An Introduction to Entomology: Vol. I (of 4) - or Elements of the Natural History of the Insects - -Author: William Kirby - William Spence - -Release Date: August 27, 2013 [EBook #43576] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY, VOL I *** - - - - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43576 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" > <a name="PLATE_I" id="PLATE_I"></a> @@ -377,7 +336,7 @@ want of a popular and comprehensive Introduction to the science. While elementary books on Botany have been multiplied amongst us without end and in every shape, Curtis's translation of -the <i>Fundamenta Entomologiæ</i>, published in 1772; +the <i>Fundamenta Entomologiæ</i>, published in 1772; Yeats's <i>Institutions of Entomology</i>, which appeared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> the year after; and Barbut's <i>Genera Insectorum</i>, which came out in 1781—the two former @@ -458,7 +417,7 @@ are unknown to him; and that no similar generalization (if a slight attempt towards it in Smellie's <i>Philosophy of Natural History</i>, and a confessedly imperfect one in Latreille's <i>Histoire Naturelle -des Crustacés et des Insectes</i> be excepted) +des Crustacés et des Insectes</i> be excepted) has ever been attempted in any language.—Thus the entire work would be strictly on the plan of the <i>Philosophia Entomologica</i> of Fabricius, only @@ -586,10 +545,10 @@ made too many changes, they would remind him of the advice of Bergman to Morveau, when reforming the nomenclature of Chemistry, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> soundness of which Dugald Stewart has recognised—"<i>Ne -faites grace à aucune dénomination -impropre. Ceux qui savent déjà, entendront toujours; +faites grace à aucune dénomination +impropre. Ceux qui savent déjà , entendront toujours; ceux qui ne savent pas encore, entendront -plutôt.</i>"</p> +plutôt.</i>"</p> <p>Throughout the whole publication, wherever any fact of importance not depending on their @@ -696,7 +655,7 @@ to the world a description of the insects of Sweden invaluable for its accuracy and completeness—they would be provided in their old age with an object capable not merely of keeping off that -<i>tædium vitæ</i> so often inseparable from the relinquishment +<i>tædium vitæ</i> so often inseparable from the relinquishment of active life, but of supplying an unfailing fund of innocent amusement, an incentive to exercise, and consequently no mean degree of @@ -1237,7 +1196,7 @@ plants arises from the fluting and punctuation of their stems and leaves, and a similar ornament conspicuously distinguishes numerous insects, which also imitate with multiform variety, as may particularly be seen in the -caterpillars of many species of the butterfly tribe (<i>Papilionidæ</i>), +caterpillars of many species of the butterfly tribe (<i>Papilionidæ</i>), the spines and prickles which are given as a <i>Noli me tangere</i> armour to several vegetable productions.</p> @@ -1255,7 +1214,7 @@ in a variety of <i>Lepidoptera</i>; and those many-coloured eyes which deck so gloriously the peacock's tail are imitated with success by one of our most common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> butterflies<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>. Feathers are thought to be peculiar to birds; -but insects often imitate them in their antennæ<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>, wings<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>, +but insects often imitate them in their antennæ<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>, wings<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>, and even sometimes in the covering of their bodies<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>.—We admire with reason the coats of quadrupeds, whether their skins be covered with pile, or wool, or fur; @@ -1346,7 +1305,7 @@ great poet,</p> <span class="i14">... all prodigious things<br /></span> <span class="i0">Abominable, unutterable, and worse<br /></span> <span class="i0">Than fables yet have feign'd, or fear conceiv'd,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimæras dire.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimæras dire.<br /></span> </div></div> <p>But the pleasures of a student of the science to which @@ -1634,7 +1593,7 @@ words upon what I so cordially despise. But since even learned men and philosophers, from a partial and prejudiced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> view of the subject, having recourse to this common-place logic, are sometimes disposed to regard all -inquiry into these minutiæ of nature as useless and idle, +inquiry into these minutiæ of nature as useless and idle, and the mark of a little mind; to remove such prejudice and misconceptions I shall now dilate somewhat upon the subject of <i>Cui bono?</i></p> @@ -1692,7 +1651,7 @@ of their day; yet both these made insects a principal object of their attention: and in more recent times, if we look abroad, what names greater than those of Redi, Malpighi, Vallisnieri, Swammerdam, Leeuwenhoek, -Reaumur, Linné, De Geer, Bonnet, and the +Reaumur, Linné, De Geer, Bonnet, and the Hubers? and at home, what philosophers have done<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> more honour to their country and to human nature than Ray, Willughby, Lister, and Derham? Yet all these @@ -1876,7 +1835,7 @@ without further information, he may fall short of his purpose of prevention. Thus we are told that in Germany the gardeners and country people, with great industry, gather whole baskets full of the caterpillar of the destructive -cabbage moth (<i>Mamestra Brassicæ</i>), and then bury +cabbage moth (<i>Mamestra Brassicæ</i>), and then bury them, which, as Roesel well observes<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>, is just as if we should endeavour to kill a crab by covering it with water; for, many of them being full grown and ready to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> @@ -1897,7 +1856,7 @@ so as to enable them to distinguish the pupa and discover its haunts, and it would not be at all difficult to detect that of the greatest pest of our gardens, the cabbage butterfly, the work might be still more effectually accomplished. -Some larvæ are polyphagous, or feed upon a +Some larvæ are polyphagous, or feed upon a variety of plants; amongst others that of the yellow-tail moth (<i>Arctia chrysorhœa</i>); yet gardeners think they have done enough if they destroy the web-like nests @@ -1990,7 +1949,7 @@ are called vulgar errors, and that superstitious reliance upon charms, which prevents us from having recourse to remedies that are really efficacious. Thus, for instance, eating figs and sweet things has been supposed to generate -lice<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>. Nine larvæ of the moth of the wild teasel inclosed +lice<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>. Nine larvæ of the moth of the wild teasel inclosed in a reed or goose quill have been reckoned a remedy for ague<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>. Matthiolus gravely affirms that every oak-gall contains either a fly, a spider, or a worm; and @@ -2004,7 +1963,7 @@ it will be mild, but on the contrary if it be white the weather will be severe: and they carry this so far as to foretell, that if the anterior part be white and the posterior blue, the cold will be most severe at the beginning of the -winter. Hence they call this grub <i>Bemärkelse-mask</i>, or +winter. Hence they call this grub <i>Bemärkelse-mask</i>, or prognostic worm<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>. A similar augury as to the harvest is drawn by the Danish peasants from the mites which infest the common dung beetle (<i>Geotrupes stercorarius</i>),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> @@ -2017,7 +1976,7 @@ some countries produced the most violent alarm and trepidation amongst the people, who, because it emits a plaintive sound, and is marked with what looks like a death's head upon its back, regarded it as the messenger -of pestilence and death<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>. We learn from Linné that a +of pestilence and death<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>. We learn from Linné that a similar superstition, built upon the black hue and strange aspect of that beetle, prevails in Sweden with respect to <i>Blaps mortisaga</i>, L.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>; and in Barbadoes, according to @@ -2234,7 +2193,7 @@ consideration, I might in the first place deny that those who have the highest claim to rank as entomologists do confine their views to the systematic department of the science to the neglect of economical observations; and -in proof of my assertion, I might refer abroad to a Linné, +in proof of my assertion, I might refer abroad to a Linné, a Reaumur, a De Geer, a Huber, and various other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> names of the highest reputation; and at home to a Ray, a Lister, a Derham, a Marsham, a Curtis, a Clark, a @@ -2312,7 +2271,7 @@ amuse themselves innocently, which is quite as much as can be urged for persons who recreate their leisure hours with music, painting, or desultory reading. They furnish themselves with an unfailing provision of that "grand -panacea for the <i>tædium vitæ</i>"—employment—no unimportant +panacea for the <i>tædium vitæ</i>"—employment—no unimportant acquisition, when even Gray was forced to exclaim, with reference to the necessity of "always having something going forward" towards the enjoyment of life, @@ -2495,7 +2454,7 @@ ordinary description should be insufficient to discriminate an insect. It is to this insufficiency that we must attribute our ignorance of so many of the insects mentioned by the older naturalists, previously to the systematic improvements -of the immortal Linné: and to the same cause +of the immortal Linné: and to the same cause we must refer the impossibility of determining what species are alluded to in the accounts of many modern travellers and agriculturists who have been ignorant of Entomology @@ -2515,7 +2474,7 @@ have even figured it; and yet, strange to say, it was not certainly known whether it was a flea (<i>Pulex</i>, L.) or a mite (<i>Acarus</i>, L.), till a competent naturalist undertook to investigate its history, and in a short paper in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -<i>Swedish Transactions</i><a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> proved that Linné was not mistaken +<i>Swedish Transactions</i><a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> proved that Linné was not mistaken in referring it to the former tribe.</p> <p>The second instance of the insufficiency of popular @@ -2670,7 +2629,7 @@ walks about after losing its head; and the polypus, so far from being injured by the application of the knife, thereby acquires an extension of existence. Insensibility almost equally great may be found in the insect world. -This, indeed, might be inferred <i>à priori</i>, since Providence +This, indeed, might be inferred <i>à priori</i>, since Providence seems to have been more prodigal of insect life than of that of any other order of creatures, animalcula perhaps alone excepted. No part of the creation is exposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> @@ -2841,7 +2800,7 @@ wrought every day beneath our eyes, are, because of their commonness, and the minuteness of the objects, unheeded alike by the ignorant and the learned.</p> -<p>That butterfly which amuses you with its aërial excursions, +<p>That butterfly which amuses you with its aërial excursions, one while extracting nectar from the tube of the honeysuckle, and then, the very image of fickleness, flying to a rose as if to contrast the hue of its wings with @@ -2920,7 +2879,7 @@ have been speedily fatal; now it could as little exist in any other element than air. Then it breathed through its tail; now through openings in its sides. Its shapeless head, in that period of its existence, is now exchanged -for one adorned with elegantly tufted antennæ, +for one adorned with elegantly tufted antennæ, and furnished, instead of jaws, with an apparatus more artfully constructed than the cupping-glasses of the phlebotomist—an apparatus which, at the same time that it @@ -2972,21 +2931,21 @@ made to them in our future correspondence.</p> <p>The first of these need not be here adverted to. In the <i>second</i>, or immediately after the exclusion from the egg, they are soft, without wings, and in shape usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> -somewhat like worms. This Linné called the <i>larva</i> +somewhat like worms. This Linné called the <i>larva</i> state, and an insect when in it a <i>larva</i>, adopting a Latin word signifying a <i>mask</i>, because he considered the real insect while under this form to be as it were masked. In the English language we have no common term that applies to the second state of all insects, though we have several for that of different tribes. Thus we call -the coloured and often hairy larvæ of butterflies and -moths <i>caterpillars</i>; the white and more compact larvæ +the coloured and often hairy larvæ of butterflies and +moths <i>caterpillars</i>; the white and more compact larvæ of flies, many beetles, &c. <i>grubs</i> or <i>maggots</i><a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a>; and the -depressed larvæ of many other insects <i>worms</i>. The +depressed larvæ of many other insects <i>worms</i>. The two former terms I shall sometimes use in a similar sense, rejecting the last, which ought to be confined to -true <i>vermes</i>; but I shall more commonly adopt Linné's -term, and call insects in their second state, <i>larvæ</i><a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>.</p> +true <i>vermes</i>; but I shall more commonly adopt Linné's +term, and call insects in their second state, <i>larvæ</i><a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>.</p> <p>In this period of their life, during which they eat voraciously and cast their skin several times, insects @@ -3001,41 +2960,41 @@ existence.</p> state, in which they do not badly resemble in miniature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> a child trussed up like a mummy in swaddling clothes, according to the barbarous fashion once prevalent here, -and still retained in many parts of the continent; Linné +and still retained in many parts of the continent; Linné has called it the <i>pupa</i> state, and an insect when under this form a <i>pupa</i>;—terms which will be here adopted in the same sense. In this state, most insects eat no food; are incapable of locomotion; and if opened seem filled with a watery fluid, in which no distinct organs can be -traced. Externally, however, the shape of the pupæ of +traced. Externally, however, the shape of the pupæ of different tribes varies considerably, and different names have been applied to them.</p> <p>Those of the beetle and bee tribes are covered with a membranous skin, inclosing in separate and distinct -sheaths the external organs, as the antennæ, legs, and +sheaths the external organs, as the antennæ, legs, and wings, which are consequently not closely applied to the body, but have their form for the most part clearly distinguishable. To these Aristotle originally gave the -name of <i>nymphæ</i><a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>, which was continued by Swammerdam -and other authors prior to Linné, who calls them -<i>incomplete</i> pupæ, and has been adopted by many English +name of <i>nymphæ</i><a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>, which was continued by Swammerdam +and other authors prior to Linné, who calls them +<i>incomplete</i> pupæ, and has been adopted by many English writers on insects<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>.</p> <p>Butterflies, moths, and some of the two-winged tribe, are in their pupa state also inclosed in a similar membranous -envelope; but their legs, antennæ, and wings, +envelope; but their legs, antennæ, and wings, are closely folded over the breast and sides; and the whole body inclosed in a common case or covering of a more horny consistence, which admits a much less distinct -view of the organs beneath it. As these pupæ are often +view of the organs beneath it. As these pupæ are often tinged of a golden colour, they were called from this -circumstance <i>chrysalides</i> by the Greeks, and <i>aureliæ</i> by +circumstance <i>chrysalides</i> by the Greeks, and <i>aureliæ</i> by the Romans, both which terms are in some measure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> become anglicized; and though not strictly applicable -to ungilded pupæ, are now often given to those of all -lepidopterous insects<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>. These by Linné are denominated -<i>obtected</i> pupæ<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>.</p> +to ungilded pupæ, are now often given to those of all +lepidopterous insects<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>. These by Linné are denominated +<i>obtected</i> pupæ<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>.</p> <p>I have said that <i>most</i> insects eat no food in the pupa state. This qualification is necessary, because in the @@ -3048,18 +3007,18 @@ and moving. As these insects, however, cast their skins<span class="pagenum"><a at stated periods, and undergo changes, though slight, in their external and internal conformation, they are regarded also as being subject to metamorphoses. These -pupæ may be subdivided into two classes: first, those +pupæ may be subdivided into two classes: first, those comprised, with some exceptions, under the Linnean <i>Aptera</i>, which in almost every respect resemble the perfect -insect, and were called by Linné <i>complete</i> pupæ; +insect, and were called by Linné <i>complete</i> pupæ; and secondly, those of the Linnean order <i>Hemiptera</i>, which resemble the perfect insect, except in having only the rudiments of wings, and to which the name of <i>semi-complete</i> -pupæ was applied by Linné, and that of semi-nymphs +pupæ was applied by Linné, and that of semi-nymphs by some other authors<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>. There is still a fifth -kind of pupæ, which are not, as in other instances, excluded +kind of pupæ, which are not, as in other instances, excluded from the skin of the larva, but remain concealed -under it, and were hence called by Linné <i>coarctate</i> pupæ. +under it, and were hence called by Linné <i>coarctate</i> pupæ. These, which are peculiar to flies and some other dipterous genera, may be termed <i>cased-nymphs</i><a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>.</p> @@ -3095,7 +3054,7 @@ last state.</p> with wings, capable of propagation, and often under a form altogether different from those which it has previously borne—a perfect beetle, butterfly, or other -insect. This Linné termed the <i>imago</i> state, and the +insect. This Linné termed the <i>imago</i> state, and the animal that had attained to it the <i>imago</i>; because, having laid aside its <i>mask</i>, and cast off its <i>swaddling bands</i>, being no longer disguised or confined, or in any @@ -3168,7 +3127,7 @@ in water for a few minutes. A very rough dissection will then enable you to detect the future butterfly; and you will find that the wings, rolled up into a sort of cord, are lodged between the first and second segment of the caterpillar;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> -that the antennæ and trunk are coiled up in front +that the antennæ and trunk are coiled up in front of the head; and that the legs, however different their form, are actually sheathed in its legs. Malpighi discovered the eggs of the future moth, in the chrysalis of a @@ -3645,7 +3604,7 @@ me to embrace the above hypothesis, leaving you full liberty to reject it if you do not find it consonant to reason and fact. The three kinds of insects to which I allude, as concerned in cases that have been deemed Phthiriasis, -are lice (<i>Pediculi</i>, L.) mites (<i>Acari</i>, L.), and <i>Larvæ</i> in +are lice (<i>Pediculi</i>, L.) mites (<i>Acari</i>, L.), and <i>Larvæ</i> in general.</p> <p>As far as the habits of the genus <i>Pediculus</i>, whether @@ -3750,7 +3709,7 @@ two small splinters of bamboo extracted from between the <i>cilia</i> abundance of very minute lice, which were scarcely visible without a lens, though their motion, when laid on the thumb, was distinctly perceived. These insects -were probably synonymous with the <i>Ciron des paupières</i> +were probably synonymous with the <i>Ciron des paupières</i> of Sauvages<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>.—Le Jeune, a French physician quoted in Mouffet, describes a case, in which what seems a different species, since he calls them rather large, infested @@ -3759,7 +3718,7 @@ Mead, from the <i>German Ephemerides</i>, gives an account of a woman suckling her child, from whose breast proceeded very minute vermicles<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>. These were probably mites, and perhaps that species, which, from -its feeding upon milk, Linné denominates <i>Acarus Lactis</i>. +its feeding upon milk, Linné denominates <i>Acarus Lactis</i>. The great author last mentioned describes an insect, a native of America, under the name of <i>Pediculus Ricinoides</i>, which, upon the authority of Rolander, he informs us, @@ -3771,10 +3730,10 @@ of <i>Trombidium</i> (a genus separated by Fabricius from <i>Acarus</i>) have in no state more than six legs<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>. Others of the tribe of <i>Acarina</i>, and the insect in question amongst the rest, may be similarly circumstanced; or those that -Rolander examined might have been larvæ, which in this +Rolander examined might have been larvæ, which in this tribe are usually hexapods.</p> -<p>Linné appears to have been of opinion that many contagious +<p>Linné appears to have been of opinion that many contagious diseases are caused by mites<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a>. How far he was justified in this opinion I shall not here inquire; facts alone can decide the question, and observations made by @@ -3787,7 +3746,7 @@ and the itch, he affirms that this had been manifested to his eyes. You will wish probably to know the arguments that may be adduced in confirmation of this opinion; I will therefore endeavour to satisfy you as well -as I am able. The following history given by Linné seems +as I am able. The following history given by Linné seems to prove the dysentery connected with these animals.</p> <p>Rolander, a student in Entomology, while he resided @@ -3798,7 +3757,7 @@ as before soon removed. A third time, at the end of the same period, he was seized with it. All the while he had been living like the rest of the family, who had nevertheless escaped. This, of course, occasioned no little inquiry -into the cause of what had happened. Linné, aware that +into the cause of what had happened. Linné, aware that Bartholinus had attributed the dysentery to <i>insects</i>, which he professed to have seen, recommended it to his pupil to examine his feces. Rolander, following this advice, @@ -3817,8 +3776,8 @@ rhubarb was found to destroy them most effectually. He afterwards discovered them in vessels containing acids, and often under the bung of casks<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>. In the instance here recorded, the dysentery, or diarrhœa, was evidently -produced by a species of mite, which Linné hence called -<i>Acarus Dysenteriæ</i>; but it would be going too far, I apprehend, +produced by a species of mite, which Linné hence called +<i>Acarus Dysenteriæ</i>; but it would be going too far, I apprehend, to assert that they are invariably the cause of that disease.</p> @@ -3837,7 +3796,7 @@ itching. It appears that Mouffet, or whoever was the author of that part of the <i>Theatrum Insectorum</i>, was himself also well acquainted with these animals, since he remarks that their habitation is not in the pustule but near -it: a remark afterwards confirmed by Linné<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>, and more +it: a remark afterwards confirmed by Linné<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>, and more recently by Dr. Adams<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>. In common with the former of these authors, Mouffet further notices the effect of warmth upon them in exciting motion<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>. Our intelligent @@ -3879,7 +3838,7 @@ Is scabies always produced by these insects? Or, if this be not the case, Is the <i>animate</i> scabies a distinct disease from the <i>inanimate</i>?</p> -<p>It is very remarkable that Linné, a physician as well +<p>It is very remarkable that Linné, a physician as well as a naturalist; and De Geer, one of the most accurate observers that ever existed; should both assign the insect in question as the undoubted cause of the <i>common</i> scabies @@ -3935,14 +3894,14 @@ and the other <i>inanimate</i>. Nay this, I should think, would lead to a doubt whether even their <i>genus</i> were the same. I shall dismiss this part of my subject with the mention of a discovery of Dr. Adams, which seems to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> -escaped both Linné and De Geer—that the <i>Acarus Scabiei</i> +escaped both Linné and De Geer—that the <i>Acarus Scabiei</i> is endowed with the faculty of leaping; (in this respect resembling the insect found by Willan in <i>Prurigo senilis</i> mentioned above;) for which purpose its four posterior thighs are incrassated<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>.</p> <p>But besides these <i>Acarine</i> diseases, there seems to be -one (unless with Linné we regard the plague as of this +one (unless with Linné we regard the plague as of this class<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>) more fearful and fatal than them all. You will, perhaps, conjecture I am speaking of that described by Aristotle and Sir E. Wilmot as the Phthiriasis, and your @@ -3992,7 +3951,7 @@ from his corrupted blood. This was probably a fancy originating in their red colour: but the whole history, whether we consider the size and colour of the animals, or the places from which they issue, is inapplicable -to <i>larvæ</i> or maggots, and agrees very well with <i>mites</i>, +to <i>larvæ</i> or maggots, and agrees very well with <i>mites</i>, some of which, particularly <i>Leptus autumnalis</i>, are of a bright red colour. The other case, and a very similar one, is that recorded by Mouffet of Lady Penruddock; @@ -4026,41 +3985,41 @@ its place amongst your <i>Genera Morborum</i>.</p> <p>I shall now proceed to the remaining class of diseases mistaken for Phthiriasis; those, namely, which are produced -by <i>larvæ</i>. There are two terms employed by ancient -authors, <i>Eulæ</i> (Ευλαι) and <i>Scolex</i> (Σκωληξ), which -seem properly to denote larvæ; but there is often such a +by <i>larvæ</i>. There are two terms employed by ancient +authors, <i>Eulæ</i> (Ευλαι) and <i>Scolex</i> (Σκωληξ), which +seem properly to denote larvæ; but there is often such a want of precision in the language of writers unacquainted with Natural History, that it is very difficult to make<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> out what objects they mean; and expressions which, -strictly taken, should be understood of larvæ, may probably +strictly taken, should be understood of larvæ, may probably sometimes have been used to denote the cause of -either the pedicular or acarine disease. <i>Eulæ</i>, which +either the pedicular or acarine disease. <i>Eulæ</i>, which term, though given by Hesychius as synonymous with <i>Scolex</i>, is by Plutarch used as of different import<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>, seems -properly to mean those larvæ which are generated in +properly to mean those larvæ which are generated in dead carcases, at least so Homer has more than once applied it<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>: it is therefore a word of a much more restricted sense than <i>Scolex</i>, which probably belongs to the -larvæ of every order of insects; for so Aristotle employs +larvæ of every order of insects; for so Aristotle employs it, when he says that all insects produce a <i>Scolex</i>, or are larviparous<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>. Yet when Homer compares Harpalion stretched dead upon the ground to a <i>Scolex</i><a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>, it should seem as if he used the word for an earth-worm, which Aristotle commonly calls by a figurative periphrasis, "Entrails of the earth<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>." In the Holy Scriptures this -word is used to signify larvæ which prey upon and are +word is used to signify larvæ which prey upon and are the torment of living bodies<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>. It may on this account, -perhaps, be regarded as generally meaning such larvæ, +perhaps, be regarded as generally meaning such larvæ, to whatever order or genus they belong.</p> <p>Dr. Mead, therefore, is most probably right when he considers the disease stated by the ancients to be caused -by <i>Eulæ</i> or <i>Scoleches</i>, commonly translated worms, as +by <i>Eulæ</i> or <i>Scoleches</i>, commonly translated worms, as distinct from Phthiriasis; and if so, the inhuman Pheretima, -who swarmed with <i>Eulæ</i>, and Herod Agrippa, +who swarmed with <i>Eulæ</i>, and Herod Agrippa, who was eaten of <i>Scoleches</i><a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>, were probably neither of them destroyed either by Pediculi or Acari, but by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> -larvæ or maggots. And when Galen prescribed a remedy +larvæ or maggots. And when Galen prescribed a remedy for ulcers inhabited by <i>Scoleches</i>, observing that animals similar to those generated by putrid substances are often found in abscesses, he probably meant the same @@ -4229,7 +4188,7 @@ by them <i>the doctor</i>, is thought to be synonymous with this<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>.—More serious consequences have been known to follow the bite of another mite related to the above, if not the same species, common in Martinique, and called -there the <i>Bête rouge</i>. When our soldiers in camp were +there the <i>Bête rouge</i>. When our soldiers in camp were attacked by this animal, dangerous ulcers succeeded the symptoms just mentioned, which, in several cases, became so bad, that the limb affected was obliged to be @@ -4277,7 +4236,7 @@ and the species which infests our dogs is so common that you will have no difficulty in procuring one for examination.</p> <p>I have now introduced you to the principal insects of -the <i>Aptera</i> order of Linné, which, in spite of all his care +the <i>Aptera</i> order of Linné, which, in spite of all his care and all his power, assail the lord of the creation, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> make him their food. You will here, however, perhaps accuse me of omitting one very prominent annoyer of @@ -4329,7 +4288,7 @@ belongs, often inflict very painful wounds.—I was once attacked by a small species, near <i>Cimex Nemorum</i>, L. (<i>Hylophila</i>, K.), which put me nearly to as much torture as the sting of a wasp. The water boatman (<i>Notonecta<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> -glauca</i>), an insect related to the <i>Cimicidæ</i>, which always +glauca</i>), an insect related to the <i>Cimicidæ</i>, which always swims upon its back, made me suffer still more severely, as if I had been burned, by the insertion of its rostrum; but the wound was not followed by any inflammation; @@ -4392,7 +4351,7 @@ one eye; and the flesh of his cheek and chin was so enlarged from it as to hang down. And Mr. W. S. MacLeay thus describes to me the annoyance he suffered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> from one of them. "I went down the other day to the -country, and was fairly driven out of it by the <i>Hæmatopota +country, and was fairly driven out of it by the <i>Hæmatopota pluvialis</i>, which attacked me with such fury, that although I did not at last venture beyond the door without a veil, my face and hands were swelled to that degree @@ -4565,7 +4524,7 @@ at first imagine that regions where the polar winter extends its icy reign would not be much annoyed by insects: but however probable the supposition, it is the reverse of fact, for nowhere are gnats more numerous. -These animals, as well as numbers of the <i>Tipulariæ</i> of +These animals, as well as numbers of the <i>Tipulariæ</i> of Latreille, seem endowed with the privilege of resisting any degree of cold, and of bearing any degree of heat. In Lapland their numbers are so prodigious as to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> @@ -4868,7 +4827,7 @@ they kill and devour their own young without pity as soon as they are born, and they are equally savage to their fellows when grown up. Terrible however and revolting as these creatures appear, we are gravely told -by Naudé, that there is a species of scorpion in Italy +by Naudé, that there is a species of scorpion in Italy which is domesticated, and put between the sheets to cool the beds during the heats of summer<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>!!</p> @@ -4933,7 +4892,7 @@ and tabor<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote <p>There is however a spider (<i>Theridium</i> 13<i>-guttatum</i>) the bite of which is said to be very dangerous, and even -mortal. Thiébaut de Berneaud, in his <i>Voyage to Elba</i><a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a>, +mortal. Thiébaut de Berneaud, in his <i>Voyage to Elba</i><a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a>, affirms that in the Volterrano he knew that several country people and domestic animals died in consequence of it. And according to Mr. Jackson, a spider, called @@ -4971,7 +4930,7 @@ of the gauze curtains that keep off the former pest, though they do not bite, occasion an itching that is dreadfully tormenting<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a>. But these are nothing compared with the teasing attacks of another gnat (<i>Simulium reptans</i>), -which, as Linné informs us, who misnamed it a +which, as Linné informs us, who misnamed it a Culex, is so incredibly numerous in Lapland, as entirely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> to cover a man's body, turning a white dress into a black one, occupying the whole atmosphere, filling the mouth, @@ -5133,11 +5092,11 @@ him with <i>exterior</i> pain or evil, whether on the surface or under the skin, bore into his flesh, descend even into his stomach and viscera; derange his whole system, and thus often occasion his death. The punitive insects -here employed are usually larvæ of the various orders, +here employed are usually larvæ of the various orders, and they are the cause of that genus of diseases I before noticed, and proposed to call <i>Scolechiasis</i>.</p> -<p>I shall begin my account with the first order of Linné, +<p>I shall begin my account with the first order of Linné, because people in general seem not aware that any <i>beetles</i> make their way into the human <i>stomach</i>. Yet there is abundant evidence, which proves beyond controversy @@ -5153,19 +5112,19 @@ which it is usually accustomed, is the most extraordinary<span class="pagenum">< circumstance of all.—Dr. Martin Lister, who to the skill of the physician added the most profound knowledge of nature, mentions an instance, communicated to him by -Mr. Jessop, of a girl who voided three hexapod larvæ +Mr. Jessop, of a girl who voided three hexapod larvæ similar to what are found in the carcases of birds<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>, probably belonging either to the genus <i>Dermestes</i>, or <i>Anthrenus</i>: and in the <i>German Ephemerides</i> the case also of a girl is recorded, from an abscess in the <i>calf</i> of whose <i>leg</i> crept black worms resembling beetles<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>.</p> -<p>The larvæ of some beetle, as appears from the description, +<p>The larvæ of some beetle, as appears from the description, seem to have been ejected even from the <i>lungs</i>. Four of these, of which the largest was nearly three quarters of an inch long, were discovered in the mucus expelled after a severe fit of coughing by a lady afflicted -with a pulmonary disease; and similar larvæ of a smaller +with a pulmonary disease; and similar larvæ of a smaller size were once afterwards discharged in the same way<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a>.</p> <p>No one would suppose that <i>caterpillars</i>, which feed @@ -5175,7 +5134,7 @@ who vomited up several, which, he observes, had sixteen legs<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>. The eggs perhaps might have been swallowed in salad; and, as vegetables make a part of most people's daily diet, enough might have passed into the stomach -to support them when hatched.—Linné tells us that the +to support them when hatched.—Linné tells us that the caterpillar of a moth (<i>Aglossa pinguinalis</i>), common in houses, has also been found in a similar situation, and is one of the worst of our insect infesters.—In a very old @@ -5184,14 +5143,14 @@ the almost incredible length of the middle finger is said<span class="pagenum">< to have been voided from the <i>nostrils</i> of a young man long afflicted with dreadful pains in his head<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>.—But the most extraordinary account with respect to lepidopterous -larvæ (unless he has mistaken his insects) is given +larvæ (unless he has mistaken his insects) is given by Azara, the Spanish traveller before quoted; who says that in South America there is a large brown <i>moth</i>, which deposits its young in a kind of saliva upon the flesh of persons who sleep naked; these introduce themselves under the skin without being perceived, where they occasion swelling attended by inflammation and violent pain. -When the natives discover it, they squeeze out the larvæ, +When the natives discover it, they squeeze out the larvæ, which usually amount to five or six<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>.</p> <p>But amongst all the orders, none is more fruitful in @@ -5201,8 +5160,8 @@ sorely it annoys our cattle and other quadrupeds; but I suspect have no notion that there is a species appropriated to man. The existence, indeed, of this species seems to have been overlooked by entomologists (though -it stands in Gmelin's edition of the <i>Systema Naturæ</i><a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>, -upon the authority of the younger Linné,) till Humboldt +it stands in Gmelin's edition of the <i>Systema Naturæ</i><a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>, +upon the authority of the younger Linné,) till Humboldt and Bonpland mentioned it again. Speaking of the low regions of the torrid zone, where the air is filled with those myriads of mosquitos which render uninhabitable @@ -5229,7 +5188,7 @@ they produced a fly as large as the flesh-fly<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNan of Dr. Reeve of Norwich, after suffering for some time great pain, was at last relieved by voiding a considerable number of maggots, which agree precisely with those -described by De Geer as the larvæ of his <i>Musca domestica +described by De Geer as the larvæ of his <i>Musca domestica minor</i>, (<i>Anthomyia canicularis</i>, Meig.) a fly which he speaks of as very common in apartments<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a>.—In Paraguay the flesh-flies are said to be uncommonly numerous @@ -5289,7 +5248,7 @@ Ipswich, gave me this winter an apode larva voided by a person of that place with his urine, which I now preserve in spirits and can show you when you visit me. It appears to me to belong to the <i>Diptera</i> order, yet not to the fly -tribes (<i>Tanystoma</i>, Latr.), but rather to the <i>Tipulariæ</i> of +tribes (<i>Tanystoma</i>, Latr.), but rather to the <i>Tipulariæ</i> of that author, with which however it does not seem to agree so entirely as to take away all doubt. It is a very singular larva, and I can find none in any author that I @@ -5311,10 +5270,10 @@ much slenderer, and very short. The last or anal joint of the body very minute; exerting two short, filiform horns, or rather respiratory organs. I could discover, in this animal, no respiratory plates, such as are found in -the larvæ of <i>Muscidæ</i>, <i>&c.</i> nor were the tracheæ visible. +the larvæ of <i>Muscidæ</i>, <i>&c.</i> nor were the tracheæ visible. When given to me, it was alive and extremely active, writhing itself into various contortions with great agility. -It moved, like other dipterous larvæ, by means of its +It moved, like other dipterous larvæ, by means of its mandibles. Upon wetting my fingers more than once, to take it up when it had fallen from a table upon which it was placed, the saline taste with which it was imbued @@ -5339,7 +5298,7 @@ is usually done, threw up a prodigious number of them of all sizes, which must have bred in her stomach<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a>.—Another apterous species appears to have been detected in a still more remarkable situation. Hermann, the -author of the admirable <i>Mémoire Apterologique</i>, whose +author of the admirable <i>Mémoire Apterologique</i>, whose untimely death is so much to be lamented, informs us that an Acarus figured and described in his work (<i>A. marginatus</i>), was observed by his artist running on the @@ -5517,7 +5476,7 @@ covered with a slimy substance adhere to the hairs) on such parts of the body as the animal can reach with its tongue; and thus, unconscious of what it is doing, it unwarily introduces into its own citadel the troops of its -enemy.—Another species (<i>G. hæmorrhoidalis</i>) is still +enemy.—Another species (<i>G. hæmorrhoidalis</i>) is still more troublesome to it, ovipositing upon the lips; and in its endeavours to effect this, from the excessive titillation it occasions, giving the poor beast the most distressing @@ -5528,7 +5487,7 @@ to a distant part of their pasture, and, as their last resource, taking refuge in the water, where the gad-flies never follow them. We learn from Reaumur, that in France the grooms, when they observe any bots (which -is the vulgar name for the larvæ and pupæ of these flies) +is the vulgar name for the larvæ and pupæ of these flies) about the anus of a horse or in its dung, thrust their hand into the passage to search for more; but this seems a useless precaution, which must occasion the animal @@ -5557,7 +5516,7 @@ of death.</p> in your summer rides, hovering round the head and neck of your horse, accompanying him as he goes, and causing a perpetual tossing of the former<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a>!—And still -more annoying in Lapland, as we learn from Linné<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a>, is +more annoying in Lapland, as we learn from Linné<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a>, is the furious assault of the minute horse-gnat, (<i>Culex equinus</i>, L.) which infests these beasts in infinite numbers, running under the mane and amongst the hair, and @@ -5580,9 +5539,9 @@ finger and thumb it is difficult to kill it; and if you let it go with life, it will immediately return to the charge.—Amongst the insect plagues of horses, I should also have enumerated the larva of <i>Lixus paraplecticus</i>, which -Linné considers as the cause of the equine disease, +Linné considers as the cause of the equine disease, called in Sweden, after the <i>Phellandrium aquaticum</i>, -"<i>Stâkra</i>," had not the observations of the accurate De +"<i>Stâkra</i>," had not the observations of the accurate De Geer rendered it doubtful whether the insect be at all connected with this malady<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a>.</p> @@ -5692,7 +5651,7 @@ so much as they do our horses: perhaps for this immunity they may be indebted to the thickness of their hides; but Virgil's beautiful description of the annoyance that the Grecian Œstrus, called by the Romans Asilus, belongs -evidently to one of the <i>Tabanidæ</i>. As the passage has +evidently to one of the <i>Tabanidæ</i>. As the passage has not been very correctly translated, I shall turn poet on the occasion, and attempt to give it you in a new dress.</p> @@ -5716,7 +5675,7 @@ and their cattle from a whole district? Yet the terrible disposed to give more credit to the accounts of that traveller) has power to produce such an effect. This fly, which is a native of Abyssinia, both from its habits and -the figure, appears to belong to the <i>Tabanidæ</i>, and perhaps +the figure, appears to belong to the <i>Tabanidæ</i>, and perhaps is congenerous with the <i>Œstrus</i> of the Greeks<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a>.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> <p>Small as this insect is, we must acknowledge the elephant, @@ -5761,7 +5720,7 @@ been supposed to occasion to oxen or kine.</p> <p>Modern writers have been much divided in their opinion to what genus this celebrated insect belongs. All indeed have regarded it as of the <i>Coleoptera</i> order; but -here their agreement ceases. Linné should seem to +here their agreement ceases. Linné should seem to have looked upon it as a species of the genus to which he has given its name; but these, being timber insects, are not very likely to be swallowed by cattle with their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> @@ -5773,8 +5732,8 @@ rapid, that it is not very likely that cattle would often swallow them while feeding.</p> <p>M. Latreille, in an ingenious essay on this insect<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a>, -suspects it to belong to the genus <i>Melöe</i>, and as this -feeds upon herbs, (<i>M. Proscarabæus</i> and <i>M. violaceus</i>, +suspects it to belong to the genus <i>Melöe</i>, and as this +feeds upon herbs, (<i>M. Proscarabæus</i> and <i>M. violaceus</i>, upon the Ranunculi, so widely disseminated in our pastures,) his opinion seems to rest upon more solid grounds than that of his predecessors; but yet I think the insect @@ -5804,7 +5763,7 @@ M. Latreille supposes to be a Mylabris, and in this I agree with him; and therefore this is the proper genus to which the original Greek Buprestis, the true type of the insect in question, ought to be referred, and not -Melöe.</p> +Melöe.</p> <p>Whether this animal be really guilty to the extent of which it is accused, admits of considerable doubt; but @@ -5818,7 +5777,7 @@ for a principal part of our food, but also for clothing and even light. Thick as is their coat of wool, it does not shield them from the attack of all-subduing insects: on the contrary it affords a comfortable shelter to one of -their enemies of this class, regarded by Linné as a species +their enemies of this class, regarded by Linné as a species of <i>Hippobosca</i>, but properly separated from that genus by Latreille under the name of <i>Melophagus</i><a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>. This is commonly called the sheep-louse, and is so tenacious @@ -5852,14 +5811,14 @@ that from the tripod of Delphos. Yet so we are told on the authority of Alexander Trallien. Whether Democrates, who consulted the oracle, was cured by this remedy does not appear; the story shows however that the -ancients were aware of the station of these larvæ.—The +ancients were aware of the station of these larvæ.—The common saying that a whimsical person is <i>maggoty</i>, or has got <i>maggots in his head</i>, perhaps arose from the freaks the sheep have been observed to exhibit when infested by their bots.—The flesh-fly is also a great annoyance to the fleecy tribe, especially in fenny countries; and if constant attention be not paid them, they are soon -devoured by its insatiable larvæ. In Lincolnshire, the +devoured by its insatiable larvæ. In Lincolnshire, the principal profit of the druggists is derived from the sale of a mercurial ointment used to destroy them.—In tropical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> countries the sheep frequently suffer from the ants. @@ -5886,7 +5845,7 @@ attack of two species of gad-fly<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253" the ox, deposits its eggs in an orifice it makes in the skin of the animal, and so produces tumours; and another in imitation of that of the sheep, ovipositing in -such a manner that its larvæ when hatched can make +such a manner that its larvæ when hatched can make their way into the head, where they take their station in a cavity near the pharynx. He relates a curious notion of the hunters with respect to these two species. Conceiving @@ -5928,10 +5887,10 @@ and the horse, and the small-pox is said to have originated in the heels of the camel: but neither the ingenious Dr. Jenner nor any other writer on this subject has informed us that the rein-deer is subject to the distemper -last named; yet Linné quotes the learned work of a +last named; yet Linné quotes the learned work of a Swedish physician on <i>Syphilis</i>, who gravely gives this as a fact<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a>!! The inoculator, in truth, is the gad-fly, the -tumours it causes are the pustules, and its larvæ are the +tumours it causes are the pustules, and its larvæ are the pus.—It is astonishing how dreadfully these poor animals in hot weather are terrified and injured by them: ten of these flies will put a herd of five hundred into the @@ -5942,7 +5901,7 @@ tossing continually; every individual trembling and pushing its neighbour about. The ovipositor of this fly is similar to that of the ox-breese, consisting of several tubular joints which slip into each other; and therefore -Linné was probably mistaken in supposing that it lays +Linné was probably mistaken in supposing that it lays its eggs <i>upon</i> the skin of the animal, and that the bot, when it appears, eats its way through it<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a>: there can be little doubt (or else what is the use of such an apparatus) @@ -6044,7 +6003,7 @@ the bees of a hive somewhat similar to that caused by the voice of their queen, which as soon as uttered strikes them motionless, and thus it may be enabled to commit with impunity such devastation in the midst of myriads -of armed bands<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>. The larvæ of two species of moth +of armed bands<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>. The larvæ of two species of moth (<i>Galleria Cereana</i>, and <i>Mellonella</i>) exhibit equal hardihood with equal impunity. They indeed pass the whole of their initiatory state in the midst of the combs. Yet @@ -6055,7 +6014,7 @@ with silken tapestry, spun and wove by themselves, which the bees (however disposed they may be to revenge the mischief which they do them, by devouring, what to all other animals would be indigestible, their wax,) are unable -to penetrate. These larvæ are sometimes so numerous +to penetrate. These larvæ are sometimes so numerous in a hive, and commit such extensive ravages, as to force the poor bees to desert it and seek another habitation.</p> @@ -6081,11 +6040,11 @@ have them killed.</p> <p>Nor are the <i>inhabitants of the waters</i> sheltered by their peculiar element from these universal assailants. The -larvæ of Dytisci fixing themselves by their suctorious +larvæ of Dytisci fixing themselves by their suctorious mandibles to the body of <i>fish</i>, doubtless destroy an infinite number of the young fry of our ponds. Some species of salmon (<i>Salmo Fario</i>, L.) are the food of an animal -which Linné has arranged under Pediculus; and +which Linné has arranged under Pediculus; and probably many others of the finny tribes may, like the birds, have their peculiar parasites. Even <i>shell-fish</i> do not escape, for the <i>Nymphon grossipes</i> enters the shell of @@ -6156,7 +6115,7 @@ only is the larva, which probably lives in that state three years, thus injurious; but, what one would not have expected, the perfect beetle itself attacks the grain when in the ear, clambering up the stems at night in vast numbers -to get at it.—Along with the larvæ of this insect were +to get at it.—Along with the larvæ of this insect were found, in the proportion of about one fourth, those of another beetle (<i>Melolontha ruficornis</i>), which seemed to contribute to the mischief<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a>.</p> @@ -6247,7 +6206,7 @@ from field to field, like locusts destroying every thing as they proceed: but their injuries are confined to the states south of the 40th degree of north latitude<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a>. From this account the depredator here noticed should belong to the -tribe of <i>Geocorisæ</i>, Latr.; but it seems very difficult to +tribe of <i>Geocorisæ</i>, Latr.; but it seems very difficult to conceive how an insect that lives by suction, and has no mandibles, could destroy these plants so totally.</p> @@ -6256,7 +6215,7 @@ Mr. Marsham first called the attention of the public, takes<span class="pagenum" its turn to make an attack upon it, under the form of an orange-coloured gnat, which introducing its long retractile ovipositor into the centre of the corolla, there deposits -its eggs. These being hatched, the larvæ, perhaps by +its eggs. These being hatched, the larvæ, perhaps by eating the pollen, prevent the impregnation of the grain, and so in some seasons destroy the twentieth part of the crop<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a>.</p> @@ -6286,10 +6245,10 @@ provinces of France than either the weevil or the wolf<a name="FNanchor_277_277" I may just mention a few other insects which devour grains that are the food of man, concerning which I have collected no other facts. The rice-weevil (<i>Calandra -Oryzæ</i>) is very injurious to the useful grain after +Oryzæ</i>) is very injurious to the useful grain after which it is named, as is likewise another small beetle, <i>Lyctus dentatus</i>, F. (<i>Sylvanus</i>, Latr.): and an Indian grain -called in the country <i>Joharré</i>, which appears to be a +called in the country <i>Joharré</i>, which appears to be a species of Holcus or Milium, is the appropriate food of another species of Calandra<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a>, which I found abundant in it.</p> @@ -6312,12 +6271,12 @@ has several insect foes. The gelatinous larva of a saw-fly (<i>Tenthredo</i>, L.) preys upon the upper surface of the leaves, and so occasions them to wither. <i>Musca Hordei</i> of Bierkander also assails the plant. A tenth part of the -produce of this grain, Linné affirms, is annually destroyed +produce of this grain, Linné affirms, is annually destroyed in Sweden by another fly, not yet discovered in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> Britain, (<i>Oscinis Frit</i>,) which does the mischief by getting into the ear, as does likewise <i>O. lineata</i>, F.—A small species of moth described by Reaumur, though not -named by Linné, which may be called <i>Tinea Hordei</i>, +named by Linné, which may be called <i>Tinea Hordei</i>, (<i>Ypsolophus granellus?</i>) devours the grain when laid up in the granary. This fly deposits several eggs, perhaps twenty or thirty, on a single grain; but as one grain @@ -6424,14 +6383,14 @@ when boiled as food for horses in India, known to Europeans by the name of <i>Gram</i>, but in the Tamul dialect called <i>Koloo</i>, and by the Moors <i>Cooltee</i>, is the appropriate food of a fourth kind of Bruchus, related to the -last, but having the antennæ, which in the male are pectinated, +last, but having the antennæ, which in the male are pectinated, much shorter than the body. It is, perhaps, <i>B. scutellaris</i>. A parcel of this seed<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> given me by Captain Green was full of this insect, several grains containing two. Molina, in his History of Chili, tells us of a beetle, which he names <i>Lucanus Pilmus</i>, that infests the beans in that country;—a circumstance quite at variance -with the habits of the <i>Lucanidæ</i>, which all prey upon +with the habits of the <i>Lucanidæ</i>, which all prey upon timber. This insect was probably a <i>Phaleria</i>, in which genus the mandibles are protruded from the head like those of <i>Lucanus</i>; and one species, as we have seen @@ -6493,7 +6452,7 @@ are very fond of these grubs, and will devour vast numbers of them, and the rooks lend their assistance.</p> <p>Amongst the <i>Lepidoptera</i>, the greatest enemy of our -pastures is the <i>Charæas Graminis</i>, which, however, is +pastures is the <i>Charæas Graminis</i>, which, however, is said not to touch the foxtail grass. In the years 1740, 1741, 1742, 1748, 1749, they multiplied so prodigiously and committed such ravages in many provinces of Sweden, @@ -6521,7 +6480,7 @@ fields, destroying indiscriminately wheat, rye, oats, and grass<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a>. This insect, which has its name apparently from its slender form, and uncommon hardness and toughness, is the grub of one of the elastic beetles termed by -Linné <i>Elater lineatus</i>, but by Bierkander, to whom we +Linné <i>Elater lineatus</i>, but by Bierkander, to whom we are indebted for its history, <i>E. Segetis</i><a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a>, which name is now generally adopted. The late ingenious Mr. Paul of Starston in Norfolk, (well known as the inventor of a @@ -6600,7 +6559,7 @@ interior of the sugar-cane in Guinea, and destroys it.—But the creature of this class most destructive to the sugar-cane, is one of the latter genus that does not devour it, and is therefore improperly called <i>Formica<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> -saccharivora</i> by Linné; but, by making its nest for shelter +saccharivora</i> by Linné; but, by making its nest for shelter under the roots, so injures the plants that they become unhealthy and unproductive. These insects about seventy years ago appeared in such infinite hosts in the @@ -6654,7 +6613,7 @@ whole fields of this plant, and the caterpillar of that beautiful butterfly <i>Helicopis Cupido</i> also feeds upon it<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a>. That of a hawk-moth, <i>Sphinx Carolina</i>, is the great pest of Tobacco; and it is attacked likewise by the larva of a -moth, <i>Phalæna Rhexiæ</i>, Smith<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a>, and by other insects of +moth, <i>Phalæna Rhexiæ</i>, Smith<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a>, and by other insects of the names and kind of which I am ignorant.</p> <p><i>Roots</i> are another important object of agriculture, @@ -6667,13 +6626,13 @@ by a small centipede (<i>Geophilus electricus</i>), and another polypod (<i>Polydesmus complanatus</i>), which eat into various labyrinths the upper part of their roots; and they are both sometimes totally destroyed by the maggot -of some dipterous insect, probably one of the <i>Muscidæ</i>. +of some dipterous insect, probably one of the <i>Muscidæ</i>. I had an opportunity of noticing this in the month of July, in the year 1812, in the garden of our valued friend the Rev. Revett Sheppard of Offton in Suffolk. The plants appeared many of them in a dying state; and upon drawing them out of the ground to ascertain the -cause, these larvæ were found with their head and half +cause, these larvæ were found with their head and half of their body immersed in the root in an oblique direction, and in many instances they had eaten off the end of it.</p> @@ -6719,7 +6678,7 @@ saw-fly takes their place, and occasionally does no little mischief, whole districts being sometimes nearly stripped by them; so that in 1783 many thousand acres were on this account ploughed up<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a>.—The caterpillar of the cabbage-butterfly -(<i>Pontia Brassicæ</i>) is also sometimes found +(<i>Pontia Brassicæ</i>) is also sometimes found upon the turnip in great numbers; and Sir Joseph Banks informs me that forty or fifty of the insects before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> mentioned<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a>, called by Mr. Walford the wire-worm, have @@ -6774,7 +6733,7 @@ left of the leaves except the veins and stalks.—What more useful, again, than the cabbage? Besides the same insect, which injures them in a similar way, in some countries they are infested by the caterpillar of a most -destructive moth (<i>Mamestra Brassicæ</i>), to which indeed +destructive moth (<i>Mamestra Brassicæ</i>), to which indeed I have before alluded<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a>; which, not content with the leaves, penetrates into the very heart of the plant<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a>.—One<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> of the most delicate and admired of all table vegetables, @@ -6787,7 +6746,7 @@ plant to wither and die, or to produce a worthless head<a name="FNanchor_318_318 Even when the head is good and handsome, if not carefully examined previous to being cooked, it is often rendered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> disgusting by earwigs that have crept into it, or -the green caterpillar of <i>Pontia Rapæ</i>.</p> +the green caterpillar of <i>Pontia Rapæ</i>.</p> <p>Our peas, beans, carrots, parsnips, turnips, and potatos are attacked in the garden by the same enemies that @@ -6817,7 +6776,7 @@ Count Hoffmansegg to whom I sent it, I call it <i>S. Ceparum</i><a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a>.—The diuretic asparagus, towards the close of the season, is sometimes rendered unpalatable by the numerous eggs of the asparagus beetle (<i>Lema Asparagi</i>), -and its larvæ feed upon the foliage after the +and its larvæ feed upon the foliage after the heads branch out.—Cucumbers with us enjoy an immunity from insect assailants; but in America they are deprived of this privilege, an unascertained species, called @@ -6880,7 +6839,7 @@ bee also (<i>Megachile<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a hr out to form for its young its cells of curious construction, disfigures it considerably; and the froth frog-hopper (<i>Cercopis spumaria</i>) aided by the saw-fly of the rose (<i>Hylotoma -Rosæ</i>) contributes to check the luxuriance of its +Rosæ</i>) contributes to check the luxuriance of its growth, and to diminish the splendour of its beauty.—Reaumur has given the history of a fly (<i>Merodon Narcissi</i>) whose larva feeds in safety within the bulbs of the @@ -6926,7 +6885,7 @@ still more busy and successful in their attempts to do us hurt.—The strawberry, which is the earliest and at the same time most grateful of our fruits, enjoys also the privilege of being almost exempt from insect injury. -A jumping weevil (<i>Orchestes Fragariæ</i>) is said by Fabricius +A jumping weevil (<i>Orchestes Fragariæ</i>) is said by Fabricius to inhabit this plant; but as the same species is abundant in this country upon the beech, the beauty of which it materially injures by the numberless holes which @@ -6959,7 +6918,7 @@ enveloped in a large mass of cotton-like web, which<span class="pagenum"><a name could be drawn out to a considerable length. Sir Joseph Banks lately showed me a branch of the same shrub perforated down to the pith by the caterpillar of -<i>Æegeria tipuliformis</i>: the diminished size of the fruit +<i>Æegeria tipuliformis</i>: the diminished size of the fruit points out, he observes, where this enemy has been at work. In Germany, where perhaps this insect is more numerous, it is said to destroy not seldom the larger @@ -7009,7 +6968,7 @@ been found upon the black-thorn. The cherry-fly also in the same fruit, which it invariably spoils<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a>.</p> <p>The different varieties of the plum are every year<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> -more or less injured by Aphides; and a Coccus (<i>C. Persicæ?</i>) +more or less injured by Aphides; and a Coccus (<i>C. Persicæ?</i>) sometimes so abounds upon them that every twig is thickly beaded with the red semiglobose bodies of the gravid females, whose progeny in spring exhaust the @@ -7031,7 +6990,7 @@ Mr. Forsyth as very injurious to this tree<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNancho as the apple, and none suffers more from insects, which according to Mr. Knight<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> are a more frequent cause of the crops failing than frost. The figure-of-eight moth -(<i>Episema cæruleocephala</i>), Linné denominates the pest of +(<i>Episema cæruleocephala</i>), Linné denominates the pest of Pomona and the destroyer of the blossoms of the apple, pear, and cherry.—He also mentions another (<i>Tinea Corticella</i>) as inhabiting apple-bearing trees under the @@ -7045,7 +7004,7 @@ many hundreds in one night, in the nurseries about London, by <i>Curculio Vastator</i>, Marsh., (<i>Otiorhynchus? picipes</i>) one of the short-snouted weevils; and the foundation of canker in full-grown trees is often laid by -the larvæ of <i>Semasia Wœberana</i><a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a>. The sap too is often +the larvæ of <i>Semasia Wœberana</i><a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a>. The sap too is often injuriously drawn off by a minute Coccus, of which the female has the exact shape of a muscle-shell (<i>C. arborum linearis</i>, Geoffr.), and which Reaumur has accurately @@ -7116,7 +7075,7 @@ that premiums have been offered for extirpating them. A species of weevil, perhaps a <i>Rynchites</i>, enters the fruit when unripe, probably laying its eggs within the stone, and so destroys them. And two kinds of -<i>Zygæna</i>, by attacking the roots do a still greater injury +<i>Zygæna</i>, by attacking the roots do a still greater injury to the trees<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a>.—A Coccus, as it should seem from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> description, imported about thirty years ago from the Mauritius, or else with the Constantia vine from the @@ -7129,12 +7088,12 @@ without success<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Fo of our stoves, and the most esteemed of the gifts of Pomona, cannot, however precious, be defended from the injuries of a singular species of mite, the <i>red Spider</i><a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a> of -gardeners, (<i>Erythræus telarius</i>) which covers them, and +gardeners, (<i>Erythræus telarius</i>) which covers them, and other stove plants, with a most delicate but at the same time very pernicious web.—The olive-tree, so valuable to the inhabitants of the warmer regions of Europe, often nourishes in its berries the destructive maggot of a fly -(<i>Oscinis Oleæ</i>); and the caterpillar of a little moth +(<i>Oscinis Oleæ</i>); and the caterpillar of a little moth (<i>Tinea Oleella</i>), which preys upon the kernel of the nucleus, occasions them to fall before they are ripe.—Every one who eats nuts knows that they are very often @@ -7217,11 +7176,11 @@ appears only once in seventeen years<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_ in the pith of the twigs of trees, where the grubs are hatched, and do infinite damage both to fruit- and forest-trees<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a>.—Another, the caterpillar of the butterfly -of the hawthorn, (<i>Pieris Cratægi</i>) which in 1791, in some +of the hawthorn, (<i>Pieris Cratægi</i>) which in 1791, in some parts of Germany, stripped the fruit-trees in general of their foliage<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a>.—In France also in 1731 and 1732 that of a moth which seems related to the brown-tail moth -(<i>Arctia phæorhœa</i>), whose history has been given by the +(<i>Arctia phæorhœa</i>), whose history has been given by the late Mr. Curtis, was so numerous as to occasion a general alarm. The oaks, elms, and white-thorn hedges looked as if some burning wind had passed over them and @@ -7284,7 +7243,7 @@ dispar</i><a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnot about Bayreuth suffered a similar injury from that of <i>H. Monacha</i><a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a>. Those of Germany are also sometimes laid waste by the caterpillar of a beautiful moth belonging to -the <i>Noctuidæ</i> (<i>Achatea spreta</i><a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a>), which has been taken in +the <i>Noctuidæ</i> (<i>Achatea spreta</i><a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a>), which has been taken in England. <i>Cheimatobia brumata</i> is likewise a fearful enemy to the foliage of almost every kind of tree<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a>. The woods in certain provinces of North America are in some years @@ -7324,11 +7283,11 @@ year.</p> <p>Other insects, though they do not entirely devour the leaves of trees and plants, yet considerably diminish their beauty. Thus, for instance, sometimes the subcutaneous -larvæ undermine them, when the leaf exhibits the whole +larvæ undermine them, when the leaf exhibits the whole course of their labyrinth in a pallid, tortuous, gradually dilating line—at others the Tortrices disfigure them by rolling them up, or the leaf-cutter bees by taking a piece -out of them, or certain Tineæ again by eating their under +out of them, or certain Tineæ again by eating their under surface, and so causing them to wither either partially or totally. You have doubtless observed what is called the honey-dew upon the maple and other trees, @@ -7382,7 +7341,7 @@ in Wiltshire met with a similar fate from the attack of attack of another minute beetle (<i>Scolytus destructor</i>), related to the last<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a>.—When the sap flows from wounds in a tree it is attended by various other beetles, (I have observed -<i>Cetonia aurata</i>, and several <i>Nitidulæ</i> and <i>Brachyptera</i> +<i>Cetonia aurata</i>, and several <i>Nitidulæ</i> and <i>Brachyptera</i> busy in this way,) which prevent it from healing so soon as it would otherwise do; and if the bark be any where separated from the wood, a numerous army of @@ -7405,7 +7364,7 @@ it remains alive and unhurt. The leaves of the trees infested by these insects first become yellow, the trees themselves then die at the top, and soon entirely perish. Their ravages have long been known in Germany under -the name of <i>Wurm trökniss</i> (decay caused by worms); and +the name of <i>Wurm trökniss</i> (decay caused by worms); and in the old liturgies of that country the animal itself is formally mentioned under its vulgar appellation, "The Turk." This pest was particularly prevalent and caused @@ -7862,7 +7821,7 @@ which will remain in it two years before it goes into its state of inactivity:—its ravages however are not confined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> to flour alone, for it will eat any thing made of that article, such as bread, cakes, and the like. Old flour is also -very apt to be infested by a mite (<i>Acarus Farinæ</i>)<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a>. +very apt to be infested by a mite (<i>Acarus Farinæ</i>)<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a>. In long voyages the biscuit sometimes so swarms with the weevil and another beetle (<i>Dermestes paniceus</i>, L.) that they are swallowed with every mouthful; and even @@ -7928,7 +7887,7 @@ which though near <i>Anthomyia</i> as to its wings, appears to belong to a distinct genus not published by Meigen, which in my MS. stands under the name of <i>Oinopota ventralis</i>; and sometimes even water in the -casks of ships, in long voyages, so abounds with larvæ of +casks of ships, in long voyages, so abounds with larvæ of this tribe as to render it extremely disgusting. Browne, in his History of Jamaica, mentions an ant (<i>Formica omnivora</i>, L.) probably belonging to <i>Myrmica</i>, that consumes @@ -8011,7 +7970,7 @@ upon the trouble and pains it costs her to guard<span class="pagenum"><a name="P those under her care against the ravages of the moths. Upon further inquiry you would find that nothing made of wool, whether cloth or stuff, comes amiss to them. -There are five species described by Linné, which are +There are five species described by Linné, which are more or less engaged in this work: <i>Tinea vestianella</i>, <i>tapetzella</i>, <i>pellionella</i>, <i>Recurvaria sarcitella</i>, and <i>Galleria Mellonella</i>. Of the first we have no particular history, @@ -8047,9 +8006,9 @@ at wax, it will content itself with woollen cloth, leather, or even paper<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a>. Mr. Curtis found the grub of a beetle (<i>Ptinus Fur</i>) in an old coat, which it devoured, making holes and channels in it; and another insect of the same -order (<i>Megatoma Pellio</i>), Linné tells us, will sometimes +order (<i>Megatoma Pellio</i>), Linné tells us, will sometimes entirely strip a fur garment of its hair<a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a>. A small beetle -of the Capricorn tribe (<i>Callidium pygmæum</i>) I have good +of the Capricorn tribe (<i>Callidium pygmæum</i>) I have good reason to believe devours leather, since I have found it abundant in old shoes.</p> @@ -8083,7 +8042,7 @@ prey upon timber, feeding between the bark and the wood, and many of them excavating curious pinnated labyrinths. Almost every kind of tree has a species of this genus appropriated to it, and some have more than -one<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a>. The Stag-beetle tribe, or <i>Lucanidæ</i>, and several +one<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a>. The Stag-beetle tribe, or <i>Lucanidæ</i>, and several of the weevils<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a>, have a similar appetite, but penetrate deeper into the wood. The most extensive family, however, of timber-borers are the capricorn beetles, including @@ -8123,7 +8082,7 @@ insects. We learn from Mr. Marsham, that the grub of of a deal table more than twenty years<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a>.—In this enumeration of timber-eating beetles, I must not forget the Fabrician genera, <i>Anobium</i> and <i>Ptilinus</i>, because of one -of them (<i>Anobium pertinax</i>) Linné complains "<i>terebravit +of them (<i>Anobium pertinax</i>) Linné complains "<i>terebravit et destruxit sedilia mea</i><a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a>;" and I can renew the same complaint against <i>A. striatum</i>, which not only has destroyed my chairs, but also picture-frames, and has @@ -8142,11 +8101,11 @@ which effectually secured it from its future attacks<a name="FNanchor_436_436" i coleopterous insects are more singular than those that belong to the genus <i>Pausus</i>, L.; and one of them at least, remarkable for emitting a phosphoric light from -the globes of its antennæ, is also a timber-feeder<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a>.—Amongst +the globes of its antennæ, is also a timber-feeder<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a>.—Amongst the <i>Hymenoptera</i> there are many insects that injure us in this department. The species of the genus <i>Sirex</i>, probably all of them in their <i>larva</i> state, have no -appetite but for ligneous food. Linné has observed this +appetite but for ligneous food. Linné has observed this with respect to <i>S. Spectrum</i> and <i>Camelus</i>; and Mr. Marsham, on the authority of Sir Joseph Banks, relates that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> several specimens of <i>S. Gigas</i> were seen to come out of @@ -8229,7 +8188,7 @@ whether framed, or preserved in a porte-feuille. Our collections of quadrupeds, birds, insects and plants have likewise several terrible insect enemies, which without pity or remorse often destroy or mutilate our most highly -prized specimens. <i>Ptinus Fur</i> and <i>Anthrenus Musæorum</i>, +prized specimens. <i>Ptinus Fur</i> and <i>Anthrenus Musæorum</i>, two minute beetles, are amongst the worst, especially the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> latter, whose singular gliding larva, when once it gets amongst them, makes astonishing havoc, the birds soon @@ -8338,7 +8297,7 @@ enough.</p> <p>But the <i>white ants</i>, wherever they prevail, are a still worse plague than either of these insects—they are the -great calamity, as Linné terms them, of both the Indies. +great calamity, as Linné terms them, of both the Indies. When they find their way into houses or warehouses, nothing less hard than metal or glass escapes their ravages. Their favourite food, however, is wood of all @@ -8383,7 +8342,7 @@ exactly suffice to keep the two sides, or top and bottom, connected, so as to retain the appearance of solidity after the reality is gone; and all the while they carefully avoid perforating the surface, unless a book or any other thing -that tempts them should be standing upon it. Kæmpfer, +that tempts them should be standing upon it. Kæmpfer, speaking of the white ants of Japan, gives a remarkable instance of the rapidity with which these miners proceed. Upon rising one morning he observed that @@ -8593,7 +8552,7 @@ which he most execrates will be found to be positively beneficial to him, unless when suffered to increase beyond their due bounds. Thus the insects that attack the roots of the grasses, and, as has been before observed, so materially -injure our herbage, the wire-worm, the larvæ of +injure our herbage, the wire-worm, the larvæ of <i>Melolontha vulgaris</i>, <i>Tipula oleracea</i>, &c., in ordinary seasons only devour so much as is necessary to make room for fresh shoots, and the production of new herbage; @@ -8623,7 +8582,7 @@ motion in which they are kept in summer by the attacks of the Stomoxys and other flies, may prevent diseases that would be brought on by indolence and repletion. And in the case of man himself, if I do not go so -far as with Linné to give the louse the credit of preserving +far as with Linné to give the louse the credit of preserving full-fed boys from coughs, epilepsy, &c., we may safely regard as no small good, the stimulus which these, and others of the insect assailants of the persons @@ -8669,7 +8628,7 @@ That it does not thus offend us, we are indebted to an inconceivable host of insects which attack it the moment it falls; some immediately beginning to devour it, others depositing in it eggs from which are soon hatched -larvæ that concur in the same office with tenfold voracity: +larvæ that concur in the same office with tenfold voracity: and thus every particle of dung, at least of the most offensive kinds, speedily swarms with inhabitants which consume all the liquid and noisome particles, leaving @@ -8682,10 +8641,10 @@ mass, springs up with increased vigour.</p> is assigned, though chiefly if not entirely selected from the two orders <i>Coleoptera</i> and <i>Diptera</i>. A large proportion of the genera formed, by different authors, from -Scarabæus of Linné, viz. <i>Scarabæus</i>, <i>Copris</i>, <i>Ateuchus</i>, +Scarabæus of Linné, viz. <i>Scarabæus</i>, <i>Copris</i>, <i>Ateuchus</i>, <i>Sisyphus</i>, <i>Onitis</i>, <i>Onthophagus</i>, <i>Aphodius</i>, and <i>Psammodius</i>; -also <i>Hister</i>, <i>Sphæridium</i>; and amongst the <i>Brachyptera</i>, -the majority of the <i>Staphylinidæ</i>, many <i>Aleocharæ</i>, +also <i>Hister</i>, <i>Sphæridium</i>; and amongst the <i>Brachyptera</i>, +the majority of the <i>Staphylinidæ</i>, many <i>Aleocharæ</i>, especially of Gravenhorst's third family, many <i>Oxyteli</i> and some <i>Omalia</i>, <i>Tachini</i> and <i>Tachypori</i>, of that author, including in the whole many hundred species of @@ -8712,7 +8671,7 @@ carried thither by the rain.</p> <p>The coleopterous insects found in dung inhabit it in their perfect as well as imperfect states: but this is not -the case with those of the order <i>Diptera</i>, whose larvæ +the case with those of the order <i>Diptera</i>, whose larvæ alone find their nutriment in it; the imago, which would be suffocated did it attempt to burrow into a material so soft, only laying its eggs in the mass. These also are @@ -8738,13 +8697,13 @@ different sorts of insects attack it, and in various ways. First come the Histers and pierce the skin. Next follow the flesh-flies, some, that no time may be lost, (as <i>Sarcophaga carnaria</i>, &c.) depositing upon it their young already -hatched<a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a>; others (<i>Musca Cæsar</i>, &c.) covering it +hatched<a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a>; others (<i>Musca Cæsar</i>, &c.) covering it with millions of eggs, whence in a day or two proceed innumerable devourers. An idea of the dispatch made by these gourmands may be gained from the combined consideration of their numbers, voracity and rapid development. One female of <i>S. carnaria</i> will give birth to -20,000 young; and the larvæ of many flesh-flies, as Redi +20,000 young; and the larvæ of many flesh-flies, as Redi ascertained, will in twenty-four hours devour so much food, and grow so quickly, as to increase their weight two hundred fold! In five days after being hatched they @@ -8754,23 +8713,23 @@ the part they are destined to act: for if a longer time was required for their growth, their food would not be a fit aliment for them, or they would be too long in removing the nuisance it is given in charge to them to -dissipate. Thus we see there was some ground for Linné's +dissipate. Thus we see there was some ground for Linné's assertion under <i>M. vomitoria</i>, that three of these flies will devour a dead horse as quickly as would a lion.</p> -<p>As soon as the various tribes of <i>Muscidæ</i> have opened +<p>As soon as the various tribes of <i>Muscidæ</i> have opened the way, and devoured the softer parts, a whole host of -beetles, <i>Necrophori</i>, <i>Silphæ</i>, <i>Dermestes</i>, <i>Cholevæ</i>, and <i>Staphylinidæ</i>, +beetles, <i>Necrophori</i>, <i>Silphæ</i>, <i>Dermestes</i>, <i>Cholevæ</i>, and <i>Staphylinidæ</i>, actively second their labours. Wasps and hornets also come in for their portion of the spoil; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> even ants, which prowl every where, rival their giant competitors in the quantity consumed by them; so that in no very long time, especially in warm climates, the muscular covering is removed from the skeleton, which is then -cleansed from all remains of it by the little <i>Corynetes cæruleus</i> +cleansed from all remains of it by the little <i>Corynetes cæruleus</i> and <i>ruficollis</i>, (which last is so interesting, as having been the means of saving the life of Latreille<a name="FNanchor_460_460" id="FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a>,) and -several <i>Nitidulæ</i><a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a>. Even the horns of animals have an +several <i>Nitidulæ</i><a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a>. Even the horns of animals have an appropriate genus (<i>Trox</i>) which inhabits them, and feeds upon their contents. And not only are large animals thus disposed of, even the smallest are not suffered long @@ -8778,7 +8737,7 @@ to annoy us. The burying beetle (<i>Necrophorus Vespillo</i>) inters the bodies of small animals, such as mice, several assisting each other in the work; and those to which they commit their eggs afford an ample supply of food to -their larvæ<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a>. Ants also in some degree emulate these +their larvæ<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a>. Ants also in some degree emulate these burying insects, at least they will carry off the carcases of insects into their nests; and I once saw some of the horse-ants dragging away a half-dead snake of about the @@ -8794,13 +8753,13 @@ devoured.</p> <p>But insects are not only useful in removing and dissipating dead animal matter; they are also intrusted with a similar office with respect to the <i>vegetable</i> kingdom. -The interior of rotten trees is inhabited by the larvæ of a -particular kind of crane-fly with pectinated antennæ +The interior of rotten trees is inhabited by the larvæ of a +particular kind of crane-fly with pectinated antennæ (<i>Ctenophora</i><a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a>), and other insects, which there find an appropriate nutriment; and a similar diet is furnished to the grubs of the rose-beetle (<i>Cetonia aurata</i>) by the dead leaves and stalks usually to be found in an ant's nest. -<i>Staphylinidæ</i>, <i>Sphæridia</i>, and other <i>Coleoptera</i>, are always +<i>Staphylinidæ</i>, <i>Sphæridia</i>, and other <i>Coleoptera</i>, are always found under heaps of putrescent vegetables; and an infinite number are to be met with in decomposing fungi, which seem to be a kind of substance intermediate between @@ -8809,13 +8768,13 @@ a genus of coleopterous insects appropriated to them<a name="FNanchor_465_465" i and the Lycoperdons another.—Stagnant waters, which would otherwise exhale putrid miasmata and be often the cause of fatal disorders, are purified by the innumerable -larvæ of gnats, Ephemeræ, and other insects which live +larvæ of gnats, Ephemeræ, and other insects which live in them and abstract from them all the unwholesome part -of their contents. This, Linné says, will easily appear +of their contents. This, Linné says, will easily appear if any one will make the experiment by filling two vessels -with putrid water, leaving the larvæ in one and taking +with putrid water, leaving the larvæ in one and taking them out of the other. For then he will soon find the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> -water that is full of larvæ pure and without any stench, +water that is full of larvæ pure and without any stench, while that which is deprived of them will continue stinking<a name="FNanchor_466_466" id="FNanchor_466_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a>.</p> <p>Benefits equally great are rendered by the wood-destroying @@ -8902,7 +8861,7 @@ act of devouring them.</p> that their prowess is exhibited, the task of providing the prey is usually left to the female, of which each species for the most part selects a particular kind of insect. Thus -many species of <i>Cerceris</i> and the splendid <i>Chrysidæ</i> or +many species of <i>Cerceris</i> and the splendid <i>Chrysidæ</i> or golden wasps feed upon insects of their own order. One of the latter (<i>Parnopes incarnata</i>) commits her eggs to the progeny of <i>Bembex rostrata</i>: another (<i>Chrysis bidentata</i>) @@ -8916,7 +8875,7 @@ have observed stationed on dung watching for flies, which when seized, she carried to her burrow.</p> <p><i>Epipone spinipes</i>, belonging to the family of Wasps, -feeds upon certain green apod larvæ, of which the female +feeds upon certain green apod larvæ, of which the female deposits ten or twelve with each egg. <i>Ammophila vulgaris</i> destroys caterpillars of a larger size, and it is probable that most of the other Vespoid and Sphecoid <i>Hymenoptera</i>, @@ -8927,7 +8886,7 @@ viz. <i>Trypoxylon</i>, <i>Philanthus</i>, <i>Larra</i>, <i>Crabro</i>, by Reaumur as preying on these insects should be referred, has it in charge to keep the number of spiders within due bounds: and some Sand-wasps lend their aid. -One of these last, mentioned by Catesby (<i>Pronæus cæruleus</i>), +One of these last, mentioned by Catesby (<i>Pronæus cæruleus</i>), has been known to seize a spider eight times its own weight<a name="FNanchor_469_469" id="FNanchor_469_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a>. Another species of this genus, which is common in the Isle of France, attacks an insect still more @@ -8946,12 +8905,12 @@ again by the head, and drags it away, walking backwards to deposit it in a hole or chink of a wall<a name="FNanchor_470_470" id="FNanchor_470_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a>.</p> <p>Grasshoppers are the prey of another sand-wasp, supposed -to be the <i>Sphex pensylvanica</i> of Linné, a native of +to be the <i>Sphex pensylvanica</i> of Linné, a native of North America, each of which in its larva state devours three of a large green species with which its mother has provided it<a name="FNanchor_471_471" id="FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a>.</p> -<p>From none of the imparasitic insectivorous larvæ do +<p>From none of the imparasitic insectivorous larvæ do we derive more advantage than from those which devour the destructive Aphides, whose ravages, as we have seen above, are more detrimental to us in this island than @@ -8960,11 +8919,11 @@ different orders and genera, are employed to keep them within due limits. There is a beautiful genus of four-winged flies, whose wings resemble the finest lace, and whose eyes are often as brilliant as burnished metals -(<i>Hemerobius</i>), the larvæ of which, Reaumur, from their +(<i>Hemerobius</i>), the larvæ of which, Reaumur, from their being insatiable devourers of them, has named the lions of the Aphides. The singular pedunculated eggs from -which these larvæ proceed I shall describe when we -come to treat upon the eggs of insects; the larvæ themselves +which these larvæ proceed I shall describe when we +come to treat upon the eggs of insects; the larvæ themselves are furnished with a pair of long crooked mandibles resembling horns, which terminate in a sharp point, and like those of the ant-lion are perforated, serving the @@ -8977,7 +8936,7 @@ like Hercules, with the spoils of their hapless victims.</p> <p>Next in importance to these come the aphidivorous -flies (many species of <i>Syrphidæ</i>), whose grubs are armed +flies (many species of <i>Syrphidæ</i>), whose grubs are armed with a singular mandible, furnished like a trident with three points, with which they transfix their prey. They may often be seen laid at their ease under a leaf or upon @@ -8997,7 +8956,7 @@ is astonishing. It was but last week that I observed the top of every young shoot of the currant-trees in my garden curled up by myriads of these insects. On examining them this day, not an individual remained; but beneath -each leaf are three or four full-fed larvæ of aphidivorous +each leaf are three or four full-fed larvæ of aphidivorous flies, surrounded with heaps of the skins of the slain, the trophies of their successful warfare; and the young shoots, whose progress had been entirely checked @@ -9019,9 +8978,9 @@ where in their larva state each had slain his thousands and tens of thousands of the Aphis, which under the name of the <i>Fly</i> so frequently blasts the hopes of the hop-grower. It is fortunate that in most countries the -children have taken these friendly Coccinellæ under +children have taken these friendly Coccinellæ under their protection. In France they regard them as sacred -to the Virgin, and call them <i>Vaches à Dieu</i>, <i>Bêtes de la +to the Virgin, and call them <i>Vaches à Dieu</i>, <i>Bêtes de la Vierge</i>, &c.; and with us, commiseration for the hard fate of a mother, whose "house is on fire and children at home," ensures them kind treatment and liberty. @@ -9034,11 +8993,11 @@ of Aphides by their means, but render our crops of hops much more certain than they now are. Even without<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> this knowledge, nothing is more easy, as I have experienced, than to clear a plant or small tree by placing -upon it several larvæ of Coccinellæ or of aphidivorous +upon it several larvæ of Coccinellæ or of aphidivorous flies collected from less valuable vegetables.</p> <p>Lastly, to close this list of imparasitic insectivorous -larvæ, I may mention those of Geoffroy's genus <i>Volucella</i> +larvæ, I may mention those of Geoffroy's genus <i>Volucella</i> so remarkable for their radiated anus, which live in the nests of humble-bees, braving the fury of their stings and devouring their young; and the ant-lion (<i>Myrmeleon</i>) @@ -9048,10 +9007,10 @@ a subsequent letter, both of which destroy great numbers of insects that are so unfortunate as to fall into their toils.</p> -<p>The <i>parasitic</i> larvæ, an extremely numerous tribe, +<p>The <i>parasitic</i> larvæ, an extremely numerous tribe, must next be considered. These, with the exception of a very few individuals, belong to the order <i>Hymenoptera</i>, -and were included by Linné under his vast genus +and were included by Linné under his vast genus <i>Ichneumon</i>, so named from the analogy between their services and those of the Egyptian Ichneumons (<i>Viverra Ichneumon</i>), the former as destroyers of insects, being @@ -9061,7 +9020,7 @@ the eggs of crocodiles, &c.</p> <p>The habits of the whole of this tribe<a name="FNanchor_473_473" id="FNanchor_473_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a>, which properly includes a great number of distinct genera, are similar. They all oviposit in living insects, chiefly while in the -larva state, sometimes while pupæ (<i>Misocampus Puparum</i>);<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> +larva state, sometimes while pupæ (<i>Misocampus Puparum</i>);<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> and even while in the egg state (<i>Ich. Ovulorum</i>, L<a name="FNanchor_474_474" id="FNanchor_474_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a>.); but not, as far as is known, in perfect insects. The eggs thus deposited soon hatch into grubs, which immediately @@ -9074,8 +9033,8 @@ cases one only, but in others amounting to some hundreds.</p> <p>From the observations hitherto made by entomologists, the great body of the Ichneumon tribe is principally employed in keeping within their proper limits the infinite -host of <i>lepidopterous</i> larvæ, destroying, however, -many insects of other orders; and perhaps if the larvæ +host of <i>lepidopterous</i> larvæ, destroying, however, +many insects of other orders; and perhaps if the larvæ of these last fell equally under our observation with those of the former, we might discover that few exist uninfested by their appropriate parasite. Such is the activity @@ -9091,7 +9050,7 @@ by means of her long ovipositor<a name="FNanchor_475_475" id="FNanchor_475_475"> grub, which its parent vainly thought secured from every foe, and deposits in it an egg, which produces a larva<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> that destroys it<a name="FNanchor_476_476" id="FNanchor_476_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a>. In vain does the destructive <i>Cecidomyia</i> -of the wheat conceal its larvæ within the glumes +of the wheat conceal its larvæ within the glumes that so closely cover the grain; three species of these minute benefactors of our race, sent in mercy by Heaven, know how to introduce their eggs into them, thus preventing @@ -9111,7 +9070,7 @@ latter, which belongs to Latreille's genus <i>Proctotrupes</i>. Others are not more secured by the repulsive nature of the substance they inhabit; for two species at least of Ichneumon<a name="FNanchor_478_478" id="FNanchor_478_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a> know how to oviposit it in stercorarious -larvæ without soiling their wings or bodies.</p> +larvæ without soiling their wings or bodies.</p> <p>The ichneumonidan parasites are either external or internal. Thus the species above alluded to, which @@ -9123,11 +9082,11 @@ egg that produced it, does not enter the caterpillar of the great majority of these animals oviposit within the body of the insect to which they are assigned, from whence, after having consumed the interior and become -pupæ, they emerge in their perfect state. An idea of +pupæ, they emerge in their perfect state. An idea of the services rendered to us by those Ichneumons which -prey upon noxious larvæ may be formed from the fact, +prey upon noxious larvæ may be formed from the fact, that out of thirty individuals of the common cabbage -caterpillar (the larvæ of <i>Pontia Brassicæ</i>) which Reaumur +caterpillar (the larvæ of <i>Pontia Brassicæ</i>) which Reaumur put into a glass to feed, twenty-five were fatally pierced by an Ichneumon (<i>Microgaster globatus</i><a name="FNanchor_481_481" id="FNanchor_481_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a>). And if we compare the myriads of caterpillars that often attack @@ -9145,7 +9104,7 @@ esteemed and useful vegetables.</p> very few, destroy our little enemies in the same way. <i>Tachina Larvarum</i>, and another like it described by De Geer, lay their eggs in caterpillars and -other larvæ<a name="FNanchor_482_482" id="FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a>; and Reaumur describes several other flies +other larvæ<a name="FNanchor_482_482" id="FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a>; and Reaumur describes several other flies of similar habits<a name="FNanchor_483_483" id="FNanchor_483_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a>. The order also of <i>Strepsiptera</i>, lately established<a name="FNanchor_484_484" id="FNanchor_484_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a>, appears to be altogether parasitic; but with this difference from the <i>Pupivora</i>, that these extraordinary @@ -9161,15 +9120,15 @@ which devour them in their <i>first</i> and <i>last</i> states.—No beetles are more common after the summer is confirmed, than the species of the genus <i>Telephorus</i>. Preysler informs us that the grub of <i>T. fuscus</i> destroys a great many -other larvæ<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a>, and I have observed the imago devour -these and also <i>Diptera</i>.—Linné has with justice denominated -the <i>Cicindelæ</i> the tigers of insects. Though decorated +other larvæ<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a>, and I have observed the imago devour +these and also <i>Diptera</i>.—Linné has with justice denominated +the <i>Cicindelæ</i> the tigers of insects. Though decorated with brilliant colours, they prey upon the whole insect race; their formidable jaws which cross each other are armed with fearful fangs, showing to what use they are applicable; and the extreme velocity with which they can either run or fly, renders hopeless any -attempt to elude their pursuit. Their larvæ are also +attempt to elude their pursuit. Their larvæ are also equally tremendous with the imago, having eight eyes, four on each side, seated on a lateral elevation of the head, two above and two very minute below, which look @@ -9182,14 +9141,14 @@ according to Clairville, serves the purpose of an anchor for retaining them at any height in their deep cells<a name="FNanchor_489_489" id="FNanchor_489_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a>. Most of the aquatic beetles, at least the Gyrini and Dytisci, prey upon other insects both in their first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> -and final state. The larvæ of the latter have long been -observed and described under the name of <i>Squillæ</i>, and +and final state. The larvæ of the latter have long been +observed and described under the name of <i>Squillæ</i>, and are remarkable for having their mandibles adapted for suction like those of Hemerobius and Myrmeleon; but they are not like them deprived of a mouth, being able to devour by mastication as well as by suction.—Another tribe of this order which abounds in species, those predaceous -beetles which form Linné's great genus <i>Carabus</i> +beetles which form Linné's great genus <i>Carabus</i> (<i>Eutrechina</i><a name="FNanchor_490_490" id="FNanchor_490_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a>), is universally insectivorous. One of the most destructive is the grub of a very beautiful species, an English specimen of which would be a great acquisition @@ -9254,11 +9213,11 @@ of which prey upon the flies without molesting the family.</p> <p>There are other devourers of insects in their perfect -state, the manners and food of whose larvæ we are unacquainted +state, the manners and food of whose larvæ we are unacquainted with. St. Pierre speaks of a lady-bird, but it probably belonged to some other genus, of a fine violet colour, with a head like a ruby, which he saw carry off -a butterfly<a name="FNanchor_499_499" id="FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a>. Linné informs us that <i>Clerus formicarius</i> +a butterfly<a name="FNanchor_499_499" id="FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a>. Linné informs us that <i>Clerus formicarius</i> devours <i>Anobium pertinax</i>. A fly related to the <i>Panorpa communis</i> appears created to instill terror into the pitiless hearts of the tyrants of our lakes and pools,—the @@ -9269,7 +9228,7 @@ cognate genus <i>Dioctria</i>, particularly <i>D. œlandica</i>, prey upon <i>Hymenoptera</i>, by some unknown means instantaneously killing the insect they seize. Many species also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> of <i>Empis</i>, whose haustellum resembles the beak of a bird, -carry off in it <i>Tipulariæ</i> and other small <i>Diptera</i>; and +carry off in it <i>Tipulariæ</i> and other small <i>Diptera</i>; and what is remarkable, you can seldom take these insects in coitu, but the female has a gnat, some fly, or sometimes beetle, in her mouth. Can this be to deposit her eggs @@ -9283,14 +9242,14 @@ food.</p> <p>The most unrelenting devourers of insects appear to be those belonging to my fourth division, which attack them under <i>every</i> form. These begin the work of destruction -when they are larvæ, and continue it during +when they are larvæ, and continue it during the whole of their existence.—The earwig that haunts every close place in our gardens, and defiles whatever it enters, probably in some degree makes up for its ravages by diminishing the number of other insects. The cowardly and cruel <i>Mantis</i>, which runs away from an ant, will destroy in abundance helpless flies, using its -anterior tibiæ, which with the thigh form a kind of forceps, +anterior tibiæ, which with the thigh form a kind of forceps, to seize its prey. The water-scorpions (<i>Nepa</i>, <i>Ranatra</i>, and <i>Naucoris</i>), whose fore legs are made like those of the <i>Mantis</i>, the water-boatman (<i>Notonecta</i>), @@ -9302,12 +9261,12 @@ basin of water with several young tadpoles, killed them all without attempting to eat one.</p> <p>Those remarkable genera of the tribe of water-bugs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> -(<i>Hydrocorisæ</i> Latr.), which glide over the surface of +(<i>Hydrocorisæ</i> Latr.), which glide over the surface of every pool with such rapidity, being gifted with the faculty of walking upon the water, <i>Hydrometra</i>, <i>Velia</i>, and <i>Gerris</i>, subsist also upon aquatic insects. A large -number of the land-bugs (<i>Geocorisæ</i> Latr.) plunge their -rostrum into the larvæ of <i>Lepidoptera</i>, and suck the +number of the land-bugs (<i>Geocorisæ</i> Latr.) plunge their +rostrum into the larvæ of <i>Lepidoptera</i>, and suck the contents of their bodies; and <i>Reduvius personatus</i>, which ought on that account to be encouraged, is particularly fond of the bed-bug.</p> @@ -9382,7 +9341,7 @@ us, that having put into a glass vessel twenty caterpillars of the same species, which he was careful to supply with their appropriate food, they nevertheless devoured each other until one only survived<a name="FNanchor_504_504" id="FNanchor_504_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a>; and De Geer relates several -similar instances<a name="FNanchor_505_505" id="FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a>. The younger larvæ of <i>Calosoma +similar instances<a name="FNanchor_505_505" id="FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a>. The younger larvæ of <i>Calosoma Sycophanta</i> often take advantage of the helpless inactivity into which the gluttony of their maturer comrades has thrown them, and from mere wantonness it should seem, @@ -9393,7 +9352,7 @@ that of a sabre; and they can as dexterously cleave their antagonist in two, or cut off his head at a stroke, as the most expert hussar. In this way they often treat each other, even the sexes fighting with the most savage animosity. -Rösel endeavoured to rear several specimens of <i>M. religiosa</i>, +Rösel endeavoured to rear several specimens of <i>M. religiosa</i>, but always failed, the stronger constantly devouring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> the weaker<a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a>. This ferocious propensity the Chinese children have, according to Mr. Barrow, employed as a @@ -9460,7 +9419,7 @@ the grubs of cockchafers, of which they are very fond; and perhaps the good they do is greater than the harm, if their attack be confined to grass that having been undermined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> by these grubs would soon die: they also dig -up the larvæ of the destructive <i>Cicada septendecim</i>, +up the larvæ of the destructive <i>Cicada septendecim</i>, called the American locust<a name="FNanchor_511_511" id="FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a>, on which, when in their perfect state, the squirrels are said to grow fat<a name="FNanchor_512_512" id="FNanchor_512_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a>. The badger, Lesser informs us, will eat beetles: and its kinsman @@ -9516,7 +9475,7 @@ carp genus. These chiefly prey upon the various kinds of <i>Trichoptera</i>, in their larva state called case- or caddis-worms, and in their imago may-flies (though this last denomination properly belongs only to the <i>Sialis lutaria</i>, -which generally appears in that month,) and <i>Ephemeræ</i>. +which generally appears in that month,) and <i>Ephemeræ</i>. Besides these, the waters swarm with insects of every order, as numerous in proportion to the space they inhabit, as those that fill the air, which form the sole @@ -9524,7 +9483,7 @@ nutriment of multitudes of our fish, and the partial support of almost all.</p> <p>Reaumur has given us a very entertaining account -of the infinite hosts of Ephemeræ that by myriads of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> +of the infinite hosts of Ephemeræ that by myriads of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> millions emerge at a certain season of the year from some of the rivers in France, which, as it is well worth your attention, I shall abridge for you.</p> @@ -9552,7 +9511,7 @@ to fly about six o'clock in the evening, or about two hours before sun-set; but the great body of those noticed by Reaumur did not appear till after that time; so that the season of different harvests is not better known to the -farmer, than that in which the Ephemeræ of a particular +farmer, than that in which the Ephemeræ of a particular river are to emerge, is to the fishermen. Yet a greater degree of heat or cold, the rise or fall of the water, and other circumstances we are not aware of, may accelerate @@ -9563,7 +9522,7 @@ who call them <i>manna</i>: and when their season is come, they say "the manna begins to appear, the manna fell abundantly such a night;"—alluding, by this expression, either to the astonishing quantity of food which the -Ephemeræ afford the fish, or to the large quantity of +Ephemeræ afford the fish, or to the large quantity of fish which they then take.</p> <p>Reaumur first observed these insects in the year 1738, @@ -9572,13 +9531,13 @@ till the 18th of August. On the 19th, having received notice from his fisherman that the flies had appeared, he got into his boat about three hours before sun-set, and detached from the banks of the river several masses of -earth filled with pupæ, which he put into a large tub full +earth filled with pupæ, which he put into a large tub full of water. This tub, after staying in the boat till about eight o'clock, without seeing any remarkable number of the flies, and being threatened with a storm, he caused to be landed and placed in his garden, at the foot of which ran the Marne. Before the people had landed it, -an astonishing number of Ephemeræ emerged from it. +an astonishing number of Ephemeræ emerged from it. Every piece of earth that was above the surface of the water was covered by them, some beginning to quit their slough, others prepared to fly, and others already on the @@ -9604,13 +9563,13 @@ with the wonderful spectacle exhibited on the banks of the river. The exclamations of his gardener drew the illustrious naturalist thither: and such a sight he had never witnessed, and could scarcely find words -to describe. "The myriads of Ephemeræ," says he, +to describe. "The myriads of Ephemeræ," says he, "which filled the air over the current of the river, and over the bank on which I stood, are neither to be expressed nor conceived. When the snow falls with the largest flakes, and with the least interval between them, the air is not so full of them as that which surrounded -us was of Ephemeræ. Scarcely had I remained in one +us was of Ephemeræ. Scarcely had I remained in one place a few minutes, when the step on which I stood was quite concealed with a layer of them from two to four inches in depth. Near the lowest step a surface of water @@ -9618,7 +9577,7 @@ of five or six feet dimensions every way was entirely and thickly covered by them: and what the current carried off was continually replaced. Many times I was obliged to abandon my station, not being able to bear the shower -of Ephemeræ, which, falling with an obliquity less constant +of Ephemeræ, which, falling with an obliquity less constant than that of an ordinary shower, struck continually, and in a manner extremely uncomfortable, every part of my face:—eyes, mouth and nostrils were filled with @@ -9648,14 +9607,14 @@ festival and the fishermen a good harvest<a name="FNanchor_515_515" id="FNanchor angler is indebted to insects for some of his choicest baits, for the best opportunities of showing his skill, and for the most gratifying part of his diversion. The case-worm -and several other larvæ are the best standing bait +and several other larvæ are the best standing bait for many fish. The larva of the Ephemera, there called bait and bank-bait<a name="FNanchor_516_516" id="FNanchor_516_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a>, is much used in some parts of Holland. The case-worms, and grubs (I suppose of flies) from the tallow-chandlers are in request with us for roach and dace; and I am told by an acute observer of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> these things, the Rev. R. Sheppard, that the <i>Geotrupes</i> -and <i>Melolonthæ</i> are good baits for chub<a name="FNanchor_517_517" id="FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a>. But to be an +and <i>Melolonthæ</i> are good baits for chub<a name="FNanchor_517_517" id="FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a>. But to be an adept in fly-fishing, which requires the most skill and furnishes the best diversion, the angler ought to be conversant in Entomology, at least sufficiently so to distinguish @@ -9700,14 +9659,14 @@ it feeds upon them. If he be correct, the object of this singular procedure with that species, may be to allure the birds, which it preys upon, to a particular spot<a name="FNanchor_519_519" id="FNanchor_519_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a>.</p> -<p>Amongst the <i>Picæ</i> or Pies the <i>Crotophaga</i>, called the +<p>Amongst the <i>Picæ</i> or Pies the <i>Crotophaga</i>, called the Ani, which is a native of Africa and America, lives upon the locust and <i>Ixodes Ricinus</i>, which it picks in great numbers from the backs of cattle; but none are greater<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> devourers of insects in this order than rooks. It is for the grubs of <i>Melolontha</i>, <i>Tipula</i>, &c., that they follow the plough; and they always frequent the meadows in which -these larvæ abound, destroying them in vast numbers. +these larvæ abound, destroying them in vast numbers. Kalm tells us, that when the little crow was extirpated from Virginia at an enormous expense, the inhabitants would willingly have brought them back again at double @@ -9751,13 +9710,13 @@ end of a long pole to entice it to build in gardens, which it is found to be particularly useful in clearing from noxious insects.</p> -<p>Amongst the <i>Grallæ</i> or Waders, many of the long-billed -birds eat the larvæ of insects as well as worms: +<p>Amongst the <i>Grallæ</i> or Waders, many of the long-billed +birds eat the larvæ of insects as well as worms: and they form also no inconsiderable part of the food of our domestic poultry, especially turkeys, which may be daily seen busily engaged in hunting for them, and, as well as ducks, will greedily devour the larger insects, -as cockchafers, and in North America <i>Cicadæ</i>. Mr. +as cockchafers, and in North America <i>Cicadæ</i>. Mr. Sheppard was much amused one day in July last year with observing a cow which had taken refuge in a pond, probably from the gad-fly, and was standing nearly up @@ -9767,18 +9726,18 @@ upon it. The cow, as if sensible of the service they were rendering her, stood perfectly still though assailed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> and pecked on all sides by them. The partridge takes her young brood to an ant-hill, where they feast upon -the larvæ and pupæ, which Swammerdam informs us +the larvæ and pupæ, which Swammerdam informs us were sold at market in his time to feed various kinds of birds<a name="FNanchor_524_524" id="FNanchor_524_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_524_524" class="fnanchor">[524]</a>. Dr. Clarke also mentions having seen them, as well as the ants themselves, exposed to sale in the market at Moscow as a food for nightingales<a name="FNanchor_525_525" id="FNanchor_525_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_525_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a>. Latreille tells -us that singing birds are fed in France with the larvæ of +us that singing birds are fed in France with the larvæ of the horse-ant (<i>Formica rufa</i>).</p> <p>But the Linnean order of <i>Passeres</i> affords the greatest number of insectivorous birds; indeed almost all the species of this order, except perhaps the pigeon-tribe, and -the cross-bill and other Loxiæ, more or less eat insects. +the cross-bill and other Loxiæ, more or less eat insects. Amongst the thrush tribe, the blackbird, though he will have his share of our gooseberries and currants, assists greatly in clearing our gardens of caterpillars; and the @@ -9826,7 +9785,7 @@ satisfied, they put their head under their wing and went to sleep. The number of insects caught by this tribe is inconceivable. But it is not in summer only that birds derive their food from the insect tribes: even in winter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> -the pupæ of <i>Lepidoptera</i>, as Mr. White tells us, are the +the pupæ of <i>Lepidoptera</i>, as Mr. White tells us, are the grand support of those that have a soft bill<a name="FNanchor_528_528" id="FNanchor_528_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_528_528" class="fnanchor">[528]</a>.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -9837,13 +9796,13 @@ subserviency of some of them to the functions of certain vegetables.</p> <p>You well know that some plants are gifted with the -faculty of catching flies. These vegetable Muscicapæ, +faculty of catching flies. These vegetable Muscicapæ, which have been enumerated by Dr. Barton of Philadelphia, who has published an ingenious paper on the subject<a name="FNanchor_529_529" id="FNanchor_529_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a>, may be divided into three classes: First, those that entrap insects by the irritability of their stamina, which close upon them when touched. Under this head -come <i>Apocynum androsæmifolium</i>, <i>Asclepias syriaca</i> and +come <i>Apocynum androsæmifolium</i>, <i>Asclepias syriaca</i> and <i>curassavica</i>, <i>Nerium Oleander</i>, and a grass described by Michaux under the name of <i>Leersia lenticularis</i>. The second class includes those which entrap them by some @@ -9851,7 +9810,7 @@ viscosity of the plant, as many species of <i>Rhododendron</i>, <i>Kalmia</i>, <i>Robinia</i>, <i>Silene</i>, <i>Lythrum</i>, <i>Populus balsamifera</i>, &c.<a name="FNanchor_530_530" id="FNanchor_530_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_530_530" class="fnanchor">[530]</a> And under the third class will arrange those which ensnare by their leaves, whether from some irritability in -them, as in <i>Dionæa</i>, <i>Drosera</i>, &c., or merely from their +them, as in <i>Dionæa</i>, <i>Drosera</i>, &c., or merely from their forming hollow vessels containing water, into which the flies are enticed either by their carrion-like odour, or the sweet fluid which many of them secrete near the faux,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> @@ -9867,8 +9826,8 @@ entice flies to lay their eggs upon them, which thus perish.</p> <p>The number of insects thus destroyed is prodigious. -It is scarcely possible to find a flower of the <i>Muscicapæ -Asclepiadeæ</i> that has not entrapped its victim, and some +It is scarcely possible to find a flower of the <i>Muscicapæ +Asclepiadeæ</i> that has not entrapped its victim, and some of them in the United States closely cover hundreds of acres together.</p> @@ -9876,7 +9835,7 @@ acres together.</p> apparent. Dr. Barton doubts whether the flowers that catch insects, being only temporary organs, can derive any nutriment from them; and he does not think it probable -that the leaves of <i>Dionæa</i>, &c., which are usually +that the leaves of <i>Dionæa</i>, &c., which are usually found in rich boggy soil, can have any need of additional stimulus. As nothing however is made in vain, there can be little doubt that these ensnared insects are subservient @@ -9884,7 +9843,7 @@ to some important purpose in the economy of the plants which are endowed with the faculty of taking them, though we may be ignorant what that purpose is; and an experiment of Mr. Knight's, nurseryman in King's -Road, London, seems to prove that in the case of Dionæa, +Road, London, seems to prove that in the case of Dionæa, at least, the very end in view, contrary to Dr. Barton's supposition, is the supplying the leaves with animal manure; for he found that a plant upon whose leaves he laid @@ -9901,7 +9860,7 @@ but Sir James Smith mentions a curious fact, from which it appears that in some cases they are deposited by other species. One of the gardeners of the Liverpool Botanic Garden observed an insect, from the description -one of the <i>Crabronidæ</i>, which dragged several large flies +one of the <i>Crabronidæ</i>, which dragged several large flies to the <i>Sarracenia adunca</i>, and, having with some difficulty forced them under the lid or cover of its leaf, deposited them in its tubular part which was half filled @@ -9923,7 +9882,7 @@ that many large flies should, as Professor Barton informs us, drop their eggs into the Ascidia furnished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> with dead carcases: and it seems very probable that Dytisci oviposit in them; for the Squilla which Rumphius -found there was probably one of their larvæ, this being +found there was probably one of their larvæ, this being the old name for them<a name="FNanchor_533_533" id="FNanchor_533_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_533_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a>.</p> <p>However problematical the agency of insects caught @@ -9943,7 +9902,7 @@ in another department<a name="FNanchor_534_534" id="FNanchor_534_534"></a><a hre <p>The agency of these little operators is not less indispensable in the beautiful tribe of <i>Iris</i>. In these, as appears -from the observations of Kölreuter, the true stigma is +from the observations of Kölreuter, the true stigma is situated on the upper side of a transverse membrane (<i>arcus eminens</i> of Haller) which is stretched across the middle of the under surface of the petal-like expansion @@ -10013,7 +9972,7 @@ in many cases their bodies seem provided for this express purpose, and is conveyed to the germen requiring its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> fertilizing influence. Sprengel supposes that with this view some plants have particular insects appropriated to -them, as to the dioecious nettle <i>Catheretes Urticæ</i>, to the +them, as to the dioecious nettle <i>Catheretes Urticæ</i>, to the toad-flax <i>Catheretes gravidus</i>, both minute beetles, &c. Whether the operations of <i>Cynips Psenes</i> be of that advantage in fertilizing the fig, which the cultivators of @@ -10073,7 +10032,7 @@ than you may have conceived.</p> <p>One class of animals which, till very lately, have been regarded as belonging to the entomological world, I mean the <i>Crustacea</i>, consisting principally of the genus -<i>Cancer</i> of Linné, are universally reckoned amongst our +<i>Cancer</i> of Linné, are universally reckoned amongst our greatest dainties; and they who would turn with disgust from a locust or the grub of a beetle, feel no symptoms of nausea when a lobster, crab, or shrimp is set before @@ -10095,37 +10054,37 @@ live on vegetable substances, and are consequently much more select and cleanly in their diet than the swine or the duck, which form a favourite part of ours.</p> -<p>Many larvæ<a name="FNanchor_542_542" id="FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a> that belong to the order <i>Coleoptera</i> are +<p>Many larvæ<a name="FNanchor_542_542" id="FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a> that belong to the order <i>Coleoptera</i> are eaten in different parts of the world. The grub of the palm-weevil (<i>Cordylia</i><a name="FNanchor_543_543" id="FNanchor_543_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a> <i>Palmarum</i>), which is the size of the thumb, has been long in request in both the Indies. -Ælian speaks of an Indian king, who, for a dessert, instead +Ælian speaks of an Indian king, who, for a dessert, instead of fruit set before his Grecian guests a roasted worm taken from a plant, probably the larva of this insect, which he says the Indians esteem very delicious—a character that was confirmed by some of the Greeks who tasted it<a name="FNanchor_544_544" id="FNanchor_544_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a>. Madam Merian has figured one of these -larvæ, and says that the natives of Surinam roast and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> +larvæ, and says that the natives of Surinam roast and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> eat them as something very exquisite<a name="FNanchor_545_545" id="FNanchor_545_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_545_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a>. A friend of mine, who has resided a good deal in the West Indies, where the palm-grub is called <i>Grugru</i>, informs me that the late Sir John La Forey, who was somewhat of an epicure, was extremely fond of it when properly cooked.</p> -<p>The larvæ also of the larger species of the capricorn +<p>The larvæ also of the larger species of the capricorn tribe (<i>Cerambyx</i>, L. <i>Longicornes</i>, Latr.) are accounted very great delicacies in many countries; and the Cossus of Pliny, which he tells us the Roman epicures fattened -with flour<a name="FNanchor_546_546" id="FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a>, most probably belonged to this tribe. Linné +with flour<a name="FNanchor_546_546" id="FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a>, most probably belonged to this tribe. Linné indeed, following the opinion of Ray<a name="FNanchor_547_547" id="FNanchor_547_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_547_547" class="fnanchor">[547]</a>, supposes the caterpillar of the great goat-moth, the anatomy of which has been so wonderfully traced by the eye and pencil of the incomparable Lyonet, to be the Cossus. But there -seems a strong reason against this opinion; for Linné's +seems a strong reason against this opinion; for Linné's Cossus lives most commonly in the willow, Pliny's in the oak; and the former is a very disagreeable, ugly and fetid larva, not very likely to attract the Roman epicures. -Probably they were the larvæ of <i>Prionus coriarius</i>, +Probably they were the larvæ of <i>Prionus coriarius</i>, which I have myself extracted from the oak, or of one of its congeners<a name="FNanchor_548_548" id="FNanchor_548_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a>. The grub of <i>P. damicornis</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> which is of the thickness of a man's finger, is eaten at @@ -10136,13 +10095,13 @@ in Jamaica this grub is called <i>Macauco</i>, and is in request at the principal tables. A similar insect is dressed at Mauritius under the name of <i>Moutac</i>, which the whites as well as Negroes eat greedily<a name="FNanchor_550_550" id="FNanchor_550_550"></a><a href="#Footnote_550_550" class="fnanchor">[550]</a>. The larva of <i>P. cervicornis</i> -is, according to Linné, held in equal estimation, +is, according to Linné, held in equal estimation, and that of <i>Acanthocinus Tribulus</i> when roasted forms an article of food in Africa<a name="FNanchor_551_551" id="FNanchor_551_551"></a><a href="#Footnote_551_551" class="fnanchor">[551]</a>. It is probable that all the species of this genus might be safely eaten, as well as many other grubs of <i>Coleoptera</i>; and although I do not feel disposed to recommend with Reaumur<a name="FNanchor_552_552" id="FNanchor_552_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a>, that the -larvæ of <i>Oryctes nasicornis</i> should be sought for "<i>dans +larvæ of <i>Oryctes nasicornis</i> should be sought for "<i>dans les couches de fumier</i>," yet I think with Dr. Darwin<a name="FNanchor_553_553" id="FNanchor_553_553"></a><a href="#Footnote_553_553" class="fnanchor">[553]</a>, that those of the cockchafer which feed upon the roots of grass, or the perfect insects themselves, which, if we may @@ -10228,15 +10187,15 @@ before they burst from their covering. From this state they change to the <i>Tettix</i> or <i>Cicada</i>, when the males at first have the best flavour; but after impregnation the females are preferred on account of their white eggs<a name="FNanchor_566_566" id="FNanchor_566_566"></a><a href="#Footnote_566_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a>. -Athenæus also and Aristophanes mention their being -eaten; and Ælian is extremely angry with the men of +Athenæus also and Aristophanes mention their being +eaten; and Ælian is extremely angry with the men of his age that an animal sacred to the Muses should be strung, sold, and greedily devoured<a name="FNanchor_567_567" id="FNanchor_567_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a>. Pliny tells us that the nations of the East, even the Parthians, whose wealth was abundant, use them as food<a name="FNanchor_568_568" id="FNanchor_568_568"></a><a href="#Footnote_568_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a>. The imago of the <i>Cicada septemdecim</i> is still eaten by the Indians in America, who pluck off the wings and boil them<a name="FNanchor_569_569" id="FNanchor_569_569"></a><a href="#Footnote_569_569" class="fnanchor">[569]</a>. This -ancient Greek taste for <i>Cicadæ</i> seems now gone out of +ancient Greek taste for <i>Cicadæ</i> seems now gone out of fashion, at least travellers do not notice it: but perhaps if it were revived in those countries where the insects are to be found, for they inhabit only warm climates<a name="FNanchor_570_570" id="FNanchor_570_570"></a><a href="#Footnote_570_570" class="fnanchor">[570]</a>, @@ -10277,7 +10236,7 @@ white ant tribe (<i>Termes</i>), which, in return for the mischief it does at certain times, affords an abundant supply<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> of food to some of the African nations. The Hottentots eat them boiled and raw, and soon get into good condition -upon this food<a name="FNanchor_576_576" id="FNanchor_576_576"></a><a href="#Footnote_576_576" class="fnanchor">[576]</a>. König, quoted by Smeathman, says +upon this food<a name="FNanchor_576_576" id="FNanchor_576_576"></a><a href="#Footnote_576_576" class="fnanchor">[576]</a>. König, quoted by Smeathman, says that in some parts of the East Indies the natives make two holes in the nests of the white ants, one to the windward and the other to the leeward, placing at the latter @@ -10314,7 +10273,7 @@ that bees themselves in some places serve for food, yet Knox tells us that they are eaten in Ceylon<a name="FNanchor_580_580" id="FNanchor_580_580"></a><a href="#Footnote_580_580" class="fnanchor">[580]</a>:—an ungrateful return for their honey and wax which I would on no account recommend. Piso speaks of yellow ants -called <i>Cupiá</i> inhabiting Brazil, the abdomen of which +called <i>Cupiá</i> inhabiting Brazil, the abdomen of which many used for food, as well as a larger species under the name of <i>Tama-joura</i><a name="FNanchor_581_581" id="FNanchor_581_581"></a><a href="#Footnote_581_581" class="fnanchor">[581]</a>; which account is confirmed by Humboldt, who informs us that ants are eaten by the @@ -10380,7 +10339,7 @@ French astronomer was, as Latreille witnessed<a name="FNanchor_592_592" id="FNan fond of these delicacies. And lastly, if not content with taking them seriatim you should feel desirous of eating them by handfulls, you may shelter yourself under the -authority of the German immortalized by Rösel<a name="FNanchor_593_593" id="FNanchor_593_593"></a><a href="#Footnote_593_593" class="fnanchor">[593]</a>, who +authority of the German immortalized by Rösel<a name="FNanchor_593_593" id="FNanchor_593_593"></a><a href="#Footnote_593_593" class="fnanchor">[593]</a>, who used to spread them upon his bread like butter, observing that he found them very useful, "<i>um sich auszulaxiren</i>."—These edible <i>Aptera</i> and <i>Arachnida</i> are all sufficiently @@ -10512,7 +10471,7 @@ while to institute a set of experiments with this view.</p> collected by that insect from the Bombax or silk cotton-tree, which as a styptic is preferable to the puff-ball, and at Cayenne is successfully used to stop the blood in the -most violent hæmorrhages<a name="FNanchor_597_597" id="FNanchor_597_597"></a><a href="#Footnote_597_597" class="fnanchor">[597]</a>; and gum ammoniac, according +most violent hæmorrhages<a name="FNanchor_597_597" id="FNanchor_597_597"></a><a href="#Footnote_597_597" class="fnanchor">[597]</a>; and gum ammoniac, according to Mr. Jackson<a name="FNanchor_598_598" id="FNanchor_598_598"></a><a href="#Footnote_598_598" class="fnanchor">[598]</a>, oozes out of a plant like fennel, from incisions made in the bark by a beetle with a large horn. But with these exceptions, (in which the @@ -10553,11 +10512,11 @@ In adverting to them in this view, I shall not dwell upon the articles derived from a few species in particular districts, and confined to these alone, such as the soap which in some parts of Africa is manufactured from -a beetle (<i>Chlænius saponarius</i><a name="FNanchor_602_602" id="FNanchor_602_602"></a><a href="#Footnote_602_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a>); the oil which Molina +a beetle (<i>Chlænius saponarius</i><a name="FNanchor_602_602" id="FNanchor_602_602"></a><a href="#Footnote_602_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a>); the oil which Molina tells us is obtained in Chili from large globular cellules found upon the wild rosemary, and supposed to be produced by a kind of gall-fly<a name="FNanchor_603_603" id="FNanchor_603_603"></a><a href="#Footnote_603_603" class="fnanchor">[603]</a>; and the manure for which -Scopoli informs us the hosts of Ephemeræ that annually +Scopoli informs us the hosts of Ephemeræ that annually emerge in the month of June from the Laz, a river in Carniola, are employed by the husbandmen, who think they have had a bad harvest unless every one has collected @@ -10571,7 +10530,7 @@ houses<a name="FNanchor_605_605" id="FNanchor_605_605"></a><a href="#Footnote_60 are ingeniously applied by the ladies, who in China embroider their dresses with the elytra and crust of a brilliant species of beetle (<i>Buprestis vittata</i>); in Chili and -the Brazils form splendid necklaces of the golden <i>Chrysomelidæ</i> +the Brazils form splendid necklaces of the golden <i>Chrysomelidæ</i> and brilliant diamond beetles, &c.<a name="FNanchor_606_606" id="FNanchor_606_606"></a><a href="#Footnote_606_606" class="fnanchor">[606]</a>; in some parts of the continent string together for the same purpose the burnished violet-coloured thighs of <i>Geotrupes @@ -10607,9 +10566,9 @@ can</p> moralist, and the divine, to embody their thoughts for the amusement, instruction, direction and reformation of mankind.—The insect which produces the gall-nut is of -the genus <i>Cynips</i> of Linné, but was not known to him +the genus <i>Cynips</i> of Linné, but was not known to him or to Fabricius. Olivier first described it under the -name of <i>Diplolepis gallæ tinctoriæ</i><a name="FNanchor_608_608" id="FNanchor_608_608"></a><a href="#Footnote_608_608" class="fnanchor">[608]</a>. The galls originate +name of <i>Diplolepis gallæ tinctoriæ</i><a name="FNanchor_608_608" id="FNanchor_608_608"></a><a href="#Footnote_608_608" class="fnanchor">[608]</a>. The galls originate on the leaves of a species of oak (<i>Quercus infectoria</i>,) very common throughout Asia Minor, in many parts of which they are collected by the poorer inhabitants and @@ -10805,7 +10764,7 @@ when in its native state unseparated from the twigs to which it adheres; <i>seed-lac</i> when separated, pounded, and the greater part of the colouring matter extracted by water; <i>lump-lac</i> when melted and made into cakes; and -<i>shell-lac</i> when strained and formed into transparent laminæ;—it +<i>shell-lac</i> when strained and formed into transparent laminæ;—it has hitherto been chiefly employed in the composition of varnishes, japanned ware, and sealing-wax: but within these few years it has been applied to @@ -10835,7 +10794,7 @@ use the galls of a particular species of <i>Aphis</i> for dyeing silk crimson, which he thinks might lead us to try experiments with those of our own country<a name="FNanchor_619_619" id="FNanchor_619_619"></a><a href="#Footnote_619_619" class="fnanchor">[619]</a>. That dyes might be thus obtained seems probable from an observation -of Linné's, in his Lapland Tour, upon the galls +of Linné's, in his Lapland Tour, upon the galls produced by <i>Aphis Pini</i> on the extremities of the leaves of the spruce-fir, which, he informs us, when arrived at maturity burst asunder, and discharge an orange-coloured @@ -10857,12 +10816,12 @@ tincture. It is not likely, perhaps, that many better and cheaper dyes than we now possess can be obtained from insects; but Reaumur has suggested that water-colours of beautiful tints, not otherwise easily obtainable, might be -procured from the excrements of the larvæ of the common +procured from the excrements of the larvæ of the common clothes-moth, which retain the colour of the wool they have eaten unimpaired in its lustre, and mix very well with water. To get a fine red, yellow, blue, green, or any other colour or shade of colour, we should merely -have to feed our larvæ with cloth of that tint<a name="FNanchor_622_622" id="FNanchor_622_622"></a><a href="#Footnote_622_622" class="fnanchor">[622]</a>.</p> +have to feed our larvæ with cloth of that tint<a name="FNanchor_622_622" id="FNanchor_622_622"></a><a href="#Footnote_622_622" class="fnanchor">[622]</a>.</p> <p><i>Wax</i>, so valuable for many minor purposes, and deemed with us so indispensable to the comfort of the great, @@ -10886,7 +10845,7 @@ every year not less than 14,000 pounds of a whitish wax from the trees of Chaco<a name="FNanchor_624_624" id="FNanchor_624_624"></a><a href="#Footnote_624_624" class="fnanchor">[624]</a>.</p> <p>In China wax is also produced by another insect, -which from the description of it by the Abbé Grosier +which from the description of it by the Abbé Grosier seems to be a species of <i>Coccus</i>. With this insect the Chinese stock the two kinds of tree (<i>Kan-la-chu</i> and <i>Choni-la-chu</i>) on which alone it is found, and which always @@ -10945,7 +10904,7 @@ making candles<a name="FNanchor_628_628" id="FNanchor_628_628"></a><a href="#Foo apparently similar, and the produce of an insect of the same tribe, which is collected in South America in the form of pearl-like globules from the small branches of -the <i>Quabirâmý</i>, a small shrub two or three feet high<a name="FNanchor_629_629" id="FNanchor_629_629"></a><a href="#Footnote_629_629" class="fnanchor">[629]</a>.</p> +the <i>Quabirâmý</i>, a small shrub two or three feet high<a name="FNanchor_629_629" id="FNanchor_629_629"></a><a href="#Footnote_629_629" class="fnanchor">[629]</a>.</p> <p>Insects in some countries not only furnish the natives with wax but with <i>resin</i>, which is used instead of tar for @@ -11087,7 +11046,7 @@ which built clay nests and collected wax<a name="FNanchor_646_646" id="FNanchor_ with more truth, that it was unwound from the <i>pupa</i> of a large horned caterpillar<a name="FNanchor_647_647" id="FNanchor_647_647"></a><a href="#Footnote_647_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a>. Nor was the mode of producing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> and manufacturing this precious material known -to Europe until long after the Christian æra, being first +to Europe until long after the Christian æra, being first learnt about the year 550 by two monks, who procured in India the eggs of the silk-worm moth, with which, concealing them in hollow canes, they hastened to Constantinople, @@ -11103,7 +11062,7 @@ Sully, to attempt introducing it, and fully succeeded.</p> greater proportion of that manufactured in China, is obtained from the common silk-worm; but in India considerable quantities are procured from the cocoons of the -larvæ of other moths. Of these the most important +larvæ of other moths. Of these the most important species known are the Tusseh and Arindy silk-worms, of which an interesting history is given by Dr. Roxburgh in the <i>Linnean Transactions</i><a name="FNanchor_648_648" id="FNanchor_648_648"></a><a href="#Footnote_648_648" class="fnanchor">[648]</a>. These insects are both @@ -11149,7 +11108,7 @@ new progeny feeding in my trays. This makes it a mine to whoever would undertake the cultivation of it."</p> <p>Whether it will ever be expedient to attempt the -breeding of the larvæ of any European moths, as <i>Catocala +breeding of the larvæ of any European moths, as <i>Catocala pacta</i>, <i>Sponsa</i>, &c. proposed with this view by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> Fabricius<a name="FNanchor_650_650" id="FNanchor_650_650"></a><a href="#Footnote_650_650" class="fnanchor">[650]</a>, seems doubtful, though certainly many of them afford a very strong silk, and might be readily propagated; @@ -11167,7 +11126,7 @@ given in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i> of one found there, whose cocoon is not only heavier and more productive of silk than that of the common kind, but is so much stronger that twenty threads will carry an ounce -more<a name="FNanchor_652_652" id="FNanchor_652_652"></a><a href="#Footnote_652_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a>. Don Luis Neé observed on <i>Psidium pomiferum</i> +more<a name="FNanchor_652_652" id="FNanchor_652_652"></a><a href="#Footnote_652_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a>. Don Luis Neé observed on <i>Psidium pomiferum</i> and <i>pyriferum</i> ovate nests of caterpillars eight inches long, of gray silk, which the inhabitants of Chilpancingo, Tixtala, &c. in America, manufacture into stockings and @@ -11178,9 +11137,9 @@ the interior being the thinnest and extraordinarily transparent, were observed by Humboldt in the provinces of Mechoacan and the mountains of Santarosa at a height of 10,500 feet above the level of the sea, upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> -<i>Arbutus Madrôno</i> and other trees. The silk of these nests, +<i>Arbutus Madrôno</i> and other trees. The silk of these nests, which are the work of the social caterpillars of a Bombyx -(<i>B. Madrôno</i>), was an object of commerce even in +(<i>B. Madrôno</i>), was an object of commerce even in the time of Montezuma, and the ancient Mexicans pasted together the interior layers, which may be written upon without preparation, to form a white glossy pasteboard. @@ -11193,11 +11152,11 @@ on account of the permanency of the colour<a name="FNanchor_655_655" id="FNancho to M. B. de Lozieres, large quantities of a very beautiful silk, of dazzling whiteness, may be collected from the cocoons even of the Ichneumons that destroy -the larvæ of some moth in the West Indies which feed +the larvæ of some moth in the West Indies which feed upon the indigo and cassada<a name="FNanchor_656_656" id="FNanchor_656_656"></a><a href="#Footnote_656_656" class="fnanchor">[656]</a>.</p> <p>It is probable, too, that other articles besides silk might -be obtained from the larvæ which usually produce it, particularly +be obtained from the larvæ which usually produce it, particularly cements and varnishes of different kinds, some hard, others elastic, from their gum and silk reservoirs, from which it is said the Chinese procure a fine varnish, @@ -11245,7 +11204,7 @@ in the constitution of his creatures. Who that has any sensibility, has not felt his heart dilate with gratitude to the Giver of all good, in observing amongst the domestic animals which surround him, the effects of this -divine <i>storgé</i>, so fruitful of the most delightful sensations? +divine <i>storgé</i>, so fruitful of the most delightful sensations? Who that is not a stock or a stone has read unmoved the anecdote recorded in books of Natural History, of the poor bitch, which in the agonies of a cruel dissection @@ -11318,10 +11277,10 @@ the food suitable for her offspring, however dissimilar to her own; or at least invariably places her eggs, often defended from external injury by a variety of admirable contrivances, in the exact spot where, when -hatched, the larvæ can have access to it.—The dragon-fly +hatched, the larvæ can have access to it.—The dragon-fly is an inhabitant of the air, and could not exist in water: yet in this element, which is alone adapted for her -young, she ever carefully drops her eggs. The larvæ of +young, she ever carefully drops her eggs. The larvæ of the gad-fly (<i>Gasterophilus Equi</i>), whose history has been before described to you<a name="FNanchor_658_658" id="FNanchor_658_658"></a><a href="#Footnote_658_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a>, are destined to live in the stomach of the horse. How shall the parent, a two-winged @@ -11356,7 +11315,7 @@ of <i>Ichneumons</i>, whose young are destined to feed upon the living bodies of other insects. These, as you know, are so numerous, that scarcely an insect exists, which in its larva state is not exposed to the attacks of one or -other of them; and even the pupæ, nay the very eggs of +other of them; and even the pupæ, nay the very eggs of these animals, are not safe from their insidious manœuvres.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> The size of the different species varies in proportion to that of the bodies which are to be their food; some @@ -11364,7 +11323,7 @@ being so inconceivably small, that the egg of a butterfly not bigger than a pin's head is of sufficient magnitude to nourish two of them to maturity<a name="FNanchor_660_660" id="FNanchor_660_660"></a><a href="#Footnote_660_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a>; others so large, that the body of a full-grown caterpillar is not more than -enough for one. They are the larvæ of these Ichneumons +enough for one. They are the larvæ of these Ichneumons which make such havoc of our pygmy tribes: the perfect insect is a four-winged fly, which takes no other food than a little honey; and the great object of the female @@ -11395,7 +11354,7 @@ subsist in a single caterpillar. The little Ichneumon then repeats her operations until she has darted into her victim the requisite number of eggs.</p> -<p>The larvæ hatched from the eggs thus ingeniously +<p>The larvæ hatched from the eggs thus ingeniously deposited, find a delicious banquet in the body of the caterpillar, which is sure eventually to fall a victim to their ravages. So accurately, however, is the supply of @@ -11428,7 +11387,7 @@ such an instance as a perfect prodigy, as an example of instinctive forbearance almost miraculous?</p> <p>Some Ichneumons, instead of burying their eggs in -the body of the larvæ that are to serve their young for +the body of the larvæ that are to serve their young for food, content themselves with gluing them to the skin of their prey, which the young grubs pierce as soon as hatched. Another tribe, whose activity and perseverance @@ -11490,8 +11449,8 @@ as if to mark the place.—Such is the anecdote left on record by our illustrious countryman, of whose accuracy of observation there can be no doubt<a name="FNanchor_661_661" id="FNanchor_661_661"></a><a href="#Footnote_661_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a>. Who that reads<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> it can refrain from joining in the reflection which it calls -from him, "<i>Quis hæc non mihi miretur et stupeat? Quis -hujusmodi opera meræ machinæ possit attribuere</i><a name="FNanchor_662_662" id="FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a><i>?</i>"</p> +from him, "<i>Quis hæc non mihi miretur et stupeat? Quis +hujusmodi opera meræ machinæ possit attribuere</i><a name="FNanchor_662_662" id="FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a><i>?</i>"</p> <p>I myself, when walking with a friend some months ago, observed nearly similar manœuvres performed by @@ -11538,7 +11497,7 @@ this difference of procedure? With regard to the choice of a number of small grubs rather than of one large caterpillar, what I have said in a former letter on the subject of different species of this tribe being appointed to -prey upon and thus keep within due limits the larvæ of +prey upon and thus keep within due limits the larvæ of different kinds of insects, will be a sufficient answer. But one circumstance creditable to the talents of the mason-wasp as a skilful purveyor should not be omitted, namely, @@ -11551,7 +11510,7 @@ them uninjured to her hole, a satisfactory explanation may be given. If those that are but partly grown were chosen, they would die in a short time for want of food, and putrefying would destroy the inclosed egg, or the -young one which springs from it. But when larvæ of +young one which springs from it. But when larvæ of any kind have attained their full size, and are about to pass into the pupa state, they can exist for a long period<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> without any further supply. By selecting these, therefore, @@ -11588,7 +11547,7 @@ whole is consumed it has no longer need of food; it clothes itself in a silken cocoon, becomes a pupa, and after a deep sleep of a few days bursts from its cell an active bee.</p> -<p>No circumstance connected with the <i>storgé</i> of insects, +<p>No circumstance connected with the <i>storgé</i> of insects, is more striking than the herculean and incessant labour which it leads them cheerfully to undergo. Some of these exertions are so disproportionate to the size of the @@ -11617,7 +11576,7 @@ common dor or clock (<i>Geotrupes stercorarius</i>), which may be found beneath every heap of dung, digs a deep cylindrical hole, and, carrying down a mass of the dung to the bottom, in it deposits its eggs. And many of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> -species of the <i>Scarabæidæ</i><a name="FNanchor_665_665" id="FNanchor_665_665"></a><a href="#Footnote_665_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a> roll together wet dung into +species of the <i>Scarabæidæ</i><a name="FNanchor_665_665" id="FNanchor_665_665"></a><a href="#Footnote_665_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a> roll together wet dung into round pellets, deposit an egg in the midst of each, and when dry push them backwards by their hind feet into holes of the surprising depth of three feet, which they @@ -11776,7 +11735,7 @@ feed exposed on the leaves of plants it is short, often in very large species not the eighth of an inch long: having free access to their victims, a longer sting would have been useless. But a considerable number oviposit in -larvæ which lie concealed where so short an instrument +larvæ which lie concealed where so short an instrument could not possibly approach them. In these, therefore, the sting is proportionably elongated, so much so that in some small species it is three or four times the length of @@ -11785,8 +11744,8 @@ has been so pleasingly illustrated by Mr. Marsham<a name="FNanchor_673_673" id=" which attacks the larva of a wild bee (<i>Chelostoma<a name="FNanchor_674_674" id="FNanchor_674_674"></a><a href="#Footnote_674_674" class="fnanchor">[674]</a> maxillosa</i>) lying at the bottom of deep holes in old wood, the sting is nearly two inches long<a name="FNanchor_675_675" id="FNanchor_675_675"></a><a href="#Footnote_675_675" class="fnanchor">[675]</a>: and it is not much -shorter in the more minute <i>I. Strobilellæ</i> L., which lays -its eggs in larvæ concealed in the interior of fir cones, +shorter in the more minute <i>I. Strobilellæ</i> L., which lays +its eggs in larvæ concealed in the interior of fir cones, which without such an apparatus it would never be able to reach.</p> @@ -11861,7 +11820,7 @@ yellowish wasp of Pennsylvania, described by Bartram in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i><a name="FNanchor_679_679" id="FNanchor_679_679"></a><a href="#Footnote_679_679" class="fnanchor">[679]</a>, and by another related to <i>Mellinus arvensis</i>, observed by Duhamel<a name="FNanchor_680_680" id="FNanchor_680_680"></a><a href="#Footnote_680_680" class="fnanchor">[680]</a>; both of which, however, instead of caterpillars, supply their -larvæ with a periodical provision of living flies.</p> +larvæ with a periodical provision of living flies.</p> <p>What a crowd of interesting reflections are these most singular facts calculated to excite! With what foresight @@ -12074,7 +12033,7 @@ to carry off ten of these white masses into the interior of the nest! You will readily divine that these attractive objects are the young of the ants in one of the first or imperfect states. They are in fact not the eggs, as they are -vulgarly called, but the pupæ, which the working ants +vulgarly called, but the pupæ, which the working ants tend with the most patient assiduity. But I must give you a more detailed account of their operations, beginning with the actual eggs.</p> @@ -12088,7 +12047,7 @@ incessantly turning them backwards and forwards with their tongue for the purpose of moistening them, without which they would come to nothing. They then lay them in heaps, which they place in separate apartments<a name="FNanchor_686_686" id="FNanchor_686_686"></a><a href="#Footnote_686_686" class="fnanchor">[686]</a>, and -constantly tend until hatched into larvæ; frequently in +constantly tend until hatched into larvæ; frequently in the course of the day removing them from one quarter of the nest to another, as they require a warmer or cooler, a moister or drier atmosphere; and at intervals brooding @@ -12107,7 +12066,7 @@ few days. The working ants are now almost without remission engaged in supplying their wants and forwarding their growth. Every evening an hour before sunset they regularly remove the whole brood, as well as the eggs and -pupæ, which in an old nest all require attention at the +pupæ, which in an old nest all require attention at the same time, to cells situated lower down in the earth, where they will be safe from the cold; and in the morning they as constantly remove them again towards the surface of @@ -12121,11 +12080,11 @@ the sun, removing their young according to the earlier or later rising and setting of that luminary. As soon as his first rays begin to shine on the exterior of the nest, the ants that are at the top go below in great haste to -rouse their companions, whom they strike with their antennæ, +rouse their companions, whom they strike with their antennæ, or, when they do not seem to comprehend them, drag with their jaws to the summit till a swarm of busy -labourers fill every passage. These take up the larvæ -and pupæ, which they hastily transport to the upper part +labourers fill every passage. These take up the larvæ +and pupæ, which they hastily transport to the upper part of their habitation, where they leave them a quarter of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> an hour, and then carry them into apartments where they are sheltered from the sun's direct rays<a name="FNanchor_689_689" id="FNanchor_689_689"></a><a href="#Footnote_689_689" class="fnanchor">[689]</a>.</p> @@ -12135,7 +12094,7 @@ seems, it is but a small part of what the affection of the working ants leads them readily to undertake. The <i>feeding</i> of the young brood, which rests solely upon them, is a more serious charge. The nest is constantly stored -with larvæ the year round, during all which time, except +with larvæ the year round, during all which time, except in winter when the whole society is torpid, they require feeding several times a day with a viscid half-digested fluid that the workers disgorge into their mouths, which @@ -12157,27 +12116,27 @@ at the incessant activity with which we see them foraging on every side.</p> <p>Their labour does not end here. It is necessary that -the larvæ should be kept extremely clean; and for this +the larvæ should be kept extremely clean; and for this purpose the ants are perpetually passing their tongue and mandibles over their body, rendering them by this means perfectly white<a name="FNanchor_690_690" id="FNanchor_690_690"></a><a href="#Footnote_690_690" class="fnanchor">[690]</a>. After the young grubs have attained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> their full growth, they surround themselves with a silken -cocoon and become pupæ, which, food excepted, require +cocoon and become pupæ, which, food excepted, require as much attention as in the larva state. Every morning they are transported from the bottom of the nest to the surface, and every evening returned to their former quarters. And if, as is often the case, the nest be thrown into ruins by the unlucky foot of a passing animal, in addition to all these daily and hourly avocations, is superadded -the immediate necessity of collecting the pupæ from the +the immediate necessity of collecting the pupæ from the earth with which they have been mixed, and of restoring the nest to its pristine state<a name="FNanchor_691_691" id="FNanchor_691_691"></a><a href="#Footnote_691_691" class="fnanchor">[691]</a>.</p> <p>Nothing can be more curious than the view of the interior of a fully peopled ants' nest in summer. In one -part are stored the eggs; in another the pupæ are heaped +part are stored the eggs; in another the pupæ are heaped up by hundreds in spacious apartments; and in a third -we see the larvæ surrounded by the workers, some of +we see the larvæ surrounded by the workers, some of which feed them, while others keep guard, standing erect upon their hind legs with their abdomen elevated in the position for ejaculating their acid, than which, gunpowder @@ -12256,7 +12215,7 @@ are candidates for her favour. But when once connubial<span class="pagenum"><a n rites are celebrated the unhappy husband dies, and the widowed bride seeks only how she may provide for their mutual offspring. Panting no more to join the choir -of aërial dancers, her only thought is to construct a subterranean +of aërial dancers, her only thought is to construct a subterranean abode in which she may deposit and attend to her eggs, and cherish her embryo young, till, having passed through their various changes, they arrive at their @@ -12304,7 +12263,7 @@ to their young exhibit the same general features. Both build for their reception hexagonal cells, differing in size according to the future sex of the included grubs, which as soon as hatched they both feed and assiduously tend -until their transformation into pupæ. There are peculiarities, +until their transformation into pupæ. There are peculiarities, however, in their modes of procedure, which require a distinct notice.</p> @@ -12330,7 +12289,7 @@ those that are more advanced in age thrust their heads out of their cells, and by little movements seem to be asking for their food. As soon as they receive their portion, they draw them back and remain quiet. These she -feeds until they become pupæ; and within twelve hours +feeds until they become pupæ; and within twelve hours after being excluded in their perfect state, they eagerly set to work in constructing fresh cells, and in lightening the burthen of their parent by assisting her in feeding @@ -12364,7 +12323,7 @@ heads out of the cells to receive the welcome meal. As wasps lay up no store of food, these exertions are the task of every day during the summer, fresh broods of grubs constantly succeeding to those which have become -pupæ or perfect insects; and in autumn, when the colony +pupæ or perfect insects; and in autumn, when the colony is augmented to 20 or 30,000, and the grubs in proportion, the scene of bustle which it presents may be readily conceived.</p> @@ -12455,19 +12414,19 @@ it is understood that the food of all the grubs is not the same, but that it varies according to their age, being insipid when they are young, and, when they have nearly attained maturity, more sugary and somewhat acid. The -larvæ destined for queen-bees, too, require a food altogether +larvæ destined for queen-bees, too, require a food altogether different from that appropriated to those of drones and workers. It may be recognised by its sharp and pungent taste.</p> <p>So accurately is the supply of food proportioned to -the wants of the larvæ, that when they have attained +the wants of the larvæ, that when they have attained their full growth and are ready to become nymphs, not an atom is left unconsumed. At this period, intuitively known to their assiduous foster-parents, they terminate their cares by sealing up each cell with a lid of wax, convex -in those containing the larvæ of drones, and nearly -flat in those containing the larvæ of workers, beneath +in those containing the larvæ of drones, and nearly +flat in those containing the larvæ of workers, beneath which the inclosed tenants spin in security their cocoon.—In all these labours neither the queen nor the drones take the slightest share. They fall exclusively upon the @@ -12524,10 +12483,10 @@ of the process seems very extraordinary.</p> <p>The last duty of these affectionate foster-parents is to assist the young bees in cutting open the cocoons which -have inclosed them in the state of <i>pupæ</i>. A previous labour +have inclosed them in the state of <i>pupæ</i>. A previous labour however must not be omitted. The workers adopt similar measures with the hive-bee for maintaining the -young pupæ concealed in these cocoons in a genial temperature. +young pupæ concealed in these cocoons in a genial temperature. In cold weather and at night they get upon them and impart the necessary warmth by brooding over them in clusters. Connected with this part of their @@ -12661,7 +12620,7 @@ class feed upon the leaves; a fourth with yet more delicate appetite prefer the flowers; and a fifth the fruit or seeds. Even still further selection takes place. Of those which feed upon the roots, stem, and branches, of vegetables, -some larvæ eat only the bark (<i>Sesia apiformis</i>, &c.), +some larvæ eat only the bark (<i>Sesia apiformis</i>, &c.), others the alburnum (<i>Semasia Wœberana</i>), others the exuding resinous or other excretions (<i>Scoparia Resinella</i>), a third class the pith (<i>Xanthia Ochraceago</i>), and @@ -12670,13 +12629,13 @@ a fourth penetrate into the heart of the solid wood (<i>Prionus</i>, leaves, some taste nothing but the sap which fills their veins (<i>Aphides</i> in all their states), others eat only the parenchyma, never touching the cuticle (subcutaneous -<i>Tineæ</i>, <i>Gracillaria?</i>) others only the lower surface of +<i>Tineæ</i>, <i>Gracillaria?</i>) others only the lower surface of the leaf (many <i>Tortrices</i>), while a fourth description devour the whole substance of the leaf (most <i>Lepidoptera</i>). And of the flower-feeders, while some eat the very petals -(<i>Cucullia Verbasci</i>, <i>Xylina Linariæ</i>, &c.), others in +(<i>Cucullia Verbasci</i>, <i>Xylina Linariæ</i>, &c.), others in their perfect state select the pollen which swells the anthers -(bees, <i>Lepturæ</i>, and <i>Mordellæ</i>), and a still larger +(bees, <i>Lepturæ</i>, and <i>Mordellæ</i>), and a still larger class of these the honey secreted in the nectaries (most of the <i>Lepidoptera</i>, <i>Hymenoptera</i>, and <i>Diptera</i>).</p> @@ -12687,7 +12646,7 @@ much to the taste of some, (<i>Anobia</i>,) as the same tree was in its growing state to that of others; another class (<i>Ptini</i>) would sooner feast on the herbarium of Brunfelsius, than on the greenest herbs that grow; and a third -(<i>Tineæ</i>, <i>Termites</i>), to whom</p> +(<i>Tineæ</i>, <i>Termites</i>), to whom</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">"... a river and a sea<br /></span> @@ -12730,7 +12689,7 @@ while the gnat, the flea, the bug, and the louse, plunge their proboscis even into those of us lords of the creation, and banquet on "the ruddy drops which warm our hearts." Some make their repast upon birds only, as -the fly of the swallow, and other <i>Ornithomyiæ</i>, and +the fly of the swallow, and other <i>Ornithomyiæ</i>, and the bird-louse; insects nearly allied, though one is dipterous and the other apterous. And a most singular animal belonging to the latter tribe (<i>Nycteribia Vespertilionis</i>) @@ -12738,7 +12697,7 @@ revenges upon the bat its ravages of the insect world<a name="FNanchor_704_704" id="FNanchor_704_704"></a><a href="#Footnote_704_704" class="fnanchor">[704]</a>. Another numerous class kill their prey outright, either devouring its solid parts, as the predaceous and rove-beetles, &c., or imbibing its juices only, as the infinite -hordes of the field-bug tribe. And the larvæ of the gnat, +hordes of the field-bug tribe. And the larvæ of the gnat, chameleon (<i>Stratyomis</i>), and other flies aquatic in that state, the leviathans of the world of animalcules, swallow whole hosts of these minute inhabitants of pools and @@ -12753,12 +12712,12 @@ excrements of various kinds. Matters apparently so indigestible as hair, wool, and leather, are the sole food of many moths in the larva state (<i>Tinea tapetzella</i>, <i>pellionella</i>, &c.). Even feathers are not rejected by others; -and the grub of a beetle (<i>Anthrenus Musæorum</i>), with +and the grub of a beetle (<i>Anthrenus Musæorum</i>), with powers of stomach which the dyspeptic sufferer may envy, will live luxuriously upon horn<a name="FNanchor_705_705" id="FNanchor_705_705"></a><a href="#Footnote_705_705" class="fnanchor">[705]</a>.</p> <p>For the most part, insects feeding upon animal substances -will not touch vegetables, and <i>vice versâ</i>. You +will not touch vegetables, and <i>vice versâ</i>. You must not however take the rule without exceptions. Many caterpillars (as those of <i>Thyatira derasa</i>, <i>Chariclea Delphinii</i>, &c.), though plants are their proper food, will @@ -12766,9 +12725,9 @@ occasionally devour other caterpillars, and sometimes even their own species. The large green grasshopper (<i>Acrida viridissima</i>), and probably others of the order, will eat smaller insects as well as its usual vegetable food<a name="FNanchor_706_706" id="FNanchor_706_706"></a><a href="#Footnote_706_706" class="fnanchor">[706]</a>; -so also will the larvæ of many <i>Phryganeæ</i>. <i>Allantus marginellus</i>, +so also will the larvæ of many <i>Phryganeæ</i>. <i>Allantus marginellus</i>, as I was last summer amused by witnessing, like -many <i>Scatophagæ</i>, sips the nectar of umbelliferous plants +many <i>Scatophagæ</i>, sips the nectar of umbelliferous plants only till a fly comes within its reach, pouncing upon which it gladly quits its vegetable for an animal repast. <i>Anobium paniceum</i>, which ordinarily feeds upon wood, @@ -12801,7 +12760,7 @@ Equi</i> can subsist no where but in the stomach of the horse or ass, which animals therefore this insect might boast with some show of reason to have been created for its use rather than for ours, being to us useful only, -but to it indispensable. The larvæ of <i>Syrphus Pyrastri</i> +but to it indispensable. The larvæ of <i>Syrphus Pyrastri</i> according to De Geer eat no other Aphis but that of the rose<a name="FNanchor_708_708" id="FNanchor_708_708"></a><a href="#Footnote_708_708" class="fnanchor">[708]</a>. Most Ichneumons and <i>Sphecina</i> prey each upon a single species of insect only, which therefore they @@ -12810,31 +12769,31 @@ of keeping within due limits. Reaumur mentions having once found in a parcel of decaying wood the nests of six different kinds of the latter tribe, each of which was filled with flies of a distinct species<a name="FNanchor_709_709" id="FNanchor_709_709"></a><a href="#Footnote_709_709" class="fnanchor">[709]</a>. <i>Cerceris auritus</i> and -<i>Philanthus lætus</i> in the larva state feed solely on the +<i>Philanthus lætus</i> in the larva state feed solely on the weevil tribe of <i>Coleoptera</i>, the latter being restricted even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span> to the short-rostrum'd family, as <i>Otiorhynchus raucus</i>, &c.<a name="FNanchor_710_710" id="FNanchor_710_710"></a><a href="#Footnote_710_710" class="fnanchor">[710]</a>, while <i>Bembex rostrata</i>, another hymenopterous insect, -selects flies, as <i>Musca Cæsar</i>, &c.<a name="FNanchor_711_711" id="FNanchor_711_711"></a><a href="#Footnote_711_711" class="fnanchor">[711]</a></p> +selects flies, as <i>Musca Cæsar</i>, &c.<a name="FNanchor_711_711" id="FNanchor_711_711"></a><a href="#Footnote_711_711" class="fnanchor">[711]</a></p> <p>A very large proportion of species, however, are able to subsist on several kinds of food. Amongst the carnivorous tribes, it is indifferent to most of those which prey upon putrid substances from what source they have been derived: and the predaceous insects, such as the -<i>Libellulina</i>, <i>Telephorus</i>, <i>Empis</i>, the <i>Araneidæ</i>, &c. will +<i>Libellulina</i>, <i>Telephorus</i>, <i>Empis</i>, the <i>Araneidæ</i>, &c. will attack most smaller insects inferior to them in strength, not excepting in many instances their own species. The wax-moth larva (<i>Galleria Cereana</i>) will for want of wax eat paper, wafers, wool, &c.<a name="FNanchor_712_712" id="FNanchor_712_712"></a><a href="#Footnote_712_712" class="fnanchor">[712]</a>: another Tinea described by Reaumur, and before adverted to, attacks chocolate<a name="FNanchor_713_713" id="FNanchor_713_713"></a><a href="#Footnote_713_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a>, which cannot have been its natural food, even selecting -that most highly perfumed; and the Tineæ which devour +that most highly perfumed; and the Tineæ which devour dressed wool, but happily for the farmer and wool-stapler refuse it when unwashed, must have existed when no manufactured wool was accessible.—The vegetable feeders are under greater restrictions, yet probably the majority can subsist on different kinds of food. This is certainly -true of most lepidopterous larvæ, several of which as well +true of most lepidopterous larvæ, several of which as well as many <i>Coleoptera</i> (<i>Haltica oleracea</i>, &c.) are polyphagous, eating almost every plant. It is worthy of remark, however, that when some of these have fed for a time on @@ -12862,7 +12821,7 @@ caterpillars recorded in the Memoirs of the French Academy<a name="FNanchor_717_ which are now known to erode the walls on which they are found, solely for the purpose of forming their cocoons; Reaumur and Swammerdam have both stated -the food of the larvæ of <i>Ephemeræ</i> to be earth, that being +the food of the larvæ of <i>Ephemeræ</i> to be earth, that being the only substance ever found in their stomachs and intestines, which are filled with it. This supposition, which if correct renders invalid the definition by which Mirbel @@ -12874,7 +12833,7 @@ history of a flint-eater who digested flints and stone<a name="FNanchor_718_718" the testimony of Humboldt seems to prove that the human race is capable of drawing nutriment from earth,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span> which, if the odious Ottomaques can digest and assimilate, -may doubtless afford support to the larvæ of Ephemeræ. +may doubtless afford support to the larvæ of Ephemeræ. Yet after all it is perhaps more probable that these insects feed on the decaying vegetable matter intermixed with the earth in which they reside, from which @@ -12890,14 +12849,14 @@ no aqueous fluid for diluting it. Water, however, is essential to bees, ants, and some other tribes, which drink it with avidity; as well as in warm climates to many <i>Lepidoptera</i>, which are there chiefly taken in court yards, -near the margins of drains, &c. Even some larvæ which +near the margins of drains, &c. Even some larvæ which feed upon juicy leaves have been observed to swallow drops of dew; and one of them (<i>Odenestis potatoria</i>), which (according to Goedart) after drinking lifts up its head like a hen, has received its name from this circumstance. That it is not the mere want of succulency in the food which induces the necessity of drink, is plain -from those larvæ which live entirely on substances so +from those larvæ which live entirely on substances so dry that it is almost unaccountable whence the juices of their body are derived. The grub of an Anobium will feed for months upon a chair that has been baking before @@ -12953,7 +12912,7 @@ only, the vast tribe of moths quit their hiding-places; by numerous others of his order, sallies forth; the airy gnat-flies institute their dances; and the solitary spider stretches his net. All these retire into concealment -at the approach of light.—Some few larvæ (<i>Agrotis +at the approach of light.—Some few larvæ (<i>Agrotis exclamationis</i>, &c.) have similar habits, and those of one singular genus before adverted to (<i>Nycterobius</i>) are remarkable for providing in the night a store of food which @@ -12991,7 +12950,7 @@ you must bear in mind are often quite different in the larva and perfect states, insects leave all other animals far behind. In common with them, a vast number (the orders <i>Coleoptera</i>, <i>Hymenoptera</i>, and <i>Orthoptera</i>, and the -larvæ of <i>Lepidoptera</i>, some <i>Diptera</i>, &c.) are furnished +larvæ of <i>Lepidoptera</i>, some <i>Diptera</i>, &c.) are furnished with jaws, but of very different constructions, and all admirably adapted for their intended services; some sharp, and armed with spines and branches for tearing flesh; @@ -13035,7 +12994,7 @@ the reception of air; and the intermediate one, through<span class="pagenum"><a which alone the honey is conveyed, nearly square, and formed of two separate grooves projecting from the lateral tubes; which grooves, by means of a most curious -apparatus of hooks like those in the laminæ of a feather, +apparatus of hooks like those in the laminæ of a feather, inosculate into each other, and can be either united into an air-tight canal, or be instantly separated, at the pleasure of the insect<a name="FNanchor_724_724" id="FNanchor_724_724"></a><a href="#Footnote_724_724" class="fnanchor">[724]</a>.</p> @@ -13079,7 +13038,7 @@ The flea, the spider, the scorpion have all instruments for taking their food of a construction altogether different<a name="FNanchor_728_728" id="FNanchor_728_728"></a><a href="#Footnote_728_728" class="fnanchor">[728]</a>. But it is impossible here to attempt even a sketch of the variations in these organs which take place in the -apterous genera, and in many of the dipterous larvæ. +apterous genera, and in many of the dipterous larvæ. Suffice it to say that they all manifest the most consummate skill in their adaptation to the purposes of the insects which are provided with them, and which can often @@ -13092,18 +13051,18 @@ with organs of feeding, make no use of them, and consume no food whatever. Of this description are the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> moth which proceeds from the silk-worm, and several others of the same order; the different species of gad-flies, -and the Ephemeræ, insects whose history is so well known +and the Ephemeræ, insects whose history is so well known as to afford a moral or a simile to those most ignorant of natural history. All these live so short a time in the perfect state as to need no food. Indeed it may be laid down as a general rule, that almost all insects in this -state eat much less than in that of larvæ. The voracious +state eat much less than in that of larvæ. The voracious caterpillar when transformed into a butterfly needs only a small quantity of honey; and the gluttonous maggot, when become a fly, contents itself with a drop or two of any sweet liquid.</p> -<p>While in the state of larvæ the quantity of food consumed +<p>While in the state of larvæ the quantity of food consumed by insects is vastly greater in proportion to their bulk than that required by larger animals. Many caterpillars eat daily twice their weight of leaves, which is as if @@ -13112,7 +13071,7 @@ hours three quarters of a ton of grass—a power of stomach which our graziers may thank their stars that their oxen are not endowed with. A probable proximate cause for this voracity in the case of herbivorous -larvæ has been assigned by John Hunter, who attributes +larvæ has been assigned by John Hunter, who attributes it to the circumstance of their stomach not having the power of dissolving the vegetable matters received into it, but merely of extracting from them a juice<a name="FNanchor_729_729" id="FNanchor_729_729"></a><a href="#Footnote_729_729" class="fnanchor">[729]</a>. This is @@ -13127,7 +13086,7 @@ a larva weighing thirty-six grains voided every twelve hours from fifteen to eighteen grains weight of excrement, it did not increase in weight in the same period more than one or two grains. On the other hand, many -carnivorous larvæ increase in weight in full proportion +carnivorous larvæ increase in weight in full proportion to the food consumed, and that in an astonishing degree. Redi found that the maggots of flesh-flies, of which one day, twenty-five or thirty did not weigh above a grain, @@ -13233,7 +13192,7 @@ in obtaining their food.</p> <p>Of the carnivorous species, the greater proportion attack their prey by open violence, such as the predaceous beetles, the Ichneumons, burrowing wasps, and true -wasps; the praying insects (<i>Mantis</i>); the bugs (<i>Geocorisæ</i> +wasps; the praying insects (<i>Mantis</i>); the bugs (<i>Geocorisæ</i> Latr.); dragon-flies (<i>Libellulina</i>), &c.; which have been before adverted to. But a very considerable number, chiefly, however, of one tribe, that of spiders, @@ -13595,7 +13554,7 @@ upon a stick about a foot long, set upright in a vessel containing water. After fastening its thread (as all spiders do before they move) at the top of the stick, it crept down the side until it felt the water with its fore -feet, which seem to serve as antennæ: it then immediately +feet, which seem to serve as antennæ: it then immediately swung itself from the stick (which was slightly bent) and climbed up by the thread to the top. This it repeated perhaps a score times, sometimes creeping down @@ -14482,13 +14441,13 @@ have very desperate combats. One would have supposed that the inhabitants of a castle so fortified might defy the attacks of every insect marauder. Yet an Ichneumon and a beetle (<i>Clerus apiarius</i>) both contrive to -introduce their eggs into the cells, and the larvæ proceeding +introduce their eggs into the cells, and the larvæ proceeding from them devour their inhabitants<a name="FNanchor_766_766" id="FNanchor_766_766"></a><a href="#Footnote_766_766" class="fnanchor">[766]</a>.</p> <p>Other bees of the same family with that last described, use different materials in the construction of their nests. Some employ fine earth made into a kind of mortar with -gluten. Another (<i>Osmia</i><a name="FNanchor_767_767" id="FNanchor_767_767"></a><a href="#Footnote_767_767" class="fnanchor">[767]</a> <i>cærulescens</i>), as we learn from +gluten. Another (<i>Osmia</i><a name="FNanchor_767_767" id="FNanchor_767_767"></a><a href="#Footnote_767_767" class="fnanchor">[767]</a> <i>cærulescens</i>), as we learn from De Geer, forms its nest of argillaceous earth mixed with chalk, upon stone walls, and sometimes probably nidificates in chalk-pits. <i>O. bicornis</i> selects the hollows of @@ -14628,7 +14587,7 @@ the Almighty<a name="FNanchor_771_771" id="FNanchor_771_771"></a><a href="#Footn kinds for their young, as various species of burrowing wasps (<i>Fossores</i>), <i>Geotrupes</i>, &c., which deposit their eggs in cylindrical excavations that become the -abode of the future larvæ. In the procedures of most +abode of the future larvæ. In the procedures of most of these, nothing worth particularizing occurs; but one species called by Reaumur the mason-wasp, (<i>Odynerus muraria</i>,) referred to in a former letter, works upon so @@ -14659,7 +14618,7 @@ readily divine that the excavated hole is intended for the reception of an egg, but for what purpose the external tunnel is meant is not so apparent. One use, and perhaps the most important, would seem to be to prevent the incursions -of the artful Ichneumons, <i>Chrysidæ</i>, &c. which +of the artful Ichneumons, <i>Chrysidæ</i>, &c. which are ever on the watch to insinuate their parasitic young into the nests of other insects: it may render their access to the nest more difficult; they may dread to enter into @@ -14676,8 +14635,8 @@ is built at the entrance of its cell by a bee of his family of <i>pioneers</i><a name="FNanchor_773_773" id="FNanchor_773_773"></a><a href="#Footnote_773_773" class="fnanchor">[773]</a>.</p> <p>Under this head, too, may be most conveniently arranged -the very singular habitations of the larvæ of the -Linnæan genus <i>Cynips</i>, the gall-fly, though they can +the very singular habitations of the larvæ of the +Linnæan genus <i>Cynips</i>, the gall-fly, though they can with no propriety be said to be <i>constructed</i> by the mother, who, provided with an instrument as potent as an enchanter's wand, has but to pierce the site of the foundation, @@ -14794,7 +14753,7 @@ admission which would have been fatal to his own most brilliant discoveries. He therefore cut the knot,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span> by supposing that to the same <i>vegetative soul</i> by which fruits and plants are produced, is committed the charge -of creating the larvæ found in galls<a name="FNanchor_782_782" id="FNanchor_782_782"></a><a href="#Footnote_782_782" class="fnanchor">[782]</a>! An instance truly +of creating the larvæ found in galls<a name="FNanchor_782_782" id="FNanchor_782_782"></a><a href="#Footnote_782_782" class="fnanchor">[782]</a>! An instance truly humiliating, how little we can infer from a man's just ideas on one point, that he will not be guilty of the most pitiable absurdity on another!</p> @@ -14803,13 +14762,13 @@ pitiable absurdity on another!</p> termed galls, are caused by insects of the genus <i>Cynips</i>, they do not always originate from this tribe. Some are produced by weevils belonging to -Schüppel's genus <i>Ceutorhynchus</i>; as those on the roots +Schüppel's genus <i>Ceutorhynchus</i>; as those on the roots of kedlock (<i>Sinapis arvensis</i>), which I have ascertained -to be inhabited by the larvæ of <i>Curculio contractus</i> Marsh., -<i>Rhynchænus assimilis</i>, F. From the knob-like galls on +to be inhabited by the larvæ of <i>Curculio contractus</i> Marsh., +<i>Rhynchænus assimilis</i>, F. From the knob-like galls on turnips called in some places the <i>anbury</i>, I have bred another of these weevils, (<i>Curculio pleurostigma</i>, Marsh., -<i>Rhynchænus sulcicollis</i>, Gyll.) and I have little doubt that +<i>Rhynchænus sulcicollis</i>, Gyll.) and I have little doubt that the same insects, or species allied to them, cause the clubbing of the roots of cabbages. It seems to be a beetle of the same family that is figured by Reaumur<a name="FNanchor_783_783" id="FNanchor_783_783"></a><a href="#Footnote_783_783" class="fnanchor">[783]</a>, as @@ -14821,7 +14780,7 @@ caused by <i>Trypeta Cardui</i><a name="FNanchor_785_785" id="FNanchor_785_785"> found on ground ivy, wild thyme, &c. as well as a very singular one on the juniper resembling a flower, described by De Geer<a name="FNanchor_786_786" id="FNanchor_786_786"></a><a href="#Footnote_786_786" class="fnanchor">[786]</a>, all which are the work of minute -gall-gnats (<i>Cecidomyiæ</i>, Latr.). Some of these last convert +gall-gnats (<i>Cecidomyiæ</i>, Latr.). Some of these last convert even the flowers of plants into a kind of galls, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span> <i>T. Loti</i> of De Geer<a name="FNanchor_787_787" id="FNanchor_787_787"></a><a href="#Footnote_787_787" class="fnanchor">[787]</a>, which inhabits the blossoms of <i>Lotus corniculatus</i>; and one which I have myself observed @@ -14837,12 +14796,12 @@ but from the larva, which, in the operation of extracting the sap, in some way imparts a morbid action to the juices, causing the flower to expand unnaturally: and the same remark is applicable to the gall-like swellings -formed by many Aphides, as <i>A. Pistaciæ</i>, which causes +formed by many Aphides, as <i>A. Pistaciæ</i>, which causes the leaves of different species of <i>Pistacia</i> to expand into red finger-like cavities; <i>A. Abietis</i>, which converts the buds or young shoots of the fir into a very beautiful gall, somewhat resembling a fir-cone, or a pine-apple in -miniature; and <i>A. Bursariæ</i>, which with its brood inhabits +miniature; and <i>A. Bursariæ</i>, which with its brood inhabits angular utriculi on the leafstalk of the black poplar, numbers of which I have observed on those trees by the road-side from Hull to Cottingham.—The majority @@ -14861,20 +14820,20 @@ subdivided into such as are the work of the insects in their larva state; and such as are formed by perfect insects.</p> -<p>Many larvæ of all orders need no other habitations +<p>Many larvæ of all orders need no other habitations than the holes which they form in seeking for, or eating, the substances upon which they feed. Of this description -are the majority of subterranean larvæ, and +are the majority of subterranean larvæ, and those which feed on wood, as the <i>Bostrichi</i> or labyrinth beetles; the <i>Anobia</i> which excavate the little circular holes frequently met with in ancient furniture and the -wood work of old houses; and many larvæ of other +wood work of old houses; and many larvæ of other orders, particularly <i>Lepidoptera</i>. One of these last, the larva of <i>Cossus ligniperda</i> differs from its congeners in fabricating for its residence during winter a habitation of pieces of wood lined with fine silk<a name="FNanchor_790_790" id="FNanchor_790_790"></a><a href="#Footnote_790_790" class="fnanchor">[790]</a>. Under this division, too, come the singular habitations of the subcutaneous -larvæ, so called from the circumstance of +larvæ, so called from the circumstance of their feeding upon the parenchyma included between the upper and under cuticles of the leaves of plants, between which, though the whole leaf is often not thicker @@ -14889,7 +14848,7 @@ there been removed; and at the further end you will probably remark a dark-coloured speck, which, when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span> carefully extricated from its covering, you will find to be the little miner of the tortuous galleries which you -are admiring. Some of these minute larvæ, to which +are admiring. Some of these minute larvæ, to which the parenchyma of a leaf is a vast country, requiring several weeks to be traversed by the slow process of mining which they adopt—that of eating the excavated materials @@ -14902,12 +14861,12 @@ tastefully combined with gold, silver and pearl: so that, were they but formed upon a larger scale, they would far eclipse all other animals in richness of decoration.</p> -<p>Another tribe of larvæ, not very numerous, content +<p>Another tribe of larvæ, not very numerous, content themselves for their habitations with simple holes, into which they retire occasionally. Many of these are merely cylindrical burrows in the ground, as those formed by -the larvæ of field-crickets, Cicindelæ and Ephemeræ. -But the larvæ of the very remarkable lepidopterous genus +the larvæ of field-crickets, Cicindelæ and Ephemeræ. +But the larvæ of the very remarkable lepidopterous genus (<i>Nycterobius</i> of Mr. MacLeay) before alluded to<a name="FNanchor_791_791" id="FNanchor_791_791"></a><a href="#Footnote_791_791" class="fnanchor">[791]</a>, excavate for themselves dwellings of a more artificial construction; forming cylindrical holes in the trees of @@ -14928,8 +14887,8 @@ species lifts up the loose end of its door by its tail, and enters backward, dragging after it a leaf of <i>Banksia serrata</i>, which it holds by the footstalk<a name="FNanchor_792_792" id="FNanchor_792_792"></a><a href="#Footnote_792_792" class="fnanchor">[792]</a>.</p> -<p>A third description of larvæ, chiefly of the two lepidopterous -tribes <i>Tortricidæ</i> and <i>Tineidæ</i>, form into convenient +<p>A third description of larvæ, chiefly of the two lepidopterous +tribes <i>Tortricidæ</i> and <i>Tineidæ</i>, form into convenient habitations the leaves of the plants on which they feed. Some of these merely connect together with a few silken threads several leaves so as to form an irregular @@ -14971,7 +14930,7 @@ threads or little cables towards the point of the pyramid, and raises it by the weight of her body<a name="FNanchor_793_793" id="FNanchor_793_793"></a><a href="#Footnote_793_793" class="fnanchor">[793]</a>.</p> <p>A still greater degree of dexterity is manifested in -fabricating the habitations of the larvæ of some other +fabricating the habitations of the larvæ of some other moths which feed on the leaves of the rose-tree, apple, elm, and oak, on the under-side of which they may in summer be often found. These form an oblong cavity @@ -15027,7 +14986,7 @@ in like manner formed of the epidermis of the leaves, but in this several corrugated pieces project over each other, so as to resemble the furbelows once in fashion<a name="FNanchor_795_795" id="FNanchor_795_795"></a><a href="#Footnote_795_795" class="fnanchor">[795]</a>.</p> -<p>Other larvæ construct their habitations wholly of silk. +<p>Other larvæ construct their habitations wholly of silk. Of this description is that of a moth, whose abode, except as to the materials which compose it, is formed on the same general plan as that just described, and the @@ -15092,14 +15051,14 @@ of this area is consumed, it gnaws asunder the cords of its tent, and pitches it at a short distance as before. Having attained its full growth, it assumes the pupa state, and after a while issues out of its confinement a -small brown moth, with long hind legs, the <i>Phalæna -Tinea serratella</i> of Linné<a name="FNanchor_797_797" id="FNanchor_797_797"></a><a href="#Footnote_797_797" class="fnanchor">[797]</a>.</p> +small brown moth, with long hind legs, the <i>Phalæna +Tinea serratella</i> of Linné<a name="FNanchor_797_797" id="FNanchor_797_797"></a><a href="#Footnote_797_797" class="fnanchor">[797]</a>.</p> -<p>Some larvæ, which form their covering of pure silk, +<p>Some larvæ, which form their covering of pure silk, are not content with a single coating, but actually envelop themselves in another, open on one side and very much resembling a cloak; whence Reaumur called them -"<i>Teignes à fourreau à manteau</i>." What is very striking +"<i>Teignes à fourreau à manteau</i>." What is very striking in the construction of this cloak, is, that the silk, instead of being woven into one uniform close texture, is formed into numerous transparent scales over-wrapping each @@ -15113,11 +15072,11 @@ palliatella</i><a name="FNanchor_799_799" id="FNanchor_799_799"></a><a href="#Fo <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span></p> <p>Various substances besides silk are fabricated into habitations -by other larvæ, though usually joined together +by other larvæ, though usually joined together either with silk or an analogous gummy material. Thus <i>Diurnea? Lichenum</i> forms of pieces of lichen a dwelling resembling one of the turreted <i>Helices</i>, many of which I -observed in June 1812 on an oak in Barham. The larvæ +observed in June 1812 on an oak in Barham. The larvæ of another moth, which also feeds upon lichens, instead of employing these vegetables in forming its habitation, composes it of grains of stone eroded from the @@ -15140,7 +15099,7 @@ out to me, employs the spines apparently of some species of <i>Mimosa</i>, which are ranged side by side so as to form a very elegant fluted cylinder. A similar arrangement of pieces of small twigs is observable in the habitation -of the females<a name="FNanchor_802_802" id="FNanchor_802_802"></a><a href="#Footnote_802_802" class="fnanchor">[802]</a> of the larvæ of a moth referred by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span> +of the females<a name="FNanchor_802_802" id="FNanchor_802_802"></a><a href="#Footnote_802_802" class="fnanchor">[802]</a> of the larvæ of a moth referred by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span> Von Scheven to <i>Bombyx vestita</i>, F.; which Ochsenheimer regards as synonymous with <i>Psyche graminella</i>, while <i>P. Viciella</i> of the <i>Wiener Verzeichniss</i> covers itself with short @@ -15153,29 +15112,29 @@ just named), is composed of squarish pieces of the each other like the tiles of a house; and that of another noticed by the same author, of portions of the smallest twigs of broom arranged on the same plan<a name="FNanchor_803_803" id="FNanchor_803_803"></a><a href="#Footnote_803_803" class="fnanchor">[803]</a>. -Indeed the larvæ of the whole of this tribe of moths, +Indeed the larvæ of the whole of this tribe of moths, now separated into a distinct genus (<i>Psyche</i>, Schrank, Ochsenh., <i>Fumea</i>, Haworth), but which according to Germar needs further subdivision, reside in cases or -sacks (whence they are called by the Germans <i>Sackträger</i>) +sacks (whence they are called by the Germans <i>Sackträger</i>) composed of silk, and fragments of grass, bark, &c.</p> -<p>The larvæ of a small beetle (<i>Clytra longimana</i>) reside +<p>The larvæ of a small beetle (<i>Clytra longimana</i>) reside in oviform cases apparently of a calcareous or earthy substance, joined by a gummy cement and covered with -red hairs, the origin of which, Hübner, who first discovered +red hairs, the origin of which, Hübner, who first discovered them, could not account for: and from the observations of Amstein and the French translator of -Fuessly's <i>Archives</i>, it seems probable that the larvæ of all +Fuessly's <i>Archives</i>, it seems probable that the larvæ of all the species of <i>Clytra</i>, and according to Zschorn, at least of one species of Cryptocephalus, (<i>C. duodecimpunctatus</i>) differing in this respect from all other known <i>Coleoptera</i>, live in moveable cases<a name="FNanchor_804_804" id="FNanchor_804_804"></a><a href="#Footnote_804_804" class="fnanchor">[804]</a>. I have however found a species<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span> -of <i>Limnius</i> (<i>L. æneus</i>) inhabiting a fixed case made +of <i>Limnius</i> (<i>L. æneus</i>) inhabiting a fixed case made of particles of stone or sand.</p> <p>Wax is the principal substance employed in the habitations -of the larvæ before mentioned<a name="FNanchor_805_805" id="FNanchor_805_805"></a><a href="#Footnote_805_805" class="fnanchor">[805]</a>, occasionally so +of the larvæ before mentioned<a name="FNanchor_805_805" id="FNanchor_805_805"></a><a href="#Footnote_805_805" class="fnanchor">[805]</a>, occasionally so destructive to bee-hives. These insidious depredators, which are mentioned by Aristotle<a name="FNanchor_806_806" id="FNanchor_806_806"></a><a href="#Footnote_806_806" class="fnanchor">[806]</a>, tying together, with silk, grains of wax (which, and not honey, forms their @@ -15189,7 +15148,7 @@ pursue their robberies in perfect safety<a name="FNanchor_807_807" id="FNanchor_ fit the body of the insects as close as a coat, they might perhaps with more propriety be called <i>clothes</i>. This is certainly the most appropriate designation of the -abodes of some species of Tineæ (the clothes' moths), +abodes of some species of Tineæ (the clothes' moths), which not only cover themselves with a coat, but employ the very same material in its composition as we do in ours, forming it of wool or hair curiously felted together. @@ -15258,9 +15217,9 @@ as a buoyant little barge which is wafted safely to the shore<a name="FNanchor_809_809" id="FNanchor_809_809"></a><a href="#Footnote_809_809" class="fnanchor">[809]</a>.</p> <p>The habitations which we have hitherto been considering, -are formed by larvæ that live on land, but +are formed by larvæ that live on land, but others equally remarkable are constructed by aquatic -species, the larvæ of the various <i>Phryganeæ</i> L., a tribe +species, the larvæ of the various <i>Phryganeæ</i> L., a tribe of four-winged insects which an ordinary observer would call moths, but which are even of a distinct order (<i>Trichoptera</i>), not having their wings covered by the scales @@ -15269,7 +15228,7 @@ of examining the insects to which I am alluding, you have only to place yourself by the side of a clear and shallow pool of water, and you cannot fail to observe at the bottom little oblong moving masses resembling pieces<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span> -of straw, wood, or even stone. These are the larvæ in +of straw, wood, or even stone. These are the larvæ in question, well known to fishermen by the title of <i>Caddis-worms</i>, and which, if you take them out of the water, you will observe to inhabit cases of a very singular conformation. @@ -15288,7 +15247,7 @@ of leaves like a spirally-rolled ribband<a name="FNanchor_810_810" id="FNanchor_ themselves in a mass of the leaves of any aquatic plants united without regularity; and others again form their abode of minute pieces of wood either fresh or decayed<a name="FNanchor_811_811" id="FNanchor_811_811"></a><a href="#Footnote_811_811" class="fnanchor">[811]</a>. -One, like the <i>Sabellæ</i><a name="FNanchor_812_812" id="FNanchor_812_812"></a><a href="#Footnote_812_812" class="fnanchor">[812]</a>, forms a horn-shaped case composed +One, like the <i>Sabellæ</i><a name="FNanchor_812_812" id="FNanchor_812_812"></a><a href="#Footnote_812_812" class="fnanchor">[812]</a>, forms a horn-shaped case composed of grains of sand, so equal in size, and so nicely and regularly gummed together, the sides throughout being of the thickness of one grain only, that the first time I @@ -15309,7 +15268,7 @@ within it is usually cylindrical and lined with silk; and though seldom apparently wider than just to admit the body of the insect, some species have the power of turning round in it, and of putting out their head at either -end<a name="FNanchor_814_814" id="FNanchor_814_814"></a><a href="#Footnote_814_814" class="fnanchor">[814]</a>. Some larvæ constantly make their cases of the +end<a name="FNanchor_814_814" id="FNanchor_814_814"></a><a href="#Footnote_814_814" class="fnanchor">[814]</a>. Some larvæ constantly make their cases of the same materials; others employ indifferently any that are at hand; and the new ones which they construct as they increase in size (for they have not the faculty, like the @@ -15337,8 +15296,8 @@ gravity, that to the cases formed with the greatest regularity we often see attached a seemingly superfluous piece of wood, leaf, or the like.</p> -<p>A larva of one of the aquatic <i>Tipulariæ</i> lives in cases -somewhat similar to those of some <i>Phryganeæ</i>. Several +<p>A larva of one of the aquatic <i>Tipulariæ</i> lives in cases +somewhat similar to those of some <i>Phryganeæ</i>. Several of these of a fusiform shape and brown colour, composed partly of silk and partly perhaps of fragments of leaves, and inhabited by a red larva apparently of a <i>Chironomus</i>, @@ -15347,7 +15306,7 @@ water in the Bois de Boulogne<a name="FNanchor_815_815" id="FNanchor_815_815"></ <p>In concluding this head I may observe, that here might have been described the various abodes which solitary -larvæ prepare for themselves previously to assuming the +larvæ prepare for themselves previously to assuming the pupa, and intended for their protection in that defenceless stage of existence; but as I shall have occasion again to refer to them in speaking of the larva state of insects, @@ -15361,10 +15320,10 @@ formed by solitary <i>perfect</i> insects for their own accommodation—I shall select for description only two, both the work of spiders, and alluded to in a former letter, which indeed, with the exception of the inartificial -retreats made by the <i>Grylli</i>, <i>Cicindelæ</i>, and perhaps a +retreats made by the <i>Grylli</i>, <i>Cicindelæ</i>, and perhaps a few others, are the only ones properly belonging to it.</p> -<p>The habitation of one of these (<i>Cteniza cæmentaria</i>) +<p>The habitation of one of these (<i>Cteniza cæmentaria</i>) is subterraneous, not a mere shallow cavity, but a tube<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span> or gallery upwards of two feet in length and half an inch broad. This tunnel, so vast compared with the size of @@ -15479,7 +15438,7 @@ the air into her body by the anus, which she presents to the surface of the pool, and then pumps it out from an opening at the base of the belly between the pellicle and that part of the body, the hairs of which keep it extended. -Clothed with this aërial mantle, which to the spectator +Clothed with this aërial mantle, which to the spectator seems formed of resplendent quicksilver, she plunges to the bottom, and, with as much dexterity as a chemist transfers gas with a gas-holder, introduces her bubble of @@ -15488,7 +15447,7 @@ manœuvre she repeats ten or twelve times, until at length in about a quarter of an hour she has transported as much air as suffices to expand her apartment to its intended extent, and now finds herself in possession of a -little aërial edifice, I had almost said an enchanted palace, +little aërial edifice, I had almost said an enchanted palace, affording her a commodious and dry retreat in the very midst of the water. Here she reposes unmoved by the storms that agitate the surface of the pool, and devours @@ -15525,7 +15484,7 @@ be divided into two kinds: 1st, those of which the object is simply the conservation of the individuals composing them; and 2dly, those whose object is also the nurture and education of their young. To the last head belong -bees, wasps, &c.: to the former the larvæ of some species +bees, wasps, &c.: to the former the larvæ of some species of moths, whose labours being the most simple I shall first describe.</p> @@ -15539,7 +15498,7 @@ attention, you must have likewise remarked that they differ very materially in their construction from those spun by spiders, inclosing on every side an angular space, and being besides filled with caterpillars. These -are the larvæ of <i>Arctia chrysorrhœa</i>, and the web which +are the larvæ of <i>Arctia chrysorrhœa</i>, and the web which contains them is spun by their united labour for the protection of the common society. As soon as the cluster of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span> eggs deposited by the parent moth is hatched, the young @@ -15582,7 +15541,7 @@ as if to guard against such an accident, have gnawed off all the buds within their dwelling, and thus secured themselves from this inconvenience<a name="FNanchor_819_819" id="FNanchor_819_819"></a><a href="#Footnote_819_819" class="fnanchor">[819]</a>.</p> -<p>The nest of the larvæ of another species of moth, the +<p>The nest of the larvæ of another species of moth, the <i>Lasiocampa processionea</i>, unfortunately not a native of this country, to which on account of their singular manners, that will be detailed to you in a subsequent letter, @@ -15611,9 +15570,9 @@ insects, assuming in it even the state of chrysalis<a name="FNanchor_820_820" id <p>Habitations similar, as to their general structure, to the above, though differing in several minute circumstances, -are formed by the larvæ of several other moths, -as of <i>Arctia phæorrhœa</i> of Curtis, <i>Trichoda neustria</i>, &c. -as well as those of <i>Vanessa Io</i>, <i>Melitæa Cinxia</i>, and +are formed by the larvæ of several other moths, +as of <i>Arctia phæorrhœa</i> of Curtis, <i>Trichoda neustria</i>, &c. +as well as those of <i>Vanessa Io</i>, <i>Melitæa Cinxia</i>, and some other butterflies: and even of some saw-flies (<i>serrifera</i>), which, however, have each a separate silken covering. But as it would be tedious to describe these @@ -15697,7 +15656,7 @@ which, far from injuring, consolidates and strengthens their architecture. Different labourers convey small masses of this ductile material between their mandibles, and with the same instruments they spread and mould -it to their will, the antennæ accompanying every movement. +it to their will, the antennæ accompanying every movement. They render all firm by pressing the surface lightly with their fore feet; and however numerous the masses of clay composing these walls, and though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span> @@ -15758,11 +15717,11 @@ base and capital which are arranged in colonnades, leaving a communication perfectly free throughout the whole extent of the story<a name="FNanchor_826_826" id="FNanchor_826_826"></a><a href="#Footnote_826_826" class="fnanchor">[826]</a>.</p> -<p>Two other tribes of carpenter ants (<i>F. æthiops</i> and +<p>Two other tribes of carpenter ants (<i>F. æthiops</i> and <i>F. flava</i>) use saw-dust in forming their buildings. The former applies this material only to the building of walls and stopping up chinks: the latter composes whole -stages or stories of it made into a sort of <i>papier mâché</i>, +stages or stories of it made into a sort of <i>papier mâché</i>, with earth and spiders' web<a name="FNanchor_827_827" id="FNanchor_827_827"></a><a href="#Footnote_827_827" class="fnanchor">[827]</a>.</p> <p>Some ants form their nests of the leaves of trees. One @@ -15789,9 +15748,9 @@ the whole city is built, is one which man, with all his skill, is unable to fabricate; and that the edifices in which it is employed are such, as the most expert artist would find himself incompetent to erect. And the whole is the -work of a society of insects! "<i>Quel abîme</i> (he exclaims +work of a society of insects! "<i>Quel abîme</i> (he exclaims with Bonnet) <i>aux yeux du sage qu'une ruche d'Abeilles! -Quelle sagesse profonde se cache dans cet abîme! Quel +Quelle sagesse profonde se cache dans cet abîme! Quel philosophe osera le fonder!</i>" Nor have its mysteries yet been fathomed. Philosophers have in all ages devoted their lives to the subject; from Aristomachus of Soli in @@ -15871,8 +15830,8 @@ ascertained, but that the angles of the base of the cell are exactly those which require the smallest quantity of wax. It is obvious that these angles might vary infinitely; but by a very accurate admeasurement Maraldi -found, that the great angles were in general 109° 28', -the smaller ones 70° 32'. Reaumur ingeniously suspecting +found, that the great angles were in general 109° 28', +the smaller ones 70° 32'. Reaumur ingeniously suspecting that the object of choosing these angles from amongst so many was to spare wax, proposed to M. Kœnig, a skilful geometrician, who was ignorant of Maraldi's experiments, @@ -15883,7 +15842,7 @@ so that the least matter possible might enter into its construction. For the solution of this problem the geometrician had recourse to the infinitesimal calculus, and found that the great angles of the rhombs should be -109° 26', and of the small angles 70° 34'<a name="FNanchor_829_829" id="FNanchor_829_829"></a><a href="#Footnote_829_829" class="fnanchor">[829]</a>. What a +109° 26', and of the small angles 70° 34'<a name="FNanchor_829_829" id="FNanchor_829_829"></a><a href="#Footnote_829_829" class="fnanchor">[829]</a>. What a surprising agreement between the solution of the problem and the actual admeasurement<a name="FNanchor_830_830" id="FNanchor_830_830"></a><a href="#Footnote_830_830" class="fnanchor">[830]</a>!</p> @@ -15907,10 +15866,10 @@ from the rest<a name="FNanchor_831_831" id="FNanchor_831_831"></a><a href="#Foot <p>You must not imagine that all the cells of a hive are of precisely similar dimensions. As the society consists of three orders of insects differing in size, the cells which -are to contain the larvæ of each proportionally differ, +are to contain the larvæ of each proportionally differ, those built for the males being considerably larger than those which are intended for the workers. The abode -of the larvæ of the queen bee differs still more. It is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span> +of the larvæ of the queen bee differs still more. It is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span> not only much larger than any of the rest, but of a quite different form, being shaped like a pear or Florence flask, and composed of a material much coarser than @@ -15925,7 +15884,7 @@ with the mouth downwards, and are usually fixed to the lower edge of the combs, from which they irregularly project like stalactites from the roof of a cavern.—The cells destined for the reception of honey and -pollen, differ from those which the larvæ of the males +pollen, differ from those which the larvæ of the males and workers inhabit, only, by being deeper, and thus more capacious; in fact, the very same cells are successively applied to both purposes. When the honey is @@ -15945,12 +15904,12 @@ and unlooked-for discovery of this unrivalled detector of the hidden mysteries of nature—that the workers or neuters, as they are called, of a hive, consist of two descriptions of individuals, one of which he calls <i>abeilles nourrices</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span> -or <i>petites abeilles</i>, the other <i>abeilles cirières</i>.—The +or <i>petites abeilles</i>, the other <i>abeilles cirières</i>.—The former, or <i>nurse-bees</i>, are smaller than the latter; their stomach is not capable of such distention; and their office is to build the combs and cells after the foundation -has been laid by the <i>cirières</i>; to collect honey; and to -feed the larvæ. The <i>abeilles cirières</i> are the makers of +has been laid by the <i>cirières</i>; to collect honey; and to +feed the larvæ. The <i>abeilles cirières</i> are the makers of wax, which substance Huber has now indisputably ascertained to be secreted, as John Hunter long ago suspected, beneath the ventral segments, from between which @@ -15969,7 +15928,7 @@ pockets the wax is secreted by some unknown process from the food taken into the stomach, which in the wax-making bees is much larger than in the nurse-bees, and afterwards transpires through the membrane of the wax-pocket -in thin laminæ. The nurse-bees, however, do +in thin laminæ. The nurse-bees, however, do secrete wax, but in very small quantities.—When wax is not wanted in the hive, the wax-makers disgorge their honey into the cells.</p> @@ -15992,7 +15951,7 @@ which are communicated to it.—All this time the <i>nurse-bees</i> preserve their wonted activity and pursue their usual employments.—The wax-makers remain immoveable for about twenty-four hours, during which period the formation -of wax takes place, and thin laminæ of this material +of wax takes place, and thin laminæ of this material may be generally perceived under their abdomen. One of these bees is now seen to detach itself from one of the central garlands of the cluster, to make a way amongst @@ -16001,7 +15960,7 @@ hive, and by turning itself round to form a kind of void, in which it can move itself freely. It then suspends itself to the centre of the space, which it has cleared, the diameter of which is about an inch. It next seizes one of -the laminæ of wax with a pincer formed by the posterior +the laminæ of wax with a pincer formed by the posterior metatarsus and tibia<a name="FNanchor_832_832" id="FNanchor_832_832"></a><a href="#Footnote_832_832" class="fnanchor">[832]</a>, and drawing it from beneath the abdominal segment, one of the anterior legs takes it with its claws and carries it to the mouth. This leg holds @@ -16113,11 +16072,11 @@ parallel surfaces: it has then received the shape which it will always preserve.</p> <p>The bees appear to give the proper forms to the bottoms -of the cells by means of their antennæ, which extraordinary +of the cells by means of their antennæ, which extraordinary organs they seem to employ as directors by which their other instruments are instructed to execute a very complex work. They do not remove a single -particle of wax until the antennæ have explored the surface +particle of wax until the antennæ have explored the surface that is to be sculptured. By the use of these organs, which are so flexible and so readily applied to all parts, however delicate, that they can perform the functions @@ -16167,9 +16126,9 @@ act, a bee, if the term may be used, of another profession, one of the nurse-bees, goes to form the draught of the first cell, in which she is succeeded by others.</p> -<p>The diameters of the cells intended for the larvæ of +<p>The diameters of the cells intended for the larvæ of workers is always 2-2/5 lines, that of those meant for the -larvæ of the males or drones 3-1/3 lines. The male cells +larvæ of the males or drones 3-1/3 lines. The male cells are generally in the middle of the combs, or in their sides; rarely in their upper part. They are never insulated, but form a corresponding group on both sides @@ -16248,7 +16207,7 @@ they are almost always a little higher towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pag their mouth than at their base, so that their axis is not perpendicular to the partition that separates the two assemblages. They sometimes vary from the horizontal -line more than 20°, usually 4° or 5°. When the bees +line more than 20°, usually 4° or 5°. When the bees enlarge the diameter of the cells preparatory to the formation of male cells, the bottoms often consist of two rhomboids and two hexagons, the size and form of which @@ -16359,7 +16318,7 @@ being the largest, closely joined to each other, and each group connected with those next it by slight joinings of wax. These oval bodies are not, as you might suppose, the work of the old bees, but the silken cocoons spun by -the young larvæ. Some are closed at the upper extremity; +the young larvæ. Some are closed at the upper extremity; others, which chiefly occupy the lower combs, have this part open. The former are those which yet include their immature tenants; the latter are the empty @@ -16368,12 +16327,12 @@ surface of the upper comb are seen several masses of wax of a flattened spheroidal shape, and of very various dimensions: some above an inch and others not a quarter of an inch in diameter: which on being opened are found -to include a number of larvæ surrounded with a supply +to include a number of larvæ surrounded with a supply of pollen moistened with honey. These, which are the true cells, are chiefly the work of the female, which after depositing her eggs in them furnishes them with a store of pollen and honey; and, when this is consumed, supplies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</a></span> -the larvæ with a daily provision, as has been described +the larvæ with a daily provision, as has been described in a former letter, until they are sufficiently grown to spin the cocoons before spoken of. Lastly, in all the corners of the combs, and especially in the middle, @@ -16381,7 +16340,7 @@ we observe a considerable number of small goblet-like vessels, filled with honey and pollen, which are not, as in the case of the hive-bee, the fabrication of the workers, but are chiefly the empty cocoons left by the -larvæ. It falls to the workers, however, to cut off the +larvæ. It falls to the workers, however, to cut off the fragments of silk from the orifice of the cocoon, which, after giving it a regular circular form, they strengthen by a ring or elevated tube of wax made in a different @@ -16510,10 +16469,10 @@ from window-frames, posts and rails, &c., and, when they have amassed a heap of the filament, moisten the whole with a few drops of a viscid glue from their mouth, and, kneading it with their jaws into a sort of paste or -<i>papier mâché</i>, fly off with it to their nest. This ductile +<i>papier mâché</i>, fly off with it to their nest. This ductile mass they attach to that part of the building upon which they are at work, walking backwards and spreading it -into laminæ of the requisite thinness by means of their +into laminæ of the requisite thinness by means of their jaws, tongue, and legs. This operation is repeated several times, until at length, by aid of fresh supplies of the material and the combined exertions of so many @@ -16977,7 +16936,7 @@ I am, &c.<br /> <tr> <td class="c2"> </td> <td class="c2">1.</td> - <td class="c2">Lycæna Hippothoe mas?</td> + <td class="c2">Lycæna Hippothoe mas?</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -17066,7 +17025,7 @@ decisively on the subject.—K.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Helicopis Cupido</i>, <i>Argynnis Passifloræ</i>, <i>Lathonia</i>, &c.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Helicopis Cupido</i>, <i>Argynnis Passifloræ</i>, <i>Lathonia</i>, &c.</p> @@ -17078,7 +17037,7 @@ decisively on the subject.—K.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Many of the <i>Scarabæidæ</i>, <i>Dynastidæ</i>, &c.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Many of the <i>Scarabæidæ</i>, <i>Dynastidæ</i>, &c.</p> @@ -17103,7 +17062,7 @@ decisively on the subject.—K.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>Culex</i>, <i>Chironomus</i>, and other <i>Tipulariæ</i>.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>Culex</i>, <i>Chironomus</i>, and other <i>Tipulariæ</i>.</p> @@ -17111,7 +17070,7 @@ decisively on the subject.—K.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Hairs of many of the <i>Apidæ. Mon. Ap. Ang.</i> I. <i>t.</i> 10, ** d. 1. <i>f.</i> 1. <i>b.</i></p> +<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Hairs of many of the <i>Apidæ. Mon. Ap. Ang.</i> I. <i>t.</i> 10, ** d. 1. <i>f.</i> 1. <i>b.</i></p> @@ -17171,7 +17130,7 @@ belongs.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> This idea seems to have been present to the mind of Linné and +<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> This idea seems to have been present to the mind of Linné and Fabricius, when they gave to insects such names as <i>Belzebub</i>, <i>Belial</i>, <i>Titan</i>, <i>Typhon</i>, <i>Nimrod</i>, <i>Geryon</i>, and the like.</p> @@ -17228,7 +17187,7 @@ other purpose.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Linn. <i>Fn. Suec.</i> Præf.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Linn. <i>Fn. Suec.</i> Præf.</p> @@ -17256,13 +17215,13 @@ other purpose.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> "Quæri fortasse à nonnullis potest, Quis Papilionum usus sit? +<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> "Quæri fortasse à nonnullis potest, Quis Papilionum usus sit? Respondeo, Ad ornatum Universi, et ut hominibus spectaculo sint: -ad rura illustranda velut tot bracteæ inservientes. Quis enim eximiam +ad rura illustranda velut tot bracteæ inservientes. Quis enim eximiam earum pulchritudinem et varietatem contemplans mira voluptate non -afficiatur? Quis tot colorum et schematum elegantias naturæ ipsius +afficiatur? Quis tot colorum et schematum elegantias naturæ ipsius ingenio excogitatas et artifici penicillo depictas curiosis oculis intuens, -divinæ artis vestigia eis impressa non agnoscat et miretur?" +divinæ artis vestigia eis impressa non agnoscat et miretur?" Rai. <i>Hist. Ins.</i> 109.</p> @@ -17283,7 +17242,7 @@ in the <i>Gent. Mag.</i> for August 1795. This little insect produces no -<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See Latr. <i>Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal</i>, 429.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See Latr. <i>Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal</i>, 429.</p> @@ -17444,7 +17403,7 @@ the actual pang being trifling. <i>Measure for Measure</i>, Act iii. Scene 1.</p <p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> "Cœnis etiam non vocatus ut Musca advolo." Aristophon <i>in -Pythagorista</i> apud Athenæum. (Mouffet, 56.)</p> +Pythagorista</i> apud Athenæum. (Mouffet, 56.)</p> @@ -17463,7 +17422,7 @@ a passage pointed out to me by Sir Joseph Banks:— -<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> For different kinds of larvæ, see <span class="smcap">Plates</span> <a href="../../43578/43578-h/43578-h.htm#PLATE_XVII">XVII.</a> <a href="../../43578/43578-h/43578-h.htm#PLATE_XVIII">XVIII.</a> <a href="../../43578/43578-h/43578-h.htm#PLATE_XIX">XIX.</a></p> +<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> For different kinds of larvæ, see <span class="smcap">Plates</span> <a href="../../43578/43578-h/43578-h.htm#PLATE_XVII">XVII.</a> <a href="../../43578/43578-h/43578-h.htm#PLATE_XVIII">XVIII.</a> <a href="../../43578/43578-h/43578-h.htm#PLATE_XIX">XIX.</a></p> @@ -17498,7 +17457,7 @@ Fig. 1. <i>Crickets</i>, <i>Spectres</i>, <i>Mantes</i>, <i>&c.</i> Plate <a href="#PLATE_II">II.</a> Fig. 2. 3. </p> <p> -5 <i>Hemiptera</i> consisting of <i>Bugs</i>, <i>Cicadæ</i>, <i>Water-scorpions</i>, <i>Water-boat-men</i>, +5 <i>Hemiptera</i> consisting of <i>Bugs</i>, <i>Cicadæ</i>, <i>Water-scorpions</i>, <i>Water-boat-men</i>, <i>Plant-lice</i>, <i>Cochineal</i> Insects, &c. Plate <a href="#PLATE_II">II.</a> Fig. 4. 5. </p> <p> @@ -17510,7 +17469,7 @@ of <i>Case-worms</i>, <i>Phryganea</i>, L. Plate <a href="#PLATE_III">III.</a> F Plate <a href="#PLATE_III">III.</a> Fig. 1-3. </p> <p> -8 <i>Neuroptera</i> consisting of <i>Dragon-flies</i>, <i>Ant-lions</i>, <i>Ephemeræ</i>, <i>&c.</i> +8 <i>Neuroptera</i> consisting of <i>Dragon-flies</i>, <i>Ant-lions</i>, <i>Ephemeræ</i>, <i>&c.</i> Plate <a href="#PLATE_III">III.</a> Fig. 5. 6. </p> <p> @@ -17599,7 +17558,7 @@ call them <i>ghosts</i> (geistchen).</p> metamorphoses in some respects analogous to those of insects; their first form as tadpoles being very different from that which they afterwards assume. These reptiles too, as well as snakes, cast their skin -by an operation somewhat similar to that in <i>larvæ</i>. There is nothing, +by an operation somewhat similar to that in <i>larvæ</i>. There is nothing, however, in their metamorphoses at all resembling the <i>pupa</i> state in insects.</p> @@ -17662,11 +17621,11 @@ the same reason its substantive <i>Oviposition</i> will be employed.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>Mém. Apterologique</i>, 19.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>Mém. Apterologique</i>, 19.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Insecta ejusmodi minutissima, forte <i>Acaros</i> diversæ speciei causas +<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Insecta ejusmodi minutissima, forte <i>Acaros</i> diversæ speciei causas esse diversorum morborum contagiosorum, ab analogia et experientia hactenus acquisita, facili credimus negotio. <i>Amœn. Ac.</i> v. 94.</p> @@ -17680,8 +17639,8 @@ hactenus acquisita, facili credimus negotio. <i>Amœn. Ac.</i> v. 94.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Acarus sub ipsa pustula minimè quærendus est, sed longius recessit, -sequendo rugam cuticulæ observatur. <i>Amœn. Ac.</i> v. 95. not. **.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Acarus sub ipsa pustula minimè quærendus est, sed longius recessit, +sequendo rugam cuticulæ observatur. <i>Amœn. Ac.</i> v. 95. not. **.</p> @@ -17701,8 +17660,8 @@ hi vero non. <i>ubi supr.</i></p> -<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Imo ipsi <i>Acari</i> præ exiguitate indivisibiles, ex cuniculis prope -aquæ lacum quos foderunt in cute, acu extracti et ungue impositi, +<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Imo ipsi <i>Acari</i> præ exiguitate indivisibiles, ex cuniculis prope +aquæ lacum quos foderunt in cute, acu extracti et ungue impositi, caput rubrum, et pedes quibus gradiuntur ad solem produnt. p. vi.</p> @@ -17714,7 +17673,7 @@ Mouffet, viz. <i>Wheale-worms</i>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <i>Osservazioni intorno à pellicelli del corpo umano fatte dal Dottor</i> +<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <i>Osservazioni intorno à pellicelli del corpo umano fatte dal Dottor</i> Gio Cosimo Bonomo, &c. <i>f.</i> 1-3. Baker <i>On Microsc.</i> i. <i>t.</i> 13. <i>f.</i> 2.</p> @@ -17723,7 +17682,7 @@ Gio Cosimo Bonomo, &c. <i>f.</i> 1-3. Baker <i>On Microsc.</i> i. <i>t.</i> -<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> <i>Mém. Apterologique</i>, 79.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> <i>Mém. Apterologique</i>, 79.</p> @@ -17749,11 +17708,11 @@ d'Hist. Nat.</i> xxi. 222.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <i>Traités de Chirurgie</i>, &c. Leipsig. 1792.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <i>Traités de Chirurgie</i>, &c. Leipsig. 1792.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>Mém. Apterolog.</i> 78.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>Mém. Apterolog.</i> 78.</p> @@ -18148,7 +18107,7 @@ Journ.</i> n. 35. 42-48. Derham, <i>Physic. Theol.</i> 378. note <i>b.</i> Lowth <p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Fulvius Angelinus et Vincentius Alsarius <i>De verme admirando per -nares egresso</i>. Ravennæ 1610.</p> +nares egresso</i>. Ravennæ 1610.</p> @@ -18161,7 +18120,7 @@ the <i>Œstrus Hominis</i> next mentioned.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> <i>Essai sur la Géograph. des Plantes</i>, 136.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> <i>Essai sur la Géograph. des Plantes</i>, 136.</p> @@ -18200,7 +18159,7 @@ was well known.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> <i>Mém. Apterolog.</i> 79.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> <i>Mém. Apterolog.</i> 79.</p> @@ -18239,7 +18198,7 @@ here described, from the attack of <i>Tabanus rusticus</i>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Linn. <i>Flor. Lapp.</i> 376. <i>Lach. Lapp.</i> i. 233, 234. This insect -from Linné's description is probably no <i>Culex</i>, but perhaps a <i>Simulium</i>, +from Linné's description is probably no <i>Culex</i>, but perhaps a <i>Simulium</i>, Latr. (<i>Simulia</i>, Meig.).</p> @@ -18287,9 +18246,9 @@ is synonymous with the insects which the Greeks distinguish by that name. Aristotle not only describes these as <i>blood-suckers</i> (<i>Hist. Animal.</i> l. viii. c. 11.) but also as furnished with a <i>strong proboscis</i> (l. iv. c. 7.). He observes likewise that they are produced from an animal inhabiting the <i>waters</i>, in the vicinity of which they most abound -(l. viii. c. 7.). And Ælian (<i>Hist.</i> l. vi. c. 38.) gives nearly the same +(l. viii. c. 7.). And Ælian (<i>Hist.</i> l. vi. c. 38.) gives nearly the same account. Comparing the Œstrus with the Myops (synonymous perhaps -with <i>Tabanus</i>, Latr., except that Aristotle affirms that its larvæ +with <i>Tabanus</i>, Latr., except that Aristotle affirms that its larvæ live in wood, l. v. c. 19,) he says, the Œstrus for a fly is one of the largest; it has a stiff and large sting, (meaning a proboscis,) and emits a certain humming and harsh sound—but the Myops is like @@ -18304,7 +18263,7 @@ vicinity of water, to which our cattle generally fly as a refuge from it. It seems more probable that the Œstrus of Greece was related to Bruce's <i>Zimb</i>, represented in his figure with a long proboscis, which makes its appearance in the neighbourhood of rivers, and belongs -to the <i>Tabanidæ</i>. For further information the reader should +to the <i>Tabanidæ</i>. For further information the reader should consult Mr. W. S. MacLeay's learned paper on the insect called <i>Oistros</i> and <i>Asilus</i> by the ancients. <i>Linn. Trans.</i> xiv. 353—.</p> @@ -18320,15 +18279,15 @@ consult Mr. W. S. MacLeay's learned paper on the insect called <p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> <i>Burn-Cow</i> or <i>Ox</i>, from βους bos, and πρηθω inflammo. M. Latreille -translates it <i>Crève-bœuf</i>, but improperly.</p> +translates it <i>Crève-bœuf</i>, but improperly.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> <i>Annales du Muséum</i>.—X<sup>e</sup> Ann. N<sup>o</sup> xi. p. 129.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> <i>Annales du Muséum</i>.—X<sup>e</sup> Ann. N<sup>o</sup> xi. p. 129.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> <i>Observations de plusieurs Singularités, &c.</i> l. i. c. 45. p. 73 of the +<p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> <i>Observations de plusieurs Singularités, &c.</i> l. i. c. 45. p. 73 of the Edition in Sir Joseph Banks's Library.</p> @@ -18356,7 +18315,7 @@ of the species here alluded to.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Linn. <i>Lach. Lapp.</i> ii. 45. In the passage here referred to, Linné +<p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Linn. <i>Lach. Lapp.</i> ii. 45. In the passage here referred to, Linné speaks of two species of Œstrus, though the mode of expression indicates that he considered them as the same. One was <i>Œ. nasalis</i> from which they freed themselves by snorting, &c., the other <i>Œ. @@ -18387,7 +18346,7 @@ of Mr. Clark with the true <i>Œ. nasalis</i>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> <i>Melittophagus</i>, Mus. Kirby. See <i>Mon. Ap. Angl.</i> ii. 168. I copy -the following memorandum respecting <i>M. Melittæ</i> from my common-place-book, +the following memorandum respecting <i>M. Melittæ</i> from my common-place-book, May 7, 1812. On the flowers of Ficaria, Taraxacum and Bellis, I found a great number of this insect, which seemed extremely restless, running here and there over the flowers, and over @@ -18396,7 +18355,7 @@ or two of them leaped upon my hand. Near one of these flowers I found a small <i>Andrena</i> or <i>Halictus</i>, upon which some of these creatures were busy sucking the poor animal, so that it seemed unable to fly away. When disclosed from the egg, I imagine they get on the top -of these flowers to attach themselves to any of the <i>Andrenidæ</i> that may +of these flowers to attach themselves to any of the <i>Andrenidæ</i> that may alight on them, or come sufficiently near for them to leap on it.—K.</p> @@ -18438,7 +18397,7 @@ the Bots of Horses, &c.</i> <i>p.</i> 63. <i>t.</i> 2. <i>f.</i> 24-29.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Germar's <i>Mag. der Ent.</i> i. 1-10. Mr. Stephens, in his <i>Illustrations of British Entomology</i> (No. I. p. 4.), very judiciously asks, -"May not these herbivorous larvæ have been the principal cause of the mischief to the wheat, while those of the <i>Zabrus</i> contributed +"May not these herbivorous larvæ have been the principal cause of the mischief to the wheat, while those of the <i>Zabrus</i> contributed rather to lessen their numbers than to destroy the corn." But this query does not account for their being found, when in the perfect state, attacking the ear. I have seen cognate beetles devouring the @@ -18455,7 +18414,7 @@ ii. 79.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> <i>Encyclopæd. Britann.</i> viii. 480-95.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> <i>Encyclopæd. Britann.</i> viii. 480-95.</p> @@ -18595,7 +18554,7 @@ that by this plan he saved his wheat from essential injury.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> Two species are confounded under the appellation of <i>the grub</i>, -the larvæ namely of <i>Tipula oleracea</i> and <i>cornicina</i>, which last is very +the larvæ namely of <i>Tipula oleracea</i> and <i>cornicina</i>, which last is very injurious, though not equally with the first. In the rich district of <i>Sunk Island</i> in Holderness, in the spring of 1813, hundreds of acres of pasture have been entirely destroyed by them, being rendered as @@ -18627,7 +18586,7 @@ insects, the next year it was difficult to find a single one.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> <i>Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes</i>, 136.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> <i>Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes</i>, 136.</p> @@ -18693,7 +18652,7 @@ of the same genus (<i>Haltica</i>), which were so numerous and so universally prevalent, that I scarcely ever examined a full-grown plant from which a vast number might not have been collected. Some plants were almost black with them, the species most abundant being -of a dark æneous tinge. They had not merely eroded the cuticle +of a dark æneous tinge. They had not merely eroded the cuticle in various parts, so as to give the leaves a brown blistered appearance, but had also eaten them into large holes, at the margin of which I often saw them in the act of gnawing; and the stunted and @@ -18715,7 +18674,7 @@ were out of danger.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Perhaps this fly is the same which Linné confounded with +<p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Perhaps this fly is the same which Linné confounded with <i>Tachina Larvarum</i>, which he says he had found in the roots of the cabbage (<i>Syst. Nat.</i> 992. 78.) I say "<i>confounded</i>," because it is not likely that the same species should be parasitic in an insect, and also @@ -18746,7 +18705,7 @@ inquiry.</p> black hairs, proceeding, particularly on the thorax, from a black point. Legs nigrescent. Back of the abdomen of the male with an interrupted black vitta down the middle. Wings immaculate. Poisers -and alulæ pale yellow. Length 3½ lines.</p> +and alulæ pale yellow. Length 3½ lines.</p> @@ -18771,8 +18730,8 @@ and alulæ pale yellow. Length 3½ lines.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> This kind of misnomer frequently occurs in entomological authors.—Thus, -for instance, the <i>Curculio (Rynchites) Alliariæ</i> of -Linné feeds upon the hawthorn, and <i>Curculio (Cryptorhynchus) Lapathi</i> +for instance, the <i>Curculio (Rynchites) Alliariæ</i> of +Linné feeds upon the hawthorn, and <i>Curculio (Cryptorhynchus) Lapathi</i> upon the willow (Curtis in <i>Linn. Trans.</i> i. 86.); but as <i>Alliaria</i> is common in hawthorn hedges, and docks often grow under willows, the mistake in question easily happened: when, however, such mistakes @@ -18793,15 +18752,15 @@ which DeJean arranges it.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> Fabricius seems to have regarded the saw-fly that feeds upon the -<i>sallow</i> (<i>Nematus Capreæ</i>), not only as synonymous with that which +<i>sallow</i> (<i>Nematus Capreæ</i>), not only as synonymous with that which feeds upon the <i>osier</i>, but also with our little assailant of the <i>gooseberry</i> and <i>currant</i>. Yet it is very evident from Reaumur's account, whose accuracy may be depended upon, that they are all distinct species. Fabricius's description of the <i>fly</i> agrees with the insect of the gooseberry, but that which he has given of the <i>larva</i> belongs to the animal inhabiting the sallow. Probably, confounding the two species, he described the imago from the insect of the former, and the larva -(if he did not copy from Reaumur or Linné) from that of the latter. -Linné was correct in regarding Reaumur's three insects as distinct +(if he did not copy from Reaumur or Linné) from that of the latter. +Linné was correct in regarding Reaumur's three insects as distinct species, though he appears to be mistaken in referring to him under <i>N. flavus</i>, as the saw-fly of the currant and gooseberry is not wholly yellow.</p> @@ -18827,7 +18786,7 @@ tract on this subject (<i>Verhandeling ten bewijze &c. door</i> F. H. van Berck. 8vo. Haarlem 1807), that the great destroyer of the blossoms of their apple- and pear-trees is the larva of another weevil, <i>Anthonomus Pomorum</i>, which from the name and Gyllenhal's addition to -the habitat given by Linné—"quas destruit"—should seem to be +the habitat given by Linné—"quas destruit"—should seem to be injurious in Sweden also.</p> @@ -18946,7 +18905,7 @@ quoted.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Rösel, I. ii. 15.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Rösel, I. ii. 15.</p> @@ -18962,8 +18921,8 @@ quoted.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> Reaum. i. 387. These larvæ were so extremely numerous in -1826 on the limes of the <i>Allée Verte</i> at Brussels, that many of the +<p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> Reaum. i. 387. These larvæ were so extremely numerous in +1826 on the limes of the <i>Allée Verte</i> at Brussels, that many of the trees of that noble avenue, though of great age, were nearly deprived of their leaves, and afforded little of the shade which the unusual heat of the summer so urgently required. The moths which in autumn @@ -19387,7 +19346,7 @@ that the destructive insects called by this name, are <i>Termites</i>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> It is not its hardness that protects the teak, as the Asiatic Termites -attack Lignum Vitæ, but probably some essential oil disagreeable +attack Lignum Vitæ, but probably some essential oil disagreeable to them with which it is impregnated. This is the more likely, since they will eat it when it is old and has been long exposed to the air. <i>Tannin</i> has been conjectured to be the protecting substance, @@ -19503,7 +19462,7 @@ the bark-boring insects.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> Latreille, <i>Observations nouvelles sur les Hyménoptères</i>. <i>Annal. de +<p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> Latreille, <i>Observations nouvelles sur les Hyménoptères</i>. <i>Annal. de Mus.</i> 11.</p> @@ -19520,10 +19479,10 @@ Mus.</i> 11.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_472_472" id="Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> The larvæ of some species of Coccinellæ feed, according to Prof. +<p><a name="Footnote_472_472" id="Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> The larvæ of some species of Coccinellæ feed, according to Prof. D. Reich, solely on the leaves of plants; as that of <i>C. hieroglyphica</i>, which eats the leaves of common heath (<i>Erica vulgaris</i>) after the manner -of the larvæ of <i>Lepidoptera</i>. I suspect, however, that there is +of the larvæ of <i>Lepidoptera</i>. I suspect, however, that there is some mistake in this statement. <i>Der Gesellschaft naturf. Fr. in Berlin Mag.</i> &c. iii. 294.</p> @@ -19540,7 +19499,7 @@ devoured by their parasites.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_474_474" id="Footnote_474_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> Not having had it in my power to consult Dalman's work on the <i>Chalcidites</i> of Latreille, referred to by that learned Entomologist in -his <i>Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal</i>, I am not able to refer them +his <i>Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal</i>, I am not able to refer them to their proper genera.</p> @@ -19594,7 +19553,7 @@ which I have named <i>A. Stercorator</i>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_487_487" id="Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> Preys. <i>Bömisch. Insekt.</i> 59. 61.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_487_487" id="Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> Preys. <i>Bömisch. Insekt.</i> 59. 61.</p> @@ -19602,7 +19561,7 @@ which I have named <i>A. Stercorator</i>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_489_489" id="Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> <i>Entom. Helvétique</i>, ii. 158.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_489_489" id="Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> <i>Entom. Helvétique</i>, ii. 158.</p> @@ -19687,7 +19646,7 @@ the females. <i>Philos. Trans.</i> 1807, p. 243.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> Rösel, iv. 96.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> Rösel, iv. 96.</p> @@ -19806,7 +19765,7 @@ others small beetles and other insects. <i>Naturforscher</i> Stk. xviii. 234.</p <p><a name="Footnote_530_530" id="Footnote_530_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> Small flies are sometimes found sticking to the glutinous stigma -of some of the Orchideæ like birds on a limed twig: (Sprengel <i>Entdecktes +of some of the Orchideæ like birds on a limed twig: (Sprengel <i>Entdecktes Geheimniss</i>, 21—) and ants are not unfrequently detained in the milky juice which the touch of even their light feet causes to exude from the calyxes of the common garden lettuce. <i>Ann. of Bot.</i> @@ -19826,7 +19785,7 @@ ii. 590.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> Smith's <i>Tracts</i>, 165. Kölreuter, <i>Ann. of Bot.</i> ii. 9.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> Smith's <i>Tracts</i>, 165. Kölreuter, <i>Ann. of Bot.</i> ii. 9.</p> @@ -19835,18 +19794,18 @@ ii. 590.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_536_536" id="Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> <i>Grundriss der Kräuterkunde</i>, 353. A writer however in the <i>Annual +<p><a name="Footnote_536_536" id="Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> <i>Grundriss der Kräuterkunde</i>, 353. A writer however in the <i>Annual Medical Review</i> (ii. 400.) doubts the accuracy of this fact, on the ground that he could never find <i>C. pennicornis</i>, though <i>A. Clematitis</i> has produced fruit two years at Brompton. Meigen (Dipt. i. 100. e.) -places this amongst his doubtful <i>Cecidomyiæ</i>. Fabricius considers +places this amongst his doubtful <i>Cecidomyiæ</i>. Fabricius considers it as a <i>Chironomus</i>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_537_537" id="Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> I have frequently observed <i>Dermestes flavescens</i>, Ent. Brit. (<i>Byturus</i>) eat both the petals and stamens of <i>Stellaria Holosteum</i>; and -<i>Mordellæ</i> will open the anthers with the securiform joints of their +<i>Mordellæ</i> will open the anthers with the securiform joints of their palpi to get at the pollen.</p> @@ -19882,14 +19841,14 @@ other states.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> Herbst and Schönherr call this distinct genus <i>Rhyncophorus</i>; but +<p><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> Herbst and Schönherr call this distinct genus <i>Rhyncophorus</i>; but as this is too near the name of the tribe (<i>Rhyncophora</i>), we have adopted Thunberg's name, altering the termination to distinguish it from <i>Cordyle</i> a genus of Lizards.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_544_544" id="Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> Ælian. <i>Hist.</i> l. xiv. c. 13. quoted in Reaum. ii. 343.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_544_544" id="Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> Ælian. <i>Hist.</i> l. xiv. c. 13. quoted in Reaum. ii. 343.</p> @@ -19902,7 +19861,7 @@ it from <i>Cordyle</i> a genus of Lizards.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_547_547" id="Footnote_547_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> <i>Wisdom of God</i>, 9th ed. 307. Ray first adopted the opinion here -maintained, that the Cossi were the larvæ of some beetle; but afterwards, +maintained, that the Cossi were the larvæ of some beetle; but afterwards, from observing in the caterpillar of <i>Cossus ligniperda</i> a power of retracting its prolegs within the body, he conjectured that the hexapod larva from Jamaica, (<i>Prionus damicornis?</i>) given him by @@ -19916,7 +19875,7 @@ on the subject of Pliny's Cossus, which has been supposed the larva of <i>Cordylia Palmarum</i> by Geoffroy; of <i>Lucanus Cervus</i> by Scopoli; and of <i>Prionus damicornis</i> by Drury. The first and last, being neither natives of Italy nor inhabiting the oak, are out of the question. The -larvæ of <i>Lucanus Cervus</i> and <i>Prionus coriarius</i>, which are found in the oak as well as in other trees, may each have been eaten under this +larvæ of <i>Lucanus Cervus</i> and <i>Prionus coriarius</i>, which are found in the oak as well as in other trees, may each have been eaten under this name, as their difference would not be discernible either to collectors or cooks. Amoreux, 154.</p> @@ -20089,7 +20048,7 @@ off by the mere touch of the branches.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_589_589" id="Footnote_589_589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_589_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> <i>Voyage à la recherche de la Perouse</i>, ii. 240.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_589_589" id="Footnote_589_589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_589_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> <i>Voyage à la recherche de la Perouse</i>, ii. 240.</p> @@ -20105,7 +20064,7 @@ off by the mere touch of the branches.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_593_593" id="Footnote_593_593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_593_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a> Rösel, iv. 257.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_593_593" id="Footnote_593_593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_593_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a> Rösel, iv. 257.</p> @@ -20305,7 +20264,7 @@ at the present price 375,000<i>l.</i></p> <p><a name="Footnote_638_638" id="Footnote_638_638"></a><a href="#FNanchor_638_638"><span class="label">[638]</span></a> M. Latreille appears to have described this bee under the name -of <i>Apis unicolor</i>. <i>Mém. sur les Abeilles</i>, 8. 39.</p> +of <i>Apis unicolor</i>. <i>Mém. sur les Abeilles</i>, 8. 39.</p> @@ -20427,14 +20386,14 @@ the proceedings of this insect in his garden for two successive seasons.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_664_664" id="Footnote_664_664"></a><a href="#FNanchor_664_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a> By this term I would distinguish the tribe of <i>Fossores</i> of Latreille, which the French call <i>Wasp-Ichneumons</i>, and which form the Linnean -genus <i>Sphex</i>, divisible into several families as <i>Sphecidæ</i>, <i>Pompilidæ</i>, -<i>Bembecidæ</i>, &c.</p> +genus <i>Sphex</i>, divisible into several families as <i>Sphecidæ</i>, <i>Pompilidæ</i>, +<i>Bembecidæ</i>, &c.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_665_665" id="Footnote_665_665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_665_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> Mr. W. S. MacLeay in his very remarkable and learned work -(<i>Horæ Entomologicæ</i>) has very properly restored its name to the -true <i>Scarabæus</i> of the ancients, which gives its name to this group.</p> +(<i>Horæ Entomologicæ</i>) has very properly restored its name to the +true <i>Scarabæus</i> of the ancients, which gives its name to this group.</p> @@ -20495,7 +20454,7 @@ change it to <i>Serrifera</i>, which is more appropriate.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_679_679" id="Footnote_679_679"></a><a href="#FNanchor_679_679"><span class="label">[679]</span></a> liii. 37. <i>Pelopæus spirifex?</i></p> +<p><a name="Footnote_679_679" id="Footnote_679_679"></a><a href="#FNanchor_679_679"><span class="label">[679]</span></a> liii. 37. <i>Pelopæus spirifex?</i></p> @@ -20545,11 +20504,11 @@ change it to <i>Serrifera</i>, which is more appropriate.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_691_691" id="Footnote_691_691"></a><a href="#FNanchor_691_691"><span class="label">[691]</span></a> The Russian shepherds ingeniously avail themselves of the attachment of ants to their young, for obtaining with little trouble a -collection of the pupæ, which they sell as a dainty food for nightingales. +collection of the pupæ, which they sell as a dainty food for nightingales. They scatter an ants' nest upon a dry plot of ground, surrounded with a shallow trench of water, and place on one side of it a few fir branches. Under these the ants, having no other alternative, -carefully arrange all their pupæ, and in an hour or two the shepherd +carefully arrange all their pupæ, and in an hour or two the shepherd finds a large heap clean and ready for market. Anderson's <i>Recreations in Agriculture, &c.</i> iv. 158.</p> @@ -20641,7 +20600,7 @@ significant were it altered to <i>Humming-bee</i> or <i>Booming-bee</i>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_711_711" id="Footnote_711_711"></a><a href="#FNanchor_711_711"><span class="label">[711]</span></a> Latreille, <i>Obs. sur les Hymenoptères</i>. <i>Ann. de Mus.</i> xiv. 412.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_711_711" id="Footnote_711_711"></a><a href="#FNanchor_711_711"><span class="label">[711]</span></a> Latreille, <i>Obs. sur les Hymenoptères</i>. <i>Ann. de Mus.</i> xiv. 412.</p> @@ -20719,7 +20678,7 @@ with a proboscis, can scarcely be by suction, strictly so called, or the abstraction of air, since the air-vessels of insects do not communicate with their mouths: it is more probably performed in part by capillary attraction; and, as Lamarck has suggested, (<i>Syst. des -Anim. sans Vertèbres</i>, p. 193.) in part by a succession of undulations +Anim. sans Vertèbres</i>, p. 193.) in part by a succession of undulations and contractions of the sides of the organ.</p> @@ -21073,7 +21032,7 @@ ii. 409. See above p. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_799_799" id="Footnote_799_799"></a><a href="#FNanchor_799_799"><span class="label">[799]</span></a> Germar's <i>Mag. für Entomologie</i>, i. 40.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_799_799" id="Footnote_799_799"></a><a href="#FNanchor_799_799"><span class="label">[799]</span></a> Germar's <i>Mag. für Entomologie</i>, i. 40.</p> @@ -21085,11 +21044,11 @@ ii. 409. See above p. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_802_802" id="Footnote_802_802"></a><a href="#FNanchor_802_802"><span class="label">[802]</span></a> The larvæ of the males intermix with the pieces of twigs, which +<p><a name="Footnote_802_802" id="Footnote_802_802"></a><a href="#FNanchor_802_802"><span class="label">[802]</span></a> The larvæ of the males intermix with the pieces of twigs, which are less closely and regularly arranged, bits of dried leaves and other light materials. See the excellent elucidation of the history of this tribe, whose mode of generation is so singular, by Von Scheven, in the <i>Naturforscher</i> Stk. xx. 61, &c. also a valuable paper by -Dr. Zincken genannt Sommer, in Germar's <i>Mag. für Ent.</i> i. 19-40.</p> +Dr. Zincken genannt Sommer, in Germar's <i>Mag. für Ent.</i> i. 19-40.</p> @@ -21097,7 +21056,7 @@ Dr. Zincken genannt Sommer, in Germar's <i>Mag. für Ent.</i> i. 19-40.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_804_804" id="Footnote_804_804"></a><a href="#FNanchor_804_804"><span class="label">[804]</span></a> Fuessly, <i>Archiv.</i> 53. <i>t.</i> 31. Germar's <i>Mag. für Ent.</i> i. 136.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_804_804" id="Footnote_804_804"></a><a href="#FNanchor_804_804"><span class="label">[804]</span></a> Fuessly, <i>Archiv.</i> 53. <i>t.</i> 31. Germar's <i>Mag. für Ent.</i> i. 136.</p> @@ -21146,8 +21105,8 @@ Dr. Zincken genannt Sommer, in Germar's <i>Mag. für Ent.</i> i. 19-40.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_816_816" id="Footnote_816_816"></a><a href="#FNanchor_816_816"><span class="label">[816]</span></a> Sauvages <i>Hist. de l'Acad. des Sc. de Paris</i>, 1758, p. 26. Perhaps -this, as well as <i>M. cæmentaria</i>, belongs to Latreille's genus <i>Cteniza</i>. -<i>Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal</i>, 313.</p> +this, as well as <i>M. cæmentaria</i>, belongs to Latreille's genus <i>Cteniza</i>. +<i>Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal</i>, 313.</p> @@ -21155,7 +21114,7 @@ this, as well as <i>M. cæmentaria</i>, belongs to Latreille's genus <i>Cteniza</ -<p><a name="Footnote_818_818" id="Footnote_818_818"></a><a href="#FNanchor_818_818"><span class="label">[818]</span></a> <i>Mémoire pour servir à commencer l'Histoire des Araignées Aquatiques</i>, +<p><a name="Footnote_818_818" id="Footnote_818_818"></a><a href="#FNanchor_818_818"><span class="label">[818]</span></a> <i>Mémoire pour servir à commencer l'Histoire des Araignées Aquatiques</i>, 12mo.</p> @@ -21205,7 +21164,7 @@ this, as well as <i>M. cæmentaria</i>, belongs to Latreille's genus <i>Cteniza</ <p><a name="Footnote_830_830" id="Footnote_830_830"></a><a href="#FNanchor_830_830"><span class="label">[830]</span></a> Father Boscovich observes, that all the angles that form the -planes which compose the cell are equal, <i>i. e.</i> 120°: and he supposes +planes which compose the cell are equal, <i>i. e.</i> 120°: and he supposes that this equality of inclination facilitates much the construction of the cell, which may be a motive for preferring it, as well as economy. He shows that the bees do not economize the wax necessary for @@ -21243,7 +21202,7 @@ hereafter detailed.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_834_834" id="Footnote_834_834"></a><a href="#FNanchor_834_834"><span class="label">[834]</span></a> <i>Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles, par</i> François Huber, ii. +<p><a name="Footnote_834_834" id="Footnote_834_834"></a><a href="#FNanchor_834_834"><span class="label">[834]</span></a> <i>Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles, par</i> François Huber, ii. 101-288. I have observed the bees collecting propolis in the spring from the buds of <i>Populus balsamifera</i>.</p> @@ -21288,11 +21247,11 @@ paper from <i>sound</i> timber; hornets, only from that which is <i>decayed</i>. -<p><a name="Footnote_844_844" id="Footnote_844_844"></a><a href="#FNanchor_844_844"><span class="label">[844]</span></a> Rösel Vesp. t. 7. f. 8.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_844_844" id="Footnote_844_844"></a><a href="#FNanchor_844_844"><span class="label">[844]</span></a> Rösel Vesp. t. 7. f. 8.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_845_845" id="Footnote_845_845"></a><a href="#FNanchor_845_845"><span class="label">[845]</span></a> Rösel II. viii. 30.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_845_845" id="Footnote_845_845"></a><a href="#FNanchor_845_845"><span class="label">[845]</span></a> Rösel II. viii. 30.</p> @@ -21328,383 +21287,6 @@ lofty enough to permit a man on horseback to travel in them.</p> </ul></div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Introduction to Entomology: Vol. I -(of 4), by William Kirby and William Spence - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY, VOL I *** - -***** This file should be named 43576-h.htm or 43576-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/5/7/43576/ - -Produced by Douglas L. 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