Add files from ibiblio as of 2025-03-07 15:23:37HEADmain

4 files changed, 1706 insertions, 2469 deletions

diff --git a/43693-8.txt b/43693-0.txt
index b9a5648..f6c6688 100644
--- a/43693-8.txt
+++ b/43693-0.txt
@@ -1,40 +1,4 @@
-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Summary Narrative of an Exploratory
-Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820, by Henry Rowe
-Schoolcraft
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-
-
-Title: Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820
-       Resumed and Completed, by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake, in 1832
-
-
-Author: Henry Rowe Schoolcraft
-
-
-
-Release Date: September 11, 2013  [eBook #43693]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUMMARY NARRATIVE OF AN
-EXPLORATORY EXPEDITION TO THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, IN 1820***
-
-
-E-text prepared by K Nordquist, Katie Hernandez, H�l�ne de Mink, and the
-Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
-
-
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43693 ***
 
 Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
       file which includes the original illustrations.
@@ -169,7 +133,7 @@ as incontestable an addition to scientific knowledge, as the finding of
 remains to establish a new species of mastodon. They only differ in
 interest and importance.
 
-It is not the province of every age to produce a Linn�us, a Buffon, or a
+It is not the province of every age to produce a Linnæus, a Buffon, or a
 Cuvier; but, such are the almost endless forms of vegetable and animal
 life and organization--from the infusoria upward--that not a year
 elapses which may not enlarge the boundaries of science. The record of
@@ -223,7 +187,7 @@ was anticipated, it is owing to the nature of it; and he can only say
 that still more time and attention would be required to do justice to
 it.
 
-  [1] This remark is limited to the country south of about 46�. North
+  [1] This remark is limited to the country south of about 46°. North
   of that point, there are no explorations known to me, except those of
   Lieutenant James Allen, who accompanied me above Cass Lake, in 1832,
   and those of J. N. Nicollet, in 1836, which were reported by him to
@@ -319,7 +283,7 @@ extent, guide, these furnished abundant employ for his efficient
 sportsman-like propensities. Of its distinctive zoology, minerals,
 plants, and other physical desiderata, it was not in his power, had he
 been ever so well prepared, to make observations. Even for the
-topography, above the latitude of about 46�, he was dependent,
+topography, above the latitude of about 46°, he was dependent,
 essentially, on the information furnished by the factors of the
 Northwest British Fur Company, who, at that period, occupied the
 country.[4] This information was readily given, and enabled him, with
@@ -596,7 +560,7 @@ CHAPTER XXI.
 
   The search for the veritable source of the Mississippi is
     resumed.--Ascent to Cass Lake, the prior point of
-    discovery--Pursue the river westerly, through the Andr�sian
+    discovery--Pursue the river westerly, through the Andrúsian
     Lakes and up the Metoswa Rapids, forty-five miles--Queen
     Anne's Lake                                                      223
 
@@ -616,7 +580,7 @@ CHAPTER XXIII.
 
 CHAPTER XXIV.
 
-  Descent of the west, or Itascan branch--Kakabiko�s Falls--Junction
+  Descent of the west, or Itascan branch--Kakabikoñs Falls--Junction
     of the Chemaun, Peniddiwin, or De Soto, and Allenoga
     Rivers--Return to Cass Lake                                      246
 
@@ -639,7 +603,7 @@ CHAPTER XXVII.
   Complete the exploration of the Crow-Wing River of
     Minnesota--Indian council--Reach St. Anthony's Falls--Council
     with the Sioux--Ascent and exploration of the River St. Croix
-    and Misakoda, or Broul�, of Lake Superior--Return of the party
+    and Misakoda, or Broulé, of Lake Superior--Return of the party
     to St. Mary's Falls, Michigan                                    265
 
 
@@ -717,7 +681,7 @@ Ontario, in 1680. He revisits Fort Crevecoeur late in the autumn of the
 following year, and finally descends the Illinois, to its junction with
 the Mississippi, and thence to the embouchure of the latter in the Gulf
 of Mexico, where he arrives on the 7th of April, 1683, and calculates
-the latitude between 23� and 24� north.
+the latitude between 23° and 24° north.
 
 The Spaniards had previously sought in vain for the mouth of this
 stream, and bestowed upon it, in anticipation, the name of Del Rio
@@ -1502,10 +1466,10 @@ column of water falling on the American side, there stood an enormous
 pyramid of snow, or congealed spray.
 
   [8] This is an Iroquois word, said to signify the thunder of waters.
-  The word, as pronounced by the Senecas, is Oni�garah. For additional
+  The word, as pronounced by the Senecas, is Oniágarah. For additional
   information on this subject, see _Notes on the Iroquois_, p. 453. The
   etymology of the word has not, however, been fully examined. It is
-  clear the pronunciation of the word in Goldsmith's day was Niag�ra.
+  clear the pronunciation of the word in Goldsmith's day was Niagára.
 
 What has been said by Goldsmith, and repeated by others, respecting the
 destructive influence of the Rapids above to ducks and water-fowl is
@@ -1787,7 +1751,7 @@ generally occupied by a single family, with their females, blankets,
 guns, fishing apparatus, and dogs. They evinced the most friendly
 disposition.
 
-In landing at Oak Point,[13] I observed a green snake (coluber �stivus)
+In landing at Oak Point,[13] I observed a green snake (coluber æstivus)
 in the act of swallowing a frog, which he had succeeded in taking down,
 except the extremity of its hind legs. A blow was sufficient to relieve
 the frog, which still had sufficient animation to hop towards the river.
@@ -2194,10 +2158,10 @@ peninsular fort, about 1780.
 The mineralogical features of the island are not without interest. I
 examined the large fragments of debris, which are still prominent, and
 which exhibit comparatively fresh fractures. The rock contains a portion
-of sparry matter, which is arranged in reticul�, filled with white
+of sparry matter, which is arranged in reticulæ, filled with white
 carbonate of lime, in such a state of loose disintegration that the
 weather soon converts it to the condition of agaric mineral. These
-reticul� are commonly in the slate of calcspar, crystallized in minute
+reticulæ are commonly in the slate of calcspar, crystallized in minute
 crystals. The stratum on which this loose formation rests is compact and
 firm, and agrees in structure with the encrinal limestone of Drummond
 Island and the Manitouline chain. But the vesicular stratum, which may
@@ -2334,8 +2298,8 @@ hundred and fifty permanent inhabitants.
 
 It is the seat of justice for the most northerly county of Michigan.
 According to the observation of Lieut. Evelith, the island lies in north
-latitude 45� 54�, which is only twenty-three minutes north of Montreal,
-as stated by Prof. Silliman.[23] It is in west longitude 7� 10� from
+latitude 45° 54´, which is only twenty-three minutes north of Montreal,
+as stated by Prof. Silliman.[23] It is in west longitude 7° 10´ from
 Washington.
 
   [23] Tour from Hartford to Quebec, p. 341.
@@ -2567,7 +2531,7 @@ mysterious cliffs and glens. The plural of this word, which is an
 animate plural, is _ong_, which is the ordinary form of all nouns ending
 in the vowel _o_. When the French came to write this, they cast away the
 Indian local in _ong_, changed the sound of _n_ to _l_, and gave the
-force _mack_ and _nack_, to _m�k_ and _n�k_. The vowel _e_, after the
+force _mack_ and _nack_, to _mök_ and _nök_. The vowel _e_, after the
 first syllable, is merely a connective in the Indian, and which is
 represented in the French orthography in this word by _i_. The ordinary
 interpretation of great turtle is, therefore, not widely amiss; but in
@@ -2607,7 +2571,7 @@ Michigan. This item alone shows the importance of the Indian trade,
 distinct from the question of furs.
 
 During the time we remained on this island, the atmosphere denoted a
-mean temperature of 55� Fahrenheit. The changes are often sudden and
+mean temperature of 55° Fahrenheit. The changes are often sudden and
 great. The island is subject to be enveloped in fogs, which frequently
 rise rapidly. These fogs are sometimes so dense, as to obscure
 completely objects at but a short distance. I visited Round Island one
@@ -2728,8 +2692,8 @@ killed would weigh eight pounds.
 
 Soon after coming out from this indentation of the lake, we came in
 sight of Point Detour, on turning which, from E. to N., we found no
-longer use for sails. Mackenzie places this point in north latitude 45�
-54�.
+longer use for sails. Mackenzie places this point in north latitude 45°
+54´.
 
 The geology of this coast appears manifest. Secondary compact limestone
 appears in place, in low situations, on the reef of Outard Island and
@@ -2830,7 +2794,7 @@ from the perilous position we were brought into next day.
 
 Meantime, we passed a quiet night in our tents, where the deep sound of
 the Falls fell on the wakeful ear, interspersed with the distant
-monotonous thump of the Indian t�w�egon. It required but little
+monotonous thump of the Indian täwäegon. It required but little
 observation, in the morning, to explore the village of St. Mary's. It
 consisted of some fifteen or twenty buildings of all sorts, occupied by
 descendants of the original French settlers, all of whom drew their
@@ -2892,7 +2856,7 @@ ready means of subsistence for the Indians who congregate here.
 The place was chiefly memorable in our tour, however, as the seat of the
 Chippewa power. To adjust the relations of the tribe with the United
 States, a council was convened with the chiefs on the day following our
-arrival. This council was assembled at the Governor's _marqu�e_, which
+arrival. This council was assembled at the Governor's _marquée_, which
 was graced by the national ensign, and prepared for the interview with
 the usual presents. The chiefs, clothed in their best habiliments, and
 arrayed in feathers and British medals, seated themselves, with their
@@ -2937,7 +2901,7 @@ harangue, and, assuming a savage wildness of air, appeared to produce a
 corresponding effect upon the other Indian speakers, and employed the
 strongest gesticulation. His address brought the deliberations to a
 close, after they had continued some hours, by a defiant tone; and, as
-he left the _marqu�e_, he kicked away the presents laid before the
+he left the _marquée_, he kicked away the presents laid before the
 council. Great agitation ensued. The council was then summarily
 dissolved, the Indians went to their hill, and we to our tents.
 
@@ -2985,12 +2949,12 @@ by eighty or a hundred Indian guns; but to behold an unarmed man walk
 boldly into their camp and seize the symbol of their power, betokened a
 cast of character which brought them to reflection. On one person in
 particular the act had a controlling effect. When it was told to the
-daughter of W�bojeeg (Mrs. Johnston), she told the chief that their
+daughter of Wäbojeeg (Mrs. Johnston), she told the chief that their
 meditated scheme of resistance to the Americans was madness; the day for
 such resistance was passed; and this man, Cass, had the air of a great
 man, and could carry his flag through the country. The party were also
 under the hospitality of her roof. She counselled peace. To these words
-Shingabowassin responded; he was seconded by Shingw�konce, or the Little
+Shingabowassin responded; he was seconded by Shingwäkonce, or the Little
 Pine. Of this effort we knew nothing at the moment, but the facts were
 afterwards learned. It was evident, before the day had passed, that a
 better state of feeling existed among the Indians. The chief
@@ -3165,7 +3129,7 @@ Two-Hearted River by the traders. The peculiarity of this stream
 consists in the union of two separate rivers, near the point of its
 outlet. Seven leagues beyond this spot brought us to the inlet called
 Grande Marais. Immediately west of this begins an elevated naked coast
-of sand-dunes, called Gitche N�gow,[43] or La Grande Sables. To
+of sand-dunes, called Gitche Nägow,[43] or La Grande Sables. To
 comprehend the geology of this coast, it is necessary to state that it
 consists of several heavy strata of the drift era, reaching a height of
 two or three hundred feet, with a precipitous front on the lake. The
@@ -3185,7 +3149,7 @@ agreeably to _voyageur_ estimates, are thus characterized by dunes.
 
   [42] From _oda_, a heart; _neezh_, two; and _seebe_, a river.
 
-  [43] From _n�gow_, sand; and _gitche_, great.
+  [43] From _nägow_, sand; and _gitche_, great.
 
 I found the sandstone formation of Cape Iroquois to reappear at the
 western termination of these heights on the open shores of the lake,
@@ -3202,9 +3166,9 @@ atmosphere assumed a calm and delightful aspect. It was eleven o'clock,
 however, before the waves sufficiently subsided to permit embarkation.
 Indeed, a perfect calm now ensued. This calm proved very favorable--as
 we discovered on proceeding three leagues--to our passing the elevated
-coast of precipitous rock, called Ishp�bec�,[44] and Pictured Rocks.
+coast of precipitous rock, called Ishpäbecä,[44] and Pictured Rocks.
 This coast, which extends twelve miles, consists of a gray sandstone,
-forming a series of perpendicular fa�ades, which have been fretted, by
+forming a series of perpendicular façades, which have been fretted, by
 the action of the waves, into the rude architecture of pillared masses,
 and open, cavernous arches. These caverns present their dark mouths to
 observation as the voyager passes. At one spot a small stream throws
@@ -3256,7 +3220,7 @@ where a curious flux and reflux of water is maintained. From this place,
 a line of sandstone coast was passed, northwardly, till reaching its
 terminus on the bay of Chocolate River. This is a large and deep bay,
 which it would have required a day's travel to circumnavigate. To avoid
-this, the men held their way directly across it, steering N. 70� W.,
+this, the men held their way directly across it, steering N. 70° W.,
 which, at the end of three leagues, brought us to Granite Point. Here
 we first struck the old crystalline rocks or primitive formation. This
 formation stretches from the north shores of the Gitche Sebeeng,[45] or
@@ -3361,10 +3325,10 @@ the objects sought, they became successful explorers. They had noticed
 my devotion to the topic, from the time of our passing the Islands of
 Shawangunk, Michilimackinac, and Flat-rock Point, in the basin of Lake
 Huron, where organic forms were chiselled from the rock; and bestowed on
-me the name of Pagu�b�kieg�.[47]
+me the name of Paguäbëkiegä.[47]
 
   [47] The equivalent of geologist or mineralogist, from _pagua_, a
-  tabular surface; _aubik_, a rock; and _�ga_, the active voice of the
+  tabular surface; _aubik_, a rock; and _ëga_, the active voice of the
   verb to strike.
 
 It turned out the next morning, that the whole of the baggage and
@@ -3416,7 +3380,7 @@ lake.
   pronoun _my_.
 
 Captain Douglass made observations for the latitude of the place, and
-determined it to be in north latitude 46� 52� 2��. The stationary
+determined it to be in north latitude 46° 52´ 2´´. The stationary
 distances of the route are given in the subjoined list, in which it may
 be observed that they are probably exaggerated about one-third by the
 voyagers and northwest traders, who always pride themselves on going
@@ -3463,7 +3427,7 @@ _Stationary Distances between Michilimackinac and the River Ontonagon._
     Little Salmon-Trout River                       9     374
     Graverod's River (small, with flat rocks at
       its mouth)                                    6     380
-    Rivi�re au Mis�re                              12     392
+    Rivière au Misère                              12     392
     Firesteel River                                18     410
     Ontonagon, or Coppermine River                  6     416
 
@@ -3551,7 +3515,7 @@ indeed, some compunction on leading whites to view their long
 superstitiously concealed mineral treasures. At one o'clock we came to
 an Indian path, leading directly to the place. The guides here sat down
 to await the party under Governor Cass, who were expected to join us at
-this spot. The thermometer at this hour stood at 90� in the shade of the
+this spot. The thermometer at this hour stood at 90° in the shade of the
 forest. We had not been long seated when the other party made their
 appearance; but the Governor had been so much exhausted by clambering up
 the river hills, that he determined to return to his point of landing in
@@ -3746,7 +3710,7 @@ distance of fifteen miles, we passed the Pewabik Seebe, or Iron River.
 This stream, after ascending it a couple of miles, is a mere torrent,
 pouring from the Porcupine Mountains, over a very rough bed of
 grauwakke, which forbids all navigation. At the computed distance of
-five leagues beyond this stream, we passed the river called Pus�bika, or
+five leagues beyond this stream, we passed the river called Pusábika, or
 Dented River, so called from standing rocks, which resemble broken human
 teeth. The Canadians, who, as previously remarked, appear to have had
 but a limited geographical vocabulary, called this Carp River,
@@ -3754,7 +3718,7 @@ neglectful of the fact that they had already bestowed the name on a
 small river which flows into the bay south of Granite Point.[55] We were
 now at the foot of the Kaug range, which is one vast upheaval of
 trap-rock, and has lifted the chocolate-colored sandstone, at its base,
-into a vertical position. The Pus�bika River originates in this high
+into a vertical position. The Pusábika River originates in this high
 trap range, from which it is precipitated, at successive leaps, to the
 level of the lake, the nearest of which, a cascade of forty feet, is
 within three miles of the river's mouth.
@@ -3906,7 +3870,7 @@ At eight o'clock in the evening we came to Cranberry River and encamped,
 having, by their estimation, come twenty-three miles. The evening was
 perfectly clear and calm, with a striking twilight, which was remarked
 all night. These lengthened twilights form a very observable feature as
-we proceed north. Mackenzie says that, in lat. 67� 47�, on the 11th of
+we proceed north. Mackenzie says that, in lat. 67° 47´, on the 11th of
 July, 1789, he saw the sun above the horizon at twelve o'clock P.M.
 
 The calmness and beauty of the night, and our chief's anxiety to press
@@ -3951,13 +3915,13 @@ tribe, were found in possession of it, on the arrival of the French,
 early in the seventeenth century, applied the same radical word to it
 which they bestow on the sea, namely, Gum-ee (Collected water), or, as
 it is sometimes pronounced, Gom-ee, or Go-ma; with this difference, that
-the adjective big (gitch�) prefixed to this term for Lake Superior, is
+the adjective big (gitchè) prefixed to this term for Lake Superior, is
 repeated when it is applied to the sea. The superlative is formed when
 it is meant to be very emphatic, in this language, by the repetition of
 the adjective; a principle, indeed, quite common to the Indian grammars
 generally. The word did not commend itself to French or English ears, so
 much as to lead to its adoption. By taking the syllable Al from
-Algonquin, as a prefix, instead of gitch�, we have the more poetic
+Algonquin, as a prefix, instead of gitchè, we have the more poetic
 combination of Algoma.
 
 Geographers have estimated the depth of this lake at nine hundred feet.
@@ -4074,10 +4038,10 @@ precipices and falls, with admiration, and often heard their roar on our
 path, when we were miles away from them. Capt. Douglass estimated the
 river to fall one hundred and eight feet during the first nine miles;
 and from estimates furnished me by Dr. Wolcott, the aggregate fall from
-the mouth of the Savann�, to that point, is two hundred and twelve feet.
+the mouth of the Savannè, to that point, is two hundred and twelve feet.
 We found the first part of the ascent of its banks very precipitous and
 difficult, particularly for the men who bore burdens, and what rendered
-the labor almost insupportable was the heat, which stood at 82�, in the
+the labor almost insupportable was the heat, which stood at 82°, in the
 shade, at noon. We made but five _pauses_ the first day; and were three
 days on the portage. It rained the second day, which added much to the
 difficulty of our progress. We now found ourselves, at every step,
@@ -4347,15 +4311,15 @@ find Gov. Cass, with some of his party, and a part of the baggage,
 already there; and by five o'clock in the afternoon the last of the
 latter, together with the canoes, arrived. And it was then, in the
 exhausted state of the men, and at so late an hour, concluded to encamp,
-and await the morning to commence the descent of the west Savann� to the
+and await the morning to commence the descent of the west Savannè to the
 lake.
 
 The expedition had, after we left them at the Portage aux Coteaux on the
 10th, and being thus relieved of our weight, urged its way up the river,
-with labor, about fifty-six miles, to the inlet of the east Savann�,
+with labor, about fifty-six miles, to the inlet of the east Savannè,
 having surmounted, in this distance, rapids of the aggregate estimated
 height of two hundred and twelve feet, which occupied two days. They
-then ascended the Savann� twenty-four miles, rising eighteen feet. The
+then ascended the Savannè twenty-four miles, rising eighteen feet. The
 portage, from water to water, is six miles. It commences in a tamarak
 swamp, from which the bog, in a dry season, has been burnt off, leaving
 the path a mass of mire. Trees and sticks have, from time to time, been
@@ -4385,7 +4349,7 @@ entirely composed of hornblende, all out of place, and exhibiting no
 signs of stratification, but evidently thrown confusedly together by the
 force of the current.
 
-"The Savann� River is about twenty yards broad at its junction with the
+"The Savannè River is about twenty yards broad at its junction with the
 St. Louis, but soon narrows to about half the breadth, which it retains
 until it forks at the distance of about twelve miles from its mouth. Its
 whole course runs through a low marshy meadow, the timbered land
@@ -4399,7 +4363,7 @@ is with great difficulty canoes can make their way through its windings;
 and the portage commences a mile or two from its source, which is in a
 tamarak swamp."
 
-The height of land between the east and west Savann�, Dr. Wolcott
+The height of land between the east and west Savannè, Dr. Wolcott
 estimates at about thirty feet. Adding to this elevation the estimates
 of Capt. Douglass, before mentioned, the entire elevation between the
 foot of the falls of the St. Louis and the apex of this summit is three
@@ -4533,7 +4497,7 @@ Indian's life, the greatest efforts are made to attain it.
 A word may be said as to the climate and soil of this region, and their
 adaptation to the purposes of agriculture. By the tables of temperature
 annexed (_vide_ Appendix), the mean solar heat, in the shade, during the
-time of our being in the country, is shown to be 67�. It is evident that
+time of our being in the country, is shown to be 67°. It is evident that
 it is the idle habits of the Indians, and no adverse circumstances of
 climate or soil, that prevent their raising crops for their subsistence.
 
@@ -4726,7 +4690,7 @@ advanced directly but one mile. I noticed, on the meadow at this spot, a
 small and very delicious species of raspberry, the plant not rising
 higher than three or four inches. This species, of which I preserved
 both the roots and fruit, I referred to Dr. J. Torrey, of New York, who
-pronounced it the Rebus Nutkanus of Mo�ino--a species found by this
+pronounced it the Rebus Nutkanus of Moçino--a species found by this
 observer in the Oregon regions. It is now known to occur eastwardly, to
 upper Michigan. As night approached on these elevated prairies, we
 observed for the first time the fire-fly.
@@ -4865,7 +4829,7 @@ shallow, but it is particularly so this season; and that it is not
 practicable to reach these remote sources of the river with boats, or
 large canoes of the size we have.
 
-  [73] Called Andr�sia. Expedition to Starca Lake in 1837.
+  [73] Called Andrúsia. Expedition to Starca Lake in 1837.
 
 On submitting these facts to the gentlemen composing his party, Governor
 Cass asked each one to give his views, beginning with the youngest, and
@@ -4885,7 +4849,7 @@ gentleman who had led us, to mark the event by naming this body of water
 in my journal Cassina, or Cass Lake. There was the more reason for this
 in the nomenclature of the geography of the upper Mississippi, by
 observing that it embraces another Red Cedar Lake. The latitude of upper
-Red Cedar, or Cass Lake, is placed by Pike at 47� 42�40��.[74] Its
+Red Cedar, or Cass Lake, is placed by Pike at 47° 42´40´´.[74] Its
 distance above Sandy Lake, by the involutions of the river, is two
 hundred and seventy miles, and from Fond du Lac, at the head of Lake
 Superior, by the travelled route, four hundred and thirty miles. It is
@@ -4912,7 +4876,7 @@ twenty-first of July of the following year, I reached its sources in
 this lake.
 
   [74] Nicollet, in the report of his exploration of 1836, places it in
-  47� 25� 23��.
+  47° 25´ 23´´.
 
   [75] _Vide_ Expedition to Stasca Lake in 1832.
 
@@ -4928,7 +4892,7 @@ miles, through natural meadows or savannas covered with wild rice,
 rushes, reeds and coarse grasses, and aquatic plants. During the
 distance, it is extremely devious in its course and width, often
 expanding into lakes which connect themselves through a vast system of
-reticulated channels. Leech Lake, Cass Lake, and Lake Andr�sia would
+reticulated channels. Leech Lake, Cass Lake, and Lake Andrúsia would
 themselves be regarded as small interior seas, were they on any other
 part of the continent but that which develops Superior, Michigan, Huron,
 Erie, and Ontario. Its velocity through the upper plateau is but little,
@@ -5017,7 +4981,7 @@ double that height.
 The river, at this point, enters a valley which is defined by rocky
 cliffs, which attain various elevations from one to three hundred feet,
 presenting a succession of picturesque or sublime views. In some places
-these cliffs present a precipitous and abrupt fa�ade, washed by the
+these cliffs present a precipitous and abrupt façade, washed by the
 current. In far the greatest number of cases, the eminence has lost its
 sharp angles through the effects of frosts, rains, and elemental action,
 leaving a slope of debris at the foot. As the river descends, it
@@ -5074,7 +5038,7 @@ water from entering.
 No attempt has heretofore been made to determine the elevation of that
 part of the American continent which gives rise to the Mississippi
 River. From the observations made on the expedition, the elevation is
-confessedly less than would _� priori_ be supposed. If it is not, like
+confessedly less than would _à priori_ be supposed. If it is not, like
 the Nile, cradled among mountains, whose very altitude and position are
 unknown, there is enough of the unknown about its origin to wish for
 more information. Originating on a vast continental plateau, or
@@ -5198,11 +5162,11 @@ Anthony. The distance to these falls is generally put by the traders at
 from five to six hundred miles. These estimates denote, however, rather
 the difficulties and time employed by days' journeys in the trade than
 any other measurements.[80] Pike states the latitude some thirteen
-minutes too far north. It is found to be 46� 47� 10��. It appears from
+minutes too far north. It is found to be 46° 47´ 10´´. It appears from
 Lieut. Pike (_Expt._ p. 60), that the stockade at this place was erected
 in 1794. Its elevation above the Gulf of Mexico is 1,253 feet. The soil
 of the environs yields excellent potatoes, and such culinary vegetables
-as have been tried. The mean temperature of July is denoted to be 73�.
+as have been tried. The mean temperature of July is denoted to be 73°.
 The post is one of importance in the fur trade. It yields the deer,
 moose, bear, beaver, otter, martin, muskrat, and some other species,
 whose skins or pelts are valuable.
@@ -5315,7 +5279,7 @@ which has a large island in its mouth, is a prime tributary with a
 large, full-flowing current, and must bring in one-third of the entire
 volume of water to this point.[83] Such is the effect of this current on
 the opposite shore, that, at the distance of a couple of leagues below,
-at a spot called _Prairie Perci�_ by the French, it appears to have
+at a spot called _Prairie Perciê_ by the French, it appears to have
 forced its way headlong, till, meeting obstructions from the primary
 rocks, it was again deflected south. At this point, the whole face of
 the country has an exceedingly sylvan aspect. It is made up of
@@ -5323,7 +5287,7 @@ far-stretching plains, covered with grass and wild flowers, interspersed
 with groves of oak, maple, and other species. The elevation of these
 beautiful plains, above the river, is not less than twenty to thirty
 feet, placing them above the reach of high waters. We were now passing
-below the latitude of 46�. Everything indicated a climate favorable to
+below the latitude of 46°. Everything indicated a climate favorable to
 the vegetable kingdom. While passing in the valley, through the fine
 bends which the river makes, through these plains, we came to a
 hunting-camp of probably one hundred and fifty Indians. They were
@@ -5341,7 +5305,7 @@ themselves, to approach on different sides the herd. Cautiously
 approaching, they fired; the effect was to alarm and divide them. Most
 of the herd pushed directly to the spot on the banks of the river, where
 the non-combatants of the party stood; and there arose a general firing,
-and _m�l�e_ of men and buffaloes, which made it quite doubtful, for
+and _mêlée_ of men and buffaloes, which made it quite doubtful, for
 awhile, who stood in greatest danger of being hit by the bullets, the
 men or animals. I am certain the bullets whizzed about the position I
 occupied on the top of the alluvial cliffs. None of the herd were,
@@ -5366,7 +5330,7 @@ quadrupeds.
 
 On descending the river two miles, the next morning, we found ourselves
 opposite the mouth of Elk River, a stream coming in from the west. This
-point has been determined to be but four minutes north of latitude 46�
+point has been determined to be but four minutes north of latitude 46°
 [_Sen. Doc._ 237]. A short distance below the river, we passed, on the
 west shore, the Painted Rock, an isolated or boulder mass, having Indian
 devices, which we had no opportunity of examining. We were now passing
@@ -5379,7 +5343,7 @@ of the stream is much compressed, and the velocity of its current
 increased. By what propriety of language it is called "falls" did not,
 however, appear; perhaps there are seasons when the descent assumes a
 greater degree of disturbance and velocity. To us, it appeared to be
-about ten feet in a hundred and fifty yards. Here, then, in N. lat. 46�,
+about ten feet in a hundred and fifty yards. Here, then, in N. lat. 46°,
 the Mississippi is first visibly crossed by the primary series of rocks.
 
 Being now in the region of buffalo, it was decided to land in the course
@@ -5480,7 +5444,7 @@ as the Falls of St. Anthony.
 
 On embarking, at an early hour, we found the humidity of the night
 atmosphere to be such, that articles left exposed to it were completely
-saturated. Yet, the temperature stood at 50� at half-past four o'clock,
+saturated. Yet, the temperature stood at 50° at half-past four o'clock,
 the moment of our embarkation. On descending six miles we passed the
 mouth of the Osakis, or Sac River, a considerable tributary from the
 west, which opens a line of communication with the Red River valley.
@@ -5630,10 +5594,10 @@ the soil and climate.[88]
 The distance of the St. Peter's from the Gulf of Mexico is estimated to
 be about two thousand two hundred miles. Its position above St. Louis is
 estimated at nine hundred miles. Its elevation above the Gulf is but 744
-feet. The precise latitude of this point is 44� 52� 46��.[89] The
+feet. The precise latitude of this point is 44° 52´ 46´´.[89] The
 atmosphere is represented as serene and transparent during the summer
 and spring seasons, and free from the humidity which is so objectionable
-a trait of our eastern latitudes. The mean temperature is 45�.[90] Its
+a trait of our eastern latitudes. The mean temperature is 45°.[90] Its
 geology and mineralogy will be noticed in my official reports. It will
 be sufficient here to say that the stratification, at and below St.
 Anthony's Falls, consists wholly of formations of sandstones and
@@ -5818,10 +5782,10 @@ estimated their numerical strength at twenty-one thousand six hundred
 and seventy-five; of which number he computed three thousand eight
 hundred to be warriors. They consist of six or seven independent tribes,
 or sub-tribes, bearing different names, who occupy most of the country
-between the Mississippi and Missouri, between N. latitude 43� and 46�.
-The Mendawekanto�s are located on the Mississippi, below the Falls of
-St. Anthony and the mouth of the St. Peter's. The Sessito�s and Yankto�s
-occupy the upper waters of the St. Peter's. The Tito�s only extend west
+between the Mississippi and Missouri, between N. latitude 43° and 46°.
+The Mendawekantoñs are located on the Mississippi, below the Falls of
+St. Anthony and the mouth of the St. Peter's. The Sessitoñs and Yanktoñs
+occupy the upper waters of the St. Peter's. The Titoñs only extend west
 of the Missouri. The several tribes regard themselves as a confederacy,
 which is the signification of the term Dacota. They do not acknowledge
 the name of Sioux as an Indian word. We first hear of them from the
@@ -5939,7 +5903,7 @@ The next morning we embarked at 5 o'clock. On descending the river six
 miles, we passed the mouth of the St. Croix.[97] This stream heads on
 high lands, which form a rim of hills around the southern and western
 shores of Lake Superior, where it is connected with the River Misacoda,
-or Broul� of Fond du Lac. The Namakagon, its southern branch of it, is
+or Broulè of Fond du Lac. The Namakagon, its southern branch of it, is
 connected with the Maskigo,[98] or Mauvais River of La Pointe, Lake
 Superior. Immediately above its point of entrance into the Mississippi
 the St. Croix expands into a beautiful lake, which is some twelve miles
@@ -6172,7 +6136,7 @@ picketed in, as if they were intended for defence. It is called
 Kipisagee by the Chippewas and Algonquin tribes generally, meaning the
 place of the jet or outflow of the (Wisconsin) River. It is, in popular
 parlance, estimated to be 300 miles below St. Peter's, and 600 above St.
-Louis.[106] Its latitude is 43� 3� 6��. It is the seat of justice for
+Louis.[106] Its latitude is 43° 3´ 6´´. It is the seat of justice for
 Crawford County, having been so named in, honor of W. H. Crawford,
 Secretary of the Treasury of the U. S. It is, together with all the
 region west of Lake Michigan, attached to the territory of Michigan.
@@ -6404,7 +6368,7 @@ part, of desulphuretted ore, for which they receive a dollar per bushel.
 
 There are three mines in addition to those above mentioned, situated
 upon the Upper Mississippi, which are worked by the Indians. They are
-located at Sinsinaway, at Rivi�re au Fevre, and at the Little Makokety.
+located at Sinsinaway, at Rivière au Fevre, and at the Little Makokety.
 1. Sinsinaway mines. They are situated fifteen miles below Aquoqua's
 Village, on the east shore of the Mississippi, at the junction of the
 Sinsinaway River. 2. Mine au Fevre. Situated on the River au Fevre,
@@ -6591,7 +6555,7 @@ tracing the shores of the Mississippi, I found the rolled and hard
 agates and other quartz species, which characterize the pebble-drift of
 its sources, still present in the down-flowing shore-drift.
 
-The aboriginal name of this place is Kipes�gi, an Algonquin word, which
+The aboriginal name of this place is Kipesági, an Algonquin word, which
 is applied to the mouth or outflow of the Wisconsin River. It appears to
 be based on the verb _kipa_, to be thick or turbid, and _sauge_,
 outflow--the river at its floods, being but little else than a moving
@@ -6608,7 +6572,7 @@ mingles itself in its mighty recipient without disturbance. But it is
 easy to conceive, what the Indians affirm, that in its floods it is a
 strong and turbid mass of moving waters, against which nothing can
 stand. This character of the stream is believed, indeed, to be the
-origin of the Indian name of Wisconsin. Miskaw�gumi, means a strong or
+origin of the Indian name of Wisconsin. Miskawägumi, means a strong or
 mixed water, or liquid. By adding to this word _totoshabo_ (milk), the
 meaning is coagulated or turning milk; it is often used to mean brandy,
 which is then called strong water; by adding _iscodawabo_, the meaning
@@ -6889,13 +6853,13 @@ deposits of sulphuret of lead.
 The next morning, we resumed our descent of the Fox River with
 difficulty. It was now the 19th of August, and the waters had reached
 their lowest summer stage. The entire distance of twelve miles from the
-Konamik to the K�kala fall may be deemed to be, at this season, a
+Konamik to the Kákala fall may be deemed to be, at this season, a
 continuous rapid. Our barge was abandoned on the rapids. While the men
 toiled in these rapids to get down their canoes, it was found rather a
 privilege to walk, for it gave a more ample opportunity to examine the
 mineral structure and productions of the country.
 
-It was high noon when we reached the rapids of the K�kala. This is a
+It was high noon when we reached the rapids of the Kákala. This is a
 formidable rapid, at which the river rushes with furious velocity down a
 rocky bed, which it seems impossible boats or canoes should ever safely
 descend. It demands a portage to be made, under all circumstances, the
@@ -6913,7 +6877,7 @@ fertile plain, which appeared to have been in cultivation from the
 earliest Indian period. Probably it had been a locality for the tribes,
 where they raised their favorite maize, long before the French first
 reached the waters of Green Bay. Evidence of such antiquity in the plain
-of K�kala appeared in an ancient cemetery of a circular shape, situated
+of Kákala appeared in an ancient cemetery of a circular shape, situated
 on one side of the road, on a comparatively large surface, which had
 reached the height of some eight or ten feet, by the mere accumulation
 of graves. This has all the appearance of a sepulchral mound, in the
@@ -6931,7 +6895,7 @@ its lowest summer level, its shores disclosed almost innumerable species
 of unios, many of which had been manifestly dragged to the shores and
 opened by the muskrat, thus serving to give hints for finding the living
 species. Among these, the U. obliqua, U. cornutus, U. ellipticus, U.
-carinatus, U. Alatus, U. pr�longus, and U. parvus, were conspicuous; the
+carinatus, U. Alatus, U. prælongus, and U. parvus, were conspicuous; the
 latter of which, it is remarked by Mr. Barnes, is the smallest and most
 beautiful of all the genus yet discovered in America.[123] In the
 duplicates, from this part of the Fox River, transmitted to Mr. Isaac
@@ -6947,8 +6911,8 @@ valve, single, and rising from a pit in the right; lateral teeth
 elevated, straight, and lamellar; anterior cicatrices distinct,
 posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal cicatrices within the cavity of
 the shell on the base of the cardinal tooth; cavity of the beaks angular
-and deep; nacre pearly white and iridescent. Diameter �7, length 1�1,
-breadth 1�3 inches."
+and deep; nacre pearly white and iridescent. Diameter ·7, length 1·1,
+breadth 1·3 inches."
 
   [123] Amer. Journ. Science, vol. vi. pp. 120, 259, &c.
 
@@ -7239,7 +7203,7 @@ the fertility of the soil, along the banks of that stream, being the
 characteristic trait which is described in the Indian compound.
 
   [131] Milwaukie is the principal city of the State of Wisconsin. It
-  lies in latitude 43� 3� 45�� North. It is ninety miles north of
+  lies in latitude 43° 3´ 45´´ North. It is ninety miles north of
   Chicago and seventy-five east from Madison. It contains thirty
   churches, five public high schools, two academies, five orphan
   asylums, and other benevolent institutions, seven daily and seven
@@ -7337,7 +7301,7 @@ in the shore line of sand, is wholly wanting in the original.
   be limited, or can scarcely be estimated. It began to be built about
   1831, eleven years after this visit. It was incorporated as a city in
   1836, with 4,853 inhabitants. In 1850, it had 29,963, and it is now
-  estimated to exceed 60,000. This city lies in lat. 41� 52� 20��. It
+  estimated to exceed 60,000. This city lies in lat. 41° 52´ 20´´. It
   is connected by lakes, canals, and railroads, with the most distant
   regions. Its imports and exports the last year, were twenty millions.
   Like all the cities and towns of America, its political and moral
@@ -7453,7 +7417,7 @@ and furnished the principal facts of this narrative.
   [138] Gouverneur Morris recites a similar incident at the battle of
   Oriskany, in 1777.--_Coll. New York Hist. Soc._
 
-The morning (Sept. 1) opened with a perfect gale, and we were _degrad�_,
+The morning (Sept. 1) opened with a perfect gale, and we were _degradè_,
 to use a Canadian term, all day; the waves dashed against the shore with
 a violence that made it impossible to take the lake with canoes, and
 would have rendered it perilous even to a large vessel. This violence
@@ -7484,7 +7448,7 @@ twelve miles beyond it.
   (in 1853) 2,353 inhabitants.
 
 We had been travelling on a slightly curved line from Chicago to the
-spot, in the latitude of 41� 52� 20��, and had now reached a point where
+spot, in the latitude of 41° 52´ 20´´, and had now reached a point where
 the course tends more directly to the northeast and north. By the best
 accounts, the length of Lake Michigan, lying directly from south to
 north, is four hundred miles. There is no other lake in America, north
@@ -7623,7 +7587,7 @@ reliable locality.
 
 [Illustration: Petrified leaf of the _Fagus Ferruginea_.]
 
-Of the flor� and fauna we had been observant, but the sandy character of
+Of the floræ and fauna we had been observant, but the sandy character of
 the mere coast line greatly narrowed the former, in which Captain
 Douglass found but little to preserve, beyond the parnassia caroliniana
 and seottia cerna.[143] The fury of the waves renders it a region wholly
@@ -7685,7 +7649,7 @@ traversed a coast line of fifty-seven miles, and were glad, after a
 refreshing cup of tea and our usual meal, to retire to our pallets.
 
   [145] Little Fox Point. This word comes from _Wagoush_, a fox, and
-  the denominative inflection a _ainc_ or _ai�s_.
+  the denominative inflection a _ainc_ or _aiñs_.
 
 The next morning revealed our position. We were at the ancient site of
 old Michilimackinac--a spot celebrated in the early missionary annals
@@ -8175,7 +8139,7 @@ CHAPTER XXI.
 
   The search for the veritable source of the Mississippi is
     resumed.--Ascent to Cass Lake, the prior point of
-    discovery--Pursue the river westerly, through the Andr�sian Lakes
+    discovery--Pursue the river westerly, through the Andrúsian Lakes
     and up the Metoswa Rapids, forty-five miles--Queen Anne's Lake.
 
 
@@ -8197,7 +8161,7 @@ These instructions did not require the broad table-lands on which the
 river originates to be visited, though the journey connected itself with
 preliminary questions; nor was it found practicable to extend the
 geographical examinations, in the Mississippi Valley, beyond about
-latitude 44�.
+latitude 44°.
 
 The force designed for this expedition consisted of twenty-seven men,
 including a botanist and geologist, and a small military party under
@@ -8246,7 +8210,7 @@ necessity of an official visit to that section of the country, where the
 Indians were in turmoil; but stated, at the same time, that the waters
 were too low in the streams at the sources of the Mississippi to render
 explorations practicable. He also represented it impracticable, this
-season, to enter the Mississippi by the way of the _Broul�_, or Misakoda
+season, to enter the Mississippi by the way of the _Broulé_, or Misakoda
 River. This information was confirmed on reaching Chegoimegon, at the
 remarkable group of the Confederation Islands (_ante_, p. 105).
 Returning eight miles on my track, I entered the Muskigo, or Mauvais
@@ -8347,8 +8311,8 @@ the season than Governor Cass, having been exactly one day less in
 traversing the long line of intervening country from Sault de Ste.
 Marie. I proceeded directly to Grand Isle, the residence of a Chippewa
 band numbering 157 persons. This island was found to have a fertile
-soil, where they had always raised the zea maize. Its latitude is 47�
-25� 23��. Not only had I reached this point ten days earlier in the
+soil, where they had always raised the zea maize. Its latitude is 47°
+25´ 23´´. Not only had I reached this point ten days earlier in the
 month than the expedition of 1820, but it was found that the state of
 the water on these summits was very favorable to their ascent.
 Ozawindib,[156] the Chippewa chief, said that his hunting-grounds
@@ -8359,7 +8323,7 @@ this island, with the heavy canoes, provisions, and baggage, leaving
 the camp in charge of Louis Default, a trusty man, of the _metif_ class,
 well acquainted with the Indian language, who had been a guide in 1820,
 and to make explorations, in the lightest class of Indian canoes,
-provisioned for an _�lite_ movement. Lieutenant Allen also determined to
+provisioned for an _élite_ movement. Lieutenant Allen also determined to
 encamp the United States soldiers of the party, leaving them under a
 sergeant. To give each gentleman of the party an opportunity of joining
 in this movement, it was necessary to procure five hunting canoes, which
@@ -8384,19 +8348,19 @@ winds about, through a natural meadow, for many miles before its
 debouchure. The chief, who was familiar with this feature, carried me to
 a fifty yards portage, by which we saved some miles of paddling. We
 reached the Mississippi at a place where it expands into an elongated
-lake, for which I heard no name, and which I called Lake Andr�sia.[158]
+lake, for which I heard no name, and which I called Lake Andrúsia.[158]
 After passing through this, the river appeared very much in size and
 volume as it had on the outlet below Cass Lake. It winds its way through
 the same species of natural meadows, during which there is but little
 current. On ascending this channel but a short distance, the river is
 found to display itself in a second lake--which the natives call
 Pamitascodiac[159]--which, in general appearance and character, may be
-deemed the twin of Lake Andr�sia. On its upper margin, a tract of
+deemed the twin of Lake Andrúsia. On its upper margin, a tract of
 prairie land appears, of a sandy character, bearing scattered pines.
 This appears to be the particular feature alluded to by the Indian name.
 About four miles above this lake, and say fifteen from Cass Lake, the
 rapids commence. It was eight o'clock A. M. when we reached this point,
-and we had then been four hours in our canoes from the Andr�sia portage.
+and we had then been four hours in our canoes from the Andrúsia portage.
 These rapids soon proved themselves to be formidable. Boulders of the
 geological drift period are frequently encountered in ascending them,
 and the river spreads itself over so considerable a surface that it
@@ -8409,7 +8373,7 @@ was the vegetation here, that the camp-fire spread in the grass and
 leaves, and it required some activity in the men to prevent its burning
 the baggage. There were ten of these rapids encountered before we
 reached the summit, or plateau, of Lake Pemidjegumaug, which is the _Lac
-Traverse_ of the French. These were called the Met�swa rapids, from the
+Traverse_ of the French. These were called the Metóswa rapids, from the
 Indian numeral for ten.
 
   [158] From Andrew Jackson, at that time President of the United
@@ -8427,7 +8391,7 @@ Anne's Lake.[160] It is a clear and beautiful sheet of water, twelve
 miles in length, from east to west, and six or seven broad, with an open
 forest of hard wood. It is distant forty-five miles from Cass Lake, and
 lies at an elevation of fifty-four feet above that lake, and of 1,456
-feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The latitude is 47� 28� 46��. The
+feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The latitude is 47° 28´ 46´´. The
 peculiarity recognized by the Indian name of Pemidjegumaug, or
 Crosswater, is found to consist in the entrance of the Mississippi into
 its extreme south end, and its passage through or across part of it, at
@@ -8476,8 +8440,8 @@ spreading transversely to our track, to which I gave the name of Irving.
 Ozawindib held his way directly south through this body of water,
 striking the river again on its opposite shore. We had proceeded but
 half a mile above this lake, when it was announced that we had reached
-the primary forks of the Mississippi. We were now in latitude 47� 28�
-46��. Up to this point, the river had carried its characteristics in a
+the primary forks of the Mississippi. We were now in latitude 47° 28´
+46´´. Up to this point, the river had carried its characteristics in a
 remarkable manner. Of the two primary streams before us, the one flowing
 from the west, or the Itascan fork, contributes by far the largest
 volume of water, possessing the greatest velocity and breadth of
@@ -8488,8 +8452,8 @@ varies but little from due south, as denoted in the diagram.
   expedition of 1820, at an island in Thunder Bay of Lake Huron. _Vide_
   p. 55.
 
-[Illustration: Primary forks of the Mississippi River, in lat. 47� 28�
-46��.]
+[Illustration: Primary forks of the Mississippi River, in lat. 47° 28´
+46´´.]
 
 Ozawindib hesitated not a moment which branch to ascend, but shooting
 his canoe out of the stronger current of the Itascan fork, entered the
@@ -8839,20 +8803,20 @@ receives a small brook. Lieutenant Allen, who estimates the greatest
 length of the lake at seven miles, drew the following sketch of its
 configuration. (See p. 243.)
 
-The latitude of this lake is 47� 13� 35��.[162] The highest grounds
+The latitude of this lake is 47° 13´ 35´´.[162] The highest grounds
 passed over by us, in our transit from the Assowa Lake, lie at an
 elevation of 1,695 feet. The view given of the scene in the first
 volume of my _Ethnological Researches_, p. 146, is taken from a point
 north of the island, looking into the vista of the south arm of the
 lake. I inquired of Ozawindib the Indian name of this lake; he replied
-_Omushk�s_, which is the Chippewa name of the Elk.[163] Having
+_Omushkös_, which is the Chippewa name of the Elk.[163] Having
 previously got an inkling of some of their mythological and necromantic
 notions of the origin and mutations of the country, which permitted the
 use of a female name for it, I denominated it ITASCA.[164]
 
   [162] By the report of Governor Stevens (June, 1854), the selected
   pass for the contemplated railroad through the St. Mary to the
-  Columbia valley is in 47� 30�, where there is but little snow at any
+  Columbia valley is in 47° 30´, where there is but little snow at any
   time, and rich pasturage for cattle. The phenomena of the climates of
   our northern latitudes are but little understood.
 
@@ -8939,7 +8903,7 @@ American geography, we have known this river, computing from the era of
 Marquette's discovery to the present day (July 13, 1832), but one
 hundred and fifty-nine years--a short period, indeed! How rich a portion
 of the geology of the globe lies buried in the flora and fauna of the
-tertiary, the middle or secondary, and the pal�ozoic eras of its valley,
+tertiary, the middle or secondary, and the palæozoic eras of its valley,
 we have hardly begun to inquire. It will, _doubtless_, and, so far as we
 know, _does_, contribute evidences to the antiquity and mutations of the
 earth's surface, conformably to the progress of discoveries in other
@@ -8962,7 +8926,7 @@ involved in the gigantic and monster-period.
 
 CHAPTER XXIV.
 
-  Descent of the west, or Itascan branch--Kakabiko�s Falls--Junction of
+  Descent of the west, or Itascan branch--Kakabikoñs Falls--Junction of
     the Chemaun, Peniddiwin, or De Soto, and Allenoga Rivers--Return
     to Cass Lake.
 
@@ -8980,7 +8944,7 @@ I observed a new species, which Mr. Cooper has described as planorbis
 companulatus.[168] There were bones of certain species of fish, as well
 as the bucklers of one or two kinds of tortoise, scattered around the
 sites of old Indian camp fires, denoting so many points of its natural
-history. Amidst the forest-trees before named, the betula papyrace� and
+history. Amidst the forest-trees before named, the betula papyraceæ and
 spruce were observed. Directing one of the latter to be cut down, and
 prepared as a flagstaff, I caused the United States flag to be hoisted
 on it. This symbol was left flying at our departure. Ozawindib, who at
@@ -9018,9 +8982,9 @@ The next morning (14th), we were again in our canoes before five
 o'clock. The severe rapids continued, and were rendered more dangerous
 by limbs of trees which stretched over the stream, threatening to sweep
 off everything that was movable. We had been one hour passing down a
-perfect defile of rapids, when we approached the Kakabiko�s Falls.
-_Kak�bik_,[169] in the Chippewa, means a cascade, or shoot of water over
-rocks. _O�s_ is merely the diminutive, to which all the nouns of this
+perfect defile of rapids, when we approached the Kakabikoñs Falls.
+_Kakábik_,[169] in the Chippewa, means a cascade, or shoot of water over
+rocks. _Oñs_ is merely the diminutive, to which all the nouns of this
 language are subject. How formidable this little cataract might be, we
 could not tell. It appeared to be a swift rush of water, bolting through
 a narrow gorge, without a perpendicular drop, and Ozawindib said it
@@ -9038,7 +9002,7 @@ men clutched about, and managed to save the canoe. Fortunately, I had a
 fine instrument to replace the lost compass, though wanting the nautical
 rig of the other.
 
-  [169] Kak�bik. _Abik_ is a rock. The prefixed syllable, _Kak_, may be
+  [169] Kakábik. _Abik_ is a rock. The prefixed syllable, _Kak_, may be
   derived from _Kukidjewum_, a rapid stream. _Ka_ is often a prefix of
   negation in compound words, which has the force of a derogative.
 
@@ -9120,7 +9084,7 @@ putting the Iroquois local terminal in _oga_ to the name of the worthy
 officer who traced out the first true map of the actual sources of the
 Mississippi.[173] We passed the influx of the east fork, about half-past
 one A. M. on the 15th, traversed the Lake of Queen Anne, and descended
-the whole series of the Metoswa rapids, to Lake Andr�sia, by the hour of
+the whole series of the Metoswa rapids, to Lake Andrúsia, by the hour of
 daybreak, and reached the island of my primary encampment, in Cass Lake,
 at nine o'clock in the morning. We had been eleven hours and a half in
 our canoes, from the time of re-embarkation at the camp above Allenoga.
@@ -9303,7 +9267,7 @@ stern of each vessel, by an escort of soldiery, and by presents, and the
 services of a physician to arrest one of the most fatal of diseases
 which have ever afflicted the Indian race. But I carried them fearlessly
 and openly, with the avowed purpose of peace. The canoe, itself, was an
-emblem of this authority, and, like the _oriflamme_ of the Medi�val
+emblem of this authority, and, like the _oriflamme_ of the Mediæval
 Ages, cast an auspicious influence on my mission over these bleak and
 wide summits, lakes, and forests, inhabited alone by fierce and
 predatory tribes, who acknowledged no power but force. Long before I had
@@ -9314,7 +9278,7 @@ Chicago.
 
 Lieut. Allen paraded his men that morning with burnished arms. We could
 not, jointly, in an emergency, muster over forty men, of whom a part
-were not reliable in a mel�e, but arranged our camp in the best manner
+were not reliable in a melée, but arranged our camp in the best manner
 to produce effect. Effect, indeed, it required, when the hour of the
 council came. Not less than one thousand souls, men, women, and
 children, surrounded my tent, including a special deputation from the
@@ -9494,10 +9458,10 @@ the men, with great difficulty, and by cutting away acute turns of the
 bank with their paddles, made way to force the canoes into Little Long
 Lake, which we were twenty-four minutes in crossing. The outlet from
 this lake expanded, at successive intervals, into three pond-like lakes,
-redolent with the nymph� valerata; the series terminating in a fourth
+redolent with the nymphæ valerata; the series terminating in a fourth
 lake, lying at the foot of elevated lands, which was called the Lake of
 the Mountain. At the head of the latter, we debarked on a shaking bog.
-At this spot commences the portage _Pl�_, which lies over a woodless and
+At this spot commences the portage _Plé_, which lies over a woodless and
 bleak hill. It is short and abrupt, and terminates on the banks of a
 deep bowl-shaped lake, where we took breakfast at twelve o'clock. We
 were now at the foot of elevated lands. Here began the mountain portage,
@@ -9554,16 +9518,16 @@ lake, called Little Vermilion, which is fringed with a growth of birch
 and aspen, with pines in the distance. Its outlet is fully doubled in
 width, and we had henceforth no more embarrassment in descending. This
 outlet is pursued about eight miles. I noticed the tamarack on its
-banks, and the nymph� odorata, scirpus lacustris, and Indian reed on the
+banks, and the nymphæ odorata, scirpus lacustris, and Indian reed on the
 margin. It expands into Birch Lake, a clear sheet, about one mile long,
 with pebbly bottom, interspersed with boulders. A short outlet, in which
-we passed a broken fish-dam, connects it with Lac Pl�. This lake is
+we passed a broken fish-dam, connects it with Lac Plè. This lake is
 about three and a half miles long, exhibiting a portion of prairie on
 its shores, interspersed with small pines. From it, there is a portage
 to Ottertail Lake, the eastern source of Red River. This is the common
 war road of the Mukundwa against the Sioux.
 
-On coming out of Lac Pl�, freshwater shells began to show themselves,
+On coming out of Lac Plè, freshwater shells began to show themselves,
 chiefly species of naiades, a feature in the natural history of this
 stream which is afterwards common; but I observed none of much size, and
 they are often greatly decorticated. Four or five miles lower, we
@@ -9595,7 +9559,7 @@ subsided, so sudden was its development. A short distance below this,
 the river makes its tenth evolution, in the shape of a lake, on which,
 as my Indian maps gave no name, I bestowed the name of _Illigan_.[183]
 
-  [183] From _inin�eg_, men, and _sugiegan_, lake, signs of a war party
+  [183] From _ininéeg_, men, and _sugiegan_, lake, signs of a war party
   having been discovered at this place. In this derivative, the usual
   transition of _n_ to _l_ of the old Algonquin is made.
 
@@ -9606,7 +9570,7 @@ CHAPTER XXVII.
 
   Complete the exploration of the Crow-Wing River of Minnesota--Indian
     council--Reach St. Anthony's Falls--Council with the Sioux--Ascent
-    and exploration of the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broul�, of
+    and exploration of the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broulé, of
     Lake Superior--Return of the party to St. Mary's Falls, Michigan.
 
 
@@ -9723,7 +9687,7 @@ my arrival. They numbered 280 souls, of whom 60 were warriors.
 
   [188] CROW-WING RIVER.--This stream is the largest tributary of the
   Mississippi above the falls of St. Anthony. It enters the Mississippi
-  in lat. 46� 15� 50��, 180 miles above the latter, and 145 miles below
+  in lat. 46° 15´ 50´´, 180 miles above the latter, and 145 miles below
   Sandy Lake. Government first explored it, in 1832, from its source in
   Lake Kaginogumaug to its mouth, and an accurate map of its channel,
   and its eleven lakes, was made by Lieut. Allen, U. S. A., who
@@ -9816,7 +9780,7 @@ greenstone of the Lake Superior system, and were now to ascend a
 valley, in which a heavy diluvial drift and boulder stratum rested on
 this broken and angular basis.[194] On reaching the summit of the St.
 Croix, there are found vast plateaux of sand, supporting pine forests;
-and on descending the Misakoda, or Brul� of Fond du Lac, the sandstone
+and on descending the Misakoda, or Brulé of Fond du Lac, the sandstone
 strata of that basin are again encountered. This ascent was rendered
 arduous, from the low state of the water. I reached Snake River on the
 30th, had an interview with the Buffalo chief (Pezhikee) and his
@@ -9885,7 +9849,7 @@ is not, however, of artificial construction. This river, with its
 dependencies of Lac Vaseux, Rice Lake, and Yellow Lake, contains a
 Chippewa population of three hundred and eighty-two souls. We observed
 here the unio purpureus, which the Indians use for spoons, after rubbing
-off the alat� and rounding the margin. We also examined the skin of the
+off the alatæ and rounding the margin. We also examined the skin of the
 sciurus tredacem striatus of Mitchill.
 
 We reached the forks of the St. Croix about two o'clock P. M. The
@@ -9910,7 +9874,7 @@ bands, for bringing the Sioux and Chippewas into more intimate and
 permanent relations of peace and friendship.
 
 With respect to the ascent of the St. Croix, in the direction of the
-Brul�, his exclamation was _iskutta-iskutta_, meaning it is dried up, or
+Brulé, his exclamation was _iskutta-iskutta_, meaning it is dried up, or
 there is no water. Dry the channel, indeed, looked, but by leading the
 canoes around the shoals, all the men walking in the water, and picking
 out channels, we advanced about seven miles before the time of
@@ -9920,31 +9884,31 @@ similar series of embarrassments from very low water, rapid succeeding
 to rapid, till two o'clock P. M., when we reached the summit of a
 plateau, and found still water and comparatively good navigation. Five
 hours canoeing on this summit brought us to Kabamappa's village at the
-Namakow�gon, or sturgeon's dam, where we encamped. The chief gave us his
+Namakowágon, or sturgeon's dam, where we encamped. The chief gave us his
 population at 88 souls, of whom 28 were men, including the minor chief,
 Mukudapenas,[196] and his men. We had now got above all the strong
 rapids, and proceeded from our encampment at four o'clock, A. M., on the
 2d. The river receives two tributaries, from the right hand, on this
 summit, namely, the Buffalo and Clearwater, and, at the distance of
-about ten miles above the Namakow�gon, is found to be expanded in a
+about ten miles above the Namakowágon, is found to be expanded in a
 handsome lake of about six miles in extent, called Lake St. Croix. This
 is the source of the river. We were favored with a fair wind in passing
 over it, and having reached its head debarked on a marshy margin, and
-immediately commenced the portage to the Brul�, or Misakoda River.[197]
+immediately commenced the portage to the Brulé, or Misakoda River.[197]
 
   [196] From _mukuda_, black, and _penaisee_, a bird, the name of the
   rail.
 
   [197] From _misk_, red or colored, _muscoda_, a plain, and _auk_, a
   dead standing tree, as a tree burned by fire or lightning. From the
-  French translation of the word, by the phrase _Brul�_; the Indian
+  French translation of the word, by the phrase _Brulé_; the Indian
   meaning is clearly shown to be burnt, scorched, or parched--a term
   which is applied to metifs of the mixed race.
 
 I had now reached the summit between the St. Croix and Lake Superior.
 The elevation of this summit has not been scientifically determined; but
-from the great fall of the Brul�, cannot be less than 600 feet. The
-length of the Brul� is about 100 miles, in which there are 240 distinct
+from the great fall of the Brulé, cannot be less than 600 feet. The
+length of the Brulé is about 100 miles, in which there are 240 distinct
 rapids. Some of these are from eight to ten feet each. Four of them
 require portages, at which all the canoes are discharged. The river
 itself, on looking down it, appears to be a perfect torrent, foaming and
@@ -10253,7 +10217,7 @@ more competent to make, his work will rank among the most important
 accessions which have ever been made to our national literature.
 
 From the Ontonagon we proceeded to the Fond du Lac, passing the mouths
-of the Montreal, Mauvais, and Brul� Rivers, and entered the mouth of the
+of the Montreal, Mauvais, and Brulé Rivers, and entered the mouth of the
 St. Louis, or Fond du Lac River, which forms the most considerable water
 communication between Lake Superior and the Mississippi.
 
@@ -10278,7 +10242,7 @@ upon the western part of the coast, are numerous; and there is reason to
 suppose that silver, in small quantities, has been found.
 
 The communication by the Montreal with the Chippewa River, and by the
-Mauvais and Brul� Rivers with the St. Croix, is difficult and
+Mauvais and Brulé Rivers with the St. Croix, is difficult and
 precarious. The routes are interrupted by long, numerous, and tedious
 portages, across which the boats and all their contents are transported
 by the men. It is doubtful whether their communication can ever be much
@@ -10466,7 +10430,7 @@ could descend to the Mississippi, and thence to St. Peter's.[201]
 The St. Croix and Chippewa Rivers, entering the Mississippi above and
 below the Falls of St. Anthony, might, in like manner, be explored by
 parties from the same post.[202] The former interlocks with the Mauvais
-and Brul� Rivers, but a descent into Lake Superior would not probably be
+and Brulé Rivers, but a descent into Lake Superior would not probably be
 considered expedient, so that the party would necessarily ascend and
 descend the same stream.[202]
 
@@ -10577,7 +10541,7 @@ Expedition of 1820._ By DAVID B. DOUGLASS, Capt. Engineers, U.S.A.
             {                                           }
     Mean    {By 1 set of observations at Gibraltar      }
   latitude  {  Island (Put-in Bay), taken, like the     }
-     of     {  preceding, in 1819, and reduced as       } 42� 19� 20��
+     of     {  preceding, in 1819, and reduced as       } 42° 19´ 20´´
    Detroit  {  before                                   }
             {                                           }
             {By 1 set of observations taken on          }
@@ -10672,7 +10636,7 @@ Expedition of 1820._ By DAVID B. DOUGLASS, Capt. Engineers, U.S.A.
   Latitude of Fort Prairie du Chien, Aug. 6 and 7.        43  03  19[206]
 
   Latitude of Fox and Ouisconsin Portage, Aug.
-    14 and 15, 43� 42� 36��; say                          43  42  00
+    14 and 15, 43° 42´ 36´´; say                          43  42  00
 
   Latitude of camp near mouth of River De Loup,
     Aug. 17                                               44   6  44
@@ -10680,7 +10644,7 @@ Expedition of 1820._ By DAVID B. DOUGLASS, Capt. Engineers, U.S.A.
   Latitude of Fort Howard, Green Bay, Aug. 21             44  31  38
 
   Longitude of Fort Howard (some error), probably
-    between 87� 45� 30�� and                              87  46  00
+    between 87° 45´ 30´´ and                              87  46  00
 
   Latitude of camp at Sturgeon Portage, Lake Michigan,
     Aug. 23                                               44  47  43
@@ -10727,7 +10691,7 @@ Expedition of 1820._ By DAVID B. DOUGLASS, Capt. Engineers, U.S.A.
 
   [205] A little doubtful.
 
-  [206] Or 20��.
+  [206] Or 20´´.
 
 
 3. MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY.
@@ -10786,7 +10750,7 @@ originates in a district of mountainous country intermediate between the
 Mississippi River and lakes Huron and Superior. After running in a
 northern direction for about one hundred and twenty miles, it enters the
 latter at the computed distance of fifty miles west of the portage of
-Keweena, in north latitude 46� 52� 2��, according to the observations of
+Keweena, in north latitude 46° 52´ 2´´, according to the observations of
 Capt. Douglass. It is connected, by portages, with the Monomonee River
 of Green Bay, and with the Chippewa River of the Mississippi. At its
 mouth there is a village of Chippewa Indians of sixteen families, who
@@ -10898,7 +10862,7 @@ In 1766, Captain Carver procured several pieces of native copper on the
 shores of Lake Superior, or on the Chippewa and St. Croix Rivers, which
 are noticed in his travels, without much precision, however, as to
 locality, &c. He did not visit the southern shores of Lake Superior,
-east of the entrance of the Brul�, or Goddard's River, but states that
+east of the entrance of the Brulé, or Goddard's River, but states that
 virgin copper is found on the Ontonagon. Of the north and northeastern
 shores, he remarks: "That he observed that many of the small islands
 were covered with copper _ore_, which appeared like beds of copperas, of
@@ -11293,11 +11257,11 @@ Louis, to the Savanne summit. Thence we proceeded across the portage to
 Sandy Lake, which has an outlet into the Mississippi, and followed up
 the latter, through the lesser Lake Winnipek, to the entrance of the
 Turtle River, in Cass, or upper, Red Cedar Lake, which is laid down by
-Pike in north latitude 47� 42� 40��.[210] The state of the water was
+Pike in north latitude 47° 42´ 40´´.[210] The state of the water was
 unfavorable to going higher.
 
   [210] Pike's Expedition. This observation is corrected by Capt.
-  Douglass to 47� 27� 10��; the point of observation being, however, a
+  Douglass to 47° 27´ 10´´; the point of observation being, however, a
   few miles south.
 
 From this point, which formed the terminus of the expedition, we
@@ -11308,7 +11272,7 @@ Wisconsin, to the portage into the Fox River, and traced the latter down
 to its entrance into Green Bay. At this point, the expedition separated;
 a part proceeding north, through the bay, to Michilimackinac, and a part
 going south, along the west shores of Lake Michigan, to Chicago, the
-latitude of which is placed by Capt. Douglass in 41� 54� 06��. At this
+latitude of which is placed by Capt. Douglass in 41° 54´ 06´´. At this
 place, a further division took place. Dr. Wolcott, having reached his
 station, remained. Governor Cass proceeded across the peninsula of
 Michigan to Detroit on horseback, leaving Capt. Douglass and myself to
@@ -11413,7 +11377,7 @@ resting directly on the clay stratum. The trees, thus buried in dry
 sand, have been preserved. In process of time, the river encroached upon
 these antique beds, exposing them to view. There are also antique
 fresh-water shells found in similar positions near this spot. No rock
-is, thus far, found _in sit�_ in ascending the lakes. The old surface of
+is, thus far, found _in sitû_ in ascending the lakes. The old surface of
 the country is wholly of diluvial formation, except where it shows lake
 action.
 
@@ -11490,7 +11454,7 @@ limestone of the Saganaw Islands reappears, and is constantly in sight
 from this point to Presque Isle. It exists in connection with bituminous
 shale, at an island in Thunder Bay. It is of a dark carbonaceous
 character on the main opposite Middle Island, at a point which is called
-by the Indians _Sho-sho-n�-bi-k�-king_, or Place of the Smooth Rock. I
+by the Indians _Sho-sho-ná-bi-kó-king_, or Place of the Smooth Rock. I
 noticed at this point the cyathophyllum helianthoides in abundance, and
 easily detached them from the rock. The more compact portions of this
 formation in the approach to Presque Isle, disclosed the ammonite, two
@@ -11888,7 +11852,7 @@ constituting islands in front of them.
 STRUCTURE OF ITS SOUTHERN COAST.--The estimated distance from Sault Ste.
 Marie to Fond du Lac is a fraction over 500 miles. The sandstone, as it
 appears in the Falls of the St. Mary's, does not appear to be entirely
-level. It exhibits an undulation of about 8� or 10�, dipping to
+level. It exhibits an undulation of about 8° or 10°, dipping to
 west-northwest. Two instances of this waved stratification of the Lake
 Superior sandstone deserve notice. The first terminates at the
 intersection of red sand rock at la Point des Grande Sables with the
@@ -11900,7 +11864,7 @@ pleasing in passing the Huron Islands, a granitic group, and directing
 the view, as in the sketch, to the coast and the rough granitical hills
 rising behind Huron Bay. The strata are level, as shown above, around
 the Bay of Presque Isle and Granite Point, and continue so, resting on
-the roots of the granitical tract of the _T�tosh_, or Schoolcraft, and
+the roots of the granitical tract of the _Tötosh_, or Schoolcraft, and
 Cradletop Mountains, and at Point aux Beignes, and Keweena Bay. This
 level position of the rock is preserved to the south cape of the shallow
 bay of the Bete Gre, on the north, at which the trap-dykes of the
@@ -11932,7 +11896,7 @@ arise, which have their apex near La Riviere de Fromboise.
 The Islands of the Twelve Apostles, or Federation Group, appear to be
 all based on the sienitic or trap, with overlying red sandstone; which
 latter again reappears on the point of the entrance into Fond du Lac
-Bay, and marks its southern coast, till near the entrance of the Brul�,
+Bay, and marks its southern coast, till near the entrance of the Brulé,
 or Misakoda River, as seen in the illustration beneath. Shores of sand
 then intercept its view to the entrance of the River St. Louis, and up
 its channel to its first rapids, about eighteen miles, where the red
@@ -11984,7 +11948,7 @@ miles distant.
   mountain.
 
 They rise to their apex about thirty miles west of that stream, in north
-lat. 46� 52� 2��, as observed by Captain Douglass. They are distant
+lat. 46° 52´ 2´´, as observed by Captain Douglass. They are distant
 three hundred and fifty miles from St. Mary's. In a serene day they
 present a lofty outline, and were seen by us from the east, at the
 distance of about eighty miles. The Indians represent them to have a
@@ -12156,7 +12120,7 @@ alluvial character. From this point, dense forests and a moderately
 elevated soil, varying from three or four to fifteen feet, confined the
 view, on either side, during more than two days' march. On the third day
 after leaving Sandy Lake, at an early hour, we reached the Falls of
-Pak�gama. Here the rock strata show themselves for the first time on the
+Pakágama. Here the rock strata show themselves for the first time on the
 Mississippi, in a prominent ledge of quartz rock of a gray color.
 Through this formation the Mississippi, here narrowed to less than half
 its width, forces a passage. The fall of its level in about fifty rods
@@ -12165,7 +12129,7 @@ so called, but a foaming channel of extraordinary velocity, which it is
 alike impossible to ascend or descend with any species of water craft.
 It lies in the shape of an elbow. We made the portage on the north side.
 
-PAK�GAMA SUMMIT.--The observer, when he has surmounted the summit,
+PAKÁGAMA SUMMIT.--The observer, when he has surmounted the summit,
 immediately enters on a theatre of savannas, level to the eye, and
 elevated but little above the water. Vistas of grass, reeds, and aquatic
 plants spread in every direction. On these grassy plains the river winds
@@ -12194,7 +12158,7 @@ plains, and in part arable land, yielding corn to the Indians.
 
   [228] Agreeable to barometric observations made in 1836, by Mr.
   Nicollet, its true altitude is found to be 1,402 feet above the Gulf
-  of Mexico. Its latitude, by the same authority, is 47� 25� 23��.
+  of Mexico. Its latitude, by the same authority, is 47° 25´ 23´´.
 
 SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI.--In order to understand the geology of this
 region, it is necessary to premise, that the St. Lawrence, the Hudson's
@@ -12231,7 +12195,7 @@ river finally plunges over St. Anthony's Falls.
 In this descending series of plateaux, the Cass, Leech Lake, and Little
 Lake Winnipec form the third and fourth levels.
 
-In descending the Mississippi below the Pak�gama, the first stratum of
+In descending the Mississippi below the Pakágama, the first stratum of
 rock, which rises through the delta of the river, occurs between the
 mouth of the Nokasippi and Elm Rivers, below the influx of the Great De
 Corbeau. This rock, which is greenstone trap, rises conspicuously in the
@@ -12251,11 +12215,11 @@ party called a bark letter, the ideas being represented symbolically by
 a species of picture writing, or hieroglyphics. In allusion to this
 embassy, this locality was called the Peace Rock. This rock is sienite.
 It is highly crystalline, and extends several miles. Its position must
-be, from the best accounts, in north latitude about 44� 30�. From this
+be, from the best accounts, in north latitude about 44° 30´. From this
 point to Rum River, a distance of seventy miles, no other point of the
 intrusion of this formation above the prairie soil was observed.
 
-INTRODUCTION OF THE PAL�ONTOLOGICAL ROCKS.--After passing some fifty
+INTRODUCTION OF THE PALÆONTOLOGICAL ROCKS.--After passing some fifty
 miles below this locality there are evidences that the river, in its
 progress south, has now reached the vicinity of the great carboniferous
 and metalliferous formations, which, for so great a length, and in so
@@ -12339,7 +12303,7 @@ limpid water flowing out of it.
 VALLEY OF THE ST. CROIX.--This river originates in an elevated range of
 the elder sand and pebble drift, which lies on the summit between the
 Mississippi system of formations, and the Lake Superior basin. It
-communicates with the Brul�, which is "Goddard's River" of Carver, and
+communicates with the Brulé, which is "Goddard's River" of Carver, and
 with the Mauvaise or Bad River of that basin. Specimens of native copper
 have been found on Snake River, one of its tributaries.[231]
 
@@ -12420,7 +12384,7 @@ through the top soil and calcareous rock, perhaps thirty feet. The ore
 is a broad-grained cubical galena, easily reduced, and bids fair very
 greatly to enhance the value and resources of this section of the West.
 
-Similar mines exist at Mississinawa, and the River Au Fev�,[232] both on
+Similar mines exist at Mississinawa, and the River Au Fevé,[232] both on
 the eastern or left bank of the Mississippi. And a system of leasing or
 management, such as I have suggested for the Missouri mines, appears
 equally desirable.
@@ -13503,7 +13467,7 @@ and _gritty_.
 3. COAL.
 
 _Slaty Coal._--The only spot where this mineral has been observed, in
-situ, is at La Charbonni�re, on the west banks of the Illinois River, at
+situ, is at La Charbonniére, on the west banks of the Illinois River, at
 the computed distance of one hundred and twenty miles south of the post
 of Chicago. It is here seen in horizontal strata, not exceeding two or
 three inches in thickness, interposed between layers of sandstone and
@@ -13524,7 +13488,7 @@ Detached fragments of coal, corresponding in mineral characters with the
 above, are occasionally found around the southern shores of Lake
 Michigan. The inference, as to the existence of coal around the shores
 of this lake, is obvious. And we are led to inquire: Does the La
-Charbonni�re formation of coal exist in the sandstone and limestone
+Charbonniére formation of coal exist in the sandstone and limestone
 strata forming the table-land between the Illinois River and Lake
 Michigan, and reappearing around the basin of the latter, but at such a
 depression below its surface as to elude observation? And, if so, does
@@ -13540,7 +13504,7 @@ i. _Soda._
 1. MURIATE OF SODA.
 
 No traces of salt are known to have been discovered in those parts of
-the territory of the United States situated north of latitude 46� 31�
+the territory of the United States situated north of latitude 46° 31´
 (which is that of the Sault Ste. Marie) and _east_ of the Mississippi
 River. The great secondary formations which pervade the western country
 cease south of this general limit, and with them terminate the salt
@@ -14077,7 +14041,7 @@ produced by the mines of Cornwall and Devon, after deducting the charges
 of smelting, for the single year of 1810, was 969,376 pounds sterling.
 (See Note F.) The clear profits of the Dolgoath mine, one of the richest
 in Cornwall, for a period of five months, during the year 1805, was
-�18,000, which is at the rate of �43,200, or $192,000, per annum. Next
+£18,000, which is at the rate of £43,200, or $192,000, per annum. Next
 to Great Britain, the most considerable mines of Europe are those of
 Russia, Austria, Sweden, and Westphalia, as it was in 1808. Of less
 importance are those of Denmark, France, Saxony, Prussia, and Spain. The
@@ -14316,7 +14280,7 @@ Cornwall (Eng.) from 1726 to 1775.--[Rees's Cyclopedia.]_
       Periods.   |Tons of ore.|Average price| Amount. |Annual quantity
                  |            |   per ton.  |         |of fine copper.
     -------------+------------+-------------+---------+---------------
-    1726 to 1735 |   64,800   |  �7 15 10   | �473,500|    700 tons
+    1726 to 1735 |   64,800   |  £7 15 10   | £473,500|    700 tons
     1736 to 1745 |   75,520   |   7  8  6   |  560,106|    830  "
     1746 to 1755 |   98,790   |   7  8  0   |  731,457|  1,080  "
     1756 to 1765 |  169,699   |   7  6  6   |1,243,045|  1,800  "
@@ -14347,10 +14311,10 @@ Fine copper.      |       |     |      |     |          |
      lbs.         | 17    |  0  |  17  |  3  |     5    |   2
 ------------------+-------+-----+------+-----+----------+---------
 Average           |       |            |                |
-standard    �     |  107  |     122    |       141      |   125
+standard    £     |  107  |     122    |       141      |   125
 per ton.          |       |            |                |
 ------------------+-------+------------+----------------+---------
-Annual amount    �|781,348|  875,784   |     969,376    | 769,379
+Annual amount    £|781,348|  875,784   |     969,376    | 769,379
 after deducting   |       |            |                |
 charges of      s.|   16  |     2      |        19      |    4
 smelting.         |       |            |                |
@@ -15086,7 +15050,7 @@ an account of it.
 
   [250] This term is superseded, in geological discussions of the
   present day, by the term _silurian_, which embraces all strata of the
-  era between the _pal�ozoic_ and _tertiary_ formations.
+  era between the _palæozoic_ and _tertiary_ formations.
 
 The tract of country separating the southern shores of Lake Michigan
 from the Illinois River, is a plat of table-land composed of compact
@@ -15260,7 +15224,7 @@ of the water covering the nucleus must have been taken up, as water of
 crystallization, in the primitive formations. When these were deposited,
 there were no vegetables formed; of course, no animals; nay, even the
 sea was unpeopled, for there is no trace of any organic remains in these
-strata. Even the belemnites, the asteri�, the echini, the entrochi, the
+strata. Even the belemnites, the asteriæ, the echini, the entrochi, the
 most simple forms of oceanic animal life, do not occur until the
 transition strata appear. Hence the propriety of denominating these
 formations _primitive_.
@@ -15293,7 +15257,7 @@ place on the surface of the primitive rocks. The sea only would be
 peopled, and that but sparingly; for, in that mass of muddy water, none
 but the lowest and most inferior grades of animal life, and such as do
 not inhabit deep water, could exist. Hence, we find the transition
-formations contain in their substances some belemnites, asteri�,
+formations contain in their substances some belemnites, asteriæ,
 entrochi, echini, &c., but no organized vegetable substance except, very
 rarely, in the latest rocks of this series, and no remains whatever of
 terrestrial animals. Indeed, in the high latitudes of the outgoings or
@@ -15412,7 +15376,7 @@ you will excuse my remarks and set me right. I had supposed the
 Huttonians and Wernerians did not dispute about the manner in which the
 _secondary_ rocks were formed. Macculloch, and others before him, led me
 into this opinion, though it may be erroneous. But Bakewell, who is
-referred to as authority in _Rees's Cyclop�dia_, says, p. 131:
+referred to as authority in _Rees's Cyclopædia_, says, p. 131:
 'Geologists are agreed that secondary rocks have been formed by the
 agency of water.' If this be so, they would agree generally with the
 account of Dr. Cooper respecting the formation of petrifactions, and
@@ -15541,7 +15505,7 @@ No professed zoologist was attached to the expedition, the topic being
 left to such casual attention as members of it might find it convenient
 to bestow. Of the fauna of the region, it was not believed that there
 were any of the prominent species which were improperly classed in the
-_Systema Natur�_ of Linn�us. It was doubtless desirable to know
+_Systema Naturæ_ of Linnæus. It was doubtless desirable to know
 something more particularly of the character and habitat of the American
 species of the reindeer (_C. sylvestris_) and hyena, or glutton. Perhaps
 something new was to be gleaned respecting the extent of the genera
@@ -15594,13 +15558,13 @@ southern Lake Winnipek. Beyond this, the stream appears to be but little
 diminished, unless it be in its depth. It is eventually traced to a very
 large lake called Upper Lac Ceder Rouge, but to which we applied the
 name of Cass Lake. This is the apparent navigable source of the river,
-and was our terminal point. It lies in latitude 47� 25� 23��.
+and was our terminal point. It lies in latitude 47° 25´ 23´´.
 
 The whole of this summit of the continent is a vast formation of drift
 and boulders, deposited in steps. In descending it, we found the river
-crossed by the primitive rocks in latitude about 46�, and it enters the
+crossed by the primitive rocks in latitude about 46°, and it enters the
 great limestone formation by the cataract of St. Anthony's Falls, in
-latitude 44� 58� 40��. We descended the river below this point, by its
+latitude 44° 58´ 40´´. We descended the river below this point, by its
 windings among high and picturesque cliffs, to the influx of the
 Wisconsin, estimated to be three hundred miles. Thence we came through
 the Wisconsin and Fox valleys to Green Bay, on an arm of Lake Michigan,
@@ -15651,7 +15615,7 @@ mus, a burrowing animal, which is very destructive to vegetation. This
 appears to be the hamster of Georgia. Of the larger class of quadrupeds,
 we met, in the forest traversed, the black bear, deer, elk, and buffalo.
 The latter we encountered in large numbers, about one hundred and fifty
-miles above the Falls of St. Anthony, about latitude 45�, on the east
+miles above the Falls of St. Anthony, about latitude 45°, on the east
 bank of the river. We landed for the chase, and had a full opportunity
 of observing its size, color, gait, and general appearance.
 
@@ -15682,7 +15646,7 @@ There have also been great volcanic fires and upliftings under the
 sources of the Mississippi. Greenstone and trap are piled up in huge
 boulders. The most elevated rock, in place, on the sources of the
 Mississippi, is found to be quartzite. This is at the Falls of Pakagama.
-In coming down the Mississippi, soon after passing the latitude of 46�,
+In coming down the Mississippi, soon after passing the latitude of 46°,
 the river is found to have its bed on greenstones and sienites, till
 reaching near to the Falls of St. Anthony, where the great western
 horizontal limestone series begins. To facilitate the study of the
@@ -15748,14 +15712,14 @@ is herein fixed.
 
     ENGLISH NAME.   INDIAN (ALGONQUIN)      SCIENTIFIC NAME.
                          NAME.
-    Buffalo,        Pe-zh�k-i,[254]        Bos Americanus. _Gm._
+    Buffalo,        Pe-zhík-i,[254]        Bos Americanus. _Gm._
     Elk,            Mush-kos,              Cervus Canadensis. _L._
-    Deer (common),  Wa-wash-k�-shi,        Cervus Virginianus. _Gm._
-    Moose,          M�z,                   Cervus alces. _L._
+    Deer (common),  Wa-wash-ká-shi,        Cervus Virginianus. _Gm._
+    Moose,          Möz,                   Cervus alces. _L._
     Black Bear,     Muk-wah,               Ursus Americanus. _Gm._
     Wolf (gray),    My-een-gan,            Canis vulpes. _L._
     Wolverine,      Gwin-gwe-au-ga,[255]   Ursus luscus. _L._
-    Fox (red),      Wa�-goosh              Canis vulpes. _L._
+    Fox (red),      Waú-goosh              Canis vulpes. _L._
     Badger,         Ak-kuk-o-jeesh,        Meles labradoria. _C._
     Fox (black),    Muk-wau-goosh,         Canis argenteus. _C._
     Muskrat,        Wau-zhusk,             Fiber vulgaris. _C._
@@ -15767,7 +15731,7 @@ is herein fixed.
     Porcupine,      Kaug,                  Hystrix cristata. _C._
 
   [254] This animal was found grazing the prairies on the east bank of
-  the Mississippi, about latitude 45� 30�.
+  the Mississippi, about latitude 45° 30´.
 
   [255] Means under-ground drummer.
 
@@ -15817,7 +15781,7 @@ is herein fixed.
   Duck (alewives),        Ah-ah-wa.
   Swan,                   Wau-bis-si,                A. cygnus. _C._
   Heron,                  Moosh-kow-e-si,            Ardea. _C._
-  Plover,                 Tchwi-tchwish-ke-wa,       Charadri�s. _C._
+  Plover,                 Tchwi-tchwish-ke-wa,       Charadriûs. _C._
   Turkey,                 Mis-is-sa,                 Meleagris. _C._
   Blackbird,              Os-sig-in-ok,              The red-winged
                                                        species.
@@ -15861,10 +15825,10 @@ is herein fixed.
   Carp,             Nam-a-bin,                 Denotes the red fin.
   Catfish,          Miz-zi,                    Silurus. _C._
   Bass,             O-gau.                     The striped species.
-  Tulibee,          O-d�n-a-bee (wet-mouth).
+  Tulibee,          O-dön-a-bee (wet-mouth).
   Eel,              Pe-miz-zi (a specific
                       term).                   A specific term.
-  Snake,            Ke-n�-bik (a generic),  }
+  Snake,            Ke-ná-bik (a generic),  }
   Snake,            A species supposed      }  Ophidia. _C._
                       peculiar,
   Turtle (lake),    Mik-e-nok,              }
@@ -15942,7 +15906,7 @@ The serpent is a species of the ophalian genus anguis, the oveto of the
 French, and the blind worm of the English. The loss of the tail of this
 fragile creature renders an opinion a little dubious; but it is
 supposed to be _opthiosaureus_ of Dandrige, corresponding to the _anguis
-ventralis_ of Linn�us, figured by Catesby.
+ventralis_ of Linnæus, figured by Catesby.
 
 The shells afford a rich amount of an undescribed species. The whole of
 the univalves and bivalves received from Messrs. Schoolcraft and
@@ -16010,7 +15974,7 @@ _Memoranda of Climatic Phenomena and the Distribution of Solar Heat in
 The influence of solar heat on the quantity of water which is discharged
 from the great table lands which give origin to the sources of the
 Mississippi was such, during the summer months of 1820, that, on
-reaching those altitudes in latitude but a few minutes north of 47�, on
+reaching those altitudes in latitude but a few minutes north of 47°, on
 the 21st of July, it was found impracticable to proceed higher in
 tracing out its sources. Attention had been directed to the phenomena of
 temperatures, clouds, evaporations, and solar influences, from the
@@ -16024,7 +15988,7 @@ _Observations made at Geneva, N. Y._
 
   1820.         7 A.M.     1 P.M.      7 P.M.       REMARKS.
 
-  April 20        64�         73�         60�         Clear.
+  April 20        64°         73°         60°         Clear.
     "   21        62          74          61          Clear.
     "   22        65          78          66          Clear.
     "   23        60          69          59          Clear.
@@ -16038,7 +16002,7 @@ _Observations made at Buffalo, N. Y._
 
   1820.          8 A.M.      2 P.M.       REMARKS.
 
-  April 30        43�          60�         Clear.
+  April 30        43°          60°         Clear.
   May 1           49           64          Clear.
    "  2           45           63          Clear.
    "  3           44           65          Clear.
@@ -16048,14 +16012,14 @@ _Observations made at Buffalo, N. Y._
 
 These places are but ninety miles apart, yet such is the influence of
 the lake winds on the temperature of the latter position, that it
-denotes an atmospheric depression of temperature of 5�. At the same
+denotes an atmospheric depression of temperature of 5°. At the same
 time, the range between the maximum and minimum was exactly the same.
 
 _Observations made at Detroit._
 
   1820.       8 A.M.  12 M.   6 P.M.   REMARKS.            WIND.
 
-  May 15,      50�     61�     51�      Fair.              N. E.
+  May 15,      50°     61°     51°      Fair.              N. E.
    "  16,      49      62      50       Fair.              N. E.
    "  17,      50      64      51       Fair.              N. E.
    "  18,      52      64      60       Fair.              N. E.
@@ -16096,7 +16060,7 @@ direction, it appears that the medium temperature of the atmosphere was
 agreeable to the following statement:--
 
                  7 A.M.  2 P.M.  9 P.M. Average. Lowest deg. Highest deg.
-  Nov. 13 to 30,  41�     47�     41�     43�      31�           58�
+  Nov. 13 to 30,  41°     47°     41°     43°      31°           58°
   December,       22      29      25      25        2            50
   January,        30      31      30      30       10            58
   February,       29      39      31      33        8            58
@@ -16105,49 +16069,49 @@ agreeable to the following statement:--
 _Observations on Lake and River St. Clair, Michigan._
 
     1820. 6 A.M.  8 A.M. 12 M.  2 P.M.  6 P.M. 8 P.M.   REMARKS.
-  May 24,   ...    ...    ...    ...     ...     51�
-  "   25,   47�    56�    56�    ...     46�     ...  Clear. Wind N. W.
-  "   26,   ...    52     53     56�     45      ...  Clear. Wind N. W.
+  May 24,   ...    ...    ...    ...     ...     51°
+  "   25,   47°    56°    56°    ...     46°     ...  Clear. Wind N. W.
+  "   26,   ...    52     53     56°     45      ...  Clear. Wind N. W.
   "   27,   ...    54     55     ...     ...     44   Clear. Wind N. W.
 
 _Temperature of the Water of Lake and River St. Clair._
 
-  May 25,    at 6 A. M., 49�  at 12 M., 54�
+  May 25,    at 6 A. M., 49°  at 12 M., 54°
    "  26,    at 8 A. M., 55   at 2 P. M., 55
-   "  27,    at 8 A. M., 54   at 12 M., 55     at 8 P. M., 50�
+   "  27,    at 8 A. M., 54   at 12 M., 55     at 8 P. M., 50°
 
 _Observations on Lake Huron._
 
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
        May| 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |June 1 | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   5 A.M. | .. | .. | .. | .. |  46�  | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
+   5 A.M. | .. | .. | .. | .. |  46°  | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   6 A.M. | .. | .. | .. | .. |  ..   | .. | 50�| 52 | 48 | ..
+   6 A.M. | .. | .. | .. | .. |  ..   | .. | 50°| 52 | 48 | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   8 A.M. |54� | 44 | 46 | .. |  ..   | .. | .. | .. | .. | 49
+   8 A.M. |54° | 44 | 46 | .. |  ..   | .. | .. | .. | .. | 49
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   9 A.M. | .. | .. | .. | 54�|  57   | .. | .. | 51 | .. | ..
+   9 A.M. | .. | .. | .. | 54°|  57   | .. | .. | 51 | .. | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   11 A.M.| .. | .. | .. | .. |  61�  | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
+   11 A.M.| .. | .. | .. | .. |  61°  | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   12 M.  |53� | .. | 53 | .. |  ..   | 55 | .. | .. | 57 | 57
+   12 M.  |53° | .. | 53 | .. |  ..   | 55 | .. | .. | 57 | 57
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   1 P.M. | .. | .. | .. |55� |  ..   | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
+   1 P.M. | .. | .. | .. |55° |  ..   | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   2 P.M. | .. | 70�| .. | .. |  ..   | .. | 61 | .. | .. | ..
+   2 P.M. | .. | 70°| .. | .. |  ..   | .. | 61 | .. | .. | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   3 P.M. | .. | .. | .. | 54�|  ..   | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
+   3 P.M. | .. | .. | .. | 54°|  ..   | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   5 P.M. | .. | .. | .. | .. |  ..   | .. | .. | 49�| .. | ..
+   5 P.M. | .. | .. | .. | .. |  ..   | .. | .. | 49°| .. | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   6 P.M. | .. | 53�| .. | .. |  ..   | .. | .. | .. | 44| 46
+   6 P.M. | .. | 53°| .. | .. |  ..   | .. | .. | .. | 44| 46
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   7 P.M. | .. | .. | 48�| 48 |  54   | 50 | 47 | 45 | .. | ..
+   7 P.M. | .. | .. | 48°| 48 |  54   | 50 | 47 | 45 | .. | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+----
-   8 P.M. | 41�| .. | .. | .. |  ..   | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
+   8 P.M. | 41°| .. | .. | .. |  ..   | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+-------+--------
-  Average | 51�| 55 | 49 | 53 |  54   |52-�|52-�| 49 |49-�|  50-� |51 6-10
+  Average | 51°| 55 | 49 | 53 |  54   |52-½|52-½| 49 |49-½|  50-½ |51 6-10
   temp.   |    |    |    |    |       |    |    |    |    |       |
   --------+----+----+----+----+-------+----+----+----+----+-------+--------
   REMARKS.|[A] |[B] |[C] |    |       |    |    |[D] |[E] |  [F]  |  [G]
@@ -16165,11 +16129,11 @@ _Observations on Lake Huron._
 _Water at Lake Huron._
 
                                                           Average.
-  May 28,  at 5 A.M., 55�  at 12 A.M., 58�  at 7 P.M., 56�    56�
+  May 28,  at 5 A.M., 55°  at 12 A.M., 58°  at 7 P.M., 56°    56°
   " 29,    at 7 A.M., 54   at 12 A.M., 60   at 7 P.M., 63     59
   June 1,  at 5 A.M., 42   at 11 A.M., 52   at 7 P.M., 44     40
   " 3,     at 6 A.M., 46   at  2 P.M., 56   at 8 P.M., 46     47
-  " 6,     at 8 A.M., 50   at 12 A.M., 52   at 6 P.M., 49     50-�
+  " 6,     at 8 A.M., 50   at 12 A.M., 52   at 6 P.M., 49     50-½
 
 _Observations at Michilimackinac and on the Straits of St. Mary's._
 
@@ -16177,13 +16141,13 @@ _Observations at Michilimackinac and on the Straits of St. Mary's._
    1820.| 6  | 8  | 9  | 1  | 3  | 7  | 9  |        |
         |A.M.|A.M.|A.M.|P.M.|P.M.|P.M.|P.M.|Average.|     WEATHER.
   ------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+--------+-----------------
-  June 7|... |... | 59�|61� |... |... |59� |59-��   |Clear.
-  " 8   |... |... | 59 |... |64� |... |59  |60      |Clear.
-  " 9   |... |... | 53 |... |... |53� |... |52-�    |Cloudy with rain.
-  " 10  |... |55� | ...|... |60  |... |54  |56      |Cloudy with rain.
+  June 7|... |... | 59°|61° |... |... |59° |59-½°   |Clear.
+  " 8   |... |... | 59 |... |64° |... |59  |60      |Clear.
+  " 9   |... |... | 53 |... |... |53° |... |52-½    |Cloudy with rain.
+  " 10  |... |55° | ...|... |60  |... |54  |56      |Cloudy with rain.
   " 11  |... |52  | ...|... |54  |... |51  |52      |Clear.
   " 12  |... |54  | ...|55  |... |... |52  |53      |Clear.
-  " 13  |53� |... | ...|63  |... |... |58  |58      |Fair.
+  " 13  |53° |... | ...|63  |... |... |58  |58      |Fair.
   " 14  |55  |... | ...|73  |... |... |57  |61      |Cloudy.
   " 15  |... |66  | ...|... |68  |62  |... |65      |Clear.
   " 16  |... |52  | 70 |82  |... |66  |... |69      |Clear.
@@ -16265,20 +16229,20 @@ _Observations on Lake Superior._
    1820.  |  9   |  10  | Average |           REMARKS.
           | P.M. | P.M. | temp.   |
   --------+------+------+---------+------------------------------
-  June 19 |  ..  |  ..  | 70-�    | Stormy and rain. Wind N. W.
-  " 20    |  ..  |  ..  | 71-�    | Stormy and rain. Wind N. W.
+  June 19 |  ..  |  ..  | 70-½    | Stormy and rain. Wind N. W.
+  " 20    |  ..  |  ..  | 71-½    | Stormy and rain. Wind N. W.
           |      |      |         |   Hurricane at night.
   " 21    |  50  |  ..  | 62      | Calm.
-  " 22    |  ..  |  ..  | 55-�    | Clear. Wind light from N. W.
-  " 23    |  ..  |  70  | 67-�    | Clear. Wind S. E.
+  " 22    |  ..  |  ..  | 55-½    | Clear. Wind light from N. W.
+  " 23    |  ..  |  70  | 67-½    | Clear. Wind S. E.
   " 24    |  ..  |  ..  | 63      | Clear. High wind, N. W.
-  " 25    |  53  |  ..  | 62-�    | Clear. Wind N. W.
+  " 25    |  53  |  ..  | 62-½    | Clear. Wind N. W.
   " 26    |  ..  |  ..  | 73      | Rainy. Wind W. N. W.
   " 27    |  ..  |  ..  | 69      | Clear. Wind E. N. E. (Fair!)
-  " 28    |  ..  |  ..  | 79-�    | Sky clear. Wind N. W.
+  " 28    |  ..  |  ..  | 79-½    | Sky clear. Wind N. W.
   " 29    |  ..  |  ..  | 88      | Clear. Wind N. W.
   " 30    |  ..  |  ..  | 73      | Clear. Wind N. W.
-  July 1  |  ..  |  ..  | 67-�    | Misty. Wind light at N. N. W.
+  July 1  |  ..  |  ..  | 67-½    | Misty. Wind light at N. N. W.
   " 2     |  ..  |  ..  | 70      | Clear. Wind W. S. W.
   " 3     |  ..  |  ..  | 65      | Cloudy, mist, and rain. Wind
           |      |      |         | S. S. W.
@@ -16289,18 +16253,18 @@ _Temperature of Lake Superior._
 
                                                                      Lake
                                                                    average.
-  June 20, at  6 P.M., 55�                                              55�
-  " 21,    at 10 A.M., 60 at 6 P.M., 56�  at 9 P.M., 56�                57
+  June 20, at  6 P.M., 55°                                              55°
+  " 21,    at 10 A.M., 60 at 6 P.M., 56°  at 9 P.M., 56°                57
   " 22,    at  6 A.M., 56  at 3 P.M., 54                                55
   " 23,    at  5 A.M., 52  at 12 A.M., 56  at 10 P.M., 64               57
   " 24,    at  6 P.M., 54  at 7 P.M., 51                                53
   " 25,    at  7 A.M., 67  at 11 A.M., 66  at 9 P.M., 68                60
   " 26,    at  9 A.M., 56  at 8 P.M., 57                                56
   " 27,    at  8 A.M., 57  at 6 P.M., 62                                60
-  " 28,    at  8 A.M., Superior  62� at 6 P.M., Lake 72  }              67
+  " 28,    at  8 A.M., Superior  62° at 6 P.M., Lake 72  }              67
                        Ontonagon 54             River 71 }
   " 29,    at  8 A.M., Lake      64                                     61
-                      River     68  at 1 P.M., River 76   at 7 P.M.,   75�
+                      River     68  at 1 P.M., River 76   at 7 P.M.,   75°
   " 30,    at  8 P.M., River     74
   July 1,  at  8 A.M., 61  at 2 P.M., 65   at 6 P.M., 66                64
   " 2,     at  4 A.M., 63  at 11 A.M., 64  at 2 P.M., 68  at 9 P.M., 62 64
@@ -16312,12 +16276,12 @@ lower points on the lake chain, about the latitude of Michilimackinac,
 have also characterized the entire length of Lake Superior. The
 atmosphere observed at three separate times, during twenty-four days, by
 Fahrenheit's thermometer, during the months of June and July, has varied
-from an average temperature of 62� to 88�, agreeable to masses of clouds
+from an average temperature of 62° to 88°, agreeable to masses of clouds
 interposed to the rays of the sun, and to shifting currents of wind,
 which have often suddenly intervened. Its waters, spreading for a length
 of five hundred miles from E. to W., observed during the same time by as
 many immersions of the instrument, has not varied more than two degrees
-below or above the average temperature of 55� in mere surface
+below or above the average temperature of 55° in mere surface
 observations.
 
 _Observations on the Sources of the Mississippi River._
@@ -16326,8 +16290,8 @@ _Observations on the Sources of the Mississippi River._
           |   5   |   7   |   8   |  12 |   2   |   8   |  9
           | A. M. | A. M. | A. M. |  M. | P. M. | P. M. | P. M.
   --------+-------+-------+-------+-----+-------+-------+-------
-  July 17 |  ...  | ...   |  ...  | 76� |  80�  |  79�  |  78�
-  " 18    |  ...  | ...   |  51�  | 64  |  66   |  53   |  50
+  July 17 |  ...  | ...   |  ...  | 76° |  80°  |  79°  |  78°
+  " 18    |  ...  | ...   |  51°  | 64  |  66   |  53   |  50
   " 19    |  ...  | ...   |  46   | 63  |  70   |  55   |  ...
   " 20    |  ...  | ...   |  60   | 80  |  84   |  75   |  ...
   " 21    |  ...  | ...   |  68   | 86  |  88   |  85   |  74
@@ -16335,11 +16299,11 @@ _Observations on the Sources of the Mississippi River._
   " 23    |  ...  | ...   |  70   | 82  |  88   |  78   |  ...
   " 24    |  ...  | ...   |  74   | 87  |  80   |  78   |  ...
   " 25    |  ...  | ...   |  ...  | ... |  85   |  74   |  ...
-  " 26    |  61�  | ...   |  ...  | ... |  81   |  61   |  ...
+  " 26    |  61°  | ...   |  ...  | ... |  81   |  61   |  ...
   " 27    |  62   | ...   |  ...  | ... |  80   |  75   |  ...
   " 28    |  62   | ...   |  ...  | ... |  76   |  61   |  ...
   " 29    |  50   | ...   |  ...  | ... |  74   |  52   |  ...
-  " 30    | ...   | 60�   |  ...  | ... |  76   |  ...  |  63
+  " 30    | ...   | 60°   |  ...  | ... |  76   |  ...  |  63
   " 31    | ...   | 65    |  ...  | ... |  81   |  ...  |  69
   Aug. 1  | ...   | 67    |  ...  | ... |  83   |  70   |  ...
   " 2     | ...   | 72    |  ...  | ... |  [263]|  ...  |  ...
@@ -16377,7 +16341,7 @@ _Observations on the Sources of the Mississippi River._
 _Observations at St. Peter's (now Minnesota)._
 
    1820.   7 A.M.  2 P.M. 9. A.M.  WINDS.  WEATHER.
-  July 15,   61�    79�     64�     S.       Clear; fair.
+  July 15,   61°    79°     64°     S.       Clear; fair.
   " 16,      62     82      76      S.       Clear; rain towards morning.
   " 17,      70     88      61      W.       Cloudy; rain, thunder and
                                                lightning.
@@ -16402,7 +16366,7 @@ _Observations at St. Peter's (now Minnesota)._
 _Meteorological Journal kept at Chicago by Dr. A. Wolcott._
 
    1820.   Daylight.  9 A. M.  2 P. M.  9 P. M.   WIND.     WEATHER.
-  Jan. 1,     4�        11�      10�      0�     W. N. W.  Cloudy; light
+  Jan. 1,     4°        11°      10°      0°     W. N. W.  Cloudy; light
                                                              snow; first
                                                              ice in the
                                                              river, 14
@@ -16448,7 +16412,7 @@ _Meteorological Journal kept at Chicago by Dr. A. Wolcott._
                                                              inches deep.
   Feb. 1,    12          0       14      16       S. E.    Cloudy.
   " 2,       22         25       29      20      E. N. E.  Snow-storm; ice
-                                                             18-� inches on
+                                                             18-¾ inches on
                                                              river.
   " 3,       10          7        9       7         W.     Clear.
   " 4,        0          5       25      24      E. S. E.  Clear.
@@ -16510,7 +16474,7 @@ _Meteorological Journal kept at Chicago by Dr. A. Wolcott._
 
 Agreeable to a register kept at Council Bluffs during the month of
 January, 1820, the highest and lowest temperature at that place were,
-respectively, 36� and 22�, the month giving a mean of 17.89. Compared
+respectively, 36° and 22°, the month giving a mean of 17.89. Compared
 with the observed temperature, for the same month, at the following
 positions in the United States, both east and west of the Alleghanies,
 the Missouri Valley reveals the fact of its being adapted to the
@@ -16519,7 +16483,7 @@ purposes of a profitable agriculture.[264]
   [264] In Europe, the mean annual temperature necessary for the
   production of certain plants is--
 
-    For the sugar-cane                67�
+    For the sugar-cane                67°
     "       coffee                    64
     "       orange                    63
     "       olive                     54
@@ -16527,7 +16491,7 @@ purposes of a profitable agriculture.[264]
 
                  Mean temperature   Highest.  Lowest.
                   of the month.
-  Council Bluffs     17.89�           36�       22�
+  Council Bluffs     17.89°           36°       22°
   Wooster            16.69            36       zero
   Zanesville         25.34            42       zero
   Marietta           28.42            45       zero
@@ -16543,10 +16507,10 @@ purposes of a profitable agriculture.[264]
   Portsmouth, N. H.  19.31            40         4[265]
   Washington City    29.19            45         4
 
-  Council Bluffs, lat. 41� 45�, long. 19� 50� W. of the capitol.
+  Council Bluffs, lat. 41° 45´, long. 19° 50´ W. of the capitol.
   New Orleans,     "   29  57    "    12  53  W. "
   Portsmouth,      "   43  05    "     6  10  E. "
-  Difference of lat.   13� 48�.      Difference of long. 26�.
+  Difference of lat.   13° 48´.      Difference of long. 26°.
 
   [265] Below zero.
 
@@ -17273,7 +17237,7 @@ declaration. In these cases, there is a distinct accent on each vowel.
 never on short vowels; such accented vowels are always significant, and
 if they are repeated in a compound word, the accents are also repeated,
 the only difference being that there are primary and secondary accents.
-Thus, in the long descriptive name for a horse, _Pa-b�-zhik-�-ga-zh�_,
+Thus, in the long descriptive name for a horse, _Pa-bá-zhik-ó-ga-zhé_,
 which is compounded of a numeral term and two nouns, meaning, the animal
 with solid hoofs; there are three accents, the first of which is
 primary, while the others succeed each other with decreased intensity.
@@ -17328,11 +17292,11 @@ thus, _nesaugeaug_ means, I love them. But this is an animate plural,
 and can only be added to words of the vital class. Besides, if the verb
 or noun to be made plural does not end in a vowel, but in a consonant,
 the _g_ cannot be added without interposing a vowel. It results,
-therefore, that the vowel class of words have their plurals in _�g_,
+therefore, that the vowel class of words have their plurals in _äg_,
 _eeg_, _ig_, _og_, or _ug_. But, if the class of words be non-vital and
 numerical, the plural is made in the letter _n_. But this letter cannot,
 as in the other form, be added, unless the word terminate in a vowel,
-when the regular plurals are _�n_, _een_, _in_, _on_, or _un_. This
+when the regular plurals are _än_, _een_, _in_, _on_, or _un_. This
 simple principle clears up one cause of perplexity in the conjugations,
 and denotes a philosophical method, which divides the whole vocabulary
 into two classes; while this provision _supersedes_, it answers the
@@ -17356,8 +17320,8 @@ that the principle of gender becomes lost in that of vitality.
 7. _Active and passive voices._--The distinction between these two
 classes of verbs is made by the inflection _ego_. By adding this form to
 the active verb, its action is reversed, and thrown back on the
-nominative. Thus, the verb to carry is _nim bem�n_, I carry; _nim
-bem�n-ego_, I am carried. _Adowawa_ is the act of thumping, as a log by
+nominative. Thus, the verb to carry is _nim bemön_, I carry; _nim
+bemön-ego_, I am carried. _Adowawa_ is the act of thumping, as a log by
 the waves on the shore._ Adowawa-ego_ is a log that is thumped by the
 waves on shore. _Nesaugeah_, I love; _Nesaugeigo_, I am loved. In the
 latter phrase, the personal term _au_ is dropped, and the long sound of
@@ -17380,11 +17344,11 @@ forms, by which such sentences are made as, he run, he walk, for
 running, walking.
 
 The general want of the substantive verb, in their colloquial phrases,
-constantly leads to imperfect forms of syntax. Thus, _n�b�_ is the
+constantly leads to imperfect forms of syntax. Thus, _nëbä_ is the
 indicative, first person of the verb to sleep; but if the term, I am
-sleeping, be required, the phrase is _ne n�b�_, simply, I sleep. So,
-too, _tsh�giz_ is the first person indicative to burn; but the
-colloquial phrase, I am burned, or burning, is _nen tsh�giz_--the verb
+sleeping, be required, the phrase is _ne nëbä_, simply, I sleep. So,
+too, _tshägiz_ is the first person indicative to burn; but the
+colloquial phrase, I am burned, or burning, is _nen tshägiz_--the verb
 remaining in the indicative, and not taking the participle form.
 
 It is not common to address persons by their familiar names, as with
@@ -17626,16 +17590,16 @@ sufficient here to observe, that animate nouns require animate verbs for
 their nominatives, animate adjectives to express their qualities, and
 animate demonstrative pronouns to mark the distinctions of person. Thus,
 if we say, "I see a man; I see a house," the termination of the verb
-must be changed. What was in the first instance _w�b im�_, is altered
-to _w�b ind�n_. _W�b_, is here the infinitive, but the root of this verb
+must be changed. What was in the first instance _wâb imâ_, is altered
+to _wâb indân_. _Wâb_, is here the infinitive, but the root of this verb
 is still more remote. If the question occurs "Is it a good man, or a
 good house," the adjective, which, in the inanimate form is
-_onishish-�_, is, in the animate _onishish-i[n']_. If the question be
-put, "Is it this man, or this house," the pronoun _this_, which is _m�
-bum_, in the animate, is changed to _m� ndun_, in the inanimate.
+_onishish-í_, is, in the animate _onishish-i[n']_. If the question be
+put, "Is it this man, or this house," the pronoun _this_, which is _mâ
+bum_, in the animate, is changed to _mâ ndun_, in the inanimate.
 
 Nouns animate embrace the tribes of quadrupeds, birds, fishes, insects,
-reptiles, crustac�, the sun, and moon, and stars, thunder, and
+reptiles, crustacæ, the sun, and moon, and stars, thunder, and
 lightning, for these are personified; and whatever either possesses
 animal life, or is endowed, by the peculiar opinions and superstitions
 of the Indians, with it. In the vegetable kingdom, their number is
@@ -17709,8 +17673,8 @@ indicating it, as the Odjibwa. There are as many modes of forming the
 plural, as there are vowel sounds, yet there is no distinction between a
 limited and unlimited plural; although there is, in the pronoun, an
 _inclusive_ and an _exclusive_ plural. Whether we say _man_ or _men_,
-_two men_ or _twenty men_, the singular _inin�i_, and the plural
-_nin�iwug_, remains the same. But if we say _we_, or _us_, or _our men_
+_two men_ or _twenty men_, the singular _inin´i_, and the plural
+_nin´iwug_, remains the same. But if we say _we_, or _us_, or _our men_
 (who are present), or _we_, or _us_, or _our Indians_ (in general), the
 plural _we_, and _us_, and _our_--for they are rendered by the same
 form--admit of a change to indicate whether the objective person be
@@ -17720,8 +17684,8 @@ of the use of particular plurals. And it carries its distinctions, by
 means of the pronouns, separable and inseparable, into the verbs and
 substantives, creating the necessity of double conjugations and double
 declensions, in the plural forms of the first person. Thus, the term for
-"Our Father," which, in the inclusive form is _K�sin�n_, is, in the
-exclusive, _N�sin�n_.
+"Our Father," which, in the inclusive form is _Kósinân_, is, in the
+exclusive, _Nósinân_.
 
 The particular plural, which is thus, by the transforming power of the
 language, carried from the pronoun into the texture of the verb and
@@ -17732,9 +17696,9 @@ an additional power or sign, by which substantives are distinguished
 into animate and inanimate. Without this additional power, all nouns
 plural would end in the vowels _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_. But to mark the
 gender, the letter _g_ is added to animates, and the letter _n_ to
-inanimates, making the plurals of the first class terminate in _�g_,
-_eeg_, _ig_, _�g_, _ug_, and of the second class in _�n_, _een_, _in_,
-_�n_, _un_. Ten modes of forming the plural are thus provided, five of
+inanimates, making the plurals of the first class terminate in _âg_,
+_eeg_, _ig_, _ôg_, _ug_, and of the second class in _ân_, _een_, _in_,
+_ôn_, _un_. Ten modes of forming the plural are thus provided, five of
 which are animate, and five inanimate plurals. A strong and clear line
 of distinction is thus drawn between the two classes of words; so
 unerring, indeed, in its application, that it is only necessary to
@@ -17745,19 +17709,19 @@ the use of each of the plurals.
 
 Animate Plural.
 
-  a. Odjibw�i,  a Chippewa.         Odjibwaig,   Chippewas.
+  a. Odjibwâi,  a Chippewa.         Odjibwaig,   Chippewas.
   e. Ojee,      a Fly.              Oj-eeg,      Flies.
-  i. Kos�nan,   Our father, (in.)   Kosen�n-ig,  Our fathers, (in.)
-  o. Ahm�,      a Bee.              Ahm-�g,      Bees.
+  i. Kosénan,   Our father, (in.)   Kosenân-ig,  Our fathers, (in.)
+  o. Ahmô,      a Bee.              Ahm-ôg,      Bees.
   u. Ais,       a Schell.           Ais-ug,      Shells.
 
 
 Inanimate Plural.
 
-  a. Ishk�dai,     Fire.         Ishk�dain,     Fires.
-  e. Wad�p,        Alder.        Wad�p-een,     Alders.
+  a. Ishkôdai,     Fire.         Ishkôdain,     Fires.
+  e. Wadôp,        Alder.        Wadôp-een,     Alders.
   i. Adetaig,      Fruit.        Adetaig-in,    Fruits.
-  o. N�din,        Wind.         N�din-�n,      Winds.
+  o. Nôdin,        Wind.         Nôdin-ôn,      Winds.
   u. Meen,         Berry.        Meen-un,       Berries.
 
 Where a noun terminates with a vowel in the singular, the addition of
@@ -17766,19 +17730,19 @@ instances, as in _peenai_, a partridge--_seebi_, a river--it requires a
 consonant to precede the plural vowel, in conformity with a rule
 previously stated. Thus, _peenai_, is rendered _peenai-wug_--and
 _seebi_, _seebi-wun_. Where the noun singular terminates in the broad,
-instead of the long sound of _a_, as in _ogim�_, a chief, _ishpatin�_, a
-hill, the plural is _ogim-ag_, _ishpatin�n_. But these are mere
+instead of the long sound of _a_, as in _ogimâ_, a chief, _ishpatinâ_, a
+hill, the plural is _ogim-ag_, _ishpatinân_. But these are mere
 modifications of two of the above forms, and are by no means entitled to
 be considered as additional plurals.
 
 Comparatively few substances are without number. The following may be
 enumerated:--
 
-  Missun�,       Firewood.    Uss�im�,    Tobacco.
+  Missun´,       Firewood.    Ussáimâ,    Tobacco.
   Pinggwi,       Ashes.       Naigow,     Sand.
-  M�jim,         Food.        Ahwun,      Mist.
-  K�n,           Snow.        Kimmiwun,   Rain.
-  Mishk�wi,      Blood.       Oss�kumig,  Moss.
+  Méjim,         Food.        Ahwun,      Mist.
+  Kôn,           Snow.        Kimmiwun,   Rain.
+  Mishk´wi,      Blood.       Ossâkumig,  Moss.
   Ukkukkuzhas,   Coals.       Unitshimin, Peas.
 
 Others may be found, and indeed, a few others are known. But it is less
@@ -17798,31 +17762,31 @@ prefixes and no inflections. But it will be seen, at a glance, how very
 limited such an application of words must be, in a transpositive
 language.
 
-Thus _mang_ and _k�g_ (loon and porcupine) take the plural inflection
-_wug_, becoming _mang wug_ and _k�g wug_ (loons and porcupines). So, in
+Thus _mang_ and _kâg_ (loon and porcupine) take the plural inflection
+_wug_, becoming _mang wug_ and _kâg wug_ (loons and porcupines). So, in
 their pronominal declension:--
 
   My loon          Ni mang   oom
   Thy loon         Ki mang   oom
-  My porcupine     Ni g�g    oom
-  Thy porcupine    Ki g�g    oom
+  My porcupine     Ni gâg    oom
+  Thy porcupine    Ki gâg    oom
   My loons         Ni mang   oom    ug
   Thy loons        Ki mang   oom    ug
-  My porcupines    Ni g�g    oom    ug
-  Thy porcupines   Ki g�g    oom    ug
+  My porcupines    Ni gâg    oom    ug
+  Thy porcupines   Ki gâg    oom    ug
 
 But his loon, or loons (_o many oom un_), his porcupine or porcupines
-(_o g�g oom un_), are without number. The rule applies equally to the
+(_o gâg oom un_), are without number. The rule applies equally to the
 class of words in which the pronouns are inseparable. Thus, my father
-and thy father, _n�s_ and _k�s_, become my fathers and thy fathers, by
-the numerical inflection _ug_, forming _n�sug_ and _k�sug_. But _�sun_,
+and thy father, _nôs_ and _kôs_, become my fathers and thy fathers, by
+the numerical inflection _ug_, forming _nôsug_ and _kôsug_. But _ôsun_,
 his father or fathers, is vague, and does not indicate whether there be
 one father or twenty fathers. The inflection _un_, merely denotes the
 _object_. The rule also applies equally to sentences in which the noun
 is governed by or governs the verb. Whether we say, "I saw a bear,"
-_ningi w�bum� mukwah_, or "a bear saw me," _mukwah ningi w�bumig_, the
+_ningi wâbumâ mukwah_, or "a bear saw me," _mukwah ningi wâbumig_, the
 noun, itself, undergoes no change, and its number is definite. But _ogi
-w�bum�n muk-wun_, "he saw bear," is indefinite, although both the verb
+wâbumân muk-wun_, "he saw bear," is indefinite, although both the verb
 and the noun have changed their endings. And if the narrator does not
 subsequently determine the number, the hearer is either left in doubt,
 or must resolve it by a question. In fine, the whole acts of the third
@@ -17831,11 +17795,11 @@ would seem to be fraught with so much confusion, appears to be obviated
 in practice, by the employment of adjectives, by numerical inflections
 in the relative words of the sentence, by the use of the indefinite
 article, _paizhik_, or by demonstrative pronouns. Thus, _paizhik mukwun
-ogi w�bum�n_, conveys with certainty the information "he saw _a_ bear."
+ogi wâbumân_, conveys with certainty the information "he saw _a_ bear."
 But in this sentence both the noun and the verb retain the objective
 inflections, as in the former instances. These inflections are not
 uniformly _un_, but sometimes _een_, as in _ogeen_, his mother, and
-sometimes _�n_, as in _odakeek-�n_, his kettle, in all which instances,
+sometimes _ôn_, as in _odakeek-ôn_, his kettle, in all which instances,
 however, the number is left indeterminate. It may hence be observed, and
 it is a remark which we shall presently have occasion to corroborate,
 that the plural inflection to inanimate nouns (which have no objective
@@ -17861,16 +17825,16 @@ impart to the language its peculiar character.
 It has been remarked that the distinctions of number are founded upon a
 modification of the five vowel sounds. Possessives are likewise founded
 upon the basis of the vowel sounds. There are five declensions of the
-noun to mark the possessive, ending in the possessive in _�m_, _eem_,
-_im_, _�m_, _um_, _oom_. Where the nominative ends with a vowel, the
+noun to mark the possessive, ending in the possessive in _âm_, _eem_,
+_im_, _ôm_, _um_, _oom_. Where the nominative ends with a vowel, the
 possessive is made by adding the letter _m_, as in _maimai_, a woodcock,
 _ni maimaim_, my woodcock, &c. Where the nominative ends in a consonant,
 as in _ais_, a shell, the full possessive inflection is required, making
 _nin daisim_, my shell. In the latter form, the consonant _d_ is
 interposed between the pronoun and noun, and sounded with the noun, in
 conformity with a general rule. Where the nominative ends in the broad
-in lieu of the long sound of _a_, as in _ogim�_, a chief, the
-possessive is _�m_. The sound of _i_, in the third declension, is that
+in lieu of the long sound of _a_, as in _ogimâ_, a chief, the
+possessive is _âm_. The sound of _i_, in the third declension, is that
 of _i_ in pin, and the sound of _u_, in the fifth declension, is that of
 _u_ in bull. The latter will be uniformly represented by _oo_.
 
@@ -17882,32 +17846,32 @@ Inanimate nouns are thus declined.
 
 Nominative.
 
-Ishk�dai, Fire.
+Ishkôdai, Fire.
 
 Possessive.
 
   My,    Nin Dishkod-aim.
   Thy,   Ki Dishkod-aim.
   His,   O Dishkod-aim.
-  Our,   Ki Dishkod-aim-in�n. (in.)
-  --     Ni Dishkod-aim-in�n. (ex.)
-  Your,  Ki Dishkod-aim-iw�.
-  Their, O Dishko-aim-iw�.
+  Our,   Ki Dishkod-aim-inân. (in.)
+  --     Ni Dishkod-aim-inân. (ex.)
+  Your,  Ki Dishkod-aim-iwâ.
+  Their, O Dishko-aim-iwâ.
 
 Those words which form exceptions from this declension, take the
 separable pronouns before them as follows:--
 
-  M�koman,    A Knife.
-  Ni m�koman, My Knife.
-  Ki m�koman, Thy Knife.
-  O m�koman,  His Knife, &c.
+  Môkoman,    A Knife.
+  Ni môkoman, My Knife.
+  Ki môkoman, Thy Knife.
+  O môkoman,  His Knife, &c.
 
 Animate substantives are declined precisely in the same manner as
 inanimate, except in the third person, which takes to the possessive
-inflections, _aim_, _eem_, _im_, _�m_, _oom_, the objective particle
+inflections, _aim_, _eem_, _im_, _ôm_, _oom_, the objective particle
 _un_, denoting the compound inflection of this person, both in the
-singular and plural, _aimun_, _eemun_, _imun_, _�mun_, _oomun_, and the
-variation of the first vowel sound, _�mun_. Thus, to furnish an example
+singular and plural, _aimun_, _eemun_, _imun_, _ômun_, _oomun_, and the
+variation of the first vowel sound, _âmun_. Thus, to furnish an example
 of the second declension, _bizhiki_, a bison, changes its forms to
 _nim_, _bizhik-im_, my bison--_ke bizhik-im_, thy bison, _O
 bizhik-imun_, his bison, or bisons.
@@ -17916,13 +17880,13 @@ The cause of this double inflection in the third person, may be left for
 future inquiry. But we may add further examples in aid of it. We cannot
 simply say, "The chief has killed a bear," or, to reverse the object
 upon which the energy of the verb is exerted, "The bear has killed a
-chief." But, _ogim� ogi niss�n muk-wun_, literally, "Chief he has has
-killed him bear," or, _mukwah ogi_ _niss�n ogim�n_, "Bear he has killed
+chief." But, _ogimâ ogi nissân muk-wun_, literally, "Chief he has has
+killed him bear," or, _mukwah ogi_ _nissân ogimân_, "Bear he has killed
 him chief." Here the verb and the noun are both objective in _un_, which
-is sounded _�n_, where it comes after the broad sound of _a_, as in
-_niss�n_, objective of the verb to kill. If we confer the powers of the
+is sounded _ân_, where it comes after the broad sound of _a_, as in
+_nissân_, objective of the verb to kill. If we confer the powers of the
 English possessive (_'s_), upon the inflections _aim_, _eem_, _im_,
-_�m_, _oom_, and _�m_, respectively, and the meaning of _him_, and of
+_ôm_, _oom_, and _âm_, respectively, and the meaning of _him_, and of
 course _he_, _her_, _his_, _hers_, _they_, _theirs_ (as there is no
 declension of the pronoun, and no number to the third person), upon the
 objective particle _un_, we shall then translate the above expression,
@@ -17947,12 +17911,12 @@ it retains its connection with the noun, whether the latter follow or
 precede the verb, or whatever its position in the sentence may be.
 
 Thus we can, without any perplexity in the meaning say,
-_Waimittig�zhiwug ogi sagi�n Pontiac-un_, "Frenchmen, they did love
-Pontiac him." Or to reverse it, _Pontiac-un Waimittig�zhiwug ogi sagi�n_,
+_Waimittigôzhiwug ogi sagiân Pontiac-un_, "Frenchmen, they did love
+Pontiac him." Or to reverse it, _Pontiac-un Waimittigôzhiwug ogi sagiân_,
 "Pontiac, he did Frenchmen he loved." The termination _un_, in both
 instances, clearly determines the object beloved. So in the following
-instance, _Sagunoshug ogi sagi�n Tecumseh-un_, "Englishmen, they did
-love Tecumseh," or _Tecumseh-un Sagunoshug oji sagi�n_, "Tecumseh, he
+instance, _Sagunoshug ogi sagiân Tecumseh-un_, "Englishmen, they did
+love Tecumseh," or _Tecumseh-un Sagunoshug oji sagiân_, "Tecumseh, he
 did Englishmen he loved."
 
 In tracing the operation of this rule, through the doublings of the
@@ -17963,20 +17927,20 @@ persons_, is sometimes pronounced _wun_, and sometimes _yun_, as the
 harmony of the word to which it is suffixed may require. But not the
 slightest change is thereby made in its meaning.
 
-     W�bojeeg ogi meeg�n-�n n�dowaisi-wun.
+     Wâbojeeg ogi meegân-ân nâdowaisi-wun.
 
-     W�bojeeg fought his enemies. L.[271] W. he did fight them, his
+     Wâbojeeg fought his enemies. L.[271] W. he did fight them, his
      enemy, or enemies.
 
-     O s�gi-�n inini-wun.
+     O sâgi-ân inini-wun.
 
      He, or she, loves a man. L. He, or she, loves him-man, or men.
 
-     Kigo-yun waindji pimm�dizziw�d.
+     Kigo-yun waindji pimmâdizziwâd.
 
      They subsist on fish. L. Fish or fishes, they upon them, they live.
 
-     Ontwa o sagi�n odi-yun.
+     Ontwa o sagiân odi-yun.
 
      Ontwa loves his dog. L. O. he loves him, his dog, or dogs.
 
@@ -17987,11 +17951,11 @@ inflection _un_, merely for euphony's sake, and to enable the speaker to
 utter the final vowel of the substantive, and the inflective vowel,
 without placing both under the accent. It is to be remarked in these
 examples, that the verb has a corresponding inflection with the noun,
-indicated by the final consonant _n_, as in _sagi�-n_, objective of the
+indicated by the final consonant _n_, as in _sagiâ-n_, objective of the
 verb _to love_. This is merely a modification of _un_, where it is
 requisite to employ it after broad _a_ (_aw_), and it is applicable to
 nouns as well as verbs whenever they end in that sound. Thus, in the
-phrase, "He saw a chief," _O w�bum�-n O gim�-n_, both noun and verb
+phrase, "He saw a chief," _O wâbumâ-n O gimâ-n_, both noun and verb
 terminate in _n_. It is immaterial to the sense, which precedes. And
 this leads to the conclusion, which we are in some measure compelled to
 state in anticipation of our remarks on the verb: That verbs must not
@@ -18002,15 +17966,15 @@ Sometimes this sign is removed from the ending of the verb, to make room
 for the plural of the nominative person, and is subjoined to the latter.
 Thus,
 
-    O sagi�(w�)n.
+    O sagiâ(wâ)n.
     They love them (him or them).
 
-In this phrase, the interposed syllable (_w�_) is, apparently, the
+In this phrase, the interposed syllable (_wâ_) is, apparently, the
 plural--it is a reflective plural--of _he_--the latter being indicated,
 as usual, by the sign _O_. It has been observed, above, that the
 deficiency in number, in the third person, is sometimes supplied "by
 numerical inflections in the relative words of the sentence," and this
-interposed particle (_w�_) affords an instance in point.
+interposed particle (_wâ_) affords an instance in point.
 
 The number of the nominative pronoun appears to be thus rendered
 precise, but the objective is still indefinite.
@@ -18024,18 +17988,18 @@ have the full objective inflection. Thus,
 
 There are certain words, however, which will not admit the objective
 _un_, either in its simple or modified forms. These are rendered
-objective in _een_, or _�n_.
+objective in _een_, or _ôn_.
 
-    O w�bum�-(n), ossin-(een).
+    O wâbumâ-(n), ossin-(een).
     He sees the stone. L. He sees him--stone or stones.
-    O w�bum�-(n) mittig o mizh-(een). L. He sees him, tree or trees.
+    O wâbumâ-(n) mittig o mizh-(een). L. He sees him, tree or trees.
     He sees an oak tree.
-    O mittig w�b (een), gyai o bikwuk-(�n).
+    O mittig wâb (een), gyai o bikwuk-(ôn).
     His bow and his arrows. L. His bow him, and his arrows, him or them.
-    Ody� | w� | w� (n), akkik-(�n).
+    Odyâ | wâ | wâ (n), akkik-(ôn).
     They possess a kettle. L. They own them, kettle or kettles.
 
-The syllable _w�_, in the verb of the last example included between bars
+The syllable _wâ_, in the verb of the last example included between bars
 (instead of parentheses), is the reflective plural _they_ pointed out in
 a preceding instance.
 
@@ -18047,23 +18011,23 @@ and the third in _aimun_.
 
 Nominative.
 
-    Pin�i, a partridge.
-    Pin�i-wug, partridges.
+    Pinâi, a partridge.
+    Pinâi-wug, partridges.
 
 
 First and second person.
 
     My,    Nim Bin-aim.
     Thy,   Ki Bin-aim.
-    Our,   Ki Bin-aim in�n. Inclusive plural.
-    Our,   Ni Bin-aimin�n. Exclusive plural.
-    Your,  Ki Bin-aim w�.
+    Our,   Ki Bin-aim inân. Inclusive plural.
+    Our,   Ni Bin-aiminân. Exclusive plural.
+    Your,  Ki Bin-aim wâ.
 
 
 Third person.
 
     His,   O Bin-aim (un).
-    Their, O Bin-aim iw� (n).
+    Their, O Bin-aim iwâ (n).
 
 _e._ Second declension forming the first and second persons in eem, and
 the third in _eemun_.
@@ -18078,15 +18042,15 @@ First and second persons.
 
     My,    Nin Dossin-eem.
     Thy,   Ki Dossin-eem.
-    Our,   Ki Dossin-eemin�n. (in.)
-    Our,   Ni Dossin-eemin�n. (ex.)
-    Your,  Ke Dossin-eemew�.
+    Our,   Ki Dossin-eeminân. (in.)
+    Our,   Ni Dossin-eeminân. (ex.)
+    Your,  Ke Dossin-eemewâ.
 
 
 Third person.
 
     His,   O Dossin-eem(un).
-    Their, O Dossin-eemew� (n).
+    Their, O Dossin-eemewâ (n).
 
 _i._ Third declension forming the first and second persons in _im_, and
 the third in _imun_.
@@ -18100,78 +18064,78 @@ First and second persons.
 
     My,     Nin Dais-im.
     Thy,    Ki Dais-im.
-    Our,    Ki Dais-imin�n. (in.)
-    Our,    Ni Dais-imin�n. (ex.)
-    Your,   Ki Dais-imiw�.
+    Our,    Ki Dais-iminân. (in.)
+    Our,    Ni Dais-iminân. (ex.)
+    Your,   Ki Dais-imiwâ.
 
 Third person.
 
     His,   O Dais-im (un).
-    Their, O Dais-imew� (n).
+    Their, O Dais-imewâ (n).
 
-_o._ Fourth declension forming the first and second persons in _�m_, and
-the third in _�mun_.
+_o._ Fourth declension forming the first and second persons in _ôm_, and
+the third in _ômun_.
 
 Nominative.
 
-    Monid�, a Spirit.
-    Monid�g, Spirits.
+    Monidô, a Spirit.
+    Monidôg, Spirits.
 
 First and second persons.
 
-    My,   Ni Monid-�m.
-    Thy,  Ki Monid-�m.
-    Our,  Ki Monid-�min�n. (in.)
-    Our,  Ni Monid-�min�n. (ex.)
-    Your, Ki Monid-�miw�.
+    My,   Ni Monid-ôm.
+    Thy,  Ki Monid-ôm.
+    Our,  Ki Monid-ôminân. (in.)
+    Our,  Ni Monid-ôminân. (ex.)
+    Your, Ki Monid-ômiwâ.
 
 Third person.
 
-    His,   O Monid-�m (un).
-    Their, O Monid-�mew� (n).
+    His,   O Monid-ôm (un).
+    Their, O Monid-ômewâ (n).
 
 _u._ (_oo_) Fifth declension forming the first and second persons in
 _oom_, and the third in _oomun_.
 
 Nominative.
 
-    M�z, a Moose.
-    M�z�g, Moose.
+    Môz, a Moose.
+    Môzôg, Moose.
 
 First and second persons.
 
-    My,   Ni M�z-oom.
-    Thy,  Ki M�z-oom.
-    Our,  Ki M�z-oomin�n. (in.)
-    Our,  Ni M�z-oomin�n. (ex.)
-    Your, Ki M�z-oomiwu.
+    My,   Ni Môz-oom.
+    Thy,  Ki Môz-oom.
+    Our,  Ki Môz-oominân. (in.)
+    Our,  Ni Môz-oominân. (ex.)
+    Your, Ki Môz-oomiwu.
 
 Third person.
 
-    His, O M�z oom (un).
-    Their, O M�z oomiw� (n).
+    His, O Môz oom (un).
+    Their, O Môz oomiwâ (n).
 
 _aw._ Additional declension, required when the noun ends in the broad,
-instead of the long sound of a, forming the possessive in _�m_, and the
-objective in _�mun_.
+instead of the long sound of a, forming the possessive in _âm_, and the
+objective in _âmun_.
 
 Nominative.
 
-    Ogim�, a Chief.
-    Ogim�g, Chiefs.
+    Ogimâ, a Chief.
+    Ogimâg, Chiefs.
 
 First and second persons.
 
-    My,   Ni D�gim �m.
-    Thy,  Ki D�gim �m.
-    Our,  Ki D�gim �min�n. (in.)
-    Our,  Ni D�gim �min�n. (ex.)
-    Your, Ki D�gim �miw�.
+    My,   Ni Dôgim âm.
+    Thy,  Ki Dôgim âm.
+    Our,  Ki Dôgim âminân. (in.)
+    Our,  Ni Dôgim âminân. (ex.)
+    Your, Ki Dôgim âmiwâ.
 
 Third person.
 
-    His,   O D�gim �m (un).
-    Their, O D�gim �miw� (n).
+    His,   O Dôgim âm (un).
+    Their, O Dôgim âmiwâ (n).
 
 The abbreviations, _in._, and _ex._, in these declensions, mark the
 inclusive and exclusive forms of the pronoun plural. The inflection of
@@ -18190,20 +18154,20 @@ _S. singular._
     Nos. My father.
     Kos. Thy father.
     Os-un. His father.    _Sing. and plural._
-    Nos-in�n. Our father. (ex.)
-    Kos-in�n. Our father. (in.)
-    Kos-iw�. Your father.
-    Os-iw�n. Their father. _Sing. and plural._
+    Nos-inân. Our father. (ex.)
+    Kos-inân. Our father. (in.)
+    Kos-iwâ. Your father.
+    Os-iwân. Their father. _Sing. and plural._
 
 _S. plural._
 
     Nos-ug. My fathers.
     Kos-ug. Thy fathers.
     Os-un. His fathers. _Sing. and plural._
-    Nos.-in�n ig. Our fathers. (ex.)
-    Kos.-in�n ig. Our fathers. (in.)
-    Kos-iw�g. Your fathers.
-    Os-iw�n. Their fathers. _Sing. and plural._
+    Nos.-inân ig. Our fathers. (ex.)
+    Kos.-inân ig. Our fathers. (in.)
+    Kos-iwâg. Your fathers.
+    Os-iwân. Their fathers. _Sing. and plural._
 
 The word dog, and this word alone, is declined in the following manner.
 
@@ -18214,22 +18178,22 @@ _S. singular._
     Nin  Dy (or Di) My dog.
     Ki   Dy         Thy dog.
     O    Dy-un      His dog or dogs.
-    Ki   Dy-in�n    Our dog.  (in.)
-    Ni   Dy-in�n    Our dog.  (ex.)
-    Ki   Dy-iw�     Your dog.
-    O    Dy-iw�n    Their dog, &c.
+    Ki   Dy-inân    Our dog.  (in.)
+    Ni   Dy-inân    Our dog.  (ex.)
+    Ki   Dy-iwâ     Your dog.
+    O    Dy-iwân    Their dog, &c.
 
 _S. plural._
 
     Nin  Dy-ug    My dogs.
     Ki   Dy-ug    Thy dogs.
     O   Dy-un      His dogs, &c.
-    Ki  Dy-in�nig  Our dogs. (in.)
-    Ni  Dy-in�nig  Our dogs. (ex.)
-    Ki  Dy-iw�g    Your dogs.
-    O   Dy-iw�n    His dogs, &c.
+    Ki  Dy-inânig  Our dogs. (in.)
+    Ni  Dy-inânig  Our dogs. (ex.)
+    Ki  Dy-iwâg    Your dogs.
+    O   Dy-iwân    His dogs, &c.
 
-The word _Dy_, which supplies this declension, is derived from _Indyi�m_
+The word _Dy_, which supplies this declension, is derived from _Indyiâm_
 mine. _pron. an._--a derivative form of the word, which is, however,
 exclusively restricted, in its meaning, to the dog. If the expression
 _Nin Dy_ or _N' Dy_, is sometimes applied to the horse, it is because it
@@ -18237,7 +18201,7 @@ is thereby intended to call him, my dog, from his being in a state of
 servitude similar to that of the dog. It must be borne in mind, as
 connected with this subject, that the dog, in high northern latitudes,
 and even as far south as 42 degrees, is both a beast of draught and of
-burden. He is compelled during the winter season to draw the _od�ban_,
+burden. He is compelled during the winter season to draw the _odâban_,
 or Indian sleigh; and sometimes to support the burden upon his back, by
 means of a kind of drag constructed of slender poles.
 
@@ -18256,30 +18220,30 @@ the words descriptive of country, place of dwelling, field of battle,
 place of employment, &c. The following example will furnish the
 inflections applicable to this entire class of words:--
 
-Aind�d: Home, or place of dwelling.
+Aindâd: Home, or place of dwelling.
 
   _S.  singular._
-    Aind�-y�n.   My home.
-    Aind�-yun.   Thy home.
-    Aind�-d.     His home.
-    Aind�-y�ng.  Our home. (ex.)
-    Aind�-yung.  Our home. (in.)
-    Aind�-yaig.  Your home.
-    Aind�-w�d.   Their home.
+    Aindâ-yân.   My home.
+    Aindâ-yun.   Thy home.
+    Aindâ-d.     His home.
+    Aindâ-yâng.  Our home. (ex.)
+    Aindâ-yung.  Our home. (in.)
+    Aindâ-yaig.  Your home.
+    Aindâ-wâd.   Their home.
 
 _S. plural._
 
-    Aind�-y�n-in.  My homes.
-    Aind�-yun-in.  Thy homes.
-    Aind�-jin.     His homes.
-    Aind�-y�ng-in. Our homes. (ex.)
-    Aind�-yung-in. Our homes. (in.)
-    Aind�-yaig-in. Your homes.
-    Aind�-w�djin.  Their homes.
+    Aindâ-yân-in.  My homes.
+    Aindâ-yun-in.  Thy homes.
+    Aindâ-jin.     His homes.
+    Aindâ-yâng-in. Our homes. (ex.)
+    Aindâ-yung-in. Our homes. (in.)
+    Aindâ-yaig-in. Your homes.
+    Aindâ-wâdjin.  Their homes.
 
-By these examples, it is perceived that the final _d_ in _aind�d_ is not
+By these examples, it is perceived that the final _d_ in _aindâd_ is not
 essential to its primitive meaning; and that the place of the pronoun
-is, in respect to this word, invariably a suffix. _Aind�d_ means, truly,
+is, in respect to this word, invariably a suffix. _Aindâd_ means, truly,
 not home, but his home. The plural is formed by the inflection _in_,
 except in the third person, where the sound of _d_ sinks in _j_.
 
@@ -18341,11 +18305,11 @@ of the object sought after. The expression appears to be precise,
 although there is no definite article in the language.
 
 The substantive takes this form, most commonly, after a question has
-been put, as _Anindi ni m�koman-ais?_ "Where is my penknife?"
-_Mukukoong_ (in the box), _add�powin-ing_ (on the table), are definite
+been put, as _Anindi ni môkoman-ais?_ "Where is my penknife?"
+_Mukukoong_ (in the box), _addôpowin-ing_ (on the table), are definite
 replies to this question. But the form is not restricted to this
-relation. _Chim�n-ing n'guh p�z_, "I shall embark in the canoe;"
-_wakyigum n'ghu izh�_, "I shall go into the house," are perfectly
+relation. _Chimân-ing n'guh pôz_, "I shall embark in the canoe;"
+_wakyigum n'ghu izhâ_, "I shall go into the house," are perfectly
 correct, though somewhat formal expressions, when the canoe or the house
 are present to the speaker's view.
 
@@ -18402,10 +18366,10 @@ e. Second inflection in _eeng_.[272]
 
 i. Third inflection in _ing_.
 
-    K�n           Snow    K�n-ing          In, &c. the snow.
+    Kôn           Snow    Kôn-ing          In, &c. the snow.
     Min           Berry   Meen-ing         In, &c. the berry.
-    Chim�n        Canoe   Chim�n-ing       In, &c. the canoe.
-    Muzziny�egun  Book    Muzziny�egun-ing In, &c. the book.
+    Chimân        Canoe   Chimân-ing       In, &c. the canoe.
+    Muzziny´egun  Book    Muzziny´egun-ing In, &c. the book.
 
 o. Fourth inflection in _oong_.
 
@@ -18415,27 +18379,27 @@ o. Fourth inflection in _oong_.
     Akkik       Kettle  Akkik-oong     In, &c. the kettle.
 
        Throw it in the fire.
-    1. Puggid�n ishkod-aing.
+    1. Puggidôn ishkod-aing.
        Go into the prairie.
-    2. Musk�daing izh�n.
+    2. Muskôdaing izhân.
        He is in the elm.
-    3. Unnib-eeng i�.
+    3. Unnib-eeng iâ.
        It is on the water.
     4. Nib-eeng attai.
        Put it on the table.
-    5. Add�p�win-ing att�n.
+    5. Addôpôwin-ing attôn.
        Look in the book.
-    6. En�bin muzziny�igun-ing.
+    6. Enâbin muzziny´igun-ing.
        You stand in the rain.
     7. Kimmiwun-oong ki nibow.
        What have you in that box?
     8. Waigonain aitaig mukuk-oong?
        Put it in the kettle.
-    9. Akkik-oong att�n, or P�dawain.
+    9. Akkik-oong attôn, or Pôdawain.
        My bow is not in the lodge; neither is it in the canoe, nor on
        the rock.
-   10. K�win _pindiq_ i�si ni mittigw�b; k�wiuh gyai chim�n-_ing_;
-       k�win gyai �zhibik-_oong_.
+   10. Kâwin _pindiq_ iâsi ni mittigwâb; kâwiuh gyai chimân-_ing_;
+       kâwin gyai âzhibik-_oong_.
 
 An attentive inspection of these examples will show that the local form
 pertains either to such nouns of the animate class as are in their
@@ -18445,49 +18409,49 @@ in all their variety, are added to the names of animated beings, when
 such names are the nominatives of adjectives or adjective-nouns, these
 words are converted into terms of qualification, indicating _like_,
 _resembling_, _equal_. Thus, if we wish to say to a boy, "He is like a
-man," the expression is, _Inin-ing izzhin�gozzi_; or, if to a man, "He
-is like a bear," _Mukk-oong izzhin�gozzi_; or, to a bear, "He is like a
-horse, _Pabaizhikog�zh-ing izzhin�gozzi_. In all these expressions, the
-word _izzhi_ is combined with the pronominal inflection _�_ (or _n�_)
+man," the expression is, _Inin-ing izzhinâgozzi_; or, if to a man, "He
+is like a bear," _Mukk-oong izzhinâgozzi_; or, to a bear, "He is like a
+horse, _Pabaizhikogâzh-ing izzhinâgozzi_. In all these expressions, the
+word _izzhi_ is combined with the pronominal inflection _â_ (or _nâ_)
 and the animate termination _gozzi_. And the inflection of the
 nominative is merely an adjective corresponding with _izzhi_--a term
 indicative of the general qualities of persons or animated beings. Where
 a comparison is instituted, or a resemblance pointed out, between
 inanimate instead of animate objects, the inflection _gozzi_ is changed
 to _gwud_, rendering the expression, which was, in the animate form,
-_izzhin�_gozzi, in the inanimate form _izzhin�_zgwud.
+_izzhinâ_gozzi, in the inanimate form _izzhinâ_zgwud.
 
 There is another variation of the local form of the noun, in addition to
 those above instanced, indicative of locality in a more general sense.
 It is formed by _ong_ or _nong_--frequent terminations in geographical
 names. Thus, from _Ojibwai_, Chippewa, is formed _Ojibwai_nong, "Place
 of the Chippewas." From _Wamattigozhiwug_, Frenchmen, is formed
-_Wamittigozhi_nong, "Place of Frenchmen." From _Ishpatin�_, Hill,
+_Wamittigozhi_nong, "Place of Frenchmen." From _Ishpatinâ_, Hill,
 _Ishpatinong_, "Place of the hill," &c. The termination _ing_, is also
 sometimes employed in this more general sense, as in the following names
 of places:--
 
-    Monomonik�_ning_. In the place of wild rice.
-    Moninggwunik�_ning_. In the place of sparrows.
+    Monomonikâ_ning_. In the place of wild rice.
+    Moninggwunikâ_ning_. In the place of sparrows.
     Ongwashagoosh_ing_. In the place of the fallen tree, &c.
 
-2. The diminutive forms of the noun are indicated by _ais_, _eas_, _�s_,
+2. The diminutive forms of the noun are indicated by _ais_, _eas_, _ôs_,
 and _aus_, as the final vowel of the word may require. Thus, _Ojibwai_,
-a Chippewa, becomes _Ojibw-ais_, a little Chippewa: _Inin�i_, a man,
-_inin-ees_, a little man: _Amik_, a beaver, _amik-�s_, a young beaver:
-_Ogim�_, a chief, _ogim-�s_, a little chief, or a chief of little
+a Chippewa, becomes _Ojibw-ais_, a little Chippewa: _Inin´i_, a man,
+_inin-ees_, a little man: _Amik_, a beaver, _amik-ôs_, a young beaver:
+_Ogimâ_, a chief, _ogim-âs_, a little chief, or a chief of little
 authority. Further examples may be added.
 
 SIMPLE FORM.          DIMINUTIVE FORM.
 
 --ais.
 
-    A woman      Eekw�      Eekw�z-ais.
-    A partridge  Pin�       Pin-ais.
-    A woodcock   M�im�i     M�im-ais.
+    A woman      Eekwâ      Eekwâz-ais.
+    A partridge  Pinâ       Pin-ais.
+    A woodcock   Mâimâi     Mâim-ais.
     An island    Minnis     Minnis-ais.
-    A grape      Sh�min     Sh�min-ais.
-    A knife      M�koman    M�koman-ais.
+    A grape      Shômin     Shômin-ais.
+    A knife      Môkoman    Môkoman-ais.
 
 --ees.
 
@@ -18496,25 +18460,25 @@ SIMPLE FORM.          DIMINUTIVE FORM.
     A pigeon   Omimi    Omim-ees.
     A bison    Pizhiki  Pizhik-ees.
     A potato   Opin     Opin-ees.
-    A bird     Pin�isi  Pin�ish-ees.
+    A bird     Pinâisi  Pinâish-ees.
 
---�s.
+--ôs.
 
-    A moose     M�z      M�z-�s.
-    An otter    Nigik    Nigik-�s.
-    A reindeer  Addik    Addik-�s.
-    An elk      Mushk�s  Mushk�s-�s.
-    A hare      W�b�s    W�b�s-�s.
-    A box       Mukuk    Mukuk-�s.
+    A moose     Môz      Môz-ôs.
+    An otter    Nigik    Nigik-ôs.
+    A reindeer  Addik    Addik-ôs.
+    An elk      Mushkôs  Mushkôs-ôs.
+    A hare      Wâbôs    Wâbôs-ôs.
+    A box       Mukuk    Mukuk-ôs.
 
 --aus.
 
-    A bass    Og�             Og-�s.
-    A medal   Sh�ni�          Sh�ni-�s.
-    A bowl    On�gun          On�g-�ns.
-    A bed     Nib�gun         Nib�g-a�ns.
-    A gun     P�shkizzigun    P�shkizzig-�ns.
-    A house   Wakyigun        Wakyig-�ns.
+    A bass    Ogâ             Og-âs.
+    A medal   Shôniâ          Shôni-âs.
+    A bowl    Onâgun          Onâg-âns.
+    A bed     Nibâgun         Nibâg-aûns.
+    A gun     Pâshkizzigun    Pâshkizzig-âns.
+    A house   Wakyigun        Wakyig-âns.
 
 In the last four examples, the letter _n_, of the diminutive, retains
 its full sound.
@@ -18527,13 +18491,13 @@ successfully employed in producing ridicule or contempt. When applied to
 the tribes of animals, or to inorganic objects, their meaning, however,
 is, very nearly, limited to an inferiority in size or age. Thus, in the
 above examples, _pizhik-ees_, signifies a calf; _omim-ees_, a young
-pigeon; and _ossin-ees_, a pebble, &c. But _inin-ees_, and _ogim-�s_,
+pigeon; and _ossin-ees_, a pebble, &c. But _inin-ees_, and _ogim-âs_,
 are connected with the idea of mental or conventional as well as bodily
 inferiority.
 
   1. I saw a little chief, standing upon a small island, with an inferior
      medal abouthis neck.
-     Ogim�s n'gi w�bum� nibowid minnisainsing on�bikow�n shoni�sun.
+     Ogimâs n'gi wâbumâ nibowid minnisainsing onâbikowân shoniâsun.
 
   2. Yamoyden threw at a young pigeon.
      Ogi pukkitaiwun omimeesun Yamoyden.
@@ -18542,28 +18506,28 @@ inferiority.
      Pizhikees ki nibowi sibeesing.
 
   4. The little man fired at a young moose.
-     Ininees ogi p�shkizw�n m�z�sun.
+     Ininees ogi pâshkizwân môzôsun.
 
   5. Several diminutive-looking bass were lying in a small bowl, upon
      a small table.
-     Add�powinaising attai on�g�ns abbiw�d og�sug.
+     Addôpowinaising attai onâgâns abbiwâd ogâsug.
 
 Some of these sentences afford instances of the use, at the same time,
 of both the local and diminutive inflections. Thus, the word
 _minnisainsing_, signifies literally, "in the little island;"
-_seebees-ing_, "in the little stream;" _add�powinais ing_, "on the small
+_seebees-ing_, "in the little stream;" _addôpowinais ing_, "on the small
 table."
 
 3. The preceding forms are not the only ones by which adjective
 qualities are conferred upon the substantive. The syllable _ish_, when
 added to a noun, indicates a bad or dreaded quality, or conveys the idea
 of imperfection or decay. The sound of this inflection is sometimes
-changed to _eesh_, _oosh_, or _aush_. Thus, _Chim�n_, a canoe, becomes
-_Chim�nish_, a bad canoe; _Ekwai_, a woman, _Ekwaiwish_, a bad woman;
+changed to _eesh_, _oosh_, or _aush_. Thus, _Chimân_, a canoe, becomes
+_Chimânish_, a bad canoe; _Ekwai_, a woman, _Ekwaiwish_, a bad woman;
 _nibi_, water, becomes _nibeesh_, turbid or strong water; _mittig_, a
 tree, becomes _mittigoosh_, a decayed tree; _akkik_, a kettle,
 _akkikoosh_, a worn-out kettle. By a further change, _wibid_, a tooth,
-becomes _wibid�sh_, a decayed or aching tooth, &c. Throughout these
+becomes _wibidâsh_, a decayed or aching tooth, &c. Throughout these
 changes the final sound of _sh_ is retained, so that this sound alone,
 at the end of a word, is indicative of a faulty quality.
 
@@ -18578,8 +18542,8 @@ offered hand of another--for it must be borne in mind that the Indians
 are a hand-shaking people as well as the Europeans--the implacable party
 has it at his option, in referring to the circumstance, to use the
 adjective form of hand, not _onindj_, but _oninjeesh_, which would be
-deemed contemptuous in a high degree. So, also, instead of _od�wai
-winini_, a trader, or man who sells, the word may be changed to _od�wai
+deemed contemptuous in a high degree. So, also, instead of _odâwai
+winini_, a trader, or man who sells, the word may be changed to _odâwai
 winini_wish, implying a bad or dishonest trader. It is seldom that a
 more pointed or positive mode of expressing personal disapprobation or
 dislike is required; for, generally speaking, more is implied by these
@@ -18593,9 +18557,9 @@ these forms may be fully perceived.
 
 --ish.
 
-    A bowl   On�gun              On�gun-ish.
+    A bowl   Onâgun              Onâgun-ish.
     A house  Wakyigun            Wakyigun-ish.
-    A pipe   Opw�gun             Opw�gun-ish.
+    A pipe   Opwâgun             Opwâgun-ish.
     A boy    Kweewizais          Kweewizais-ish.
     A man    Inini               Ininiw-ish.
 
@@ -18605,7 +18569,7 @@ these forms may be fully perceived.
     A stone  Ossin               Ossin-eesh.
     A potato Opin                Opin-eesh.
     A fly    Ojee                Oj-eesh.
-    A bow    Mittigw�b           Mittigw�b-eesh.
+    A bow    Mittigwâb           Mittigwâb-eesh.
 
 --oosh.
 
@@ -18613,15 +18577,15 @@ these forms may be fully perceived.
     A beaver     Ahmik           Ahmik-oosh.
     A reindeer   Addik           Addik-oosh.
     A kettle     Akkeek          Akkeek-oosh.
-    An axe       Wag�kwut        Wag�kwut-oosh.
+    An axe       Wagâkwut        Wagâkwut-oosh.
 
 --aush.
 
-    A foot       Ozid            Ozid-�sh.
-    An arm       Onik            Onik-�sh.
-    An ear       Otowug          Otowug-�sh.
-    A hoof       Wunnussid       Wunnussid-�sh.
-    A rush mat   Appukwa         Appukw-�sh.
+    A foot       Ozid            Ozid-âsh.
+    An arm       Onik            Onik-âsh.
+    An ear       Otowug          Otowug-âsh.
+    A hoof       Wunnussid       Wunnussid-âsh.
+    A rush mat   Appukwa         Appukw-âsh.
 
 These forms cannot be said, strictly, to be without analogy in the
 English, in which the limited number of words terminating in _ish_, as
@@ -18630,22 +18594,22 @@ adjective form.
 
 It may subserve the purposes of generalization to add, as the result of
 the foregoing inquiries, that substantives have a diminutive form, made
-in _ais_, _ees_, _�s_, or _�s_; a derogative form, made in _ish_,
-_eesh_, _oosh_, or _�sh_; and a local form, made in _aing_, _eeng_,
+in _ais_, _ees_, _ôs_, or _âs_; a derogative form, made in _ish_,
+_eesh_, _oosh_, or _âsh_; and a local form, made in _aing_, _eeng_,
 _ing_, or _oong_. By a principle of accretion, the second or third may
 be added to the first form, and the third to the second.
 
 EXAMPLE.
 
-  Serpent, s.           Kinai�bik.
+  Serpent, s.           Kinai´bik.
 
-  ---- s. diminutive.       ----�ns,     implying Little serpent.
+  ---- s. diminutive.       ----ôns,     implying Little serpent.
   ---- s. derogative.       ----ish,         "    Bad serpent.
   ---- s. local.            ----ing,         "    In (the) serpent.
-  ---- s. dim. and der.     ----�nsish,      "    Little bad serpent.
-  ---- s. dim. and lo.      ----�nsing,      "    In (the) little
+  ---- s. dim. and der.     ----ônsish,      "    Little bad serpent.
+  ---- s. dim. and lo.      ----ônsing,      "    In (the) little
                                                     serpent.
-  ---- s. dim. der. and lo. ----�nsishing,   "    In (the) little bad
+  ---- s. dim. der. and lo. ----ônsishing,   "    In (the) little bad
                                                     serpent.
 4. More attention has, perhaps, been bestowed upon these points than
 their importance demanded; but, in giving anything like a comprehensive
@@ -18672,16 +18636,16 @@ individual named has ceased to exist. This delicate mode of conveying
 melancholy intelligence, or alluding to the dead, is effected by placing
 the object in the past tense.
 
-    Aiekid-�pun aieko Garrangula-bun.
+    Aiekid-ôpun aieko Garrangula-bun.
     So the deceased Garrangula spoke.
 
-The syllable _bun_, in this sentence, added to the noun, and _�pun_
+The syllable _bun_, in this sentence, added to the noun, and _ôpun_
 added to the verb, place both in the past tense. And, although the
 death of the Indian orator is not mentioned, that fact would be
 invariably inferred.
 
 Names which do not terminate in a vowel sound, require a vowel prefixed
-to the tensal inflection, rendering it _�bun_ or _ebun_. Inanimate as
+to the tensal inflection, rendering it _ôbun_ or _ebun_. Inanimate as
 well as animate nouns take these inflections.
 
     PRESENT.            PAST FORM.
@@ -18689,13 +18653,13 @@ well as animate nouns take these inflections.
     Tecumseh,           Tecumsi-bun.
     Tammany,            Tamani-bun.
     Skenandoah,         Skenandoa-bun.
-    N�s (my father),    Nos-�bun.
+    Nôs (my father),    Nos-êbun.
     Pontiac,            Pontiac-ibun.
     Waub Ojeeg,         Waub Ojeeg-ibun.
     Tarhe,              Tarhi-bun.
-    Mittig (a tree),    Mittig-�bun.
-    Akkik (a kettle),   Akkik-�bun.
-    M�z (a moose),      M�z-�bun.
+    Mittig (a tree),    Mittig-ôbun.
+    Akkik (a kettle),   Akkik-ôbun.
+    Môz (a moose),      Môz-ôbun.
 
 By prefixing the particle _Tah_ to these words, and changing the
 inflection of the animate nouns to _iwi_, and the inanimates to _iwun_,
@@ -18710,13 +18674,13 @@ to. The last and the ensuing season are indicated as follows:--
 
     Spring,    Seegwun,   Seegwun-oong,    Seegwung.
     Summer,    Neebin,    Neebin-oong,     Neebing.
-    Autumn,    Tahgw�gi,  Tahgw�g-oong,    Tahgw�gig.
-    Winter,    Peeb�n,    Peeb�n-oong,     Peeb�ng.
+    Autumn,    Tahgwâgi,  Tahgwâg-oong,    Tahgwâgig.
+    Winter,    Peebôn,    Peebôn-oong,     Peebông.
 
             I spent last winter in hunting.
-            Ning�i nunda-wainjigai peeb�noong.
+            Ning´i nunda-wainjigai peebônoong.
             I shall go to Detroit next spring.
-            Ninjah izh� W�wi�tunong seegwung.
+            Ninjah izhâ Wâwiâ´tunong seegwung.
 
 5. _Sexual Nouns.--_The mode of indicating the masculine and feminine
 having been omitted in the preceding Inquiry, as not being essential to
@@ -18737,8 +18701,8 @@ would imply arrogance or indelicacy. Nearly the whole of their
 interjections--and they are numerous--are also thus exclusively
 appropriated; and no greater breach of propriety in speech could be
 committed, than a woman's uttering the masculine exclamation of
-surprise, _Ty�!_ or a man's descending to the corresponding female
-interjection, _N'y�!_
+surprise, _Tyâ!_ or a man's descending to the corresponding female
+interjection, _N'yâ!_
 
 The word _Neenimoshai_, my cousin, on the contrary, can only be applied,
 like husband and wife, by a male to a female, or a female to a male. If
@@ -18762,24 +18726,24 @@ acceptation, is limited. The following may be enumerated.
 
     MASCULINE.                              FEMININE.
 
-    Inin�i,        A man.           Ekwai�,           A woman.
-    Kwee�wizais,   A boy.           Ekwa�zais,        A girl.
+    Inin´i,        A man.           Ekwai´,           A woman.
+    Kwee´wizais,   A boy.           Ekwa´zais,        A girl.
     Oskinahwai,    A young man.     Oskineegakwai,    A young woman.
-    Akiwaizi,      An old man.      Mindim��ed,       An old woman.
-    N�sai,         My father.       Nin Gah,          My mother.
-    Ningwisis,     My son.          Nin d�nis,        My daughter.
+    Akiwaizi,      An old man.      Mindimô´ed,       An old woman.
+    Nôsai,         My father.       Nin Gah,          My mother.
+    Ningwisis,     My son.          Nin dânis,        My daughter.
     Ni ningwun,    My son-in-law.   Nis sim,          My daughter-in-law.
 
     MASCULINE.                                FEMININE.
 
-    Ni n�baim,    My husband.        Nimindim�imish,    My wife.
-    Nimieshomiss, My grandfather.    N�k�miss,          My grandmother.
-    Ogim�,        A chief.           Ogem�kw�,          A chiefess.
-    Addik,        A reindeer.        Neetsh�ni,         A doe.
-    Annimoosh,    A dog.             Kiskissh�i,        A bitch.
+    Ni nâbaim,    My husband.        Nimindimôimish,    My wife.
+    Nimieshomiss, My grandfather.    Nôkômiss,          My grandmother.
+    Ogimâ,        A chief.           Ogemâkwâ,          A chiefess.
+    Addik,        A reindeer.        Neetshâni,         A doe.
+    Annimoosh,    A dog.             Kiskisshâi,        A bitch.
 
 The sex of the brute creation is most commonly denoted by prefixing the
-words _I�bai_, male, and _N�zhai_, female.
+words _Iâbai_, male, and _Nôzhai_, female.
 
 6. _Reciprocal Changes of the Noun._--The pronominal particles with
 which verbs as well as substantives are generally encumbered, and the
@@ -18812,23 +18776,23 @@ these changes:--
 
                           INDICATIVE.              IMPERATIVE.
 
-  Chim�n, a canoe.        Chimai, he paddles.      Chimain, paddle thou.
+  Chimân, a canoe.        Chimai, he paddles.      Chimain, paddle thou.
   Pashkizzigun, a gun.    Pashkizzigai, he fires.  Pashkizzigain, fire
                                                    thou.
   Jeesidyigun, a broom.   Jeesidyigai, he sweeps.  Jeesidyigain, sweep
                                                    thou.
-  Weedjeeagun, a helper.  Weed�kagai, he helps.    Weedjeei-wain, help
+  Weedjeeagun, a helper.  Weedôkagai, he helps.    Weedjeei-wain, help
                                                    thou.
-  Ojibw�i, a Chippewa.    Ojibw�moo, he speaks     Ojibw�moon, speak thou
+  Ojibwâi, a Chippewa.    Ojibwâmoo, he speaks     Ojibwâmoon, speak thou
                           Chippewa.                Chippewa.
 
 Another class of nouns is converted into the first person, indicative,
 of a pseudo-declarative verb, in the following manner:--
 
-    Monido,    A spirit.    Ne Monid�w,      I (am) a spirit.
-    Wassai�,   Light.       Ne Wassai�w,     I (am) light.
+    Monido,    A spirit.    Ne Monidôw,      I (am) a spirit.
+    Wassaiâ,   Light.       Ne Wassaiâw,     I (am) light.
     Ishkodai,  Fire.        Nin Dishkodaiw,  I (am) fire.
-    Weendig�,  A monster.   Ni Weendig�w,    I (am) a monster.
+    Weendigô,  A monster.   Ni Weendigôw,    I (am) a monster.
     Addik,     A deer.      Nin Daddikoow,   I (am) a deer.
     Wakyigun,  A house.     Ni Wakyiguniw,   I (am) a house.
     Pinggwi,   Dust, ashes. Nim Binggwiw,    I (am) dust, &c.
@@ -18841,41 +18805,41 @@ _win_, added to the indicative of the verb, converts it into a
 substantive. Thus--
 
     Keegido,           He speaks.    Keegidowin,        Speech.
-    P�shkizzigai,      He fires.     Pashkizzigaiwin,   Ammunition.
+    Pâshkizzigai,      He fires.     Pashkizzigaiwin,   Ammunition.
     Agindasoo,         He counts.    Agindasoowin,      Numbers.
-    Wahyi�zhinggai,    He cheats.    Wahyi�zhinggaiwin, Fraud.
-    Minnikw�i,         He drinks.    Minnikw�iwin,      Drink.
-    Kubb�shi,          He encamps.   Kubb�ishiwin,      An encampment.
-    Meeg�zoo,          He fights.    Meeg�zoowin,       A fight.
+    Wahyiâzhinggai,    He cheats.    Wahyiâzhinggaiwin, Fraud.
+    Minnikwâi,         He drinks.    Minnikwâiwin,      Drink.
+    Kubbâshi,          He encamps.   Kubbâishiwin,      An encampment.
+    Meegâzoo,          He fights.    Meegâzoowin,       A fight.
     Ojeengai,          He kisses.    Ojeendiwin,        A kiss.
-    Ann�ki,            He works.     Ann�kiwta,         Work.
-    P�pi,              He laughs.    P�piwin,           Laughter.
-    Pim�dizzi,         He lives.     Pim�doiziwin,      Life.
-    Onw�ibi,           He rests.     Onw�ibiwin,        Rest.
-    Annami�,           He prays.     Annami�win,        Prayer.
-    Nib�,              He sleeps.    Nib�win,           Sleep.
-    Od�wai,            He trades.    Od�waiwin,         Trade.
+    Annôki,            He works.     Annôkiwta,         Work.
+    Pâpi,              He laughs.    Pâpiwin,           Laughter.
+    Pimâdizzi,         He lives.     Pimâdoiziwin,      Life.
+    Onwâibi,           He rests.     Onwâibiwin,        Rest.
+    Annamiâ,           He prays.     Annamiâwin,        Prayer.
+    Nibâ,              He sleeps.    Nibâwin,           Sleep.
+    Odâwai,            He trades.    Odâwaiwin,         Trade.
 
 Adjectives are likewise thus turned into substantives:--
 
-    Keezhaiw�dizzi,    He generous.    Keezhaiw�dizziwin,  Generosity.
+    Keezhaiwâdizzi,    He generous.    Keezhaiwâdizziwin,  Generosity.
     Minwaindum,        He happy.       Minwaindumowin,     Happiness.
-    Keezhaize�wizzi,   He industrious. Keezhaizh�wizziwin, Industry.
-    Kittim�gizzi,      He poor.        Kittim�gizziwin,    Poverty.
+    Keezhaizeâwizzi,   He industrious. Keezhaizhâwizziwin, Industry.
+    Kittimâgizzi,      He poor.        Kittimâgizziwin,    Poverty.
     Aukkoossi,         He sick.        Aukkoossiwin,       Sickness.
     Kittimishki,       He lazy.        Kittimishkiwin,     Laziness.
-    Nishk�dizzi,       He angry.       Nishk�dizziwin,     Anger.
-    Baik�dizzi,        She chaste.     Baik�dizziwin,      Chastity.
+    Nishkâdizzi,       He angry.       Nishkâdizziwin,     Anger.
+    Baikâdizzi,        She chaste.     Baikâdizziwin,      Chastity.
 
 In order to place the substantives thus formed in the third person,
 corresponding with the indicative from which they were changed, it is
-necessary only to prefix the proper pronoun. Thus, _Ogeezhaiw�dizziwin_,
+necessary only to prefix the proper pronoun. Thus, _Ogeezhaiwâdizziwin_,
 his generosity, &c.
 
 7. _Compound Substantives._--The preceding examples have been given
 promiscuously from the various classes of words, primitive and
 derivative, simple and compound. Some of these words express but a
-single idea, as, _�s_, father--_gah_, mother--_m�z_, a moose--_k�g_, a
+single idea, as, _ôs_, father--_gah_, mother--_môz_, a moose--_kâg_, a
 porcupine--_mang_, a loon--and appear to be incapable of further
 division. All such words may be considered as primitives, although some
 of them may be contractions of dissyllabic words. There are also a
@@ -18912,10 +18876,10 @@ sense of the parent words, upon a single syllable, and sometimes upon a
 single letter.
 
 Thus it is evident that the Chippewas possessed names for a living tree,
-_mittig_, and a string, _ai�b_, before they named the bow
-_mittigw�b_--the latter being compounded under one of the simplest rules
+_mittig_, and a string, _aiâb_, before they named the bow
+_mittigwâb_--the latter being compounded under one of the simplest rules
 from the two former. It is further manifest that they had named earth
-_akki_, and (any solid, stony, or metallic mass) _�bik_, before they
+_akki_, and (any solid, stony, or metallic mass) _âbik_, before they
 bestowed an appellation upon the kettle, _akkeek_, or _akkik_, the
 latter being derivatives from the former. In process of time these
 compounds became the bases of other compounds, and thus the language
@@ -18925,19 +18889,19 @@ in their meaning and formal in their utterance.
 When the introduction of metals took place, it became necessary to
 distinguish the clay from the iron pot, and the iron from the copper
 kettle. The original compound, _akkeek_, retained its first meaning,
-admitting the adjective noun _piw�bik_ (itself a compound) iron, when
-applied to a vessel of that kind, _piw�bik akkeek_, iron kettle. But a
-new combination took place to designate the copper kettle, _mishw�keek_,
+admitting the adjective noun _piwâbik_ (itself a compound) iron, when
+applied to a vessel of that kind, _piwâbik akkeek_, iron kettle. But a
+new combination took place to designate the copper kettle, _mishwâkeek_,
 red metal kettle; and another expression to denote the brass kettle,
-_ozaw�bik akkeek_, yellow metal kettle. The former is made up from
-_misk�w�bik_, copper (literally _red-metal_--from _miskw�_, red, and
-_�bik_, the generic above mentioned), and _akkeek_, kettle. _Ozaw�bik_,
-brass, is from _ozaw�_, yellow, and the generic _�bik_--the term
+_ozawâbik akkeek_, yellow metal kettle. The former is made up from
+_miskôwâbik_, copper (literally _red-metal_--from _miskwâ_, red, and
+_âbik_, the generic above mentioned), and _akkeek_, kettle. _Ozawâbik_,
+brass, is from _ozawâ_, yellow, and the generic _âbik_--the term
 _akkeek_ being added in its separate form. It may, however, be used in
 its connected form of _wukkeek_, making the compound expression
-_ozaw�bik wukkeek_.
+_ozawâbik wukkeek_.
 
-In naming the horse _paib�izhik�gazhi, i. e._ the animal with solid
+In naming the horse _paibâizhikôgazhi, i. e._ the animal with solid
 hoofs, they have seized upon the feature which most strikingly
 distinguished the horse from the cleft-footed animals, which were the
 only species known to them at the period of the discovery. And the word
@@ -18968,20 +18932,20 @@ above mentioned, can date their origin further back than the period of
 the discovery. Of this number of nascent words, are most of their names
 for those distilled or artificial liquors, for which they are indebted
 to Europeans. Their name for water, _neebi_, for the fat of animals,
-_weenin_, for oil or grease, _pimmidai_, for broth, _n�b�b_, and for
+_weenin_, for oil or grease, _pimmidai_, for broth, _nâbôb_, and for
 blood, _miskwi_, belong to a very remote era, although all but the first
 appear to be compounds. Their names for the tinctures or extracts
 derived from the forest, and used as dyes, or medicines, or merely as
-agreeable drinks, are mostly founded upon the basis of the word _�bo_, a
+agreeable drinks, are mostly founded upon the basis of the word _âbo_, a
 liquid, although this word is never used alone. Thus--
 
-    Shomin-�bo,        Wine,      From Shomin, a grape, �bo, a liquor.
-    Ishk�d�i-w�bo,     Spirits,   From Ishk�d�i, fire, &c.
-    Mishimin-�bo,      Cider,     From Mishimin, an apple, &c.
-    T�t�sh-�bo,        Milk,      From T�t�sh, the female breast, &c.
-    Sheew-�bo,         Vinegar,   From Sheewun, sour, &c.
-    Annibeesh-�bo,                From Annibeeshun, leaves, &c.
-    Ozhibiegun-aubo,              From Ozhibi�gai, he writes, &c.
+    Shomin-âbo,        Wine,      From Shomin, a grape, âbo, a liquor.
+    Ishkôdâi-wâbo,     Spirits,   From Ishkôdâi, fire, &c.
+    Mishimin-âbo,      Cider,     From Mishimin, an apple, &c.
+    Tôtôsh-âbo,        Milk,      From Tôtôsh, the female breast, &c.
+    Sheew-âbo,         Vinegar,   From Sheewun, sour, &c.
+    Annibeesh-âbo,                From Annibeeshun, leaves, &c.
+    Ozhibiegun-aubo,              From Ozhibiêgai, he writes, &c.
 
 In like manner their names for the various implements and utensils of
 civilized life, are based upon the word _Jeegun_, one of those
@@ -18992,74 +18956,74 @@ substantive, verb, or adjective, or parts of one or each, an entire new
 class of words is formed. In these combinations, the vowels e and o are
 sometimes used as connectives.
 
-    Keeshkeeb�-jeegun,  A saw,             From Keeshkeezhun, v. a. to
+    Keeshkeebô-jeegun,  A saw,             From Keeshkeezhun, v. a. to
                                              cut.
-    Seeseeb�-jeegun,    A file,            From Seesee, to rub off, &c.
+    Seeseebô-jeegun,    A file,            From Seesee, to rub off, &c.
     Wassakoonen-jeegun, A candle,          From Wassakooda, bright,
                                              biskoona, flame, &c.
-    Beeseeb�-jeegun,    A coffee-mill,     From Bees�, fine grains, &c.
-    Minnikw�d-jeegun,   A drinking-vessel, From Minnekw�i, he drinks,
+    Beeseebô-jeegun,    A coffee-mill,     From Beesâ, fine grains, &c.
+    Minnikwâd-jeegun,   A drinking-vessel, From Minnekwâi, he drinks,
                                              &c.
-    T�shkeeb�d-jeegun,  A saw-mill,        From Taushk�, to split, &c.
-    Mudw�iabeed-jeegun, A violin,          From Mudw�w�i, sound, �i�b, a
+    Tâshkeebôd-jeegun,  A saw-mill,        From Taushkâ, to split, &c.
+    Mudwâiabeed-jeegun, A violin,          From Mudwâwâi, sound, âiâb, a
                                              string, &c.
 
 Sometimes this termination is shortened into _gun_, as in the following
 instances:--
 
-    On�-gun,             A dish.
+    Onâ-gun,             A dish.
     Tikkina-gun,         A cradle.
     Neeba-gun,           A bed.
     Puddukkyi-gun,       A fork.
-    Puggimm�-gun,        A war-club.
-    Opw�-gun,            A pipe.
-    Wass�itshie-gun,     A window.
+    Puggimmâ-gun,        A war-club.
+    Opwâ-gun,            A pipe.
+    Wassâitshie-gun,     A window.
     Wakkyi-gun,          A house.
-    P�dahw�-gun,         A fire-place.
+    Pôdahwâ-gun,         A fire-place.
     Sheema-gun,          A lance.
 
-Another class of derivatives is formed from _wy�n_, indicating,
+Another class of derivatives is formed from _wyân_, indicating,
 generally, an undressed skin. Thus--
 
-    Muk-wy�n,       A bear skin,    From Mukwah, a bear, and wyaun, a
+    Muk-wyân,       A bear skin,    From Mukwah, a bear, and wyaun, a
                                       skin.
-    Wazhusk-wy�n,   A muskrat skin, From Wazhusk, a muskrat, &c.
-    Wab�s-wy�n,     A rabbit skin,  From Wab�s, a rabbit, &c.
-    Neegik-wy�n,    An otter skin,  From Neegih, an otter, &c.
-    Ojeegi-wy�n,    A fisher skin,  From Ojeeg, a fisher, &c.
-    Wabizhais-ewy�n, a martin skin, from wabizhais, a martin, &c.
-
-_W�biwy�n_, a blanket, and _bubbuggiwy�n_, a shirt, are also formed from
-this root. As the termination _wy�n_, is chiefly restricted to undressed
+    Wazhusk-wyân,   A muskrat skin, From Wazhusk, a muskrat, &c.
+    Wabôs-wyân,     A rabbit skin,  From Wabôs, a rabbit, &c.
+    Neegik-wyân,    An otter skin,  From Neegih, an otter, &c.
+    Ojeegi-wyân,    A fisher skin,  From Ojeeg, a fisher, &c.
+    Wabizhais-ewyân, a martin skin, from wabizhais, a martin, &c.
+
+_Wâbiwyân_, a blanket, and _bubbuggiwyân_, a shirt, are also formed from
+this root. As the termination _wyân_, is chiefly restricted to undressed
 skins, or peltries, that of _waigin_ is, in like manner, generally
 applied to dressed skins or to cloths. Thus--
 
     Monido-waigin,     Blue cloth, shrouds,  From Monido, spirits, &c.
-    Misk-waigin,       Red cloth,            From Miskw�, red, &c.
-    Nond�-waigin,      Scarlet.
+    Misk-waigin,       Red cloth,            From Miskwâ, red, &c.
+    Nondâ-waigin,      Scarlet.
     Peezhiki-waigin,   A buffalo robe,       From Peezhiki, a buffalo,
                                                &c.
     Addik-waigin,      A cariboo skin,       From Addik, a cariboo, &c.
-    Ozhauwushk-waigin, Green cloth,          From Ozh�wushkw�, green.
+    Ozhauwushk-waigin, Green cloth,          From Ozhâwushkwâ, green.
 
 An interesting class of substantives is derived from the third person
 singular of the present indicative of the verb, by changing the vowel
 sound of the first syllable, and adding the letter d to that of the
-last, making the terminations in _aid_, _�d_, _eed_, _id_, _ood_. Thus,
-_Pimmooss�_, he walks, becomes _p�mmooss�d_, a walker.
+last, making the terminations in _aid_, _âd_, _eed_, _id_, _ood_. Thus,
+_Pimmoossâ_, he walks, becomes _pâmmoossâd_, a walker.
 
 aid.
 
-    Munnissai,        He chops.         M�nissaid,         A chopper.
-    Ozhibeigai,       He writes.        W�zhibeigaid,      A writer.
-    Nundowainjeegai,  He hunts.         N�ndowainjeegaid,  A hunter.
+    Munnissai,        He chops.         Mânissaid,         A chopper.
+    Ozhibeigai,       He writes.        Wâzhibeigaid,      A writer.
+    Nundowainjeegai,  He hunts.         Nândowainjeegaid,  A hunter.
 
-�d.
+âd.
 
-    Neeb�,            He sleeps.        N�b�d,             A sleeper.
-    Kw�bahw�,         He fishes (with   Kwy�bahw�d,        A fisher (with
+    Neebâ,            He sleeps.        Nâbâd,             A sleeper.
+    Kwâbahwâ,         He fishes (with   Kwyâbahwâd,        A fisher (with
                         scoop net).                          scoop net).
-    Puggidow�,        He fishes (with   P�gidow�d,         A fisher (with
+    Puggidowâ,        He fishes (with   Pâgidowâd,         A fisher (with
                         seine).                              seine).
 
 eed.
@@ -19070,35 +19034,35 @@ eed.
 
 id.
 
-    Neemi,            He dances.        N�mid,             A dancer.
-    Weesinni,         He eats.          W�ssinid,          An eater.
-    Pim�dizzi,        He lives.         Paimaudizzid,      A living being.
+    Neemi,            He dances.        Nâmid,             A dancer.
+    Weesinni,         He eats.          Wâssinid,          An eater.
+    Pimâdizzi,        He lives.         Paimaudizzid,      A living being.
 
 ood.
 
     Nugamoo,          He sings.         Naigumood,         A singer.
-    Keegido,          He speaks.        K�gidood,          A speaker.
-    Keewonimoo,       He lies.          K�wunimood,        A liar.
+    Keegido,          He speaks.        Kâgidood,          A speaker.
+    Keewonimoo,       He lies.          Kâwunimood,        A liar.
 
 This class of words is rendered plural in _ig_--a termination, which,
 after _d_ final in the singular, has a soft pronunciation, as if written
-_jig_. Thus, _N�mid_, a dancer, _n�midjig_, dancers.
+_jig_. Thus, _Nâmid_, a dancer, _nâmidjig_, dancers.
 
 The derogative form is given to these generic substantives by
 introducing _ish_, or simply _sh_, in place of the _d_, and changing
 the latter to _kid_, making the terminations in _ai_, _aishkid_,
-in _�_, _�shkid_, in _e_, _eeshkid_, in _i_, _ishkid_, and in _oo_,
+in _â_, _âshkid_, in _e_, _eeshkid_, in _i_, _ishkid_, and in _oo_,
 _ooshkid_. Thus, _naindowainjeegaid_, a hunter, is changed to
-_naindowainjeegaishkid_, a bad or unprofitable hunter. _Naib�d_, a
-sleeper, is changed to _naib�shkid_, a sluggard. _Jossakeed_, a juggler,
-to _jossakeeshkid_, a vicious juggler. _W�sinnid_, an eater, to
-_w�ssinishkid_, a gormandizer. _K�gidood_, a speaker, _k�gidooshkid_, a
+_naindowainjeegaishkid_, a bad or unprofitable hunter. _Naibâd_, a
+sleeper, is changed to _naibâshkid_, a sluggard. _Jossakeed_, a juggler,
+to _jossakeeshkid_, a vicious juggler. _Wâsinnid_, an eater, to
+_wâssinishkid_, a gormandizer. _Kâgidood_, a speaker, _kâgidooshkid_, a
 babbler. And in these cases the plural is added to the last educed form,
-making _k�gidooshkidjig_, babblers, &c.
+making _kâgidooshkidjig_, babblers, &c.
 
-The word _nitt�_, on the contrary, prefixed to those expressions,
-renders them complimentary. For instance, _nitt� naigumood_, is a fine
-singer, _nitt� k�gidood_, a ready speaker, &c.
+The word _nittâ_, on the contrary, prefixed to those expressions,
+renders them complimentary. For instance, _nittâ naigumood_, is a fine
+singer, _nittâ kâgidood_, a ready speaker, &c.
 
 Flexible as the substantive has been shown to be, there are other forms
 of combination that have not been adverted to--forms, by which it is
@@ -19173,7 +19137,7 @@ considerable extent, obviated in practice.
 
 For the origin of the principle itself, we need look only to nature,
 which endows animate bodies with animate properties and qualities, and
-_vice vers�_. But it is due to the tribes who speak this language, to
+_vice versâ_. But it is due to the tribes who speak this language, to
 have invented one set of adjective symbols to express the ideas
 peculiarly appropriate to the former, and another set applicable
 exclusively to the latter; and to have given the words good and bad,
@@ -19194,17 +19158,17 @@ _au_, _un_, or _wud_, the impersonal forms.
     Bad,        Monaudud,             Monaudizzi.
     Ugly,       Gushkoonaugwud,       Gushkoonaugoozzi.
     Beautiful,  Bishegaindaugwud,     Bisheguindaugoozzi.
-    Strong,     S�ngun,               S�ngizzi.
-    Soft,       N�kun,                N�kizzi.
+    Strong,     Söngun,               Söngizzi.
+    Soft,       Nökun,                Nökizzi.
     Hard,       Mushkowau,            Mushkowizzi.
     Smooth,     Shoiskwau,            Shoiskoozzi.
-    Black,      Mukkudd�wau,          Mukkudd�wizzi.
+    Black,      Mukkuddäwau,          Mukkuddäwizzi.
     White,      Waubishkau,           Waubishkizzi.
     Yellow,     Ozahwau,              Ozahwizzi.
     Red,        Miskwau,              Miskwizzi.
     Blue,       Ozhahwushkwau,        Ozhahwushkwizzi.
     Sour,       Sheewun,              Sheewizzi.
-    Sweet,      Weeshk�bun,           Weeshk�bizzi.
+    Sweet,      Weeshköbun,           Weeshköbizzi.
     Light,      Naugun,               Naungizzi.
 
 It is not, however, in all cases, by mere modifications of the adjective
@@ -19225,12 +19189,12 @@ in some instances, take the personal inflections, the rule is not
 reciprocated, and _minno_, and _mindiddo_, and _gitizzi_, and all words
 similarly situated, remain unchangeably animates. The word _pungee_ is
 limited to the expression of quantity, and its correspondent,
-_uggaushi_, to size or quality. _Kished�_ (hot) is restricted to the
-heat of a fire; _keezhaut�_, to the heat of the sun. There is still a
+_uggaushi_, to size or quality. _Kishedä_ (hot) is restricted to the
+heat of a fire; _keezhautä_, to the heat of the sun. There is still a
 third term to indicate the natural heat of the body; _kizzizoo_.
 _Mitshau_ (large) is generally applied to countries, lakes, rivers, &c.;
 _mindiddo_, to the body; and _gitshee_, indiscriminately. _Onishishin_,
-and its correspondent, _onishishsh�_, signify handsome or fair, as well
+and its correspondent, _onishishshä_, signify handsome or fair, as well
 as good. _Kwonaudy_, a. a., and _kwonaudyewun_, a. i., mean, strictly,
 handsome, and imply nothing further. _Minno_ is the appropriate personal
 form for good. _Mudjee_ and _monaudud_ may reciprocally change genders,
@@ -19253,23 +19217,23 @@ To avoid a repetition of forms, were the noun and the adjective both to
 be employed in their usual relation, the latter is endowed with a
 pronominal or substantive inflection; and the use of the noun in its
 separate form is thus wholly superseded. Thus, _onishishin_, a. i., and
-_onishishsha_, a. a., become _w�nishishing_, "That which is good or
-fair," and _w�nishishid_, "He who is good or fair." The following
+_onishishsha_, a. a., become _wänishishing_, "That which is good or
+fair," and _wänishishid_, "He who is good or fair." The following
 examples will exhibit this rule under each of its forms:--
 
 COMPOUND OR NOUN-ADJECTIVE ANIMATE.
 
-    Black,     Mukkuddawizzi,   M�kudd�wizzid.
+    Black,     Mukkuddawizzi,   Mäkuddäwizzid.
     White,     Waubishkizzi,    Wyaubishkizzid.
-    Yellow,    Ozahwizzi,       W�zauwizzid.
-    Red,       Miskwizzi,       M�skoozzid.
-    Strong,    S�ngizzi,        Sw�ngizzid.
+    Yellow,    Ozahwizzi,       Wäzauwizzid.
+    Red,       Miskwizzi,       Mäskoozzid.
+    Strong,    Söngizzi,        Swöngizzid.
 
 NOUN-ADJECTIVE INANIMATE.
 
-    Black,     Mukkudd�wau,     M�kudd�waug.
+    Black,     Mukkuddäwau,     Mäkuddäwaug.
     White,     Waubishkau,      Wyaubishkaug.
-    Yellow,    Ozahwau,         W�zhauwaug.
+    Yellow,    Ozahwau,         Wäzhauwaug.
     Red,       Miskwau,         Maiskwaug.
 
 The animate forms, in these examples, will be recognized as exhibiting a
@@ -19280,20 +19244,20 @@ in the manner there mentioned. They also undergo changes to indicate the
 various persons. For instance, _onishisha_ is thus declined to mark the
 person:--
 
-    W�nishish-eyaun,   I (am) good or fair.
-    W�nishish-eyun,    Thou (art) good or fair.
-    W�nishish-id,      He (is) good or fair.
-    W�nishish-eyaung,  We (are) good or fair. (ex.)
-    W�nishish-eyung,   We (are) good or fair. (in.)
-    W�nishish-eyaig,   Ye (are) good or fair.
-    W�nishish-idjig,   They (are) good or fair.
+    Wänishish-eyaun,   I (am) good or fair.
+    Wänishish-eyun,    Thou (art) good or fair.
+    Wänishish-id,      He (is) good or fair.
+    Wänishish-eyaung,  We (are) good or fair. (ex.)
+    Wänishish-eyung,   We (are) good or fair. (in.)
+    Wänishish-eyaig,   Ye (are) good or fair.
+    Wänishish-idjig,   They (are) good or fair.
 
 The inanimate forms, being without person, are simply rendered plural by
 _in_, changing _maiskwaug_ to _maiskwaug-in_, &c. &c. The verbal
 signification which these forms assume, as indicated in the words am,
 art, is, are, is to be sought in the permutative change of the first
-syllable. Thus, _o_ is changed to _w�_, _muk_ to _m�k_, _waub_ to
-_wy-aub_, _ozau_ to _w�zau_, _misk_ to _maisk_, &c. The pronoun, as is
+syllable. Thus, _o_ is changed to _wä_, _muk_ to _mäk_, _waub_ to
+_wy-aub_, _ozau_ to _wäzau_, _misk_ to _maisk_, &c. The pronoun, as is
 usual in the double compounds, is formed wholly by the inflections
 _eyaun_, _eyun_, &c.
 
@@ -19308,24 +19272,24 @@ strictly animate or inanimate, admit of double forms, and are of general
 use. Many of the examples recorded in the original manuscripts employed
 in these inquiries, are of a more concrete character, and, at the same
 time, a more limited use. Thus, _shaugwewe_ is a weak person;
-_n�kaugumme_, a weak drink; _n�kaugwud_, a weak or soft piece of wood.
-_Suss�gau_ is fine, but can only be applied to personal appearance;
-_beesau_, indicates fine grains. _Keewushkw�_ is giddy, and
-_keewushkw�bee_, giddy with drink--both being restricted to the third
-person. _S�ngun_ and _songizzi_ are the personal and impersonal forms of
+_nökaugumme_, a weak drink; _nökaugwud_, a weak or soft piece of wood.
+_Sussägau_ is fine, but can only be applied to personal appearance;
+_beesau_, indicates fine grains. _Keewushkwä_ is giddy, and
+_keewushkwäbee_, giddy with drink--both being restricted to the third
+person. _Söngun_ and _songizzi_ are the personal and impersonal forms of
 strong, as given above, but _mushkowaugumme_ is strong drink. In like
 manner, the two words for hard, as above, are restricted to solid
 substances. _Sunnuhgud_ is hard (to endure). _Waindud_ is easy (to
-perform). _S�ngod��_ is brave; _shauged��_, cowardly; _keezhinghowizzi_,
+perform). _Söngodää_ is brave; _shaugedää_, cowardly; _keezhinghowizzi_,
 active; _kizheekau_, swift; _onaunegoozzi_, lively; _minwaindum_, happy;
 _gushkaindum_, sorrowful; but all these forms are confined to the third
 person of the indicative, singular. _Pibbigwun_ is a rough or knotted
 substance; _pubbiggozzi_, a rough person. _Keenwau_ is long or tall (any
 solid mass). _Kaynozid_ is a tall person. _Tahkozid_ a short person.
-_Wassayau_ is light; _wassaubizzoo_, the light of the eye; _wasshauzh�_,
+_Wassayau_ is light; _wassaubizzoo_, the light of the eye; _wasshauzhä_,
 the light of a star or any luminous body. _Keenau_ is sharp;
 _keenaubikud_, a sharp knife or stone. _Keezhaubikeday_ is hot metal, a
-hot stove, &c. _Keezhaugummeday_ is hot water. _Uubudgeet�n_ is useful,
+hot stove, &c. _Keezhaugummeday_ is hot water. _Uubudgeetön_ is useful,
 a useful thing. _Wauweeug_ is frivolous, anything frivolous in word or
 deed. _Tubbushish_ appears to be a general term for low. _Ishpimming_ is
 high in the air. _Ishpau_ is applied to any high fixture, as a house,
@@ -19339,7 +19303,7 @@ examples and illustrations. Ask a Chippewa the name for a rock, and he
 will answer _awzhebik_. The generic import of _awbik_ has been
 explained. Ask him the name for red rock, and he will answer
 _miskwaubik_; for white rock, and he will answer _waubaubik_; for black
-rock, _mukkudd�waubik_; for yellow rock, _ozahwaubik_; for green rock,
+rock, _mukkuddäwaubik_; for yellow rock, _ozahwaubik_; for green rock,
 _ozhahwushkwaubik_; for bright rock, _wassayaubik_; for smooth rock,
 _shoishkwaubik_, &c.--compounds in which the words red, white, black,
 yellow, &c., unite with _aubik_. Pursue this inquiry, and the following
@@ -19349,7 +19313,7 @@ Impersonal.
 
     Miskwaubik-ud,         It (is) a red rock.
     Waububik-ud,           It (is) a white rock.
-    Mukkud�waubik-ud,      It (is) a black rock.
+    Mukkudäwaubik-ud,      It (is) a black rock.
     Ozahwaubik-ud,         It (is) a yellow rock.
     Wassayaubik-ud,        It (is) a bright rock.
     Shoiskwaubik-ud,       It (is) a smooth rock.
@@ -19358,7 +19322,7 @@ Personal.
 
     Miskwaubik-izzi,       He (is) a red rock.
     Waububik-izzi,         He (is) a white rock.
-    Mukkud�waubik-izzi,    He (is) a black rock.
+    Mukkudäwaubik-izzi,    He (is) a black rock.
     Ozahwaubik-izzi,       He (is) a yellow rock.
     Wassayaubik-izzi,      He (is) a bright rock.
     Shoiskwaubik-izzi,     He (is) a smooth rock.
@@ -19375,7 +19339,7 @@ the language _Iau_. _Bik_ is apparently the radix of the expression for
 Let this mode of interrogation be continued, and extended to other
 adjectives, or the same adjectives applied to other objects, and results
 equally regular and numerous will be obtained. _Minnis_, we shall be
-told is an island; _miskominnis_, a red island; _mukkudd�minnis_, a
+told is an island; _miskominnis_, a red island; _mukkuddäminnis_, a
 black island; _waubeminnis_, a white island, &c. _Annokwut_, is a cloud;
 _miskwaunakwut_, a red cloud; _mukkuddawukwut_, a black cloud;
 _waubahnokwut_, a white cloud; _ozahwushkwahnakwut_, a blue cloud, &c.
@@ -19385,7 +19349,7 @@ be a generic term for water, or potable liquids. Hence, the following
 terms:--
 
     Gitshee,        Great.      Gitshiguma,         Great water.
-    Nokun,          Weak.       N�kauguma,          Weak drink.
+    Nokun,          Weak.       Nökauguma,          Weak drink.
     Mushkowau,      Strong.     Mushkowauguma,      Strong drink.
     Weeshkobun,     Sweet.      Weeshkobauguma,     Sweet drink.
     Sheewun,        Sour.       Sheewauguma,        Sour drink.
@@ -19405,10 +19369,10 @@ mauzhemaugud_, it smells bad; _mauzhemaugoozzi_, he smells bad. The
 inflections _gwud_, and _izzi_, here employed, are clearly indicative,
 as in other combinations, of the words _it_ and _him_.
 
-_Baimwa_, is sound; _baimw�wa_, the passing sound; _minw�wa_, a pleasant
-sound; _maunw�wa_, a disagreeable sound; _mudwayaushkau_, the sound of
+_Baimwa_, is sound; _baimwäwa_, the passing sound; _minwäwa_, a pleasant
+sound; _maunwäwa_, a disagreeable sound; _mudwayaushkau_, the sound of
 waves dashing on the shore; _mudwayaunnemud_, the sound of winds;
-_mudwayaukooshkau_, the sound of falling trees; _mudw�kumigishin_, the
+_mudwayaukooshkau_, the sound of falling trees; _mudwäkumigishin_, the
 sound of a person falling upon the earth; _mudwaysin_, the sound of any
 inanimate mass falling on the earth. These examples might be continued
 _ad infinitum_. Every modification of circumstances, almost every
@@ -19430,20 +19394,20 @@ first and second persons singular.
   Ningee minno weesin,                     I have eaten a good meal.
   Ningee minno pimmoossay,                 I have walked well, or a good
                                              distance.
-  K�g�t minno geezhigud,                   It (is) a very pleasant day.
-  Kwanaudy ning�dahs,                      I have a handsome garment.
+  Kägät minno geezhigud,                   It (is) a very pleasant day.
+  Kwanaudy ningödahs,                      I have a handsome garment.
   Ke minno iau nuh,                        Are you well?
   Auneende ain deyun,                      What ails you?
-  Keezhamonedo aup�dush sh�wainemik,       God prosper you.
-  Aup�dush sh�waindaugoozzegun,            Good luck attend you.
-  Aup�dush nau kinwainzh pimmaudizziyun,   May you live long.
+  Keezhamonedo aupädush shäwainemik,       God prosper you.
+  Aupädush shäwaindaugoozzegun,            Good luck attend you.
+  Aupädush nau kinwainzh pimmaudizziyun,   May you live long.
   Onauneegoozzin,                          Be (thou) cheerful.
   Ne minwaindum waubumenaun,               I (am) glad to see you.
   Kwanaudj kweeweezains,                   A pretty boy.
-  K�g�t s�nged��,                          He (is) a brave man.
-  K�g�t onishishsha,                       She (is) handsome.
-  Gitshee kin�zee,                         He (is) very tall.
-  Uggausau b�wizzi,                        She (is) slender.
+  Kägät söngedää,                          He (is) a brave man.
+  Kägät onishishsha,                       She (is) handsome.
+  Gitshee kinözee,                         He (is) very tall.
+  Uggausau bäwizzi,                        She (is) slender.
   Gitshee sussaigau,                       He (is) fine dressed.
   Bishegaindaugoozzi-wug meegwunug,        They (are) beautiful feathers.
   Ke daukoozzinuh,                         Are you sick?
@@ -19451,15 +19415,15 @@ first and second persons singular.
   Monaudud aindauyun,                      My place of dwelling (is) bad.
   Aindauyaun mitshau,                      My place of dwelling (is) large.
   Ne mittigwaub onishishsha,               My bow (is) good.
-  Ne bikwuk�n monaudud�n,                  But my arrows (are) bad.
+  Ne bikwukön monaududön,                  But my arrows (are) bad.
   Ne minwaindaun appaukoozzegun,           I love mild or mixed tobacco.
-  Kauweekau neezhikay uss�mau ne           But I never smoke pure tobacco.
+  Kauweekau neezhikay ussämau ne           But I never smoke pure tobacco.
     suggus-wannausee,
   Monaudud maishkowaugumig,                Strong drink (is) bad.
-  Keeguhgee budje�gonaun,                  It makes us foolish.
-  Gitshee Monedo neebe ogee �zhet�n,       The Great Spirit made water.
-  Ininewug dush ween ishk�d�waubo ogee     But man made whiskey.
-    oz-het�nahwau,
+  Keeguhgee budjeëgonaun,                  It makes us foolish.
+  Gitshee Monedo neebe ogee özhetön,       The Great Spirit made water.
+  Ininewug dush ween ishködäwaubo ogee     But man made whiskey.
+    oz-hetönahwau,
 
 These expressions are put down promiscuously, embracing verbs and nouns
 as they presented themselves, and without any effort to support the
@@ -19469,14 +19433,14 @@ first and second persons. The English expression is thrown into Indian
 in the most natural manner, and, of course, without always giving
 adjective for adjective or noun for noun. Thus, God is rendered, not
 _monedo_, but _Geezha monedo, merciful spirit_. Good luck is rendered by
-the compound phrase, _sh�waindaugoozzegun_, indicating in a very general
+the compound phrase, _shäwaindaugoozzegun_, indicating in a very general
 sense, the influence of kindness or benevolence on _success in life_.
-_S�nged��_ is, alone, _a brave man_, and the word _k�g�t_ prefixed, is
+_Söngedää_ is, alone, _a brave man_, and the word _kägät_ prefixed, is
 an adverb. In the expression "mild tobacco," the adjective is entirely
 dispensed with in the Indian, the sense being sufficiently rendered by
 the compound noun _appaukoozzegun_, which always means the Indian weed
-or smoking mixture. _Uss�mau_, on the contrary, without the adjective,
-signifies pure tobacco. _Bikwuk�n_, signifies blunt or lumpy-headed
+or smoking mixture. _Ussämau_, on the contrary, without the adjective,
+signifies pure tobacco. _Bikwukön_, signifies blunt or lumpy-headed
 arrows; _assowaun_, is the barbed arrow. _Kwonaudj kweeweezains_ means,
 not simply "pretty boy," but _pretty little boy_; and there is no mode
 of using the word boy but in this diminutive form, the word itself being
@@ -19486,7 +19450,7 @@ cheerful_. In the last phrase of the examples, "man" is rendered men
 (_inineewuy_) in the translation, as the term _man_ cannot be employed
 in the general plural sense it conveys in this connection in the
 original. The word "whiskey" is rendered by the compound phrase,
-_ishk�dawaubo_, literally _fire-liquor_, a generic for all kinds of
+_ishködawaubo_, literally _fire-liquor_, a generic for all kinds of
 ardent spirits.
 
 These aberrations from the literal terms will convey some conceptions of
@@ -19507,16 +19471,16 @@ accessory adjectives; and it is accordingly by adverbs and accessory
 adjectives that the degrees of comparison are expressed.
 
 _Pimmaudizziwin_, is a very general substantive expression, indicating
-the _tenor of being or life_. _Izzhew�bizziwin_, is a term near akin to
+the _tenor of being or life_. _Izzhewäbizziwin_, is a term near akin to
 it, but more appropriately applied to the _acts_, _conduct_, _manner_,
 or _personal deportment_ of life. Hence the expressions--
 
     Nem bimmaudizziwin,         My tenor of life.
     Ke bimmaudizziwin,          Thy tenor of life.
     O pimmaudizziwin,           His tenor of life, &c.
-    Nin dizhew�bizziwin,        My personal deportment.
-    Ke dizhew�bizziwin,         Thy personal deportment.
-    O Izzhew�bizziwin,          His personal deportment, &c.
+    Nin dizhewäbizziwin,        My personal deportment.
+    Ke dizhewäbizziwin,         Thy personal deportment.
+    O Izzhewäbizziwin,          His personal deportment, &c.
 
 To form the positive degree of comparison from these terms, _minno_,
 good, and _mudjee_, bad, are introduced between the pronoun and verb,
@@ -19536,21 +19500,21 @@ an adverb or an adjective as it is variously applied, but the meaning of
 which is, in this connection, _most_. The degrees of comparison may be,
 therefore, set down as follows:--
 
-  Positive,    Kished�.           Hot (restricted to the heat of a fire),
-  Comparative, Nahwudj kished�.   More hot,
-  Superlative, Mahmowee kished�.  Most hot.
+  Positive,    Kishedä.           Hot (restricted to the heat of a fire),
+  Comparative, Nahwudj kishedä.   More hot,
+  Superlative, Mahmowee kishedä.  Most hot.
 
-  Your manner of life is good,    Ke dizzhew�bizziwin onishishin.
-  Your manner of life is better,  Ke dizzhew�bizziwin nahwudj onishishin.
-  Your manner of life is best,    Ke dizzhew�bizziwin mahwowe� onishishin.
-  His manner of life is best,     Odizzhew�bizziwin mahmowee onishishinine.
-  Little Turtle was brave,        Mikkenok�ns s�nged��bun.
-  Tecumseh was braver,            Tecumseh nahwudj s�nged��bun.
-  Pontiac was bravest,            Pontiac mahmowee s�nged��bun.
+  Your manner of life is good,    Ke dizzhewäbizziwin onishishin.
+  Your manner of life is better,  Ke dizzhewäbizziwin nahwudj onishishin.
+  Your manner of life is best,    Ke dizzhewäbizziwin mahwoweé onishishin.
+  His manner of life is best,     Odizzhewäbizziwin mahmowee onishishinine.
+  Little Turtle was brave,        Mikkenoköns söngedääbun.
+  Tecumseh was braver,            Tecumseh nahwudj söngedääbun.
+  Pontiac was bravest,            Pontiac mahmowee söngedääbun.
 
 3. The adjective assumes a negative form when it is preceded by the
-adverb. Thus, the phrase _songed��_, he is brave, is changed to _kahween
-s�nged��see_, he is not brave.
+adverb. Thus, the phrase _songedää_, he is brave, is changed to _kahween
+söngedääsee_, he is not brave.
 
     POSITIVE.
 
@@ -19581,7 +19545,7 @@ inflection, but consist of radically different roots, form exceptions.
     His manner of life is bad,      Mudjee izzhewabizzi.
     His manner of life is not bad,  Kahween mudjee izzhewabizzi-see.
     It is large,                    Mitshau muggud.
-    It is not large,                Kahween mitshau-seen�n.
+    It is not large,                Kahween mitshau-seenön.
 
 In these examples, the declinable adjectives are rendered negative in
 _see_; the indeclinable, remain as simple adjuncts to the verbs; and the
@@ -19615,18 +19579,18 @@ ADJECTIVES ANIMATE.
 Singular.
 
     Onishishewe mishemin,          Good apple.
-    Kwonaudjewe eekw�,             Handsome woman.
-    Songed�� inine,                Brave man.
+    Kwonaudjewe eekwä,             Handsome woman.
+    Songedää inine,                Brave man.
     Bishegaindaugoozzi peenasee,   Beautiful bird.
     Ozahwizzi ahmo,                Yellow bee.
 
 Plural.
 
     Onishishewe-wug mishemin-ug,          Good apples.
-    Kwonaudjewe-wug eekw�-wug,            Handsome women.
-    Songed��-wug inine-wug,               Brave men.
+    Kwonaudjewe-wug eekwä-wug,            Handsome women.
+    Songedää-wug inine-wug,               Brave men.
     Bishegaindaugoozzi-wug peenasee-wug,  Beautiful birds.
-    Ozahwizzi-wug ahm-�g,                 Yellow bees.
+    Ozahwizzi-wug ahm-ög,                 Yellow bees.
 
 ADJECTIVES INANIMATE.
 
@@ -19639,10 +19603,10 @@ Singular.
 
 Plural.
 
-    Onishishin-�n mittig-�n,        Good trees.
-    Kwonaudjewun-�n tshemaun-un,    Handsome canoes.
-    Monaudud-�n ishkod-�n,          Bad fires.
-    Weeshkobun-�n aidetaig-in,      Sweet fruits.
+    Onishishin-ön mittig-ön,        Good trees.
+    Kwonaudjewun-ön tshemaun-un,    Handsome canoes.
+    Monaudud-ön ishkod-än,          Bad fires.
+    Weeshkobun-ön aidetaig-in,      Sweet fruits.
 
 Peculiar circumstances are supposed to exist in order to render the use
 of the adjective, in this connection with the noun, necessary and
@@ -19652,14 +19616,14 @@ allusion to objects previously named became necessary, the compound
 expressions would be used. Thus, instead of saying "the yellow bee,"
 _wazzahwizzid_ would distinctly convey the idea of that insect, _had the
 species been before named_. Under similar circumstances,
-_kain-waukoozzid_, _agausheid_, _s�ngaunemud_, _mushkowaunemud_, would
+_kain-waukoozzid_, _agausheid_, _söngaunemud_, _mushkowaunemud_, would
 respectively signify, "a tall tree," "a small fly," "a strong wind," "a
 hard wind." And these terms would become plural in _jig_, which, as
 before mentioned, is a mere modification of _ig_, one of the five
 general animate plural inflections of the language.
 
-_K�g�t wahwinaudj abben�jeeug_, is an expression indicating they are
-_very handsome children_. But _beeweezheewug monet�sug_ denotes _small
+_Kägät wahwinaudj abbenöjeeug_, is an expression indicating they are
+_very handsome children_. But _beeweezheewug monetösug_ denotes _small
 insects_. _Minno neewugizzi_, is "good tempered," "he is good tempered."
 _Mawshininewugizzi_, is "bad tempered," both having their plural in
 _wug_. _Nin nuneenahwaindum_, "I am lonesome." _Nin nuneenahwaindaumin_,
@@ -19675,14 +19639,14 @@ number.
 The numerals of the language are converted into adverbs by the
 inflection _ing_, making one, _once_, &c. The unit exists in duplicate.
 
-  P�zhik,      One, _general unit_.   }   Aubeding,          Once.
+  Päzhik,      One, _general unit_.   }   Aubeding,          Once.
   Ingoot,      One, _numerical unit_. }
   Neesh,       Two.                       Neeshing,          Twice.
   Niswee,      Three.                     Nissing,           Thrice.
   Neewin,      Four.                      Neewing,           Four times.
   Naunun,      Five.                      Nauning,           Five times.
-  N'goodwasw�, Six.                       N'goodwautsking,   Six times.
-  Neeshwausw�, Seven.                     Neeshwautshing,    Seven times.
+  N'goodwaswä, Six.                       N'goodwautsking,   Six times.
+  Neeshwauswä, Seven.                     Neeshwautshing,    Seven times.
   Shwauswe,    Eight.                     Shwautshing,       Eight times.
   Shongusswe,  Nine.                      Shongutshing,      Nine times.
   Metauswe,    Ten.                       Meetaushing,       Ten times.
@@ -19772,7 +19736,7 @@ neither of these forms can be used very well in prayer, as they cannot
 be applied directly _to_ the object addressed. It is only when speaking
 _of_ the Deity, under the name of father, to other persons, that the
 inclusive and exclusive forms of the word _our_ can be used. The dilemma
-may be obviated by the use of a compound descriptive phrase, _W� � se
+may be obviated by the use of a compound descriptive phrase, _Wä ö se
 mig o yun_, signifying, "Thou, who art the father of all," or "universal
 father." In practice, however, the question is cut short by those
 persons who have embraced Christianity. It has seemed to them that, by
@@ -19896,9 +19860,9 @@ modifications were exclusively _specific_ in their meaning, it, may be
 proper here, in further illustration of an important principle, to
 present a generic substantive under their compound forms.
 
-I have selected for this purpose one of the primitives. IE-AU�, is the
+I have selected for this purpose one of the primitives. IE-AU´, is the
 abstract term for matter. It is in the animate form. Its inanimate
-correspondent is IE-EE�. These are two important roots. And they are
+correspondent is IE-EE´. These are two important roots. And they are
 found in combination, in a very great number of derivative words. It
 will be sufficient here, to show their connection with the pronoun, in
 the production of a class of terms in very general use.
@@ -19909,14 +19873,14 @@ Possessive.
 
     SINGULAR.                                PLURAL.
 
-    Nin dy� aum,   Mine.     Nin dy� auminaun,   Ours. (ex.)
-                             Ke dy� auminaun,    Ours. (in.)
-    Ke dy� aum,    Thine.    Ke dy� aumewau,     Yours.
+    Nin dyë aum,   Mine.     Nin dyë auminaun,   Ours. (ex.)
+                             Ke dyë auminaun,    Ours. (in.)
+    Ke dyë aum,    Thine.    Ke dyë aumewau,     Yours.
 
 Objective.
 
-    O dy� aum-un,  His
-                   or Hers.  O dy� aumewaun,     Theirs.
+    O dyë aum-un,  His
+                   or Hers.  O dyë aumewaun,     Theirs.
 
 
 Inanimate Forms.
@@ -19925,14 +19889,14 @@ Possessive.
 
     SINGULAR.                            PLURAL.
 
-    Nin dy� eem,   Mine.     Nin dy� eeminaun,   Ours. (ex.)
-                             Ke dy� eeminaun,    Ours. (in.)
-    Ke dy� eem,    Thine.    Ke dy� eemewau,     Yours.
+    Nin dyë eem,   Mine.     Nin dyë eeminaun,   Ours. (ex.)
+                             Ke dyë eeminaun,    Ours. (in.)
+    Ke dyë eem,    Thine.    Ke dyë eemewau,     Yours.
 
 Objective.
 
-    O dy� eem.     His
-                   or Hers.  O dy� eemewau,     Theirs. (pos. in.)
+    O dyë eem.     His
+                   or Hers.  O dyë eemewau,     Theirs. (pos. in.)
 
 In these forms the noun is singular throughout. To render it plural, as
 well as the pronoun, the appropriate general plurals _ug_ and _un_, or
@@ -19974,7 +19938,7 @@ formula of the pronominal declensions:
 To render this formula of general use, six variations (five in addition
 to the above) of the possessive inflection are required, corresponding
 to the six classes of substantives, whereby _aum_ would be changed to
-_�m_, _eem_, _im_, _�m_, and _oom_, conformably to the examples
+_äm_, _eem_, _im_, _öm_, and _oom_, conformably to the examples
 heretofore given in treating of the substantive. The objective
 inflection would also be sometimes changed to _een_, and sometimes to
 _oan_.
@@ -20081,11 +20045,11 @@ of _who_, under the limitations we have mentioned. For instance--
     Who spoke?                Ahwaynain kau keegoedood?
     Who told you?             Ahwaynain kau weendumoak?
     Who are you?              Ahwaynain iau we yun?
-    Who sent you?             Ahwaynain wayn�nik?
-    Who is your father?       Ahwaynain k�s?
-    Who did it?               Ahwaynain kau t�dung?
+    Who sent you?             Ahwaynain waynönik?
+    Who is your father?       Ahwaynain kös?
+    Who did it?               Ahwaynain kau tödung?
     Whose dog is it?          Ahwaynain way dyid?
-    Whose pipe is that?       Ahwaynain d�pwaugunid en-eu?
+    Whose pipe is that?       Ahwaynain döpwaugunid en-eu?
     Whose lodge is it?        Ahwaynain way weegewomid?
     Whom do you seek?         Ahwaynain nain dau wau bumud?
     Whom have you here?       Ahwaynain oh-amau _ai_ auwaud?
@@ -20098,20 +20062,20 @@ he who spoke, he who told you, &c., the separable personal pronoun
 _ween_ (he) must be used in lieu of the relative; and the following
 forms will be elicited:--
 
-    Ween, kau unn�nik,            He (who) sent you.
+    Ween, kau unnönik,            He (who) sent you.
     Ween, kau geedood,            He (who) spoke.
     Ween, _ai_-aud e-mah,         He (who) is there.
     Ween, kau weendumoak,         He (who) told you.
-    Ween, kau t�dung,             He (who) did it, &c.
+    Ween, kau tödung,             He (who) did it, &c.
 
 If we object that, in these forms, there is no longer the relative
 pronoun _who_, the sense being simply he sent you, he spoke, &c., it is
 replied that, if it be intended only to say he sent you, &c., and not he
 _who_ sent you, &c., the following forms are used:--
 
-    Ke gee unn�nig,           He (sent) you.
-    Ainn�zhid,                He (sent) me.
-    Ainn�naud,                He (sent) him.
+    Ke gee unnönig,           He (sent) you.
+    Ainnözhid,                He (sent) me.
+    Ainnönaud,                He (sent) him.
     Iau e-mau,                He is there.
     Ke geedo,                 He (spoke).
     Ke gee weendumaug,        He (told) you.
@@ -20139,18 +20103,18 @@ prefixes to it. This may be shown in the causative verb--
 
 TO MAKE HAPPY.
 
-    Mainwaindum�id,       He (who) makes _me_ happy.
-    Mainwaindum�ik,       He (who) makes _thee_ happy.
-    Mainwaindum�aud,      He (who) makes _him_ happy.
-    Mainwaindum�inung,    He (who) makes _us_ happy. (in.)
-    Mainwaindum�yaug,     He (who) makes _us_ happy. (ex.)
-    Mainwaindum�innaig,   He (who) makes _ye_ or _you_ happy.
-    Mainwaindum�igowaud,  He (who) makes _them_ happy.
+    Mainwaindumëid,       He (who) makes _me_ happy.
+    Mainwaindumëik,       He (who) makes _thee_ happy.
+    Mainwaindumëaud,      He (who) makes _him_ happy.
+    Mainwaindumëinung,    He (who) makes _us_ happy. (in.)
+    Mainwaindumëyaug,     He (who) makes _us_ happy. (ex.)
+    Mainwaindumëinnaig,   He (who) makes _ye_ or _you_ happy.
+    Mainwaindumëigowaud,  He (who) makes _them_ happy.
 
 And so the forms might be continued throughout all the objective
 persons--
 
-    Mainwaindum � yun,    _Thou_ (who) makest me happy, &c.
+    Mainwaindum ë yun,    _Thou_ (who) makest me happy, &c.
 
 The basis of these compounds is _minno_, "good," and _aindum_, "the
 mind." Hence, _minwaindum_, "he happy." The adjective, in this
@@ -20164,7 +20128,7 @@ present instance, the phrase "he happy," is changed to "he makes happy,"
 _id_, _ik_, _aud_, &c., rendering the expressions, "he makes _me_
 happy," &c. But, in adding these increments, the vowel _e_ is thrown
 between the adjective-verb and the pronoun suffixed, making the
-expression, not _mainwaindum-yun_, but _mainwaindum �yun_. Generally,
+expression, not _mainwaindum-yun_, but _mainwaindum ëyun_. Generally,
 the vowel e, in this situation, is a connective, or introduced merely
 for the sake of euphony. And those who maintain that it is here
 employed as a personal pronoun, and that the relative _who_ is implied
@@ -20176,7 +20140,7 @@ they may, in an involuted sense, _imply_, it is quite clear, by turning
 to the list of _suffixed personal pronouns_, and _animate plurals_, that
 they mark the persons, I, thou, he, &c., we, ye, they, &c.
 
-Take, for example, _minwaindum�igowaud_, "he (who) makes them happy." Of
+Take, for example, _minwaindumëigowaud_, "he (who) makes them happy." Of
 this compound, _minwaindum_, as before shown, signifies "he makes
 happy." But as the verb is in the singular number, it implies that but
 _one person_ is made happy; and the suffixed personal pronouns
@@ -20202,12 +20166,12 @@ the following form of translation: "He makes them happy--him!" or
 The equivalent for _what_, is _waygonain_.
 
     What do you want?       Waygonain wau iauyun?
-    What have you lost?     Waygonain kau wonet�yun?
+    What have you lost?     Waygonain kau wonetöyun?
     What do you look for?   Waygonain nain dahwau bundahmun?
     What is this?           Waygonain ewinain maundun?
     What will you have?     Waygonain kad iauyun?
-    What detained you?      Waygonain kau oon dahme eg�yun?
-    What are you making?    Waygonain wayzhet�yun?
+    What detained you?      Waygonain kau oon dahme egöyun?
+    What are you making?    Waygonain wayzhetöyun?
     What have you there?    Waygonain e-mau iauyun?
 
 The use of this pronoun, like the preceding, appears to be confined to
@@ -20216,15 +20180,15 @@ its place, or is used for want of the pronoun _which_, is an adverb, and
 has considerable latitude of meaning. Most commonly, it may be
 considered as the equivalent for _how_, in what manner, or at what time.
 
-    What do you say?                         Auneen akeed�yun?
+    What do you say?                         Auneen akeedöyun?
     What do you call this?                   Auneen aizheneekaudahmun
                                                maundun?(i.)
     What ails you?                           Auneen aindeeyun?
     What is your name?                       Auneen aizheekauzoyun?
     Which do you mean, this or that? (an.)   Auneen ah-ow ainud, woh-ow
-                                               g�mau ewaidde?
+                                               gämau ewaidde?
     Which do you mean, this or that? (in.)   Auneen eh-eu ewaidumun oh-oo
-                                               g�mau ewaidde?
+                                               gämau ewaidde?
     Which boy do you mean?                   Auneen ah-ow-ainud?
 
 By adding to this word the particle _de_, it is converted into an adverb
@@ -20236,7 +20200,7 @@ of place, and may be rendered _where_.
     Where did you see it?                    Auneende ke waubundumun?
     Where are you going?                     Auneende azhauyun?
     Where did you come from?                 Auneende ka oonjeebauyun?
-    Where is your pipe?                      Auneende ke d�pwaugun?
+    Where is your pipe?                      Auneende ke döpwaugun?
     Where is your gun?                       Auneende ke baushkizzigun?
 
 By a still further modification, it is rendered an adverb of inquiry of
@@ -20247,7 +20211,7 @@ the cause or motive.
     Why are you angry?                       Auneeshween nishkaudizzeyun?
     Why will you depart?                     Auneeshween wee matyauyun?
     Why will you not depart?                 Auneeshween matyauseewun?
-    Why have you come?                       Auneeshween ke pe�zhauyun?
+    Why have you come?                       Auneeshween ke peëzhauyun?
     Tell me why?                             Weendumowishin auneeshween?
     Wherefore is it so?                      Auneeshween eh-eu izzhewaibuk?
                                                (in.)
@@ -20295,7 +20259,7 @@ substantive is properly employed after the pronoun:--
     That dog is fat,                 Ah-ow annemoosh ween-in-oo.
     This is a handsome knife,        Gagait onishishin maundun mokomahn.
     These are handsome knives,       Gagait wahwinaudj o-noo mokomahnun.
-    Those are bad knives,            Monaudud�n in-euwaidde mokomahnun.
+    Those are bad knives,            Monaududön in-euwaidde mokomahnun.
     Give me that spear,              Meezhishin eh-eu ahnitt.
     Give me those spears,            Meezhishin in-eu unnewaidde
                                        ahnitteen.
@@ -20445,7 +20409,7 @@ Lake Pepin.
 
 23. UNIO GIBBOSUS, _Barnes_. St. Croix River, Upper Mississippi,
 
-24. UNIO RECTUS, _Lamarck_. U. PR�LONGUS, _Barnes_. Upper Mississippi,
+24. UNIO RECTUS, _Lamarck_. U. PRÆLONGUS, _Barnes_. Upper Mississippi,
 from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin, and the River St. Croix. The
 specimens collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, vary much in the color of the
 nacre. Some have it entirely white, others rose purple, and others
@@ -20500,12 +20464,12 @@ day.
 
   _Aster tenuifolius_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
        "   _sericea_, Nuttall. River de Corbeau, Missouri Ter.
-       "   _l�vis?_ Willdenow. St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.
+       "   _lævis?_ Willdenow. St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.
        "   _concolor_, Willdenow. Fox River, Northwest Ter.
        "  (_N. Spec._). Sources of Yellow River, Northwest Ter.
   _Andropogon furcatus_, Willdenow. Sources of Yellow River, Northwest
                          Ter.
-  _Alopecurus geniculatus_, Linn�us. Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.
+  _Alopecurus geniculatus_, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.
   _Aira flexuosa._ Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.
   _Allium tricoccum_, Aiton. Ontonagon River of Lake Superior.
         "   _cernuum_, Roth. River de Corbeau to the sources of the
@@ -20622,7 +20586,7 @@ day.
   _Galeopsis tetrahit_, Var. Falls of St. Mary, Mich. Ter.
   _Gnaphalium plantaginium_, Var. Sources of the Mississippi.
   _Goodyera pubescens_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
-  _Hippoph� canadensis_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
+  _Hippophæ canadensis_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
       "    _argentea_, Pursh. Lake Superior.
   _Hedeoma glabra_, Persoon. Lake Michigan to the sources of the
                     Miss.
@@ -20631,7 +20595,7 @@ day.
   _Hudsonia tomentosa_, Nuttall. Lake Superior.
   _Hypericum canadense_. Lake Superior.
       "     _prolificum_, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.
-  _Hieracium fasciculatum_, Pursh. Pukw�ewa Lake, Northwest Ter.
+  _Hieracium fasciculatum_, Pursh. Pukwàewa Lake, Northwest Ter.
   _Hierochloa borealis_, Roemer & Schultes. Lake Superior.
   _Holcus lanatus_. Savannah River, Northwest Ter.
   _Houstonia longifolia_, Willdenow. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.
@@ -20658,7 +20622,7 @@ day.
   _Lathyrus palustris._ Lake Superior.
      " _decaphyllus_, Pursh. Leech Lake.
      " _maritimus_, Bigelow. Lake Superior.
-  _Lobelia kalmii_, Linn�us. Lake Superior.
+  _Lobelia kalmii_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
      " _claytoniana_, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.
      " _puberula?_ Michaux. Yellow River, Northwest Ter.
   _Liatris scariosa_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
@@ -20668,7 +20632,7 @@ day.
   _Ledum latifolium_, Aiton. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
   _Myrica gale_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
   _Malva (N. Spec.)._ Upper Mississippi.
-  _Monarda punctata_, Linn�us. Upper Mississippi.
+  _Monarda punctata_, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.
      " _oblongata_, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.
   _Microstylis ophioglossoides_, Willdenow. Lac la Biche [Itasca].
   _Myriophyllum spicatum._ Lake Superior.
@@ -20676,7 +20640,7 @@ day.
   _Menyanthes trifoliata._ Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
   _Myosotis arvensis_, Sibthorp. St. Clair River, Mich. Ter.
   _Nelumbium luteum_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
-  _OEnothera biennis_, Var. Bois Brul� River of Lake Superior.
+  _OEnothera biennis_, Var. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.
            "     _serrulata_, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.
   _Psoralea argophylla_, Pursh. Falls of St. Anthony.
   _Primula farinosa_, Var. _Americana_, Torrey. Lakes Huron and
@@ -20688,16 +20652,16 @@ day.
   _Pinus nigra_, Lambert. Lake Superior.
        "   _banksiana_, Lambert. Lake Superior.
   _Populus tremuloides_, Michaux. Northwest Ter.
-        "    _l�vigata_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
+        "    _lævigata_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
   _Prunus depressa_, Pursh. Lakes Superior and Michigan.
   _Petalostemon violaceum_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
         "         _candidum_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
   _Potentilla tridentata_, Aiton. Lake Superior.
-        "       _fruticosa_, Linn�us. Lakes Superior and Michigan.
+        "       _fruticosa_, Linnæus. Lakes Superior and Michigan.
   _Pyrola uniflora_, Mauvais River of Lake Superior.
-  _Polygonum amphibium_, Linn�us. St. Croix River.
+  _Polygonum amphibium_, Linnæus. St. Croix River.
         "      _cilinode_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
-        "      _articulatum_, Linn�us. Lake Superior.
+        "      _articulatum_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
         "      _coccinium_, Willdenow. St. Croix River.
   _Polygala polygama_, Walter. Northwest Ter.
   _Phlox aristata_, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.
@@ -20711,54 +20675,54 @@ day.
         "       _pusillus_, Pursh. Mich. Ter.
         "       _prostratus_, Lamarck. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
         "       _lacustris_, Beck & Tracy. Upper Mississippi.
-  _Rudbeckia hirta_, Linn�us. Upper Mississippi and Michigan Ter.
+  _Rudbeckia hirta_, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi and Michigan Ter.
          "     _digitata_, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.
   _Rubus parviflorus_, Nuttall. Lake Superior to the sources of the
                        Miss.
-       "   _hispidus_, Linn�us. Lake Superior.
+       "   _hispidus_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
        "   _saxatilis_, Var. _canadensis_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
   _Rosa gemella_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
        "  _rubifolia_, Brown. Michigan Ter.
   _Ribes albinervum_, Michaux. Sources of the St. Croix River.
-  _Saururus cernuus_, Linn�us. Upper Mississippi.
+  _Saururus cernuus_, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.
   _Streptopus roseus_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
   _Sisymbrium brachycarpum_, Richardson. Lake Superior.
-         "      _chiranthoides_, Linn�us. Lake Superior.
-  _Swertia deflexa_, Smith. Bois Brul� River of Lake Superior.
+         "      _chiranthoides_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
+  _Swertia deflexa_, Smith. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.
   _Silphium terebinthinaceum_, Elliott. Michigan Territory to the Miss.
          "    _gummiferum_. Fox River to the Mississippi.
   _Stachys aspera_, Var. Michaux. Lake Superior.
   _Sterocaulon paschale._ Lake Superior.
   _Struthiopteris pennsylvanica_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
   _Scirpus frigetur?_ Lake of the Isles, Northwest Ter.
-        "    _palustris_, Linn�us. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
+        "    _palustris_, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
   _Salix prinoides_, Pursh. Mauvais River of Lake Superior.
        "   _longifolia_, Muhlenberg. Upper Mississippi.
-  _Spir�a opulifolia_, Var. _tomentella_, De Candolle. Lake Superior.
+  _Spiræa opulifolia_, Var. _tomentella_, De Candolle. Lake Superior.
   _Sorbus americana_, Willdenow. Lake Huron to the head of Lake
                       Superior.
-  _Smilax rotundifolia_ Linn�us. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
-  _Silene antirrhina_, Linn�us. Lac la Biche.
+  _Smilax rotundifolia_ Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
+  _Silene antirrhina_, Linnæus. Lac la Biche.
   _Saxifraga virginiensis_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
   _Scutellaria ambigua_, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.
   _Solidago virgaurea_, Var. _alpina._ Lake Superior.
   _Stipa juncea_, Nuttall. Usawa R.
   _Symphora racemosa_, Michaux. Source of the Miss. R.
-  _Senecio balsamit�_, Var. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.
+  _Senecio balsamitæ_, Var. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.
   _Sagittaria heterophylla_, Pursh. Upper Miss.
   _Tanacetum huronensis_, Nuttall. Lakes Michigan and Superior.
   _Tussilago palmata_, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.
   _Tofeldia pubens_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
-  _Triglochin maritimum_, Linn�us. Lake Superior.
+  _Triglochin maritimum_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
   _Thalyctrum corynellum_, De Candolle. St. Louis River.
-  _Triticum repens_, Linn�us. Leech Lake.
+  _Triticum repens_, Linnæus. Leech Lake.
   _Troximon virginicum_, Pursh. Lake Winnipec.
   _Talinum teretifolium_, Pursh. St. Croix River.
   _Tradescantia virginica._ Upper Mississippi.
   _Utricularia cornuta_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
          "       _purpurea_, Walter. Lac Chetac, N. W. Ter.
   _Uraspermum canadense_, Lake Superior to the Miss.
-  _Viola lanceolata_, Linn�us. Sault Ste. Marie.
+  _Viola lanceolata_, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie.
        "   _pedata_, Var. (or _N. Spec._). Lac la Biche, sources of the
                      Miss.
   _Viburnum oxycoccus_, Pursh. Lake Superior.
@@ -20960,7 +20924,7 @@ having failed to realize their anticipations, the project was abandoned
 without further actual investigation. We would be induced to infer that
 no attempts were made to learn the original source of the metal which
 was discovered, and thus, while the attention was drawn to insulated
-masses, the ores, ordinary in appearance, but more important _in sit�_,
+masses, the ores, ordinary in appearance, but more important _in sitû_,
 were neglected; and perhaps, from the close analogy in appearance to the
 rock with which they were associated, no distinction was observed.
 
@@ -21056,7 +21020,7 @@ mile or more from land. But we could not satisfy ourselves by an
 examination necessarily partial, that either of the primitive species
 mentioned, existed there in any other condition than as rolled masses,
 or displacements of rock strata, contiguous, perhaps, but not observed.
-Dr. Bigsby has informed me, that he observed the gneiss _in sit�_, on
+Dr. Bigsby has informed me, that he observed the gneiss _in sitû_, on
 the northwestern shores of this lake. The nearest rock in place, and
 that which in fact constitutes the abraded and caverned promontory of
 Point aux Barques, is gray sandstone.
@@ -21083,7 +21047,7 @@ transparent rhombs, exhibiting the property of double refraction. Also,
 at the lead mines, in Iowa County, in the marly clay formation, often
 exhibiting imperfect prisms, variously truncated.
 
-2. CALCAREOUS TUFA. Mouth of the River Brul�, of Lake Superior. In
+2. CALCAREOUS TUFA. Mouth of the River Brulé, of Lake Superior. In
 small, friable, broken masses, in the diluvial soil. Also, in the gorge
 below the Falls of St. Anthony. In detached, vesicular masses, amidst
 debris.
@@ -21108,7 +21072,7 @@ Superior. Compact.
 8. COMMON QUARTZ. Huron Islands, Lake Superior; also the adjoining
 coast. In very large veins or beds. White, opaque.
 
-9. GRANULAR QUARTZ. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Mississippi. _In sit�._
+9. GRANULAR QUARTZ. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Mississippi. _In sitû._
 
 10. SMOKY QUARTZ. In the trap-rock, Keweena Point, Lake Superior,
 crystallized. In connection with amethystine quartz.
@@ -21127,7 +21091,7 @@ Superior. Also, at Dodgeville, Iowa County, Mich. Ter., in fragments or
 nodular masses in the clay soil.
 
 15. JASPER. In the preceding locality. Common and striped, exceedingly
-difficult of being acted on by the wheel. Not observed _in sit�_.
+difficult of being acted on by the wheel. Not observed _in sitû_.
 
 16. AGATE. Imbedded in the trap-rocks of Lake Superior, and also
 detached, forming a constituent of its detritus. Variously colored.
@@ -21139,7 +21103,7 @@ _harder_ than any of the described species.
 
 17. CYANITE. Specimens of this mineral, in flat, six-sided prisms,
 imbedded in a dark primitive rock, were brought out from Lac du Flambeau
-outlet, where the rock is described as existing _in sit�_. The locality
+outlet, where the rock is described as existing _in sitû_. The locality
 has not been visited, but there are facts brought to light, within the
 last two or three years, to justify the extension of the primitive to
 that section of country.
@@ -21147,7 +21111,7 @@ that section of country.
 18. PITCHSTONE. A detached mass of this mineral, very black and
 lava-like, was picked up in the region of Lake Superior, where the
 volcanic mineral, trachyte, is common among the rolled masses. Neither
-of these substances have been observed _in sit�_.
+of these substances have been observed _in sitû_.
 
 19. MICA. Huron Islands, Lake Superior. In granite.
 
@@ -21166,7 +21130,7 @@ of primitive rock at Green Bay.
 so delicate and firmly united as to appear almost compact, radiating
 from a centre. Some of the masses produced by this radiation measure 2.5
 inches in diameter. They are of a uniform, pale, yellowish red. This
-mineral has not been traced _in sit�_, being found in detached masses of
+mineral has not been traced _in sitû_, being found in detached masses of
 rock, and sometimes as water-worn portions of radii. Its true position
 would seem to be the trap-rock.
 
@@ -21360,7 +21324,7 @@ with me a few Chippewas, in a canoe provided with oars, to convey a part
 of the provisions. A flag was procured for each canoe. I joined the
 expedition at the head of the portage, at this place, on the 25th of
 June; and, after visiting the Chippewa villages in the belt of country
-between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, in latitudes 44� to 46�,
+between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, in latitudes 44° to 46°,
 returned on the 4th of September, having been absent seventy-two days,
 and travelled a line of country estimated to be two thousand three
 hundred and eight miles. I have now the honor to report to you the route
@@ -21372,7 +21336,7 @@ Reasons existed for not extending the visit to the Chippewa bands on the
 extreme Upper Mississippi, on Red Lake, and Red River, and the River De
 Corbeau. After entering Lake Superior, and traversing its southern
 shores to Point Chegoimegon, and the adjacent cluster of islands, I
-ascended the Mauvaise River to a portage of 8-� miles into the
+ascended the Mauvaise River to a portage of 8-¾ miles into the
 Kaginogumac, or Long Water Lake. This lake is about eight miles long,
 and of very irregular width. Thence, by a portage of 280 yards, into
 Turtle Lake; thence, by a portage of 1,075 yards, into Clary's Lake, so
@@ -21466,7 +21430,7 @@ carried this distance, but the canoes are brought through the stream.
 Sapin Lake is also small; we were thirty minutes in crossing it. Below
 this point, the river again expands into a beautiful sheet of water,
 called Red Cedar Lake, which we were an hour in passing; and afterward
-into _Bois Fran�ois_, or Rice Lake. At the latter place, at the distance
+into _Bois François_, or Rice Lake. At the latter place, at the distance
 of perhaps sixty miles from its head, I found the last fixed village of
 Chippewas on this stream, although the hunting camps, and other signs of
 temporary occupation, were more numerous below than on any other part of
@@ -22349,7 +22313,7 @@ amply rewarded. The track of discovery is conspicuously marked by these
 excavations, which often extend, in a direct line, on the cardinal
 points, as far as the eye can reach. Everywhere the marly clay formation
 appears to have been relied on for the ore, and much of it certainly
-appears to be _in sit�_ in it. It bears no traces of attrition; and its
+appears to be _in sitû_ in it. It bears no traces of attrition; and its
 occurrence in regular leads forbids the supposition of its being an
 oceanic arrangement of mineral detritus. At Vanmater's, the
 metalliferous clay marl is overlaid by a grayish sedimentary limestone.
@@ -22580,7 +22544,7 @@ this point the ascent of the Mississippi was due south; and it was
 finally found to have its origin in a handsome lake, of some seven miles
 in extent, on the height of land to which I gave the name of Itasca.
 
-This lake lies in latitude 47� 13' 25". It lies at an altitude of 1,575
+This lake lies in latitude 47° 13' 25". It lies at an altitude of 1,575
 feet, by the barometer, above the Gulf of Mexico. It affords me
 satisfaction to say, that, by this discovery, the geographical point of
 the origin of this river is definitely fixed. Materials for maps and
@@ -23059,14 +23023,14 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
   Summit of bluff  on the eastern side of    |         |         |
     Prairie du Chien                         |   ...   |   ...   |  1,010
                                              |         |         |
-  Cap-�-l'ail, the summit--height above the  |         |         |
+  Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the  |         |         |
     Mississipi, 335 feet                     |    32   | 1,964   |  1,013
                                              |         |         |
   Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth      |    14   | 1,978   |    ...
                                              |         |         |
   Hokah River (Root River), the mouth        |    23   | 2,001   |    ...
                                              |         |         |
-  Praire � la Crosse River, the mouth        |     3   | 2,004   |    ...
+  Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth        |     3   | 2,004   |    ...
                                              |         |         |
   Sappah River, or Black River opposite the  |         |         |
     old mouth                                |    31   | 2,035   |    683
@@ -23075,7 +23039,7 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
       the old mouth                          |   ...   |   ...   |  1,214
                                              |         |         |
     Dividing ridge between Sappah River and  |         |         |
-      Prairie � la Crosse River, 6 miles     |         |         |
+      Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles     |         |         |
       east of Mississippi                    |  ...    |  ...    |  1,103
 
   [276] The numbers in this column refer to the surface of the water in
@@ -23090,7 +23054,7 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
                                              |           |Longitudes
                                              |           | in time.
   -------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------
-  Mouths of the Mississippi--                | � �  ��   | _h. m. s._
+  Mouths of the Mississippi--                | ° ´  ´´   | _h. m. s._
                                              |           |
              { The old Balize of the         |           |
   Northeast  {   French and pilot-house,     | 29  7 15.3| 5 56 18.44
@@ -23162,14 +23126,14 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
   Summit of bluff  on the eastern side of    |           |
     Prairie du Chien                         |           |
                                              |           |
-  Cap-�-l'ail, the summit--height above the  |           |
+  Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the  |           |
     Mississipi, 335 feet                     |     ...   |   ...
                                              |           |
   Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth      | 43  29  26| 6  4  40
                                              |           |
   Hokah River (Root River), the mouth        | 43  47  00| 6  4  46
                                              |           |
-  Praire � la Crosse River, the mouth        | 43  49  00| 6  4  56
+  Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth        | 43  49  00| 6  4  56
                                              |           |
   Sappah River, or Black River opposite the  |           |
     old mouth                                | 43  57  14| 6  5  36
@@ -23178,7 +23142,7 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
       the old mouth                          |     ...   |   ...
                                              |           |
     Dividing ridge between Sappah River and  |           |
-      Prairie � la Crosse River, 6 miles     |           |
+      Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles     |           |
       east of Mississippi                    |     ...   |   ...
 
   -------------------------------------------+------------+------------
@@ -23189,7 +23153,7 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
                                              |Longitudes |
                                              |  in arc.  |
   -------------------------------------------+-----------+------------
-  Mouths of the Mississippi--                | �  �  ��  |
+  Mouths of the Mississippi--                | °  ´  ´´  |
                                              |           |
              { The old Balize of the         |           |   Captain A.
   Northeast  {   French and pilot-house,     | 89  4 36.6|    Talcott.
@@ -23264,14 +23228,14 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
   Summit of bluff  on the eastern side of    |           |
     Prairie du Chien                         |           |
                                              |           |
-  Cap-�-l'ail, the summit--height above the  |           |
+  Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the  |           |
     Mississipi, 335 feet                     |    ...    |    do.
                                              |           |
   Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth      | 91 10 00  |    do.
                                              |           |
   Hokah River (Root River), the mouth        | 91 11 30  |    do.
                                              |           |
-  Praire � la Crosse River, the mouth        | 91 14 00  |    do.
+  Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth        | 91 14 00  |    do.
                                              |           |
   Sappah River, or Black River opposite the  |           |
     old mouth                                | 91 24 00  |    do.
@@ -23280,7 +23244,7 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
       the old mouth                          |    ...    |    do.
                                              |           |
     Dividing ridge between Sappah River and  |           |
-      Prairie � la Crosse River, 6 miles     |           |
+      Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles     |           |
       east of Mississippi                    |    ...    |    do.
 
 
@@ -23295,11 +23259,11 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
                                              |place to | Gulf of | Mexico.
                                              |place.   | Mexico. |
   -------------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------
-  Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe �_|_Miles._ |_Miles._ | _Feet._
+  Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_|_Miles._ |_Miles._ | _Feet._
     _l'Eau_ of the French                    |    7    |  2,042  |  ...
   Miniskah River, or White-water River       |   27    |  2,069  |  ...
   Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River          |         |         |
-    (_Rivi�re aux Embarras_ of the French)   |    1    |  2,070  |  ...
+    (_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French)   |    1    |  2,070  |  ...
   At Roque's, two and a half miles below     |         |         |
     Chippeway River                          |   14    |  2,084  |  ...
   Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest    |         |         |
@@ -23369,11 +23333,11 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
                                              |          |Longitudes
                                              |          | in time.
   -------------------------------------------+----------+-----------
-  Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe �_| � � ��   |_h. m. s._
+  Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_| ° ´ ´´   |_h. m. s._
     _l'Eau_ of the French                    | 44  1  7 | 6  6    2
   Miniskah River, or White-water River       | 44 12 36 | 6  7   25
   Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River          |          |
-    (_Rivi�re aux Embarras_ of the French)   | 44 13 20 | 6  7   22
+    (_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French)   | 44 13 20 | 6  7   22
   At Roque's, two and a half miles below     |          |
     Chippeway River                          | 44 23 24 | 6  8   00
   Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest    |          |
@@ -23443,11 +23407,11 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
                                              |Longitudes|
                                              | in arc.  |
   -------------------------------------------+----------+------------
-  Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe �_|  � � ��  |
+  Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_|  ° ´ ´´  |
     _l'Eau_ of the French                    | 91 30 30 | Nicollet.
   Miniskah River, or White-water River       | 91 51 15 | do.
   Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River          |          |
-    (_Rivi�re aux Embarras_ of the French)   | 91 50 30 | do.
+    (_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French)   | 91 50 30 | do.
   At Roque's, two and a half miles below     |          |
     Chippeway River                          | 92 00 00 | do.
   Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest    |          |
@@ -23521,14 +23485,14 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
                                  | Mexico. |          |Longitudes
                                  |         |          | in time.
   -------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------
-  Gayashk River, or Little Gull  | _Feet._ | � � ��   |_h. m. s._
+  Gayashk River, or Little Gull  | _Feet._ | ° ´ ´´   |_h. m. s._
     River, the mouth             |  1,131  | 46 18 50 | 6  17 44
   Gayashk Lake, or Little Gull   |         |          |
     Lake, end of Long Point      |  1,152  | 46 24 28 | 6  17  30
   Kadicomeg Lake, or White-Fish  |         |          |
     Lake, the entrance of Pine   |         |          |
     River                        |  1,192  | 46 40 25 | 6  16 10
-  Lake Chanch�, southwest end    |   ...   | 46 46 35 |    ...
+  Lake Chanché, southwest end    |   ...   | 46 46 35 |    ...
   Lake Eccleston, northwest end  |   ...   | 46 57 00 |    ...
   Leech Lake, Otter-tail Point   |  1,380  | 47 11 40 | 6  17 20
   Leech Lake, the bay opposite   |         |          |
@@ -23554,14 +23518,14 @@ ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.
                                  |Longitudes|
                                  |  in arc. |
   -------------------------------+----------+------------
-  Gayashk River, or Little Gull  |  � � ��  |
+  Gayashk River, or Little Gull  |  ° ´ ´´  |
     River, the mouth             | 94 26 00 | Nicollet.
   Gayashk Lake, or Little Gull   |          |
     Lake, end of Long Point      | 94 22 30 | do.
   Kadicomeg Lake, or White-Fish  |          |
     Lake, the entrance of Pine   |          |
     River                        | 94  2 30 | do.
-  Lake Chanch�, southwest end    |    ...   | do.
+  Lake Chanché, southwest end    |    ...   | do.
   Lake Eccleston, northwest end  |    ...   | do.
   Leech Lake, Otter-tail Point   | 94 20 00 | do.
   Leech Lake, the bay opposite   |          |
@@ -23649,7 +23613,7 @@ intellectual delights, the soul is filled with the liveliest symbols of
 God, and the most striking evidences of his creative power.
 
    (b) _Letters of Mr. M. Woolsey._ _Southern Literary Messenger_, 1836.
-   One�ta, p. 322.
+   Oneöta, p. 322.
 
 These spirited and graphic letters are unavoidably excluded. The
 evidence they bear to the purity of principle, justness of taste, and
@@ -23744,7 +23708,7 @@ INDEX.
   Boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, 103
   Breadth of the Mississippi at Sandy Lake, 124
   Brigham's residence at Blue Mound, 568
-  Brul� summit, 273
+  Brulé summit, 273
   Buckshot gravel, 62
   Buffalo hunt, 146
 
@@ -23790,7 +23754,7 @@ INDEX.
   Coast of boulders, 215
   Col. Croghan's attack at Fort Holmes in 1814, 64
   Col. Pierce, 58
-  Coluber �stivus, 50
+  Coluber æstivus, 50
   Combustibles, 536
   Commercial value of copper, 372
   Conchology, 178
@@ -23837,7 +23801,7 @@ INDEX.
   Detroit completely burnt down in 1805, 44
   Detroit first founded in 1701, 45
   Difficulty of studying the Indian tongues, 441
-  Difficulty of the descent of the Brul�, 273
+  Difficulty of the descent of the Brulé, 273
   Diluvial elevations, 385
   Diminutive forms of the Odjibwa noun, 474
   Discover native copper, 90
@@ -24050,7 +24014,7 @@ INDEX.
   L
 
   La Hontan's apocryphal discovery on Long River, 19
-  Lac Pl�, 263
+  Lac Plè, 263
   Lac Traverse, 229
   Lac Vieux Desert, 263
   Lacustrine clay-flats of Lake St. Clair, 49
@@ -24182,7 +24146,7 @@ INDEX.
   P
 
   Pakagama Falls, 127
-  Pal�ontological rocks, 330
+  Palæontological rocks, 330
   Palaozoic sandstone, 539
   Peace Rock, 149
   Pelican, 177
@@ -24437,363 +24401,4 @@ INDEX.
 
       *      *      *      *      *      *
 
-
-
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUMMARY NARRATIVE OF AN EXPLORATORY
-EXPEDITION TO THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, IN 1820***
-
-
-******* This file should be named 43693-8.txt or 43693-8.zip *******
-
-
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/3/6/9/43693
-
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
-will be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
-one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
-(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
-permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
-set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
-copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
-protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
-Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
-charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
-do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
-rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
-such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
-research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
-practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
-subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
-redistribution.
-
-
-
-*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-  www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-
-Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works
-
-1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
-all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
-If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
-terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
-entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
-
-1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
-paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
-and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
-or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
-collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
-individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
-located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
-copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
-works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
-are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
-Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
-freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
-this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
-the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
-keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
-a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
-the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
-before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
-creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
-Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
-the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
-States.
-
-1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
-access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
-whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
-copied or distributed:
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
-from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
-posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
-and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
-or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
-with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
-work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
-through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
-Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
-1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
-terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
-to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
-permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
-word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
-distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
-"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
-posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
-you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
-copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
-request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
-form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
-that
-
-- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
-     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
-     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
-     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
-     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
-     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
-     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
-     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
-     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
-     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-     License.  You must require such a user to return or
-     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
-     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
-     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
-     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
-     of receipt of the work.
-
-- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
-forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
-both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
-Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
-Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
-collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
-"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
-corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
-property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
-computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
-your equipment.
-
-1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
-your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
-the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
-refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
-providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
-receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
-is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
-opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
-WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
-WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
-If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
-law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
-interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
-the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
-provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
-with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
-promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
-harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
-that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
-or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
-work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
-Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
-
-
-Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
-including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
-because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
-people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
-To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
-and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
-Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
-permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
-Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
-throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
-North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
-contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
-Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-     Chief Executive and Director
-     gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
-SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
-particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
-To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-
-Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
-with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
-Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
-unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
-keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
-
-     www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43693 ***
diff --git a/43693-8.zip b/43693-8.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 4655826..0000000
--- a/43693-8.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/43693-h.zip b/43693-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index ea0953f..0000000
--- a/43693-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/43693-h/43693-h.htm b/43693-h/43693-h.htm
index 168e58b..6a7aeea 100644
--- a/43693-h/43693-h.htm
+++ b/43693-h/43693-h.htm
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 <head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
 <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820, by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft</title>
    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
    <style type="text/css">
@@ -389,26 +389,11 @@ ul {list-style-type: none;}
     </style>
 </head>
 <body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43693 ***</div>
 <h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Summary Narrative of an Exploratory
 Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820, by Henry Rowe
 Schoolcraft</h1>
-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
-<p>Title: Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820</p>
-<p>       Resumed and Completed, by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake, in 1832</p>
-<p>Author: Henry Rowe Schoolcraft</p>
-<p>Release Date: September 11, 2013  [eBook #43693]</p>
-<p>Language: English</p>
-<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
-<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUMMARY NARRATIVE OF AN EXPLORATORY EXPEDITION TO THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, IN 1820***</p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
-<h3>E-text prepared by<br />
-    K Nordquist, Katie Hernandez, H�l�ne de Mink,<br />
-    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
-    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
 <hr class="full" />
 <div class="body">
@@ -563,7 +548,7 @@ chain, is as incontestable an addition to scientific knowledge,
 as the finding of remains to establish a new species of
 mastodon. They only differ in interest and importance.</p>
 
-<p>It is not the province of every age to produce a Linn�us, a
+<p>It is not the province of every age to produce a Linnæus, a
 Buffon, or a Cuvier; but, such are the almost endless forms of
 vegetable and animal life and organization&mdash;from the infusoria
 upward&mdash;that not a year elapses which may not enlarge the
@@ -715,7 +700,7 @@ some extent, guide, these furnished abundant employ for his efficient
 sportsman-like propensities. Of its distinctive zoology,
 minerals, plants, and other physical desiderata, it was not in his
 power, had he been ever so well prepared, to make observations.
-Even for the topography, above the latitude of about 46�, he was
+Even for the topography, above the latitude of about 46°, he was
 dependent, essentially, on the information furnished by the factors
 of the Northwest British Fur Company, who, at that period, occupied
 the country.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[4]</a> This information was readily given, and enabled
@@ -1031,7 +1016,7 @@ and return of the expedition to Detroit</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdl">The search for the veritable source of the Mississippi is resumed.&mdash;Ascent to Cass
-Lake, the prior point of discovery&mdash;Pursue the river westerly, through the Andr�sian
+Lake, the prior point of discovery&mdash;Pursue the river westerly, through the Andrúsian
 Lakes and up the Metoswa Rapids, forty-five miles&mdash;Queen Anne's Lake</td>
 <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td>
 </tr>
@@ -1058,7 +1043,7 @@ Itasca Lake</td>
 <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER XXIV.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td class="tdl">Descent of the west, or Itascan branch&mdash;Kakabiko�s Falls&mdash;Junction of the Chemaun,
+<td class="tdl">Descent of the west, or Itascan branch&mdash;Kakabikoñs Falls&mdash;Junction of the Chemaun,
 Peniddiwin, or De Soto, and Allenoga Rivers&mdash;Return to Cass Lake</td>
 <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td>
 </tr>
@@ -1086,7 +1071,7 @@ that stream, in its whole length, to the Mississippi</td>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdl">Complete the exploration of the Crow-Wing River of Minnesota&mdash;Indian council&mdash;Reach
 St. Anthony's Falls&mdash;Council with the Sioux&mdash;Ascent and exploration of
-the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broul�, of Lake Superior&mdash;Return of the
+the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broulé, of Lake Superior&mdash;Return of the
 party to St. Mary's Falls, Michigan</td>
 <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td>
 </tr>
@@ -1260,8 +1245,8 @@ Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, in 1680. He revisits Fort Crevec&oelig;ur
 late in the autumn of the following year, and finally descends the
 Illinois, to its junction with the Mississippi, and thence to the
 embouchure of the latter in the Gulf of Mexico, where he arrives
-on the 7th of April, 1683, and calculates the latitude between 23�
-and 24� north.</p>
+on the 7th of April, 1683, and calculates the latitude between 23°
+and 24° north.</p>
 
 <p>The Spaniards had previously sought in vain for the mouth of
 this stream, and bestowed upon it, in anticipation, the name of
@@ -2408,7 +2393,7 @@ family, with their females, blankets, guns, fishing apparatus, and
 dogs. They evinced the most friendly disposition.</p>
 
 <p>In landing at Oak Point,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[13]</a> I observed a green snake (coluber
-�stivus) in the act of swallowing a frog, which he had succeeded
+æstivus) in the act of swallowing a frog, which he had succeeded
 in taking down, except the extremity of its hind legs. A blow
 was sufficient to relieve the frog, which still had sufficient animation
 to hop towards the river. The snake I made to pay the forfeit
@@ -2796,9 +2781,9 @@ after the abandonment of the old peninsular fort, about 1780.</p>
 I examined the large fragments of debris, which are still
 prominent, and which exhibit comparatively fresh fractures.
 The rock contains a portion of sparry matter, which is arranged
-in reticul�, filled with white carbonate of lime, in such a state
+in reticulæ, filled with white carbonate of lime, in such a state
 of loose disintegration that the weather soon converts it to the
-condition of agaric mineral. These reticul� are commonly
+condition of agaric mineral. These reticulæ are commonly
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
 in the slate of calcspar, crystallized in minute crystals. The stratum
 on which this loose formation rests is compact and firm,
@@ -2943,9 +2928,9 @@ inhabitants.</p>
 
 <p>It is the seat of justice for the most northerly county of Michigan.
 According to the observation of Lieut. Evelith, the island
-lies in north latitude 45� 54�, which is only twenty-three minutes
+lies in north latitude 45° 54´, which is only twenty-three minutes
 north of Montreal, as stated by Prof. Silliman.<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[23]</a> It is in west
-longitude 7� 10� from Washington.</p>
+longitude 7° 10´ from Washington.</p>
 
 <p>Col. Croghan's attempt to take the island, during the late war,
 was most unfortunate. He failed from a double spirit of dissension
@@ -3185,7 +3170,7 @@ plural of this word, which is an animate plural, is <i>ong</i>, which is
 the ordinary form of all nouns ending in the vowel <i>o</i>. When
 the French came to write this, they cast away the Indian local in
 <i>ong</i>, changed the sound of <i>n</i> to <i>l</i>, and gave the force <i>mack</i>
-and <i>nack</i>, to <i>m�k</i> and <i>n�k</i>. The vowel <i>e</i>, after the first syllable,
+and <i>nack</i>, to <i>mök</i> and <i>nök</i>. The vowel <i>e</i>, after the first syllable,
 is merely a connective in the Indian, and which is represented in
 the French orthography in this word by <i>i</i>. The ordinary interpretation
 of great turtle is, therefore, not widely amiss; but in
@@ -3228,7 +3213,7 @@ Huron and Michigan. This item alone shows the importance of
 the Indian trade, distinct from the question of furs.</p>
 
 <p>During the time we remained on this island, the atmosphere
-denoted a mean temperature of 55� Fahrenheit. The changes
+denoted a mean temperature of 55° Fahrenheit. The changes
 are often sudden and great. The island is subject to be enveloped
 in fogs, which frequently rise rapidly. These fogs are sometimes so
 dense, as to obscure completely objects at but a short distance. I
@@ -3317,7 +3302,7 @@ and white hair. The specimen killed would weigh eight pounds.</p>
 <p>Soon after coming out from this indentation of the lake, we
 came in sight of Point Detour, on turning which, from E. to N.,
 we found no longer use for sails. Mackenzie places this point
-in north latitude 45� 54�.</p>
+in north latitude 45° 54´.</p>
 
 <p>The geology of this coast appears manifest. Secondary compact
 limestone appears in place, in low situations, on the reef of
@@ -3416,7 +3401,7 @@ the perilous position we were brought into next day.</p>
 
 <p>Meantime, we passed a quiet night in our tents, where the deep
 sound of the Falls fell on the wakeful ear, interspersed with the
-distant monotonous thump of the Indian t�w�egon. It required
+distant monotonous thump of the Indian täwäegon. It required
 but little observation, in the morning, to explore the village of
 St. Mary's. It consisted of some fifteen or twenty buildings of all
 sorts, occupied by descendants of the original French settlers, all
@@ -3458,7 +3443,7 @@ who congregate here.</p>
 seat of the Chippewa power. To adjust the relations of the tribe
 with the United States, a council was convened with the chiefs on
 the day following our arrival. This council was assembled at
-the Governor's <i>marqu�e</i>, which was graced by the national ensign,
+the Governor's <i>marquée</i>, which was graced by the national ensign,
 and prepared for the interview with the usual presents. The
 chiefs, clothed in their best habiliments, and arrayed in feathers
 and British medals, seated themselves, with their usual dignity,
@@ -3506,7 +3491,7 @@ beginning of his harangue, and, assuming a savage wildness of air,
 appeared to produce a corresponding effect upon the other Indian
 speakers, and employed the strongest gesticulation. His address
 brought the deliberations to a close, after they had continued
-some hours, by a defiant tone; and, as he left the <i>marqu�e</i>, he
+some hours, by a defiant tone; and, as he left the <i>marquée</i>, he
 kicked away the presents laid before the council. Great agitation
 ensued. The council was then summarily dissolved, the Indians
 went to their hill, and we to our tents.</p>
@@ -3556,14 +3541,14 @@ Indian guns; but to behold an unarmed man walk boldly
 into their camp and seize the symbol of their power, betokened
 a cast of character which brought them to reflection. On one
 person in particular the act had a controlling effect. When it
-was told to the daughter of W�bojeeg (Mrs. Johnston), she told
+was told to the daughter of Wäbojeeg (Mrs. Johnston), she told
 the chief that their meditated scheme of resistance to the Americans
 was madness; the day for such resistance was passed; and
 this man, Cass, had the air of a great man, and could carry
 his flag through the country. The party were also under the
 hospitality of her roof. She counselled peace. To these words
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
-Shingabowassin responded; he was seconded by Shingw�konce,
+Shingabowassin responded; he was seconded by Shingwäkonce,
 or the Little Pine. Of this effort we knew nothing at the moment,
 but the facts were afterwards learned. It was evident, before the
 day had passed, that a better state of feeling existed among the
@@ -3737,7 +3722,7 @@ The peculiarity of this stream consists in the union of two separate
 rivers, near the point of its outlet. Seven leagues beyond
 this spot brought us to the inlet called Grande Marais. Immediately
 west of this begins an elevated naked coast of sand-dunes,
-called Gitche N�gow,<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[43]</a> or La Grande Sables. To comprehend
+called Gitche Nägow,<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[43]</a> or La Grande Sables. To comprehend
 the geology of this coast, it is necessary to state that it consists
 of several heavy strata of the drift era, reaching a height
 of two or three hundred feet, with a precipitous front on the lake.
@@ -3774,9 +3759,9 @@ o'clock, however, before the waves sufficiently subsided to permit
 embarkation. Indeed, a perfect calm now ensued. This calm
 proved very favorable&mdash;as we discovered on proceeding three
 leagues&mdash;to our passing the elevated coast of precipitous rock,
-called Ishp�bec�,<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[44]</a> and Pictured Rocks. This coast, which extends
+called Ishpäbecä,<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[44]</a> and Pictured Rocks. This coast, which extends
 twelve miles, consists of a gray sandstone, forming a series
-of perpendicular fa�ades, which have been fretted, by the action
+of perpendicular façades, which have been fretted, by the action
 of the waves, into the rude architecture of pillared masses, and
 open, cavernous arches. These caverns present their dark mouths
 to observation as the voyager passes. At one spot a small stream
@@ -3830,7 +3815,7 @@ maintained. From this place, a line of sandstone coast was
 passed, northwardly, till reaching its terminus on the bay of
 Chocolate River. This is a large and deep bay, which it would
 have required a day's travel to circumnavigate. To avoid this, the
-men held their way directly across it, steering N. 70� W., which,
+men held their way directly across it, steering N. 70° W., which,
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
 at the end of three leagues, brought us to Granite Point. Here
 we first struck the old crystalline rocks or primitive formation.
@@ -3943,7 +3928,7 @@ objects sought, they became successful explorers. They had
 noticed my devotion to the topic, from the time of our passing
 the Islands of Shawangunk, Michilimackinac, and Flat-rock Point,
 in the basin of Lake Huron, where organic forms were chiselled
-from the rock; and bestowed on me the name of Pagu�b�kieg�.<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[47]</a></p>
+from the rock; and bestowed on me the name of Paguäbëkiegä.<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[47]</a></p>
 
 <p>It turned out the next morning, that the whole of the baggage
 and provisions had not been brought up, nor any of the canoes.
@@ -3991,7 +3976,7 @@ tradition, been carried out of the river into the lake.</p>
 
 <p>Captain Douglass made observations for the latitude of the
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
-place, and determined it to be in north latitude 46� 52� 2��. The
+place, and determined it to be in north latitude 46° 52´ 2´´. The
 stationary distances of the route are given in the subjoined list,
 in which it may be observed that they are probably exaggerated
 about one-third by the voyagers and northwest traders, who
@@ -4161,7 +4146,7 @@ Ontonagon.</i></th>
   <td class="tdr">380</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Rivi�re au Mis�re</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Rivière au Misère</td>
   <td class="tdr">12</td>
   <td class="tdr">392</td>
 </tr>
@@ -4269,7 +4254,7 @@ leading whites to view their long superstitiously concealed mineral
 treasures. At one o'clock we came to an Indian path, leading
 directly to the place. The guides here sat down to await the party
 under Governor Cass, who were expected to join us at this spot.
-The thermometer at this hour stood at 90� in the shade of the
+The thermometer at this hour stood at 90° in the shade of the
 forest. We had not been long seated when the other party made
 their appearance; but the Governor had been so much exhausted
 by clambering up the river hills, that he determined to return to
@@ -4473,7 +4458,7 @@ we passed the Pewabik Seebe, or Iron River. This stream, after
 ascending it a couple of miles, is a mere torrent, pouring from
 the Porcupine Mountains, over a very rough bed of grauwakke,
 which forbids all navigation. At the computed distance of five
-leagues beyond this stream, we passed the river called Pus�bika,
+leagues beyond this stream, we passed the river called Pusábika,
 or Dented River, so called from standing rocks, which resemble
 broken human teeth. The Canadians, who, as previously
 remarked, appear to have had but a limited geographical vocabulary,
@@ -4482,7 +4467,7 @@ had already bestowed the name on a small river which flows into
 the bay south of Granite Point.<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[55]</a> We were now at the foot of
 the Kaug range, which is one vast upheaval of trap-rock, and
 has lifted the chocolate-colored sandstone, at its base, into a vertical
-position. The Pus�bika River originates in this high trap
+position. The Pusábika River originates in this high trap
 range, from which it is precipitated, at successive leaps, to the level
 of the lake, the nearest of which, a cascade of forty feet, is within
 three miles of the river's mouth.</p>
@@ -4603,7 +4588,7 @@ and encamped, having, by their estimation, come twenty-three
 miles. The evening was perfectly clear and calm, with a striking
 twilight, which was remarked all night. These lengthened twilights
 form a very observable feature as we proceed north. Mackenzie
-says that, in lat. 67� 47�, on the 11th of July, 1789, he saw
+says that, in lat. 67° 47´, on the 11th of July, 1789, he saw
 the sun above the horizon at twelve o'clock P.M.</p>
 
 <p>The calmness and beauty of the night, and our chief's anxiety
@@ -4635,14 +4620,14 @@ the Chippewa tribe, were found in possession of it, on the arrival
 of the French, early in the seventeenth century, applied the same
 radical word to it which they bestow on the sea, namely, Gum-ee
 (Collected water), or, as it is sometimes pronounced, Gom-ee, or
-Go-ma; with this difference, that the adjective big (gitch�) prefixed
+Go-ma; with this difference, that the adjective big (gitchè) prefixed
 to this term for Lake Superior, is repeated when it is applied
 to the sea. The superlative is formed when it is meant to be
 very emphatic, in this language, by the repetition of the adjective;
 a principle, indeed, quite common to the Indian grammars
 generally. The word did not commend itself to French or English
 ears, so much as to lead to its adoption. By taking the
-syllable Al from Algonquin, as a prefix, instead of gitch�, we
+syllable Al from Algonquin, as a prefix, instead of gitchè, we
 have the more poetic combination of Algoma.</p>
 
 <p>Geographers have estimated the depth of this lake at nine hundred
@@ -4764,11 +4749,11 @@ often heard their roar on our path, when we were miles away
 from them. Capt. Douglass estimated the river to fall one hundred
 and eight feet during the first nine miles; and from estimates
 furnished me by Dr. Wolcott, the aggregate fall from
-the mouth of the Savann�, to that point, is two hundred and
+the mouth of the Savannè, to that point, is two hundred and
 twelve feet. We found the first part of the ascent of its banks
 very precipitous and difficult, particularly for the men who bore
 burdens, and what rendered the labor almost insupportable was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
-the heat, which stood at 82�, in the shade, at noon. We made
+the heat, which stood at 82°, in the shade, at noon. We made
 but five <i>pauses</i> the first day; and were three days on the portage.
 It rained the second day, which added much to the difficulty of
 our progress. We now found ourselves, at every step, advancing
@@ -5061,16 +5046,16 @@ with some of his party, and a part of the baggage, already there;
 and by five o'clock in the afternoon the last of the latter, together
 with the canoes, arrived. And it was then, in the exhausted state
 of the men, and at so late an hour, concluded to encamp, and
-await the morning to commence the descent of the west Savann�
+await the morning to commence the descent of the west Savannè
 to the lake.</p>
 
 <p>The expedition had, after we left them at the Portage aux
 Coteaux on the 10th, and being thus relieved of our weight,
 urged its way up the river, with labor, about fifty-six miles, to
-the inlet of the east Savann�, having surmounted, in this distance,
+the inlet of the east Savannè, having surmounted, in this distance,
 rapids of the aggregate estimated height of two hundred and
 twelve feet, which occupied two days. They then ascended the
-Savann� twenty-four miles, rising eighteen feet. The portage,
+Savannè twenty-four miles, rising eighteen feet. The portage,
 from water to water, is six miles. It commences in a tamarak
 swamp, from which the bog, in a dry season, has been burnt off,
 leaving the path a mass of mire. Trees and sticks have, from
@@ -5102,7 +5087,7 @@ of the river, and were entirely composed of hornblende, all out
 of place, and exhibiting no signs of stratification, but evidently
 thrown confusedly together by the force of the current.</p>
 
-<p>"The Savann� River is about twenty yards broad at its junction
+<p>"The Savannè River is about twenty yards broad at its junction
 with the St. Louis, but soon narrows to about half the breadth,
 which it retains until it forks at the distance of about twelve
 miles from its mouth. Its whole course runs through a low
@@ -5117,7 +5102,7 @@ head, that it is with great difficulty canoes can make their way
 through its windings; and the portage commences a mile or two
 from its source, which is in a tamarak swamp."</p>
 
-<p>The height of land between the east and west Savann�, Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+<p>The height of land between the east and west Savannè, Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
 Wolcott estimates at about thirty feet. Adding to this elevation
 the estimates of Capt. Douglass, before mentioned, the entire elevation
 between the foot of the falls of the St. Louis and the apex
@@ -5252,7 +5237,7 @@ greatest efforts are made to attain it.</p>
 and their adaptation to the purposes of agriculture. By the
 tables of temperature annexed (<i>vide</i> Appendix), the mean solar
 heat, in the shade, during the time of our being in the country,
-is shown to be 67�. It is evident that it is the idle habits of the
+is shown to be 67°. It is evident that it is the idle habits of the
 Indians, and no adverse circumstances of climate or soil, that
 prevent their raising crops for their subsistence.</p>
 
@@ -5450,7 +5435,7 @@ this spot, a small and very delicious species of raspberry, the
 plant not rising higher than three or four inches. This species,
 of which I preserved both the roots and fruit, I referred to
 Dr. J. Torrey, of New York, who pronounced it the Rebus Nutkanus
-of Mo�ino&mdash;a species found by this observer in the Oregon
+of Moçino&mdash;a species found by this observer in the Oregon
 regions. It is now known to occur eastwardly, to upper Michigan.
 As night approached on these elevated prairies, we observed for
 the first time the fire-fly.</p>
@@ -5616,7 +5601,7 @@ this body of water in my journal Cassina, or Cass Lake. There
 was the more reason for this in the nomenclature of the geography
 of the upper Mississippi, by observing that it embraces
 another Red Cedar Lake. The latitude of upper Red Cedar, or
-Cass Lake, is placed by Pike at 47� 42�40��.<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[74]</a> Its distance above
+Cass Lake, is placed by Pike at 47° 42´40´´.<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[74]</a> Its distance above
 Sandy Lake, by the involutions of the river, is two hundred and
 seventy miles, and from Fond du Lac, at the head of Lake Superior,
 by the travelled route, four hundred and thirty miles. It
@@ -5657,7 +5642,7 @@ natural meadows or savannas covered with wild rice, rushes, reeds
 and coarse grasses, and aquatic plants. During the distance, it is
 extremely devious in its course and width, often expanding into
 lakes which connect themselves through a vast system of reticulated
-channels. Leech Lake, Cass Lake, and Lake Andr�sia
+channels. Leech Lake, Cass Lake, and Lake Andrúsia
 would themselves be regarded as small interior seas, were they
 on any other part of the continent but that which develops Superior,
 Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Its velocity through
@@ -5744,7 +5729,7 @@ be less than double that height.</p>
 <p>The river, at this point, enters a valley which is defined by rocky
 cliffs, which attain various elevations from one to three hundred
 feet, presenting a succession of picturesque or sublime views. In
-some places these cliffs present a precipitous and abrupt fa�ade,
+some places these cliffs present a precipitous and abrupt façade,
 washed by the current. In far the greatest number of cases, the
 eminence has lost its sharp angles through the effects of frosts,
 rains, and elemental action, leaving a slope of debris at the foot.
@@ -5805,7 +5790,7 @@ ships drawing over eighteen feet of water from entering.</p>
 <p>No attempt has heretofore been made to determine the elevation
 of that part of the American continent which gives rise to
 the Mississippi River. From the observations made on the expedition,
-the elevation is confessedly less than would _� priori_
+the elevation is confessedly less than would _à priori_
 be supposed. If it is not, like the Nile, cradled among mountains,
 whose very altitude and position are unknown, there is
 enough of the unknown about its origin to wish for more information.
@@ -5942,11 +5927,11 @@ the traders at from five to six hundred miles. These estimates
 denote, however, rather the difficulties and time employed by days'
 journeys in the trade than any other measurements.<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[80]</a> Pike states
 the latitude some thirteen minutes too far north. It is found to
-be 46� 47� 10��. It appears from Lieut. Pike (<i>Expt.</i> p. 60), that
+be 46° 47´ 10´´. It appears from Lieut. Pike (<i>Expt.</i> p. 60), that
 the stockade at this place was erected in 1794. Its elevation
 above the Gulf of Mexico is 1,253 feet. The soil of the environs
 yields excellent potatoes, and such culinary vegetables as have
-been tried. The mean temperature of July is denoted to be 73�.
+been tried. The mean temperature of July is denoted to be 73°.
 The post is one of importance in the fur trade. It yields the
 deer, moose, bear, beaver, otter, martin, muskrat, and some other
 species, whose skins or pelts are valuable.</p>
@@ -6058,7 +6043,7 @@ which has a large island in its mouth, is a prime tributary with a
 large, full-flowing current, and must bring in one-third of the entire
 volume of water to this point.<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[83]</a> Such is the effect of this
 current on the opposite shore, that, at the distance of a couple
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>of leagues below, at a spot called <i>Prairie Perci�</i> by the French, it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>of leagues below, at a spot called <i>Prairie Perciê</i> by the French, it
 appears to have forced its way headlong, till, meeting obstructions
 from the primary rocks, it was again deflected south. At this
 point, the whole face of the country has an exceedingly sylvan
@@ -6067,7 +6052,7 @@ and wild flowers, interspersed with groves of oak, maple, and
 other species. The elevation of these beautiful plains, above the
 river, is not less than twenty to thirty feet, placing them above
 the reach of high waters. We were now passing below the latitude
-of 46�. Everything indicated a climate favorable to the
+of 46°. Everything indicated a climate favorable to the
 vegetable kingdom. While passing in the valley, through the
 fine bends which the river makes, through these plains, we came
 to a hunting-camp of probably one hundred and fifty Indians.
@@ -6086,7 +6071,7 @@ divided themselves, to approach on different sides the herd. Cautiously
 approaching, they fired; the effect was to alarm and divide
 them. Most of the herd pushed directly to the spot on the banks
 of the river, where the non-combatants of the party stood; and
-there arose a general firing, and <i>m�l�e</i> of men and buffaloes, which
+there arose a general firing, and <i>mêlée</i> of men and buffaloes, which
 made it quite doubtful, for awhile, who stood in greatest danger
 of being hit by the bullets, the men or animals. I am certain the
 bullets whizzed about the position I occupied on the top of the
@@ -6102,7 +6087,7 @@ quadrupeds.</p>
 On descending the river two miles, the next morning, we found
 ourselves opposite the mouth of Elk River, a stream coming in
 from the west. This point has been determined to be but four
-minutes north of latitude 46� [<i>Sen. Doc.</i> 237]. A short distance
+minutes north of latitude 46° [<i>Sen. Doc.</i> 237]. A short distance
 below the river, we passed, on the west shore, the Painted Rock,
 an isolated or boulder mass, having Indian devices, which we had
 no opportunity of examining. We were now passing down a
@@ -6116,7 +6101,7 @@ and the velocity of its current increased. By what propriety of
 language it is called "falls" did not, however, appear; perhaps
 there are seasons when the descent assumes a greater degree of
 disturbance and velocity. To us, it appeared to be about ten feet
-in a hundred and fifty yards. Here, then, in N. lat. 46�, the Mississippi
+in a hundred and fifty yards. Here, then, in N. lat. 46°, the Mississippi
 is first visibly crossed by the primary series of rocks.</p>
 
 <p>Being now in the region of buffalo, it was decided to land in
@@ -6207,7 +6192,7 @@ of St. Anthony.</p>
 
 <p>On embarking, at an early hour, we found the humidity of the
 night atmosphere to be such, that articles left exposed to it were
-completely saturated. Yet, the temperature stood at 50� at half-past
+completely saturated. Yet, the temperature stood at 50° at half-past
 four o'clock, the moment of our embarkation. On descending
 six miles we passed the mouth of the Osakis, or Sac River, a
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>considerable tributary from the west, which opens a line of communication
@@ -6354,10 +6339,10 @@ the best practical commentaries on the soil and climate.<a name="FNanchor_88" id
 to be about two thousand two hundred miles. Its position
 above St. Louis is estimated at nine hundred miles. Its elevation
 above the Gulf is but 744 feet. The precise latitude of this point
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>is 44� 52� 46��.<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[89]</a> The atmosphere is represented as serene and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>is 44° 52´ 46´´.<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[89]</a> The atmosphere is represented as serene and
 transparent during the summer and spring seasons, and free from
 the humidity which is so objectionable a trait of our eastern latitudes.
-The mean temperature is 45�.<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[90]</a> Its geology and mineralogy
+The mean temperature is 45°.<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[90]</a> Its geology and mineralogy
 will be noticed in my official reports. It will be sufficient
 here to say that the stratification, at and below St. Anthony's
 Falls, consists wholly of formations of sandstones and limestones,
@@ -6537,10 +6522,10 @@ thousand six hundred and seventy-five; of which number he computed
 three thousand eight hundred to be warriors. They consist
 of six or seven independent tribes, or sub-tribes, bearing
 different names, who occupy most of the country between the
-Mississippi and Missouri, between N. latitude 43� and 46�. The
-Mendawekanto�s are located on the Mississippi, below the Falls of
-St. Anthony and the mouth of the St. Peter's. The Sessito�s and
-Yankto�s occupy the upper waters of the St. Peter's. The Tito�s
+Mississippi and Missouri, between N. latitude 43° and 46°. The
+Mendawekantoñs are located on the Mississippi, below the Falls of
+St. Anthony and the mouth of the St. Peter's. The Sessitoñs and
+Yanktoñs occupy the upper waters of the St. Peter's. The Titoñs
 only extend west of the Missouri. The several tribes regard
 themselves as a confederacy, which is the signification of the term
 Dacota. They do not acknowledge the name of Sioux as an
@@ -6652,7 +6637,7 @@ of the voyage, and notices of the scenery and natural history.</p>
 the river six miles, we passed the mouth of the St. Croix.<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[97]</a> This
 stream heads on high lands, which form a rim of hills around the
 southern and western shores of Lake Superior, where it is connected
-with the River Misacoda, or Broul� of Fond du Lac. The
+with the River Misacoda, or Broulè of Fond du Lac. The
 Namakagon, its southern branch of it, is connected with the
 Maskigo,<a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[98]</a> or Mauvais River of La Pointe, Lake Superior. Immediately
 above its point of entrance into the Mississippi the St.
@@ -6861,7 +6846,7 @@ picketed in, as if they were intended for defence. It is
 called Kipisagee by the Chippewas and Algonquin tribes generally,
 meaning the place of the jet or outflow of the (Wisconsin)
 River. It is, in popular parlance, estimated to be 300 miles below
-St. Peter's, and 600 above St. Louis.<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[106]</a> Its latitude is 43� 3� 6��.
+St. Peter's, and 600 above St. Louis.<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[106]</a> Its latitude is 43° 3´ 6´´.
 It is the seat of justice for Crawford County, having been so named
 in, honor of W. H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury of the
 U. S. It is, together with all the region west of Lake Michigan,
@@ -7062,7 +7047,7 @@ which they receive a dollar per bushel.</p>
 
 <p>There are three mines in addition to those above mentioned,
 situated upon the Upper Mississippi, which are worked by the
-Indians. They are located at Sinsinaway, at Rivi�re au Fevre,
+Indians. They are located at Sinsinaway, at Rivière au Fevre,
 and at the Little Makokety. 1. Sinsinaway mines. They are
 situated fifteen miles below Aquoqua's Village, on the east shore
 of the Mississippi, at the junction of the Sinsinaway River. 2.
@@ -7237,7 +7222,7 @@ By tracing the shores of the Mississippi, I found the rolled and
 hard agates and other quartz species, which characterize the
 pebble-drift of its sources, still present in the down-flowing shore-drift.</p>
 
-<p>The aboriginal name of this place is Kipes�gi, an Algonquin
+<p>The aboriginal name of this place is Kipesági, an Algonquin
 word, which is applied to the mouth or outflow of the Wisconsin
 River. It appears to be based on the verb <i>kipa</i>, to be thick or
 turbid, and <i>sauge</i>, outflow&mdash;the river at its floods, being but little
@@ -7255,7 +7240,7 @@ disturbance. But it is easy to conceive, what the Indians affirm,
 that in its floods it is a strong and turbid mass of moving waters,
 against which nothing can stand. This character of the stream is
 believed, indeed, to be the origin of the Indian name of Wisconsin.
-Miskaw�gumi, means a strong or mixed water, or liquid. By adding
+Miskawägumi, means a strong or mixed water, or liquid. By adding
 to this word <i>totoshabo</i> (milk), the meaning is coagulated or turning
 milk; it is often used to mean brandy, which is then called
 strong water; by adding <i>iscodawabo</i>, the meaning is fire-water.
@@ -7528,14 +7513,14 @@ contain deposits of sulphuret of lead.</p>
 <p>The next morning, we resumed our descent of the Fox River<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>
 with difficulty. It was now the 19th of August, and the waters
 had reached their lowest summer stage. The entire distance of
-twelve miles from the Konamik to the K�kala fall may be deemed
+twelve miles from the Konamik to the Kákala fall may be deemed
 to be, at this season, a continuous rapid. Our barge was abandoned
 on the rapids. While the men toiled in these rapids to
 get down their canoes, it was found rather a privilege to walk,
 for it gave a more ample opportunity to examine the mineral
 structure and productions of the country.</p>
 
-<p>It was high noon when we reached the rapids of the K�kala.
+<p>It was high noon when we reached the rapids of the Kákala.
 This is a formidable rapid, at which the river rushes with furious
 velocity down a rocky bed, which it seems impossible boats or
 canoes should ever safely descend. It demands a portage to be
@@ -7554,7 +7539,7 @@ across a level fertile plain, which appeared to have been in cultivation
 from the earliest Indian period. Probably it had been a
 locality for the tribes, where they raised their favorite maize, long
 before the French first reached the waters of Green Bay. Evidence
-of such antiquity in the plain of K�kala appeared in an
+of such antiquity in the plain of Kákala appeared in an
 ancient cemetery of a circular shape, situated on one side of the
 road, on a comparatively large surface, which had reached the
 height of some eight or ten feet, by the mere accumulation of
@@ -7575,7 +7560,7 @@ almost innumerable species of unios, many of which had been
 manifestly dragged to the shores and opened by the muskrat,
 thus serving to give hints for finding the living species. Among
 these, the U. obliqua, U. cornutus, U. ellipticus, U. carinatus, U.
-Alatus, U. pr�longus, and U. parvus, were conspicuous; the latter
+Alatus, U. prælongus, and U. parvus, were conspicuous; the latter
 of which, it is remarked by Mr. Barnes, is the smallest and most
 beautiful of all the genus yet discovered in America.<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[123]</a> In the
 duplicates, from this part of the Fox River, transmitted to Mr.
@@ -7592,8 +7577,8 @@ and rising from a pit in the right; lateral teeth elevated, straight,
 and lamellar; anterior cicatrices distinct, posterior cicatrices
 confluent; dorsal cicatrices within the cavity of the shell on the
 base of the cardinal tooth; cavity of the beaks angular and deep;
-nacre pearly white and iridescent. Diameter �7, length 1�1,
-breadth 1�3 inches."</p>
+nacre pearly white and iridescent. Diameter ·7, length 1·1,
+breadth 1·3 inches."</p>
 
 <p>The next morning (20th), a heavy fog in the Fox Valley detained
 us in our encampment till 7 o'clock. Six miles brought
@@ -8018,7 +8003,7 @@ witness of this transaction, and furnished the principal facts of
 this narrative.</p>
 
 <p>The morning (Sept. 1) opened with a perfect gale, and we were
-<i>degrad�</i>, to use a Canadian term, all day; the waves dashed against
+<i>degradè</i>, to use a Canadian term, all day; the waves dashed against
 the shore with a violence that made it impossible to take the lake
 with canoes, and would have rendered it perilous even to a large
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>vessel. This violence continued, with no perceptible diminution,
@@ -8044,7 +8029,7 @@ New Buffalo, of Michigan, is situated, and we encamped on the
 shore twelve miles beyond it.</p>
 
 <p>We had been travelling on a slightly curved line from Chicago
-to the spot, in the latitude of 41� 52� 20��, and had now reached
+to the spot, in the latitude of 41° 52´ 20´´, and had now reached
 a point where the course tends more directly to the northeast and
 north. By the best accounts, the length of Lake Michigan, lying
 directly from south to north, is four hundred miles. There is no
@@ -8169,7 +8154,7 @@ shores, for neither of these constitute a reliable locality.</p>
 <p class="caption">Petrified leaf of the <i>Fagus Ferruginea</i></p>
 
 
-<p>Of the flor� and fauna we had been observant, but the sandy
+<p>Of the floræ and fauna we had been observant, but the sandy
 character of the mere coast line greatly narrowed the former, in
 which Captain Douglass found but little to preserve, beyond the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span>
 parnassia caroliniana and seottia cerna.<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[143]</a> The fury of the waves
@@ -8675,7 +8660,7 @@ be able to communicate more detailed information.</p>
 <h3>CHAPTER XXI.</h3>
 
 <p class="hanging indent">The search for the veritable source of the Mississippi is resumed.&mdash;Ascent to Cass
-Lake, the prior point of discovery&mdash;Pursue the river westerly, through the Andr�sian
+Lake, the prior point of discovery&mdash;Pursue the river westerly, through the Andrúsian
 Lakes and up the Metoswa Rapids, forty-five miles&mdash;Queen Anne's Lake.</p>
 
 <p>Twelve years elapse between the closing of the prior, and the
@@ -8697,7 +8682,7 @@ organized at St. Mary's to carry them into immediate effect.</p>
 which the river originates to be visited, though the journey
 connected itself with preliminary questions; nor was it found
 practicable to extend the geographical examinations, in the
-Mississippi Valley, beyond about latitude 44�.</p>
+Mississippi Valley, beyond about latitude 44°.</p>
 
 <p>The force designed for this expedition consisted of twenty-seven
 men, including a botanist and geologist, and a small military
@@ -8748,7 +8733,7 @@ of the country, where the Indians were in turmoil; but stated, at
 the same time, that the waters were too low in the streams at the
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>sources of the Mississippi to render explorations practicable.
 He also represented it impracticable, this season, to enter the
-Mississippi by the way of the <i>Broul�</i>, or Misakoda River. This
+Mississippi by the way of the <i>Broulé</i>, or Misakoda River. This
 information was confirmed on reaching Chegoimegon, at the
 remarkable group of the Confederation Islands (<i>ante</i>, p. 105).
 Returning eight miles on my track, I entered the Muskigo, or
@@ -8848,7 +8833,7 @@ having been exactly one day less in traversing the long line of
 intervening country from Sault de Ste. Marie. I proceeded directly
 to Grand Isle, the residence of a Chippewa band numbering 157
 persons. This island was found to have a fertile soil, where they
-had always raised the zea maize. Its latitude is 47� 25� 23��.
+had always raised the zea maize. Its latitude is 47° 25´ 23´´.
 Not only had I reached this point ten days earlier in the month
 than the expedition of 1820, but it was found that the state of the
 water on these summits was very favorable to their ascent. Ozawindib,<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[156]</a>
@@ -8861,7 +8846,7 @@ my extra men permanently on this island, with the heavy canoes,
 Default, a trusty man, of the <i>metif</i> class, well acquainted with the
 Indian language, who had been a guide in 1820, and to make
 explorations, in the lightest class of Indian canoes, provisioned
-for an _�lite_ movement. Lieutenant Allen also determined to encamp
+for an _élite_ movement. Lieutenant Allen also determined to encamp
 the United States soldiers of the party, leaving them under
 a sergeant. To give each gentleman of the party an opportunity
 of joining in this movement, it was necessary to procure five
@@ -8882,20 +8867,20 @@ The chief, who was familiar with this feature, carried
 me to a fifty yards portage, by which we saved some miles of
 paddling. We reached the Mississippi at a place where it expands
 into an elongated lake, for which I heard no name, and
-which I called Lake Andr�sia.<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[158]</a> After passing through this,
+which I called Lake Andrúsia.<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[158]</a> After passing through this,
 the river appeared very much in size and volume as it had on
 the outlet below Cass Lake. It winds its way through the same
 species of natural meadows, during which there is but little
 current. On ascending this channel but a short distance, the
 river is found to display itself in a second lake&mdash;which the natives
 call Pamitascodiac<a name="FNanchor_159" id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[159]</a>&mdash;which, in general appearance and character,
-may be deemed the twin of Lake Andr�sia. On its upper margin,
+may be deemed the twin of Lake Andrúsia. On its upper margin,
 a tract of prairie land appears, of a sandy character, bearing
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>scattered pines. This appears to be the particular feature alluded
 to by the Indian name. About four miles above this lake, and
 say fifteen from Cass Lake, the rapids commence. It was eight
 o'clock A. M. when we reached this point, and we had then been
-four hours in our canoes from the Andr�sia portage. These
+four hours in our canoes from the Andrúsia portage. These
 rapids soon proved themselves to be formidable. Boulders of
 the geological drift period are frequently encountered in ascending
 them, and the river spreads itself over so considerable a surface
@@ -8909,7 +8894,7 @@ that the camp-fire spread in the grass and leaves, and it required
 some activity in the men to prevent its burning the baggage.
 There were ten of these rapids encountered before we reached
 the summit, or plateau, of Lake Pemidjegumaug, which is the
-<i>Lac Traverse</i> of the French. These were called the Met�swa
+<i>Lac Traverse</i> of the French. These were called the Metóswa
 rapids, from the Indian numeral for ten.</p>
 
 <p>The term <i>Lac Traverse</i> has been repeated several times by the
@@ -8922,7 +8907,7 @@ is a clear and beautiful sheet of water, twelve miles in length,
 from east to west, and six or seven broad, with an open forest of
 hard wood. It is distant forty-five miles from Cass Lake, and
 lies at an elevation of fifty-four feet above that lake, and of 1,456
-feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The latitude is 47� 28� 46��.
+feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The latitude is 47° 28´ 46´´.
 The peculiarity recognized by the Indian name of Pemidjegumaug,
 or Crosswater, is found to consist in the entrance of the
 Mississippi into its extreme south end, and its passage through
@@ -8973,8 +8958,8 @@ gave the name of Irving. Ozawindib held his way directly
 south through this body of water, striking the river again on
 its opposite shore. We had proceeded but half a mile above
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>this lake, when it was announced that we had reached the primary
-forks of the Mississippi. We were now in latitude 47� 28�
-46��. Up to this point, the river had carried its characteristics
+forks of the Mississippi. We were now in latitude 47° 28´
+46´´. Up to this point, the river had carried its characteristics
 in a remarkable manner. Of the two primary streams before us,
 the one flowing from the west, or the Itascan fork, contributes by
 far the largest volume of water, possessing the greatest velocity
@@ -8984,7 +8969,7 @@ the diagram.</p>
 
 <div class="figcenter">
 <img src="images/i-232.jpg" width="450" height="367" alt="" /></div>
-<p class="caption">Primary forks of the Mississippi River, in lat. 47� 28� 46��.</p>
+<p class="caption">Primary forks of the Mississippi River, in lat. 47° 28´ 46´´.</p>
 
 <p>Ozawindib hesitated not a moment which branch to ascend,
 but shooting his canoe out of the stronger current of the Itascan
@@ -9366,13 +9351,13 @@ island, which receives a small brook. Lieutenant Allen, who
 estimates the greatest length of the lake at seven miles, drew the
 following sketch of its configuration. (See p. <a href="#Page_243">243.</a>)</p>
 
-<p>The latitude of this lake is 47� 13� 35��.<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[162]</a> The highest grounds
+<p>The latitude of this lake is 47° 13´ 35´´.<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[162]</a> The highest grounds
 passed over by us, in our transit from the Assowa Lake, lie at an
 elevation of 1,695 feet. The view given of the scene in the first
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>volume of my <i>Ethnological Researches</i>, p. 146, is taken from a point
 north of the island, looking into the vista of the south arm of the
 lake. I inquired of Ozawindib the Indian name of this lake; he
-replied <i>Omushk�s</i>, which is the Chippewa name of the Elk.<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[163]</a>
+replied <i>Omushkös</i>, which is the Chippewa name of the Elk.<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[163]</a>
 Having previously got an inkling of some of their mythological
 and necromantic notions of the origin and mutations of the country,
 which permitted the use of a female name for it, I denominated
@@ -9423,7 +9408,7 @@ geography, we have known this river, computing from the
 era of Marquette's discovery to the present day (July 13, 1832), but
 one hundred and fifty-nine years&mdash;a short period, indeed! How
 rich a portion of the geology of the globe lies buried in the flora
-and fauna of the tertiary, the middle or secondary, and the pal�ozoic
+and fauna of the tertiary, the middle or secondary, and the palæozoic
 eras of its valley, we have hardly begun to inquire. It will,
 <i>doubtless</i>, and, so far as we know, <i>does</i>, contribute evidences to the
 antiquity and mutations of the earth's surface, conformably to the
@@ -9442,7 +9427,7 @@ involved in the gigantic and monster-period.</p>
 
 <h3>CHAPTER XXIV.</h3>
 
-<p class="hanging indent">Descent of the west, or Itascan branch&mdash;Kakabiko�s Falls&mdash;Junction of the Chemaun,
+<p class="hanging indent">Descent of the west, or Itascan branch&mdash;Kakabikoñs Falls&mdash;Junction of the Chemaun,
 Peniddiwin, or De Soto, and Allenoga Rivers&mdash;Return to Cass Lake.</p>
 
 <p>Itasca Lake lies in latitude twenty-five seconds only south of
@@ -9460,7 +9445,7 @@ has described as planorbis companulatus.<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168"
 certain species of fish, as well as the bucklers of one or two kinds
 of tortoise, scattered around the sites of old Indian camp fires,
 denoting so many points of its natural history. Amidst the forest-trees
-before named, the betula papyrace� and spruce were observed.
+before named, the betula papyraceæ and spruce were observed.
 Directing one of the latter to be cut down, and prepared
 as a flagstaff, I caused the United States flag to be hoisted on it.
 This symbol was left flying at our departure. Ozawindib, who at
@@ -9500,8 +9485,8 @@ five o'clock. The severe rapids continued, and were rendered
 more dangerous by limbs of trees which stretched over the
 stream, threatening to sweep off everything that was movable.
 We had been one hour passing down a perfect defile of rapids,
-when we approached the Kakabiko�s Falls. <i>Kak�bik</i>,<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[169]</a> in the
-Chippewa, means a cascade, or shoot of water over rocks. <i>O�s</i>
+when we approached the Kakabikoñs Falls. <i>Kakábik</i>,<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[169]</a> in the
+Chippewa, means a cascade, or shoot of water over rocks. <i>Oñs</i>
 is merely the diminutive, to which all the nouns of this language
 are subject. How formidable this little cataract might be, we
 could not tell. It appeared to be a swift rush of water, bolting
@@ -9595,7 +9580,7 @@ Iroquois local terminal in <i>oga</i> to the name of the worthy officer
 who traced out the first true map of the actual sources of the
 Mississippi.<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173" href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[173]</a> We passed the influx of the east fork, about half-past
 one A. M. on the 15th, traversed the Lake of Queen Anne, and
-descended the whole series of the Metoswa rapids, to Lake Andr�sia,
+descended the whole series of the Metoswa rapids, to Lake Andrúsia,
 by the hour of daybreak, and reached the island of my
 primary encampment, in Cass Lake, at nine o'clock in the morning.
 We had been eleven hours and a half in our canoes, from the time
@@ -9770,7 +9755,7 @@ services of a physician to arrest one of the most fatal of diseases
 which have ever afflicted the Indian race. But I carried them fearlessly
 and openly, with the avowed purpose of peace. The canoe,
 itself, was an emblem of this authority, and, like the <i>oriflamme</i>
-of the Medi�val Ages, cast an auspicious influence on my mission
+of the Mediæval Ages, cast an auspicious influence on my mission
 over these bleak and wide summits, lakes, and forests, inhabited
 alone by fierce and predatory tribes, who acknowledged no power
 but force. Long before I had reached the sources of the Mississippi,
@@ -9780,7 +9765,7 @@ of the United States, had taken the field at Chicago.</p>
 
 <p>Lieut. Allen paraded his men that morning with burnished
 arms. We could not, jointly, in an emergency, muster over forty
-men, of whom a part were not reliable in a mel�e, but arranged
+men, of whom a part were not reliable in a melée, but arranged
 our camp in the best manner to produce effect. Effect, indeed, it
 required, when the hour of the council came. Not less than one
 thousand souls, men, women, and children, surrounded my tent,
@@ -9965,11 +9950,11 @@ and by cutting away acute turns of the bank with their paddles,
 made way to force the canoes into Little Long Lake, which we
 were twenty-four minutes in crossing. The outlet from this lake
 expanded, at successive intervals, into three pond-like lakes, redolent
-with the nymph� valerata; the series terminating in a
+with the nymphæ valerata; the series terminating in a
 fourth lake, lying at the foot of elevated lands, which was called
 the Lake of the Mountain. At the head of the latter, we debarked
 on a shaking bog. At this spot commences the portage
-<i>Pl�</i>, which lies over a woodless and bleak hill. It is short and
+<i>Plé</i>, which lies over a woodless and bleak hill. It is short and
 abrupt, and terminates on the banks of a deep bowl-shaped lake,
 where we took breakfast at twelve o'clock. We were now at the
 foot of elevated lands. Here began the mountain portage, so
@@ -10023,18 +10008,18 @@ into a lake, called Little Vermilion, which is fringed with a
 growth of birch and aspen, with pines in the distance. Its outlet
 is fully doubled in width, and we had henceforth no more embarrassment
 in descending. This outlet is pursued about eight
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>miles. I noticed the tamarack on its banks, and the nymph�
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>miles. I noticed the tamarack on its banks, and the nymphæ
 odorata, scirpus lacustris, and Indian reed on the margin. It
 expands into Birch Lake, a clear sheet, about one mile long,
 with pebbly bottom, interspersed with boulders. A short outlet,
-in which we passed a broken fish-dam, connects it with Lac Pl�.
+in which we passed a broken fish-dam, connects it with Lac Plè.
 This lake is about three and a half miles long, exhibiting a portion
 of prairie on its shores, interspersed with small pines. From
 it, there is a portage to Ottertail Lake, the eastern source of Red
 River. This is the common war road of the Mukundwa against
 the Sioux.</p>
 
-<p>On coming out of Lac Pl�, freshwater shells began to show
+<p>On coming out of Lac Plè, freshwater shells began to show
 themselves, chiefly species of naiades, a feature in the natural history
 of this stream which is afterwards common; but I observed
 none of much size, and they are often greatly decorticated. Four
@@ -10077,7 +10062,7 @@ of <i>Illigan</i>.<a name="FNanchor_183" id="FNanchor_183" href="#Footnote_183"
 
 <p class="hanging indent">Complete the exploration of the Crow-Wing River of Minnesota&mdash;Indian council&mdash;Reach
 St. Anthony's Falls&mdash;Council with the Sioux&mdash;Ascent and exploration of
-the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broul�, of Lake Superior&mdash;Return of the
+the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broulé, of Lake Superior&mdash;Return of the
 party to St. Mary's Falls, Michigan.</p>
 
 <p>At Illigan Lake, large oaks and elms appear in the forest; its
@@ -10266,7 +10251,7 @@ vitric formations of trap and greenstone of the Lake Superior
 drift and boulder stratum rested on this broken and angular
 basis.<a name="FNanchor_194" id="FNanchor_194" href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[194]</a> On reaching the summit of the St. Croix, there are found
 vast plateaux of sand, supporting pine forests; and on descending
-the Misakoda, or Brul� of Fond du Lac, the sandstone strata of that
+the Misakoda, or Brulé of Fond du Lac, the sandstone strata of that
 basin are again encountered. This ascent was rendered arduous,
 from the low state of the water. I reached Snake River on the
 30th, had an interview with the Buffalo chief (Pezhikee) and his
@@ -10286,7 +10271,7 @@ This eminence is not, however, of artificial construction. This
 river, with its dependencies of Lac Vaseux, Rice Lake, and Yellow
 Lake, contains a Chippewa population of three hundred and
 eighty-two souls. We observed here the unio purpureus, which
-the Indians use for spoons, after rubbing off the alat� and rounding
+the Indians use for spoons, after rubbing off the alatæ and rounding
 the margin. We also examined the skin of the sciurus tredacem
 striatus of Mitchill.</p>
 
@@ -10309,7 +10294,7 @@ for bringing the Sioux and Chippewas into more intimate and
 permanent relations of peace and friendship.</p>
 
 <p>With respect to the ascent of the St. Croix, in the direction of
-the Brul�, his exclamation was <i>iskutta-iskutta</i>, meaning it is
+the Brulé, his exclamation was <i>iskutta-iskutta</i>, meaning it is
 dried up, or there is no water. Dry the channel, indeed, looked,
 but by leading the canoes around the shoals, all the men walking
 in the water, and picking out channels, we advanced about seven
@@ -10320,25 +10305,25 @@ from very low water, rapid succeeding to rapid, till two
 o'clock P. M., when we reached the summit of a plateau, and
 found still water and comparatively good navigation. Five hours
 canoeing on this summit brought us to Kabamappa's village at
-the Namakow�gon, or sturgeon's dam, where we encamped. The
+the Namakowágon, or sturgeon's dam, where we encamped. The
 chief gave us his population at 88 souls, of whom 28 were men,
 including the minor chief, Mukudapenas,<a name="FNanchor_196" id="FNanchor_196" href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[196]</a> and his men. We
 had now got above all the strong rapids, and proceeded from our
 encampment at four o'clock, A. M., on the 2d. The river receives
 two tributaries, from the right hand, on this summit, namely, the
 Buffalo and Clearwater, and, at the distance of about ten miles
-above the Namakow�gon, is found to be expanded in a handsome
+above the Namakowágon, is found to be expanded in a handsome
 lake of about six miles in extent, called Lake St. Croix. This is
 the source of the river. We were favored with a fair wind in
 passing over it, and having reached its head debarked on a
 marshy margin, and immediately commenced the portage to the
-Brul�, or Misakoda River.<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[197]</a></p>
+Brulé, or Misakoda River.<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[197]</a></p>
 
 <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span>
 I had now reached the summit between the St. Croix and Lake
 Superior. The elevation of this summit has not been scientifically
-determined; but from the great fall of the Brul�, cannot be less
-than 600 feet. The length of the Brul� is about 100 miles, in
+determined; but from the great fall of the Brulé, cannot be less
+than 600 feet. The length of the Brulé is about 100 miles, in
 which there are 240 distinct rapids. Some of these are from eight
 to ten feet each. Four of them require portages, at which all the
 canoes are discharged. The river itself, on looking down it, appears
@@ -10693,7 +10678,7 @@ work will rank among the most important accessions which have
 ever been made to our national literature.</p>
 
 <p>From the Ontonagon we proceeded to the Fond du Lac, passing
-the mouths of the Montreal, Mauvais, and Brul� Rivers, and entered
+the mouths of the Montreal, Mauvais, and Brulé Rivers, and entered
 the mouth of the St. Louis, or Fond du Lac River, which
 forms the most considerable water communication between Lake
 Superior and the Mississippi.</p>
@@ -10722,7 +10707,7 @@ numerous; and there is reason to suppose that silver, in small
 quantities, has been found.</p>
 
 <p>The communication by the Montreal with the Chippewa River,
-and by the Mauvais and Brul� Rivers with the St. Croix, is
+and by the Mauvais and Brulé Rivers with the St. Croix, is
 difficult and precarious. The routes are interrupted by long,
 numerous, and tedious portages, across which the boats and all
 their contents are transported by the men. It is doubtful whether
@@ -10921,7 +10906,7 @@ he could descend to the Mississippi, and thence to St. Peter's.<a name="FNanchor
 <p>The St. Croix and Chippewa Rivers, entering the Mississippi
 above and below the Falls of St. Anthony, might, in like manner,
 be explored by parties from the same post.[A] The former interlocks
-with the Mauvais and Brul� Rivers, but a descent into Lake Superior
+with the Mauvais and Brulé Rivers, but a descent into Lake Superior
 would not probably be considered expedient, so that the
 party would necessarily ascend and descend the same stream.<a name="FNanchor_202" id="FNanchor_202" href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[202]</a></p>
 
@@ -11055,7 +11040,7 @@ preceeding, in 1819, and reduced as before</td>
 <td class="tdl">By 1 set of observations taken on
 Sugar Island, and reduced as before</td>
 <td class="br"></td>
-<td class="tdr">42�&nbsp;19&nbsp;�&nbsp;20&nbsp;��</td>
+<td class="tdr">42°&nbsp;19&nbsp;´&nbsp;20&nbsp;´´</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
@@ -11114,7 +11099,7 @@ Holmes</td>
 <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Longitude of Mackinaw, by several sets of observations,
 Sept. 12, 1820</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="tdl">84� 28� 40��</td>
+<td class="tdl">84° 28´ 40´´</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Mean latitude of Sault de St. Marie, June 16, 1820</td>
@@ -11244,7 +11229,7 @@ and St. Francis River</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Latitude of Fox and Ouisconsin Portage, Aug.
-14 and 15, 43� 42� 36��; say</td>
+14 and 15, 43° 42´ 36´´; say</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class="tdl">43&nbsp; 42&nbsp; 00</td>
 </tr>
@@ -11261,7 +11246,7 @@ Aug. 17</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Longitude of Fort Howard (some error), probably
-between 87� 45� 30�� and</td>
+between 87° 45´ 30´´ and</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class="tdl">87&nbsp; 46&nbsp; 00</td>
 </tr>
@@ -11402,7 +11387,7 @@ between the Mississippi River and lakes Huron and
 Superior. After running in a northern direction for about one
 hundred and twenty miles, it enters the latter at the computed
 distance of fifty miles west of the portage of Keweena, in north
-latitude 46� 52� 2��, according to the observations of Capt. Douglass.
+latitude 46° 52´ 2´´, according to the observations of Capt. Douglass.
 It is connected, by portages, with the Monomonee River
 of Green Bay, and with the Chippewa River of the Mississippi.
 At its mouth there is a village of Chippewa Indians of sixteen
@@ -11517,7 +11502,7 @@ almost entirely pure."&mdash;<i>Journal of a Voyage to North America.</i></p>
 on the shores of Lake Superior, or on the Chippewa and St.
 Croix Rivers, which are noticed in his travels, without much precision,
 however, as to locality, &amp;c. He did not visit the southern
-shores of Lake Superior, east of the entrance of the Brul�, or
+shores of Lake Superior, east of the entrance of the Brulé, or
 Goddard's River, but states that virgin copper is found on the
 Ontonagon. Of the north and northeastern shores, he remarks:
 "That he observed that many of the small islands were covered
@@ -11938,7 +11923,7 @@ Thence we proceeded across the portage to Sandy Lake, which
 has an outlet into the Mississippi, and followed up the latter,
 through the lesser Lake Winnipek, to the entrance of the Turtle
 River, in Cass, or upper, Red Cedar Lake, which is laid down by
-Pike in north latitude 47� 42� 40��.<a name="FNanchor_210" id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[210]</a> The state of the water was
+Pike in north latitude 47° 42´ 40´´.<a name="FNanchor_210" id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[210]</a> The state of the water was
 unfavorable to going higher.</p>
 
 <p>From this point, which formed the terminus of the expedition,
@@ -11950,7 +11935,7 @@ the Fox River, and traced the latter down to its entrance into
 Green Bay. At this point, the expedition separated; a part proceeding
 north, through the bay, to Michilimackinac, and a part
 going south, along the west shores of Lake Michigan, to Chicago,
-the latitude of which is placed by Capt. Douglass in 41� 54� 06��.
+the latitude of which is placed by Capt. Douglass in 41° 54´ 06´´.
 At this place, a further division took place. Dr. Wolcott, having
 reached his station, remained. Governor Cass proceeded across
 the peninsula of Michigan to Detroit on horseback, leaving Capt.
@@ -12061,7 +12046,7 @@ The trees, thus buried in dry sand, have been preserved. In
 process of time, the river encroached upon these antique beds,
 exposing them to view. There are also antique fresh-water shells
 found in similar positions near this spot. No rock is, thus far,
-found <i>in sit�</i> in ascending the lakes. The old surface of the
+found <i>in sitû</i> in ascending the lakes. The old surface of the
 country is wholly of diluvial formation, except where it shows
 lake action.</p>
 
@@ -12129,7 +12114,7 @@ Islands reappears, and is constantly in sight from this point
 to Presque Isle. It exists in connection with bituminous shale,
 at an island in Thunder Bay. It is of a dark carbonaceous character
 on the main opposite Middle Island, at a point which is
-called by the Indians <i>Sho-sho-n�-bi-k�-king</i>, or Place of the Smooth
+called by the Indians <i>Sho-sho-ná-bi-kó-king</i>, or Place of the Smooth
 Rock. I noticed at this point the cyathophyllum helianthoides
 in abundance, and easily detached them from the rock. The more
 compact portions of this formation in the approach to Presque
@@ -12509,7 +12494,7 @@ parts, or constituting islands in front of them.</p>
 from Sault Ste. Marie to Fond du Lac is a fraction over 500 miles.
 The sandstone, as it appears in the Falls of the St. Mary's, does
 not appear to be entirely level. It exhibits an undulation of
-about 8� or 10�, dipping to west-northwest. Two instances of
+about 8° or 10°, dipping to west-northwest. Two instances of
 this waved stratification of the Lake Superior sandstone deserve
 notice. The first terminates at the intersection of red sand rock
 at la Point des Grande Sables with the beginning of the horizontal
@@ -12521,7 +12506,7 @@ passing the Huron Islands, a granitic group, and directing the
 view, as in the sketch, to the coast and the rough granitical hills
 rising behind Huron Bay. The strata are level, as shown above,
 around the Bay of Presque Isle and Granite Point, and continue
-so, resting on the roots of the granitical tract of the <i>T�tosh</i>, or
+so, resting on the roots of the granitical tract of the <i>Tötosh</i>, or
 Schoolcraft, and Cradletop Mountains, and at Point aux Beignes,
 and Keweena Bay. This level position of the rock is preserved
 to the south cape of the shallow bay of the Bete Gre, on the
@@ -12557,7 +12542,7 @@ Riviere de Fromboise.</p>
 appear to be all based on the sienitic or trap, with overlying red
 sandstone; which latter again reappears on the point of the
 entrance into Fond du Lac Bay, and marks its southern coast, till<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span>
-near the entrance of the Brul�, or Misakoda River, as seen in the
+near the entrance of the Brulé, or Misakoda River, as seen in the
 illustration beneath. Shores of sand then intercept its view to
 the entrance of the River St. Louis, and up its channel to its first
 rapids, about eighteen miles, where the red sandstone again
@@ -12602,7 +12587,7 @@ outlines of it are taken from a point on the approach to the Ontonagon
 River, about forty miles distant.</p>
 
 <p>They rise to their apex about thirty miles west of that stream,
-in north lat. 46� 52� 2��, as observed by Captain Douglass. They
+in north lat. 46° 52´ 2´´, as observed by Captain Douglass. They
 are distant three hundred and fifty miles from St. Mary's. In a
 serene day they present a lofty outline, and were seen by us from
 the east, at the distance of about eighty miles. The Indians represent
@@ -12780,7 +12765,7 @@ the richest alluvial character. From this point, dense forests and
 a moderately elevated soil, varying from three or four to fifteen
 feet, confined the view, on either side, during more than two days'
 march. On the third day after leaving Sandy Lake, at an early
-hour, we reached the Falls of Pak�gama. Here the rock strata
+hour, we reached the Falls of Pakágama. Here the rock strata
 show themselves for the first time on the Mississippi, in a prominent
 ledge of quartz rock of a gray color. Through this formation
 the Mississippi, here narrowed to less than half its width,
@@ -12791,7 +12776,7 @@ is alike impossible to ascend or descend with any species of water
 craft. It lies in the shape of an elbow. We made the portage
 on the north side.</p>
 
-<p><span class="smcap">Pak�gama Summit.</span>&mdash;The observer, when he has surmounted
+<p><span class="smcap">Pakágama Summit.</span>&mdash;The observer, when he has surmounted
 the summit, immediately enters on a theatre of savannas, level to
 the eye, and elevated but little above the water. Vistas of grass,
 reeds, and aquatic plants spread in every direction. On these
@@ -12858,7 +12843,7 @@ plunges over St. Anthony's Falls.</p>
 <p>In this descending series of plateaux, the Cass, Leech Lake, and
 Little Lake Winnipec form the third and fourth levels.</p>
 
-<p>In descending the Mississippi below the Pak�gama, the first
+<p>In descending the Mississippi below the Pakágama, the first
 stratum of rock, which rises through the delta of the river,
 occurs between the mouth of the Nokasippi and Elm Rivers,
 below the influx of the Great De Corbeau. This rock, which
@@ -12881,11 +12866,11 @@ symbolically by a species of picture writing, or hieroglyphics.
 In allusion to this embassy, this locality was called the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span>
 Peace Rock. This rock is sienite. It is highly crystalline, and
 extends several miles. Its position must be, from the best
-accounts, in north latitude about 44� 30�. From this point to
+accounts, in north latitude about 44° 30´. From this point to
 Rum River, a distance of seventy miles, no other point of the
 intrusion of this formation above the prairie soil was observed.</p>
 
-<p><span class="smcap">Introduction of the Pal�ontological Rocks.</span>&mdash;After passing
+<p><span class="smcap">Introduction of the Palæontological Rocks.</span>&mdash;After passing
 some fifty miles below this locality there are evidences that
 the river, in its progress south, has now reached the vicinity of
 the great carboniferous and metalliferous formations, which, for
@@ -12968,7 +12953,7 @@ and pond of limpid water flowing out of it.</p>
 <p><span class="smcap">Valley of the St. Croix.</span>&mdash;This river originates in an elevated
 range of the elder sand and pebble drift, which lies on the
 summit between the Mississippi system of formations, and the
-Lake Superior basin. It communicates with the Brul�, which is
+Lake Superior basin. It communicates with the Brulé, which is
 "Goddard's River" of Carver, and with the Mauvaise or Bad
 River of that basin. Specimens of native copper have been found
 on Snake River, one of its tributaries.<a name="FNanchor_231" id="FNanchor_231" href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[231]</a></p>
@@ -13054,7 +13039,7 @@ rock, perhaps thirty feet. The ore is a broad-grained cubical
 galena, easily reduced, and bids fair very greatly to enhance
 the value and resources of this section of the West.</p>
 
-<p>Similar mines exist at Mississinawa, and the River Au Fev�,<a name="FNanchor_232" id="FNanchor_232" href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[232]</a>
+<p>Similar mines exist at Mississinawa, and the River Au Fevé,<a name="FNanchor_232" id="FNanchor_232" href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[232]</a>
 both on the eastern or left bank of the Mississippi. And a system
 of leasing or management, such as I have suggested for the
 Missouri mines, appears equally desirable.</p>
@@ -14462,7 +14447,7 @@ coarse-grained and <i>gritty</i>.</p>
 <p class="subsection">3. Coal.</p>
 
 <p><i>Slaty Coal.</i>&mdash;The only spot where this mineral has been observed,
-in situ, is at La Charbonni�re, on the west banks of the
+in situ, is at La Charbonniére, on the west banks of the
 Illinois River, at the computed distance of one hundred and
 twenty miles south of the post of Chicago. It is here seen in
 horizontal strata, not exceeding two or three inches in thickness,
@@ -14485,7 +14470,7 @@ coal.</p>
 with the above, are occasionally found around the southern
 shores of Lake Michigan. The inference, as to the existence of
 coal around the shores of this lake, is obvious. And we are led
-to inquire: Does the La Charbonni�re formation of coal exist in
+to inquire: Does the La Charbonniére formation of coal exist in
 the sandstone and limestone strata forming the table-land between
 the Illinois River and Lake Michigan, and reappearing around the
 basin of the latter, but at such a depression below its surface as
@@ -14501,7 +14486,7 @@ the species and order of the coal measures, favor this suggestion.</p>
 
 <p>No traces of salt are known to have been discovered in those
 parts of the territory of the United States situated north of latitude
-46� 31� (which is that of the Sault Ste. Marie) and <i>east</i> of
+46° 31´ (which is that of the Sault Ste. Marie) and <i>east</i> of
 the Mississippi River. The great secondary formations which
 pervade the western country cease south of this general limit,
 and with them terminate the salt springs, the gypsum beds, the
@@ -15032,7 +15017,7 @@ smelting, for the single year of 1810, was 969,376 pounds sterling.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span>
 (See <a href="#F">Note F.</a>) The clear profits of the Dolgoath mine, one of the
 richest in Cornwall, for a period of five months, during the year
-1805, was �18,000, which is at the rate of �43,200, or $192,000,
+1805, was £18,000, which is at the rate of £43,200, or $192,000,
 per annum. Next to Great Britain, the most considerable mines
 of Europe are those of Russia, Austria, Sweden, and Westphalia,
 as it was in 1808. Of less importance are those of Denmark,
@@ -15321,8 +15306,8 @@ WALTER BICKER,<br />
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc br">1726 to 1735</td>
   <td class="tdc br">&nbsp; 64,800</td>
-  <td class="tdr br">�&nbsp;7 15 10</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">�&nbsp; 473,500</td>
+  <td class="tdr br">£&nbsp;7 15 10</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">£&nbsp; 473,500</td>
   <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">700 tons</span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -15379,8 +15364,8 @@ for a period of four years, ending with 1811.</i></p>
 <td class="tdc">cwt.</td>
 <td class="tdc">qrs.</td>
 <td class="tdc br">lbs.</td>
-<td class="tdc br">�</td>
-<td class="tdc">�</td>
+<td class="tdc br">£</td>
+<td class="tdc">£</td>
 <td class="tdc"><i>s.</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -16442,7 +16427,7 @@ nucleus must have been taken up, as water of crystallization, in
 the primitive formations. When these were deposited, there were
 no vegetables formed; of course, no animals; nay, even the sea
 was unpeopled, for there is no trace of any organic remains in
-these strata. Even the belemnites, the asteri�, the echini, the
+these strata. Even the belemnites, the asteriæ, the echini, the
 entrochi, the most simple forms of oceanic animal life, do not
 occur until the transition strata appear. Hence the propriety of
 denominating these formations <i>primitive</i>.</p>
@@ -16479,7 +16464,7 @@ and that but sparingly; for, in that mass of muddy water,
 none but the lowest and most inferior grades of animal life, and
 such as do not inhabit deep water, could exist. Hence, we find
 the transition formations contain in their substances some belemnites,
-asteri�, entrochi, echini, &amp;c., but no organized vegetable
+asteriæ, entrochi, echini, &amp;c., but no organized vegetable
 substance except, very rarely, in the latest rocks of this series,
 and no remains whatever of terrestrial animals. Indeed, in the
 high latitudes of the outgoings or summits of the primitive strata,
@@ -16608,7 +16593,7 @@ remarks and set me right. I had supposed the Huttonians and
 Wernerians did not dispute about the manner in which the <i>secondary</i>
 rocks were formed. Macculloch, and others before him,
 led me into this opinion, though it may be erroneous. But
-Bakewell, who is referred to as authority in <i>Rees's Cyclop�dia</i>,
+Bakewell, who is referred to as authority in <i>Rees's Cyclopædia</i>,
 says, p. 131: 'Geologists are agreed that secondary rocks have
 been formed by the agency of water.' If this be so, they would
 agree generally with the account of Dr. Cooper respecting the
@@ -16743,7 +16728,7 @@ standard work may be conveniently made by botanists.</p>
 being left to such casual attention as members of it might find it
 convenient to bestow. Of the fauna of the region, it was not
 believed that there were any of the prominent species which were
-improperly classed in the <i>Systema Natur�</i> of Linn�us. It was
+improperly classed in the <i>Systema Naturæ</i> of Linnæus. It was
 doubtless desirable to know something more particularly of the
 character and habitat of the American species of the reindeer (<i>C.
 sylvestris</i>) and hyena, or glutton. Perhaps something new was to
@@ -16801,14 +16786,14 @@ Beyond this, the stream appears to be but little diminished, unless
 it be in its depth. It is eventually traced to a very large lake
 called Upper Lac Ceder Rouge, but to which we applied the name
 of Cass Lake. This is the apparent navigable source of the river,
-and was our terminal point. It lies in latitude 47� 25� 23��.</p>
+and was our terminal point. It lies in latitude 47° 25´ 23´´.</p>
 
 <p>The whole of this summit of the continent is a vast formation
 of drift and boulders, deposited in steps. In descending it, we
 found the river crossed by the primitive rocks in latitude about
-46�, and it enters the great limestone formation by the cataract of
+46°, and it enters the great limestone formation by the cataract of
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span>
-St. Anthony's Falls, in latitude 44� 58� 40��. We descended the
+St. Anthony's Falls, in latitude 44° 58´ 40´´. We descended the
 river below this point, by its windings among high and picturesque
 cliffs, to the influx of the Wisconsin, estimated to be three hundred
 miles. Thence we came through the Wisconsin and Fox
@@ -16863,7 +16848,7 @@ very destructive to vegetation. This appears to be the hamster
 of Georgia. Of the larger class of quadrupeds, we met, in the
 forest traversed, the black bear, deer, elk, and buffalo. The
 latter we encountered in large numbers, about one hundred and
-fifty miles above the Falls of St. Anthony, about latitude 45�, on
+fifty miles above the Falls of St. Anthony, about latitude 45°, on
 the east bank of the river. We landed for the chase, and had a
 full opportunity of observing its size, color, gait, and general
 appearance.</p>
@@ -16891,7 +16876,7 @@ the sources of the Mississippi. Greenstone and trap are piled up
 in huge boulders. The most elevated rock, in place, on the
 sources of the Mississippi, is found to be quartzite. This is at
 the Falls of Pakagama. In coming down the Mississippi, soon
-after passing the latitude of 46�, the river is found to have its
+after passing the latitude of 46°, the river is found to have its
 bed on greenstones and sienites, till reaching near to the Falls of
 St. Anthony, where the great western horizontal limestone series
 begins. To facilitate the study of the latter, opportunities were
@@ -16967,7 +16952,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Buffalo,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Pe-zh�k-i,<a name="FNanchor_254" id="FNanchor_254" href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[254]</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pe-zhík-i,<a name="FNanchor_254" id="FNanchor_254" href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[254]</a></td>
   <td class="tdl">Bos Americanus. <i>Gm.</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -16977,12 +16962,12 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Deer (common),</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Wa-wash-k�-shi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wa-wash-ká-shi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Cervus Virginianus. <i>Gm.</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Moose,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�z,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Möz,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Cervus alces. <i>L.</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -17002,7 +16987,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Fox (red),</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Wa�-goosh</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Waú-goosh</td>
   <td class="tdl">Canis vulpes. <i>L.</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -17183,7 +17168,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Plover,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Tchwi-tchwish-ke-wa,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Charadri�s. <i>C.</i></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Charadriûs. <i>C.</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Turkey,</td>
@@ -17303,7 +17288,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Tulibee,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O-d�n-a-bee (wet-mouth).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O-dön-a-bee (wet-mouth).</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Eel,</td>
@@ -17312,7 +17297,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Snake,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke-n�-bik (a generic),</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke-ná-bik (a generic),</td>
   <td class="tdl bl" rowspan="2">&nbsp;Ophidia. <i>C.</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -17393,7 +17378,7 @@ of the French, and the blind worm of the English. The loss of
 the tail of this fragile creature renders an opinion a little dubious;
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span>
 but it is supposed to be <i>opthiosaureus</i> of Dandrige, corresponding
-to the <i>anguis ventralis</i> of Linn�us, figured by Catesby.</p>
+to the <i>anguis ventralis</i> of Linnæus, figured by Catesby.</p>
 
 <p>The shells afford a rich amount of an undescribed species. The
 whole of the univalves and bivalves received from Messrs. Schoolcraft
@@ -17457,7 +17442,7 @@ Heat in 1820.</i> By <span class="smcap">Henry R. Schoolcraft</span>.</h4>
 discharged from the great table lands which give origin to the
 sources of the Mississippi was such, during the summer months
 of 1820, that, on reaching those altitudes in latitude but a few
-minutes north of 47�, on the 21st of July, it was found impracticable
+minutes north of 47°, on the 21st of July, it was found impracticable
 to proceed higher in tracing out its sources. Attention had
 been directed to the phenomena of temperatures, clouds, evaporations,
 and solar influences, from the opening of the year, but they
@@ -17480,9 +17465,9 @@ are made.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdr">April 20</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;64�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;73�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;60�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;64°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;73°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;60°</td>
   <td class="tdc">Clear.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -17556,8 +17541,8 @@ are made.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdr">April 30</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;43�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;60�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;43°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;60°</td>
   <td class="tdc">Clear.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -17600,7 +17585,7 @@ are made.</p>
 
 <p>These places are but ninety miles apart, yet such is the influence
 of the lake winds on the temperature of the latter position,
-that it denotes an atmospheric depression of temperature of 5�.
+that it denotes an atmospheric depression of temperature of 5°.
 At the same time, the range between the maximum and minimum
 was exactly the same.</p>
 
@@ -17618,9 +17603,9 @@ was exactly the same.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdr">May 15,</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;50�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;61�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;51�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;50°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;61°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;51°</td>
   <td class="tdc">Fair.</td>
   <td class="tdr">N. E.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -17746,12 +17731,12 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Nov. 13 to 30,</td>
-  <td class="tdc">41�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">47�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">41�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">43�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">31�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">58�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">41°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">47°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">41°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">43°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">31°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">58°</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">December,</td>
@@ -17806,15 +17791,15 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdc">...</td>
   <td class="tdc">...</td>
   <td class="tdc">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;51�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;51°</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdr"><span class="i2"> " 25,</span></td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;47�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;56�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;56�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;47°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;56°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;56°</td>
   <td class="tdc">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;46�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;46°</td>
   <td class="tdc">...</td>
   <td class="tdc">Clear. Wind N. W.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -17823,7 +17808,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdc">...</td>
   <td class="tdc">52</td>
   <td class="tdc">53</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;56�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;56°</td>
   <td class="tdc">45</td>
   <td class="tdc">...</td>
   <td class="tdc">Clear. Wind N. W.</td>
@@ -17846,8 +17831,8 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdt">May 25,</td>
-  <td class="tdl"> at 6 A. M.,&nbsp;49�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">at &nbsp;12 M., &nbsp;54�</td>
+  <td class="tdl"> at 6 A. M.,&nbsp;49°</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at &nbsp;12 M., &nbsp;54°</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdr"><span class="i1">" 26,</span></td>
@@ -17858,7 +17843,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdr"><span class="i1">" 27,</span></td>
   <td class="tdl">at 8 A. M., 54</td>
   <td class="tdl">at &nbsp;12 M., &nbsp;55</td>
-  <td class="tdl">at 8 P. M., 50�</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at 8 P. M., 50°</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -17868,19 +17853,19 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">5<br />A.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">6<br />A.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">8<br />A.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">9<br />A.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">11<br />A.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">12<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">1<br />P.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">2<br />P.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">3<br />P.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">5<br />P.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">6<br />P.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">7<br />P.<br />M.<br />�</td>
-  <td class="bt br bb">8<br />P.<br />M.<br />�</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">5<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">6<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">8<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">9<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">11<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">12<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">1<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">2<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">3<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">5<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">6<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">7<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td>
+  <td class="bt br bb">8<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td>
   <td class="bt br bb">A<br />
   v<br />
   e<br />
@@ -17993,7 +17978,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl br">..</td>
   <td class="tdl br">50</td>
   <td class="tdl br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">&nbsp; 5�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">&nbsp; 5½</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl br">"&nbsp;3</td>
@@ -18010,7 +17995,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl br">..</td>
   <td class="tdl br">47</td>
   <td class="tdl br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">52�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">52½</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl br">"&nbsp;4</td>
@@ -18045,7 +18030,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl br">44</td>
   <td class="tdl br">..</td>
   <td class="tdl br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">49�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">49½</td>
   <td>Flying clouds. Wind strong; N. W.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -18063,7 +18048,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl br">46</td>
   <td class="tdl br">..</td>
   <td class="tdl br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">50�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">50½</td>
   <td>Clear. Wind Strong; N. W.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -18101,10 +18086,10 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>May 28,</td>
-  <td>at 5 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 55�</td>
-  <td>at 12 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 58�</td>
-  <td>at 7 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, 56�</td>
-  <td>56�</td>
+  <td>at 5 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 55°</td>
+  <td>at 12 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 58°</td>
+  <td>at 7 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, 56°</td>
+  <td>56°</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td><span class="i1"> " 29,</span></td>
@@ -18132,7 +18117,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:&mdash;</p>
   <td>at 8 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>,&nbsp;50</td>
   <td>at 12 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>,&nbsp;52</td>
   <td>at 6 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>,&nbsp;49</td>
-  <td>50�</td>
+  <td>50½</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -18175,12 +18160,12 @@ D.</td>
   <td class="tdl br">June&nbsp;7</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;59�</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;61�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;59°</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;61°</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;59�</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">59�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;59°</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">59½</td>
   <td class="tdl br">Clear.</td>
   <td class="tdl">W.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;W.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -18190,7 +18175,7 @@ D.</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">59</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;64�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;64°</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">59</td>
   <td class="tdl br">60</td>
@@ -18204,15 +18189,15 @@ D.</td>
   <td class="tdc br">53</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;53�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;53°</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">52�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">52½</td>
   <td class="tdl br">Cloudy with rain.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl br">" 10</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;55�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;55°</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">60</td>
@@ -18250,7 +18235,7 @@ D.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl br">" 13</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;53�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;53°</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">63</td>
@@ -18397,7 +18382,7 @@ S.</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">70�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">70½</td>
   <td class="tdl">Stormy and rain. Wind N. W.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -18421,7 +18406,7 @@ S.</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">71�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">71½</td>
   <td class="tdl">Stormy and rain. Wind N. W. Hurricane at night.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -18469,7 +18454,7 @@ S.</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">55�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">55½</td>
   <td class="tdl">Clear. Wind light from N. W.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -18493,7 +18478,7 @@ S.</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">70</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">67�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">67½</td>
   <td class="tdl">Clear. Wind S. E.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -18541,7 +18526,7 @@ S.</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">53</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">62�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">62½</td>
   <td class="tdl">Clear. Wind N. W.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -18613,7 +18598,7 @@ S.</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">79�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">79½</td>
   <td class="tdl">Sky clear. Wind N. W.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -18685,7 +18670,7 @@ S.</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
   <td class="tdc br">..</td>
-  <td class="tdl br">67�</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">67½</td>
   <td class="tdl">Misty. Wind light at N. N. W.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -18777,12 +18762,12 @@ S.</td>
    average.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">June 20, at 6 P.M., 55�</td>
+  <td class="tdl">June 20, at 6 P.M., 55°</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">" &nbsp; 21, at 10 A.M., 60</span></td>
-  <td class="tdl">at 6 P.M., 56�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">at 9 P.M., 56�</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at 6 P.M., 56°</td>
+  <td class="tdl">at 9 P.M., 56°</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td class="tdl">57</td>
 </tr>
@@ -18834,7 +18819,7 @@ S.</td>
 <tr>
 <td class="td">
 <ul>
-   <li>Superior&nbsp;62�</li>
+   <li>Superior&nbsp;62°</li>
     <li><span class="i2">at 6 P.M.,</span><span class="i1">Lake 72</span></li>
     <li>Ontonagon&nbsp;54<span class="i1">River 71</span></li>
 </ul>
@@ -18857,7 +18842,7 @@ S.</td>
 <li>Lake <span class="i3">&nbsp;64</span></li>
    <li>River <span class="i3">68</span></li>
    <li><span class="i1">at 1 P.M., River 76</span></li>
-   <li><span class="i3">at 7 P.M., 75�</span></li>
+   <li><span class="i3">at 7 P.M., 75°</span></li>
 </ul>
 </td>
 </tr>
@@ -18903,12 +18888,12 @@ have also characterized the entire length of Lake Superior.
 The atmosphere observed at three separate times, during
 twenty-four days, by Fahrenheit's thermometer, during the
 months of June and July, has varied from an average temperature
-of 62� to 88�, agreeable to masses of clouds interposed to
+of 62° to 88°, agreeable to masses of clouds interposed to
 the rays of the sun, and to shifting currents of wind, which have
 often suddenly intervened. Its waters, spreading for a length of
 five hundred miles from E. to W., observed during the same time
 by as many immersions of the instrument, has not varied more
-than two degrees below or above the average temperature of 55�
+than two degrees below or above the average temperature of 55°
 in mere surface observations.</p>
 
 <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span></p>
@@ -18933,17 +18918,17 @@ in mere surface observations.</p>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;76�</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">80�</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">79�</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;78�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;76°</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">80°</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">79°</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;78°</td>
   <td>Morning rainy, then fair.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdr br"><span class="i1">" 18</span></td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;51�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;51°</td>
   <td class="tdc br">64</td>
   <td class="tdc br">66</td>
   <td class="tdc br">53</td>
@@ -19027,7 +19012,7 @@ in mere surface observations.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdr br"><span class="i1">" 26</span></td>
-  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;61�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">&nbsp;61°</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
@@ -19072,7 +19057,7 @@ in mere surface observations.</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdr br"><span class="i1">" 30</span></td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">60�</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">60°</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">76</td>
@@ -19129,9 +19114,9 @@ in mere surface observations.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">July&nbsp;15,</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;61�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;79�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;64�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;61°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;79°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;64°</td>
   <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">S.</span></td>
   <td class="tdl">Clear; fair.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -19283,10 +19268,10 @@ in mere surface observations.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Jan. 1,</td>
-  <td class="tdc">4�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">11�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">10�</td>
-  <td class="tdl"> 0�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">4°</td>
+  <td class="tdl">11°</td>
+  <td class="tdl">10°</td>
+  <td class="tdl"> 0°</td>
   <td class="tdl">W.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;W.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Cloudy; light snow; first ice in the river, 14 inches thick; none in the lake.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -19576,7 +19561,7 @@ in mere surface observations.</p>
   <td class="tdl">29</td>
   <td class="tdl">20</td>
   <td class="tdl">E. N. &nbsp;E.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Snow-storm; ice 18� inches on river.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Snow-storm; ice 18¾ inches on river.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">"<span class="i1">3,</span></td>
@@ -19959,7 +19944,7 @@ in mere surface observations.</p>
 
 <p>Agreeable to a register kept at Council Bluffs during the
 month of January, 1820, the highest and lowest temperature at
-that place were, respectively, 36� and 22�, the month giving a
+that place were, respectively, 36° and 22°, the month giving a
 mean of 17.89. Compared with the observed temperature, for
 the same month, at the following positions in the United States,
 both east and west of the Alleghanies, the Missouri Valley reveals
@@ -19976,9 +19961,9 @@ agriculture.<a name="FNanchor_264" id="FNanchor_264" href="#Footnote_264" class=
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Council Bluffs</td>
-  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;17.89�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">36�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">22�</td>
+  <td class="tdc">&nbsp;17.89°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">36°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">22°</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Wooster</td>
@@ -20070,11 +20055,11 @@ agriculture.<a name="FNanchor_264" id="FNanchor_264" href="#Footnote_264" class=
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Council Bluffs,</td>
   <td class="tdl">lat.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">41�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">45�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">41°</td>
+  <td class="tdl">45´,</td>
   <td class="tdc">long.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">19�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">50�</td>
+  <td class="tdl">19°</td>
+  <td class="tdl">50´</td>
   <td class="tdl">W. of the capitol.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -20099,10 +20084,10 @@ agriculture.<a name="FNanchor_264" id="FNanchor_264" href="#Footnote_264" class=
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Difference of lat.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">13�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">48�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">13°</td>
+  <td class="tdl">48´.</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Difference of long. 26�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Difference of long. 26°.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -20915,7 +20900,7 @@ never on short vowels; such accented vowels are always significant,
 and if they are repeated in a compound word, the accents are also
 repeated, the only difference being that there are primary and
 secondary accents. Thus, in the long descriptive name for a horse,
-<i>Pa-b�-zhik-�-ga-zh�</i>, which is compounded of a numeral term and
+<i>Pa-bá-zhik-ó-ga-zhé</i>, which is compounded of a numeral term and
 two nouns, meaning, the animal with solid hoofs; there are three
 accents, the first of which is primary, while the others succeed
 each other with decreased intensity. By a table of words which
@@ -20974,11 +20959,11 @@ plural, and can only be added to words of the vital class.
 Besides, if the verb or noun to be made plural does not end in
 a vowel, but in a consonant, the <i>g</i> cannot be added without interposing
 a vowel. It results, therefore, that the vowel class
-of words have their plurals in _�g_, <i>eeg</i>, <i>ig</i>, <i>og</i>, or <i>ug</i>. But, if the
+of words have their plurals in _äg_, <i>eeg</i>, <i>ig</i>, <i>og</i>, or <i>ug</i>. But, if the
 class of words be non-vital and numerical, the plural is made
 in the letter <i>n</i>. But this letter cannot, as in the other form, be
 added, unless the word terminate in a vowel, when the regular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span>
-plurals are _�n_, <i>een</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>on</i>, or <i>un</i>. This simple principle clears up
+plurals are _än_, <i>een</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>on</i>, or <i>un</i>. This simple principle clears up
 one cause of perplexity in the conjugations, and denotes a philosophical
 method, which divides the whole vocabulary into two
 classes; while this provision <i>supersedes</i>, it answers the purpose of
@@ -21003,8 +20988,8 @@ of gender becomes lost in that of vitality.</p>
 <p>7. <i>Active and passive voices.</i>&mdash;The distinction between these two
 classes of verbs is made by the inflection <i>ego</i>. By adding this
 form to the active verb, its action is reversed, and thrown back
-on the nominative. Thus, the verb to carry is <i>nim bem�n</i>, I
-carry; <i>nim bem�n-ego</i>, I am carried. <i>Adowawa</i> is the act of
+on the nominative. Thus, the verb to carry is <i>nim bemön</i>, I
+carry; <i>nim bemön-ego</i>, I am carried. <i>Adowawa</i> is the act of
 thumping, as a log by the waves on the shore._ Adowawa-ego_
 is a log that is thumped by the waves on shore. <i>Nesaugeah</i>, I
 love; <i>Nesaugeigo</i>, I am loved. In the latter phrase, the personal
@@ -21029,11 +21014,11 @@ walking.</p>
 
 <p>The general want of the substantive verb, in their colloquial
 phrases, constantly leads to imperfect forms of syntax. Thus,
-<i>n�b�</i> is the indicative, first person of the verb to sleep; but
-if the term, I am sleeping, be required, the phrase is <i>ne n�b�</i>,
-simply, I sleep. So, too, <i>tsh�giz</i> is the first person indicative to
+<i>nëbä</i> is the indicative, first person of the verb to sleep; but
+if the term, I am sleeping, be required, the phrase is <i>ne nëbä</i>,
+simply, I sleep. So, too, <i>tshägiz</i> is the first person indicative to
 burn; but the colloquial phrase, I am burned, or burning, is <i>nen
-tsh�giz</i>&mdash;the verb remaining in the indicative, and not taking the
+tshägiz</i>&mdash;the verb remaining in the indicative, and not taking the
 participle form.</p>
 
 <p>It is not common to address persons by their familiar names,
@@ -21316,16 +21301,16 @@ that animate nouns require animate verbs for their nominatives,
 animate adjectives to express their qualities, and animate demonstrative
 pronouns to mark the distinctions of person. Thus, if we say,
 "I see a man; I see a house," the termination of the verb must
-be changed. What was in the first instance <i>w�b im�</i>, is altered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span>
-to <i>w�b ind�n</i>. <i>W�b</i>, is here the infinitive, but the root of this
+be changed. What was in the first instance <i>wâb imâ</i>, is altered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span>
+to <i>wâb indân</i>. <i>Wâb</i>, is here the infinitive, but the root of this
 verb is still more remote. If the question occurs "Is it a good
 man, or a good house," the adjective, which, in the inanimate form
-is <i>onishish-�</i>, is, in the animate <i>onishish-i[n']</i>. If the question be put,
-"Is it this man, or this house," the pronoun <i>this</i>, which is <i>m� bum</i>,
-in the animate, is changed to <i>m� ndun</i>, in the inanimate.</p>
+is <i>onishish-í</i>, is, in the animate <i>onishish-i[n']</i>. If the question be put,
+"Is it this man, or this house," the pronoun <i>this</i>, which is <i>mâ bum</i>,
+in the animate, is changed to <i>mâ ndun</i>, in the inanimate.</p>
 
 <p>Nouns animate embrace the tribes of quadrupeds, birds, fishes,
-insects, reptiles, crustac�, the sun, and moon, and stars, thunder,
+insects, reptiles, crustacæ, the sun, and moon, and stars, thunder,
 and lightning, for these are personified; and whatever either possesses
 animal life, or is endowed, by the peculiar opinions and
 superstitions of the Indians, with it. In the vegetable kingdom,
@@ -21405,8 +21390,8 @@ modes of indicating it, as the Odjibwa. There are as many modes
 of forming the plural, as there are vowel sounds, yet there is no
 distinction between a limited and unlimited plural; although there
 is, in the pronoun, an <i>inclusive</i> and an <i>exclusive</i> plural. Whether
-we say <i>man</i> or <i>men</i>, <i>two men</i> or <i>twenty men</i>, the singular <i>inin�i</i>, and
-the plural <i>nin�iwug</i>, remains the same. But if we say <i>we</i>, or <i>us</i>,
+we say <i>man</i> or <i>men</i>, <i>two men</i> or <i>twenty men</i>, the singular <i>inin´i</i>, and
+the plural <i>nin´iwug</i>, remains the same. But if we say <i>we</i>, or <i>us</i>,
 or <i>our men</i> (who are present), or <i>we</i>, or <i>us</i>, or <i>our Indians</i> (in general),
 the plural <i>we</i>, and <i>us</i>, and <i>our</i>&mdash;for they are rendered by the
 same form&mdash;admit of a change to indicate whether the objective
@@ -21417,7 +21402,7 @@ carries its distinctions, by means of the pronouns, separable and
 inseparable, into the verbs and substantives, creating the necessity
 of double conjugations and double declensions, in the plural forms
 of the first person. Thus, the term for "Our Father," which, in
-the inclusive form is <i>K�sin�n</i>, is, in the exclusive, <i>N�sin�n</i>.</p>
+the inclusive form is <i>Kósinân</i>, is, in the exclusive, <i>Nósinân</i>.</p>
 
 <p>The particular plural, which is thus, by the transforming power
 of the language, carried from the pronoun into the texture of the
@@ -21429,8 +21414,8 @@ substantives are distinguished into animate and inanimate. Without
 this additional power, all nouns plural would end in the
 vowels <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>. But to mark the gender, the letter <i>g</i> is added
 to animates, and the letter <i>n</i> to inanimates, making the plurals
-of the first class terminate in _�g_, <i>eeg</i>, <i>ig</i>, _�g_, <i>ug</i>, and of the second
-class in _�n_, <i>een</i>, <i>in</i>, _�n_, <i>un</i>. Ten modes of forming the plural are
+of the first class terminate in _âg_, <i>eeg</i>, <i>ig</i>, _ôg_, <i>ug</i>, and of the second
+class in _ân_, <i>een</i>, <i>in</i>, _ôn_, <i>un</i>. Ten modes of forming the plural are
 thus provided, five of which are animate, and five inanimate
 plurals. A strong and clear line of distinction is thus drawn between
 the two classes of words; so unerring, indeed, in its application,
@@ -21447,7 +21432,7 @@ of the plurals.</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="4">Animate Plural.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">a. Odjibw�i,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">a. Odjibwâi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">a Chippewa.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Odjibwaig,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Chippewas.</td>
@@ -21459,15 +21444,15 @@ of the plurals.</p>
   <td class="tdl">Flies.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">i. Kos�nan,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">i. Kosénan,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our father, (in.)</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Kosen�n-ig,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kosenân-ig,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our fathers, (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">o. Ahm�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">o. Ahmô,</td>
   <td class="tdl">a Bee.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ahm-�g,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ahm-ôg,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Bees.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -21483,15 +21468,15 @@ of the plurals.</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="4">Inanimate Plural.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">a. Ishk�dai,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">a. Ishkôdai,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Fire.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ishk�dain,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ishkôdain,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Fires.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">e. Wad�p,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">e. Wadôp,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Alder.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Wad�p-een,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wadôp-een,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Alders.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -21501,9 +21486,9 @@ of the plurals.</p>
   <td class="tdl">Fruits.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">o. N�din,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">o. Nôdin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Wind.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">N�din-�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nôdin-ôn,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Winds.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -21520,8 +21505,8 @@ gender. In other instances, as in <i>peenai</i>, a partridge&mdash;<i>seebi</i>,
 requires a consonant to precede the plural vowel, in conformity
 with a rule previously stated. Thus, <i>peenai</i>, is rendered
 <i>peenai-wug</i>&mdash;and <i>seebi</i>, <i>seebi-wun</i>. Where the noun singular terminates
-in the broad, instead of the long sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>ogim�</i>,
-a chief, <i>ishpatin�</i>, a hill, the plural is <i>ogim-ag</i>, <i>ishpatin�n</i>. But
+in the broad, instead of the long sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>ogimâ</i>,
+a chief, <i>ishpatinâ</i>, a hill, the plural is <i>ogim-ag</i>, <i>ishpatinân</i>. But
 these are mere modifications of two of the above forms, and are
 by no means entitled to be considered as additional plurals.</p>
 
@@ -21530,9 +21515,9 @@ may be enumerated:&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="language2" summary="more plural">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Missun�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Missun´,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Firewood.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Uss�im�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ussáimâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Tobacco.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -21542,21 +21527,21 @@ may be enumerated:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">Sand.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">M�jim,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Méjim,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Food.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ahwun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Mist.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">K�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kôn,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Snow.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Kimmiwun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Rain.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mishk�wi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mishk´wi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Blood.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Oss�kumig,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ossâkumig,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Moss.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -21584,8 +21569,8 @@ requiring no change of these simple forms&mdash;no prefixes and no
 inflections. But it will be seen, at a glance, how very limited
 such an application of words must be, in a transpositive language.</p>
 
-<p>Thus <i>mang</i> and <i>k�g</i> (loon and porcupine) take the plural inflection
-<i>wug</i>, becoming <i>mang wug</i> and <i>k�g wug</i> (loons and porcupines).
+<p>Thus <i>mang</i> and <i>kâg</i> (loon and porcupine) take the plural inflection
+<i>wug</i>, becoming <i>mang wug</i> and <i>kâg wug</i> (loons and porcupines).
 So, in their pronominal declension:&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="language3" summary="more plural2">
@@ -21601,12 +21586,12 @@ So, in their pronominal declension:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">My porcupine</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni g�g</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni gâg</td>
   <td class="tdl">oom</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Thy porcupine</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki g�g</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki gâg</td>
   <td class="tdl">oom</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -21623,30 +21608,30 @@ So, in their pronominal declension:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">My porcupines</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni g�g</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni gâg</td>
   <td class="tdl">oom</td>
   <td class="tdl">ug</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Thy porcupines</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki g�g</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki gâg</td>
   <td class="tdl">oom</td>
   <td class="tdl">ug</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 <p>But his loon, or loons (<i>o many oom un</i>), his porcupine or porcupines
-(<i>o g�g oom un</i>), are without number. The rule applies
+(<i>o gâg oom un</i>), are without number. The rule applies
 equally to the class of words in which the pronouns are inseparable.
-Thus, my father and thy father, <i>n�s</i> and <i>k�s</i>, become my
+Thus, my father and thy father, <i>nôs</i> and <i>kôs</i>, become my
 fathers and thy fathers, by the numerical inflection <i>ug</i>, forming
-<i>n�sug</i> and <i>k�sug</i>. But _�sun_, his father or fathers, is vague, and
+<i>nôsug</i> and <i>kôsug</i>. But _ôsun_, his father or fathers, is vague, and
 does not indicate whether there be one father or twenty fathers.
 The inflection <i>un</i>, merely denotes the <i>object</i>. The rule also applies
 equally to sentences in which the noun is governed by or governs
-the verb. Whether we say, "I saw a bear," <i>ningi w�bum� mukwah</i>,
-or "a bear saw me," <i>mukwah ningi w�bumig</i>, the noun, itself,
-undergoes no change, and its number is definite. But <i>ogi w�bum�n
+the verb. Whether we say, "I saw a bear," <i>ningi wâbumâ mukwah</i>,
+or "a bear saw me," <i>mukwah ningi wâbumig</i>, the noun, itself,
+undergoes no change, and its number is definite. But <i>ogi wâbumân
 muk-wun</i>, "he saw bear," is indefinite, although both the verb
 and the noun have changed their endings. And if the narrator
 does not subsequently determine the number, the hearer is either
@@ -21656,12 +21641,12 @@ want of precision, which would seem to be fraught with so much
 confusion, appears to be obviated in practice, by the employment
 of adjectives, by numerical inflections in the relative words of
 the sentence, by the use of the indefinite article, <i>paizhik</i>, or by
-demonstrative pronouns. Thus, <i>paizhik mukwun ogi w�bum�n</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[461]</a></span>
+demonstrative pronouns. Thus, <i>paizhik mukwun ogi wâbumân</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[461]</a></span>
 conveys with certainty the information "he saw <i>a</i> bear." But
 in this sentence both the noun and the verb retain the objective
 inflections, as in the former instances. These inflections are not
 uniformly <i>un</i>, but sometimes <i>een</i>, as in <i>ogeen</i>, his mother, and
-sometimes _�n_, as in <i>odakeek-�n</i>, his kettle, in all which instances,
+sometimes _ôn_, as in <i>odakeek-ôn</i>, his kettle, in all which instances,
 however, the number is left indeterminate. It may hence be
 observed, and it is a remark which we shall presently have occasion
 to corroborate, that the plural inflection to inanimate nouns
@@ -21689,7 +21674,7 @@ features which impart to the language its peculiar character.</p>
 founded upon a modification of the five vowel sounds. Possessives
 are likewise founded upon the basis of the vowel sounds.
 There are five declensions of the noun to mark the possessive,
-ending in the possessive in _�m_, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _�m_, <i>um</i>, <i>oom</i>. Where the
+ending in the possessive in _âm_, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _ôm_, <i>um</i>, <i>oom</i>. Where the
 nominative ends with a vowel, the possessive is made by adding
 the letter <i>m</i>, as in <i>maimai</i>, a woodcock, <i>ni maimaim</i>, my woodcock,
 &amp;c. Where the nominative ends in a consonant, as in <i>ais</i>,
@@ -21697,8 +21682,8 @@ a shell, the full possessive inflection is required, making <i>nin daisim</i>,
 my shell. In the latter form, the consonant <i>d</i> is interposed
 between the pronoun and noun, and sounded with the noun, in
 conformity with a general rule. Where the nominative ends in
-the broad in lieu of the long sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>ogim�</i>, a chief, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[462]</a></span>
-possessive is _�m_. The sound of <i>i</i>, in the third declension, is that
+the broad in lieu of the long sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>ogimâ</i>, a chief, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[462]</a></span>
+possessive is _âm_. The sound of <i>i</i>, in the third declension, is that
 of <i>i</i> in pin, and the sound of <i>u</i>, in the fifth declension, is that of
 <i>u</i> in bull. The latter will be uniformly represented by <i>oo</i>.</p>
 
@@ -21713,7 +21698,7 @@ as knife, bowl, paddle, &amp;c.</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Nominative.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ishk�dai,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ishkôdai,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Fire.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -21740,22 +21725,22 @@ as knife, bowl, paddle, &amp;c.</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ki</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-in�n. (in.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-inân. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">&mdash;</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ni</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-in�n. (ex.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-inân. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Your,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ki</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-iw�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-iwâ.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Their,</td>
   <td class="tdl">O</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dishko-aim-iw�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dishko-aim-iwâ.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -21764,29 +21749,29 @@ the separable pronouns before them as follows:&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="nouns3" summary="exceptions">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">M�koman,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Môkoman,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A Knife.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni m�koman,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni môkoman,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My Knife.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki m�koman,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki môkoman,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Thy Knife.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">O m�koman,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O môkoman,</td>
   <td class="tdl">His Knife, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 <p>Animate substantives are declined precisely in the same manner
 as inanimate, except in the third person, which takes to the possessive
-inflections, <i>aim</i>, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _�m_, <i>oom</i>, the objective particle <i>un</i>,
+inflections, <i>aim</i>, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _ôm_, <i>oom</i>, the objective particle <i>un</i>,
 denoting the compound inflection of this person, both in the
-singular and plural, <i>aimun</i>, <i>eemun</i>, <i>imun</i>, _�mun_, <i>oomun</i>, and the
-variation of the first vowel sound, _�mun_. Thus, to furnish an
+singular and plural, <i>aimun</i>, <i>eemun</i>, <i>imun</i>, _ômun_, <i>oomun</i>, and the
+variation of the first vowel sound, _âmun_. Thus, to furnish an
 example of the second declension, <i>bizhiki</i>, a bison, changes its
 forms to <i>nim</i>, <i>bizhik-im</i>, my bison&mdash;<i>ke bizhik-im</i>, thy bison, <i>O bizhik-imun</i>,
 his bison, or bisons.</p>
@@ -21795,13 +21780,13 @@ his bison, or bisons.</p>
 left for future inquiry. But we may add further examples in aid
 of it. We cannot simply say, "The chief has killed a bear," or,
 to reverse the object upon which the energy of the verb is exerted,
-"The bear has killed a chief." But, <i>ogim� ogi niss�n muk-wun</i>,
+"The bear has killed a chief." But, <i>ogimâ ogi nissân muk-wun</i>,
 literally, "Chief he has has killed him bear," or, <i>mukwah ogi</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[463]</a></span>
-<i>niss�n ogim�n</i>, "Bear he has killed him chief." Here the verb
-and the noun are both objective in <i>un</i>, which is sounded _�n_, where
-it comes after the broad sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>niss�n</i>, objective of the
+<i>nissân ogimân</i>, "Bear he has killed him chief." Here the verb
+and the noun are both objective in <i>un</i>, which is sounded _ân_, where
+it comes after the broad sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>nissân</i>, objective of the
 verb to kill. If we confer the powers of the English possessive
-(_'s_), upon the inflections <i>aim</i>, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _�m_, <i>oom</i>, and _�m_, respectively,
+(_'s_), upon the inflections <i>aim</i>, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _ôm_, <i>oom</i>, and _âm_, respectively,
 and the meaning of <i>him</i>, and of course <i>he</i>, <i>her</i>, <i>his</i>, <i>hers</i>, <i>they</i>, <i>theirs</i>
 (as there is no declension of the pronoun, and no number to the
 third person), upon the objective particle <i>un</i>, we shall then translate
@@ -21826,14 +21811,14 @@ fact, that it retains its connection with the noun, whether the latter
 follow or precede the verb, or whatever its position in the sentence
 may be.</p>
 
-<p>Thus we can, without any perplexity in the meaning say, <i>Waimittig�zhiwug
-ogi sagi�n Pontiac-un</i>, "Frenchmen, they did love
-Pontiac him." Or to reverse it, <i>Pontiac-un Waimittig�zhiwug ogi
-sagi�n</i>, "Pontiac, he did Frenchmen he loved." The termination
+<p>Thus we can, without any perplexity in the meaning say, <i>Waimittigôzhiwug
+ogi sagiân Pontiac-un</i>, "Frenchmen, they did love
+Pontiac him." Or to reverse it, <i>Pontiac-un Waimittigôzhiwug ogi
+sagiân</i>, "Pontiac, he did Frenchmen he loved." The termination
 <i>un</i>, in both instances, clearly determines the object beloved. So
-in the following instance, <i>Sagunoshug ogi sagi�n Tecumseh-un</i>,
+in the following instance, <i>Sagunoshug ogi sagiân Tecumseh-un</i>,
 "Englishmen, they did love Tecumseh," or <i>Tecumseh-un Sagunoshug
-oji sagi�n</i>, "Tecumseh, he did Englishmen he loved."</p>
+oji sagiân</i>, "Tecumseh, he did Englishmen he loved."</p>
 
 <p>In tracing the operation of this rule, through the doublings of
 the language, it is necessary to distinguish every modification of
@@ -21846,13 +21831,13 @@ meaning.</p>
 
 <div class="language">
 <ul>
-<li>W�bojeeg ogi meeg�n-�n n�dowaisi-wun.</li>
-<li>W�bojeeg fought his enemies. L.<a name="FNanchor_271" id="FNanchor_271" href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[271]</a> W. he did fight them, his enemy, or enemies.</li>
-<li>O s�gi-�n inini-wun.</li>
+<li>Wâbojeeg ogi meegân-ân nâdowaisi-wun.</li>
+<li>Wâbojeeg fought his enemies. L.<a name="FNanchor_271" id="FNanchor_271" href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[271]</a> W. he did fight them, his enemy, or enemies.</li>
+<li>O sâgi-ân inini-wun.</li>
 <li>He, or she, loves a man. L. He, or she, loves him-man, or men.</li>
-<li>Kigo-yun waindji pimm�dizziw�d.</li>
+<li>Kigo-yun waindji pimmâdizziwâd.</li>
 <li>They subsist on fish. L. Fish or fishes, they upon them, they live.</li>
-<li>Ontwa o sagi�n odi-yun.</li>
+<li>Ontwa o sagiân odi-yun.</li>
 <li>Ontwa loves his dog. L. O. he loves him, his dog, or dogs.</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
@@ -21863,11 +21848,11 @@ speaker to utter the final vowel of the substantive, and the inflective
 vowel, without placing both under the accent. It is to
 be remarked in these examples, that the verb has a corresponding
 inflection with the noun, indicated by the final consonant <i>n</i>, as in
-<i>sagi�-n</i>, objective of the verb <i>to love</i>. This is merely a modification
+<i>sagiâ-n</i>, objective of the verb <i>to love</i>. This is merely a modification
 of <i>un</i>, where it is requisite to employ it after broad <i>a</i> (<i>aw</i>),
 and it is applicable to nouns as well as verbs whenever they end
-in that sound. Thus, in the phrase, "He saw a chief," <i>O w�bum�-n
-O gim�-n</i>, both noun and verb terminate in <i>n</i>. It is immaterial
+in that sound. Thus, in the phrase, "He saw a chief," <i>O wâbumâ-n
+O gimâ-n</i>, both noun and verb terminate in <i>n</i>. It is immaterial
 to the sense, which precedes. And this leads to the
 conclusion, which we are in some measure compelled to state in
 anticipation of our remarks on the verb: That verbs must not
@@ -21880,17 +21865,17 @@ person, and is subjoined to the latter. Thus,</p>
 
 <div class="language">
 <ul>
-<li>O sagi�(w�)n.</li>
+<li>O sagiâ(wâ)n.</li>
 <li>They love them (him or them).</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 
-<p>In this phrase, the interposed syllable (<i>w�</i>) is, apparently, the
+<p>In this phrase, the interposed syllable (<i>wâ</i>) is, apparently, the
 plural&mdash;it is a reflective plural&mdash;of <i>he</i>&mdash;the latter being indicated,
 as usual, by the sign <i>O</i>. It has been observed, above, that the
 deficiency in number, in the third person, is sometimes supplied
 "by numerical inflections in the relative words of the sentence,"
-and this interposed particle (<i>w�</i>) affords an instance in point.
+and this interposed particle (<i>wâ</i>) affords an instance in point.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[465]</a></span>
 The number of the nominative pronoun appears to be thus rendered
 precise, but the objective is still indefinite.</p>
@@ -21908,22 +21893,22 @@ third person, both have the full objective inflection. Thus,</p>
 
 <p>There are certain words, however, which will not admit the
 objective <i>un</i>, either in its simple or modified forms. These are
-rendered objective in <i>een</i>, or _�n_.</p>
+rendered objective in <i>een</i>, or _ôn_.</p>
 
 <div class="language">
 <ul>
-<li>O w�bum�-(n), ossin-(een).</li>
+<li>O wâbumâ-(n), ossin-(een).</li>
 <li>He sees the stone. L. He sees him&mdash;stone or stones.</li>
-<li>O w�bum�-(n) mittig o mizh-(een). L. He sees him, tree or trees.</li>
+<li>O wâbumâ-(n) mittig o mizh-(een). L. He sees him, tree or trees.</li>
 <li>He sees an oak tree.</li>
-<li>O mittig w�b (een), gyai o bikwuk-(�n).</li>
+<li>O mittig wâb (een), gyai o bikwuk-(ôn).</li>
 <li>His bow and his arrows. L. His bow him, and his arrows, him or them.</li>
-<li>Ody� | w� | w� (n), akkik-(�n).</li>
+<li>Odyâ | wâ | wâ (n), akkik-(ôn).</li>
 <li>They possess a kettle. L. They own them, kettle or kettles.</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 
-<p>The syllable <i>w�</i>, in the verb of the last example included between
+<p>The syllable <i>wâ</i>, in the verb of the last example included between
 bars (instead of parentheses), is the reflective plural <i>they</i>
 pointed out in a preceding instance.</p>
 
@@ -21938,11 +21923,11 @@ and the third in <i>aimun</i>.</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Nominative.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Pin�i,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pinâi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">a partridge.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Pin�i-wug,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pinâi-wug,</td>
   <td class="tdl">partridges.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -21958,17 +21943,17 @@ and the third in <i>aimun</i>.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki Bin-aim in�n.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Bin-aim inân.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Inclusive plural.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni Bin-aimin�n.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Bin-aiminân.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Exclusive plural.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Your,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki Bin-aim w�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Bin-aim wâ.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Third person.</td>
@@ -21979,7 +21964,7 @@ and the third in <i>aimun</i>.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Their,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O Bin-aim iw� (n).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Bin-aim iwâ (n).</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -22013,15 +21998,15 @@ eem, and the third in <i>eemun</i>.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki Dossin-eemin�n. (in.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Dossin-eeminân. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni Dossin-eemin�n. (ex.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Dossin-eeminân. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Your,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke Dossin-eemew�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke Dossin-eemewâ.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Third person.</td>
@@ -22032,7 +22017,7 @@ eem, and the third in <i>eemun</i>.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Their,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O Dossin-eemew� (n).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Dossin-eemewâ (n).</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -22064,15 +22049,15 @@ and the third in <i>imun</i>.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki Dais-imin�n. (in.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Dais-iminân. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni Dais-imin�n. (ex.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Dais-iminân. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Your,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki Dais-imiw�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Dais-imiwâ.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Third person.</td>
@@ -22083,23 +22068,23 @@ and the third in <i>imun</i>.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Their,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O Dais-imew� (n).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Dais-imewâ (n).</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 <p><i>o.</i> Fourth declension forming the first and second persons in
-_�m_, and the third in _�mun_.</p>
+_ôm_, and the third in _ômun_.</p>
 
 <table id="language7" summary="fourth declension">
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Nominative.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Monid�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Monidô,</td>
   <td class="tdl">a Spirit.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Monid�g,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Monidôg,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Spirits.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[467]</a></span></td>
 </tr>
@@ -22108,34 +22093,34 @@ _�m_, and the third in _�mun_.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">My,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni Monid-�m.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Monid-ôm.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Thy,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-�m.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-ôm.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-�min�n. (in.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-ôminân. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni Monid-�min�n. (ex.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Monid-ôminân. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Your,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-�miw�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-ômiwâ.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Third person.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">His,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O Monid-�m (un).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Monid-ôm (un).</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Their,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O Monid-�mew� (n).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Monid-ômewâ (n).</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -22147,11 +22132,11 @@ _�m_, and the third in _�mun_.</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Nominative.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">M�z,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Môz,</td>
   <td class="tdl">a Moose.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">M�z�g,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Môzôg,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Moose.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -22159,51 +22144,51 @@ _�m_, and the third in _�mun_.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">My,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni M�z-oom.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Môz-oom.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Thy,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki M�z-oom.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Môz-oom.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki M�z-oomin�n. (in.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Môz-oominân. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni M�z-oomin�n. (ex.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Môz-oominân. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Your,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki M�z-oomiwu.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Môz-oomiwu.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Third person.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">His,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O M�z oom (un).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Môz oom (un).</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Their,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O M�z oomiw� (n).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Môz oomiwâ (n).</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 <p><i>aw.</i> Additional declension, required when the noun ends in the
 broad, instead of the long sound of a, forming the possessive in
-_�m_, and the objective in _�mun_.</p>
+_âm_, and the objective in _âmun_.</p>
 
 <table id="language9" summary="additional declension">
 <tr>
    <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Nominative.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ogim�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ogimâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">a Chief.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ogim�g,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ogimâg,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Chiefs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -22211,34 +22196,34 @@ _�m_, and the objective in _�mun_.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">My,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni D�gim �m.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Dôgim âm.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Thy,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki D�gim �m.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Dôgim âm.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki D�gim �min�n. (in.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Dôgim âminân. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Our,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni D�gim �min�n. (ex.)</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Dôgim âminân. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Your,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ki D�gim �miw�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ki Dôgim âmiwâ.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
    <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[468]</a></span>Third person.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">His,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O D�gim �m (un).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Dôgim âm (un).</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Their,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O D�gim �miw� (n).</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Dôgim âmiwâ (n).</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -22274,21 +22259,21 @@ retained.</p>
   <td class="tdl"><i>Sing. and plural.</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Nos-in�n.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nos-inân.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our father.</td>
   <td class="tdc">(ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kos-in�n.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kos-inân.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our father.</td>
   <td class="tdc">(in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kos-iw�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kos-iwâ.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Your father.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Os-iw�n.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Os-iwân.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Their father.</td>
   <td class="tdl"><i>Sing. and plural.</i></td>
 </tr>
@@ -22309,21 +22294,21 @@ retained.</p>
   <td class="tdl"><i>Sing. and plural.</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Nos.-in�n ig.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nos.-inân ig.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our fathers.</td>
   <td class="tdc">(ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kos.-in�n ig.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kos.-inân ig.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our fathers.</td>
   <td class="tdc">(in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kos-iw�g.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kos-iwâg.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Your fathers.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Os-iw�n.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Os-iwân.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Their fathers.</td>
   <td class="tdl"><i>Sing. and plural.</i></td>
 </tr>
@@ -22356,22 +22341,22 @@ manner.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ki</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dy-in�n</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dy-inân</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our dog.  (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ni</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dy-in�n</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dy-inân</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our dog.  (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ki</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dy-iw�</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dy-iwâ</td>
   <td class="tdl">Your dog.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">O</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dy-iw�n</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dy-iwân</td>
   <td class="tdl">Their dog, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -22395,28 +22380,28 @@ manner.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ki</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dy-in�nig</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dy-inânig</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our dogs. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ni</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dy-in�nig</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dy-inânig</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our dogs. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ki</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dy-iw�g</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dy-iwâg</td>
   <td class="tdl">Your dogs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">O</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Dy-iw�n</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Dy-iwân</td>
   <td class="tdl">His dogs, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 <p>The word <i>Dy</i>, which supplies this declension, is derived from
-<i>Indyi�m</i> mine. <i>pron. an.</i>&mdash;a derivative form of the word, which is,
+<i>Indyiâm</i> mine. <i>pron. an.</i>&mdash;a derivative form of the word, which is,
 however, exclusively restricted, in its meaning, to the dog. If
 the expression <i>Nin Dy</i> or <i>N' Dy</i>, is sometimes applied to the
 horse, it is because it is thereby intended to call him, my dog,
@@ -22424,7 +22409,7 @@ from his being in a state of servitude similar to that of the dog.
 It must be borne in mind, as connected with this subject, that
 the dog, in high northern latitudes, and even as far south as 42
 degrees, is both a beast of draught and of burden. He is compelled
-during the winter season to draw the <i>od�ban</i>, or Indian
+during the winter season to draw the <i>odâban</i>, or Indian
 sleigh; and sometimes to support the burden upon his back, by
 means of a kind of drag constructed of slender poles.</p>
 
@@ -22446,39 +22431,39 @@ furnish the inflections applicable to this entire class of words:&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="language13" summary="inflections">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Aind�d: Home, or place of dwelling.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Aindâd: Home, or place of dwelling.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><span class="i1"><i>S. singular.</i></span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-y�n.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yân.</td>
   <td class="tdl">My home.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-yun.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yun.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Thy home.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-d.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-d.</td>
   <td class="tdl">His home.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-y�ng.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yâng.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our home.</td>
   <td class="tdl">(ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-yung.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yung.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our home.</td>
   <td class="tdl">(in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-yaig.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yaig.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Your home.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-w�d.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-wâd.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Their home.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -22486,40 +22471,40 @@ furnish the inflections applicable to this entire class of words:&mdash;</p>
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[470]</a></span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-y�n-in.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yân-in.</td>
   <td class="tdl">My homes.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-yun-in.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yun-in.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Thy homes.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-jin.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-jin.</td>
   <td class="tdl">His homes.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-y�ng-in.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yâng-in.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our homes.</td>
   <td class="tdl">(ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-yung-in.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yung-in.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Our homes.</td>
   <td class="tdl">(in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-yaig-in.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yaig-in.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Your homes.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aind�-w�djin.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aindâ-wâdjin.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Their homes.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
-<p>By these examples, it is perceived that the final <i>d</i> in <i>aind�d</i> is
+<p>By these examples, it is perceived that the final <i>d</i> in <i>aindâd</i> is
 not essential to its primitive meaning; and that the place of the
-pronoun is, in respect to this word, invariably a suffix. <i>Aind�d</i>
+pronoun is, in respect to this word, invariably a suffix. <i>Aindâd</i>
 means, truly, not home, but his home. The plural is formed by
 the inflection <i>in</i>, except in the third person, where the sound of <i>d</i>
 sinks in <i>j</i>.</p>
@@ -22583,11 +22568,11 @@ appears to be precise, although there is no definite article
 in the language.</p>
 
 <p>The substantive takes this form, most commonly, after a question
-has been put, as <i>Anindi ni m�koman-ais?</i> "Where is my penknife?"
-<i>Mukukoong</i> (in the box), <i>add�powin-ing</i> (on the table),
+has been put, as <i>Anindi ni môkoman-ais?</i> "Where is my penknife?"
+<i>Mukukoong</i> (in the box), <i>addôpowin-ing</i> (on the table),
 are definite replies to this question. But the form is not restricted
-to this relation. <i>Chim�n-ing n'guh p�z</i>, "I shall embark in the
-canoe;" <i>wakyigum n'ghu izh�</i>, "I shall go into the house," are
+to this relation. <i>Chimân-ing n'guh pôz</i>, "I shall embark in the
+canoe;" <i>wakyigum n'ghu izhâ</i>, "I shall go into the house," are
 perfectly correct, though somewhat formal expressions, when the
 canoe or the house are present to the speaker's view.</p>
 
@@ -22690,9 +22675,9 @@ to it.</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="4">i. Third inflection in <i>ing</i>.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">K�n</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kôn</td>
   <td class="tdl">Snow</td>
-  <td class="tdl">K�n-ing</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kôn-ing</td>
   <td class="tdl">In, &amp;c. the snow.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -22702,15 +22687,15 @@ to it.</p>
   <td class="tdl">In, &amp;c. the berry.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Chim�n</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Chimân</td>
   <td class="tdl">Canoe</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Chim�n-ing</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Chimân-ing</td>
   <td class="tdl">In, &amp;c. the canoe.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Muzziny�egun</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Muzziny´egun</td>
   <td class="tdl">Book</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Muzziny�egun-ing</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Muzziny´egun-ing</td>
   <td class="tdl">In, &amp;c. the book.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -22749,7 +22734,7 @@ to it.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdr">1.</td>
-<td class="tdl">Puggid�n ishkod-aing.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Puggidôn ishkod-aing.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
@@ -22757,7 +22742,7 @@ to it.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdr">2.</td>
-<td class="tdl">Musk�daing izh�n.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Muskôdaing izhân.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
@@ -22765,7 +22750,7 @@ to it.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdr">3.</td>
-<td class="tdl">Unnib-eeng i�.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Unnib-eeng iâ.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
@@ -22781,7 +22766,7 @@ to it.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdr">5.</td>
-<td class="tdl">Add�p�win-ing att�n.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Addôpôwin-ing attôn.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
@@ -22789,7 +22774,7 @@ to it.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdr">6.</td>
-<td class="tdl">En�bin muzziny�igun-ing.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Enâbin muzziny´igun-ing.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
@@ -22813,7 +22798,7 @@ to it.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdr">9.</td>
-<td class="tdl">Akkik-oong att�n, or P�dawain.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Akkik-oong attôn, or Pôdawain.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
@@ -22821,7 +22806,7 @@ to it.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdr">10.</td>
-<td class="tdl">K�win <i>pindiq</i> i�si ni mittigw�b; k�wiuh gyai chim�n-<i>ing</i>; k�win gyai �zhibik-<i>oong</i>.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Kâwin <i>pindiq</i> iâsi ni mittigwâb; kâwiuh gyai chimân-<i>ing</i>; kâwin gyai âzhibik-<i>oong</i>.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -22834,17 +22819,17 @@ names of animated beings, when such names are the nominatives
 of adjectives or adjective-nouns, these words are converted into
 terms of qualification, indicating <i>like</i>, <i>resembling</i>, <i>equal</i>. Thus, if
 we wish to say to a boy, "He is like a man," the expression is,
-<i>Inin-ing izzhin�gozzi</i>; or, if to a man, "He is like a bear," <i>Mukk-oong
-izzhin�gozzi</i>; or, to a bear, "He is like a horse, <i>Pabaizhikog�zh-ing
-izzhin�gozzi</i>. In all these expressions, the word <i>izzhi</i> is
-combined with the pronominal inflection _�_ (or <i>n�</i>) and the animate
+<i>Inin-ing izzhinâgozzi</i>; or, if to a man, "He is like a bear," <i>Mukk-oong
+izzhinâgozzi</i>; or, to a bear, "He is like a horse, <i>Pabaizhikogâzh-ing
+izzhinâgozzi</i>. In all these expressions, the word <i>izzhi</i> is
+combined with the pronominal inflection _â_ (or <i>nâ</i>) and the animate
 termination <i>gozzi</i>. And the inflection of the nominative is
 merely an adjective corresponding with <i>izzhi</i>&mdash;a term indicative
 of the general qualities of persons or animated beings. Where a
 comparison is instituted, or a resemblance pointed out, between
 inanimate instead of animate objects, the inflection <i>gozzi</i> is changed
 to <i>gwud</i>, rendering the expression, which was, in the animate
-form, <i>izzhin�</i>gozzi, in the inanimate form <i>izzhin�</i>zgwud.</p>
+form, <i>izzhinâ</i>gozzi, in the inanimate form <i>izzhinâ</i>zgwud.</p>
 
 <p>There is another variation of the local form of the noun, in
 addition to those above instanced, indicative of locality in a more
@@ -22852,23 +22837,23 @@ general sense. It is formed by <i>ong</i> or <i>nong</i>&mdash;frequent terminat
 in geographical names. Thus, from <i>Ojibwai</i>, Chippewa, is
 formed <i>Ojibwai</i>nong, "Place of the Chippewas." From <i>Wamattigozhiwug</i>,
 Frenchmen, is formed <i>Wamittigozhi</i>nong, "Place of
-Frenchmen." From <i>Ishpatin�</i>, Hill, <i>Ishpatinong</i>, "Place of the
+Frenchmen." From <i>Ishpatinâ</i>, Hill, <i>Ishpatinong</i>, "Place of the
 hill," &amp;c. The termination <i>ing</i>, is also sometimes employed in
 this more general sense, as in the following names of places:&mdash;</p>
 
 <div class="language">
 <ul>
-<li>Monomonik�<i>ning</i>. In the place of wild rice.</li>
-<li>Moninggwunik�<i>ning</i>. In the place of sparrows.</li>
+<li>Monomonikâ<i>ning</i>. In the place of wild rice.</li>
+<li>Moninggwunikâ<i>ning</i>. In the place of sparrows.</li>
 <li>Ongwashagoosh<i>ing</i>. In the place of the fallen tree, &amp;c.</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 
 <p>2. The diminutive forms of the noun are indicated by <i>ais</i>, <i>eas</i>,
-_�s_, and <i>aus</i>, as the final vowel of the word may require. Thus,
-<i>Ojibwai</i>, a Chippewa, becomes <i>Ojibw-ais</i>, a little Chippewa: <i>Inin�i</i>,
-a man, <i>inin-ees</i>, a little man: <i>Amik</i>, a beaver, <i>amik-�s</i>, a young
-beaver: <i>Ogim�</i>, a chief, <i>ogim-�s</i>, a little chief, or a chief of little
+_ôs_, and <i>aus</i>, as the final vowel of the word may require. Thus,
+<i>Ojibwai</i>, a Chippewa, becomes <i>Ojibw-ais</i>, a little Chippewa: <i>Inin´i</i>,
+a man, <i>inin-ees</i>, a little man: <i>Amik</i>, a beaver, <i>amik-ôs</i>, a young
+beaver: <i>Ogimâ</i>, a chief, <i>ogim-âs</i>, a little chief, or a chief of little
 authority. Further examples may be added.</p>
 
 <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[475]</a></span></p>
@@ -22884,18 +22869,18 @@ authority. Further examples may be added.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A woman</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Eekw�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Eekw�z-ais.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Eekwâ</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Eekwâz-ais.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A partridge</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Pin�</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pinâ</td>
   <td class="tdl">Pin-ais.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A woodcock</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�im�i</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�im-ais.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mâimâi</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mâim-ais.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">An island</td>
@@ -22904,13 +22889,13 @@ authority. Further examples may be added.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A grape</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Sh�min</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Sh�min-ais.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Shômin</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Shômin-ais.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A knife</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�koman</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�koman-ais.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Môkoman</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Môkoman-ais.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&mdash;ees.</td>
@@ -22942,74 +22927,74 @@ authority. Further examples may be added.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A bird</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Pin�isi</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Pin�ish-ees.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pinâisi</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pinâish-ees.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&mdash;�s.</td>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&mdash;ôs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A moose</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�z</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�z-�s.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Môz</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Môz-ôs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">An otter</td>
   <td class="tdl">Nigik</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nigik-�s.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nigik-ôs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A reindeer</td>
   <td class="tdl">Addik</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Addik-�s.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Addik-ôs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">An elk</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mushk�s</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mushk�s-�s.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mushkôs</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mushkôs-ôs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A hare</td>
-  <td class="tdl">W�b�s</td>
-  <td class="tdl">W�b�s-�s.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wâbôs</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wâbôs-ôs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A box</td>
   <td class="tdl">Mukuk</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mukuk-�s.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mukuk-ôs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&mdash;aus.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A bass</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Og�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Og-�s.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ogâ</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Og-âs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A medal</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Sh�ni�</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Sh�ni-�s.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Shôniâ</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Shôni-âs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A bowl</td>
-  <td class="tdl">On�gun</td>
-  <td class="tdl">On�g-�ns.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Onâgun</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Onâg-âns.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A bed</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nib�gun</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nib�g-a�ns.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nibâgun</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nibâg-aûns.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A gun</td>
-  <td class="tdl">P�shkizzigun</td>
-  <td class="tdl">P�shkizzig-�ns.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pâshkizzigun</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pâshkizzig-âns.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A house</td>
   <td class="tdl">Wakyigun</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Wakyig-�ns.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wakyig-âns.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -23025,7 +23010,7 @@ When applied to the tribes of animals, or to inorganic
 objects, their meaning, however, is, very nearly, limited to an
 inferiority in size or age. Thus, in the above examples, <i>pizhik-ees</i>,
 signifies a calf; <i>omim-ees</i>, a young pigeon; and <i>ossin-ees</i>, a pebble,
-&amp;c. But <i>inin-ees</i>, and <i>ogim-�s</i>, are connected with the idea of
+&amp;c. But <i>inin-ees</i>, and <i>ogim-âs</i>, are connected with the idea of
 mental or conventional as well as bodily inferiority.</p>
 
 <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[476]</a></span></p>
@@ -23034,33 +23019,33 @@ mental or conventional as well as bodily inferiority.</p>
 <ul>
 <li>1. I saw a little chief, standing upon a small island, with an inferior medal about
 his neck.</li>
-<li><span class="i1">Ogim�s n'gi w�bum� nibowid minnisainsing on�bikow�n shoni�sun.</span></li>
+<li><span class="i1">Ogimâs n'gi wâbumâ nibowid minnisainsing onâbikowân shoniâsun.</span></li>
 <li>2. Yamoyden threw at a young pigeon.</li>
 <li><span class="i1">Ogi pukkitaiwun omimeesun Yamoyden.</span></li>
 <li>3. A buffalo calf stood in a small stream.</li>
 <li><span class="i1">Pizhikees ki nibowi sibeesing.</span></li>
 <li>4. The little man fired at a young moose.</li>
-<li><span class="i1">Ininees ogi p�shkizw�n m�z�sun.</span></li>
+<li><span class="i1">Ininees ogi pâshkizwân môzôsun.</span></li>
 <li>5. Several diminutive-looking bass were lying in a small bowl, upon a small
 table.</li>
-<li><span class="i1">Add�powinaising attai on�g�ns abbiw�d og�sug.</span></li>
+<li><span class="i1">Addôpowinaising attai onâgâns abbiwâd ogâsug.</span></li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 
 <p>Some of these sentences afford instances of the use, at the same
 time, of both the local and diminutive inflections. Thus, the
-word <i>minnisainsing</i>, signifies literally, "in the little island;" <i>seebees-ing</i>, "in the little stream;" <i>add�powinais ing</i>, "on the small table."</p>
+word <i>minnisainsing</i>, signifies literally, "in the little island;" <i>seebees-ing</i>, "in the little stream;" <i>addôpowinais ing</i>, "on the small table."</p>
 
 <p>3. The preceding forms are not the only ones by which adjective
 qualities are conferred upon the substantive. The syllable
 <i>ish</i>, when added to a noun, indicates a bad or dreaded quality, or
 conveys the idea of imperfection or decay. The sound of this
-inflection is sometimes changed to <i>eesh</i>, <i>oosh</i>, or <i>aush</i>. Thus, <i>Chim�n</i>,
-a canoe, becomes <i>Chim�nish</i>, a bad canoe; <i>Ekwai</i>, a woman,
+inflection is sometimes changed to <i>eesh</i>, <i>oosh</i>, or <i>aush</i>. Thus, <i>Chimân</i>,
+a canoe, becomes <i>Chimânish</i>, a bad canoe; <i>Ekwai</i>, a woman,
 <i>Ekwaiwish</i>, a bad woman; <i>nibi</i>, water, becomes <i>nibeesh</i>, turbid or
 strong water; <i>mittig</i>, a tree, becomes <i>mittigoosh</i>, a decayed tree;
 <i>akkik</i>, a kettle, <i>akkikoosh</i>, a worn-out kettle. By a further change,
-<i>wibid</i>, a tooth, becomes <i>wibid�sh</i>, a decayed or aching tooth, &amp;c.
+<i>wibid</i>, a tooth, becomes <i>wibidâsh</i>, a decayed or aching tooth, &amp;c.
 Throughout these changes the final sound of <i>sh</i> is retained, so
 that this sound alone, at the end of a word, is indicative of a
 faulty quality.</p>
@@ -23077,8 +23062,8 @@ it must be borne in mind that the Indians are a hand-shaking
 people as well as the Europeans&mdash;the implacable party has it
 at his option, in referring to the circumstance, to use the adjective
 form of hand, not <i>onindj</i>, but <i>oninjeesh</i>, which would be deemed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[477]</a></span>
-contemptuous in a high degree. So, also, instead of <i>od�wai winini</i>,
-a trader, or man who sells, the word may be changed to <i>od�wai
+contemptuous in a high degree. So, also, instead of <i>odâwai winini</i>,
+a trader, or man who sells, the word may be changed to <i>odâwai
 winini</i>wish, implying a bad or dishonest trader. It is seldom that
 a more pointed or positive mode of expressing personal disapprobation
 or dislike is required; for, generally speaking, more is
@@ -23099,8 +23084,8 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A bowl</td>
-  <td class="tdl">On�gun</td>
-  <td class="tdl">On�gun-ish.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Onâgun</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Onâgun-ish.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A house</td>
@@ -23109,8 +23094,8 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A pipe</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Opw�gun</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Opw�gun-ish.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Opwâgun</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Opwâgun-ish.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A boy</td>
@@ -23147,8 +23132,8 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A bow</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mittigw�b</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mittigw�b-eesh.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mittigwâb</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mittigwâb-eesh.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&mdash;oosh.</td>
@@ -23175,8 +23160,8 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">An axe</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Wag�kwut</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Wag�kwut-oosh.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wagâkwut</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wagâkwut-oosh.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&mdash;aush.</td>
@@ -23184,27 +23169,27 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A foot</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ozid</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ozid-�sh.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ozid-âsh.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">An arm</td>
   <td class="tdl">Onik</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Onik-�sh.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Onik-âsh.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">An ear</td>
   <td class="tdl">Otowug</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Otowug-�sh.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Otowug-âsh.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A hoof</td>
   <td class="tdl">Wunnussid</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Wunnussid-�sh.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wunnussid-âsh.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">A rush mat</td>
   <td class="tdl">Appukwa</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Appukw-�sh.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Appukw-âsh.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -23215,8 +23200,8 @@ the first adjective form.</p>
 
 <p>It may subserve the purposes of generalization to add, as the
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[478]</a></span>result of the foregoing inquiries, that substantives have a diminutive
-form, made in <i>ais</i>, <i>ees</i>, _�s_, or _�s_; a derogative form, made in
-<i>ish</i>, <i>eesh</i>, <i>oosh</i>, or _�sh_; and a local form, made in <i>aing</i>, <i>eeng</i>, <i>ing</i>, or
+form, made in <i>ais</i>, <i>ees</i>, _ôs_, or _âs_; a derogative form, made in
+<i>ish</i>, <i>eesh</i>, <i>oosh</i>, or _âsh_; and a local form, made in <i>aing</i>, <i>eeng</i>, <i>ing</i>, or
 <i>oong</i>. By a principle of accretion, the second or third may be
 added to the first form, and the third to the second.</p>
 
@@ -23226,11 +23211,11 @@ added to the first form, and the third to the second.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Serpent, s.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Kinai�bik.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kinai´bik.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash; s. diminutive.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash;�ns,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash;ôns,</td>
   <td class="tdl">implying Little serpent.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -23245,17 +23230,17 @@ added to the first form, and the third to the second.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash; s. dim. and der.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash;�nsish,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash;ônsish,</td>
   <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">"</span><span class="i2">Little bad serpent.</span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash; s. dim. and lo.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash;�nsing,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash;ônsing,</td>
   <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">"</span><span class="i2">In (the) little serpent.</span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash; s. dim. der. and lo.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash;�nsishing,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">&mdash;&mdash;ônsishing,</td>
   <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">"</span><span class="i2">In (the) little bad serpent.</span></td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -23286,16 +23271,16 @@ the individual named has ceased to exist. This delicate mode of
 conveying melancholy intelligence, or alluding to the dead, is
 effected by placing the object in the past tense.</p>
 
-<p class="language center">Aiekid-�pun aieko Garrangula-bun.<br />
+<p class="language center">Aiekid-ôpun aieko Garrangula-bun.<br />
 So the deceased Garrangula spoke.</p>
 
-<p>The syllable <i>bun</i>, in this sentence, added to the noun, and _�pun_
+<p>The syllable <i>bun</i>, in this sentence, added to the noun, and _ôpun_
 added to the verb, place both in the past tense. And, although<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[479]</a></span>
 the death of the Indian orator is not mentioned, that fact would be
 invariably inferred.</p>
 
 <p>Names which do not terminate in a vowel sound, require a
-vowel prefixed to the tensal inflection, rendering it _�bun_ or <i>ebun</i>.
+vowel prefixed to the tensal inflection, rendering it _ôbun_ or <i>ebun</i>.
 Inanimate as well as animate nouns take these inflections.</p>
 
 <table id="language19" summary="nouns inflections">
@@ -23316,8 +23301,8 @@ Inanimate as well as animate nouns take these inflections.</p>
   <td class="tdl">Skenandoa-bun.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">N�s (my father),</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nos-�bun.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nôs (my father),</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nos-êbun.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Pontiac,</td>
@@ -23333,15 +23318,15 @@ Inanimate as well as animate nouns take these inflections.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Mittig (a tree),</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mittig-�bun.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mittig-ôbun.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Akkik (a kettle),</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Akkik-�bun.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Akkik-ôbun.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">M�z (a moose),</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�z-�bun.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Môz (a moose),</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Môz-ôbun.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -23376,15 +23361,15 @@ as follows:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Autumn,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Tahgw�gi,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Tahgw�g-oong,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Tahgw�gig.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Tahgwâgi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Tahgwâg-oong,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Tahgwâgig.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Winter,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Peeb�n,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Peeb�n-oong,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Peeb�ng.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Peebôn,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Peebôn-oong,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Peebông.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
@@ -23392,7 +23377,7 @@ as follows:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
-  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Ning�i nunda-wainjigai peeb�noong.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Ning´i nunda-wainjigai peebônoong.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
@@ -23400,7 +23385,7 @@ as follows:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
-  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Ninjah izh� W�wi�tunong seegwung.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Ninjah izhâ Wâwiâ´tunong seegwung.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -23423,8 +23408,8 @@ an interchange of the terms would imply arrogance or indelicacy.
 Nearly the whole of their interjections&mdash;and they are numerous&mdash;are
 also thus exclusively appropriated; and no greater breach
 of propriety in speech could be committed, than a woman's uttering
-the masculine exclamation of surprise, <i>Ty�!</i> or a man's descending
-to the corresponding female interjection, <i>N'y�!</i></p>
+the masculine exclamation of surprise, <i>Tyâ!</i> or a man's descending
+to the corresponding female interjection, <i>N'yâ!</i></p>
 
 <p>The word <i>Neenimoshai</i>, my cousin, on the contrary, can only
 be applied, like husband and wife, by a male to a female, or a
@@ -23454,15 +23439,15 @@ the usual acceptation, is limited. The following may be enumerated.</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">FEMININE.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Inin�i,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Inin´i,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A man.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ekwai�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ekwai´,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A woman.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kwee�wizais,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kwee´wizais,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A boy.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ekwa�zais,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ekwa´zais,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A girl.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -23474,11 +23459,11 @@ the usual acceptation, is limited. The following may be enumerated.</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Akiwaizi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">An old man.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mindim��ed,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mindimô´ed,</td>
   <td class="tdl">An old woman.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">N�sai,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nôsai,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My father.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Nin Gah,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My mother.</td>
@@ -23486,7 +23471,7 @@ the usual acceptation, is limited. The following may be enumerated.</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ningwisis,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My son.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nin d�nis,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nin dânis,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My daughter.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -23497,39 +23482,39 @@ the usual acceptation, is limited. The following may be enumerated.</p>
   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[481]</a></span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni n�baim,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni nâbaim,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My husband.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nimindim�imish,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nimindimôimish,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My wife.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Nimieshomiss,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My grandfather.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">N�k�miss,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nôkômiss,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My grandmother.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ogim�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ogimâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A chief.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ogem�kw�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ogemâkwâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A chiefess.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Addik,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A reindeer.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Neetsh�ni,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Neetshâni,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A doe.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Annimoosh,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A dog.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Kiskissh�i,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kiskisshâi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A bitch.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 <p>The sex of the brute creation is most commonly denoted by
-prefixing the words <i>I�bai</i>, male, and <i>N�zhai</i>, female.</p>
+prefixing the words <i>Iâbai</i>, male, and <i>Nôzhai</i>, female.</p>
 
 <p>6. <i>Reciprocal Changes of the Noun.</i>&mdash;The pronominal particles
 with which verbs as well as substantives are generally encumbered,
@@ -23568,7 +23553,7 @@ known, which govern these changes:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdc">IMPERATIVE.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Chim�n, a canoe.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Chimân, a canoe.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Chimai, he paddles.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Chimain, paddle thou.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -23585,13 +23570,13 @@ known, which govern these changes:&mdash;</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Weedjeeagun, a helper.
   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[482]</a></span></td>
-  <td class="tdl">Weed�kagai, he helps.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Weedôkagai, he helps.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Weedjeei-wain, help thou.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ojibw�i, a Chippewa.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ojibw�moo, he speaks</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ojibw�moon, speak thou</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ojibwâi, a Chippewa.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ojibwâmoo, he speaks</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ojibwâmoon, speak thou</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
@@ -23607,13 +23592,13 @@ of a pseudo-declarative verb, in the following manner:&mdash;</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Monido,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A spirit.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ne Monid�w,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ne Monidôw,</td>
   <td class="tdl">I (am) a spirit.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Wassai�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wassaiâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Light.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ne Wassai�w,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ne Wassaiâw,</td>
   <td class="tdl">I (am) light.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -23623,9 +23608,9 @@ of a pseudo-declarative verb, in the following manner:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">I (am) fire.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Weendig�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Weendigô,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A monster.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ni Weendig�w,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ni Weendigôw,</td>
   <td class="tdl">I (am) a monster.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -23663,7 +23648,7 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">Speech.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">P�shkizzigai,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pâshkizzigai,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He fires.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Pashkizzigaiwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ammunition.</td>
@@ -23675,27 +23660,27 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">Numbers.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Wahyi�zhinggai,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wahyiâzhinggai,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He cheats.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Wahyi�zhinggaiwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wahyiâzhinggaiwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Fraud.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Minnikw�i,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Minnikwâi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He drinks.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Minnikw�iwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Minnikwâiwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Drink.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kubb�shi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kubbâshi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He encamps.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Kubb�ishiwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kubbâishiwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">An encampment.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Meeg�zoo,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Meegâzoo,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He fights.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Meeg�zoowin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Meegâzoowin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A fight.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -23705,45 +23690,45 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">A kiss.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ann�ki,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Annôki,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He works.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ann�kiwta,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Annôkiwta,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Work.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">P�pi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pâpi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He laughs.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">P�piwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pâpiwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Laughter.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Pim�dizzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pimâdizzi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He lives.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Pim�doiziwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pimâdoiziwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Life.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Onw�ibi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Onwâibi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He rests.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Onw�ibiwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Onwâibiwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Rest.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Annami�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Annamiâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He prays.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Annami�win,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Annamiâwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Prayer.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Nib�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nibâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He sleeps.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nib�win,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nibâwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Sleep.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Od�wai,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Odâwai,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He trades.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Od�waiwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Odâwaiwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Trade.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -23752,9 +23737,9 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="language25" summary="converting adjectives">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Keezhaiw�dizzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Keezhaiwâdizzi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He generous.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Keezhaiw�dizziwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Keezhaiwâdizziwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Generosity.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -23764,15 +23749,15 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">Happiness.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Keezhaize�wizzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Keezhaizeâwizzi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He industrious.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Keezhaizh�wizziwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Keezhaizhâwizziwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Industry.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kittim�gizzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kittimâgizzi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He poor.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Kittim�gizziwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kittimâgizziwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Poverty.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -23788,15 +23773,15 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">Laziness.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Nishk�dizzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nishkâdizzi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He angry.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nishk�dizziwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nishkâdizziwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Anger.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Baik�dizzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Baikâdizzi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">She chaste.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Baik�dizziwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Baikâdizziwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Chastity.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -23805,12 +23790,12 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus&mdash;</p>
 In order to place the substantives thus formed in the third person,
 corresponding with the indicative from which they were
 changed, it is necessary only to prefix the proper pronoun. Thus,
-<i>Ogeezhaiw�dizziwin</i>, his generosity, &amp;c.</p>
+<i>Ogeezhaiwâdizziwin</i>, his generosity, &amp;c.</p>
 
 <p>7. <i>Compound Substantives.</i>&mdash;The preceding examples have been
 given promiscuously from the various classes of words, primitive
 and derivative, simple and compound. Some of these words express
-but a single idea, as, _�s_, father&mdash;<i>gah</i>, mother&mdash;<i>m�z</i>, a moose&mdash;<i>k�g</i>,
+but a single idea, as, _ôs_, father&mdash;<i>gah</i>, mother&mdash;<i>môz</i>, a moose&mdash;<i>kâg</i>,
 a porcupine&mdash;<i>mang</i>, a loon&mdash;and appear to be incapable of
 further division. All such words may be considered as primitives,
 although some of them may be contractions of dissyllabic words.
@@ -23850,10 +23835,10 @@ parent words, upon a single syllable, and sometimes upon a single
 letter.</p>
 
 <p>Thus it is evident that the Chippewas possessed names for a
-living tree, <i>mittig</i>, and a string, <i>ai�b</i>, before they named the bow
-<i>mittigw�b</i>&mdash;the latter being compounded under one of the simplest
+living tree, <i>mittig</i>, and a string, <i>aiâb</i>, before they named the bow
+<i>mittigwâb</i>&mdash;the latter being compounded under one of the simplest
 rules from the two former. It is further manifest that they had
-named earth <i>akki</i>, and (any solid, stony, or metallic mass) _�bik_,
+named earth <i>akki</i>, and (any solid, stony, or metallic mass) _âbik_,
 before they bestowed an appellation upon the kettle, <i>akkeek</i>, or
 <i>akkik</i>, the latter being derivatives from the former. In process
 of time these compounds became the bases of other compounds,
@@ -23864,19 +23849,19 @@ their utterance.</p>
 <p>When the introduction of metals took place, it became necessary
 to distinguish the clay from the iron pot, and the iron from
 the copper kettle. The original compound, <i>akkeek</i>, retained its
-first meaning, admitting the adjective noun <i>piw�bik</i> (itself a compound)
-iron, when applied to a vessel of that kind, <i>piw�bik akkeek</i>,
+first meaning, admitting the adjective noun <i>piwâbik</i> (itself a compound)
+iron, when applied to a vessel of that kind, <i>piwâbik akkeek</i>,
 iron kettle. But a new combination took place to designate the
-copper kettle, <i>mishw�keek</i>, red metal kettle; and another expression
-to denote the brass kettle, <i>ozaw�bik akkeek</i>, yellow metal kettle.
-The former is made up from <i>misk�w�bik</i>, copper (literally <i>red-metal</i>&mdash;from
-<i>miskw�</i>, red, and _�bik_, the generic above mentioned),
-and <i>akkeek</i>, kettle. <i>Ozaw�bik</i>, brass, is from <i>ozaw�</i>, yellow, and
-the generic <i>�bik</i>&mdash;the term <i>akkeek</i> being added in its separate
+copper kettle, <i>mishwâkeek</i>, red metal kettle; and another expression
+to denote the brass kettle, <i>ozawâbik akkeek</i>, yellow metal kettle.
+The former is made up from <i>miskôwâbik</i>, copper (literally <i>red-metal</i>&mdash;from
+<i>miskwâ</i>, red, and _âbik_, the generic above mentioned),
+and <i>akkeek</i>, kettle. <i>Ozawâbik</i>, brass, is from <i>ozawâ</i>, yellow, and
+the generic <i>âbik</i>&mdash;the term <i>akkeek</i> being added in its separate
 form. It may, however, be used in its connected form of <i>wukkeek</i>,
-making the compound expression <i>ozaw�bik wukkeek</i>.</p>
+making the compound expression <i>ozawâbik wukkeek</i>.</p>
 
-<p>In naming the horse <i>paib�izhik�gazhi, i. e.</i> the animal with solid
+<p>In naming the horse <i>paibâizhikôgazhi, i. e.</i> the animal with solid
 hoofs, they have seized upon the feature which most strikingly
 distinguished the horse from the cleft-footed animals, which were
 the only species known to them at the period of the discovery.
@@ -23909,48 +23894,48 @@ back than the period of the discovery. Of this number of nascent
 words, are most of their names for those distilled or artificial
 liquors, for which they are indebted to Europeans. Their name
 for water, <i>neebi</i>, for the fat of animals, <i>weenin</i>, for oil or grease,
-<i>pimmidai</i>, for broth, <i>n�b�b</i>, and for blood, <i>miskwi</i>, belong to a
+<i>pimmidai</i>, for broth, <i>nâbôb</i>, and for blood, <i>miskwi</i>, belong to a
 very remote era, although all but the first appear to be compounds.
 Their names for the tinctures or extracts derived from
 the forest, and used as dyes, or medicines, or merely as agreeable
-drinks, are mostly founded upon the basis of the word _�bo_, a
+drinks, are mostly founded upon the basis of the word _âbo_, a
 liquid, although this word is never used alone. Thus&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="language26" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="tinctures">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Shomin-�bo,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Shomin-âbo,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Wine,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Shomin, a grape, �bo, a liquor.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Shomin, a grape, âbo, a liquor.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ishk�d�i-w�bo,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ishkôdâi-wâbo,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Spirits,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Ishk�d�i, fire, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Ishkôdâi, fire, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mishimin-�bo,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mishimin-âbo,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Cider,</td>
   <td class="tdl">From Mishimin, an apple, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">T�t�sh-�bo,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Tôtôsh-âbo,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Milk,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From T�t�sh, the female breast, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Tôtôsh, the female breast, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Sheew-�bo,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Sheew-âbo,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Vinegar,</td>
   <td class="tdl">From Sheewun, sour, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Annibeesh-�bo,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Annibeesh-âbo,</td>
   <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
   <td class="tdl">From Annibeeshun, leaves, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ozhibiegun-aubo,</td>
   <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Ozhibi�gai, he writes, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Ozhibiêgai, he writes, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -23965,12 +23950,12 @@ the vowels e and o are sometimes used as connectives.</p>
 
 <table id="language27" summary="implements">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Keeshkeeb�-jeegun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Keeshkeebô-jeegun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A saw,</td>
   <td class="tdl">From Keeshkeezhun, v. a. to cut.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Seeseeb�-jeegun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Seeseebô-jeegun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A file,</td>
   <td class="tdl">From Seesee, to rub off, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
@@ -23980,24 +23965,24 @@ the vowels e and o are sometimes used as connectives.</p>
   <td class="tdl">From Wassakooda, bright, biskoona, flame, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Beeseeb�-jeegun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Beeseebô-jeegun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A coffee-mill,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Bees�, fine grains, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Beesâ, fine grains, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Minnikw�d-jeegun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Minnikwâd-jeegun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A drinking-vessel,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Minnekw�i, he drinks, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Minnekwâi, he drinks, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">T�shkeeb�d-jeegun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Tâshkeebôd-jeegun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A saw-mill,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Taushk�, to split, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Taushkâ, to split, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mudw�iabeed-jeegun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mudwâiabeed-jeegun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A violin,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Mudw�w�i, sound, �i�b, a string, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Mudwâwâi, sound, âiâb, a string, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -24006,7 +23991,7 @@ instances:&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="languages28" summary="short termination">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">On�-gun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Onâ-gun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A dish.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24022,15 +24007,15 @@ instances:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">A fork.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Puggimm�-gun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Puggimmâ-gun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A war-club.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Opw�-gun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Opwâ-gun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A pipe.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Wass�itshie-gun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wassâitshie-gun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A window.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24038,7 +24023,7 @@ instances:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">A house.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">P�dahw�-gun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pôdahwâ-gun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A fire-place.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24047,44 +24032,44 @@ instances:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
-<p>Another class of derivatives is formed from <i>wy�n</i>, indicating,
+<p>Another class of derivatives is formed from <i>wyân</i>, indicating,
 generally, an undressed skin. Thus&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="language29" summary="skins">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Muk-wy�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Muk-wyân,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A bear skin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">From Mukwah, a bear, and wyaun, a skin.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Wazhusk-wy�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wazhusk-wyân,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A muskrat skin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">From Wazhusk, a muskrat, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Wab�s-wy�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wabôs-wyân,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A rabbit skin,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Wab�s, a rabbit, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Wabôs, a rabbit, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Neegik-wy�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Neegik-wyân,</td>
   <td class="tdl">An otter skin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">From Neegih, an otter, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ojeegi-wy�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ojeegi-wyân,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A fisher skin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">From Ojeeg, a fisher, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Wabizhais-ewy�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wabizhais-ewyân,</td>
   <td class="tdl">a martin skin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">from wabizhais, a martin, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
-<p><i>W�biwy�n</i>, a blanket, and <i>bubbuggiwy�n</i>, a shirt, are also formed
-from this root. As the termination <i>wy�n</i>, is chiefly restricted to
+<p><i>Wâbiwyân</i>, a blanket, and <i>bubbuggiwyân</i>, a shirt, are also formed
+from this root. As the termination <i>wyân</i>, is chiefly restricted to
 undressed skins, or peltries, that of <i>waigin</i> is, in like manner,
 generally applied to dressed skins or to cloths. Thus&mdash;</p>
 
@@ -24097,10 +24082,10 @@ generally applied to dressed skins or to cloths. Thus&mdash;</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Misk-waigin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Red cloth,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Miskw�, red, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Miskwâ, red, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Nond�-waigin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nondâ-waigin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Scarlet.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24116,7 +24101,7 @@ generally applied to dressed skins or to cloths. Thus&mdash;</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ozhauwushk-waigin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Green cloth,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">From Ozh�wushkw�, green.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">From Ozhâwushkwâ, green.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -24125,8 +24110,8 @@ generally applied to dressed skins or to cloths. Thus&mdash;</p>
 <p>An interesting class of substantives is derived from the third
 person singular of the present indicative of the verb, by changing
 the vowel sound of the first syllable, and adding the letter d to
-that of the last, making the terminations in <i>aid</i>, _�d_, <i>eed</i>, <i>id</i>, <i>ood</i>.
-Thus, <i>Pimmooss�</i>, he walks, becomes <i>p�mmooss�d</i>, a walker.</p>
+that of the last, making the terminations in <i>aid</i>, _âd_, <i>eed</i>, <i>id</i>, <i>ood</i>.
+Thus, <i>Pimmoossâ</i>, he walks, becomes <i>pâmmoossâd</i>, a walker.</p>
 
 <table id="language31" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="verb derivations">
 <tr>
@@ -24135,40 +24120,40 @@ Thus, <i>Pimmooss�</i>, he walks, becomes <i>p�mmooss�d</i>, a walker.</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Munnissai,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He chops.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�nissaid,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mânissaid,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A chopper.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Ozhibeigai,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He writes.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">W�zhibeigaid,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wâzhibeigaid,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A writer.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Nundowainjeegai,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He hunts.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">N�ndowainjeegaid,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nândowainjeegaid,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A hunter.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdc" colspan="4">�d.</td>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="4">âd.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Neeb�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Neebâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He sleeps.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">N�b�d,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nâbâd,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A sleeper.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kw�bahw�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kwâbahwâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He fishes (with scoop net).</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Kwy�bahw�d,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kwyâbahwâd,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A fisher (with scoop net).</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Puggidow�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Puggidowâ,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He fishes (with seine).</td>
-  <td class="tdl">P�gidow�d,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pâgidowâd,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A fisher (with seine).</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24198,17 +24183,17 @@ Thus, <i>Pimmooss�</i>, he walks, becomes <i>p�mmooss�d</i>, a walker.</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Neemi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He dances.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">N�mid,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nâmid,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A dancer.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Weesinni,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He eats.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">W�ssinid,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wâssinid,</td>
   <td class="tdl">An eater.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Pim�dizzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pimâdizzi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He lives.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Paimaudizzid,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A living being.</td>
@@ -24225,36 +24210,36 @@ Thus, <i>Pimmooss�</i>, he walks, becomes <i>p�mmooss�d</i>, a walker.</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Keegido,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He speaks.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">K�gidood,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kâgidood,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A speaker.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Keewonimoo,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He lies.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">K�wunimood,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kâwunimood,</td>
   <td class="tdl">A liar.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 <p>This class of words is rendered plural in <i>ig</i>&mdash;a termination,
 which, after <i>d</i> final in the singular, has a soft pronunciation, as
-if written <i>jig</i>. Thus, <i>N�mid</i>, a dancer, <i>n�midjig</i>, dancers.</p>
+if written <i>jig</i>. Thus, <i>Nâmid</i>, a dancer, <i>nâmidjig</i>, dancers.</p>
 
 <p>The derogative form is given to these generic substantives by
 introducing <i>ish</i>, or simply <i>sh</i>, in place of the <i>d</i>, and changing the
-latter to <i>kid</i>, making the terminations in <i>ai</i>, <i>aishkid</i>, in _�_, _�shkid_,
+latter to <i>kid</i>, making the terminations in <i>ai</i>, <i>aishkid</i>, in _â_, _âshkid_,
 in <i>e</i>, <i>eeshkid</i>, in <i>i</i>, <i>ishkid</i>, and in <i>oo</i>, <i>ooshkid</i>. Thus, <i>naindowainjeegaid</i>,
 a hunter, is changed to <i>naindowainjeegaishkid</i>, a bad or unprofitable
-hunter. <i>Naib�d</i>, a sleeper, is changed to <i>naib�shkid</i>, a
+hunter. <i>Naibâd</i>, a sleeper, is changed to <i>naibâshkid</i>, a
 sluggard. <i>Jossakeed</i>, a juggler, to <i>jossakeeshkid</i>, a vicious juggler.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[488]</a></span>
-<i>W�sinnid</i>, an eater, to <i>w�ssinishkid</i>, a gormandizer. <i>K�gidood</i>, a
-speaker, <i>k�gidooshkid</i>, a babbler. And in these cases the plural is
-added to the last educed form, making <i>k�gidooshkidjig</i>, babblers,
+<i>Wâsinnid</i>, an eater, to <i>wâssinishkid</i>, a gormandizer. <i>Kâgidood</i>, a
+speaker, <i>kâgidooshkid</i>, a babbler. And in these cases the plural is
+added to the last educed form, making <i>kâgidooshkidjig</i>, babblers,
 &amp;c.</p>
 
-<p>The word <i>nitt�</i>, on the contrary, prefixed to those expressions,
-renders them complimentary. For instance, <i>nitt� naigumood</i>, is a
-fine singer, <i>nitt� k�gidood</i>, a ready speaker, &amp;c.</p>
+<p>The word <i>nittâ</i>, on the contrary, prefixed to those expressions,
+renders them complimentary. For instance, <i>nittâ naigumood</i>, is a
+fine singer, <i>nittâ kâgidood</i>, a ready speaker, &amp;c.</p>
 
 <p>Flexible as the substantive has been shown to be, there are
 other forms of combination that have not been adverted to&mdash;forms,
@@ -24329,7 +24314,7 @@ practice.</p>
 
 <p>For the origin of the principle itself, we need look only to
 nature, which endows animate bodies with animate properties
-and qualities, and <i>vice vers�</i>. But it is due to the tribes who speak
+and qualities, and <i>vice versâ</i>. But it is due to the tribes who speak
 this language, to have invented one set of adjective symbols to
 express the ideas peculiarly appropriate to the former, and another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[490]</a></span>
 set applicable exclusively to the latter; and to have given the
@@ -24369,13 +24354,13 @@ personal, and <i>au</i>, <i>un</i>, or <i>wud</i>, the impersonal forms.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Strong,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">S�ngun,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">S�ngizzi.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Söngun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Söngizzi.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Soft,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">N�kun,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">N�kizzi.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nökun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nökizzi.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Hard,</td>
@@ -24389,8 +24374,8 @@ personal, and <i>au</i>, <i>un</i>, or <i>wud</i>, the impersonal forms.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Black,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mukkudd�wau,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mukkudd�wizzi.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mukkuddäwau,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mukkuddäwizzi.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">White,</td>
@@ -24419,8 +24404,8 @@ personal, and <i>au</i>, <i>un</i>, or <i>wud</i>, the impersonal forms.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Sweet,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Weeshk�bun,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Weeshk�bizzi.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Weeshköbun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Weeshköbizzi.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Light,</td>
@@ -24473,12 +24458,12 @@ will, in some instances, take the personal inflections, the<span class="pagenum"
 rule is not reciprocated, and <i>minno</i>, and <i>mindiddo</i>, and <i>gitizzi</i>, and
 all words similarly situated, remain unchangeably animates. The
 word <i>pungee</i> is limited to the expression of quantity, and its correspondent,
-<i>uggaushi</i>, to size or quality. <i>Kished�</i> (hot) is restricted
-to the heat of a fire; <i>keezhaut�</i>, to the heat of the sun. There is
+<i>uggaushi</i>, to size or quality. <i>Kishedä</i> (hot) is restricted
+to the heat of a fire; <i>keezhautä</i>, to the heat of the sun. There is
 still a third term to indicate the natural heat of the body; <i>kizzizoo</i>.
 <i>Mitshau</i> (large) is generally applied to countries, lakes, rivers, &amp;c.;
 <i>mindiddo</i>, to the body; and <i>gitshee</i>, indiscriminately. <i>Onishishin</i>,
-and its correspondent, <i>onishishsh�</i>, signify handsome or fair, as
+and its correspondent, <i>onishishshä</i>, signify handsome or fair, as
 well as good. <i>Kwonaudy</i>, a. a., and <i>kwonaudyewun</i>, a. i., mean,
 strictly, handsome, and imply nothing further. <i>Minno</i> is the appropriate
 personal form for good. <i>Mudjee</i> and <i>monaudud</i> may
@@ -24502,8 +24487,8 @@ prescribed by nature.</p>
 both to be employed in their usual relation, the latter is endowed
 with a pronominal or substantive inflection; and the use of the
 noun in its separate form is thus wholly superseded. Thus, <i>onishishin</i>,
-a. i., and <i>onishishsha</i>, a. a., become <i>w�nishishing</i>, "That
-which is good or fair," and <i>w�nishishid</i>, "He who is good or fair."
+a. i., and <i>onishishsha</i>, a. a., become <i>wänishishing</i>, "That
+which is good or fair," and <i>wänishishid</i>, "He who is good or fair."
 The following examples will exhibit this rule under each of its
 forms:&mdash;</p>
 
@@ -24514,7 +24499,7 @@ forms:&mdash;</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Black,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Mukkuddawizzi,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�kudd�wizzid.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mäkuddäwizzid.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">White,</td>
@@ -24524,25 +24509,25 @@ forms:&mdash;</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Yellow,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ozahwizzi,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">W�zauwizzid.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wäzauwizzid.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Red,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Miskwizzi,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�skoozzid.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mäskoozzid.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Strong,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">S�ngizzi,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Sw�ngizzid.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span></td>
+  <td class="tdl">Söngizzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Swöngizzid.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><span class="small">NOUN-ADJECTIVE INANIMATE.</span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Black,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mukkudd�wau,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">M�kudd�waug.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mukkuddäwau,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mäkuddäwaug.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">White,</td>
@@ -24552,7 +24537,7 @@ forms:&mdash;</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Yellow,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ozahwau,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">W�zhauwaug.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wäzhauwaug.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Red,</td>
@@ -24571,31 +24556,31 @@ instance, <i>onishisha</i> is thus declined to mark the person:&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="language35" summary="vowel permutation">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">W�nishish-eyaun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyaun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">I (am) good or fair.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">W�nishish-eyun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Thou (art) good or fair.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">W�nishish-id,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wänishish-id,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (is) good or fair.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">W�nishish-eyaung,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyaung,</td>
   <td class="tdl">We (are) good or fair. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">W�nishish-eyung,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyung,</td>
   <td class="tdl">We (are) good or fair. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">W�nishish-eyaig,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyaig,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ye (are) good or fair.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">W�nishish-idjig,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Wänishish-idjig,</td>
   <td class="tdl">They (are) good or fair.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -24604,8 +24589,8 @@ instance, <i>onishisha</i> is thus declined to mark the person:&mdash;</p>
 plural by <i>in</i>, changing <i>maiskwaug</i> to <i>maiskwaug-in</i>, &amp;c. &amp;c.
 The verbal signification which these forms assume, as indicated
 in the words am, art, is, are, is to be sought in the permutative
-change of the first syllable. Thus, <i>o</i> is changed to <i>w�</i>, <i>muk</i> to
-<i>m�k</i>, <i>waub</i> to <i>wy-aub</i>, <i>ozau</i> to <i>w�zau</i>, <i>misk</i> to <i>maisk</i>, &amp;c. The pronoun,
+change of the first syllable. Thus, <i>o</i> is changed to <i>wä</i>, <i>muk</i> to
+<i>mäk</i>, <i>waub</i> to <i>wy-aub</i>, <i>ozau</i> to <i>wäzau</i>, <i>misk</i> to <i>maisk</i>, &amp;c. The pronoun,
 as is usual in the double compounds, is formed wholly by
 the inflections <i>eyaun</i>, <i>eyun</i>, &amp;c.</p>
 
@@ -24620,26 +24605,26 @@ considered strictly animate or inanimate, admit of double forms,
 and are of general use. Many of the examples recorded in the
 original manuscripts employed in these inquiries, are of a more
 concrete character, and, at the same time, a more limited use.
-Thus, <i>shaugwewe</i> is a weak person; <i>n�kaugumme</i>, a weak drink;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[493]</a></span>
-<i>n�kaugwud</i>, a weak or soft piece of wood. <i>Suss�gau</i> is fine, but
+Thus, <i>shaugwewe</i> is a weak person; <i>nökaugumme</i>, a weak drink;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[493]</a></span>
+<i>nökaugwud</i>, a weak or soft piece of wood. <i>Sussägau</i> is fine, but
 can only be applied to personal appearance; <i>beesau</i>, indicates fine
-grains. <i>Keewushkw�</i> is giddy, and <i>keewushkw�bee</i>, giddy with
-drink&mdash;both being restricted to the third person. <i>S�ngun</i> and
+grains. <i>Keewushkwä</i> is giddy, and <i>keewushkwäbee</i>, giddy with
+drink&mdash;both being restricted to the third person. <i>Söngun</i> and
 <i>songizzi</i> are the personal and impersonal forms of strong, as
 given above, but <i>mushkowaugumme</i> is strong drink. In like
 manner, the two words for hard, as above, are restricted to solid
 substances. <i>Sunnuhgud</i> is hard (to endure). <i>Waindud</i> is easy
-(to perform). <i>S�ngod��</i> is brave; <i>shauged��</i>, cowardly; <i>keezhinghowizzi</i>,
+(to perform). <i>Söngodää</i> is brave; <i>shaugedää</i>, cowardly; <i>keezhinghowizzi</i>,
 active; <i>kizheekau</i>, swift; <i>onaunegoozzi</i>, lively; <i>minwaindum</i>,
 happy; <i>gushkaindum</i>, sorrowful; but all these forms are confined
 to the third person of the indicative, singular. <i>Pibbigwun</i> is
 a rough or knotted substance; <i>pubbiggozzi</i>, a rough person. <i>Keenwau</i>
 is long or tall (any solid mass). <i>Kaynozid</i> is a tall person.
 <i>Tahkozid</i> a short person. <i>Wassayau</i> is light; <i>wassaubizzoo</i>, the
-light of the eye; <i>wasshauzh�</i>, the light of a star or any luminous
+light of the eye; <i>wasshauzhä</i>, the light of a star or any luminous
 body. <i>Keenau</i> is sharp; <i>keenaubikud</i>, a sharp knife or stone.
 <i>Keezhaubikeday</i> is hot metal, a hot stove, &amp;c. <i>Keezhaugummeday</i>
-is hot water. <i>Uubudgeet�n</i> is useful, a useful thing. <i>Wauweeug</i>
+is hot water. <i>Uubudgeetön</i> is useful, a useful thing. <i>Wauweeug</i>
 is frivolous, anything frivolous in word or deed. <i>Tubbushish</i>
 appears to be a general term for low. <i>Ishpimming</i> is high in the
 air. <i>Ishpau</i> is applied to any high fixture, as a house, &amp;c. <i>Ishpaubikau</i>
@@ -24653,7 +24638,7 @@ I shall not scruple to add further examples and illustrations.
 Ask a Chippewa the name for a rock, and he will answer <i>awzhebik</i>.
 The generic import of <i>awbik</i> has been explained. Ask him
 the name for red rock, and he will answer <i>miskwaubik</i>; for white
-rock, and he will answer <i>waubaubik</i>; for black rock, <i>mukkudd�waubik</i>;
+rock, and he will answer <i>waubaubik</i>; for black rock, <i>mukkuddäwaubik</i>;
 for yellow rock, <i>ozahwaubik</i>; for green rock, <i>ozhahwushkwaubik</i>;
 for bright rock, <i>wassayaubik</i>; for smooth rock, <i>shoishkwaubik</i>,
 &amp;c.&mdash;compounds in which the words red, white, black,
@@ -24675,7 +24660,7 @@ forms will be elicited:</p>
   <td class="tdl">It (is) a white rock.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mukkud�waubik-ud,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mukkudäwaubik-ud,</td>
   <td class="tdl">It (is) a black rock.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24702,7 +24687,7 @@ forms will be elicited:</p>
   <td class="tdl">He (is) a white rock.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mukkud�waubik-izzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mukkudäwaubik-izzi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (is) a black rock.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24732,7 +24717,7 @@ the radix of the expression for "rock."</p>
 other adjectives, or the same adjectives applied to other objects,
 and results equally regular and numerous will be obtained.
 <i>Minnis</i>, we shall be told is an island; <i>miskominnis</i>, a red island;
-<i>mukkudd�minnis</i>, a black island; <i>waubeminnis</i>, a white island, &amp;c.
+<i>mukkuddäminnis</i>, a black island; <i>waubeminnis</i>, a white island, &amp;c.
 <i>Annokwut</i>, is a cloud; <i>miskwaunakwut</i>, a red cloud; <i>mukkuddawukwut</i>,
 a black cloud; <i>waubahnokwut</i>, a white cloud; <i>ozahwushkwahnakwut</i>,
 a blue cloud, &amp;c. <i>Neebe</i> is the specific term for water;
@@ -24750,7 +24735,7 @@ potable liquids. Hence, the following terms:&mdash;</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Nokun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Weak.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">N�kauguma,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nökauguma,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Weak drink.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24825,11 +24810,11 @@ smells bad. The inflections <i>gwud</i>, and <i>izzi</i>, here employed, are
 clearly indicative, as in other combinations, of the words <i>it</i> and
 <i>him</i>.</p>
 
-<p><i>Baimwa</i>, is sound; <i>baimw�wa</i>, the passing sound; <i>minw�wa</i>, a
-pleasant sound; <i>maunw�wa</i>, a disagreeable sound; <i>mudwayaushkau</i>,
+<p><i>Baimwa</i>, is sound; <i>baimwäwa</i>, the passing sound; <i>minwäwa</i>, a
+pleasant sound; <i>maunwäwa</i>, a disagreeable sound; <i>mudwayaushkau</i>,
 the sound of waves dashing on the shore; <i>mudwayaunnemud</i>, the
 sound of winds; <i>mudwayaukooshkau</i>, the sound of falling trees;
-<i>mudw�kumigishin</i>, the sound of a person falling upon the earth;
+<i>mudwäkumigishin</i>, the sound of a person falling upon the earth;
 <i>mudwaysin</i>, the sound of any inanimate mass falling on the earth.
 These examples might be continued <i>ad infinitum</i>. Every modification
 of circumstances, almost every peculiarity of thought, is expressed
@@ -24861,11 +24846,11 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p>
   <td class="tdl">I have walked well, or a good distance.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">K�g�t minno geezhigud,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kägät minno geezhigud,</td>
   <td class="tdl">It (is) a very pleasant day.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kwanaudy ning�dahs,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kwanaudy ningödahs,</td>
   <td class="tdl">I have a handsome garment.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24877,15 +24862,15 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p>
   <td class="tdl">What ails you?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[496]</a></span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Keezhamonedo aup�dush sh�wainemik,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Keezhamonedo aupädush shäwainemik,</td>
   <td class="tdl">God prosper you.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aup�dush sh�waindaugoozzegun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aupädush shäwaindaugoozzegun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Good luck attend you.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Aup�dush nau kinwainzh pimmaudizziyun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Aupädush nau kinwainzh pimmaudizziyun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">May you live long.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24901,19 +24886,19 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p>
   <td class="tdl">A pretty boy.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">K�g�t s�nged��,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kägät söngedää,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (is) a brave man.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">K�g�t onishishsha,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kägät onishishsha,</td>
   <td class="tdl">She (is) handsome.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Gitshee kin�zee,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Gitshee kinözee,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (is) very tall.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Uggausau b�wizzi,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Uggausau bäwizzi,</td>
   <td class="tdl">She (is) slender.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24945,7 +24930,7 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p>
   <td class="tdl">My bow (is) good.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ne bikwuk�n monaudud�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ne bikwukön monaududön,</td>
   <td class="tdl">But my arrows (are) bad.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24953,7 +24938,7 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p>
   <td class="tdl">I love mild or mixed tobacco.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kauweekau neezhikay uss�mau ne suggus-wannausee,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kauweekau neezhikay ussämau ne suggus-wannausee,</td>
   <td class="tdl">But I never smoke pure tobacco.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -24961,15 +24946,15 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p>
   <td class="tdl">Strong drink (is) bad.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Keeguhgee budje�gonaun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Keeguhgee budjeëgonaun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">It makes us foolish.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Gitshee Monedo neebe ogee �zhet�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Gitshee Monedo neebe ogee özhetön,</td>
   <td class="tdl">The Great Spirit made water.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">mIninewug dush ween ishk�d�waubo ogee oz-het�nahwau,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">mIninewug dush ween ishködäwaubo ogee oz-hetönahwau,</td>
   <td class="tdl">But man made whiskey.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -24983,14 +24968,14 @@ English expression is thrown into Indian in the most natural
 manner, and, of course, without always giving adjective for adjective
 or noun for noun. Thus, God is rendered, not <i>monedo</i>, but
 <i>Geezha monedo, merciful spirit</i>. Good luck is rendered by the
-compound phrase, <i>sh�waindaugoozzegun</i>, indicating in a very general
+compound phrase, <i>shäwaindaugoozzegun</i>, indicating in a very general
 sense, the influence of kindness or benevolence on <i>success in life</i>.
-<i>S�nged��</i> is, alone, <i>a brave man</i>, and the word <i>k�g�t</i> prefixed, is an
+<i>Söngedää</i> is, alone, <i>a brave man</i>, and the word <i>kägät</i> prefixed, is an
 adverb. In the expression "mild tobacco," the adjective is entirely
 dispensed with in the Indian, the sense being sufficiently
 rendered by the compound noun <i>appaukoozzegun</i>, which always
-means the Indian weed or smoking mixture. <i>Uss�mau</i>, on the
-contrary, without the adjective, signifies pure tobacco. <i>Bikwuk�n</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[497]</a></span>
+means the Indian weed or smoking mixture. <i>Ussämau</i>, on the
+contrary, without the adjective, signifies pure tobacco. <i>Bikwukön</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[497]</a></span>
 signifies blunt or lumpy-headed arrows; <i>assowaun</i>, is the barbed
 arrow. <i>Kwonaudj kweeweezains</i> means, not simply "pretty boy,"
 but <i>pretty little boy</i>; and there is no mode of using the word boy
@@ -25001,7 +24986,7 @@ In the last phrase of the examples, "man" is rendered men (<i>inineewuy</i>)
 in the translation, as the term <i>man</i> cannot be employed in
 the general plural sense it conveys in this connection in the original.
 The word "whiskey" is rendered by the compound phrase,
-<i>ishk�dawaubo</i>, literally <i>fire-liquor</i>, a generic for all kinds of ardent
+<i>ishködawaubo</i>, literally <i>fire-liquor</i>, a generic for all kinds of ardent
 spirits.</p>
 
 <p>These aberrations from the literal terms will convey some conceptions
@@ -25024,7 +25009,7 @@ by adverbs and accessory adjectives that the degrees of comparison
 are expressed.</p>
 
 <p><i>Pimmaudizziwin</i>, is a very general substantive expression, indicating
-the <i>tenor of being or life</i>. <i>Izzhew�bizziwin</i>, is a term near
+the <i>tenor of being or life</i>. <i>Izzhewäbizziwin</i>, is a term near
 akin to it, but more appropriately applied to the <i>acts</i>, <i>conduct</i>,
 <i>manner</i>, or <i>personal deportment</i> of life. Hence the expressions&mdash;</p>
 
@@ -25042,15 +25027,15 @@ akin to it, but more appropriately applied to the <i>acts</i>, <i>conduct</i>,
   <td class="tdl">His tenor of life, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Nin dizhew�bizziwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nin dizhewäbizziwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">My personal deportment.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dizhew�bizziwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dizhewäbizziwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Thy personal deportment.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">O Izzhew�bizziwin,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O Izzhewäbizziwin,</td>
   <td class="tdl">His personal deportment, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -25098,52 +25083,52 @@ comparison may be, therefore, set down as follows:&mdash;</p>
 <table id="language41" summary="comparison">
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Positive,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Kished�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kishedä.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Hot (restricted to the heat of a fire),</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Comparative,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nahwudj kished�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nahwudj kishedä.</td>
   <td class="tdl">More hot,</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Superlative,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mahmowee kished�.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mahmowee kishedä.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Most hot.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Your manner of life is good,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhew�bizziwin onishishin.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhewäbizziwin onishishin.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Your manner of life is better,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhew�bizziwin nahwudj onishishin.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhewäbizziwin nahwudj onishishin.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Your manner of life is best,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhew�bizziwin mahwowe� onishishin.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhewäbizziwin mahwoweé onishishin.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl" colspan="2">His manner of life is best,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Odizzhew�bizziwin mahmowee onishishinine.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Odizzhewäbizziwin mahmowee onishishinine.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Little Turtle was brave,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Mikkenok�ns s�nged��bun.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mikkenoköns söngedääbun.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Tecumseh was braver,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Tecumseh nahwudj s�nged��bun.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Tecumseh nahwudj söngedääbun.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Pontiac was bravest,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Pontiac mahmowee s�nged��bun.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Pontiac mahmowee söngedääbun.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
 <p>3. The adjective assumes a negative form when it is preceded
-by the adverb. Thus, the phrase <i>songed��</i>, he is brave, is changed
-to <i>kahween s�nged��see</i>, he is not brave.</p>
+by the adverb. Thus, the phrase <i>songedää</i>, he is brave, is changed
+to <i>kahween söngedääsee</i>, he is not brave.</p>
 
 <table id="language42" summary="negative forms">
 <tr>
@@ -25240,7 +25225,7 @@ exceptions.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">It is not large,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Kahween mitshau-seen�n.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kahween mitshau-seenön.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -25287,11 +25272,11 @@ adjectives requiring personal plurals, &amp;c.</p>
   <td class="tdl">Good apple.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewe eekw�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewe eekwä,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Handsome woman.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Songed�� inine,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Songedää inine,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Brave man.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -25310,11 +25295,11 @@ adjectives requiring personal plurals, &amp;c.</p>
   <td class="tdl">Good apples.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewe-wug eekw�-wug,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewe-wug eekwä-wug,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Handsome women.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Songed��-wug inine-wug,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Songedää-wug inine-wug,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Brave men.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -25322,7 +25307,7 @@ adjectives requiring personal plurals, &amp;c.</p>
   <td class="tdl">Beautiful birds.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ozahwizzi-wug ahm-�g,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ozahwizzi-wug ahm-ög,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Yellow bees.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -25351,19 +25336,19 @@ adjectives requiring personal plurals, &amp;c.</p>
   <td colspan="2" class="tdc">Plural.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Onishishin-�n mittig-�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Onishishin-ön mittig-ön,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Good trees.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewun-�n tshemaun-un,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewun-ön tshemaun-un,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Handsome canoes.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Monaudud-�n ishkod-�n,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Monaudud-ön ishkod-än,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Bad fires.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Weeshkobun-�n aidetaig-in,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Weeshkobun-ön aidetaig-in,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Sweet fruits.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -25377,15 +25362,15 @@ named became necessary, the compound expressions
 would be used. Thus, instead of saying "the yellow bee,"
 <i>wazzahwizzid</i> would distinctly convey the idea of that insect, <i>had
 the species been before named</i>. Under similar circumstances, <i>kain-waukoozzid</i>,
-<i>agausheid</i>, <i>s�ngaunemud</i>, <i>mushkowaunemud</i>, would respectively
+<i>agausheid</i>, <i>söngaunemud</i>, <i>mushkowaunemud</i>, would respectively
 signify, "a tall tree," "a small fly," "a strong wind,"
 "a hard wind." And these terms would become plural in <i>jig</i>,
 which, as before mentioned, is a mere modification of <i>ig</i>, one of
 the five general animate plural inflections of the language.</p>
 
 <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[501]</a></span>
-<i>K�g�t wahwinaudj abben�jeeug</i>, is an expression indicating they
-are <i>very handsome children</i>. But <i>beeweezheewug monet�sug</i> denotes
+<i>Kägät wahwinaudj abbenöjeeug</i>, is an expression indicating they
+are <i>very handsome children</i>. But <i>beeweezheewug monetösug</i> denotes
 <i>small insects</i>. <i>Minno neewugizzi</i>, is "good tempered," "he is good
 tempered." <i>Mawshininewugizzi</i>, is "bad tempered," both having
 their plural in <i>wug</i>. <i>Nin nuneenahwaindum</i>, "I am lonesome."
@@ -25404,7 +25389,7 @@ the inflection <i>ing</i>, making one, <i>once</i>, &amp;c. The unit exists in d
 
 <table id="language45" summary="numerals">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">P�zhik,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Päzhik,</td>
   <td class="tdl">One, <i>general unit</i>.</td>
   <td class="tdl bl" rowspan="2">Aubeding,</td>
   <td class="tdl" rowspan="2">Once.</td>
@@ -25438,13 +25423,13 @@ the inflection <i>ing</i>, making one, <i>once</i>, &amp;c. The unit exists in d
   <td class="tdl">Five times.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">N'goodwasw�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">N'goodwaswä,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Six.</td>
   <td class="tdl">N'goodwautsking,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Six times.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Neeshwausw�,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Neeshwauswä,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Seven.</td>
   <td class="tdl">Neeshwautshing,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Seven times.</td>
@@ -25580,7 +25565,7 @@ prayer, as they cannot be applied directly <i>to</i> the object addressed.
 It is only when speaking <i>of</i> the Deity, under the name of father,
 to other persons, that the inclusive and exclusive forms of the
 word <i>our</i> can be used. The dilemma may be obviated by the
-use of a compound descriptive phrase, <i>W� � se mig o yun</i>, signifying,
+use of a compound descriptive phrase, <i>Wä ö se mig o yun</i>, signifying,
 "Thou, who art the father of all," or "universal father."
 In practice, however, the question is cut short by those persons
 who have embraced Christianity. It has seemed to them that,
@@ -25863,9 +25848,9 @@ were exclusively <i>specific</i> in their meaning, it, may be
 proper here, in further illustration of an important principle, to
 present a generic substantive under their compound forms.</p>
 
-<p>I have selected for this purpose one of the primitives. <span class="smcap">IE-AU�</span>,
+<p>I have selected for this purpose one of the primitives. <span class="smcap">IE-AU´</span>,
 is the abstract term for matter. It is in the animate form. Its
-inanimate correspondent is <span class="smcap">IE-EE�</span>. These are two important roots.
+inanimate correspondent is <span class="smcap">IE-EE´</span>. These are two important roots.
 And they are found in combination, in a very great number of
 derivative words. It will be sufficient here, to show their connection
 with the pronoun, in the production of a class of terms
@@ -25883,30 +25868,30 @@ in very general use.</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">PLURAL.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Nin dy� aum,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nin dyë aum,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Mine.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nin dy� auminaun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nin dyë auminaun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ours. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dy� auminaun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dyë auminaun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ours. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dy� aum,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dyë aum,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Thine.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dy� aumewau,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dyë aumewau,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Yours.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdc medium" colspan="4">Objective.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">O dy� aum-un,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O dyë aum-un,</td>
   <td class="tdl">His or Hers.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O dy� aumewaun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O dyë aumewaun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Theirs.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -25920,21 +25905,21 @@ in very general use.</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2">PLURAL.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Nin dy� eem,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nin dyë eem,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Mine.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Nin dy� eeminaun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Nin dyë eeminaun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ours. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dy� eeminaun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dyë eeminaun,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Ours. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dy� eem,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dyë eem,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Thine.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke dy� eemewau,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke dyë eemewau,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Yours.
   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[507]</a></span></td>
 </tr>
@@ -25942,9 +25927,9 @@ in very general use.</p>
   <td class="tdc medium" colspan="4">Objective.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">O dy� eem.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O dyë eem.</td>
   <td class="tdl">His or Hers.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">O dy� eemewau,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">O dyë eemewau,</td>
   <td class="tdl">Theirs. (pos. in.)</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -26025,7 +26010,7 @@ have the following formula of the pronominal declensions:</p>
 <p>To render this formula of general use, six variations (five in
 addition to the above) of the possessive inflection are required,
 corresponding to the six classes of substantives, whereby <i>aum</i>
-would be changed to _�m_, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _�m_, and <i>oom</i>, conformably to the
+would be changed to _äm_, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _öm_, and <i>oom</i>, conformably to the
 examples heretofore given in treating of the substantive. The
 objective inflection would also be sometimes changed to <i>een</i>, and
 sometimes to <i>oan</i>.</p>
@@ -26225,15 +26210,15 @@ For instance&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Who sent you?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain wayn�nik?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain waynönik?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Who is your father?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain k�s?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain kös?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Who did it?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain kau t�dung?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain kau tödung?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Whose dog is it?</td>
@@ -26241,7 +26226,7 @@ For instance&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Whose pipe is that?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain d�pwaugunid en-eu?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain döpwaugunid en-eu?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Whose lodge is it?</td>
@@ -26267,7 +26252,7 @@ the following forms will be elicited:&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="pronouns15" summary="ween">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ween, kau unn�nik,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ween, kau unnönik,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) sent you.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -26283,7 +26268,7 @@ the following forms will be elicited:&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) told you.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ween, kau t�dung,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ween, kau tödung,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) did it, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -26295,15 +26280,15 @@ and not he <i>who</i> sent you, &amp;c., the following forms are used:&mdash;</p
 
 <table id="pronouns16" summary="gee2">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ke gee unn�nig,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ke gee unnönig,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (sent) you.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ainn�zhid,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ainnözhid,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (sent) me.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Ainn�naud,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Ainnönaud,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (sent) him.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -26350,31 +26335,31 @@ shown in the causative verb&mdash;</p>
   <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><span class="small">TO MAKE HAPPY.</span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum�id,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëid,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>me</i> happy.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum�ik,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëik,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>thee</i> happy.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum�aud,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëaud,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>him</i> happy.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum�inung,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëinung,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>us</i> happy. (in.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum�yaug,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëyaug,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>us</i> happy. (ex.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum�innaig,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëinnaig,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>ye</i> or <i>you</i> happy.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum�igowaud,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëigowaud,</td>
   <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>them</i> happy.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -26384,7 +26369,7 @@ persons&mdash;</p>
 
 <table id="pronouns18" summary="continued forms">
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum � yun,</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum ë yun,</td>
   <td class="tdl"><i>Thou</i> (who) makest me happy, &amp;c.</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
@@ -26402,7 +26387,7 @@ The next step is to add the suffix personal pronouns, <i>id</i>, <i>ik</i>, <i>a
 &amp;c., rendering the expressions, "he makes <i>me</i> happy," &amp;c. But,
 in adding these increments, the vowel <i>e</i> is thrown between the
 adjective-verb and the pronoun suffixed, making the expression,
-not <i>mainwaindum-yun</i>, but <i>mainwaindum �yun</i>. Generally, the
+not <i>mainwaindum-yun</i>, but <i>mainwaindum ëyun</i>. Generally, the
 vowel e, in this situation, is a connective, or introduced merely
 for the sake of euphony. And those who maintain that it is here<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[512]</a></span>
 employed as a personal pronoun, and that the relative <i>who</i> is implied
@@ -26415,7 +26400,7 @@ by turning to the list of <i>suffixed personal pronouns</i>, and <i>animate
 plurals</i>, that they mark the persons, I, thou, he, &amp;c., we, ye,
 they, &amp;c.</p>
 
-<p>Take, for example, <i>minwaindum�igowaud</i>, "he (who) makes
+<p>Take, for example, <i>minwaindumëigowaud</i>, "he (who) makes
 them happy." Of this compound, <i>minwaindum</i>, as before shown,
 signifies "he makes happy." But as the verb is in the singular
 number, it implies that but <i>one person</i> is made happy; and the
@@ -26449,7 +26434,7 @@ contend for something like the following form of translation:
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">What have you lost?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Waygonain kau wonet�yun?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Waygonain kau wonetöyun?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">What do you look for?</td>
@@ -26465,11 +26450,11 @@ contend for something like the following form of translation:
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">What detained you?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Waygonain kau oon dahme eg�yun?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Waygonain kau oon dahme egöyun?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">What are you making?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Waygonain wayzhet�yun?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Waygonain wayzhetöyun?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">What have you there?</td>
@@ -26489,7 +26474,7 @@ in what manner, or at what time.</p>
 <table id="pronouns20" summary="auneen">
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">What do you say?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Auneen akeed�yun?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Auneen akeedöyun?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">What do you call this?</td>
@@ -26505,11 +26490,11 @@ in what manner, or at what time.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Which do you mean, this or that? (an.)</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Auneen ah-ow ainud, woh-ow g�mau ewaidde?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Auneen ah-ow ainud, woh-ow gämau ewaidde?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Which do you mean, this or that? (in.)</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Auneen eh-eu ewaidumun oh-oo g�mau ewaidde?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Auneen eh-eu ewaidumun oh-oo gämau ewaidde?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Which boy do you mean?</td>
@@ -26547,7 +26532,7 @@ adverb of place, and may be rendered <i>where</i>.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Where is your pipe?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Auneende ke d�pwaugun?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Auneende ke döpwaugun?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Where is your gun?</td>
@@ -26581,7 +26566,7 @@ of the cause or motive.</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Why have you come?</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Auneeshween ke pe�zhauyun?</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Auneeshween ke peëzhauyun?</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Tell me why?</td>
@@ -26686,7 +26671,7 @@ after the pronoun:&mdash;</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Those are bad knives,</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Monaudud�n in-euwaidde mokomahnun.</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Monaududön in-euwaidde mokomahnun.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl">Give me that spear,</td>
@@ -26859,7 +26844,7 @@ Chien and Lake Pepin.</p>
 
 <p>23. <span class="smcap">Unio gibbosus</span>, <i>Barnes</i>. St. Croix River, Upper Mississippi,</p>
 
-<p>24. <span class="smcap">Unio rectus</span>, <i>Lamarck</i>. <span class="smcap">U. pr�longus</span>, <i>Barnes</i>. Upper
+<p>24. <span class="smcap">Unio rectus</span>, <i>Lamarck</i>. <span class="smcap">U. prælongus</span>, <i>Barnes</i>. Upper
 Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin, and the River
 St. Croix. The specimens collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, vary
 much in the color of the nacre. Some have it entirely white,
@@ -26923,7 +26908,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>concolor</i>, Willdenow. Fox River, Northwest Ter.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; (<i>N. Spec.</i>). Sources of Yellow River, Northwest Ter.</li>
 <li><i>Andropogon furcatus</i>, Willdenow. Sources of Yellow River, Northwest Ter.</li>
-<li><i>Alopecurus geniculatus</i>, Linn�us. Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.</li>
+<li><i>Alopecurus geniculatus</i>, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.</li>
 <li><i>Aira flexuosa.</i> Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.</li>
 <li><i>Allium tricoccum</i>, Aiton. Ontonagon River of Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>cernuum</i>, Roth. River de Corbeau to the sources of the Miss.</li>
@@ -27027,7 +27012,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p>
 <li><i>Galeopsis tetrahit</i>, Var. Falls of St. Mary, Mich. Ter.</li>
 <li><i>Gnaphalium plantaginium</i>, Var. Sources of the Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Goodyera pubescens</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li>
-<li><i>Hippoph� canadensis</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li>
+<li><i>Hippophæ canadensis</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>argentea</i>, Pursh. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Hedeoma glabra</i>, Persoon. Lake Michigan to the sources of the Miss.</li>
 <li><i>Hydropeltis purpurea</i>, Michaux. Northwest Ter.</li>
@@ -27035,7 +27020,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p>
 <li><i>Hudsonia tomentosa</i>, Nuttall. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Hypericum canadense</i>. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>prolificum</i>, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.</li>
-<li><i>Hieracium fasciculatum</i>, Pursh. Pukw�ewa Lake, Northwest Ter.</li>
+<li><i>Hieracium fasciculatum</i>, Pursh. Pukwàewa Lake, Northwest Ter.</li>
 <li><i>Hierochloa borealis</i>, Roemer &amp; Schultes. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Holcus lanatus</i>. Savannah River, Northwest Ter.</li>
 <li><i>Houstonia longifolia</i>, Willdenow. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.</li>
@@ -27061,7 +27046,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p>
 <li><i>Lathyrus palustris.</i> Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>decaphyllus</i>, Pursh. Leech Lake.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>maritimus</i>, Bigelow. Lake Superior.</li>
-<li><i>Lobelia kalmii</i>, Linn�us. Lake Superior.</li>
+<li><i>Lobelia kalmii</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>claytoniana</i>, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>puberula?</i> Michaux. Yellow River, Northwest Ter.</li>
 <li><i>Liatris scariosa</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li>
@@ -27071,7 +27056,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p>
 <li><i>Ledum latifolium</i>, Aiton. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.</li>
 <li><i>Myrica gale</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Malva (N. Spec.).</i> Upper Mississippi.</li>
-<li><i>Monarda punctata</i>, Linn�us. Upper Mississippi.</li>
+<li><i>Monarda punctata</i>, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>oblongata</i>, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Microstylis ophioglossoides</i>, Willdenow. Lac la Biche [Itasca].</li>
 <li><i>Myriophyllum spicatum.</i> Lake Superior.
@@ -27080,7 +27065,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p>
 <li><i>Menyanthes trifoliata.</i> Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.</li>
 <li><i>Myosotis arvensis</i>, Sibthorp. St. Clair River, Mich. Ter.</li>
 <li><i>Nelumbium luteum</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li>
-<li><i>&OElig;nothera biennis</i>, Var. Bois Brul� River of Lake Superior.</li>
+<li><i>&OElig;nothera biennis</i>, Var. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>serrulata</i>, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Psoralea argophylla</i>, Pursh. Falls of St. Anthony.</li>
 <li><i>Primula farinosa</i>, Var. <i>Americana</i>, Torrey. Lakes Huron and Superior.</li>
@@ -27091,16 +27076,16 @@ will be published at some future day.</p>
 <li><i>Pinus nigra</i>, Lambert. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>banksiana</i>, Lambert. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Populus tremuloides</i>, Michaux. Northwest Ter.</li>
-<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>l�vigata</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>lævigata</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Prunus depressa</i>, Pursh. Lakes Superior and Michigan.</li>
 <li><i>Petalostemon violaceum</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>candidum</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Potentilla tridentata</i>, Aiton. Lake Superior.</li>
-<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>fruticosa</i>, Linn�us. Lakes Superior and Michigan.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>fruticosa</i>, Linnæus. Lakes Superior and Michigan.</li>
 <li><i>Pyrola uniflora</i>, Mauvais River of Lake Superior.</li>
-<li><i>Polygonum amphibium</i>, Linn�us. St. Croix River.</li>
+<li><i>Polygonum amphibium</i>, Linnæus. St. Croix River.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>cilinode</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li>
-<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>articulatum</i>, Linn�us. Lake Superior.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>articulatum</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>coccinium</i>, Willdenow. St. Croix River.</li>
 <li><i>Polygala polygama</i>, Walter. Northwest Ter.</li>
 <li><i>Phlox aristata</i>, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.</li>
@@ -27115,53 +27100,53 @@ will be published at some future day.</p>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>prostratus</i>, Lamarck. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>lacustris</i>, Beck &amp; Tracy. Upper Mississippi.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[525]</a></span></li>
-<li><i>Rudbeckia hirta</i>, Linn�us. Upper Mississippi and Michigan Ter.</li>
+<li><i>Rudbeckia hirta</i>, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi and Michigan Ter.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>digitata</i>, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Rubus parviflorus</i>, Nuttall. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.</li>
-<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>hispidus</i>, Linn�us. Lake Superior.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>hispidus</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>saxatilis</i>, Var. <i>canadensis</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Rosa gemella</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>rubifolia</i>, Brown. Michigan Ter.</li>
 <li><i>Ribes albinervum</i>, Michaux. Sources of the St. Croix River.</li>
-<li><i>Saururus cernuus</i>, Linn�us. Upper Mississippi.</li>
+<li><i>Saururus cernuus</i>, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Streptopus roseus</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Sisymbrium brachycarpum</i>, Richardson. Lake Superior.</li>
-<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>chiranthoides</i>, Linn�us. Lake Superior.</li>
-<li><i>Swertia deflexa</i>, Smith. Bois Brul� River of Lake Superior.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>chiranthoides</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li>
+<li><i>Swertia deflexa</i>, Smith. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Silphium terebinthinaceum</i>, Elliott. Michigan Territory to the Miss.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>gummiferum</i>. Fox River to the Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Stachys aspera</i>, Var. Michaux. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Sterocaulon paschale.</i> Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Struthiopteris pennsylvanica</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Scirpus frigetur?</i> Lake of the Isles, Northwest Ter.</li>
-<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>palustris</i>, Linn�us. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li>
+<li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>palustris</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Salix prinoides</i>, Pursh. Mauvais River of Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>longifolia</i>, Muhlenberg. Upper Mississippi.</li>
-<li><i>Spir�a opulifolia</i>, Var. <i>tomentella</i>, De Candolle. Lake Superior.</li>
+<li><i>Spiræa opulifolia</i>, Var. <i>tomentella</i>, De Candolle. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Sorbus americana</i>, Willdenow. Lake Huron to the head of Lake Superior.</li>
-<li><i>Smilax rotundifolia</i>, Linn�us. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li>
-<li><i>Silene antirrhina</i>, Linn�us. Lac la Biche.</li>
+<li><i>Smilax rotundifolia</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li>
+<li><i>Silene antirrhina</i>, Linnæus. Lac la Biche.</li>
 <li><i>Saxifraga virginiensis</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Scutellaria ambigua</i>, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Solidago virgaurea</i>, Var. <i>alpina.</i> Lake Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Stipa juncea</i>, Nuttall. Usawa R.</li>
 <li><i>Symphora racemosa</i>, Michaux. Source of the Miss. R.</li>
-<li><i>Senecio balsamit�</i>, Var. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.</li>
+<li><i>Senecio balsamitæ</i>, Var. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.</li>
 <li><i>Sagittaria heterophylla</i>, Pursh. Upper Miss.</li>
 <li><i>Tanacetum huronensis</i>, Nuttall. Lakes Michigan and Superior.</li>
 <li><i>Tussilago palmata</i>, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.</li>
 <li><i>Tofeldia pubens</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li>
-<li><i>Triglochin maritimum</i>, Linn�us. Lake Superior.
+<li><i>Triglochin maritimum</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[526]</a></span></li>
 <li><i>Thalyctrum corynellum</i>, De Candolle. St. Louis River.</li>
-<li><i>Triticum repens</i>, Linn�us. Leech Lake.</li>
+<li><i>Triticum repens</i>, Linnæus. Leech Lake.</li>
 <li><i>Troximon virginicum</i>, Pursh. Lake Winnipec.</li>
 <li><i>Talinum teretifolium</i>, Pursh. St. Croix River.</li>
 <li><i>Tradescantia virginica.</i> Upper Mississippi.</li>
 <li><i>Utricularia cornuta</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>purpurea</i>, Walter. Lac Chetac, N. W. Ter.</li>
 <li><i>Uraspermum canadense</i>, Lake Superior to the Miss.</li>
-<li><i>Viola lanceolata</i>, Linn�us. Sault Ste. Marie.</li>
+<li><i>Viola lanceolata</i>, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>pedata</i>, Var. (or <i>N. Spec.</i>). Lac la Biche, sources of the Miss.</li>
 <li><i>Viburnum oxycoccus</i>, Pursh. Lake Superior.</li>
 <li>&mdash;&mdash; <i>lentago.</i> Lake Superior.</li>
@@ -27381,7 +27366,7 @@ the project was abandoned without further actual investigation.
 We would be induced to infer that no attempts were made to
 learn the original source of the metal which was discovered, and
 thus, while the attention was drawn to insulated masses, the ores,
-ordinary in appearance, but more important <i>in sit�</i>, were neglected;
+ordinary in appearance, but more important <i>in sitû</i>, were neglected;
 and perhaps, from the close analogy in appearance to the rock with
 which they were associated, no distinction was observed.</p>
 
@@ -27487,7 +27472,7 @@ satisfy ourselves by an examination necessarily partial, that either
 of the primitive species mentioned, existed there in any other
 condition than as rolled masses, or displacements of rock strata,
 contiguous, perhaps, but not observed. Dr. Bigsby has informed
-me, that he observed the gneiss <i>in sit�</i>, on the northwestern shores
+me, that he observed the gneiss <i>in sitû</i>, on the northwestern shores
 of this lake. The nearest rock in place, and that which in fact
 constitutes the abraded and caverned promontory of Point aux
 Barques, is gray sandstone.</p>
@@ -27512,7 +27497,7 @@ rhombs, exhibiting the property of double refraction. Also, at
 the lead mines, in Iowa County, in the marly clay formation, often
 exhibiting imperfect prisms, variously truncated.</p>
 
-<p>2. <span class="smcap">Calcareous tufa.</span> Mouth of the River Brul�, of Lake
+<p>2. <span class="smcap">Calcareous tufa.</span> Mouth of the River Brulé, of Lake
 Superior. In small, friable, broken masses, in the diluvial soil.
 Also, in the gorge below the Falls of St. Anthony. In detached,
 vesicular masses, amidst debris.</p>
@@ -27539,7 +27524,7 @@ Lake Superior. Compact.</p>
 adjoining coast. In very large veins or beds. White, opaque.</p>
 
 <p>9. <span class="smcap">Granular quartz.</span> Falls of Peckagama, Upper Mississippi.
-<i>In sit�.</i></p>
+<i>In sitû.</i></p>
 
 <p>10. <span class="smcap">Smoky quartz.</span> In the trap-rock, Keweena Point, Lake
 Superior, crystallized. In connection with amethystine quartz.</p>
@@ -27561,7 +27546,7 @@ in fragments or nodular masses in the clay soil.</p>
 
 <p>15. <span class="smcap">Jasper.</span> In the preceding locality. Common and striped,
 exceedingly difficult of being acted on by the wheel. Not observed
-<i>in sit�</i>.</p>
+<i>in sitû</i>.</p>
 
 <p>16. <span class="smcap">Agate.</span> Imbedded in the trap-rocks of Lake Superior,
 and also detached, forming a constituent of its detritus. Variously
@@ -27575,14 +27560,14 @@ species.</p>
 <p>17. <span class="smcap">Cyanite.</span> Specimens of this mineral, in flat, six-sided
 prisms, imbedded in a dark primitive rock, were brought out
 from Lac du Flambeau outlet, where the rock is described as
-existing <i>in sit�</i>. The locality has not been visited, but there are
+existing <i>in sitû</i>. The locality has not been visited, but there are
 facts brought to light, within the last two or three years, to justify
 the extension of the primitive to that section of country.</p>
 
 <p>18. <span class="smcap">Pitchstone.</span> A detached mass of this mineral, very black
 and lava-like, was picked up in the region of Lake Superior,
 where the volcanic mineral, trachyte, is common among the rolled
-masses. Neither of these substances have been observed <i>in sit�</i>.</p>
+masses. Neither of these substances have been observed <i>in sitû</i>.</p>
 
 <p>19. <span class="smcap">Mica.</span> Huron Islands, Lake Superior. In granite.</p>
 
@@ -27603,7 +27588,7 @@ of fibres, so delicate and firmly united as to appear almost
 compact, radiating from a centre. Some of the masses produced
 by this radiation measure 2.5 inches in diameter. They are of a
 uniform, pale, yellowish red. This mineral has not been traced
-<i>in sit�</i>, being found in detached masses of rock, and sometimes
+<i>in sitû</i>, being found in detached masses of rock, and sometimes
 as water-worn portions of radii. Its true position would seem to
 be the trap-rock.</p>
 
@@ -27819,7 +27804,7 @@ provisions. A flag was procured for each canoe. I joined the
 expedition at the head of the portage, at this place, on the 25th
 of June; and, after visiting the Chippewa villages in the belt of
 country between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, in latitudes
-44� to 46�, returned on the 4th of September, having been absent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[541]</a></span>
+44° to 46°, returned on the 4th of September, having been absent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[541]</a></span>
 seventy-two days, and travelled a line of country estimated to be
 two thousand three hundred and eight miles. I have now the
 honor to report to you the route pursued, the means employed to
@@ -27832,7 +27817,7 @@ bands on the extreme Upper Mississippi, on Red Lake, and Red
 River, and the River De Corbeau. After entering Lake Superior,
 and traversing its southern shores to Point Chegoimegon, and the
 adjacent cluster of islands, I ascended the Mauvaise River to a
-portage of 8-� miles into the Kaginogumac, or Long Water Lake.
+portage of 8-¾ miles into the Kaginogumac, or Long Water Lake.
 This lake is about eight miles long, and of very irregular width.
 Thence, by a portage of 280 yards, into Turtle Lake; thence, by
 a portage of 1,075 yards, into Clary's Lake, so called; thence, by
@@ -27933,7 +27918,7 @@ distance, but the canoes are brought through the stream. Sapin
 Lake is also small; we were thirty minutes in crossing it. Below
 this point, the river again expands into a beautiful sheet of water,
 called Red Cedar Lake, which we were an hour in passing; and
-afterward into <i>Bois Fran�ois</i>, or Rice Lake. At the latter place,
+afterward into <i>Bois François</i>, or Rice Lake. At the latter place,
 at the distance of perhaps sixty miles from its head, I found the
 last fixed village of Chippewas on this stream, although the hunting
 camps, and other signs of temporary occupation, were more
@@ -28905,7 +28890,7 @@ discovery is conspicuously marked by these excavations, which
 often extend, in a direct line, on the cardinal points, as far as the
 eye can reach. Everywhere the marly clay formation appears
 to have been relied on for the ore, and much of it certainly appears
-to be <i>in sit�</i> in it. It bears no traces of attrition; and its
+to be <i>in sitû</i> in it. It bears no traces of attrition; and its
 occurrence in regular leads forbids the supposition of its being
 an oceanic arrangement of mineral detritus. At Vanmater's, the
 metalliferous clay marl is overlaid by a grayish sedimentary
@@ -29156,7 +29141,7 @@ due south; and it was finally found to have its origin in a handsome
 lake, of some seven miles in extent, on the height of land
 to which I gave the name of Itasca.</p>
 
-<p>This lake lies in latitude 47� 13' 25". It lies at an altitude of
+<p>This lake lies in latitude 47° 13' 25". It lies at an altitude of
 1,575 feet, by the barometer, above the Gulf of Mexico. It affords
 me satisfaction to say, that, by this discovery, the geographical
 point of the origin of this river is definitely fixed. Materials
@@ -29964,15 +29949,15 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p>
   <td class="tdc br"><i>Miles.</i></td>
   <td class="tdc br"><i>Miles.</i></td>
   <td class="tdc br"><i>Feet.</i></td>
-  <td class="tdc">�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">�</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">��</td>
+  <td class="tdc">°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">´</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">´´</td>
   <td class="tdc"><i>h.</i></td>
   <td class="tdc"><i>m.</i></td>
   <td class="tdc br"><i>s.</i></td>
-  <td class="tdc">�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">�</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">��</td>
+  <td class="tdc">°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">´</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">´´</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl br" rowspan="2">Northeast pass</td>
@@ -30380,7 +30365,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p>
   <td class="tdc br" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Cap�l'ail, the summitheight above the Mississipi, 335 feet</td>
+  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Capàl'ail, the summitheight above the Mississipi, 335 feet</td>
   <td class="tdc br">32</td>
   <td class="tdc br">1,964</td>
   <td class="tdc br">1,013</td>
@@ -30422,7 +30407,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p>
   <td class="tdc">do.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Praire � la Crosse River, the mouth</td>
+  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth</td>
   <td class="tdc br">3</td>
   <td class="tdc br">2,004</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
@@ -30464,7 +30449,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p>
   <td class="tdc">do.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Dividing ridge between Sappah River and Prairie � la Crosse River, 6 miles east of Mississippi</td>
+  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Dividing ridge between Sappah River and Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles east of Mississippi</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc br">1,103</td>
@@ -30474,7 +30459,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p>
   <td class="tdc">do.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584">[584]</a></span></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Mountain Island, or <i>Montagne qui trempe � l'Eau</i> of the French</td>
+  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Mountain Island, or <i>Montagne qui trempe à l'Eau</i> of the French</td>
   <td class="tdc br">7</td>
   <td class="tdc br">2,042</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
@@ -30506,7 +30491,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p>
   <td class="tdc">do.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River (<i>Rivi�re aux Embarras</i> of the French)</td>
+  <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River (<i>Rivière aux Embarras</i> of the French)</td>
   <td class="tdc br">1</td>
   <td class="tdc br">2,070</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
@@ -31085,15 +31070,15 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p>
 <tr>
   <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
   <td class="tdc br"><i>Feet.</i></td>
-  <td class="tdc">�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">�</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">��</td>
+  <td class="tdc">°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">´</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">´´</td>
   <td class="tdc"><i>h.</i></td>
   <td class="tdc"><i>m.</i></td>
   <td class="tdc br"><i>s.</i></td>
-  <td class="tdc">�</td>
-  <td class="tdc">�</td>
-  <td class="tdc br">��</td>
+  <td class="tdc">°</td>
+  <td class="tdc">´</td>
+  <td class="tdc br">´´</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td class="tdl br">Gayashk River, or Little Gull River, the mouth</td>
@@ -31138,7 +31123,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p>
   <td class="tdc">do.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-  <td class="tdl br">Lake Chanch�, southwest end</td>
+  <td class="tdl br">Lake Chanché, southwest end</td>
   <td class="tdc br">...</td>
   <td class="tdc">46</td>
   <td class="tdc">46</td>
@@ -31316,7 +31301,7 @@ evidences of his creative power.</p>
 
 
 <p class="center">(b) <i>Letters of Mr. M. Woolsey.</i> <i>Southern Literary Messenger</i>, 1836.
-One�ta, p. 322.</p>
+Oneöta, p. 322.</p>
 
 <p>These spirited and graphic letters are unavoidably excluded.
 The evidence they bear to the purity of principle, justness of
@@ -31419,7 +31404,7 @@ seeking health.</p>
 <li>Boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
 <li>Breadth of the Mississippi at Sandy Lake, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
 <li>Brigham's residence at Blue Mound, <a href="#Page_568">568</a></li>
-<li>Brul� summit, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+<li>Brulé summit, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
 <li>Buckshot gravel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
 <li>Buffalo hunt, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
 </ul>
@@ -31466,7 +31451,7 @@ seeking health.</p>
 <li>Coast of boulders, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
 <li>Col. Croghan's attack at Fort Holmes in 1814, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
 <li>Col. Pierce, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
-<li>Coluber �stivus, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li>Coluber æstivus, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
 <li>Combustibles, <a href="#Page_536">536</a></li>
 <li>Commercial value of copper, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
 <li>Conchology, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
@@ -31517,7 +31502,7 @@ seeking health.</p>
 <li>Detroit completely burnt down in 1805, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
 <li>Detroit first founded in 1701, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
 <li>Difficulty of studying the Indian tongues, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
-<li>Difficulty of the descent of the Brul�, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+<li>Difficulty of the descent of the Brulé, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
 <li>Diluvial elevations, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
 <li>Diminutive forms of the Odjibwa noun, <a href="#Page_474">474</a></li>
 <li>Discover native copper, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
@@ -31739,7 +31724,7 @@ seeking health.</p>
 
 <ul>
 <li>La Hontan's apocryphal discovery on Long River, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
-<li>Lac Pl�, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+<li>Lac Plè, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
 <li>Lac Traverse, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
 <li>Lac Vieux Desert, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
 <li>Lacustrine clay-flats of Lake St. Clair, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
@@ -31880,7 +31865,7 @@ seeking health.</p>
 
 <ul>
 <li>Pakagama Falls, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
-<li>Pal�ontological rocks, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+<li>Palæontological rocks, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
 <li>Palaozoic sandstone, <a href="#Page_539">539</a></li>
 <li>Peace Rock, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
 <li>Pelican, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
@@ -32165,7 +32150,7 @@ seeking health.</p>
 <div class="footnotes"><h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2>
 
 <div class="footnote">
-<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> This remark is limited to the country south of about 46�. North of that point,
+<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> This remark is limited to the country south of about 46°. North of that point,
 there are no explorations known to me, except those of Lieutenant James Allen,
 who accompanied me above Cass Lake, in 1832, and those of J. N. Nicollet, in 1836,
 which were reported by him to the Topographical Bureau, and by the latter transmitted
@@ -32197,10 +32182,10 @@ of Missouri and Arkansas, with a View of the Lead-Mines of Missouri. New York,
 <p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> Clarke's Travels.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> This is an Iroquois word, said to signify the thunder of waters. The word,
-as pronounced by the Senecas, is Oni�garah. For additional information on this
+as pronounced by the Senecas, is Oniágarah. For additional information on this
 subject, see <i>Notes on the Iroquois</i>, p. 453. The etymology of the word has not,
 however, been fully examined. It is clear the pronunciation of the word in Goldsmith's
-day was Niag�ra.</p>
+day was Niagára.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Report of the New York Canal Commissioners.</p>
 
@@ -32373,7 +32358,7 @@ and of the Missouri, and a part of Oregon and Washington on the Pacific.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> From <i>oda</i>, a heart; <i>neezh</i>, two; and <i>seebe</i>, a river.</p>
 
-<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> From <i>n�gow</i>, sand; and <i>gitche</i>, great.</p>
+<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> From <i>nägow</i>, sand; and <i>gitche</i>, great.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> From <i>iupa</i>, high; <i>aubik</i>, a rock; and the substantive termination, <i>a</i>.</p>
 
@@ -32383,7 +32368,7 @@ and of the Missouri, and a part of Oregon and Washington on the Pacific.</p>
 blooms, are seated on the verge of these mountains.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> The equivalent of geologist or mineralogist, from <i>pagua</i>, a tabular surface;
-<i>aubik</i>, a rock; and _�ga_, the active voice of the verb to strike.</p>
+<i>aubik</i>, a rock; and _ëga_, the active voice of the verb to strike.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> From <i>kaug</i>, a porcupine.</p>
 
@@ -32477,9 +32462,9 @@ diminutive inflection.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> From <i>weenud</i>, dirty, <i>beegog</i>, waters, and <i>ish</i>, a derogative inflection of nouns.</p>
 
-<p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> Called Andr�sia. Expedition to Starca Lake in 1837.</p>
+<p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> Called Andrúsia. Expedition to Starca Lake in 1837.</p>
 
-<p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Nicollet, in the report of his exploration of 1836, places it in 47� 25� 23��.</p>
+<p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Nicollet, in the report of his exploration of 1836, places it in 47° 25´ 23´´.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> <i>Vide</i> Expedition to Stasca Lake in 1832.</p>
 
@@ -32725,7 +32710,7 @@ capital. It has a plank road of 40 miles to Fond du Lac, and is noted for its lu
 trade.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">[131]</a> Milwaukie is the principal city of the State of Wisconsin. It lies in latitude
-43� 3� 45�� North. It is ninety miles north of Chicago and seventy-five east from
+43° 3´ 45´´ North. It is ninety miles north of Chicago and seventy-five east from
 Madison. It contains thirty churches, five public high schools, two academies, five
 orphan asylums, and other benevolent institutions, seven daily and seven weekly
 newspapers, four banks, and, by the census of 1850, 20,161 inhabitants.</p>
@@ -32747,7 +32732,7 @@ the borders of the great western prairies, it is the great city of the plains, a
 growth cannot be limited, or can scarcely be estimated. It began to be built about
 1831, eleven years after this visit. It was incorporated as a city in 1836, with 4,853
 inhabitants. In 1850, it had 29,963, and it is now estimated to exceed 60,000. This
-city lies in lat. 41� 52� 20��. It is connected by lakes, canals, and railroads, with
+city lies in lat. 41° 52´ 20´´. It is connected by lakes, canals, and railroads, with
 the most distant regions. Its imports and exports the last year, were twenty millions.
 Like all the cities and towns of America, its political and moral influence,
 are seen to keep an exact pace with its sound religious influences; the number of
@@ -32801,7 +32786,7 @@ the vicinity of L'Arbre Croche, Michigan.</p>
 denoting existence or being, carrying the idea of its being charmed or enchanted.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">[145]</a> Little Fox Point. This word comes from <i>Wagoush</i>, a fox, and the denominative
-inflection a <i>ainc</i> or <i>ai�s</i>.</p>
+inflection a <i>ainc</i> or <i>aiñs</i>.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">[146]</a> It is to be regretted that Capt. Douglass, who, immediately on the conclusion
 of this expedition, was appointed to an important and arduous professorship in the
@@ -32886,7 +32871,7 @@ America.</p>
 at an island in Thunder Bay of Lake Huron. <i>Vide</i> p. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">[162]</a> By the report of Governor Stevens (June, 1854), the selected pass for the contemplated
-railroad through the St. Mary to the Columbia valley is in 47� 30�, where
+railroad through the St. Mary to the Columbia valley is in 47° 30´, where
 there is but little snow at any time, and rich pasturage for cattle. The phenomena
 of the climates of our northern latitudes are but little understood.</p>
 
@@ -32945,7 +32930,7 @@ De Plaine, valley of the Illinois. <i>Vide</i> Appendix.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168" class="label">[168]</a> Appendix.</p>
 
-<p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">[169]</a> Kak�bik. <i>Abik</i> is a rock. The prefixed syllable, <i>Kak</i>, may be derived from
+<p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">[169]</a> Kakábik. <i>Abik</i> is a rock. The prefixed syllable, <i>Kak</i>, may be derived from
 <i>Kukidjewum</i>, a rapid stream. <i>Ka</i> is often a prefix of negation in compound words,
 which has the force of a derogative.</p>
 
@@ -32989,7 +32974,7 @@ chief's life and character.</p>
 Earl of Selkirk and the Northwest Company, at the assizes held at York, Upper
 Canada, Oct. 1818. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 664. Montreal, Casie &amp; Mower, 1819.</p>
 
-<p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">[183]</a> From <i>inin�eg</i>, men, and <i>sugiegan</i>, lake, signs of a war party having been discovered
+<p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">[183]</a> From <i>ininéeg</i>, men, and <i>sugiegan</i>, lake, signs of a war party having been discovered
 at this place. In this derivative, the usual transition of <i>n</i> to <i>l</i> of the old
 Algonquin is made.</p>
 
@@ -33007,7 +32992,7 @@ establishment for that tribe.</p>
 Mississippi. <i>Vide</i> Senate Doc. No. 237. Washington, D. C., 1843.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188" href="#FNanchor_188" class="label">[188]</a> <span class="smcap">Crow-Wing River.</span>&mdash;This stream is the largest tributary of the Mississippi
-above the falls of St. Anthony. It enters the Mississippi in lat. 46� 15� 50��,
+above the falls of St. Anthony. It enters the Mississippi in lat. 46° 15´ 50´´,
 180 miles above the latter, and 145 miles below Sandy Lake. Government first
 explored it, in 1832, from its source in Lake Kaginogumaug to its mouth, and an
 accurate map of its channel, and its eleven lakes, was made by Lieut. Allen,
@@ -33071,7 +33056,7 @@ in 1831, having reached it after ascending the Mauvais or Maskigo of Lake Superi
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197" class="label">[197]</a> From <i>misk</i>, red or colored, <i>muscoda</i>, a plain, and <i>auk</i>, a dead standing tree, as
 a tree burned by fire or lightning. From the French translation of the word, by
-the phrase <i>Brul�</i>; the Indian meaning is clearly shown to be burnt, scorched, or
+the phrase <i>Brulé</i>; the Indian meaning is clearly shown to be burnt, scorched, or
 parched&mdash;a term which is applied to metifs of the mixed race.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198" class="label">[198]</a> From <i>mong</i>, a loon, and <i>ozid</i>, his foot. The name is in allusion to the track of
@@ -33092,7 +33077,7 @@ out of Asiatic cholera in the country, in 1832, and the wide alarm it had produc
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205" class="label">[205]</a> A little doubtful.</p>
 
-<p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">[206]</a> Or 20��.</p>
+<p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">[206]</a> Or 20´´.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207" class="label">[207]</a> This copper rock now (1854) lies in the yard of the War Office at Washington.</p>
 
@@ -33103,8 +33088,8 @@ Lake Superior.</p>
 the original are here omitted; as, also, most of the illustrative views
 of scenery which accompanied the original.</p>
 
-<p><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">[210]</a> Pike's Expedition. This observation is corrected by Capt. Douglass to 47�
-27� 10��; the point of observation being, however, a few miles south.</p>
+<p><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">[210]</a> Pike's Expedition. This observation is corrected by Capt. Douglass to 47°
+27´ 10´´; the point of observation being, however, a few miles south.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_211" id="Footnote_211" href="#FNanchor_211" class="label">[211]</a> <i>Vide</i> Narrative Journal.</p>
 
@@ -33182,7 +33167,7 @@ Executive Documents of that year, No. 365, 17th Congress, 2d session.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_228" id="Footnote_228" href="#FNanchor_228" class="label">[228]</a> Agreeable to barometric observations made in 1836, by Mr. Nicollet, its true
 altitude is found to be 1,402 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. Its latitude, by the
-same authority, is 47� 25� 23��.</p>
+same authority, is 47° 25´ 23´´.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_229" id="Footnote_229" href="#FNanchor_229" class="label">[229]</a> Thirty years has made it the centre of the new territory of Minnesota, which
 has now entered on the career of nations.</p>
@@ -33300,7 +33285,7 @@ these sheets are going through the press, more than thirty years after these lin
 were penned.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250" href="#FNanchor_250" class="label">[250]</a> This term is superseded, in geological discussions of the present day, by the
-term <i>silurian</i>, which embraces all strata of the era between the <i>pal�ozoic</i> and <i>tertiary</i>
+term <i>silurian</i>, which embraces all strata of the era between the <i>palæozoic</i> and <i>tertiary</i>
 formations.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251" href="#FNanchor_251" class="label">[251]</a> Public Documents relating to the New York Canals, with an Introduction, &amp;c.,
@@ -33315,7 +33300,7 @@ it sings during the evening. The Chippewas call this species paushkundame, from
 its thick and penetrating bill.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_254" id="Footnote_254" href="#FNanchor_254" class="label">[254]</a> This animal was found grazing the prairies on the east bank of the Mississippi,
-about latitude 45� 30�.</p>
+about latitude 45° 30´.</p>
 
 <p><a name="Footnote_255" id="Footnote_255" href="#FNanchor_255" class="label">[255]</a> Means under-ground drummer.</p>
 
@@ -33343,7 +33328,7 @@ plants is&mdash;</p>
 <table id="plants" summary="temp">
 <tr>
   <td>For the sugar-cane</td>
-  <td>67�</td>
+  <td>67°</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>coffee</td>
@@ -33409,359 +33394,6 @@ it. It has been supposed to be derived from the French <i>bon jour</i>.</p>
 </div>
 <hr class="full" />
 
-<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUMMARY NARRATIVE OF AN EXPLORATORY EXPEDITION TO THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, IN 1820***</p>
-<p>******* This file should be named 43693-h.txt or 43693-h.zip *******</p>
-<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/3/6/9/43693">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/6/9/43693</a></p>
-<p>
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
-will be renamed.</p>
-
-<p>
-Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
-one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
-(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
-permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
-set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
-copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
-protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
-Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
-charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
-do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
-rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
-such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
-research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
-practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
-subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
-redistribution.
-</p>
-
-<h2>*** START: FULL LICENSE ***<br />
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br />
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</h2>
-
-<p>To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">www.gutenberg.org/license</a>.</p>
-
-<h3>Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works</h3>
-
-<p>1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
-all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
-If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
-terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
-entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.</p>
-
-<p>1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
-paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
-and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.  See paragraph 1.E below.</p>
-
-<p>1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
-or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
-collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
-individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
-located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
-copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
-works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
-are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
-Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
-freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
-this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
-the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
-keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.</p>
-
-<p>1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
-a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
-the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
-before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
-creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
-Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
-the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
-States.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p>
-
-<p>1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
-access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
-whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
-copied or distributed:</p>
-
-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
-
-<p>1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
-from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
-posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
-and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
-or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
-with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
-work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
-through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
-Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
-1.E.9.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
-terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
-to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
-permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
-word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
-distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
-"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
-posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
-you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
-copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
-request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
-form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
-that</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
-     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
-     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
-     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
-     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
-     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
-     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
-     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
-     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
-     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."</li>
-
-<li>You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-     License.  You must require such a user to return or
-     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
-     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
-     Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li>
-
-<li>You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
-     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
-     of receipt of the work.</li>
-
-<li>You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
-forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
-both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
-Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
-Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
-collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
-"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
-corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
-property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
-computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
-your equipment.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
-your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
-the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
-refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
-providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
-receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
-is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
-opportunities to fix the problem.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
-WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
-WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
-If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
-law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
-interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
-the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
-provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
-with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
-promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
-harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
-that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
-or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
-work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
-Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.</p>
-
-<h3>Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm</h3>
-
-<p>Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
-including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
-because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
-people in all walks of life.</p>
-
-<p>Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
-To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and
-the Foundation information page at <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
-
-<h3>Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
-Foundation</h3>
-
-<p>The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
-permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.</p>
-
-<p>The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
-Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
-throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
-North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
-contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
-Foundation's web site and official page at <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org/contact">www.gutenberg.org/contact</a></p>
-
-<p>For additional contact information:<br />
-     Dr. Gregory B. Newby<br />
-     Chief Executive and Director<br />
-     gbnewby@pglaf.org</p>
-
-<h3>Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation</h3>
-
-<p>Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.</p>
-
-<p>The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
-SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
-particular state visit <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a></p>
-
-<p>While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.</p>
-
-<p>International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.</p>
-
-<p>Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
-To donate, please visit:  <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a></p>
-
-<h3>Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.</h3>
-
-<p>Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
-with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
-Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.</p>
-
-<p>Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
-unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
-keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.</p>
-
-<p>Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
-
-<p>This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p>
-
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43693 ***</div>
 </body>
 </html>