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diff --git a/43693-h/43693-h.htm b/43693-h/43693-h.htm index 168e58b..6a7aeea 100644 --- a/43693-h/43693-h.htm +++ b/43693-h/43693-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820, by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft</title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> <style type="text/css"> @@ -389,26 +389,11 @@ ul {list-style-type: none;} </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43693 ***</div> <h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820, by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820</p> -<p> Resumed and Completed, by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake, in 1832</p> -<p>Author: Henry Rowe Schoolcraft</p> -<p>Release Date: September 11, 2013 [eBook #43693]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUMMARY NARRATIVE OF AN EXPLORATORY EXPEDITION TO THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, IN 1820***</p> <p> </p> -<h3>E-text prepared by<br /> - K Nordquist, Katie Hernandez, Hélène de Mink,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> <p> </p> <hr class="full" /> <div class="body"> @@ -563,7 +548,7 @@ chain, is as incontestable an addition to scientific knowledge, as the finding of remains to establish a new species of mastodon. They only differ in interest and importance.</p> -<p>It is not the province of every age to produce a Linnæus, a +<p>It is not the province of every age to produce a Linnæus, a Buffon, or a Cuvier; but, such are the almost endless forms of vegetable and animal life and organization—from the infusoria upward—that not a year elapses which may not enlarge the @@ -715,7 +700,7 @@ some extent, guide, these furnished abundant employ for his efficient sportsman-like propensities. Of its distinctive zoology, minerals, plants, and other physical desiderata, it was not in his power, had he been ever so well prepared, to make observations. -Even for the topography, above the latitude of about 46°, he was +Even for the topography, above the latitude of about 46°, he was dependent, essentially, on the information furnished by the factors of the Northwest British Fur Company, who, at that period, occupied the country.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor"> [4]</a> This information was readily given, and enabled @@ -1031,7 +1016,7 @@ and return of the expedition to Detroit</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">The search for the veritable source of the Mississippi is resumed.—Ascent to Cass -Lake, the prior point of discovery—Pursue the river westerly, through the Andrúsian +Lake, the prior point of discovery—Pursue the river westerly, through the Andrúsian Lakes and up the Metoswa Rapids, forty-five miles—Queen Anne's Lake</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> </tr> @@ -1058,7 +1043,7 @@ Itasca Lake</td> <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER XXIV.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdl">Descent of the west, or Itascan branch—Kakabikoñs Falls—Junction of the Chemaun, +<td class="tdl">Descent of the west, or Itascan branch—Kakabikoñs Falls—Junction of the Chemaun, Peniddiwin, or De Soto, and Allenoga Rivers—Return to Cass Lake</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> </tr> @@ -1086,7 +1071,7 @@ that stream, in its whole length, to the Mississippi</td> <tr> <td class="tdl">Complete the exploration of the Crow-Wing River of Minnesota—Indian council—Reach St. Anthony's Falls—Council with the Sioux—Ascent and exploration of -the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broulé, of Lake Superior—Return of the +the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broulé, of Lake Superior—Return of the party to St. Mary's Falls, Michigan</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td> </tr> @@ -1260,8 +1245,8 @@ Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, in 1680. He revisits Fort Crevecœur late in the autumn of the following year, and finally descends the Illinois, to its junction with the Mississippi, and thence to the embouchure of the latter in the Gulf of Mexico, where he arrives -on the 7th of April, 1683, and calculates the latitude between 23° -and 24° north.</p> +on the 7th of April, 1683, and calculates the latitude between 23° +and 24° north.</p> <p>The Spaniards had previously sought in vain for the mouth of this stream, and bestowed upon it, in anticipation, the name of @@ -2408,7 +2393,7 @@ family, with their females, blankets, guns, fishing apparatus, and dogs. They evinced the most friendly disposition.</p> <p>In landing at Oak Point,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor"> [13]</a> I observed a green snake (coluber -æstivus) in the act of swallowing a frog, which he had succeeded +æstivus) in the act of swallowing a frog, which he had succeeded in taking down, except the extremity of its hind legs. A blow was sufficient to relieve the frog, which still had sufficient animation to hop towards the river. The snake I made to pay the forfeit @@ -2796,9 +2781,9 @@ after the abandonment of the old peninsular fort, about 1780.</p> I examined the large fragments of debris, which are still prominent, and which exhibit comparatively fresh fractures. The rock contains a portion of sparry matter, which is arranged -in reticulæ, filled with white carbonate of lime, in such a state +in reticulæ, filled with white carbonate of lime, in such a state of loose disintegration that the weather soon converts it to the -condition of agaric mineral. These reticulæ are commonly +condition of agaric mineral. These reticulæ are commonly <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> in the slate of calcspar, crystallized in minute crystals. The stratum on which this loose formation rests is compact and firm, @@ -2943,9 +2928,9 @@ inhabitants.</p> <p>It is the seat of justice for the most northerly county of Michigan. According to the observation of Lieut. Evelith, the island -lies in north latitude 45° 54´, which is only twenty-three minutes +lies in north latitude 45° 54´, which is only twenty-three minutes north of Montreal, as stated by Prof. Silliman.<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor"> [23]</a> It is in west -longitude 7° 10´ from Washington.</p> +longitude 7° 10´ from Washington.</p> <p>Col. Croghan's attempt to take the island, during the late war, was most unfortunate. He failed from a double spirit of dissension @@ -3185,7 +3170,7 @@ plural of this word, which is an animate plural, is <i>ong</i>, which is the ordinary form of all nouns ending in the vowel <i>o</i>. When the French came to write this, they cast away the Indian local in <i>ong</i>, changed the sound of <i>n</i> to <i>l</i>, and gave the force <i>mack</i> -and <i>nack</i>, to <i>mök</i> and <i>nök</i>. The vowel <i>e</i>, after the first syllable, +and <i>nack</i>, to <i>mök</i> and <i>nök</i>. The vowel <i>e</i>, after the first syllable, is merely a connective in the Indian, and which is represented in the French orthography in this word by <i>i</i>. The ordinary interpretation of great turtle is, therefore, not widely amiss; but in @@ -3228,7 +3213,7 @@ Huron and Michigan. This item alone shows the importance of the Indian trade, distinct from the question of furs.</p> <p>During the time we remained on this island, the atmosphere -denoted a mean temperature of 55° Fahrenheit. The changes +denoted a mean temperature of 55° Fahrenheit. The changes are often sudden and great. The island is subject to be enveloped in fogs, which frequently rise rapidly. These fogs are sometimes so dense, as to obscure completely objects at but a short distance. I @@ -3317,7 +3302,7 @@ and white hair. The specimen killed would weigh eight pounds.</p> <p>Soon after coming out from this indentation of the lake, we came in sight of Point Detour, on turning which, from E. to N., we found no longer use for sails. Mackenzie places this point -in north latitude 45° 54´.</p> +in north latitude 45° 54´.</p> <p>The geology of this coast appears manifest. Secondary compact limestone appears in place, in low situations, on the reef of @@ -3416,7 +3401,7 @@ the perilous position we were brought into next day.</p> <p>Meantime, we passed a quiet night in our tents, where the deep sound of the Falls fell on the wakeful ear, interspersed with the -distant monotonous thump of the Indian täwäegon. It required +distant monotonous thump of the Indian täwäegon. It required but little observation, in the morning, to explore the village of St. Mary's. It consisted of some fifteen or twenty buildings of all sorts, occupied by descendants of the original French settlers, all @@ -3458,7 +3443,7 @@ who congregate here.</p> seat of the Chippewa power. To adjust the relations of the tribe with the United States, a council was convened with the chiefs on the day following our arrival. This council was assembled at -the Governor's <i>marquée</i>, which was graced by the national ensign, +the Governor's <i>marquée</i>, which was graced by the national ensign, and prepared for the interview with the usual presents. The chiefs, clothed in their best habiliments, and arrayed in feathers and British medals, seated themselves, with their usual dignity, @@ -3506,7 +3491,7 @@ beginning of his harangue, and, assuming a savage wildness of air, appeared to produce a corresponding effect upon the other Indian speakers, and employed the strongest gesticulation. His address brought the deliberations to a close, after they had continued -some hours, by a defiant tone; and, as he left the <i>marquée</i>, he +some hours, by a defiant tone; and, as he left the <i>marquée</i>, he kicked away the presents laid before the council. Great agitation ensued. The council was then summarily dissolved, the Indians went to their hill, and we to our tents.</p> @@ -3556,14 +3541,14 @@ Indian guns; but to behold an unarmed man walk boldly into their camp and seize the symbol of their power, betokened a cast of character which brought them to reflection. On one person in particular the act had a controlling effect. When it -was told to the daughter of Wäbojeeg (Mrs. Johnston), she told +was told to the daughter of Wäbojeeg (Mrs. Johnston), she told the chief that their meditated scheme of resistance to the Americans was madness; the day for such resistance was passed; and this man, Cass, had the air of a great man, and could carry his flag through the country. The party were also under the hospitality of her roof. She counselled peace. To these words <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -Shingabowassin responded; he was seconded by Shingwäkonce, +Shingabowassin responded; he was seconded by Shingwäkonce, or the Little Pine. Of this effort we knew nothing at the moment, but the facts were afterwards learned. It was evident, before the day had passed, that a better state of feeling existed among the @@ -3737,7 +3722,7 @@ The peculiarity of this stream consists in the union of two separate rivers, near the point of its outlet. Seven leagues beyond this spot brought us to the inlet called Grande Marais. Immediately west of this begins an elevated naked coast of sand-dunes, -called Gitche Nägow,<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor"> [43]</a> or La Grande Sables. To comprehend +called Gitche Nägow,<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor"> [43]</a> or La Grande Sables. To comprehend the geology of this coast, it is necessary to state that it consists of several heavy strata of the drift era, reaching a height of two or three hundred feet, with a precipitous front on the lake. @@ -3774,9 +3759,9 @@ o'clock, however, before the waves sufficiently subsided to permit embarkation. Indeed, a perfect calm now ensued. This calm proved very favorable—as we discovered on proceeding three leagues—to our passing the elevated coast of precipitous rock, -called Ishpäbecä,<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor"> [44]</a> and Pictured Rocks. This coast, which extends +called Ishpäbecä,<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor"> [44]</a> and Pictured Rocks. This coast, which extends twelve miles, consists of a gray sandstone, forming a series -of perpendicular façades, which have been fretted, by the action +of perpendicular façades, which have been fretted, by the action of the waves, into the rude architecture of pillared masses, and open, cavernous arches. These caverns present their dark mouths to observation as the voyager passes. At one spot a small stream @@ -3830,7 +3815,7 @@ maintained. From this place, a line of sandstone coast was passed, northwardly, till reaching its terminus on the bay of Chocolate River. This is a large and deep bay, which it would have required a day's travel to circumnavigate. To avoid this, the -men held their way directly across it, steering N. 70° W., which, +men held their way directly across it, steering N. 70° W., which, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> at the end of three leagues, brought us to Granite Point. Here we first struck the old crystalline rocks or primitive formation. @@ -3943,7 +3928,7 @@ objects sought, they became successful explorers. They had noticed my devotion to the topic, from the time of our passing the Islands of Shawangunk, Michilimackinac, and Flat-rock Point, in the basin of Lake Huron, where organic forms were chiselled -from the rock; and bestowed on me the name of Paguäbëkiegä.<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor"> [47]</a></p> +from the rock; and bestowed on me the name of Paguäbëkiegä.<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor"> [47]</a></p> <p>It turned out the next morning, that the whole of the baggage and provisions had not been brought up, nor any of the canoes. @@ -3991,7 +3976,7 @@ tradition, been carried out of the river into the lake.</p> <p>Captain Douglass made observations for the latitude of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> -place, and determined it to be in north latitude 46° 52´ 2´´. The +place, and determined it to be in north latitude 46° 52´ 2´´. The stationary distances of the route are given in the subjoined list, in which it may be observed that they are probably exaggerated about one-third by the voyagers and northwest traders, who @@ -4161,7 +4146,7 @@ Ontonagon.</i></th> <td class="tdr">380</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rivière au Misère</td> + <td class="tdl">Rivière au Misère</td> <td class="tdr">12</td> <td class="tdr">392</td> </tr> @@ -4269,7 +4254,7 @@ leading whites to view their long superstitiously concealed mineral treasures. At one o'clock we came to an Indian path, leading directly to the place. The guides here sat down to await the party under Governor Cass, who were expected to join us at this spot. -The thermometer at this hour stood at 90° in the shade of the +The thermometer at this hour stood at 90° in the shade of the forest. We had not been long seated when the other party made their appearance; but the Governor had been so much exhausted by clambering up the river hills, that he determined to return to @@ -4473,7 +4458,7 @@ we passed the Pewabik Seebe, or Iron River. This stream, after ascending it a couple of miles, is a mere torrent, pouring from the Porcupine Mountains, over a very rough bed of grauwakke, which forbids all navigation. At the computed distance of five -leagues beyond this stream, we passed the river called Pusábika, +leagues beyond this stream, we passed the river called Pusábika, or Dented River, so called from standing rocks, which resemble broken human teeth. The Canadians, who, as previously remarked, appear to have had but a limited geographical vocabulary, @@ -4482,7 +4467,7 @@ had already bestowed the name on a small river which flows into the bay south of Granite Point.<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor"> [55]</a> We were now at the foot of the Kaug range, which is one vast upheaval of trap-rock, and has lifted the chocolate-colored sandstone, at its base, into a vertical -position. The Pusábika River originates in this high trap +position. The Pusábika River originates in this high trap range, from which it is precipitated, at successive leaps, to the level of the lake, the nearest of which, a cascade of forty feet, is within three miles of the river's mouth.</p> @@ -4603,7 +4588,7 @@ and encamped, having, by their estimation, come twenty-three miles. The evening was perfectly clear and calm, with a striking twilight, which was remarked all night. These lengthened twilights form a very observable feature as we proceed north. Mackenzie -says that, in lat. 67° 47´, on the 11th of July, 1789, he saw +says that, in lat. 67° 47´, on the 11th of July, 1789, he saw the sun above the horizon at twelve o'clock P.M.</p> <p>The calmness and beauty of the night, and our chief's anxiety @@ -4635,14 +4620,14 @@ the Chippewa tribe, were found in possession of it, on the arrival of the French, early in the seventeenth century, applied the same radical word to it which they bestow on the sea, namely, Gum-ee (Collected water), or, as it is sometimes pronounced, Gom-ee, or -Go-ma; with this difference, that the adjective big (gitchè) prefixed +Go-ma; with this difference, that the adjective big (gitchè) prefixed to this term for Lake Superior, is repeated when it is applied to the sea. The superlative is formed when it is meant to be very emphatic, in this language, by the repetition of the adjective; a principle, indeed, quite common to the Indian grammars generally. The word did not commend itself to French or English ears, so much as to lead to its adoption. By taking the -syllable Al from Algonquin, as a prefix, instead of gitchè, we +syllable Al from Algonquin, as a prefix, instead of gitchè, we have the more poetic combination of Algoma.</p> <p>Geographers have estimated the depth of this lake at nine hundred @@ -4764,11 +4749,11 @@ often heard their roar on our path, when we were miles away from them. Capt. Douglass estimated the river to fall one hundred and eight feet during the first nine miles; and from estimates furnished me by Dr. Wolcott, the aggregate fall from -the mouth of the Savannè, to that point, is two hundred and +the mouth of the Savannè, to that point, is two hundred and twelve feet. We found the first part of the ascent of its banks very precipitous and difficult, particularly for the men who bore burdens, and what rendered the labor almost insupportable was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> -the heat, which stood at 82°, in the shade, at noon. We made +the heat, which stood at 82°, in the shade, at noon. We made but five <i>pauses</i> the first day; and were three days on the portage. It rained the second day, which added much to the difficulty of our progress. We now found ourselves, at every step, advancing @@ -5061,16 +5046,16 @@ with some of his party, and a part of the baggage, already there; and by five o'clock in the afternoon the last of the latter, together with the canoes, arrived. And it was then, in the exhausted state of the men, and at so late an hour, concluded to encamp, and -await the morning to commence the descent of the west Savannè +await the morning to commence the descent of the west Savannè to the lake.</p> <p>The expedition had, after we left them at the Portage aux Coteaux on the 10th, and being thus relieved of our weight, urged its way up the river, with labor, about fifty-six miles, to -the inlet of the east Savannè, having surmounted, in this distance, +the inlet of the east Savannè, having surmounted, in this distance, rapids of the aggregate estimated height of two hundred and twelve feet, which occupied two days. They then ascended the -Savannè twenty-four miles, rising eighteen feet. The portage, +Savannè twenty-four miles, rising eighteen feet. The portage, from water to water, is six miles. It commences in a tamarak swamp, from which the bog, in a dry season, has been burnt off, leaving the path a mass of mire. Trees and sticks have, from @@ -5102,7 +5087,7 @@ of the river, and were entirely composed of hornblende, all out of place, and exhibiting no signs of stratification, but evidently thrown confusedly together by the force of the current.</p> -<p>"The Savannè River is about twenty yards broad at its junction +<p>"The Savannè River is about twenty yards broad at its junction with the St. Louis, but soon narrows to about half the breadth, which it retains until it forks at the distance of about twelve miles from its mouth. Its whole course runs through a low @@ -5117,7 +5102,7 @@ head, that it is with great difficulty canoes can make their way through its windings; and the portage commences a mile or two from its source, which is in a tamarak swamp."</p> -<p>The height of land between the east and west Savannè, Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +<p>The height of land between the east and west Savannè, Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> Wolcott estimates at about thirty feet. Adding to this elevation the estimates of Capt. Douglass, before mentioned, the entire elevation between the foot of the falls of the St. Louis and the apex @@ -5252,7 +5237,7 @@ greatest efforts are made to attain it.</p> and their adaptation to the purposes of agriculture. By the tables of temperature annexed (<i>vide</i> Appendix), the mean solar heat, in the shade, during the time of our being in the country, -is shown to be 67°. It is evident that it is the idle habits of the +is shown to be 67°. It is evident that it is the idle habits of the Indians, and no adverse circumstances of climate or soil, that prevent their raising crops for their subsistence.</p> @@ -5450,7 +5435,7 @@ this spot, a small and very delicious species of raspberry, the plant not rising higher than three or four inches. This species, of which I preserved both the roots and fruit, I referred to Dr. J. Torrey, of New York, who pronounced it the Rebus Nutkanus -of Moçino—a species found by this observer in the Oregon +of Moçino—a species found by this observer in the Oregon regions. It is now known to occur eastwardly, to upper Michigan. As night approached on these elevated prairies, we observed for the first time the fire-fly.</p> @@ -5616,7 +5601,7 @@ this body of water in my journal Cassina, or Cass Lake. There was the more reason for this in the nomenclature of the geography of the upper Mississippi, by observing that it embraces another Red Cedar Lake. The latitude of upper Red Cedar, or -Cass Lake, is placed by Pike at 47° 42´40´´.<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor"> [74]</a> Its distance above +Cass Lake, is placed by Pike at 47° 42´40´´.<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor"> [74]</a> Its distance above Sandy Lake, by the involutions of the river, is two hundred and seventy miles, and from Fond du Lac, at the head of Lake Superior, by the travelled route, four hundred and thirty miles. It @@ -5657,7 +5642,7 @@ natural meadows or savannas covered with wild rice, rushes, reeds and coarse grasses, and aquatic plants. During the distance, it is extremely devious in its course and width, often expanding into lakes which connect themselves through a vast system of reticulated -channels. Leech Lake, Cass Lake, and Lake Andrúsia +channels. Leech Lake, Cass Lake, and Lake Andrúsia would themselves be regarded as small interior seas, were they on any other part of the continent but that which develops Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Its velocity through @@ -5744,7 +5729,7 @@ be less than double that height.</p> <p>The river, at this point, enters a valley which is defined by rocky cliffs, which attain various elevations from one to three hundred feet, presenting a succession of picturesque or sublime views. In -some places these cliffs present a precipitous and abrupt façade, +some places these cliffs present a precipitous and abrupt façade, washed by the current. In far the greatest number of cases, the eminence has lost its sharp angles through the effects of frosts, rains, and elemental action, leaving a slope of debris at the foot. @@ -5805,7 +5790,7 @@ ships drawing over eighteen feet of water from entering.</p> <p>No attempt has heretofore been made to determine the elevation of that part of the American continent which gives rise to the Mississippi River. From the observations made on the expedition, -the elevation is confessedly less than would _à priori_ +the elevation is confessedly less than would _à priori_ be supposed. If it is not, like the Nile, cradled among mountains, whose very altitude and position are unknown, there is enough of the unknown about its origin to wish for more information. @@ -5942,11 +5927,11 @@ the traders at from five to six hundred miles. These estimates denote, however, rather the difficulties and time employed by days' journeys in the trade than any other measurements.<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor"> [80]</a> Pike states the latitude some thirteen minutes too far north. It is found to -be 46° 47´ 10´´. It appears from Lieut. Pike (<i>Expt.</i> p. 60), that +be 46° 47´ 10´´. It appears from Lieut. Pike (<i>Expt.</i> p. 60), that the stockade at this place was erected in 1794. Its elevation above the Gulf of Mexico is 1,253 feet. The soil of the environs yields excellent potatoes, and such culinary vegetables as have -been tried. The mean temperature of July is denoted to be 73°. +been tried. The mean temperature of July is denoted to be 73°. The post is one of importance in the fur trade. It yields the deer, moose, bear, beaver, otter, martin, muskrat, and some other species, whose skins or pelts are valuable.</p> @@ -6058,7 +6043,7 @@ which has a large island in its mouth, is a prime tributary with a large, full-flowing current, and must bring in one-third of the entire volume of water to this point.<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor"> [83]</a> Such is the effect of this current on the opposite shore, that, at the distance of a couple -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>of leagues below, at a spot called <i>Prairie Perciê</i> by the French, it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>of leagues below, at a spot called <i>Prairie Perciê</i> by the French, it appears to have forced its way headlong, till, meeting obstructions from the primary rocks, it was again deflected south. At this point, the whole face of the country has an exceedingly sylvan @@ -6067,7 +6052,7 @@ and wild flowers, interspersed with groves of oak, maple, and other species. The elevation of these beautiful plains, above the river, is not less than twenty to thirty feet, placing them above the reach of high waters. We were now passing below the latitude -of 46°. Everything indicated a climate favorable to the +of 46°. Everything indicated a climate favorable to the vegetable kingdom. While passing in the valley, through the fine bends which the river makes, through these plains, we came to a hunting-camp of probably one hundred and fifty Indians. @@ -6086,7 +6071,7 @@ divided themselves, to approach on different sides the herd. Cautiously approaching, they fired; the effect was to alarm and divide them. Most of the herd pushed directly to the spot on the banks of the river, where the non-combatants of the party stood; and -there arose a general firing, and <i>mêlée</i> of men and buffaloes, which +there arose a general firing, and <i>mêlée</i> of men and buffaloes, which made it quite doubtful, for awhile, who stood in greatest danger of being hit by the bullets, the men or animals. I am certain the bullets whizzed about the position I occupied on the top of the @@ -6102,7 +6087,7 @@ quadrupeds.</p> On descending the river two miles, the next morning, we found ourselves opposite the mouth of Elk River, a stream coming in from the west. This point has been determined to be but four -minutes north of latitude 46° [<i>Sen. Doc.</i> 237]. A short distance +minutes north of latitude 46° [<i>Sen. Doc.</i> 237]. A short distance below the river, we passed, on the west shore, the Painted Rock, an isolated or boulder mass, having Indian devices, which we had no opportunity of examining. We were now passing down a @@ -6116,7 +6101,7 @@ and the velocity of its current increased. By what propriety of language it is called "falls" did not, however, appear; perhaps there are seasons when the descent assumes a greater degree of disturbance and velocity. To us, it appeared to be about ten feet -in a hundred and fifty yards. Here, then, in N. lat. 46°, the Mississippi +in a hundred and fifty yards. Here, then, in N. lat. 46°, the Mississippi is first visibly crossed by the primary series of rocks.</p> <p>Being now in the region of buffalo, it was decided to land in @@ -6207,7 +6192,7 @@ of St. Anthony.</p> <p>On embarking, at an early hour, we found the humidity of the night atmosphere to be such, that articles left exposed to it were -completely saturated. Yet, the temperature stood at 50° at half-past +completely saturated. Yet, the temperature stood at 50° at half-past four o'clock, the moment of our embarkation. On descending six miles we passed the mouth of the Osakis, or Sac River, a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>considerable tributary from the west, which opens a line of communication @@ -6354,10 +6339,10 @@ the best practical commentaries on the soil and climate.<a name="FNanchor_88" id to be about two thousand two hundred miles. Its position above St. Louis is estimated at nine hundred miles. Its elevation above the Gulf is but 744 feet. The precise latitude of this point -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>is 44° 52´ 46´´.<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor"> [89]</a> The atmosphere is represented as serene and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>is 44° 52´ 46´´.<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor"> [89]</a> The atmosphere is represented as serene and transparent during the summer and spring seasons, and free from the humidity which is so objectionable a trait of our eastern latitudes. -The mean temperature is 45°.<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor"> [90]</a> Its geology and mineralogy +The mean temperature is 45°.<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor"> [90]</a> Its geology and mineralogy will be noticed in my official reports. It will be sufficient here to say that the stratification, at and below St. Anthony's Falls, consists wholly of formations of sandstones and limestones, @@ -6537,10 +6522,10 @@ thousand six hundred and seventy-five; of which number he computed three thousand eight hundred to be warriors. They consist of six or seven independent tribes, or sub-tribes, bearing different names, who occupy most of the country between the -Mississippi and Missouri, between N. latitude 43° and 46°. The -Mendawekantoñs are located on the Mississippi, below the Falls of -St. Anthony and the mouth of the St. Peter's. The Sessitoñs and -Yanktoñs occupy the upper waters of the St. Peter's. The Titoñs +Mississippi and Missouri, between N. latitude 43° and 46°. The +Mendawekantoñs are located on the Mississippi, below the Falls of +St. Anthony and the mouth of the St. Peter's. The Sessitoñs and +Yanktoñs occupy the upper waters of the St. Peter's. The Titoñs only extend west of the Missouri. The several tribes regard themselves as a confederacy, which is the signification of the term Dacota. They do not acknowledge the name of Sioux as an @@ -6652,7 +6637,7 @@ of the voyage, and notices of the scenery and natural history.</p> the river six miles, we passed the mouth of the St. Croix.<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor"> [97]</a> This stream heads on high lands, which form a rim of hills around the southern and western shores of Lake Superior, where it is connected -with the River Misacoda, or Broulè of Fond du Lac. The +with the River Misacoda, or Broulè of Fond du Lac. The Namakagon, its southern branch of it, is connected with the Maskigo,<a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor"> [98]</a> or Mauvais River of La Pointe, Lake Superior. Immediately above its point of entrance into the Mississippi the St. @@ -6861,7 +6846,7 @@ picketed in, as if they were intended for defence. It is called Kipisagee by the Chippewas and Algonquin tribes generally, meaning the place of the jet or outflow of the (Wisconsin) River. It is, in popular parlance, estimated to be 300 miles below -St. Peter's, and 600 above St. Louis.<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor"> [106]</a> Its latitude is 43° 3´ 6´´. +St. Peter's, and 600 above St. Louis.<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor"> [106]</a> Its latitude is 43° 3´ 6´´. It is the seat of justice for Crawford County, having been so named in, honor of W. H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury of the U. S. It is, together with all the region west of Lake Michigan, @@ -7062,7 +7047,7 @@ which they receive a dollar per bushel.</p> <p>There are three mines in addition to those above mentioned, situated upon the Upper Mississippi, which are worked by the -Indians. They are located at Sinsinaway, at Rivière au Fevre, +Indians. They are located at Sinsinaway, at Rivière au Fevre, and at the Little Makokety. 1. Sinsinaway mines. They are situated fifteen miles below Aquoqua's Village, on the east shore of the Mississippi, at the junction of the Sinsinaway River. 2. @@ -7237,7 +7222,7 @@ By tracing the shores of the Mississippi, I found the rolled and hard agates and other quartz species, which characterize the pebble-drift of its sources, still present in the down-flowing shore-drift.</p> -<p>The aboriginal name of this place is Kipesági, an Algonquin +<p>The aboriginal name of this place is Kipesági, an Algonquin word, which is applied to the mouth or outflow of the Wisconsin River. It appears to be based on the verb <i>kipa</i>, to be thick or turbid, and <i>sauge</i>, outflow—the river at its floods, being but little @@ -7255,7 +7240,7 @@ disturbance. But it is easy to conceive, what the Indians affirm, that in its floods it is a strong and turbid mass of moving waters, against which nothing can stand. This character of the stream is believed, indeed, to be the origin of the Indian name of Wisconsin. -Miskawägumi, means a strong or mixed water, or liquid. By adding +Miskawägumi, means a strong or mixed water, or liquid. By adding to this word <i>totoshabo</i> (milk), the meaning is coagulated or turning milk; it is often used to mean brandy, which is then called strong water; by adding <i>iscodawabo</i>, the meaning is fire-water. @@ -7528,14 +7513,14 @@ contain deposits of sulphuret of lead.</p> <p>The next morning, we resumed our descent of the Fox River<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> with difficulty. It was now the 19th of August, and the waters had reached their lowest summer stage. The entire distance of -twelve miles from the Konamik to the Kákala fall may be deemed +twelve miles from the Konamik to the Kákala fall may be deemed to be, at this season, a continuous rapid. Our barge was abandoned on the rapids. While the men toiled in these rapids to get down their canoes, it was found rather a privilege to walk, for it gave a more ample opportunity to examine the mineral structure and productions of the country.</p> -<p>It was high noon when we reached the rapids of the Kákala. +<p>It was high noon when we reached the rapids of the Kákala. This is a formidable rapid, at which the river rushes with furious velocity down a rocky bed, which it seems impossible boats or canoes should ever safely descend. It demands a portage to be @@ -7554,7 +7539,7 @@ across a level fertile plain, which appeared to have been in cultivation from the earliest Indian period. Probably it had been a locality for the tribes, where they raised their favorite maize, long before the French first reached the waters of Green Bay. Evidence -of such antiquity in the plain of Kákala appeared in an +of such antiquity in the plain of Kákala appeared in an ancient cemetery of a circular shape, situated on one side of the road, on a comparatively large surface, which had reached the height of some eight or ten feet, by the mere accumulation of @@ -7575,7 +7560,7 @@ almost innumerable species of unios, many of which had been manifestly dragged to the shores and opened by the muskrat, thus serving to give hints for finding the living species. Among these, the U. obliqua, U. cornutus, U. ellipticus, U. carinatus, U. -Alatus, U. prælongus, and U. parvus, were conspicuous; the latter +Alatus, U. prælongus, and U. parvus, were conspicuous; the latter of which, it is remarked by Mr. Barnes, is the smallest and most beautiful of all the genus yet discovered in America.<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor"> [123]</a> In the duplicates, from this part of the Fox River, transmitted to Mr. @@ -7592,8 +7577,8 @@ and rising from a pit in the right; lateral teeth elevated, straight, and lamellar; anterior cicatrices distinct, posterior cicatrices confluent; dorsal cicatrices within the cavity of the shell on the base of the cardinal tooth; cavity of the beaks angular and deep; -nacre pearly white and iridescent. Diameter ·7, length 1·1, -breadth 1·3 inches."</p> +nacre pearly white and iridescent. Diameter ·7, length 1·1, +breadth 1·3 inches."</p> <p>The next morning (20th), a heavy fog in the Fox Valley detained us in our encampment till 7 o'clock. Six miles brought @@ -8018,7 +8003,7 @@ witness of this transaction, and furnished the principal facts of this narrative.</p> <p>The morning (Sept. 1) opened with a perfect gale, and we were -<i>degradè</i>, to use a Canadian term, all day; the waves dashed against +<i>degradè</i>, to use a Canadian term, all day; the waves dashed against the shore with a violence that made it impossible to take the lake with canoes, and would have rendered it perilous even to a large <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>vessel. This violence continued, with no perceptible diminution, @@ -8044,7 +8029,7 @@ New Buffalo, of Michigan, is situated, and we encamped on the shore twelve miles beyond it.</p> <p>We had been travelling on a slightly curved line from Chicago -to the spot, in the latitude of 41° 52´ 20´´, and had now reached +to the spot, in the latitude of 41° 52´ 20´´, and had now reached a point where the course tends more directly to the northeast and north. By the best accounts, the length of Lake Michigan, lying directly from south to north, is four hundred miles. There is no @@ -8169,7 +8154,7 @@ shores, for neither of these constitute a reliable locality.</p> <p class="caption">Petrified leaf of the <i>Fagus Ferruginea</i></p> -<p>Of the floræ and fauna we had been observant, but the sandy +<p>Of the floræ and fauna we had been observant, but the sandy character of the mere coast line greatly narrowed the former, in which Captain Douglass found but little to preserve, beyond the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> parnassia caroliniana and seottia cerna.<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor"> [143]</a> The fury of the waves @@ -8675,7 +8660,7 @@ be able to communicate more detailed information.</p> <h3>CHAPTER XXI.</h3> <p class="hanging indent">The search for the veritable source of the Mississippi is resumed.—Ascent to Cass -Lake, the prior point of discovery—Pursue the river westerly, through the Andrúsian +Lake, the prior point of discovery—Pursue the river westerly, through the Andrúsian Lakes and up the Metoswa Rapids, forty-five miles—Queen Anne's Lake.</p> <p>Twelve years elapse between the closing of the prior, and the @@ -8697,7 +8682,7 @@ organized at St. Mary's to carry them into immediate effect.</p> which the river originates to be visited, though the journey connected itself with preliminary questions; nor was it found practicable to extend the geographical examinations, in the -Mississippi Valley, beyond about latitude 44°.</p> +Mississippi Valley, beyond about latitude 44°.</p> <p>The force designed for this expedition consisted of twenty-seven men, including a botanist and geologist, and a small military @@ -8748,7 +8733,7 @@ of the country, where the Indians were in turmoil; but stated, at the same time, that the waters were too low in the streams at the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>sources of the Mississippi to render explorations practicable. He also represented it impracticable, this season, to enter the -Mississippi by the way of the <i>Broulé</i>, or Misakoda River. This +Mississippi by the way of the <i>Broulé</i>, or Misakoda River. This information was confirmed on reaching Chegoimegon, at the remarkable group of the Confederation Islands (<i>ante</i>, p. 105). Returning eight miles on my track, I entered the Muskigo, or @@ -8848,7 +8833,7 @@ having been exactly one day less in traversing the long line of intervening country from Sault de Ste. Marie. I proceeded directly to Grand Isle, the residence of a Chippewa band numbering 157 persons. This island was found to have a fertile soil, where they -had always raised the zea maize. Its latitude is 47° 25´ 23´´. +had always raised the zea maize. Its latitude is 47° 25´ 23´´. Not only had I reached this point ten days earlier in the month than the expedition of 1820, but it was found that the state of the water on these summits was very favorable to their ascent. Ozawindib,<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor"> [156]</a> @@ -8861,7 +8846,7 @@ my extra men permanently on this island, with the heavy canoes, Default, a trusty man, of the <i>metif</i> class, well acquainted with the Indian language, who had been a guide in 1820, and to make explorations, in the lightest class of Indian canoes, provisioned -for an _élite_ movement. Lieutenant Allen also determined to encamp +for an _élite_ movement. Lieutenant Allen also determined to encamp the United States soldiers of the party, leaving them under a sergeant. To give each gentleman of the party an opportunity of joining in this movement, it was necessary to procure five @@ -8882,20 +8867,20 @@ The chief, who was familiar with this feature, carried me to a fifty yards portage, by which we saved some miles of paddling. We reached the Mississippi at a place where it expands into an elongated lake, for which I heard no name, and -which I called Lake Andrúsia.<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor"> [158]</a> After passing through this, +which I called Lake Andrúsia.<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor"> [158]</a> After passing through this, the river appeared very much in size and volume as it had on the outlet below Cass Lake. It winds its way through the same species of natural meadows, during which there is but little current. On ascending this channel but a short distance, the river is found to display itself in a second lake—which the natives call Pamitascodiac<a name="FNanchor_159" id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor"> [159]</a>—which, in general appearance and character, -may be deemed the twin of Lake Andrúsia. On its upper margin, +may be deemed the twin of Lake Andrúsia. On its upper margin, a tract of prairie land appears, of a sandy character, bearing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>scattered pines. This appears to be the particular feature alluded to by the Indian name. About four miles above this lake, and say fifteen from Cass Lake, the rapids commence. It was eight o'clock A. M. when we reached this point, and we had then been -four hours in our canoes from the Andrúsia portage. These +four hours in our canoes from the Andrúsia portage. These rapids soon proved themselves to be formidable. Boulders of the geological drift period are frequently encountered in ascending them, and the river spreads itself over so considerable a surface @@ -8909,7 +8894,7 @@ that the camp-fire spread in the grass and leaves, and it required some activity in the men to prevent its burning the baggage. There were ten of these rapids encountered before we reached the summit, or plateau, of Lake Pemidjegumaug, which is the -<i>Lac Traverse</i> of the French. These were called the Metóswa +<i>Lac Traverse</i> of the French. These were called the Metóswa rapids, from the Indian numeral for ten.</p> <p>The term <i>Lac Traverse</i> has been repeated several times by the @@ -8922,7 +8907,7 @@ is a clear and beautiful sheet of water, twelve miles in length, from east to west, and six or seven broad, with an open forest of hard wood. It is distant forty-five miles from Cass Lake, and lies at an elevation of fifty-four feet above that lake, and of 1,456 -feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The latitude is 47° 28´ 46´´. +feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The latitude is 47° 28´ 46´´. The peculiarity recognized by the Indian name of Pemidjegumaug, or Crosswater, is found to consist in the entrance of the Mississippi into its extreme south end, and its passage through @@ -8973,8 +8958,8 @@ gave the name of Irving. Ozawindib held his way directly south through this body of water, striking the river again on its opposite shore. We had proceeded but half a mile above <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>this lake, when it was announced that we had reached the primary -forks of the Mississippi. We were now in latitude 47° 28´ -46´´. Up to this point, the river had carried its characteristics +forks of the Mississippi. We were now in latitude 47° 28´ +46´´. Up to this point, the river had carried its characteristics in a remarkable manner. Of the two primary streams before us, the one flowing from the west, or the Itascan fork, contributes by far the largest volume of water, possessing the greatest velocity @@ -8984,7 +8969,7 @@ the diagram.</p> <div class="figcenter"> <img src="images/i-232.jpg" width="450" height="367" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">Primary forks of the Mississippi River, in lat. 47° 28´ 46´´.</p> +<p class="caption">Primary forks of the Mississippi River, in lat. 47° 28´ 46´´.</p> <p>Ozawindib hesitated not a moment which branch to ascend, but shooting his canoe out of the stronger current of the Itascan @@ -9366,13 +9351,13 @@ island, which receives a small brook. Lieutenant Allen, who estimates the greatest length of the lake at seven miles, drew the following sketch of its configuration. (See p. <a href="#Page_243">243.</a>)</p> -<p>The latitude of this lake is 47° 13´ 35´´.<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor"> [162]</a> The highest grounds +<p>The latitude of this lake is 47° 13´ 35´´.<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor"> [162]</a> The highest grounds passed over by us, in our transit from the Assowa Lake, lie at an elevation of 1,695 feet. The view given of the scene in the first <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>volume of my <i>Ethnological Researches</i>, p. 146, is taken from a point north of the island, looking into the vista of the south arm of the lake. I inquired of Ozawindib the Indian name of this lake; he -replied <i>Omushkös</i>, which is the Chippewa name of the Elk.<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor"> [163]</a> +replied <i>Omushkös</i>, which is the Chippewa name of the Elk.<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor"> [163]</a> Having previously got an inkling of some of their mythological and necromantic notions of the origin and mutations of the country, which permitted the use of a female name for it, I denominated @@ -9423,7 +9408,7 @@ geography, we have known this river, computing from the era of Marquette's discovery to the present day (July 13, 1832), but one hundred and fifty-nine years—a short period, indeed! How rich a portion of the geology of the globe lies buried in the flora -and fauna of the tertiary, the middle or secondary, and the palæozoic +and fauna of the tertiary, the middle or secondary, and the palæozoic eras of its valley, we have hardly begun to inquire. It will, <i>doubtless</i>, and, so far as we know, <i>does</i>, contribute evidences to the antiquity and mutations of the earth's surface, conformably to the @@ -9442,7 +9427,7 @@ involved in the gigantic and monster-period.</p> <h3>CHAPTER XXIV.</h3> -<p class="hanging indent">Descent of the west, or Itascan branch—Kakabikoñs Falls—Junction of the Chemaun, +<p class="hanging indent">Descent of the west, or Itascan branch—Kakabikoñs Falls—Junction of the Chemaun, Peniddiwin, or De Soto, and Allenoga Rivers—Return to Cass Lake.</p> <p>Itasca Lake lies in latitude twenty-five seconds only south of @@ -9460,7 +9445,7 @@ has described as planorbis companulatus.<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168" certain species of fish, as well as the bucklers of one or two kinds of tortoise, scattered around the sites of old Indian camp fires, denoting so many points of its natural history. Amidst the forest-trees -before named, the betula papyraceæ and spruce were observed. +before named, the betula papyraceæ and spruce were observed. Directing one of the latter to be cut down, and prepared as a flagstaff, I caused the United States flag to be hoisted on it. This symbol was left flying at our departure. Ozawindib, who at @@ -9500,8 +9485,8 @@ five o'clock. The severe rapids continued, and were rendered more dangerous by limbs of trees which stretched over the stream, threatening to sweep off everything that was movable. We had been one hour passing down a perfect defile of rapids, -when we approached the Kakabikoñs Falls. <i>Kakábik</i>,<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor"> [169]</a> in the -Chippewa, means a cascade, or shoot of water over rocks. <i>Oñs</i> +when we approached the Kakabikoñs Falls. <i>Kakábik</i>,<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor"> [169]</a> in the +Chippewa, means a cascade, or shoot of water over rocks. <i>Oñs</i> is merely the diminutive, to which all the nouns of this language are subject. How formidable this little cataract might be, we could not tell. It appeared to be a swift rush of water, bolting @@ -9595,7 +9580,7 @@ Iroquois local terminal in <i>oga</i> to the name of the worthy officer who traced out the first true map of the actual sources of the Mississippi.<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173" href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor"> [173]</a> We passed the influx of the east fork, about half-past one A. M. on the 15th, traversed the Lake of Queen Anne, and -descended the whole series of the Metoswa rapids, to Lake Andrúsia, +descended the whole series of the Metoswa rapids, to Lake Andrúsia, by the hour of daybreak, and reached the island of my primary encampment, in Cass Lake, at nine o'clock in the morning. We had been eleven hours and a half in our canoes, from the time @@ -9770,7 +9755,7 @@ services of a physician to arrest one of the most fatal of diseases which have ever afflicted the Indian race. But I carried them fearlessly and openly, with the avowed purpose of peace. The canoe, itself, was an emblem of this authority, and, like the <i>oriflamme</i> -of the Mediæval Ages, cast an auspicious influence on my mission +of the Mediæval Ages, cast an auspicious influence on my mission over these bleak and wide summits, lakes, and forests, inhabited alone by fierce and predatory tribes, who acknowledged no power but force. Long before I had reached the sources of the Mississippi, @@ -9780,7 +9765,7 @@ of the United States, had taken the field at Chicago.</p> <p>Lieut. Allen paraded his men that morning with burnished arms. We could not, jointly, in an emergency, muster over forty -men, of whom a part were not reliable in a melée, but arranged +men, of whom a part were not reliable in a melée, but arranged our camp in the best manner to produce effect. Effect, indeed, it required, when the hour of the council came. Not less than one thousand souls, men, women, and children, surrounded my tent, @@ -9965,11 +9950,11 @@ and by cutting away acute turns of the bank with their paddles, made way to force the canoes into Little Long Lake, which we were twenty-four minutes in crossing. The outlet from this lake expanded, at successive intervals, into three pond-like lakes, redolent -with the nymphæ valerata; the series terminating in a +with the nymphæ valerata; the series terminating in a fourth lake, lying at the foot of elevated lands, which was called the Lake of the Mountain. At the head of the latter, we debarked on a shaking bog. At this spot commences the portage -<i>Plé</i>, which lies over a woodless and bleak hill. It is short and +<i>Plé</i>, which lies over a woodless and bleak hill. It is short and abrupt, and terminates on the banks of a deep bowl-shaped lake, where we took breakfast at twelve o'clock. We were now at the foot of elevated lands. Here began the mountain portage, so @@ -10023,18 +10008,18 @@ into a lake, called Little Vermilion, which is fringed with a growth of birch and aspen, with pines in the distance. Its outlet is fully doubled in width, and we had henceforth no more embarrassment in descending. This outlet is pursued about eight -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>miles. I noticed the tamarack on its banks, and the nymphæ +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>miles. I noticed the tamarack on its banks, and the nymphæ odorata, scirpus lacustris, and Indian reed on the margin. It expands into Birch Lake, a clear sheet, about one mile long, with pebbly bottom, interspersed with boulders. A short outlet, -in which we passed a broken fish-dam, connects it with Lac Plè. +in which we passed a broken fish-dam, connects it with Lac Plè. This lake is about three and a half miles long, exhibiting a portion of prairie on its shores, interspersed with small pines. From it, there is a portage to Ottertail Lake, the eastern source of Red River. This is the common war road of the Mukundwa against the Sioux.</p> -<p>On coming out of Lac Plè, freshwater shells began to show +<p>On coming out of Lac Plè, freshwater shells began to show themselves, chiefly species of naiades, a feature in the natural history of this stream which is afterwards common; but I observed none of much size, and they are often greatly decorticated. Four @@ -10077,7 +10062,7 @@ of <i>Illigan</i>.<a name="FNanchor_183" id="FNanchor_183" href="#Footnote_183" <p class="hanging indent">Complete the exploration of the Crow-Wing River of Minnesota—Indian council—Reach St. Anthony's Falls—Council with the Sioux—Ascent and exploration of -the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broulé, of Lake Superior—Return of the +the River St. Croix and Misakoda, or Broulé, of Lake Superior—Return of the party to St. Mary's Falls, Michigan.</p> <p>At Illigan Lake, large oaks and elms appear in the forest; its @@ -10266,7 +10251,7 @@ vitric formations of trap and greenstone of the Lake Superior drift and boulder stratum rested on this broken and angular basis.<a name="FNanchor_194" id="FNanchor_194" href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor"> [194]</a> On reaching the summit of the St. Croix, there are found vast plateaux of sand, supporting pine forests; and on descending -the Misakoda, or Brulé of Fond du Lac, the sandstone strata of that +the Misakoda, or Brulé of Fond du Lac, the sandstone strata of that basin are again encountered. This ascent was rendered arduous, from the low state of the water. I reached Snake River on the 30th, had an interview with the Buffalo chief (Pezhikee) and his @@ -10286,7 +10271,7 @@ This eminence is not, however, of artificial construction. This river, with its dependencies of Lac Vaseux, Rice Lake, and Yellow Lake, contains a Chippewa population of three hundred and eighty-two souls. We observed here the unio purpureus, which -the Indians use for spoons, after rubbing off the alatæ and rounding +the Indians use for spoons, after rubbing off the alatæ and rounding the margin. We also examined the skin of the sciurus tredacem striatus of Mitchill.</p> @@ -10309,7 +10294,7 @@ for bringing the Sioux and Chippewas into more intimate and permanent relations of peace and friendship.</p> <p>With respect to the ascent of the St. Croix, in the direction of -the Brulé, his exclamation was <i>iskutta-iskutta</i>, meaning it is +the Brulé, his exclamation was <i>iskutta-iskutta</i>, meaning it is dried up, or there is no water. Dry the channel, indeed, looked, but by leading the canoes around the shoals, all the men walking in the water, and picking out channels, we advanced about seven @@ -10320,25 +10305,25 @@ from very low water, rapid succeeding to rapid, till two o'clock P. M., when we reached the summit of a plateau, and found still water and comparatively good navigation. Five hours canoeing on this summit brought us to Kabamappa's village at -the Namakowágon, or sturgeon's dam, where we encamped. The +the Namakowágon, or sturgeon's dam, where we encamped. The chief gave us his population at 88 souls, of whom 28 were men, including the minor chief, Mukudapenas,<a name="FNanchor_196" id="FNanchor_196" href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor"> [196]</a> and his men. We had now got above all the strong rapids, and proceeded from our encampment at four o'clock, A. M., on the 2d. The river receives two tributaries, from the right hand, on this summit, namely, the Buffalo and Clearwater, and, at the distance of about ten miles -above the Namakowágon, is found to be expanded in a handsome +above the Namakowágon, is found to be expanded in a handsome lake of about six miles in extent, called Lake St. Croix. This is the source of the river. We were favored with a fair wind in passing over it, and having reached its head debarked on a marshy margin, and immediately commenced the portage to the -Brulé, or Misakoda River.<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor"> [197]</a></p> +Brulé, or Misakoda River.<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor"> [197]</a></p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span> I had now reached the summit between the St. Croix and Lake Superior. The elevation of this summit has not been scientifically -determined; but from the great fall of the Brulé, cannot be less -than 600 feet. The length of the Brulé is about 100 miles, in +determined; but from the great fall of the Brulé, cannot be less +than 600 feet. The length of the Brulé is about 100 miles, in which there are 240 distinct rapids. Some of these are from eight to ten feet each. Four of them require portages, at which all the canoes are discharged. The river itself, on looking down it, appears @@ -10693,7 +10678,7 @@ work will rank among the most important accessions which have ever been made to our national literature.</p> <p>From the Ontonagon we proceeded to the Fond du Lac, passing -the mouths of the Montreal, Mauvais, and Brulé Rivers, and entered +the mouths of the Montreal, Mauvais, and Brulé Rivers, and entered the mouth of the St. Louis, or Fond du Lac River, which forms the most considerable water communication between Lake Superior and the Mississippi.</p> @@ -10722,7 +10707,7 @@ numerous; and there is reason to suppose that silver, in small quantities, has been found.</p> <p>The communication by the Montreal with the Chippewa River, -and by the Mauvais and Brulé Rivers with the St. Croix, is +and by the Mauvais and Brulé Rivers with the St. Croix, is difficult and precarious. The routes are interrupted by long, numerous, and tedious portages, across which the boats and all their contents are transported by the men. It is doubtful whether @@ -10921,7 +10906,7 @@ he could descend to the Mississippi, and thence to St. Peter's.<a name="FNanchor <p>The St. Croix and Chippewa Rivers, entering the Mississippi above and below the Falls of St. Anthony, might, in like manner, be explored by parties from the same post.[A] The former interlocks -with the Mauvais and Brulé Rivers, but a descent into Lake Superior +with the Mauvais and Brulé Rivers, but a descent into Lake Superior would not probably be considered expedient, so that the party would necessarily ascend and descend the same stream.<a name="FNanchor_202" id="FNanchor_202" href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor"> [202]</a></p> @@ -11055,7 +11040,7 @@ preceeding, in 1819, and reduced as before</td> <td class="tdl">By 1 set of observations taken on Sugar Island, and reduced as before</td> <td class="br"></td> -<td class="tdr">42° 19 ´ 20 ´´</td> +<td class="tdr">42° 19 ´ 20 ´´</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -11114,7 +11099,7 @@ Holmes</td> <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Longitude of Mackinaw, by several sets of observations, Sept. 12, 1820</td> <td> </td> -<td class="tdl">84° 28´ 40´´</td> +<td class="tdl">84° 28´ 40´´</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Mean latitude of Sault de St. Marie, June 16, 1820</td> @@ -11244,7 +11229,7 @@ and St. Francis River</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Latitude of Fox and Ouisconsin Portage, Aug. -14 and 15, 43° 42´ 36´´; say</td> +14 and 15, 43° 42´ 36´´; say</td> <td> </td> <td class="tdl">43 42 00</td> </tr> @@ -11261,7 +11246,7 @@ Aug. 17</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Longitude of Fort Howard (some error), probably -between 87° 45´ 30´´ and</td> +between 87° 45´ 30´´ and</td> <td> </td> <td class="tdl">87 46 00</td> </tr> @@ -11402,7 +11387,7 @@ between the Mississippi River and lakes Huron and Superior. After running in a northern direction for about one hundred and twenty miles, it enters the latter at the computed distance of fifty miles west of the portage of Keweena, in north -latitude 46° 52´ 2´´, according to the observations of Capt. Douglass. +latitude 46° 52´ 2´´, according to the observations of Capt. Douglass. It is connected, by portages, with the Monomonee River of Green Bay, and with the Chippewa River of the Mississippi. At its mouth there is a village of Chippewa Indians of sixteen @@ -11517,7 +11502,7 @@ almost entirely pure."—<i>Journal of a Voyage to North America.</i></p> on the shores of Lake Superior, or on the Chippewa and St. Croix Rivers, which are noticed in his travels, without much precision, however, as to locality, &c. He did not visit the southern -shores of Lake Superior, east of the entrance of the Brulé, or +shores of Lake Superior, east of the entrance of the Brulé, or Goddard's River, but states that virgin copper is found on the Ontonagon. Of the north and northeastern shores, he remarks: "That he observed that many of the small islands were covered @@ -11938,7 +11923,7 @@ Thence we proceeded across the portage to Sandy Lake, which has an outlet into the Mississippi, and followed up the latter, through the lesser Lake Winnipek, to the entrance of the Turtle River, in Cass, or upper, Red Cedar Lake, which is laid down by -Pike in north latitude 47° 42´ 40´´.<a name="FNanchor_210" id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor"> [210]</a> The state of the water was +Pike in north latitude 47° 42´ 40´´.<a name="FNanchor_210" id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor"> [210]</a> The state of the water was unfavorable to going higher.</p> <p>From this point, which formed the terminus of the expedition, @@ -11950,7 +11935,7 @@ the Fox River, and traced the latter down to its entrance into Green Bay. At this point, the expedition separated; a part proceeding north, through the bay, to Michilimackinac, and a part going south, along the west shores of Lake Michigan, to Chicago, -the latitude of which is placed by Capt. Douglass in 41° 54´ 06´´. +the latitude of which is placed by Capt. Douglass in 41° 54´ 06´´. At this place, a further division took place. Dr. Wolcott, having reached his station, remained. Governor Cass proceeded across the peninsula of Michigan to Detroit on horseback, leaving Capt. @@ -12061,7 +12046,7 @@ The trees, thus buried in dry sand, have been preserved. In process of time, the river encroached upon these antique beds, exposing them to view. There are also antique fresh-water shells found in similar positions near this spot. No rock is, thus far, -found <i>in sitû</i> in ascending the lakes. The old surface of the +found <i>in sitû</i> in ascending the lakes. The old surface of the country is wholly of diluvial formation, except where it shows lake action.</p> @@ -12129,7 +12114,7 @@ Islands reappears, and is constantly in sight from this point to Presque Isle. It exists in connection with bituminous shale, at an island in Thunder Bay. It is of a dark carbonaceous character on the main opposite Middle Island, at a point which is -called by the Indians <i>Sho-sho-ná-bi-kó-king</i>, or Place of the Smooth +called by the Indians <i>Sho-sho-ná-bi-kó-king</i>, or Place of the Smooth Rock. I noticed at this point the cyathophyllum helianthoides in abundance, and easily detached them from the rock. The more compact portions of this formation in the approach to Presque @@ -12509,7 +12494,7 @@ parts, or constituting islands in front of them.</p> from Sault Ste. Marie to Fond du Lac is a fraction over 500 miles. The sandstone, as it appears in the Falls of the St. Mary's, does not appear to be entirely level. It exhibits an undulation of -about 8° or 10°, dipping to west-northwest. Two instances of +about 8° or 10°, dipping to west-northwest. Two instances of this waved stratification of the Lake Superior sandstone deserve notice. The first terminates at the intersection of red sand rock at la Point des Grande Sables with the beginning of the horizontal @@ -12521,7 +12506,7 @@ passing the Huron Islands, a granitic group, and directing the view, as in the sketch, to the coast and the rough granitical hills rising behind Huron Bay. The strata are level, as shown above, around the Bay of Presque Isle and Granite Point, and continue -so, resting on the roots of the granitical tract of the <i>Tötosh</i>, or +so, resting on the roots of the granitical tract of the <i>Tötosh</i>, or Schoolcraft, and Cradletop Mountains, and at Point aux Beignes, and Keweena Bay. This level position of the rock is preserved to the south cape of the shallow bay of the Bete Gre, on the @@ -12557,7 +12542,7 @@ Riviere de Fromboise.</p> appear to be all based on the sienitic or trap, with overlying red sandstone; which latter again reappears on the point of the entrance into Fond du Lac Bay, and marks its southern coast, till<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span> -near the entrance of the Brulé, or Misakoda River, as seen in the +near the entrance of the Brulé, or Misakoda River, as seen in the illustration beneath. Shores of sand then intercept its view to the entrance of the River St. Louis, and up its channel to its first rapids, about eighteen miles, where the red sandstone again @@ -12602,7 +12587,7 @@ outlines of it are taken from a point on the approach to the Ontonagon River, about forty miles distant.</p> <p>They rise to their apex about thirty miles west of that stream, -in north lat. 46° 52´ 2´´, as observed by Captain Douglass. They +in north lat. 46° 52´ 2´´, as observed by Captain Douglass. They are distant three hundred and fifty miles from St. Mary's. In a serene day they present a lofty outline, and were seen by us from the east, at the distance of about eighty miles. The Indians represent @@ -12780,7 +12765,7 @@ the richest alluvial character. From this point, dense forests and a moderately elevated soil, varying from three or four to fifteen feet, confined the view, on either side, during more than two days' march. On the third day after leaving Sandy Lake, at an early -hour, we reached the Falls of Pakágama. Here the rock strata +hour, we reached the Falls of Pakágama. Here the rock strata show themselves for the first time on the Mississippi, in a prominent ledge of quartz rock of a gray color. Through this formation the Mississippi, here narrowed to less than half its width, @@ -12791,7 +12776,7 @@ is alike impossible to ascend or descend with any species of water craft. It lies in the shape of an elbow. We made the portage on the north side.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Pakágama Summit.</span>—The observer, when he has surmounted +<p><span class="smcap">Pakágama Summit.</span>—The observer, when he has surmounted the summit, immediately enters on a theatre of savannas, level to the eye, and elevated but little above the water. Vistas of grass, reeds, and aquatic plants spread in every direction. On these @@ -12858,7 +12843,7 @@ plunges over St. Anthony's Falls.</p> <p>In this descending series of plateaux, the Cass, Leech Lake, and Little Lake Winnipec form the third and fourth levels.</p> -<p>In descending the Mississippi below the Pakágama, the first +<p>In descending the Mississippi below the Pakágama, the first stratum of rock, which rises through the delta of the river, occurs between the mouth of the Nokasippi and Elm Rivers, below the influx of the Great De Corbeau. This rock, which @@ -12881,11 +12866,11 @@ symbolically by a species of picture writing, or hieroglyphics. In allusion to this embassy, this locality was called the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> Peace Rock. This rock is sienite. It is highly crystalline, and extends several miles. Its position must be, from the best -accounts, in north latitude about 44° 30´. From this point to +accounts, in north latitude about 44° 30´. From this point to Rum River, a distance of seventy miles, no other point of the intrusion of this formation above the prairie soil was observed.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Introduction of the Palæontological Rocks.</span>—After passing +<p><span class="smcap">Introduction of the Palæontological Rocks.</span>—After passing some fifty miles below this locality there are evidences that the river, in its progress south, has now reached the vicinity of the great carboniferous and metalliferous formations, which, for @@ -12968,7 +12953,7 @@ and pond of limpid water flowing out of it.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Valley of the St. Croix.</span>—This river originates in an elevated range of the elder sand and pebble drift, which lies on the summit between the Mississippi system of formations, and the -Lake Superior basin. It communicates with the Brulé, which is +Lake Superior basin. It communicates with the Brulé, which is "Goddard's River" of Carver, and with the Mauvaise or Bad River of that basin. Specimens of native copper have been found on Snake River, one of its tributaries.<a name="FNanchor_231" id="FNanchor_231" href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor"> [231]</a></p> @@ -13054,7 +13039,7 @@ rock, perhaps thirty feet. The ore is a broad-grained cubical galena, easily reduced, and bids fair very greatly to enhance the value and resources of this section of the West.</p> -<p>Similar mines exist at Mississinawa, and the River Au Fevé,<a name="FNanchor_232" id="FNanchor_232" href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor"> [232]</a> +<p>Similar mines exist at Mississinawa, and the River Au Fevé,<a name="FNanchor_232" id="FNanchor_232" href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor"> [232]</a> both on the eastern or left bank of the Mississippi. And a system of leasing or management, such as I have suggested for the Missouri mines, appears equally desirable.</p> @@ -14462,7 +14447,7 @@ coarse-grained and <i>gritty</i>.</p> <p class="subsection">3. Coal.</p> <p><i>Slaty Coal.</i>—The only spot where this mineral has been observed, -in situ, is at La Charbonniére, on the west banks of the +in situ, is at La Charbonniére, on the west banks of the Illinois River, at the computed distance of one hundred and twenty miles south of the post of Chicago. It is here seen in horizontal strata, not exceeding two or three inches in thickness, @@ -14485,7 +14470,7 @@ coal.</p> with the above, are occasionally found around the southern shores of Lake Michigan. The inference, as to the existence of coal around the shores of this lake, is obvious. And we are led -to inquire: Does the La Charbonniére formation of coal exist in +to inquire: Does the La Charbonniére formation of coal exist in the sandstone and limestone strata forming the table-land between the Illinois River and Lake Michigan, and reappearing around the basin of the latter, but at such a depression below its surface as @@ -14501,7 +14486,7 @@ the species and order of the coal measures, favor this suggestion.</p> <p>No traces of salt are known to have been discovered in those parts of the territory of the United States situated north of latitude -46° 31´ (which is that of the Sault Ste. Marie) and <i>east</i> of +46° 31´ (which is that of the Sault Ste. Marie) and <i>east</i> of the Mississippi River. The great secondary formations which pervade the western country cease south of this general limit, and with them terminate the salt springs, the gypsum beds, the @@ -15032,7 +15017,7 @@ smelting, for the single year of 1810, was 969,376 pounds sterling. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> (See <a href="#F">Note F.</a>) The clear profits of the Dolgoath mine, one of the richest in Cornwall, for a period of five months, during the year -1805, was £18,000, which is at the rate of £43,200, or $192,000, +1805, was £18,000, which is at the rate of £43,200, or $192,000, per annum. Next to Great Britain, the most considerable mines of Europe are those of Russia, Austria, Sweden, and Westphalia, as it was in 1808. Of less importance are those of Denmark, @@ -15321,8 +15306,8 @@ WALTER BICKER,<br /> <tr> <td class="tdc br">1726 to 1735</td> <td class="tdc br"> 64,800</td> - <td class="tdr br">£ 7 15 10</td> - <td class="tdc br">£ 473,500</td> + <td class="tdr br">£ 7 15 10</td> + <td class="tdc br">£ 473,500</td> <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">700 tons</span></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -15379,8 +15364,8 @@ for a period of four years, ending with 1811.</i></p> <td class="tdc">cwt.</td> <td class="tdc">qrs.</td> <td class="tdc br">lbs.</td> -<td class="tdc br">£</td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdc br">£</td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> <td class="tdc"><i>s.</i></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -16442,7 +16427,7 @@ nucleus must have been taken up, as water of crystallization, in the primitive formations. When these were deposited, there were no vegetables formed; of course, no animals; nay, even the sea was unpeopled, for there is no trace of any organic remains in -these strata. Even the belemnites, the asteriæ, the echini, the +these strata. Even the belemnites, the asteriæ, the echini, the entrochi, the most simple forms of oceanic animal life, do not occur until the transition strata appear. Hence the propriety of denominating these formations <i>primitive</i>.</p> @@ -16479,7 +16464,7 @@ and that but sparingly; for, in that mass of muddy water, none but the lowest and most inferior grades of animal life, and such as do not inhabit deep water, could exist. Hence, we find the transition formations contain in their substances some belemnites, -asteriæ, entrochi, echini, &c., but no organized vegetable +asteriæ, entrochi, echini, &c., but no organized vegetable substance except, very rarely, in the latest rocks of this series, and no remains whatever of terrestrial animals. Indeed, in the high latitudes of the outgoings or summits of the primitive strata, @@ -16608,7 +16593,7 @@ remarks and set me right. I had supposed the Huttonians and Wernerians did not dispute about the manner in which the <i>secondary</i> rocks were formed. Macculloch, and others before him, led me into this opinion, though it may be erroneous. But -Bakewell, who is referred to as authority in <i>Rees's Cyclopædia</i>, +Bakewell, who is referred to as authority in <i>Rees's Cyclopædia</i>, says, p. 131: 'Geologists are agreed that secondary rocks have been formed by the agency of water.' If this be so, they would agree generally with the account of Dr. Cooper respecting the @@ -16743,7 +16728,7 @@ standard work may be conveniently made by botanists.</p> being left to such casual attention as members of it might find it convenient to bestow. Of the fauna of the region, it was not believed that there were any of the prominent species which were -improperly classed in the <i>Systema Naturæ</i> of Linnæus. It was +improperly classed in the <i>Systema Naturæ</i> of Linnæus. It was doubtless desirable to know something more particularly of the character and habitat of the American species of the reindeer (<i>C. sylvestris</i>) and hyena, or glutton. Perhaps something new was to @@ -16801,14 +16786,14 @@ Beyond this, the stream appears to be but little diminished, unless it be in its depth. It is eventually traced to a very large lake called Upper Lac Ceder Rouge, but to which we applied the name of Cass Lake. This is the apparent navigable source of the river, -and was our terminal point. It lies in latitude 47° 25´ 23´´.</p> +and was our terminal point. It lies in latitude 47° 25´ 23´´.</p> <p>The whole of this summit of the continent is a vast formation of drift and boulders, deposited in steps. In descending it, we found the river crossed by the primitive rocks in latitude about -46°, and it enters the great limestone formation by the cataract of +46°, and it enters the great limestone formation by the cataract of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span> -St. Anthony's Falls, in latitude 44° 58´ 40´´. We descended the +St. Anthony's Falls, in latitude 44° 58´ 40´´. We descended the river below this point, by its windings among high and picturesque cliffs, to the influx of the Wisconsin, estimated to be three hundred miles. Thence we came through the Wisconsin and Fox @@ -16863,7 +16848,7 @@ very destructive to vegetation. This appears to be the hamster of Georgia. Of the larger class of quadrupeds, we met, in the forest traversed, the black bear, deer, elk, and buffalo. The latter we encountered in large numbers, about one hundred and -fifty miles above the Falls of St. Anthony, about latitude 45°, on +fifty miles above the Falls of St. Anthony, about latitude 45°, on the east bank of the river. We landed for the chase, and had a full opportunity of observing its size, color, gait, and general appearance.</p> @@ -16891,7 +16876,7 @@ the sources of the Mississippi. Greenstone and trap are piled up in huge boulders. The most elevated rock, in place, on the sources of the Mississippi, is found to be quartzite. This is at the Falls of Pakagama. In coming down the Mississippi, soon -after passing the latitude of 46°, the river is found to have its +after passing the latitude of 46°, the river is found to have its bed on greenstones and sienites, till reaching near to the Falls of St. Anthony, where the great western horizontal limestone series begins. To facilitate the study of the latter, opportunities were @@ -16967,7 +16952,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Buffalo,</td> - <td class="tdl">Pe-zhík-i,<a name="FNanchor_254" id="FNanchor_254" href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor"> [254]</a></td> + <td class="tdl">Pe-zhÃk-i,<a name="FNanchor_254" id="FNanchor_254" href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor"> [254]</a></td> <td class="tdl">Bos Americanus. <i>Gm.</i></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -16977,12 +16962,12 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Deer (common),</td> - <td class="tdl">Wa-wash-ká-shi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wa-wash-ká-shi,</td> <td class="tdl">Cervus Virginianus. <i>Gm.</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Moose,</td> - <td class="tdl">Möz,</td> + <td class="tdl">Möz,</td> <td class="tdl">Cervus alces. <i>L.</i></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -17002,7 +16987,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Fox (red),</td> - <td class="tdl">Waú-goosh</td> + <td class="tdl">Waú-goosh</td> <td class="tdl">Canis vulpes. <i>L.</i></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -17183,7 +17168,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein <tr> <td class="tdl">Plover,</td> <td class="tdl">Tchwi-tchwish-ke-wa,</td> - <td class="tdl">Charadriûs. <i>C.</i></td> + <td class="tdl">Charadriûs. <i>C.</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Turkey,</td> @@ -17303,7 +17288,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Tulibee,</td> - <td class="tdl">O-dön-a-bee (wet-mouth).</td> + <td class="tdl">O-dön-a-bee (wet-mouth).</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Eel,</td> @@ -17312,7 +17297,7 @@ The identification of species in this list, by giving the Indian name, is herein </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Snake,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ke-ná-bik (a generic),</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke-ná-bik (a generic),</td> <td class="tdl bl" rowspan="2"> Ophidia. <i>C.</i></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -17393,7 +17378,7 @@ of the French, and the blind worm of the English. The loss of the tail of this fragile creature renders an opinion a little dubious; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span> but it is supposed to be <i>opthiosaureus</i> of Dandrige, corresponding -to the <i>anguis ventralis</i> of Linnæus, figured by Catesby.</p> +to the <i>anguis ventralis</i> of Linnæus, figured by Catesby.</p> <p>The shells afford a rich amount of an undescribed species. The whole of the univalves and bivalves received from Messrs. Schoolcraft @@ -17457,7 +17442,7 @@ Heat in 1820.</i> By <span class="smcap">Henry R. Schoolcraft</span>.</h4> discharged from the great table lands which give origin to the sources of the Mississippi was such, during the summer months of 1820, that, on reaching those altitudes in latitude but a few -minutes north of 47°, on the 21st of July, it was found impracticable +minutes north of 47°, on the 21st of July, it was found impracticable to proceed higher in tracing out its sources. Attention had been directed to the phenomena of temperatures, clouds, evaporations, and solar influences, from the opening of the year, but they @@ -17480,9 +17465,9 @@ are made.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">April 20</td> - <td class="tdc"> 64°</td> - <td class="tdc"> 73°</td> - <td class="tdc"> 60°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 64°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 73°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 60°</td> <td class="tdc">Clear.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -17556,8 +17541,8 @@ are made.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">April 30</td> - <td class="tdc"> 43°</td> - <td class="tdc"> 60°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 43°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 60°</td> <td class="tdc">Clear.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -17600,7 +17585,7 @@ are made.</p> <p>These places are but ninety miles apart, yet such is the influence of the lake winds on the temperature of the latter position, -that it denotes an atmospheric depression of temperature of 5°. +that it denotes an atmospheric depression of temperature of 5°. At the same time, the range between the maximum and minimum was exactly the same.</p> @@ -17618,9 +17603,9 @@ was exactly the same.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">May 15,</td> - <td class="tdc"> 50°</td> - <td class="tdc"> 61°</td> - <td class="tdc"> 51°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 50°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 61°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 51°</td> <td class="tdc">Fair.</td> <td class="tdr">N. E.</td> </tr> @@ -17746,12 +17731,12 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Nov. 13 to 30,</td> - <td class="tdc">41°</td> - <td class="tdc">47°</td> - <td class="tdc">41°</td> - <td class="tdc">43°</td> - <td class="tdc">31°</td> - <td class="tdc">58°</td> + <td class="tdc">41°</td> + <td class="tdc">47°</td> + <td class="tdc">41°</td> + <td class="tdc">43°</td> + <td class="tdc">31°</td> + <td class="tdc">58°</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">December,</td> @@ -17806,15 +17791,15 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> <td class="tdc">...</td> <td class="tdc">...</td> <td class="tdc">...</td> - <td class="tdc"> 51°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 51°</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr"><span class="i2"> " 25,</span></td> - <td class="tdc"> 47°</td> - <td class="tdc"> 56°</td> - <td class="tdc"> 56°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 47°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 56°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 56°</td> <td class="tdc">...</td> - <td class="tdc"> 46°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 46°</td> <td class="tdc">...</td> <td class="tdc">Clear. Wind N. W.</td> </tr> @@ -17823,7 +17808,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> <td class="tdc">...</td> <td class="tdc">52</td> <td class="tdc">53</td> - <td class="tdc"> 56°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 56°</td> <td class="tdc">45</td> <td class="tdc">...</td> <td class="tdc">Clear. Wind N. W.</td> @@ -17846,8 +17831,8 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdt">May 25,</td> - <td class="tdl"> at 6 A. M., 49°</td> - <td class="tdl">at 12 M., 54°</td> + <td class="tdl"> at 6 A. M., 49°</td> + <td class="tdl">at 12 M., 54°</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr"><span class="i1">" 26,</span></td> @@ -17858,7 +17843,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> <td class="tdr"><span class="i1">" 27,</span></td> <td class="tdl">at 8 A. M., 54</td> <td class="tdl">at 12 M., 55</td> - <td class="tdl">at 8 P. M., 50°</td> + <td class="tdl">at 8 P. M., 50°</td> </tr> </table> @@ -17868,19 +17853,19 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="br"> </td> - <td class="bt br bb">5<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">6<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">8<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">9<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">11<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">12<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">1<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">2<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">3<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">5<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">6<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">7<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> - <td class="bt br bb">8<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">5<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">6<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">8<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">9<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">11<br />A.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">12<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">1<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">2<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">3<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">5<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">6<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">7<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> + <td class="bt br bb">8<br />P.<br />M.<br />°</td> <td class="bt br bb">A<br /> v<br /> e<br /> @@ -17993,7 +17978,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> <td class="tdl br">..</td> <td class="tdl br">50</td> <td class="tdl br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br"> 5½</td> + <td class="tdl br"> 5½</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl br">" 3</td> @@ -18010,7 +17995,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> <td class="tdl br">..</td> <td class="tdl br">47</td> <td class="tdl br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br">52½</td> + <td class="tdl br">52½</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl br">" 4</td> @@ -18045,7 +18030,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> <td class="tdl br">44</td> <td class="tdl br">..</td> <td class="tdl br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br">49½</td> + <td class="tdl br">49½</td> <td>Flying clouds. Wind strong; N. W.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -18063,7 +18048,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> <td class="tdl br">46</td> <td class="tdl br">..</td> <td class="tdl br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br">50½</td> + <td class="tdl br">50½</td> <td>Clear. Wind Strong; N. W.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -18101,10 +18086,10 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td>May 28,</td> - <td>at 5 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 55°</td> - <td>at 12 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 58°</td> - <td>at 7 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, 56°</td> - <td>56°</td> + <td>at 5 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 55°</td> + <td>at 12 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 58°</td> + <td>at 7 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, 56°</td> + <td>56°</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="i1"> " 29,</span></td> @@ -18132,7 +18117,7 @@ the atmosphere was agreeable to the following statement:—</p> <td>at 8 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 50</td> <td>at 12 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, 52</td> <td>at 6 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, 49</td> - <td>50½</td> + <td>50½</td> </tr> </table> @@ -18175,12 +18160,12 @@ D.</td> <td class="tdl br">June 7</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 59°</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 61°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 59°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 61°</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 59°</td> - <td class="tdl br">59½</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 59°</td> + <td class="tdl br">59½</td> <td class="tdl br">Clear.</td> <td class="tdl">W. N. W.</td> </tr> @@ -18190,7 +18175,7 @@ D.</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">59</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 64°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 64°</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">59</td> <td class="tdl br">60</td> @@ -18204,15 +18189,15 @@ D.</td> <td class="tdc br">53</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 53°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 53°</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> - <td class="tdl br">52½</td> + <td class="tdl br">52½</td> <td class="tdl br">Cloudy with rain.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl br">" 10</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 55°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 55°</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">60</td> @@ -18250,7 +18235,7 @@ D.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl br">" 13</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 53°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 53°</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">63</td> @@ -18397,7 +18382,7 @@ S.</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br">70½</td> + <td class="tdl br">70½</td> <td class="tdl">Stormy and rain. Wind N. W.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -18421,7 +18406,7 @@ S.</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br">71½</td> + <td class="tdl br">71½</td> <td class="tdl">Stormy and rain. Wind N. W. Hurricane at night.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -18469,7 +18454,7 @@ S.</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br">55½</td> + <td class="tdl br">55½</td> <td class="tdl">Clear. Wind light from N. W.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -18493,7 +18478,7 @@ S.</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">70</td> - <td class="tdl br">67½</td> + <td class="tdl br">67½</td> <td class="tdl">Clear. Wind S. E.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -18541,7 +18526,7 @@ S.</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">53</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br">62½</td> + <td class="tdl br">62½</td> <td class="tdl">Clear. Wind N. W.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -18613,7 +18598,7 @@ S.</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br">79½</td> + <td class="tdl br">79½</td> <td class="tdl">Sky clear. Wind N. W.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -18685,7 +18670,7 @@ S.</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> <td class="tdc br">..</td> - <td class="tdl br">67½</td> + <td class="tdl br">67½</td> <td class="tdl">Misty. Wind light at N. N. W.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -18777,12 +18762,12 @@ S.</td> average.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">June 20, at 6 P.M., 55°</td> + <td class="tdl">June 20, at 6 P.M., 55°</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">" 21, at 10 A.M., 60</span></td> - <td class="tdl">at 6 P.M., 56°</td> - <td class="tdl">at 9 P.M., 56°</td> + <td class="tdl">at 6 P.M., 56°</td> + <td class="tdl">at 9 P.M., 56°</td> <td> </td> <td class="tdl">57</td> </tr> @@ -18834,7 +18819,7 @@ S.</td> <tr> <td class="td"> <ul> - <li>Superior 62°</li> + <li>Superior 62°</li> <li><span class="i2">at 6 P.M.,</span><span class="i1">Lake 72</span></li> <li>Ontonagon 54<span class="i1">River 71</span></li> </ul> @@ -18857,7 +18842,7 @@ S.</td> <li>Lake <span class="i3"> 64</span></li> <li>River <span class="i3">68</span></li> <li><span class="i1">at 1 P.M., River 76</span></li> - <li><span class="i3">at 7 P.M., 75°</span></li> + <li><span class="i3">at 7 P.M., 75°</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> @@ -18903,12 +18888,12 @@ have also characterized the entire length of Lake Superior. The atmosphere observed at three separate times, during twenty-four days, by Fahrenheit's thermometer, during the months of June and July, has varied from an average temperature -of 62° to 88°, agreeable to masses of clouds interposed to +of 62° to 88°, agreeable to masses of clouds interposed to the rays of the sun, and to shifting currents of wind, which have often suddenly intervened. Its waters, spreading for a length of five hundred miles from E. to W., observed during the same time by as many immersions of the instrument, has not varied more -than two degrees below or above the average temperature of 55° +than two degrees below or above the average temperature of 55° in mere surface observations.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span></p> @@ -18933,17 +18918,17 @@ in mere surface observations.</p> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 76°</td> - <td class="tdc br">80°</td> - <td class="tdc br">79°</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 78°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 76°</td> + <td class="tdc br">80°</td> + <td class="tdc br">79°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 78°</td> <td>Morning rainy, then fair.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr br"><span class="i1">" 18</span></td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> - <td class="tdc br"> 51°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 51°</td> <td class="tdc br">64</td> <td class="tdc br">66</td> <td class="tdc br">53</td> @@ -19027,7 +19012,7 @@ in mere surface observations.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr br"><span class="i1">" 26</span></td> - <td class="tdc br"> 61°</td> + <td class="tdc br"> 61°</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> @@ -19072,7 +19057,7 @@ in mere surface observations.</p> <tr> <td class="tdr br"><span class="i1">" 30</span></td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> - <td class="tdc br">60°</td> + <td class="tdc br">60°</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">76</td> @@ -19129,9 +19114,9 @@ in mere surface observations.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">July 15,</td> - <td class="tdc"> 61°</td> - <td class="tdc"> 79°</td> - <td class="tdc"> 64°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 61°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 79°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 64°</td> <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">S.</span></td> <td class="tdl">Clear; fair.</td> </tr> @@ -19283,10 +19268,10 @@ in mere surface observations.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Jan. 1,</td> - <td class="tdc">4°</td> - <td class="tdl">11°</td> - <td class="tdl">10°</td> - <td class="tdl"> 0°</td> + <td class="tdc">4°</td> + <td class="tdl">11°</td> + <td class="tdl">10°</td> + <td class="tdl"> 0°</td> <td class="tdl">W. N. W.</td> <td class="tdl">Cloudy; light snow; first ice in the river, 14 inches thick; none in the lake.</td> </tr> @@ -19576,7 +19561,7 @@ in mere surface observations.</p> <td class="tdl">29</td> <td class="tdl">20</td> <td class="tdl">E. N. E.</td> - <td class="tdl">Snow-storm; ice 18¾ inches on river.</td> + <td class="tdl">Snow-storm; ice 18¾ inches on river.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">"<span class="i1">3,</span></td> @@ -19959,7 +19944,7 @@ in mere surface observations.</p> <p>Agreeable to a register kept at Council Bluffs during the month of January, 1820, the highest and lowest temperature at -that place were, respectively, 36° and 22°, the month giving a +that place were, respectively, 36° and 22°, the month giving a mean of 17.89. Compared with the observed temperature, for the same month, at the following positions in the United States, both east and west of the Alleghanies, the Missouri Valley reveals @@ -19976,9 +19961,9 @@ agriculture.<a name="FNanchor_264" id="FNanchor_264" href="#Footnote_264" class= </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Council Bluffs</td> - <td class="tdc"> 17.89°</td> - <td class="tdc">36°</td> - <td class="tdc">22°</td> + <td class="tdc"> 17.89°</td> + <td class="tdc">36°</td> + <td class="tdc">22°</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Wooster</td> @@ -20070,11 +20055,11 @@ agriculture.<a name="FNanchor_264" id="FNanchor_264" href="#Footnote_264" class= <tr> <td class="tdl">Council Bluffs,</td> <td class="tdl">lat.</td> - <td class="tdl">41°</td> - <td class="tdl">45´,</td> + <td class="tdl">41°</td> + <td class="tdl">45´,</td> <td class="tdc">long.</td> - <td class="tdl">19°</td> - <td class="tdl">50´</td> + <td class="tdl">19°</td> + <td class="tdl">50´</td> <td class="tdl">W. of the capitol.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -20099,10 +20084,10 @@ agriculture.<a name="FNanchor_264" id="FNanchor_264" href="#Footnote_264" class= </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Difference of lat.</td> - <td class="tdl">13°</td> - <td class="tdl">48´.</td> + <td class="tdl">13°</td> + <td class="tdl">48´.</td> <td> </td> - <td class="tdl">Difference of long. 26°.</td> + <td class="tdl">Difference of long. 26°.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -20915,7 +20900,7 @@ never on short vowels; such accented vowels are always significant, and if they are repeated in a compound word, the accents are also repeated, the only difference being that there are primary and secondary accents. Thus, in the long descriptive name for a horse, -<i>Pa-bá-zhik-ó-ga-zhé</i>, which is compounded of a numeral term and +<i>Pa-bá-zhik-ó-ga-zhé</i>, which is compounded of a numeral term and two nouns, meaning, the animal with solid hoofs; there are three accents, the first of which is primary, while the others succeed each other with decreased intensity. By a table of words which @@ -20974,11 +20959,11 @@ plural, and can only be added to words of the vital class. Besides, if the verb or noun to be made plural does not end in a vowel, but in a consonant, the <i>g</i> cannot be added without interposing a vowel. It results, therefore, that the vowel class -of words have their plurals in _äg_, <i>eeg</i>, <i>ig</i>, <i>og</i>, or <i>ug</i>. But, if the +of words have their plurals in _äg_, <i>eeg</i>, <i>ig</i>, <i>og</i>, or <i>ug</i>. But, if the class of words be non-vital and numerical, the plural is made in the letter <i>n</i>. But this letter cannot, as in the other form, be added, unless the word terminate in a vowel, when the regular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span> -plurals are _än_, <i>een</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>on</i>, or <i>un</i>. This simple principle clears up +plurals are _än_, <i>een</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>on</i>, or <i>un</i>. This simple principle clears up one cause of perplexity in the conjugations, and denotes a philosophical method, which divides the whole vocabulary into two classes; while this provision <i>supersedes</i>, it answers the purpose of @@ -21003,8 +20988,8 @@ of gender becomes lost in that of vitality.</p> <p>7. <i>Active and passive voices.</i>—The distinction between these two classes of verbs is made by the inflection <i>ego</i>. By adding this form to the active verb, its action is reversed, and thrown back -on the nominative. Thus, the verb to carry is <i>nim bemön</i>, I -carry; <i>nim bemön-ego</i>, I am carried. <i>Adowawa</i> is the act of +on the nominative. Thus, the verb to carry is <i>nim bemön</i>, I +carry; <i>nim bemön-ego</i>, I am carried. <i>Adowawa</i> is the act of thumping, as a log by the waves on the shore._ Adowawa-ego_ is a log that is thumped by the waves on shore. <i>Nesaugeah</i>, I love; <i>Nesaugeigo</i>, I am loved. In the latter phrase, the personal @@ -21029,11 +21014,11 @@ walking.</p> <p>The general want of the substantive verb, in their colloquial phrases, constantly leads to imperfect forms of syntax. Thus, -<i>nëbä</i> is the indicative, first person of the verb to sleep; but -if the term, I am sleeping, be required, the phrase is <i>ne nëbä</i>, -simply, I sleep. So, too, <i>tshägiz</i> is the first person indicative to +<i>nëbä</i> is the indicative, first person of the verb to sleep; but +if the term, I am sleeping, be required, the phrase is <i>ne nëbä</i>, +simply, I sleep. So, too, <i>tshägiz</i> is the first person indicative to burn; but the colloquial phrase, I am burned, or burning, is <i>nen -tshägiz</i>—the verb remaining in the indicative, and not taking the +tshägiz</i>—the verb remaining in the indicative, and not taking the participle form.</p> <p>It is not common to address persons by their familiar names, @@ -21316,16 +21301,16 @@ that animate nouns require animate verbs for their nominatives, animate adjectives to express their qualities, and animate demonstrative pronouns to mark the distinctions of person. Thus, if we say, "I see a man; I see a house," the termination of the verb must -be changed. What was in the first instance <i>wâb imâ</i>, is altered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span> -to <i>wâb indân</i>. <i>Wâb</i>, is here the infinitive, but the root of this +be changed. What was in the first instance <i>wâb imâ</i>, is altered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span> +to <i>wâb indân</i>. <i>Wâb</i>, is here the infinitive, but the root of this verb is still more remote. If the question occurs "Is it a good man, or a good house," the adjective, which, in the inanimate form -is <i>onishish-í</i>, is, in the animate <i>onishish-i[n']</i>. If the question be put, -"Is it this man, or this house," the pronoun <i>this</i>, which is <i>mâ bum</i>, -in the animate, is changed to <i>mâ ndun</i>, in the inanimate.</p> +is <i>onishish-Ã</i>, is, in the animate <i>onishish-i[n']</i>. If the question be put, +"Is it this man, or this house," the pronoun <i>this</i>, which is <i>mâ bum</i>, +in the animate, is changed to <i>mâ ndun</i>, in the inanimate.</p> <p>Nouns animate embrace the tribes of quadrupeds, birds, fishes, -insects, reptiles, crustacæ, the sun, and moon, and stars, thunder, +insects, reptiles, crustacæ, the sun, and moon, and stars, thunder, and lightning, for these are personified; and whatever either possesses animal life, or is endowed, by the peculiar opinions and superstitions of the Indians, with it. In the vegetable kingdom, @@ -21405,8 +21390,8 @@ modes of indicating it, as the Odjibwa. There are as many modes of forming the plural, as there are vowel sounds, yet there is no distinction between a limited and unlimited plural; although there is, in the pronoun, an <i>inclusive</i> and an <i>exclusive</i> plural. Whether -we say <i>man</i> or <i>men</i>, <i>two men</i> or <i>twenty men</i>, the singular <i>inin´i</i>, and -the plural <i>nin´iwug</i>, remains the same. But if we say <i>we</i>, or <i>us</i>, +we say <i>man</i> or <i>men</i>, <i>two men</i> or <i>twenty men</i>, the singular <i>inin´i</i>, and +the plural <i>nin´iwug</i>, remains the same. But if we say <i>we</i>, or <i>us</i>, or <i>our men</i> (who are present), or <i>we</i>, or <i>us</i>, or <i>our Indians</i> (in general), the plural <i>we</i>, and <i>us</i>, and <i>our</i>—for they are rendered by the same form—admit of a change to indicate whether the objective @@ -21417,7 +21402,7 @@ carries its distinctions, by means of the pronouns, separable and inseparable, into the verbs and substantives, creating the necessity of double conjugations and double declensions, in the plural forms of the first person. Thus, the term for "Our Father," which, in -the inclusive form is <i>Kósinân</i>, is, in the exclusive, <i>Nósinân</i>.</p> +the inclusive form is <i>Kósinân</i>, is, in the exclusive, <i>Nósinân</i>.</p> <p>The particular plural, which is thus, by the transforming power of the language, carried from the pronoun into the texture of the @@ -21429,8 +21414,8 @@ substantives are distinguished into animate and inanimate. Without this additional power, all nouns plural would end in the vowels <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>. But to mark the gender, the letter <i>g</i> is added to animates, and the letter <i>n</i> to inanimates, making the plurals -of the first class terminate in _âg_, <i>eeg</i>, <i>ig</i>, _ôg_, <i>ug</i>, and of the second -class in _ân_, <i>een</i>, <i>in</i>, _ôn_, <i>un</i>. Ten modes of forming the plural are +of the first class terminate in _âg_, <i>eeg</i>, <i>ig</i>, _ôg_, <i>ug</i>, and of the second +class in _ân_, <i>een</i>, <i>in</i>, _ôn_, <i>un</i>. Ten modes of forming the plural are thus provided, five of which are animate, and five inanimate plurals. A strong and clear line of distinction is thus drawn between the two classes of words; so unerring, indeed, in its application, @@ -21447,7 +21432,7 @@ of the plurals.</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="4">Animate Plural.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">a. Odjibwâi,</td> + <td class="tdl">a. Odjibwâi,</td> <td class="tdl">a Chippewa.</td> <td class="tdl">Odjibwaig,</td> <td class="tdl">Chippewas.</td> @@ -21459,15 +21444,15 @@ of the plurals.</p> <td class="tdl">Flies.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">i. Kosénan,</td> + <td class="tdl">i. Kosénan,</td> <td class="tdl">Our father, (in.)</td> - <td class="tdl">Kosenân-ig,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kosenân-ig,</td> <td class="tdl">Our fathers, (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">o. Ahmô,</td> + <td class="tdl">o. Ahmô,</td> <td class="tdl">a Bee.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ahm-ôg,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ahm-ôg,</td> <td class="tdl">Bees.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -21483,15 +21468,15 @@ of the plurals.</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="4">Inanimate Plural.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">a. Ishkôdai,</td> + <td class="tdl">a. Ishkôdai,</td> <td class="tdl">Fire.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ishkôdain,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ishkôdain,</td> <td class="tdl">Fires.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">e. Wadôp,</td> + <td class="tdl">e. Wadôp,</td> <td class="tdl">Alder.</td> - <td class="tdl">Wadôp-een,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wadôp-een,</td> <td class="tdl">Alders.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -21501,9 +21486,9 @@ of the plurals.</p> <td class="tdl">Fruits.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">o. Nôdin,</td> + <td class="tdl">o. Nôdin,</td> <td class="tdl">Wind.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nôdin-ôn,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nôdin-ôn,</td> <td class="tdl">Winds.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -21520,8 +21505,8 @@ gender. In other instances, as in <i>peenai</i>, a partridge—<i>seebi</i>, requires a consonant to precede the plural vowel, in conformity with a rule previously stated. Thus, <i>peenai</i>, is rendered <i>peenai-wug</i>—and <i>seebi</i>, <i>seebi-wun</i>. Where the noun singular terminates -in the broad, instead of the long sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>ogimâ</i>, -a chief, <i>ishpatinâ</i>, a hill, the plural is <i>ogim-ag</i>, <i>ishpatinân</i>. But +in the broad, instead of the long sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>ogimâ</i>, +a chief, <i>ishpatinâ</i>, a hill, the plural is <i>ogim-ag</i>, <i>ishpatinân</i>. But these are mere modifications of two of the above forms, and are by no means entitled to be considered as additional plurals.</p> @@ -21530,9 +21515,9 @@ may be enumerated:—</p> <table id="language2" summary="more plural"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Missun´,</td> + <td class="tdl">Missun´,</td> <td class="tdl">Firewood.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ussáimâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ussáimâ,</td> <td class="tdl">Tobacco.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -21542,21 +21527,21 @@ may be enumerated:—</p> <td class="tdl">Sand.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Méjim,</td> + <td class="tdl">Méjim,</td> <td class="tdl">Food.</td> <td class="tdl">Ahwun,</td> <td class="tdl">Mist.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kôn,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kôn,</td> <td class="tdl">Snow.</td> <td class="tdl">Kimmiwun,</td> <td class="tdl">Rain.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mishk´wi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mishk´wi,</td> <td class="tdl">Blood.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ossâkumig,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ossâkumig,</td> <td class="tdl">Moss.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -21584,8 +21569,8 @@ requiring no change of these simple forms—no prefixes and no inflections. But it will be seen, at a glance, how very limited such an application of words must be, in a transpositive language.</p> -<p>Thus <i>mang</i> and <i>kâg</i> (loon and porcupine) take the plural inflection -<i>wug</i>, becoming <i>mang wug</i> and <i>kâg wug</i> (loons and porcupines). +<p>Thus <i>mang</i> and <i>kâg</i> (loon and porcupine) take the plural inflection +<i>wug</i>, becoming <i>mang wug</i> and <i>kâg wug</i> (loons and porcupines). So, in their pronominal declension:—</p> <table id="language3" summary="more plural2"> @@ -21601,12 +21586,12 @@ So, in their pronominal declension:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">My porcupine</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni gâg</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni gâg</td> <td class="tdl">oom</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Thy porcupine</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki gâg</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki gâg</td> <td class="tdl">oom</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -21623,30 +21608,30 @@ So, in their pronominal declension:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">My porcupines</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni gâg</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni gâg</td> <td class="tdl">oom</td> <td class="tdl">ug</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Thy porcupines</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki gâg</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki gâg</td> <td class="tdl">oom</td> <td class="tdl">ug</td> </tr> </table> <p>But his loon, or loons (<i>o many oom un</i>), his porcupine or porcupines -(<i>o gâg oom un</i>), are without number. The rule applies +(<i>o gâg oom un</i>), are without number. The rule applies equally to the class of words in which the pronouns are inseparable. -Thus, my father and thy father, <i>nôs</i> and <i>kôs</i>, become my +Thus, my father and thy father, <i>nôs</i> and <i>kôs</i>, become my fathers and thy fathers, by the numerical inflection <i>ug</i>, forming -<i>nôsug</i> and <i>kôsug</i>. But _ôsun_, his father or fathers, is vague, and +<i>nôsug</i> and <i>kôsug</i>. But _ôsun_, his father or fathers, is vague, and does not indicate whether there be one father or twenty fathers. The inflection <i>un</i>, merely denotes the <i>object</i>. The rule also applies equally to sentences in which the noun is governed by or governs -the verb. Whether we say, "I saw a bear," <i>ningi wâbumâ mukwah</i>, -or "a bear saw me," <i>mukwah ningi wâbumig</i>, the noun, itself, -undergoes no change, and its number is definite. But <i>ogi wâbumân +the verb. Whether we say, "I saw a bear," <i>ningi wâbumâ mukwah</i>, +or "a bear saw me," <i>mukwah ningi wâbumig</i>, the noun, itself, +undergoes no change, and its number is definite. But <i>ogi wâbumân muk-wun</i>, "he saw bear," is indefinite, although both the verb and the noun have changed their endings. And if the narrator does not subsequently determine the number, the hearer is either @@ -21656,12 +21641,12 @@ want of precision, which would seem to be fraught with so much confusion, appears to be obviated in practice, by the employment of adjectives, by numerical inflections in the relative words of the sentence, by the use of the indefinite article, <i>paizhik</i>, or by -demonstrative pronouns. Thus, <i>paizhik mukwun ogi wâbumân</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[461]</a></span> +demonstrative pronouns. Thus, <i>paizhik mukwun ogi wâbumân</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[461]</a></span> conveys with certainty the information "he saw <i>a</i> bear." But in this sentence both the noun and the verb retain the objective inflections, as in the former instances. These inflections are not uniformly <i>un</i>, but sometimes <i>een</i>, as in <i>ogeen</i>, his mother, and -sometimes _ôn_, as in <i>odakeek-ôn</i>, his kettle, in all which instances, +sometimes _ôn_, as in <i>odakeek-ôn</i>, his kettle, in all which instances, however, the number is left indeterminate. It may hence be observed, and it is a remark which we shall presently have occasion to corroborate, that the plural inflection to inanimate nouns @@ -21689,7 +21674,7 @@ features which impart to the language its peculiar character.</p> founded upon a modification of the five vowel sounds. Possessives are likewise founded upon the basis of the vowel sounds. There are five declensions of the noun to mark the possessive, -ending in the possessive in _âm_, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _ôm_, <i>um</i>, <i>oom</i>. Where the +ending in the possessive in _âm_, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _ôm_, <i>um</i>, <i>oom</i>. Where the nominative ends with a vowel, the possessive is made by adding the letter <i>m</i>, as in <i>maimai</i>, a woodcock, <i>ni maimaim</i>, my woodcock, &c. Where the nominative ends in a consonant, as in <i>ais</i>, @@ -21697,8 +21682,8 @@ a shell, the full possessive inflection is required, making <i>nin daisim</i>, my shell. In the latter form, the consonant <i>d</i> is interposed between the pronoun and noun, and sounded with the noun, in conformity with a general rule. Where the nominative ends in -the broad in lieu of the long sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>ogimâ</i>, a chief, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[462]</a></span> -possessive is _âm_. The sound of <i>i</i>, in the third declension, is that +the broad in lieu of the long sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>ogimâ</i>, a chief, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[462]</a></span> +possessive is _âm_. The sound of <i>i</i>, in the third declension, is that of <i>i</i> in pin, and the sound of <i>u</i>, in the fifth declension, is that of <i>u</i> in bull. The latter will be uniformly represented by <i>oo</i>.</p> @@ -21713,7 +21698,7 @@ as knife, bowl, paddle, &c.</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Nominative.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ishkôdai,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ishkôdai,</td> <td class="tdl">Fire.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -21740,22 +21725,22 @@ as knife, bowl, paddle, &c.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> <td class="tdl">Ki</td> - <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-inân. (in.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-inân. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">—</td> <td class="tdl">Ni</td> - <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-inân. (ex.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-inân. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Your,</td> <td class="tdl">Ki</td> - <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-iwâ.</td> + <td class="tdl">Dishkod-aim-iwâ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Their,</td> <td class="tdl">O</td> - <td class="tdl">Dishko-aim-iwâ.</td> + <td class="tdl">Dishko-aim-iwâ.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -21764,29 +21749,29 @@ the separable pronouns before them as follows:—</p> <table id="nouns3" summary="exceptions"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Môkoman,</td> + <td class="tdl">Môkoman,</td> <td class="tdl">A Knife.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ni môkoman,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni môkoman,</td> <td class="tdl">My Knife.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ki môkoman,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki môkoman,</td> <td class="tdl">Thy Knife.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">O môkoman,</td> + <td class="tdl">O môkoman,</td> <td class="tdl">His Knife, &c.</td> </tr> </table> <p>Animate substantives are declined precisely in the same manner as inanimate, except in the third person, which takes to the possessive -inflections, <i>aim</i>, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _ôm_, <i>oom</i>, the objective particle <i>un</i>, +inflections, <i>aim</i>, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _ôm_, <i>oom</i>, the objective particle <i>un</i>, denoting the compound inflection of this person, both in the -singular and plural, <i>aimun</i>, <i>eemun</i>, <i>imun</i>, _ômun_, <i>oomun</i>, and the -variation of the first vowel sound, _âmun_. Thus, to furnish an +singular and plural, <i>aimun</i>, <i>eemun</i>, <i>imun</i>, _ômun_, <i>oomun</i>, and the +variation of the first vowel sound, _âmun_. Thus, to furnish an example of the second declension, <i>bizhiki</i>, a bison, changes its forms to <i>nim</i>, <i>bizhik-im</i>, my bison—<i>ke bizhik-im</i>, thy bison, <i>O bizhik-imun</i>, his bison, or bisons.</p> @@ -21795,13 +21780,13 @@ his bison, or bisons.</p> left for future inquiry. But we may add further examples in aid of it. We cannot simply say, "The chief has killed a bear," or, to reverse the object upon which the energy of the verb is exerted, -"The bear has killed a chief." But, <i>ogimâ ogi nissân muk-wun</i>, +"The bear has killed a chief." But, <i>ogimâ ogi nissân muk-wun</i>, literally, "Chief he has has killed him bear," or, <i>mukwah ogi</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[463]</a></span> -<i>nissân ogimân</i>, "Bear he has killed him chief." Here the verb -and the noun are both objective in <i>un</i>, which is sounded _ân_, where -it comes after the broad sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>nissân</i>, objective of the +<i>nissân ogimân</i>, "Bear he has killed him chief." Here the verb +and the noun are both objective in <i>un</i>, which is sounded _ân_, where +it comes after the broad sound of <i>a</i>, as in <i>nissân</i>, objective of the verb to kill. If we confer the powers of the English possessive -(_'s_), upon the inflections <i>aim</i>, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _ôm_, <i>oom</i>, and _âm_, respectively, +(_'s_), upon the inflections <i>aim</i>, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _ôm_, <i>oom</i>, and _âm_, respectively, and the meaning of <i>him</i>, and of course <i>he</i>, <i>her</i>, <i>his</i>, <i>hers</i>, <i>they</i>, <i>theirs</i> (as there is no declension of the pronoun, and no number to the third person), upon the objective particle <i>un</i>, we shall then translate @@ -21826,14 +21811,14 @@ fact, that it retains its connection with the noun, whether the latter follow or precede the verb, or whatever its position in the sentence may be.</p> -<p>Thus we can, without any perplexity in the meaning say, <i>Waimittigôzhiwug -ogi sagiân Pontiac-un</i>, "Frenchmen, they did love -Pontiac him." Or to reverse it, <i>Pontiac-un Waimittigôzhiwug ogi -sagiân</i>, "Pontiac, he did Frenchmen he loved." The termination +<p>Thus we can, without any perplexity in the meaning say, <i>Waimittigôzhiwug +ogi sagiân Pontiac-un</i>, "Frenchmen, they did love +Pontiac him." Or to reverse it, <i>Pontiac-un Waimittigôzhiwug ogi +sagiân</i>, "Pontiac, he did Frenchmen he loved." The termination <i>un</i>, in both instances, clearly determines the object beloved. So -in the following instance, <i>Sagunoshug ogi sagiân Tecumseh-un</i>, +in the following instance, <i>Sagunoshug ogi sagiân Tecumseh-un</i>, "Englishmen, they did love Tecumseh," or <i>Tecumseh-un Sagunoshug -oji sagiân</i>, "Tecumseh, he did Englishmen he loved."</p> +oji sagiân</i>, "Tecumseh, he did Englishmen he loved."</p> <p>In tracing the operation of this rule, through the doublings of the language, it is necessary to distinguish every modification of @@ -21846,13 +21831,13 @@ meaning.</p> <div class="language"> <ul> -<li>Wâbojeeg ogi meegân-ân nâdowaisi-wun.</li> -<li>Wâbojeeg fought his enemies. L.<a name="FNanchor_271" id="FNanchor_271" href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor"> [271]</a> W. he did fight them, his enemy, or enemies.</li> -<li>O sâgi-ân inini-wun.</li> +<li>Wâbojeeg ogi meegân-ân nâdowaisi-wun.</li> +<li>Wâbojeeg fought his enemies. L.<a name="FNanchor_271" id="FNanchor_271" href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor"> [271]</a> W. he did fight them, his enemy, or enemies.</li> +<li>O sâgi-ân inini-wun.</li> <li>He, or she, loves a man. L. He, or she, loves him-man, or men.</li> -<li>Kigo-yun waindji pimmâdizziwâd.</li> +<li>Kigo-yun waindji pimmâdizziwâd.</li> <li>They subsist on fish. L. Fish or fishes, they upon them, they live.</li> -<li>Ontwa o sagiân odi-yun.</li> +<li>Ontwa o sagiân odi-yun.</li> <li>Ontwa loves his dog. L. O. he loves him, his dog, or dogs.</li> </ul> </div> @@ -21863,11 +21848,11 @@ speaker to utter the final vowel of the substantive, and the inflective vowel, without placing both under the accent. It is to be remarked in these examples, that the verb has a corresponding inflection with the noun, indicated by the final consonant <i>n</i>, as in -<i>sagiâ-n</i>, objective of the verb <i>to love</i>. This is merely a modification +<i>sagiâ-n</i>, objective of the verb <i>to love</i>. This is merely a modification of <i>un</i>, where it is requisite to employ it after broad <i>a</i> (<i>aw</i>), and it is applicable to nouns as well as verbs whenever they end -in that sound. Thus, in the phrase, "He saw a chief," <i>O wâbumâ-n -O gimâ-n</i>, both noun and verb terminate in <i>n</i>. It is immaterial +in that sound. Thus, in the phrase, "He saw a chief," <i>O wâbumâ-n +O gimâ-n</i>, both noun and verb terminate in <i>n</i>. It is immaterial to the sense, which precedes. And this leads to the conclusion, which we are in some measure compelled to state in anticipation of our remarks on the verb: That verbs must not @@ -21880,17 +21865,17 @@ person, and is subjoined to the latter. Thus,</p> <div class="language"> <ul> -<li>O sagiâ(wâ)n.</li> +<li>O sagiâ(wâ)n.</li> <li>They love them (him or them).</li> </ul> </div> -<p>In this phrase, the interposed syllable (<i>wâ</i>) is, apparently, the +<p>In this phrase, the interposed syllable (<i>wâ</i>) is, apparently, the plural—it is a reflective plural—of <i>he</i>—the latter being indicated, as usual, by the sign <i>O</i>. It has been observed, above, that the deficiency in number, in the third person, is sometimes supplied "by numerical inflections in the relative words of the sentence," -and this interposed particle (<i>wâ</i>) affords an instance in point. +and this interposed particle (<i>wâ</i>) affords an instance in point. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[465]</a></span> The number of the nominative pronoun appears to be thus rendered precise, but the objective is still indefinite.</p> @@ -21908,22 +21893,22 @@ third person, both have the full objective inflection. Thus,</p> <p>There are certain words, however, which will not admit the objective <i>un</i>, either in its simple or modified forms. These are -rendered objective in <i>een</i>, or _ôn_.</p> +rendered objective in <i>een</i>, or _ôn_.</p> <div class="language"> <ul> -<li>O wâbumâ-(n), ossin-(een).</li> +<li>O wâbumâ-(n), ossin-(een).</li> <li>He sees the stone. L. He sees him—stone or stones.</li> -<li>O wâbumâ-(n) mittig o mizh-(een). L. He sees him, tree or trees.</li> +<li>O wâbumâ-(n) mittig o mizh-(een). L. He sees him, tree or trees.</li> <li>He sees an oak tree.</li> -<li>O mittig wâb (een), gyai o bikwuk-(ôn).</li> +<li>O mittig wâb (een), gyai o bikwuk-(ôn).</li> <li>His bow and his arrows. L. His bow him, and his arrows, him or them.</li> -<li>Odyâ | wâ | wâ (n), akkik-(ôn).</li> +<li>Odyâ | wâ | wâ (n), akkik-(ôn).</li> <li>They possess a kettle. L. They own them, kettle or kettles.</li> </ul> </div> -<p>The syllable <i>wâ</i>, in the verb of the last example included between +<p>The syllable <i>wâ</i>, in the verb of the last example included between bars (instead of parentheses), is the reflective plural <i>they</i> pointed out in a preceding instance.</p> @@ -21938,11 +21923,11 @@ and the third in <i>aimun</i>.</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Nominative.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pinâi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pinâi,</td> <td class="tdl">a partridge.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pinâi-wug,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pinâi-wug,</td> <td class="tdl">partridges.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -21958,17 +21943,17 @@ and the third in <i>aimun</i>.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Bin-aim inân.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Bin-aim inân.</td> <td class="tdl">Inclusive plural.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Bin-aiminân.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Bin-aiminân.</td> <td class="tdl">Exclusive plural.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Your,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Bin-aim wâ.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Bin-aim wâ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Third person.</td> @@ -21979,7 +21964,7 @@ and the third in <i>aimun</i>.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Their,</td> - <td class="tdl">O Bin-aim iwâ (n).</td> + <td class="tdl">O Bin-aim iwâ (n).</td> </tr> </table> @@ -22013,15 +21998,15 @@ eem, and the third in <i>eemun</i>.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Dossin-eeminân. (in.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Dossin-eeminân. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Dossin-eeminân. (ex.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Dossin-eeminân. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Your,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ke Dossin-eemewâ.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke Dossin-eemewâ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Third person.</td> @@ -22032,7 +22017,7 @@ eem, and the third in <i>eemun</i>.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Their,</td> - <td class="tdl">O Dossin-eemewâ (n).</td> + <td class="tdl">O Dossin-eemewâ (n).</td> </tr> </table> @@ -22064,15 +22049,15 @@ and the third in <i>imun</i>.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Dais-iminân. (in.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Dais-iminân. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Dais-iminân. (ex.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Dais-iminân. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Your,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Dais-imiwâ.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Dais-imiwâ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Third person.</td> @@ -22083,23 +22068,23 @@ and the third in <i>imun</i>.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Their,</td> - <td class="tdl">O Dais-imewâ (n).</td> + <td class="tdl">O Dais-imewâ (n).</td> </tr> </table> <p><i>o.</i> Fourth declension forming the first and second persons in -_ôm_, and the third in _ômun_.</p> +_ôm_, and the third in _ômun_.</p> <table id="language7" summary="fourth declension"> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Nominative.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Monidô,</td> + <td class="tdl">Monidô,</td> <td class="tdl">a Spirit.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Monidôg,</td> + <td class="tdl">Monidôg,</td> <td class="tdl">Spirits. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[467]</a></span></td> </tr> @@ -22108,34 +22093,34 @@ _ôm_, and the third in _ômun_.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">My,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Monid-ôm.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Monid-ôm.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Thy,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-ôm.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-ôm.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-ôminân. (in.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-ôminân. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Monid-ôminân. (ex.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Monid-ôminân. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Your,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-ômiwâ.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Monid-ômiwâ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Third person.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">His,</td> - <td class="tdl">O Monid-ôm (un).</td> + <td class="tdl">O Monid-ôm (un).</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Their,</td> - <td class="tdl">O Monid-ômewâ (n).</td> + <td class="tdl">O Monid-ômewâ (n).</td> </tr> </table> @@ -22147,11 +22132,11 @@ _ôm_, and the third in _ômun_.</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Nominative.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Môz,</td> + <td class="tdl">Môz,</td> <td class="tdl">a Moose.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Môzôg,</td> + <td class="tdl">Môzôg,</td> <td class="tdl">Moose.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -22159,51 +22144,51 @@ _ôm_, and the third in _ômun_.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">My,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Môz-oom.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Môz-oom.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Thy,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Môz-oom.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Môz-oom.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Môz-oominân. (in.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Môz-oominân. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Môz-oominân. (ex.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Môz-oominân. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Your,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Môz-oomiwu.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Môz-oomiwu.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Third person.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">His,</td> - <td class="tdl">O Môz oom (un).</td> + <td class="tdl">O Môz oom (un).</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Their,</td> - <td class="tdl">O Môz oomiwâ (n).</td> + <td class="tdl">O Môz oomiwâ (n).</td> </tr> </table> <p><i>aw.</i> Additional declension, required when the noun ends in the broad, instead of the long sound of a, forming the possessive in -_âm_, and the objective in _âmun_.</p> +_âm_, and the objective in _âmun_.</p> <table id="language9" summary="additional declension"> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Nominative.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ogimâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ogimâ,</td> <td class="tdl">a Chief.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ogimâg,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ogimâg,</td> <td class="tdl">Chiefs.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -22211,34 +22196,34 @@ _âm_, and the objective in _âmun_.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">My,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Dôgim âm.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Dôgim âm.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Thy,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Dôgim âm.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Dôgim âm.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Dôgim âminân. (in.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Dôgim âminân. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Our,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Dôgim âminân. (ex.)</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Dôgim âminân. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Your,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ki Dôgim âmiwâ.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ki Dôgim âmiwâ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[468]</a></span>Third person.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">His,</td> - <td class="tdl">O Dôgim âm (un).</td> + <td class="tdl">O Dôgim âm (un).</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Their,</td> - <td class="tdl">O Dôgim âmiwâ (n).</td> + <td class="tdl">O Dôgim âmiwâ (n).</td> </tr> </table> @@ -22274,21 +22259,21 @@ retained.</p> <td class="tdl"><i>Sing. and plural.</i></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nos-inân.</td> + <td class="tdl">Nos-inân.</td> <td class="tdl">Our father.</td> <td class="tdc">(ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kos-inân.</td> + <td class="tdl">Kos-inân.</td> <td class="tdl">Our father.</td> <td class="tdc">(in.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kos-iwâ.</td> + <td class="tdl">Kos-iwâ.</td> <td class="tdl">Your father.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Os-iwân.</td> + <td class="tdl">Os-iwân.</td> <td class="tdl">Their father.</td> <td class="tdl"><i>Sing. and plural.</i></td> </tr> @@ -22309,21 +22294,21 @@ retained.</p> <td class="tdl"><i>Sing. and plural.</i></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nos.-inân ig.</td> + <td class="tdl">Nos.-inân ig.</td> <td class="tdl">Our fathers.</td> <td class="tdc">(ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kos.-inân ig.</td> + <td class="tdl">Kos.-inân ig.</td> <td class="tdl">Our fathers.</td> <td class="tdc">(in.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kos-iwâg.</td> + <td class="tdl">Kos-iwâg.</td> <td class="tdl">Your fathers.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Os-iwân.</td> + <td class="tdl">Os-iwân.</td> <td class="tdl">Their fathers.</td> <td class="tdl"><i>Sing. and plural.</i></td> </tr> @@ -22356,22 +22341,22 @@ manner.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ki</td> - <td class="tdl">Dy-inân</td> + <td class="tdl">Dy-inân</td> <td class="tdl">Our dog. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ni</td> - <td class="tdl">Dy-inân</td> + <td class="tdl">Dy-inân</td> <td class="tdl">Our dog. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ki</td> - <td class="tdl">Dy-iwâ</td> + <td class="tdl">Dy-iwâ</td> <td class="tdl">Your dog.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">O</td> - <td class="tdl">Dy-iwân</td> + <td class="tdl">Dy-iwân</td> <td class="tdl">Their dog, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -22395,28 +22380,28 @@ manner.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ki</td> - <td class="tdl">Dy-inânig</td> + <td class="tdl">Dy-inânig</td> <td class="tdl">Our dogs. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ni</td> - <td class="tdl">Dy-inânig</td> + <td class="tdl">Dy-inânig</td> <td class="tdl">Our dogs. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ki</td> - <td class="tdl">Dy-iwâg</td> + <td class="tdl">Dy-iwâg</td> <td class="tdl">Your dogs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">O</td> - <td class="tdl">Dy-iwân</td> + <td class="tdl">Dy-iwân</td> <td class="tdl">His dogs, &c.</td> </tr> </table> <p>The word <i>Dy</i>, which supplies this declension, is derived from -<i>Indyiâm</i> mine. <i>pron. an.</i>—a derivative form of the word, which is, +<i>Indyiâm</i> mine. <i>pron. an.</i>—a derivative form of the word, which is, however, exclusively restricted, in its meaning, to the dog. If the expression <i>Nin Dy</i> or <i>N' Dy</i>, is sometimes applied to the horse, it is because it is thereby intended to call him, my dog, @@ -22424,7 +22409,7 @@ from his being in a state of servitude similar to that of the dog. It must be borne in mind, as connected with this subject, that the dog, in high northern latitudes, and even as far south as 42 degrees, is both a beast of draught and of burden. He is compelled -during the winter season to draw the <i>odâban</i>, or Indian +during the winter season to draw the <i>odâban</i>, or Indian sleigh; and sometimes to support the burden upon his back, by means of a kind of drag constructed of slender poles.</p> @@ -22446,39 +22431,39 @@ furnish the inflections applicable to this entire class of words:—</p> <table id="language13" summary="inflections"> <tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Aindâd: Home, or place of dwelling.</td> + <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Aindâd: Home, or place of dwelling.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><span class="i1"><i>S. singular.</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yân.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yân.</td> <td class="tdl">My home.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yun.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yun.</td> <td class="tdl">Thy home.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-d.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-d.</td> <td class="tdl">His home.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yâng.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yâng.</td> <td class="tdl">Our home.</td> <td class="tdl">(ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yung.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yung.</td> <td class="tdl">Our home.</td> <td class="tdl">(in.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yaig.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yaig.</td> <td class="tdl">Your home.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-wâd.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-wâd.</td> <td class="tdl">Their home.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -22486,40 +22471,40 @@ furnish the inflections applicable to this entire class of words:—</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[470]</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yân-in.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yân-in.</td> <td class="tdl">My homes.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yun-in.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yun-in.</td> <td class="tdl">Thy homes.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-jin.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-jin.</td> <td class="tdl">His homes.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yâng-in.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yâng-in.</td> <td class="tdl">Our homes.</td> <td class="tdl">(ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yung-in.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yung-in.</td> <td class="tdl">Our homes.</td> <td class="tdl">(in.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yaig-in.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-yaig-in.</td> <td class="tdl">Your homes.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aindâ-wâdjin.</td> + <td class="tdl">Aindâ-wâdjin.</td> <td class="tdl">Their homes.</td> </tr> </table> -<p>By these examples, it is perceived that the final <i>d</i> in <i>aindâd</i> is +<p>By these examples, it is perceived that the final <i>d</i> in <i>aindâd</i> is not essential to its primitive meaning; and that the place of the -pronoun is, in respect to this word, invariably a suffix. <i>Aindâd</i> +pronoun is, in respect to this word, invariably a suffix. <i>Aindâd</i> means, truly, not home, but his home. The plural is formed by the inflection <i>in</i>, except in the third person, where the sound of <i>d</i> sinks in <i>j</i>.</p> @@ -22583,11 +22568,11 @@ appears to be precise, although there is no definite article in the language.</p> <p>The substantive takes this form, most commonly, after a question -has been put, as <i>Anindi ni môkoman-ais?</i> "Where is my penknife?" -<i>Mukukoong</i> (in the box), <i>addôpowin-ing</i> (on the table), +has been put, as <i>Anindi ni môkoman-ais?</i> "Where is my penknife?" +<i>Mukukoong</i> (in the box), <i>addôpowin-ing</i> (on the table), are definite replies to this question. But the form is not restricted -to this relation. <i>Chimân-ing n'guh pôz</i>, "I shall embark in the -canoe;" <i>wakyigum n'ghu izhâ</i>, "I shall go into the house," are +to this relation. <i>Chimân-ing n'guh pôz</i>, "I shall embark in the +canoe;" <i>wakyigum n'ghu izhâ</i>, "I shall go into the house," are perfectly correct, though somewhat formal expressions, when the canoe or the house are present to the speaker's view.</p> @@ -22690,9 +22675,9 @@ to it.</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="4">i. Third inflection in <i>ing</i>.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kôn</td> + <td class="tdl">Kôn</td> <td class="tdl">Snow</td> - <td class="tdl">Kôn-ing</td> + <td class="tdl">Kôn-ing</td> <td class="tdl">In, &c. the snow.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -22702,15 +22687,15 @@ to it.</p> <td class="tdl">In, &c. the berry.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Chimân</td> + <td class="tdl">Chimân</td> <td class="tdl">Canoe</td> - <td class="tdl">Chimân-ing</td> + <td class="tdl">Chimân-ing</td> <td class="tdl">In, &c. the canoe.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Muzziny´egun</td> + <td class="tdl">Muzziny´egun</td> <td class="tdl">Book</td> - <td class="tdl">Muzziny´egun-ing</td> + <td class="tdl">Muzziny´egun-ing</td> <td class="tdl">In, &c. the book.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -22749,7 +22734,7 @@ to it.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">1.</td> -<td class="tdl">Puggidôn ishkod-aing.</td> +<td class="tdl">Puggidôn ishkod-aing.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -22757,7 +22742,7 @@ to it.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">2.</td> -<td class="tdl">Muskôdaing izhân.</td> +<td class="tdl">Muskôdaing izhân.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -22765,7 +22750,7 @@ to it.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">3.</td> -<td class="tdl">Unnib-eeng iâ.</td> +<td class="tdl">Unnib-eeng iâ.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -22781,7 +22766,7 @@ to it.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">5.</td> -<td class="tdl">Addôpôwin-ing attôn.</td> +<td class="tdl">Addôpôwin-ing attôn.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -22789,7 +22774,7 @@ to it.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">6.</td> -<td class="tdl">Enâbin muzziny´igun-ing.</td> +<td class="tdl">Enâbin muzziny´igun-ing.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -22813,7 +22798,7 @@ to it.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">9.</td> -<td class="tdl">Akkik-oong attôn, or Pôdawain.</td> +<td class="tdl">Akkik-oong attôn, or Pôdawain.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -22821,7 +22806,7 @@ to it.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">10.</td> -<td class="tdl">Kâwin <i>pindiq</i> iâsi ni mittigwâb; kâwiuh gyai chimân-<i>ing</i>; kâwin gyai âzhibik-<i>oong</i>.</td> +<td class="tdl">Kâwin <i>pindiq</i> iâsi ni mittigwâb; kâwiuh gyai chimân-<i>ing</i>; kâwin gyai âzhibik-<i>oong</i>.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -22834,17 +22819,17 @@ names of animated beings, when such names are the nominatives of adjectives or adjective-nouns, these words are converted into terms of qualification, indicating <i>like</i>, <i>resembling</i>, <i>equal</i>. Thus, if we wish to say to a boy, "He is like a man," the expression is, -<i>Inin-ing izzhinâgozzi</i>; or, if to a man, "He is like a bear," <i>Mukk-oong -izzhinâgozzi</i>; or, to a bear, "He is like a horse, <i>Pabaizhikogâzh-ing -izzhinâgozzi</i>. In all these expressions, the word <i>izzhi</i> is -combined with the pronominal inflection _â_ (or <i>nâ</i>) and the animate +<i>Inin-ing izzhinâgozzi</i>; or, if to a man, "He is like a bear," <i>Mukk-oong +izzhinâgozzi</i>; or, to a bear, "He is like a horse, <i>Pabaizhikogâzh-ing +izzhinâgozzi</i>. In all these expressions, the word <i>izzhi</i> is +combined with the pronominal inflection _â_ (or <i>nâ</i>) and the animate termination <i>gozzi</i>. And the inflection of the nominative is merely an adjective corresponding with <i>izzhi</i>—a term indicative of the general qualities of persons or animated beings. Where a comparison is instituted, or a resemblance pointed out, between inanimate instead of animate objects, the inflection <i>gozzi</i> is changed to <i>gwud</i>, rendering the expression, which was, in the animate -form, <i>izzhinâ</i>gozzi, in the inanimate form <i>izzhinâ</i>zgwud.</p> +form, <i>izzhinâ</i>gozzi, in the inanimate form <i>izzhinâ</i>zgwud.</p> <p>There is another variation of the local form of the noun, in addition to those above instanced, indicative of locality in a more @@ -22852,23 +22837,23 @@ general sense. It is formed by <i>ong</i> or <i>nong</i>—frequent terminat in geographical names. Thus, from <i>Ojibwai</i>, Chippewa, is formed <i>Ojibwai</i>nong, "Place of the Chippewas." From <i>Wamattigozhiwug</i>, Frenchmen, is formed <i>Wamittigozhi</i>nong, "Place of -Frenchmen." From <i>Ishpatinâ</i>, Hill, <i>Ishpatinong</i>, "Place of the +Frenchmen." From <i>Ishpatinâ</i>, Hill, <i>Ishpatinong</i>, "Place of the hill," &c. The termination <i>ing</i>, is also sometimes employed in this more general sense, as in the following names of places:—</p> <div class="language"> <ul> -<li>Monomonikâ<i>ning</i>. In the place of wild rice.</li> -<li>Moninggwunikâ<i>ning</i>. In the place of sparrows.</li> +<li>Monomonikâ<i>ning</i>. In the place of wild rice.</li> +<li>Moninggwunikâ<i>ning</i>. In the place of sparrows.</li> <li>Ongwashagoosh<i>ing</i>. In the place of the fallen tree, &c.</li> </ul> </div> <p>2. The diminutive forms of the noun are indicated by <i>ais</i>, <i>eas</i>, -_ôs_, and <i>aus</i>, as the final vowel of the word may require. Thus, -<i>Ojibwai</i>, a Chippewa, becomes <i>Ojibw-ais</i>, a little Chippewa: <i>Inin´i</i>, -a man, <i>inin-ees</i>, a little man: <i>Amik</i>, a beaver, <i>amik-ôs</i>, a young -beaver: <i>Ogimâ</i>, a chief, <i>ogim-âs</i>, a little chief, or a chief of little +_ôs_, and <i>aus</i>, as the final vowel of the word may require. Thus, +<i>Ojibwai</i>, a Chippewa, becomes <i>Ojibw-ais</i>, a little Chippewa: <i>Inin´i</i>, +a man, <i>inin-ees</i>, a little man: <i>Amik</i>, a beaver, <i>amik-ôs</i>, a young +beaver: <i>Ogimâ</i>, a chief, <i>ogim-âs</i>, a little chief, or a chief of little authority. Further examples may be added.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[475]</a></span></p> @@ -22884,18 +22869,18 @@ authority. Further examples may be added.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A woman</td> - <td class="tdl">Eekwâ</td> - <td class="tdl">Eekwâz-ais.</td> + <td class="tdl">Eekwâ</td> + <td class="tdl">Eekwâz-ais.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A partridge</td> - <td class="tdl">Pinâ</td> + <td class="tdl">Pinâ</td> <td class="tdl">Pin-ais.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A woodcock</td> - <td class="tdl">Mâimâi</td> - <td class="tdl">Mâim-ais.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mâimâi</td> + <td class="tdl">Mâim-ais.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">An island</td> @@ -22904,13 +22889,13 @@ authority. Further examples may be added.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A grape</td> - <td class="tdl">Shômin</td> - <td class="tdl">Shômin-ais.</td> + <td class="tdl">Shômin</td> + <td class="tdl">Shômin-ais.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A knife</td> - <td class="tdl">Môkoman</td> - <td class="tdl">Môkoman-ais.</td> + <td class="tdl">Môkoman</td> + <td class="tdl">Môkoman-ais.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="3">—ees.</td> @@ -22942,74 +22927,74 @@ authority. Further examples may be added.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A bird</td> - <td class="tdl">Pinâisi</td> - <td class="tdl">Pinâish-ees.</td> + <td class="tdl">Pinâisi</td> + <td class="tdl">Pinâish-ees.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">—ôs.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">—ôs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A moose</td> - <td class="tdl">Môz</td> - <td class="tdl">Môz-ôs.</td> + <td class="tdl">Môz</td> + <td class="tdl">Môz-ôs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">An otter</td> <td class="tdl">Nigik</td> - <td class="tdl">Nigik-ôs.</td> + <td class="tdl">Nigik-ôs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A reindeer</td> <td class="tdl">Addik</td> - <td class="tdl">Addik-ôs.</td> + <td class="tdl">Addik-ôs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">An elk</td> - <td class="tdl">Mushkôs</td> - <td class="tdl">Mushkôs-ôs.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mushkôs</td> + <td class="tdl">Mushkôs-ôs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A hare</td> - <td class="tdl">Wâbôs</td> - <td class="tdl">Wâbôs-ôs.</td> + <td class="tdl">Wâbôs</td> + <td class="tdl">Wâbôs-ôs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A box</td> <td class="tdl">Mukuk</td> - <td class="tdl">Mukuk-ôs.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mukuk-ôs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="3">—aus.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A bass</td> - <td class="tdl">Ogâ</td> - <td class="tdl">Og-âs.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ogâ</td> + <td class="tdl">Og-âs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A medal</td> - <td class="tdl">Shôniâ</td> - <td class="tdl">Shôni-âs.</td> + <td class="tdl">Shôniâ</td> + <td class="tdl">Shôni-âs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A bowl</td> - <td class="tdl">Onâgun</td> - <td class="tdl">Onâg-âns.</td> + <td class="tdl">Onâgun</td> + <td class="tdl">Onâg-âns.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A bed</td> - <td class="tdl">Nibâgun</td> - <td class="tdl">Nibâg-aûns.</td> + <td class="tdl">Nibâgun</td> + <td class="tdl">Nibâg-aûns.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A gun</td> - <td class="tdl">Pâshkizzigun</td> - <td class="tdl">Pâshkizzig-âns.</td> + <td class="tdl">Pâshkizzigun</td> + <td class="tdl">Pâshkizzig-âns.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A house</td> <td class="tdl">Wakyigun</td> - <td class="tdl">Wakyig-âns.</td> + <td class="tdl">Wakyig-âns.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -23025,7 +23010,7 @@ When applied to the tribes of animals, or to inorganic objects, their meaning, however, is, very nearly, limited to an inferiority in size or age. Thus, in the above examples, <i>pizhik-ees</i>, signifies a calf; <i>omim-ees</i>, a young pigeon; and <i>ossin-ees</i>, a pebble, -&c. But <i>inin-ees</i>, and <i>ogim-âs</i>, are connected with the idea of +&c. But <i>inin-ees</i>, and <i>ogim-âs</i>, are connected with the idea of mental or conventional as well as bodily inferiority.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[476]</a></span></p> @@ -23034,33 +23019,33 @@ mental or conventional as well as bodily inferiority.</p> <ul> <li>1. I saw a little chief, standing upon a small island, with an inferior medal about his neck.</li> -<li><span class="i1">Ogimâs n'gi wâbumâ nibowid minnisainsing onâbikowân shoniâsun.</span></li> +<li><span class="i1">Ogimâs n'gi wâbumâ nibowid minnisainsing onâbikowân shoniâsun.</span></li> <li>2. Yamoyden threw at a young pigeon.</li> <li><span class="i1">Ogi pukkitaiwun omimeesun Yamoyden.</span></li> <li>3. A buffalo calf stood in a small stream.</li> <li><span class="i1">Pizhikees ki nibowi sibeesing.</span></li> <li>4. The little man fired at a young moose.</li> -<li><span class="i1">Ininees ogi pâshkizwân môzôsun.</span></li> +<li><span class="i1">Ininees ogi pâshkizwân môzôsun.</span></li> <li>5. Several diminutive-looking bass were lying in a small bowl, upon a small table.</li> -<li><span class="i1">Addôpowinaising attai onâgâns abbiwâd ogâsug.</span></li> +<li><span class="i1">Addôpowinaising attai onâgâns abbiwâd ogâsug.</span></li> </ul> </div> <p>Some of these sentences afford instances of the use, at the same time, of both the local and diminutive inflections. Thus, the -word <i>minnisainsing</i>, signifies literally, "in the little island;" <i>seebees-ing</i>, "in the little stream;" <i>addôpowinais ing</i>, "on the small table."</p> +word <i>minnisainsing</i>, signifies literally, "in the little island;" <i>seebees-ing</i>, "in the little stream;" <i>addôpowinais ing</i>, "on the small table."</p> <p>3. The preceding forms are not the only ones by which adjective qualities are conferred upon the substantive. The syllable <i>ish</i>, when added to a noun, indicates a bad or dreaded quality, or conveys the idea of imperfection or decay. The sound of this -inflection is sometimes changed to <i>eesh</i>, <i>oosh</i>, or <i>aush</i>. Thus, <i>Chimân</i>, -a canoe, becomes <i>Chimânish</i>, a bad canoe; <i>Ekwai</i>, a woman, +inflection is sometimes changed to <i>eesh</i>, <i>oosh</i>, or <i>aush</i>. Thus, <i>Chimân</i>, +a canoe, becomes <i>Chimânish</i>, a bad canoe; <i>Ekwai</i>, a woman, <i>Ekwaiwish</i>, a bad woman; <i>nibi</i>, water, becomes <i>nibeesh</i>, turbid or strong water; <i>mittig</i>, a tree, becomes <i>mittigoosh</i>, a decayed tree; <i>akkik</i>, a kettle, <i>akkikoosh</i>, a worn-out kettle. By a further change, -<i>wibid</i>, a tooth, becomes <i>wibidâsh</i>, a decayed or aching tooth, &c. +<i>wibid</i>, a tooth, becomes <i>wibidâsh</i>, a decayed or aching tooth, &c. Throughout these changes the final sound of <i>sh</i> is retained, so that this sound alone, at the end of a word, is indicative of a faulty quality.</p> @@ -23077,8 +23062,8 @@ it must be borne in mind that the Indians are a hand-shaking people as well as the Europeans—the implacable party has it at his option, in referring to the circumstance, to use the adjective form of hand, not <i>onindj</i>, but <i>oninjeesh</i>, which would be deemed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[477]</a></span> -contemptuous in a high degree. So, also, instead of <i>odâwai winini</i>, -a trader, or man who sells, the word may be changed to <i>odâwai +contemptuous in a high degree. So, also, instead of <i>odâwai winini</i>, +a trader, or man who sells, the word may be changed to <i>odâwai winini</i>wish, implying a bad or dishonest trader. It is seldom that a more pointed or positive mode of expressing personal disapprobation or dislike is required; for, generally speaking, more is @@ -23099,8 +23084,8 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A bowl</td> - <td class="tdl">Onâgun</td> - <td class="tdl">Onâgun-ish.</td> + <td class="tdl">Onâgun</td> + <td class="tdl">Onâgun-ish.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A house</td> @@ -23109,8 +23094,8 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A pipe</td> - <td class="tdl">Opwâgun</td> - <td class="tdl">Opwâgun-ish.</td> + <td class="tdl">Opwâgun</td> + <td class="tdl">Opwâgun-ish.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A boy</td> @@ -23147,8 +23132,8 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A bow</td> - <td class="tdl">Mittigwâb</td> - <td class="tdl">Mittigwâb-eesh.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mittigwâb</td> + <td class="tdl">Mittigwâb-eesh.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="3">—oosh.</td> @@ -23175,8 +23160,8 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">An axe</td> - <td class="tdl">Wagâkwut</td> - <td class="tdl">Wagâkwut-oosh.</td> + <td class="tdl">Wagâkwut</td> + <td class="tdl">Wagâkwut-oosh.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="3">—aush.</td> @@ -23184,27 +23169,27 @@ operation of these forms may be fully perceived.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">A foot</td> <td class="tdl">Ozid</td> - <td class="tdl">Ozid-âsh.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ozid-âsh.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">An arm</td> <td class="tdl">Onik</td> - <td class="tdl">Onik-âsh.</td> + <td class="tdl">Onik-âsh.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">An ear</td> <td class="tdl">Otowug</td> - <td class="tdl">Otowug-âsh.</td> + <td class="tdl">Otowug-âsh.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A hoof</td> <td class="tdl">Wunnussid</td> - <td class="tdl">Wunnussid-âsh.</td> + <td class="tdl">Wunnussid-âsh.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">A rush mat</td> <td class="tdl">Appukwa</td> - <td class="tdl">Appukw-âsh.</td> + <td class="tdl">Appukw-âsh.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -23215,8 +23200,8 @@ the first adjective form.</p> <p>It may subserve the purposes of generalization to add, as the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[478]</a></span>result of the foregoing inquiries, that substantives have a diminutive -form, made in <i>ais</i>, <i>ees</i>, _ôs_, or _âs_; a derogative form, made in -<i>ish</i>, <i>eesh</i>, <i>oosh</i>, or _âsh_; and a local form, made in <i>aing</i>, <i>eeng</i>, <i>ing</i>, or +form, made in <i>ais</i>, <i>ees</i>, _ôs_, or _âs_; a derogative form, made in +<i>ish</i>, <i>eesh</i>, <i>oosh</i>, or _âsh_; and a local form, made in <i>aing</i>, <i>eeng</i>, <i>ing</i>, or <i>oong</i>. By a principle of accretion, the second or third may be added to the first form, and the third to the second.</p> @@ -23226,11 +23211,11 @@ added to the first form, and the third to the second.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Serpent, s.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kinai´bik.</td> + <td class="tdl">Kinai´bik.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">—— s. diminutive.</td> - <td class="tdl">——ôns,</td> + <td class="tdl">——ôns,</td> <td class="tdl">implying Little serpent.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -23245,17 +23230,17 @@ added to the first form, and the third to the second.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">—— s. dim. and der.</td> - <td class="tdl">——ônsish,</td> + <td class="tdl">——ônsish,</td> <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">"</span><span class="i2">Little bad serpent.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">—— s. dim. and lo.</td> - <td class="tdl">——ônsing,</td> + <td class="tdl">——ônsing,</td> <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">"</span><span class="i2">In (the) little serpent.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">—— s. dim. der. and lo.</td> - <td class="tdl">——ônsishing,</td> + <td class="tdl">——ônsishing,</td> <td class="tdl"><span class="i1">"</span><span class="i2">In (the) little bad serpent.</span></td> </tr> </table> @@ -23286,16 +23271,16 @@ the individual named has ceased to exist. This delicate mode of conveying melancholy intelligence, or alluding to the dead, is effected by placing the object in the past tense.</p> -<p class="language center">Aiekid-ôpun aieko Garrangula-bun.<br /> +<p class="language center">Aiekid-ôpun aieko Garrangula-bun.<br /> So the deceased Garrangula spoke.</p> -<p>The syllable <i>bun</i>, in this sentence, added to the noun, and _ôpun_ +<p>The syllable <i>bun</i>, in this sentence, added to the noun, and _ôpun_ added to the verb, place both in the past tense. And, although<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[479]</a></span> the death of the Indian orator is not mentioned, that fact would be invariably inferred.</p> <p>Names which do not terminate in a vowel sound, require a -vowel prefixed to the tensal inflection, rendering it _ôbun_ or <i>ebun</i>. +vowel prefixed to the tensal inflection, rendering it _ôbun_ or <i>ebun</i>. Inanimate as well as animate nouns take these inflections.</p> <table id="language19" summary="nouns inflections"> @@ -23316,8 +23301,8 @@ Inanimate as well as animate nouns take these inflections.</p> <td class="tdl">Skenandoa-bun.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nôs (my father),</td> - <td class="tdl">Nos-êbun.</td> + <td class="tdl">Nôs (my father),</td> + <td class="tdl">Nos-êbun.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Pontiac,</td> @@ -23333,15 +23318,15 @@ Inanimate as well as animate nouns take these inflections.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Mittig (a tree),</td> - <td class="tdl">Mittig-ôbun.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mittig-ôbun.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Akkik (a kettle),</td> - <td class="tdl">Akkik-ôbun.</td> + <td class="tdl">Akkik-ôbun.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Môz (a moose),</td> - <td class="tdl">Môz-ôbun.</td> + <td class="tdl">Môz (a moose),</td> + <td class="tdl">Môz-ôbun.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -23376,15 +23361,15 @@ as follows:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Autumn,</td> - <td class="tdl">Tahgwâgi,</td> - <td class="tdl">Tahgwâg-oong,</td> - <td class="tdl">Tahgwâgig.</td> + <td class="tdl">Tahgwâgi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Tahgwâg-oong,</td> + <td class="tdl">Tahgwâgig.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Winter,</td> - <td class="tdl">Peebôn,</td> - <td class="tdl">Peebôn-oong,</td> - <td class="tdl">Peebông.</td> + <td class="tdl">Peebôn,</td> + <td class="tdl">Peebôn-oong,</td> + <td class="tdl">Peebông.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -23392,7 +23377,7 @@ as follows:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Ning´i nunda-wainjigai peebônoong.</td> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Ning´i nunda-wainjigai peebônoong.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -23400,7 +23385,7 @@ as follows:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Ninjah izhâ Wâwiâ´tunong seegwung.</td> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Ninjah izhâ Wâwiâ´tunong seegwung.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -23423,8 +23408,8 @@ an interchange of the terms would imply arrogance or indelicacy. Nearly the whole of their interjections—and they are numerous—are also thus exclusively appropriated; and no greater breach of propriety in speech could be committed, than a woman's uttering -the masculine exclamation of surprise, <i>Tyâ!</i> or a man's descending -to the corresponding female interjection, <i>N'yâ!</i></p> +the masculine exclamation of surprise, <i>Tyâ!</i> or a man's descending +to the corresponding female interjection, <i>N'yâ!</i></p> <p>The word <i>Neenimoshai</i>, my cousin, on the contrary, can only be applied, like husband and wife, by a male to a female, or a @@ -23454,15 +23439,15 @@ the usual acceptation, is limited. The following may be enumerated.</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">FEMININE.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Inin´i,</td> + <td class="tdl">Inin´i,</td> <td class="tdl">A man.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ekwai´,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ekwai´,</td> <td class="tdl">A woman.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kwee´wizais,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kwee´wizais,</td> <td class="tdl">A boy.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ekwa´zais,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ekwa´zais,</td> <td class="tdl">A girl.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -23474,11 +23459,11 @@ the usual acceptation, is limited. The following may be enumerated.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Akiwaizi,</td> <td class="tdl">An old man.</td> - <td class="tdl">Mindimô´ed,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mindimô´ed,</td> <td class="tdl">An old woman.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nôsai,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nôsai,</td> <td class="tdl">My father.</td> <td class="tdl">Nin Gah,</td> <td class="tdl">My mother.</td> @@ -23486,7 +23471,7 @@ the usual acceptation, is limited. The following may be enumerated.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ningwisis,</td> <td class="tdl">My son.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nin dânis,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nin dânis,</td> <td class="tdl">My daughter.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -23497,39 +23482,39 @@ the usual acceptation, is limited. The following may be enumerated.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[481]</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ni nâbaim,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni nâbaim,</td> <td class="tdl">My husband.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nimindimôimish,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nimindimôimish,</td> <td class="tdl">My wife.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Nimieshomiss,</td> <td class="tdl">My grandfather.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nôkômiss,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nôkômiss,</td> <td class="tdl">My grandmother.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ogimâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ogimâ,</td> <td class="tdl">A chief.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ogemâkwâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ogemâkwâ,</td> <td class="tdl">A chiefess.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Addik,</td> <td class="tdl">A reindeer.</td> - <td class="tdl">Neetshâni,</td> + <td class="tdl">Neetshâni,</td> <td class="tdl">A doe.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Annimoosh,</td> <td class="tdl">A dog.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kiskisshâi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kiskisshâi,</td> <td class="tdl">A bitch.</td> </tr> </table> <p>The sex of the brute creation is most commonly denoted by -prefixing the words <i>Iâbai</i>, male, and <i>Nôzhai</i>, female.</p> +prefixing the words <i>Iâbai</i>, male, and <i>Nôzhai</i>, female.</p> <p>6. <i>Reciprocal Changes of the Noun.</i>—The pronominal particles with which verbs as well as substantives are generally encumbered, @@ -23568,7 +23553,7 @@ known, which govern these changes:—</p> <td class="tdc">IMPERATIVE.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Chimân, a canoe.</td> + <td class="tdl">Chimân, a canoe.</td> <td class="tdl">Chimai, he paddles.</td> <td class="tdl">Chimain, paddle thou.</td> </tr> @@ -23585,13 +23570,13 @@ known, which govern these changes:—</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Weedjeeagun, a helper. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[482]</a></span></td> - <td class="tdl">Weedôkagai, he helps.</td> + <td class="tdl">Weedôkagai, he helps.</td> <td class="tdl">Weedjeei-wain, help thou.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ojibwâi, a Chippewa.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ojibwâmoo, he speaks</td> - <td class="tdl">Ojibwâmoon, speak thou</td> + <td class="tdl">Ojibwâi, a Chippewa.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ojibwâmoo, he speaks</td> + <td class="tdl">Ojibwâmoon, speak thou</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl"> </td> @@ -23607,13 +23592,13 @@ of a pseudo-declarative verb, in the following manner:—</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Monido,</td> <td class="tdl">A spirit.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ne Monidôw,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ne Monidôw,</td> <td class="tdl">I (am) a spirit.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wassaiâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wassaiâ,</td> <td class="tdl">Light.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ne Wassaiâw,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ne Wassaiâw,</td> <td class="tdl">I (am) light.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -23623,9 +23608,9 @@ of a pseudo-declarative verb, in the following manner:—</p> <td class="tdl">I (am) fire.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Weendigô,</td> + <td class="tdl">Weendigô,</td> <td class="tdl">A monster.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ni Weendigôw,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ni Weendigôw,</td> <td class="tdl">I (am) a monster.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -23663,7 +23648,7 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus—</p> <td class="tdl">Speech.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pâshkizzigai,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pâshkizzigai,</td> <td class="tdl">He fires.</td> <td class="tdl">Pashkizzigaiwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Ammunition.</td> @@ -23675,27 +23660,27 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus—</p> <td class="tdl">Numbers.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wahyiâzhinggai,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wahyiâzhinggai,</td> <td class="tdl">He cheats.</td> - <td class="tdl">Wahyiâzhinggaiwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wahyiâzhinggaiwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Fraud.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Minnikwâi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Minnikwâi,</td> <td class="tdl">He drinks.</td> - <td class="tdl">Minnikwâiwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Minnikwâiwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Drink.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kubbâshi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kubbâshi,</td> <td class="tdl">He encamps.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kubbâishiwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kubbâishiwin,</td> <td class="tdl">An encampment.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Meegâzoo,</td> + <td class="tdl">Meegâzoo,</td> <td class="tdl">He fights.</td> - <td class="tdl">Meegâzoowin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Meegâzoowin,</td> <td class="tdl">A fight.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -23705,45 +23690,45 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus—</p> <td class="tdl">A kiss.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Annôki,</td> + <td class="tdl">Annôki,</td> <td class="tdl">He works.</td> - <td class="tdl">Annôkiwta,</td> + <td class="tdl">Annôkiwta,</td> <td class="tdl">Work.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pâpi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pâpi,</td> <td class="tdl">He laughs.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pâpiwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pâpiwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Laughter.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pimâdizzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pimâdizzi,</td> <td class="tdl">He lives.</td> - <td class="tdl">Pimâdoiziwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pimâdoiziwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Life.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Onwâibi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Onwâibi,</td> <td class="tdl">He rests.</td> - <td class="tdl">Onwâibiwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Onwâibiwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Rest.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Annamiâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Annamiâ,</td> <td class="tdl">He prays.</td> - <td class="tdl">Annamiâwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Annamiâwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Prayer.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nibâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nibâ,</td> <td class="tdl">He sleeps.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nibâwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nibâwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Sleep.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Odâwai,</td> + <td class="tdl">Odâwai,</td> <td class="tdl">He trades.</td> - <td class="tdl">Odâwaiwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Odâwaiwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Trade.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -23752,9 +23737,9 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus—</p> <table id="language25" summary="converting adjectives"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Keezhaiwâdizzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Keezhaiwâdizzi,</td> <td class="tdl">He generous.</td> - <td class="tdl">Keezhaiwâdizziwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Keezhaiwâdizziwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Generosity.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -23764,15 +23749,15 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus—</p> <td class="tdl">Happiness.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Keezhaizeâwizzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Keezhaizeâwizzi,</td> <td class="tdl">He industrious.</td> - <td class="tdl">Keezhaizhâwizziwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Keezhaizhâwizziwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Industry.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kittimâgizzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kittimâgizzi,</td> <td class="tdl">He poor.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kittimâgizziwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kittimâgizziwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Poverty.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -23788,15 +23773,15 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus—</p> <td class="tdl">Laziness.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nishkâdizzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nishkâdizzi,</td> <td class="tdl">He angry.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nishkâdizziwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nishkâdizziwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Anger.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Baikâdizzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Baikâdizzi,</td> <td class="tdl">She chaste.</td> - <td class="tdl">Baikâdizziwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Baikâdizziwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Chastity.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -23805,12 +23790,12 @@ verb, converts it into a substantive. Thus—</p> In order to place the substantives thus formed in the third person, corresponding with the indicative from which they were changed, it is necessary only to prefix the proper pronoun. Thus, -<i>Ogeezhaiwâdizziwin</i>, his generosity, &c.</p> +<i>Ogeezhaiwâdizziwin</i>, his generosity, &c.</p> <p>7. <i>Compound Substantives.</i>—The preceding examples have been given promiscuously from the various classes of words, primitive and derivative, simple and compound. Some of these words express -but a single idea, as, _ôs_, father—<i>gah</i>, mother—<i>môz</i>, a moose—<i>kâg</i>, +but a single idea, as, _ôs_, father—<i>gah</i>, mother—<i>môz</i>, a moose—<i>kâg</i>, a porcupine—<i>mang</i>, a loon—and appear to be incapable of further division. All such words may be considered as primitives, although some of them may be contractions of dissyllabic words. @@ -23850,10 +23835,10 @@ parent words, upon a single syllable, and sometimes upon a single letter.</p> <p>Thus it is evident that the Chippewas possessed names for a -living tree, <i>mittig</i>, and a string, <i>aiâb</i>, before they named the bow -<i>mittigwâb</i>—the latter being compounded under one of the simplest +living tree, <i>mittig</i>, and a string, <i>aiâb</i>, before they named the bow +<i>mittigwâb</i>—the latter being compounded under one of the simplest rules from the two former. It is further manifest that they had -named earth <i>akki</i>, and (any solid, stony, or metallic mass) _âbik_, +named earth <i>akki</i>, and (any solid, stony, or metallic mass) _âbik_, before they bestowed an appellation upon the kettle, <i>akkeek</i>, or <i>akkik</i>, the latter being derivatives from the former. In process of time these compounds became the bases of other compounds, @@ -23864,19 +23849,19 @@ their utterance.</p> <p>When the introduction of metals took place, it became necessary to distinguish the clay from the iron pot, and the iron from the copper kettle. The original compound, <i>akkeek</i>, retained its -first meaning, admitting the adjective noun <i>piwâbik</i> (itself a compound) -iron, when applied to a vessel of that kind, <i>piwâbik akkeek</i>, +first meaning, admitting the adjective noun <i>piwâbik</i> (itself a compound) +iron, when applied to a vessel of that kind, <i>piwâbik akkeek</i>, iron kettle. But a new combination took place to designate the -copper kettle, <i>mishwâkeek</i>, red metal kettle; and another expression -to denote the brass kettle, <i>ozawâbik akkeek</i>, yellow metal kettle. -The former is made up from <i>miskôwâbik</i>, copper (literally <i>red-metal</i>—from -<i>miskwâ</i>, red, and _âbik_, the generic above mentioned), -and <i>akkeek</i>, kettle. <i>Ozawâbik</i>, brass, is from <i>ozawâ</i>, yellow, and -the generic <i>âbik</i>—the term <i>akkeek</i> being added in its separate +copper kettle, <i>mishwâkeek</i>, red metal kettle; and another expression +to denote the brass kettle, <i>ozawâbik akkeek</i>, yellow metal kettle. +The former is made up from <i>miskôwâbik</i>, copper (literally <i>red-metal</i>—from +<i>miskwâ</i>, red, and _âbik_, the generic above mentioned), +and <i>akkeek</i>, kettle. <i>Ozawâbik</i>, brass, is from <i>ozawâ</i>, yellow, and +the generic <i>âbik</i>—the term <i>akkeek</i> being added in its separate form. It may, however, be used in its connected form of <i>wukkeek</i>, -making the compound expression <i>ozawâbik wukkeek</i>.</p> +making the compound expression <i>ozawâbik wukkeek</i>.</p> -<p>In naming the horse <i>paibâizhikôgazhi, i. e.</i> the animal with solid +<p>In naming the horse <i>paibâizhikôgazhi, i. e.</i> the animal with solid hoofs, they have seized upon the feature which most strikingly distinguished the horse from the cleft-footed animals, which were the only species known to them at the period of the discovery. @@ -23909,48 +23894,48 @@ back than the period of the discovery. Of this number of nascent words, are most of their names for those distilled or artificial liquors, for which they are indebted to Europeans. Their name for water, <i>neebi</i>, for the fat of animals, <i>weenin</i>, for oil or grease, -<i>pimmidai</i>, for broth, <i>nâbôb</i>, and for blood, <i>miskwi</i>, belong to a +<i>pimmidai</i>, for broth, <i>nâbôb</i>, and for blood, <i>miskwi</i>, belong to a very remote era, although all but the first appear to be compounds. Their names for the tinctures or extracts derived from the forest, and used as dyes, or medicines, or merely as agreeable -drinks, are mostly founded upon the basis of the word _âbo_, a +drinks, are mostly founded upon the basis of the word _âbo_, a liquid, although this word is never used alone. Thus—</p> <table id="language26" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="tinctures"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Shomin-âbo,</td> + <td class="tdl">Shomin-âbo,</td> <td class="tdl">Wine,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Shomin, a grape, âbo, a liquor.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Shomin, a grape, âbo, a liquor.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ishkôdâi-wâbo,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ishkôdâi-wâbo,</td> <td class="tdl">Spirits,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Ishkôdâi, fire, &c.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Ishkôdâi, fire, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mishimin-âbo,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mishimin-âbo,</td> <td class="tdl">Cider,</td> <td class="tdl">From Mishimin, an apple, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tôtôsh-âbo,</td> + <td class="tdl">Tôtôsh-âbo,</td> <td class="tdl">Milk,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Tôtôsh, the female breast, &c.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Tôtôsh, the female breast, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Sheew-âbo,</td> + <td class="tdl">Sheew-âbo,</td> <td class="tdl">Vinegar,</td> <td class="tdl">From Sheewun, sour, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Annibeesh-âbo,</td> + <td class="tdl">Annibeesh-âbo,</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> <td class="tdl">From Annibeeshun, leaves, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ozhibiegun-aubo,</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl">From Ozhibiêgai, he writes, &c.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Ozhibiêgai, he writes, &c.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -23965,12 +23950,12 @@ the vowels e and o are sometimes used as connectives.</p> <table id="language27" summary="implements"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Keeshkeebô-jeegun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Keeshkeebô-jeegun,</td> <td class="tdl">A saw,</td> <td class="tdl">From Keeshkeezhun, v. a. to cut.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Seeseebô-jeegun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Seeseebô-jeegun,</td> <td class="tdl">A file,</td> <td class="tdl">From Seesee, to rub off, &c.</td> </tr> @@ -23980,24 +23965,24 @@ the vowels e and o are sometimes used as connectives.</p> <td class="tdl">From Wassakooda, bright, biskoona, flame, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Beeseebô-jeegun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Beeseebô-jeegun,</td> <td class="tdl">A coffee-mill,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Beesâ, fine grains, &c.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Beesâ, fine grains, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Minnikwâd-jeegun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Minnikwâd-jeegun,</td> <td class="tdl">A drinking-vessel,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Minnekwâi, he drinks, &c.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Minnekwâi, he drinks, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tâshkeebôd-jeegun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Tâshkeebôd-jeegun,</td> <td class="tdl">A saw-mill,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Taushkâ, to split, &c.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Taushkâ, to split, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mudwâiabeed-jeegun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mudwâiabeed-jeegun,</td> <td class="tdl">A violin,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Mudwâwâi, sound, âiâb, a string, &c.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Mudwâwâi, sound, âiâb, a string, &c.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -24006,7 +23991,7 @@ instances:—</p> <table id="languages28" summary="short termination"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Onâ-gun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Onâ-gun,</td> <td class="tdl">A dish.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24022,15 +24007,15 @@ instances:—</p> <td class="tdl">A fork.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Puggimmâ-gun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Puggimmâ-gun,</td> <td class="tdl">A war-club.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Opwâ-gun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Opwâ-gun,</td> <td class="tdl">A pipe.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wassâitshie-gun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wassâitshie-gun,</td> <td class="tdl">A window.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24038,7 +24023,7 @@ instances:—</p> <td class="tdl">A house.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pôdahwâ-gun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pôdahwâ-gun,</td> <td class="tdl">A fire-place.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24047,44 +24032,44 @@ instances:—</p> </tr> </table> -<p>Another class of derivatives is formed from <i>wyân</i>, indicating, +<p>Another class of derivatives is formed from <i>wyân</i>, indicating, generally, an undressed skin. Thus—</p> <table id="language29" summary="skins"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Muk-wyân,</td> + <td class="tdl">Muk-wyân,</td> <td class="tdl">A bear skin,</td> <td class="tdl">From Mukwah, a bear, and wyaun, a skin.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wazhusk-wyân,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wazhusk-wyân,</td> <td class="tdl">A muskrat skin,</td> <td class="tdl">From Wazhusk, a muskrat, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wabôs-wyân,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wabôs-wyân,</td> <td class="tdl">A rabbit skin,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Wabôs, a rabbit, &c.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Wabôs, a rabbit, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Neegik-wyân,</td> + <td class="tdl">Neegik-wyân,</td> <td class="tdl">An otter skin,</td> <td class="tdl">From Neegih, an otter, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ojeegi-wyân,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ojeegi-wyân,</td> <td class="tdl">A fisher skin,</td> <td class="tdl">From Ojeeg, a fisher, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wabizhais-ewyân,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wabizhais-ewyân,</td> <td class="tdl">a martin skin,</td> <td class="tdl">from wabizhais, a martin, &c.</td> </tr> </table> -<p><i>Wâbiwyân</i>, a blanket, and <i>bubbuggiwyân</i>, a shirt, are also formed -from this root. As the termination <i>wyân</i>, is chiefly restricted to +<p><i>Wâbiwyân</i>, a blanket, and <i>bubbuggiwyân</i>, a shirt, are also formed +from this root. As the termination <i>wyân</i>, is chiefly restricted to undressed skins, or peltries, that of <i>waigin</i> is, in like manner, generally applied to dressed skins or to cloths. Thus—</p> @@ -24097,10 +24082,10 @@ generally applied to dressed skins or to cloths. Thus—</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Misk-waigin,</td> <td class="tdl">Red cloth,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Miskwâ, red, &c.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Miskwâ, red, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nondâ-waigin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nondâ-waigin,</td> <td class="tdl">Scarlet.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24116,7 +24101,7 @@ generally applied to dressed skins or to cloths. Thus—</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ozhauwushk-waigin,</td> <td class="tdl">Green cloth,</td> - <td class="tdl">From Ozhâwushkwâ, green.</td> + <td class="tdl">From Ozhâwushkwâ, green.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -24125,8 +24110,8 @@ generally applied to dressed skins or to cloths. Thus—</p> <p>An interesting class of substantives is derived from the third person singular of the present indicative of the verb, by changing the vowel sound of the first syllable, and adding the letter d to -that of the last, making the terminations in <i>aid</i>, _âd_, <i>eed</i>, <i>id</i>, <i>ood</i>. -Thus, <i>Pimmoossâ</i>, he walks, becomes <i>pâmmoossâd</i>, a walker.</p> +that of the last, making the terminations in <i>aid</i>, _âd_, <i>eed</i>, <i>id</i>, <i>ood</i>. +Thus, <i>Pimmoossâ</i>, he walks, becomes <i>pâmmoossâd</i>, a walker.</p> <table id="language31" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="verb derivations"> <tr> @@ -24135,40 +24120,40 @@ Thus, <i>Pimmoossâ</i>, he walks, becomes <i>pâmmoossâd</i>, a walker.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Munnissai,</td> <td class="tdl">He chops.</td> - <td class="tdl">Mânissaid,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mânissaid,</td> <td class="tdl">A chopper.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ozhibeigai,</td> <td class="tdl">He writes.</td> - <td class="tdl">Wâzhibeigaid,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wâzhibeigaid,</td> <td class="tdl">A writer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Nundowainjeegai,</td> <td class="tdl">He hunts.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nândowainjeegaid,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nândowainjeegaid,</td> <td class="tdl">A hunter.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4">âd.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4">âd.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Neebâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Neebâ,</td> <td class="tdl">He sleeps.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nâbâd,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nâbâd,</td> <td class="tdl">A sleeper.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kwâbahwâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kwâbahwâ,</td> <td class="tdl">He fishes (with scoop net).</td> - <td class="tdl">Kwyâbahwâd,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kwyâbahwâd,</td> <td class="tdl">A fisher (with scoop net).</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Puggidowâ,</td> + <td class="tdl">Puggidowâ,</td> <td class="tdl">He fishes (with seine).</td> - <td class="tdl">Pâgidowâd,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pâgidowâd,</td> <td class="tdl">A fisher (with seine).</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24198,17 +24183,17 @@ Thus, <i>Pimmoossâ</i>, he walks, becomes <i>pâmmoossâd</i>, a walker.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Neemi,</td> <td class="tdl">He dances.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nâmid,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nâmid,</td> <td class="tdl">A dancer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Weesinni,</td> <td class="tdl">He eats.</td> - <td class="tdl">Wâssinid,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wâssinid,</td> <td class="tdl">An eater.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pimâdizzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Pimâdizzi,</td> <td class="tdl">He lives.</td> <td class="tdl">Paimaudizzid,</td> <td class="tdl">A living being.</td> @@ -24225,36 +24210,36 @@ Thus, <i>Pimmoossâ</i>, he walks, becomes <i>pâmmoossâd</i>, a walker.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Keegido,</td> <td class="tdl">He speaks.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kâgidood,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kâgidood,</td> <td class="tdl">A speaker.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Keewonimoo,</td> <td class="tdl">He lies.</td> - <td class="tdl">Kâwunimood,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kâwunimood,</td> <td class="tdl">A liar.</td> </tr> </table> <p>This class of words is rendered plural in <i>ig</i>—a termination, which, after <i>d</i> final in the singular, has a soft pronunciation, as -if written <i>jig</i>. Thus, <i>Nâmid</i>, a dancer, <i>nâmidjig</i>, dancers.</p> +if written <i>jig</i>. Thus, <i>Nâmid</i>, a dancer, <i>nâmidjig</i>, dancers.</p> <p>The derogative form is given to these generic substantives by introducing <i>ish</i>, or simply <i>sh</i>, in place of the <i>d</i>, and changing the -latter to <i>kid</i>, making the terminations in <i>ai</i>, <i>aishkid</i>, in _â_, _âshkid_, +latter to <i>kid</i>, making the terminations in <i>ai</i>, <i>aishkid</i>, in _â_, _âshkid_, in <i>e</i>, <i>eeshkid</i>, in <i>i</i>, <i>ishkid</i>, and in <i>oo</i>, <i>ooshkid</i>. Thus, <i>naindowainjeegaid</i>, a hunter, is changed to <i>naindowainjeegaishkid</i>, a bad or unprofitable -hunter. <i>Naibâd</i>, a sleeper, is changed to <i>naibâshkid</i>, a +hunter. <i>Naibâd</i>, a sleeper, is changed to <i>naibâshkid</i>, a sluggard. <i>Jossakeed</i>, a juggler, to <i>jossakeeshkid</i>, a vicious juggler.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[488]</a></span> -<i>Wâsinnid</i>, an eater, to <i>wâssinishkid</i>, a gormandizer. <i>Kâgidood</i>, a -speaker, <i>kâgidooshkid</i>, a babbler. And in these cases the plural is -added to the last educed form, making <i>kâgidooshkidjig</i>, babblers, +<i>Wâsinnid</i>, an eater, to <i>wâssinishkid</i>, a gormandizer. <i>Kâgidood</i>, a +speaker, <i>kâgidooshkid</i>, a babbler. And in these cases the plural is +added to the last educed form, making <i>kâgidooshkidjig</i>, babblers, &c.</p> -<p>The word <i>nittâ</i>, on the contrary, prefixed to those expressions, -renders them complimentary. For instance, <i>nittâ naigumood</i>, is a -fine singer, <i>nittâ kâgidood</i>, a ready speaker, &c.</p> +<p>The word <i>nittâ</i>, on the contrary, prefixed to those expressions, +renders them complimentary. For instance, <i>nittâ naigumood</i>, is a +fine singer, <i>nittâ kâgidood</i>, a ready speaker, &c.</p> <p>Flexible as the substantive has been shown to be, there are other forms of combination that have not been adverted to—forms, @@ -24329,7 +24314,7 @@ practice.</p> <p>For the origin of the principle itself, we need look only to nature, which endows animate bodies with animate properties -and qualities, and <i>vice versâ</i>. But it is due to the tribes who speak +and qualities, and <i>vice versâ</i>. But it is due to the tribes who speak this language, to have invented one set of adjective symbols to express the ideas peculiarly appropriate to the former, and another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[490]</a></span> set applicable exclusively to the latter; and to have given the @@ -24369,13 +24354,13 @@ personal, and <i>au</i>, <i>un</i>, or <i>wud</i>, the impersonal forms.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Strong,</td> - <td class="tdl">Söngun,</td> - <td class="tdl">Söngizzi.</td> + <td class="tdl">Söngun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Söngizzi.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Soft,</td> - <td class="tdl">Nökun,</td> - <td class="tdl">Nökizzi.</td> + <td class="tdl">Nökun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nökizzi.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Hard,</td> @@ -24389,8 +24374,8 @@ personal, and <i>au</i>, <i>un</i>, or <i>wud</i>, the impersonal forms.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Black,</td> - <td class="tdl">Mukkuddäwau,</td> - <td class="tdl">Mukkuddäwizzi.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mukkuddäwau,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mukkuddäwizzi.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">White,</td> @@ -24419,8 +24404,8 @@ personal, and <i>au</i>, <i>un</i>, or <i>wud</i>, the impersonal forms.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Sweet,</td> - <td class="tdl">Weeshköbun,</td> - <td class="tdl">Weeshköbizzi.</td> + <td class="tdl">Weeshköbun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Weeshköbizzi.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Light,</td> @@ -24473,12 +24458,12 @@ will, in some instances, take the personal inflections, the<span class="pagenum" rule is not reciprocated, and <i>minno</i>, and <i>mindiddo</i>, and <i>gitizzi</i>, and all words similarly situated, remain unchangeably animates. The word <i>pungee</i> is limited to the expression of quantity, and its correspondent, -<i>uggaushi</i>, to size or quality. <i>Kishedä</i> (hot) is restricted -to the heat of a fire; <i>keezhautä</i>, to the heat of the sun. There is +<i>uggaushi</i>, to size or quality. <i>Kishedä</i> (hot) is restricted +to the heat of a fire; <i>keezhautä</i>, to the heat of the sun. There is still a third term to indicate the natural heat of the body; <i>kizzizoo</i>. <i>Mitshau</i> (large) is generally applied to countries, lakes, rivers, &c.; <i>mindiddo</i>, to the body; and <i>gitshee</i>, indiscriminately. <i>Onishishin</i>, -and its correspondent, <i>onishishshä</i>, signify handsome or fair, as +and its correspondent, <i>onishishshä</i>, signify handsome or fair, as well as good. <i>Kwonaudy</i>, a. a., and <i>kwonaudyewun</i>, a. i., mean, strictly, handsome, and imply nothing further. <i>Minno</i> is the appropriate personal form for good. <i>Mudjee</i> and <i>monaudud</i> may @@ -24502,8 +24487,8 @@ prescribed by nature.</p> both to be employed in their usual relation, the latter is endowed with a pronominal or substantive inflection; and the use of the noun in its separate form is thus wholly superseded. Thus, <i>onishishin</i>, -a. i., and <i>onishishsha</i>, a. a., become <i>wänishishing</i>, "That -which is good or fair," and <i>wänishishid</i>, "He who is good or fair." +a. i., and <i>onishishsha</i>, a. a., become <i>wänishishing</i>, "That +which is good or fair," and <i>wänishishid</i>, "He who is good or fair." The following examples will exhibit this rule under each of its forms:—</p> @@ -24514,7 +24499,7 @@ forms:—</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Black,</td> <td class="tdl">Mukkuddawizzi,</td> - <td class="tdl">Mäkuddäwizzid.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mäkuddäwizzid.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">White,</td> @@ -24524,25 +24509,25 @@ forms:—</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Yellow,</td> <td class="tdl">Ozahwizzi,</td> - <td class="tdl">Wäzauwizzid.</td> + <td class="tdl">Wäzauwizzid.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Red,</td> <td class="tdl">Miskwizzi,</td> - <td class="tdl">Mäskoozzid.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mäskoozzid.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Strong,</td> - <td class="tdl">Söngizzi,</td> - <td class="tdl">Swöngizzid.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span></td> + <td class="tdl">Söngizzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Swöngizzid.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><span class="small">NOUN-ADJECTIVE INANIMATE.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Black,</td> - <td class="tdl">Mukkuddäwau,</td> - <td class="tdl">Mäkuddäwaug.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mukkuddäwau,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mäkuddäwaug.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">White,</td> @@ -24552,7 +24537,7 @@ forms:—</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Yellow,</td> <td class="tdl">Ozahwau,</td> - <td class="tdl">Wäzhauwaug.</td> + <td class="tdl">Wäzhauwaug.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Red,</td> @@ -24571,31 +24556,31 @@ instance, <i>onishisha</i> is thus declined to mark the person:—</p> <table id="language35" summary="vowel permutation"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyaun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyaun,</td> <td class="tdl">I (am) good or fair.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyun,</td> <td class="tdl">Thou (art) good or fair.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wänishish-id,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wänishish-id,</td> <td class="tdl">He (is) good or fair.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyaung,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyaung,</td> <td class="tdl">We (are) good or fair. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyung,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyung,</td> <td class="tdl">We (are) good or fair. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyaig,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wänishish-eyaig,</td> <td class="tdl">Ye (are) good or fair.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wänishish-idjig,</td> + <td class="tdl">Wänishish-idjig,</td> <td class="tdl">They (are) good or fair.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -24604,8 +24589,8 @@ instance, <i>onishisha</i> is thus declined to mark the person:—</p> plural by <i>in</i>, changing <i>maiskwaug</i> to <i>maiskwaug-in</i>, &c. &c. The verbal signification which these forms assume, as indicated in the words am, art, is, are, is to be sought in the permutative -change of the first syllable. Thus, <i>o</i> is changed to <i>wä</i>, <i>muk</i> to -<i>mäk</i>, <i>waub</i> to <i>wy-aub</i>, <i>ozau</i> to <i>wäzau</i>, <i>misk</i> to <i>maisk</i>, &c. The pronoun, +change of the first syllable. Thus, <i>o</i> is changed to <i>wä</i>, <i>muk</i> to +<i>mäk</i>, <i>waub</i> to <i>wy-aub</i>, <i>ozau</i> to <i>wäzau</i>, <i>misk</i> to <i>maisk</i>, &c. The pronoun, as is usual in the double compounds, is formed wholly by the inflections <i>eyaun</i>, <i>eyun</i>, &c.</p> @@ -24620,26 +24605,26 @@ considered strictly animate or inanimate, admit of double forms, and are of general use. Many of the examples recorded in the original manuscripts employed in these inquiries, are of a more concrete character, and, at the same time, a more limited use. -Thus, <i>shaugwewe</i> is a weak person; <i>nökaugumme</i>, a weak drink;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[493]</a></span> -<i>nökaugwud</i>, a weak or soft piece of wood. <i>Sussägau</i> is fine, but +Thus, <i>shaugwewe</i> is a weak person; <i>nökaugumme</i>, a weak drink;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[493]</a></span> +<i>nökaugwud</i>, a weak or soft piece of wood. <i>Sussägau</i> is fine, but can only be applied to personal appearance; <i>beesau</i>, indicates fine -grains. <i>Keewushkwä</i> is giddy, and <i>keewushkwäbee</i>, giddy with -drink—both being restricted to the third person. <i>Söngun</i> and +grains. <i>Keewushkwä</i> is giddy, and <i>keewushkwäbee</i>, giddy with +drink—both being restricted to the third person. <i>Söngun</i> and <i>songizzi</i> are the personal and impersonal forms of strong, as given above, but <i>mushkowaugumme</i> is strong drink. In like manner, the two words for hard, as above, are restricted to solid substances. <i>Sunnuhgud</i> is hard (to endure). <i>Waindud</i> is easy -(to perform). <i>Söngodää</i> is brave; <i>shaugedää</i>, cowardly; <i>keezhinghowizzi</i>, +(to perform). <i>Söngodää</i> is brave; <i>shaugedää</i>, cowardly; <i>keezhinghowizzi</i>, active; <i>kizheekau</i>, swift; <i>onaunegoozzi</i>, lively; <i>minwaindum</i>, happy; <i>gushkaindum</i>, sorrowful; but all these forms are confined to the third person of the indicative, singular. <i>Pibbigwun</i> is a rough or knotted substance; <i>pubbiggozzi</i>, a rough person. <i>Keenwau</i> is long or tall (any solid mass). <i>Kaynozid</i> is a tall person. <i>Tahkozid</i> a short person. <i>Wassayau</i> is light; <i>wassaubizzoo</i>, the -light of the eye; <i>wasshauzhä</i>, the light of a star or any luminous +light of the eye; <i>wasshauzhä</i>, the light of a star or any luminous body. <i>Keenau</i> is sharp; <i>keenaubikud</i>, a sharp knife or stone. <i>Keezhaubikeday</i> is hot metal, a hot stove, &c. <i>Keezhaugummeday</i> -is hot water. <i>Uubudgeetön</i> is useful, a useful thing. <i>Wauweeug</i> +is hot water. <i>Uubudgeetön</i> is useful, a useful thing. <i>Wauweeug</i> is frivolous, anything frivolous in word or deed. <i>Tubbushish</i> appears to be a general term for low. <i>Ishpimming</i> is high in the air. <i>Ishpau</i> is applied to any high fixture, as a house, &c. <i>Ishpaubikau</i> @@ -24653,7 +24638,7 @@ I shall not scruple to add further examples and illustrations. Ask a Chippewa the name for a rock, and he will answer <i>awzhebik</i>. The generic import of <i>awbik</i> has been explained. Ask him the name for red rock, and he will answer <i>miskwaubik</i>; for white -rock, and he will answer <i>waubaubik</i>; for black rock, <i>mukkuddäwaubik</i>; +rock, and he will answer <i>waubaubik</i>; for black rock, <i>mukkuddäwaubik</i>; for yellow rock, <i>ozahwaubik</i>; for green rock, <i>ozhahwushkwaubik</i>; for bright rock, <i>wassayaubik</i>; for smooth rock, <i>shoishkwaubik</i>, &c.—compounds in which the words red, white, black, @@ -24675,7 +24660,7 @@ forms will be elicited:</p> <td class="tdl">It (is) a white rock.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mukkudäwaubik-ud,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mukkudäwaubik-ud,</td> <td class="tdl">It (is) a black rock.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24702,7 +24687,7 @@ forms will be elicited:</p> <td class="tdl">He (is) a white rock.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mukkudäwaubik-izzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mukkudäwaubik-izzi,</td> <td class="tdl">He (is) a black rock.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24732,7 +24717,7 @@ the radix of the expression for "rock."</p> other adjectives, or the same adjectives applied to other objects, and results equally regular and numerous will be obtained. <i>Minnis</i>, we shall be told is an island; <i>miskominnis</i>, a red island; -<i>mukkuddäminnis</i>, a black island; <i>waubeminnis</i>, a white island, &c. +<i>mukkuddäminnis</i>, a black island; <i>waubeminnis</i>, a white island, &c. <i>Annokwut</i>, is a cloud; <i>miskwaunakwut</i>, a red cloud; <i>mukkuddawukwut</i>, a black cloud; <i>waubahnokwut</i>, a white cloud; <i>ozahwushkwahnakwut</i>, a blue cloud, &c. <i>Neebe</i> is the specific term for water; @@ -24750,7 +24735,7 @@ potable liquids. Hence, the following terms:—</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Nokun,</td> <td class="tdl">Weak.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nökauguma,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nökauguma,</td> <td class="tdl">Weak drink.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24825,11 +24810,11 @@ smells bad. The inflections <i>gwud</i>, and <i>izzi</i>, here employed, are clearly indicative, as in other combinations, of the words <i>it</i> and <i>him</i>.</p> -<p><i>Baimwa</i>, is sound; <i>baimwäwa</i>, the passing sound; <i>minwäwa</i>, a -pleasant sound; <i>maunwäwa</i>, a disagreeable sound; <i>mudwayaushkau</i>, +<p><i>Baimwa</i>, is sound; <i>baimwäwa</i>, the passing sound; <i>minwäwa</i>, a +pleasant sound; <i>maunwäwa</i>, a disagreeable sound; <i>mudwayaushkau</i>, the sound of waves dashing on the shore; <i>mudwayaunnemud</i>, the sound of winds; <i>mudwayaukooshkau</i>, the sound of falling trees; -<i>mudwäkumigishin</i>, the sound of a person falling upon the earth; +<i>mudwäkumigishin</i>, the sound of a person falling upon the earth; <i>mudwaysin</i>, the sound of any inanimate mass falling on the earth. These examples might be continued <i>ad infinitum</i>. Every modification of circumstances, almost every peculiarity of thought, is expressed @@ -24861,11 +24846,11 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p> <td class="tdl">I have walked well, or a good distance.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kägät minno geezhigud,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kägät minno geezhigud,</td> <td class="tdl">It (is) a very pleasant day.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kwanaudy ningödahs,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kwanaudy ningödahs,</td> <td class="tdl">I have a handsome garment.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24877,15 +24862,15 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p> <td class="tdl">What ails you?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[496]</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Keezhamonedo aupädush shäwainemik,</td> + <td class="tdl">Keezhamonedo aupädush shäwainemik,</td> <td class="tdl">God prosper you.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aupädush shäwaindaugoozzegun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Aupädush shäwaindaugoozzegun,</td> <td class="tdl">Good luck attend you.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Aupädush nau kinwainzh pimmaudizziyun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Aupädush nau kinwainzh pimmaudizziyun,</td> <td class="tdl">May you live long.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24901,19 +24886,19 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p> <td class="tdl">A pretty boy.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kägät söngedää,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kägät söngedää,</td> <td class="tdl">He (is) a brave man.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kägät onishishsha,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kägät onishishsha,</td> <td class="tdl">She (is) handsome.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gitshee kinözee,</td> + <td class="tdl">Gitshee kinözee,</td> <td class="tdl">He (is) very tall.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Uggausau bäwizzi,</td> + <td class="tdl">Uggausau bäwizzi,</td> <td class="tdl">She (is) slender.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24945,7 +24930,7 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p> <td class="tdl">My bow (is) good.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ne bikwukön monaududön,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ne bikwukön monaududön,</td> <td class="tdl">But my arrows (are) bad.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24953,7 +24938,7 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p> <td class="tdl">I love mild or mixed tobacco.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kauweekau neezhikay ussämau ne suggus-wannausee,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kauweekau neezhikay ussämau ne suggus-wannausee,</td> <td class="tdl">But I never smoke pure tobacco.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24961,15 +24946,15 @@ before verbs and nouns, in the first and second persons singular.</p> <td class="tdl">Strong drink (is) bad.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Keeguhgee budjeëgonaun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Keeguhgee budjeëgonaun,</td> <td class="tdl">It makes us foolish.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gitshee Monedo neebe ogee özhetön,</td> + <td class="tdl">Gitshee Monedo neebe ogee özhetön,</td> <td class="tdl">The Great Spirit made water.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">mIninewug dush ween ishködäwaubo ogee oz-hetönahwau,</td> + <td class="tdl">mIninewug dush ween ishködäwaubo ogee oz-hetönahwau,</td> <td class="tdl">But man made whiskey.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -24983,14 +24968,14 @@ English expression is thrown into Indian in the most natural manner, and, of course, without always giving adjective for adjective or noun for noun. Thus, God is rendered, not <i>monedo</i>, but <i>Geezha monedo, merciful spirit</i>. Good luck is rendered by the -compound phrase, <i>shäwaindaugoozzegun</i>, indicating in a very general +compound phrase, <i>shäwaindaugoozzegun</i>, indicating in a very general sense, the influence of kindness or benevolence on <i>success in life</i>. -<i>Söngedää</i> is, alone, <i>a brave man</i>, and the word <i>kägät</i> prefixed, is an +<i>Söngedää</i> is, alone, <i>a brave man</i>, and the word <i>kägät</i> prefixed, is an adverb. In the expression "mild tobacco," the adjective is entirely dispensed with in the Indian, the sense being sufficiently rendered by the compound noun <i>appaukoozzegun</i>, which always -means the Indian weed or smoking mixture. <i>Ussämau</i>, on the -contrary, without the adjective, signifies pure tobacco. <i>Bikwukön</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[497]</a></span> +means the Indian weed or smoking mixture. <i>Ussämau</i>, on the +contrary, without the adjective, signifies pure tobacco. <i>Bikwukön</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[497]</a></span> signifies blunt or lumpy-headed arrows; <i>assowaun</i>, is the barbed arrow. <i>Kwonaudj kweeweezains</i> means, not simply "pretty boy," but <i>pretty little boy</i>; and there is no mode of using the word boy @@ -25001,7 +24986,7 @@ In the last phrase of the examples, "man" is rendered men (<i>inineewuy</i>) in the translation, as the term <i>man</i> cannot be employed in the general plural sense it conveys in this connection in the original. The word "whiskey" is rendered by the compound phrase, -<i>ishködawaubo</i>, literally <i>fire-liquor</i>, a generic for all kinds of ardent +<i>ishködawaubo</i>, literally <i>fire-liquor</i>, a generic for all kinds of ardent spirits.</p> <p>These aberrations from the literal terms will convey some conceptions @@ -25024,7 +25009,7 @@ by adverbs and accessory adjectives that the degrees of comparison are expressed.</p> <p><i>Pimmaudizziwin</i>, is a very general substantive expression, indicating -the <i>tenor of being or life</i>. <i>Izzhewäbizziwin</i>, is a term near +the <i>tenor of being or life</i>. <i>Izzhewäbizziwin</i>, is a term near akin to it, but more appropriately applied to the <i>acts</i>, <i>conduct</i>, <i>manner</i>, or <i>personal deportment</i> of life. Hence the expressions—</p> @@ -25042,15 +25027,15 @@ akin to it, but more appropriately applied to the <i>acts</i>, <i>conduct</i>, <td class="tdl">His tenor of life, &c.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nin dizhewäbizziwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nin dizhewäbizziwin,</td> <td class="tdl">My personal deportment.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ke dizhewäbizziwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dizhewäbizziwin,</td> <td class="tdl">Thy personal deportment.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">O Izzhewäbizziwin,</td> + <td class="tdl">O Izzhewäbizziwin,</td> <td class="tdl">His personal deportment, &c.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -25098,52 +25083,52 @@ comparison may be, therefore, set down as follows:—</p> <table id="language41" summary="comparison"> <tr> <td class="tdl">Positive,</td> - <td class="tdl">Kishedä.</td> + <td class="tdl">Kishedä.</td> <td class="tdl">Hot (restricted to the heat of a fire),</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Comparative,</td> - <td class="tdl">Nahwudj kishedä.</td> + <td class="tdl">Nahwudj kishedä.</td> <td class="tdl">More hot,</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Superlative,</td> - <td class="tdl">Mahmowee kishedä.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mahmowee kishedä.</td> <td class="tdl">Most hot.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Your manner of life is good,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhewäbizziwin onishishin.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhewäbizziwin onishishin.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Your manner of life is better,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhewäbizziwin nahwudj onishishin.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhewäbizziwin nahwudj onishishin.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Your manner of life is best,</td> - <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhewäbizziwin mahwoweé onishishin.</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dizzhewäbizziwin mahwoweé onishishin.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="2">His manner of life is best,</td> - <td class="tdl">Odizzhewäbizziwin mahmowee onishishinine.</td> + <td class="tdl">Odizzhewäbizziwin mahmowee onishishinine.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Little Turtle was brave,</td> - <td class="tdl">Mikkenoköns söngedääbun.</td> + <td class="tdl">Mikkenoköns söngedääbun.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Tecumseh was braver,</td> - <td class="tdl">Tecumseh nahwudj söngedääbun.</td> + <td class="tdl">Tecumseh nahwudj söngedääbun.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Pontiac was bravest,</td> - <td class="tdl">Pontiac mahmowee söngedääbun.</td> + <td class="tdl">Pontiac mahmowee söngedääbun.</td> </tr> </table> <p>3. The adjective assumes a negative form when it is preceded -by the adverb. Thus, the phrase <i>songedää</i>, he is brave, is changed -to <i>kahween söngedääsee</i>, he is not brave.</p> +by the adverb. Thus, the phrase <i>songedää</i>, he is brave, is changed +to <i>kahween söngedääsee</i>, he is not brave.</p> <table id="language42" summary="negative forms"> <tr> @@ -25240,7 +25225,7 @@ exceptions.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">It is not large,</td> - <td class="tdl">Kahween mitshau-seenön.</td> + <td class="tdl">Kahween mitshau-seenön.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -25287,11 +25272,11 @@ adjectives requiring personal plurals, &c.</p> <td class="tdl">Good apple.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewe eekwä,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewe eekwä,</td> <td class="tdl">Handsome woman.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Songedää inine,</td> + <td class="tdl">Songedää inine,</td> <td class="tdl">Brave man.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -25310,11 +25295,11 @@ adjectives requiring personal plurals, &c.</p> <td class="tdl">Good apples.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewe-wug eekwä-wug,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewe-wug eekwä-wug,</td> <td class="tdl">Handsome women.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Songedää-wug inine-wug,</td> + <td class="tdl">Songedää-wug inine-wug,</td> <td class="tdl">Brave men.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -25322,7 +25307,7 @@ adjectives requiring personal plurals, &c.</p> <td class="tdl">Beautiful birds.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ozahwizzi-wug ahm-ög,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ozahwizzi-wug ahm-ög,</td> <td class="tdl">Yellow bees.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -25351,19 +25336,19 @@ adjectives requiring personal plurals, &c.</p> <td colspan="2" class="tdc">Plural.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Onishishin-ön mittig-ön,</td> + <td class="tdl">Onishishin-ön mittig-ön,</td> <td class="tdl">Good trees.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewun-ön tshemaun-un,</td> + <td class="tdl">Kwonaudjewun-ön tshemaun-un,</td> <td class="tdl">Handsome canoes.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Monaudud-ön ishkod-än,</td> + <td class="tdl">Monaudud-ön ishkod-än,</td> <td class="tdl">Bad fires.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Weeshkobun-ön aidetaig-in,</td> + <td class="tdl">Weeshkobun-ön aidetaig-in,</td> <td class="tdl">Sweet fruits.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -25377,15 +25362,15 @@ named became necessary, the compound expressions would be used. Thus, instead of saying "the yellow bee," <i>wazzahwizzid</i> would distinctly convey the idea of that insect, <i>had the species been before named</i>. Under similar circumstances, <i>kain-waukoozzid</i>, -<i>agausheid</i>, <i>söngaunemud</i>, <i>mushkowaunemud</i>, would respectively +<i>agausheid</i>, <i>söngaunemud</i>, <i>mushkowaunemud</i>, would respectively signify, "a tall tree," "a small fly," "a strong wind," "a hard wind." And these terms would become plural in <i>jig</i>, which, as before mentioned, is a mere modification of <i>ig</i>, one of the five general animate plural inflections of the language.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[501]</a></span> -<i>Kägät wahwinaudj abbenöjeeug</i>, is an expression indicating they -are <i>very handsome children</i>. But <i>beeweezheewug monetösug</i> denotes +<i>Kägät wahwinaudj abbenöjeeug</i>, is an expression indicating they +are <i>very handsome children</i>. But <i>beeweezheewug monetösug</i> denotes <i>small insects</i>. <i>Minno neewugizzi</i>, is "good tempered," "he is good tempered." <i>Mawshininewugizzi</i>, is "bad tempered," both having their plural in <i>wug</i>. <i>Nin nuneenahwaindum</i>, "I am lonesome." @@ -25404,7 +25389,7 @@ the inflection <i>ing</i>, making one, <i>once</i>, &c. The unit exists in d <table id="language45" summary="numerals"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Päzhik,</td> + <td class="tdl">Päzhik,</td> <td class="tdl">One, <i>general unit</i>.</td> <td class="tdl bl" rowspan="2">Aubeding,</td> <td class="tdl" rowspan="2">Once.</td> @@ -25438,13 +25423,13 @@ the inflection <i>ing</i>, making one, <i>once</i>, &c. The unit exists in d <td class="tdl">Five times.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">N'goodwaswä,</td> + <td class="tdl">N'goodwaswä,</td> <td class="tdl">Six.</td> <td class="tdl">N'goodwautsking,</td> <td class="tdl">Six times.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Neeshwauswä,</td> + <td class="tdl">Neeshwauswä,</td> <td class="tdl">Seven.</td> <td class="tdl">Neeshwautshing,</td> <td class="tdl">Seven times.</td> @@ -25580,7 +25565,7 @@ prayer, as they cannot be applied directly <i>to</i> the object addressed. It is only when speaking <i>of</i> the Deity, under the name of father, to other persons, that the inclusive and exclusive forms of the word <i>our</i> can be used. The dilemma may be obviated by the -use of a compound descriptive phrase, <i>Wä ö se mig o yun</i>, signifying, +use of a compound descriptive phrase, <i>Wä ö se mig o yun</i>, signifying, "Thou, who art the father of all," or "universal father." In practice, however, the question is cut short by those persons who have embraced Christianity. It has seemed to them that, @@ -25863,9 +25848,9 @@ were exclusively <i>specific</i> in their meaning, it, may be proper here, in further illustration of an important principle, to present a generic substantive under their compound forms.</p> -<p>I have selected for this purpose one of the primitives. <span class="smcap">IE-AU´</span>, +<p>I have selected for this purpose one of the primitives. <span class="smcap">IE-AU´</span>, is the abstract term for matter. It is in the animate form. Its -inanimate correspondent is <span class="smcap">IE-EE´</span>. These are two important roots. +inanimate correspondent is <span class="smcap">IE-EE´</span>. These are two important roots. And they are found in combination, in a very great number of derivative words. It will be sufficient here, to show their connection with the pronoun, in the production of a class of terms @@ -25883,30 +25868,30 @@ in very general use.</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">PLURAL.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nin dyë aum,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nin dyë aum,</td> <td class="tdl">Mine.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nin dyë auminaun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nin dyë auminaun,</td> <td class="tdl">Ours. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> - <td class="tdl">Ke dyë auminaun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dyë auminaun,</td> <td class="tdl">Ours. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ke dyë aum,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dyë aum,</td> <td class="tdl">Thine.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ke dyë aumewau,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dyë aumewau,</td> <td class="tdl">Yours.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdc medium" colspan="4">Objective.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">O dyë aum-un,</td> + <td class="tdl">O dyë aum-un,</td> <td class="tdl">His or Hers.</td> - <td class="tdl">O dyë aumewaun,</td> + <td class="tdl">O dyë aumewaun,</td> <td class="tdl">Theirs.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -25920,21 +25905,21 @@ in very general use.</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="2">PLURAL.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nin dyë eem,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nin dyë eem,</td> <td class="tdl">Mine.</td> - <td class="tdl">Nin dyë eeminaun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Nin dyë eeminaun,</td> <td class="tdl">Ours. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl">Ke dyë eeminaun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dyë eeminaun,</td> <td class="tdl">Ours. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ke dyë eem,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dyë eem,</td> <td class="tdl">Thine.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ke dyë eemewau,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke dyë eemewau,</td> <td class="tdl">Yours. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[507]</a></span></td> </tr> @@ -25942,9 +25927,9 @@ in very general use.</p> <td class="tdc medium" colspan="4">Objective.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">O dyë eem.</td> + <td class="tdl">O dyë eem.</td> <td class="tdl">His or Hers.</td> - <td class="tdl">O dyë eemewau,</td> + <td class="tdl">O dyë eemewau,</td> <td class="tdl">Theirs. (pos. in.)</td> </tr> </table> @@ -26025,7 +26010,7 @@ have the following formula of the pronominal declensions:</p> <p>To render this formula of general use, six variations (five in addition to the above) of the possessive inflection are required, corresponding to the six classes of substantives, whereby <i>aum</i> -would be changed to _äm_, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _öm_, and <i>oom</i>, conformably to the +would be changed to _äm_, <i>eem</i>, <i>im</i>, _öm_, and <i>oom</i>, conformably to the examples heretofore given in treating of the substantive. The objective inflection would also be sometimes changed to <i>een</i>, and sometimes to <i>oan</i>.</p> @@ -26225,15 +26210,15 @@ For instance—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Who sent you?</td> - <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain waynönik?</td> + <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain waynönik?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Who is your father?</td> - <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain kös?</td> + <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain kös?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Who did it?</td> - <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain kau tödung?</td> + <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain kau tödung?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Whose dog is it?</td> @@ -26241,7 +26226,7 @@ For instance—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Whose pipe is that?</td> - <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain döpwaugunid en-eu?</td> + <td class="tdl">Ahwaynain döpwaugunid en-eu?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Whose lodge is it?</td> @@ -26267,7 +26252,7 @@ the following forms will be elicited:—</p> <table id="pronouns15" summary="ween"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ween, kau unnönik,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ween, kau unnönik,</td> <td class="tdl">He (who) sent you.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -26283,7 +26268,7 @@ the following forms will be elicited:—</p> <td class="tdl">He (who) told you.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ween, kau tödung,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ween, kau tödung,</td> <td class="tdl">He (who) did it, &c.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -26295,15 +26280,15 @@ and not he <i>who</i> sent you, &c., the following forms are used:—</p <table id="pronouns16" summary="gee2"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ke gee unnönig,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ke gee unnönig,</td> <td class="tdl">He (sent) you.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ainnözhid,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ainnözhid,</td> <td class="tdl">He (sent) me.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ainnönaud,</td> + <td class="tdl">Ainnönaud,</td> <td class="tdl">He (sent) him.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -26350,31 +26335,31 @@ shown in the causative verb—</p> <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><span class="small">TO MAKE HAPPY.</span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëid,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëid,</td> <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>me</i> happy.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëik,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëik,</td> <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>thee</i> happy.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëaud,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëaud,</td> <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>him</i> happy.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëinung,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëinung,</td> <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>us</i> happy. (in.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëyaug,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëyaug,</td> <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>us</i> happy. (ex.)</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëinnaig,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëinnaig,</td> <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>ye</i> or <i>you</i> happy.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëigowaud,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mainwaindumëigowaud,</td> <td class="tdl">He (who) makes <i>them</i> happy.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -26384,7 +26369,7 @@ persons—</p> <table id="pronouns18" summary="continued forms"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum ë yun,</td> + <td class="tdl">Mainwaindum ë yun,</td> <td class="tdl"><i>Thou</i> (who) makest me happy, &c.</td> </tr> </table> @@ -26402,7 +26387,7 @@ The next step is to add the suffix personal pronouns, <i>id</i>, <i>ik</i>, <i>a &c., rendering the expressions, "he makes <i>me</i> happy," &c. But, in adding these increments, the vowel <i>e</i> is thrown between the adjective-verb and the pronoun suffixed, making the expression, -not <i>mainwaindum-yun</i>, but <i>mainwaindum ëyun</i>. Generally, the +not <i>mainwaindum-yun</i>, but <i>mainwaindum ëyun</i>. Generally, the vowel e, in this situation, is a connective, or introduced merely for the sake of euphony. And those who maintain that it is here<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[512]</a></span> employed as a personal pronoun, and that the relative <i>who</i> is implied @@ -26415,7 +26400,7 @@ by turning to the list of <i>suffixed personal pronouns</i>, and <i>animate plurals</i>, that they mark the persons, I, thou, he, &c., we, ye, they, &c.</p> -<p>Take, for example, <i>minwaindumëigowaud</i>, "he (who) makes +<p>Take, for example, <i>minwaindumëigowaud</i>, "he (who) makes them happy." Of this compound, <i>minwaindum</i>, as before shown, signifies "he makes happy." But as the verb is in the singular number, it implies that but <i>one person</i> is made happy; and the @@ -26449,7 +26434,7 @@ contend for something like the following form of translation: </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">What have you lost?</td> - <td class="tdl">Waygonain kau wonetöyun?</td> + <td class="tdl">Waygonain kau wonetöyun?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">What do you look for?</td> @@ -26465,11 +26450,11 @@ contend for something like the following form of translation: </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">What detained you?</td> - <td class="tdl">Waygonain kau oon dahme egöyun?</td> + <td class="tdl">Waygonain kau oon dahme egöyun?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">What are you making?</td> - <td class="tdl">Waygonain wayzhetöyun?</td> + <td class="tdl">Waygonain wayzhetöyun?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">What have you there?</td> @@ -26489,7 +26474,7 @@ in what manner, or at what time.</p> <table id="pronouns20" summary="auneen"> <tr> <td class="tdl">What do you say?</td> - <td class="tdl">Auneen akeedöyun?</td> + <td class="tdl">Auneen akeedöyun?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">What do you call this?</td> @@ -26505,11 +26490,11 @@ in what manner, or at what time.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Which do you mean, this or that? (an.)</td> - <td class="tdl">Auneen ah-ow ainud, woh-ow gämau ewaidde?</td> + <td class="tdl">Auneen ah-ow ainud, woh-ow gämau ewaidde?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Which do you mean, this or that? (in.)</td> - <td class="tdl">Auneen eh-eu ewaidumun oh-oo gämau ewaidde?</td> + <td class="tdl">Auneen eh-eu ewaidumun oh-oo gämau ewaidde?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Which boy do you mean?</td> @@ -26547,7 +26532,7 @@ adverb of place, and may be rendered <i>where</i>.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Where is your pipe?</td> - <td class="tdl">Auneende ke döpwaugun?</td> + <td class="tdl">Auneende ke döpwaugun?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Where is your gun?</td> @@ -26581,7 +26566,7 @@ of the cause or motive.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Why have you come?</td> - <td class="tdl">Auneeshween ke peëzhauyun?</td> + <td class="tdl">Auneeshween ke peëzhauyun?</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Tell me why?</td> @@ -26686,7 +26671,7 @@ after the pronoun:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Those are bad knives,</td> - <td class="tdl">Monaududön in-euwaidde mokomahnun.</td> + <td class="tdl">Monaududön in-euwaidde mokomahnun.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Give me that spear,</td> @@ -26859,7 +26844,7 @@ Chien and Lake Pepin.</p> <p>23. <span class="smcap">Unio gibbosus</span>, <i>Barnes</i>. St. Croix River, Upper Mississippi,</p> -<p>24. <span class="smcap">Unio rectus</span>, <i>Lamarck</i>. <span class="smcap">U. prælongus</span>, <i>Barnes</i>. Upper +<p>24. <span class="smcap">Unio rectus</span>, <i>Lamarck</i>. <span class="smcap">U. prælongus</span>, <i>Barnes</i>. Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin, and the River St. Croix. The specimens collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, vary much in the color of the nacre. Some have it entirely white, @@ -26923,7 +26908,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p> <li>—— <i>concolor</i>, Willdenow. Fox River, Northwest Ter.</li> <li>—— (<i>N. Spec.</i>). Sources of Yellow River, Northwest Ter.</li> <li><i>Andropogon furcatus</i>, Willdenow. Sources of Yellow River, Northwest Ter.</li> -<li><i>Alopecurus geniculatus</i>, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.</li> +<li><i>Alopecurus geniculatus</i>, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.</li> <li><i>Aira flexuosa.</i> Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.</li> <li><i>Allium tricoccum</i>, Aiton. Ontonagon River of Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>cernuum</i>, Roth. River de Corbeau to the sources of the Miss.</li> @@ -27027,7 +27012,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p> <li><i>Galeopsis tetrahit</i>, Var. Falls of St. Mary, Mich. Ter.</li> <li><i>Gnaphalium plantaginium</i>, Var. Sources of the Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Goodyera pubescens</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li> -<li><i>Hippophæ canadensis</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li> +<li><i>Hippophæ canadensis</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>argentea</i>, Pursh. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Hedeoma glabra</i>, Persoon. Lake Michigan to the sources of the Miss.</li> <li><i>Hydropeltis purpurea</i>, Michaux. Northwest Ter.</li> @@ -27035,7 +27020,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p> <li><i>Hudsonia tomentosa</i>, Nuttall. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Hypericum canadense</i>. Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>prolificum</i>, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.</li> -<li><i>Hieracium fasciculatum</i>, Pursh. Pukwàewa Lake, Northwest Ter.</li> +<li><i>Hieracium fasciculatum</i>, Pursh. Pukwà ewa Lake, Northwest Ter.</li> <li><i>Hierochloa borealis</i>, Roemer & Schultes. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Holcus lanatus</i>. Savannah River, Northwest Ter.</li> <li><i>Houstonia longifolia</i>, Willdenow. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.</li> @@ -27061,7 +27046,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p> <li><i>Lathyrus palustris.</i> Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>decaphyllus</i>, Pursh. Leech Lake.</li> <li>—— <i>maritimus</i>, Bigelow. Lake Superior.</li> -<li><i>Lobelia kalmii</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li> +<li><i>Lobelia kalmii</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>claytoniana</i>, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li>—— <i>puberula?</i> Michaux. Yellow River, Northwest Ter.</li> <li><i>Liatris scariosa</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li> @@ -27071,7 +27056,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p> <li><i>Ledum latifolium</i>, Aiton. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.</li> <li><i>Myrica gale</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Malva (N. Spec.).</i> Upper Mississippi.</li> -<li><i>Monarda punctata</i>, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.</li> +<li><i>Monarda punctata</i>, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li>—— <i>oblongata</i>, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Microstylis ophioglossoides</i>, Willdenow. Lac la Biche [Itasca].</li> <li><i>Myriophyllum spicatum.</i> Lake Superior. @@ -27080,7 +27065,7 @@ will be published at some future day.</p> <li><i>Menyanthes trifoliata.</i> Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.</li> <li><i>Myosotis arvensis</i>, Sibthorp. St. Clair River, Mich. Ter.</li> <li><i>Nelumbium luteum</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li> -<li><i>Œnothera biennis</i>, Var. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.</li> +<li><i>Œnothera biennis</i>, Var. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>serrulata</i>, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Psoralea argophylla</i>, Pursh. Falls of St. Anthony.</li> <li><i>Primula farinosa</i>, Var. <i>Americana</i>, Torrey. Lakes Huron and Superior.</li> @@ -27091,16 +27076,16 @@ will be published at some future day.</p> <li><i>Pinus nigra</i>, Lambert. Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>banksiana</i>, Lambert. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Populus tremuloides</i>, Michaux. Northwest Ter.</li> -<li>—— <i>lævigata</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li> +<li>—— <i>lævigata</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Prunus depressa</i>, Pursh. Lakes Superior and Michigan.</li> <li><i>Petalostemon violaceum</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li>—— <i>candidum</i>, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Potentilla tridentata</i>, Aiton. Lake Superior.</li> -<li>—— <i>fruticosa</i>, Linnæus. Lakes Superior and Michigan.</li> +<li>—— <i>fruticosa</i>, Linnæus. Lakes Superior and Michigan.</li> <li><i>Pyrola uniflora</i>, Mauvais River of Lake Superior.</li> -<li><i>Polygonum amphibium</i>, Linnæus. St. Croix River.</li> +<li><i>Polygonum amphibium</i>, Linnæus. St. Croix River.</li> <li>—— <i>cilinode</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li> -<li>—— <i>articulatum</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li> +<li>—— <i>articulatum</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>coccinium</i>, Willdenow. St. Croix River.</li> <li><i>Polygala polygama</i>, Walter. Northwest Ter.</li> <li><i>Phlox aristata</i>, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.</li> @@ -27115,53 +27100,53 @@ will be published at some future day.</p> <li>—— <i>prostratus</i>, Lamarck. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li> <li>—— <i>lacustris</i>, Beck & Tracy. Upper Mississippi. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[525]</a></span></li> -<li><i>Rudbeckia hirta</i>, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi and Michigan Ter.</li> +<li><i>Rudbeckia hirta</i>, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi and Michigan Ter.</li> <li>—— <i>digitata</i>, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Rubus parviflorus</i>, Nuttall. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.</li> -<li>—— <i>hispidus</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li> +<li>—— <i>hispidus</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>saxatilis</i>, Var. <i>canadensis</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Rosa gemella</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>rubifolia</i>, Brown. Michigan Ter.</li> <li><i>Ribes albinervum</i>, Michaux. Sources of the St. Croix River.</li> -<li><i>Saururus cernuus</i>, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.</li> +<li><i>Saururus cernuus</i>, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Streptopus roseus</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Sisymbrium brachycarpum</i>, Richardson. Lake Superior.</li> -<li>—— <i>chiranthoides</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li> -<li><i>Swertia deflexa</i>, Smith. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.</li> +<li>—— <i>chiranthoides</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior.</li> +<li><i>Swertia deflexa</i>, Smith. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Silphium terebinthinaceum</i>, Elliott. Michigan Territory to the Miss.</li> <li>—— <i>gummiferum</i>. Fox River to the Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Stachys aspera</i>, Var. Michaux. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Sterocaulon paschale.</i> Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Struthiopteris pennsylvanica</i>, Willdenow. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Scirpus frigetur?</i> Lake of the Isles, Northwest Ter.</li> -<li>—— <i>palustris</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li> +<li>—— <i>palustris</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Salix prinoides</i>, Pursh. Mauvais River of Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>longifolia</i>, Muhlenberg. Upper Mississippi.</li> -<li><i>Spiræa opulifolia</i>, Var. <i>tomentella</i>, De Candolle. Lake Superior.</li> +<li><i>Spiræa opulifolia</i>, Var. <i>tomentella</i>, De Candolle. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Sorbus americana</i>, Willdenow. Lake Huron to the head of Lake Superior.</li> -<li><i>Smilax rotundifolia</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li> -<li><i>Silene antirrhina</i>, Linnæus. Lac la Biche.</li> +<li><i>Smilax rotundifolia</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.</li> +<li><i>Silene antirrhina</i>, Linnæus. Lac la Biche.</li> <li><i>Saxifraga virginiensis</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Scutellaria ambigua</i>, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Solidago virgaurea</i>, Var. <i>alpina.</i> Lake Superior.</li> <li><i>Stipa juncea</i>, Nuttall. Usawa R.</li> <li><i>Symphora racemosa</i>, Michaux. Source of the Miss. R.</li> -<li><i>Senecio balsamitæ</i>, Var. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.</li> +<li><i>Senecio balsamitæ</i>, Var. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.</li> <li><i>Sagittaria heterophylla</i>, Pursh. Upper Miss.</li> <li><i>Tanacetum huronensis</i>, Nuttall. Lakes Michigan and Superior.</li> <li><i>Tussilago palmata</i>, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.</li> <li><i>Tofeldia pubens</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li> -<li><i>Triglochin maritimum</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior. +<li><i>Triglochin maritimum</i>, Linnæus. Lake Superior. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[526]</a></span></li> <li><i>Thalyctrum corynellum</i>, De Candolle. St. Louis River.</li> -<li><i>Triticum repens</i>, Linnæus. Leech Lake.</li> +<li><i>Triticum repens</i>, Linnæus. Leech Lake.</li> <li><i>Troximon virginicum</i>, Pursh. Lake Winnipec.</li> <li><i>Talinum teretifolium</i>, Pursh. St. Croix River.</li> <li><i>Tradescantia virginica.</i> Upper Mississippi.</li> <li><i>Utricularia cornuta</i>, Michaux. Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>purpurea</i>, Walter. Lac Chetac, N. W. Ter.</li> <li><i>Uraspermum canadense</i>, Lake Superior to the Miss.</li> -<li><i>Viola lanceolata</i>, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie.</li> +<li><i>Viola lanceolata</i>, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie.</li> <li>—— <i>pedata</i>, Var. (or <i>N. Spec.</i>). Lac la Biche, sources of the Miss.</li> <li><i>Viburnum oxycoccus</i>, Pursh. Lake Superior.</li> <li>—— <i>lentago.</i> Lake Superior.</li> @@ -27381,7 +27366,7 @@ the project was abandoned without further actual investigation. We would be induced to infer that no attempts were made to learn the original source of the metal which was discovered, and thus, while the attention was drawn to insulated masses, the ores, -ordinary in appearance, but more important <i>in sitû</i>, were neglected; +ordinary in appearance, but more important <i>in sitû</i>, were neglected; and perhaps, from the close analogy in appearance to the rock with which they were associated, no distinction was observed.</p> @@ -27487,7 +27472,7 @@ satisfy ourselves by an examination necessarily partial, that either of the primitive species mentioned, existed there in any other condition than as rolled masses, or displacements of rock strata, contiguous, perhaps, but not observed. Dr. Bigsby has informed -me, that he observed the gneiss <i>in sitû</i>, on the northwestern shores +me, that he observed the gneiss <i>in sitû</i>, on the northwestern shores of this lake. The nearest rock in place, and that which in fact constitutes the abraded and caverned promontory of Point aux Barques, is gray sandstone.</p> @@ -27512,7 +27497,7 @@ rhombs, exhibiting the property of double refraction. Also, at the lead mines, in Iowa County, in the marly clay formation, often exhibiting imperfect prisms, variously truncated.</p> -<p>2. <span class="smcap">Calcareous tufa.</span> Mouth of the River Brulé, of Lake +<p>2. <span class="smcap">Calcareous tufa.</span> Mouth of the River Brulé, of Lake Superior. In small, friable, broken masses, in the diluvial soil. Also, in the gorge below the Falls of St. Anthony. In detached, vesicular masses, amidst debris.</p> @@ -27539,7 +27524,7 @@ Lake Superior. Compact.</p> adjoining coast. In very large veins or beds. White, opaque.</p> <p>9. <span class="smcap">Granular quartz.</span> Falls of Peckagama, Upper Mississippi. -<i>In sitû.</i></p> +<i>In sitû.</i></p> <p>10. <span class="smcap">Smoky quartz.</span> In the trap-rock, Keweena Point, Lake Superior, crystallized. In connection with amethystine quartz.</p> @@ -27561,7 +27546,7 @@ in fragments or nodular masses in the clay soil.</p> <p>15. <span class="smcap">Jasper.</span> In the preceding locality. Common and striped, exceedingly difficult of being acted on by the wheel. Not observed -<i>in sitû</i>.</p> +<i>in sitû</i>.</p> <p>16. <span class="smcap">Agate.</span> Imbedded in the trap-rocks of Lake Superior, and also detached, forming a constituent of its detritus. Variously @@ -27575,14 +27560,14 @@ species.</p> <p>17. <span class="smcap">Cyanite.</span> Specimens of this mineral, in flat, six-sided prisms, imbedded in a dark primitive rock, were brought out from Lac du Flambeau outlet, where the rock is described as -existing <i>in sitû</i>. The locality has not been visited, but there are +existing <i>in sitû</i>. The locality has not been visited, but there are facts brought to light, within the last two or three years, to justify the extension of the primitive to that section of country.</p> <p>18. <span class="smcap">Pitchstone.</span> A detached mass of this mineral, very black and lava-like, was picked up in the region of Lake Superior, where the volcanic mineral, trachyte, is common among the rolled -masses. Neither of these substances have been observed <i>in sitû</i>.</p> +masses. Neither of these substances have been observed <i>in sitû</i>.</p> <p>19. <span class="smcap">Mica.</span> Huron Islands, Lake Superior. In granite.</p> @@ -27603,7 +27588,7 @@ of fibres, so delicate and firmly united as to appear almost compact, radiating from a centre. Some of the masses produced by this radiation measure 2.5 inches in diameter. They are of a uniform, pale, yellowish red. This mineral has not been traced -<i>in sitû</i>, being found in detached masses of rock, and sometimes +<i>in sitû</i>, being found in detached masses of rock, and sometimes as water-worn portions of radii. Its true position would seem to be the trap-rock.</p> @@ -27819,7 +27804,7 @@ provisions. A flag was procured for each canoe. I joined the expedition at the head of the portage, at this place, on the 25th of June; and, after visiting the Chippewa villages in the belt of country between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, in latitudes -44° to 46°, returned on the 4th of September, having been absent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[541]</a></span> +44° to 46°, returned on the 4th of September, having been absent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[541]</a></span> seventy-two days, and travelled a line of country estimated to be two thousand three hundred and eight miles. I have now the honor to report to you the route pursued, the means employed to @@ -27832,7 +27817,7 @@ bands on the extreme Upper Mississippi, on Red Lake, and Red River, and the River De Corbeau. After entering Lake Superior, and traversing its southern shores to Point Chegoimegon, and the adjacent cluster of islands, I ascended the Mauvaise River to a -portage of 8-¾ miles into the Kaginogumac, or Long Water Lake. +portage of 8-¾ miles into the Kaginogumac, or Long Water Lake. This lake is about eight miles long, and of very irregular width. Thence, by a portage of 280 yards, into Turtle Lake; thence, by a portage of 1,075 yards, into Clary's Lake, so called; thence, by @@ -27933,7 +27918,7 @@ distance, but the canoes are brought through the stream. Sapin Lake is also small; we were thirty minutes in crossing it. Below this point, the river again expands into a beautiful sheet of water, called Red Cedar Lake, which we were an hour in passing; and -afterward into <i>Bois François</i>, or Rice Lake. At the latter place, +afterward into <i>Bois François</i>, or Rice Lake. At the latter place, at the distance of perhaps sixty miles from its head, I found the last fixed village of Chippewas on this stream, although the hunting camps, and other signs of temporary occupation, were more @@ -28905,7 +28890,7 @@ discovery is conspicuously marked by these excavations, which often extend, in a direct line, on the cardinal points, as far as the eye can reach. Everywhere the marly clay formation appears to have been relied on for the ore, and much of it certainly appears -to be <i>in sitû</i> in it. It bears no traces of attrition; and its +to be <i>in sitû</i> in it. It bears no traces of attrition; and its occurrence in regular leads forbids the supposition of its being an oceanic arrangement of mineral detritus. At Vanmater's, the metalliferous clay marl is overlaid by a grayish sedimentary @@ -29156,7 +29141,7 @@ due south; and it was finally found to have its origin in a handsome lake, of some seven miles in extent, on the height of land to which I gave the name of Itasca.</p> -<p>This lake lies in latitude 47° 13' 25". It lies at an altitude of +<p>This lake lies in latitude 47° 13' 25". It lies at an altitude of 1,575 feet, by the barometer, above the Gulf of Mexico. It affords me satisfaction to say, that, by this discovery, the geographical point of the origin of this river is definitely fixed. Materials @@ -29964,15 +29949,15 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p> <td class="tdc br"><i>Miles.</i></td> <td class="tdc br"><i>Miles.</i></td> <td class="tdc br"><i>Feet.</i></td> - <td class="tdc">°</td> - <td class="tdc">´</td> - <td class="tdc br">´´</td> + <td class="tdc">°</td> + <td class="tdc">´</td> + <td class="tdc br">´´</td> <td class="tdc"><i>h.</i></td> <td class="tdc"><i>m.</i></td> <td class="tdc br"><i>s.</i></td> - <td class="tdc">°</td> - <td class="tdc">´</td> - <td class="tdc br">´´</td> + <td class="tdc">°</td> + <td class="tdc">´</td> + <td class="tdc br">´´</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl br" rowspan="2">Northeast pass</td> @@ -30380,7 +30365,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p> <td class="tdc br" colspan="3"> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Capàl'ail, the summitheight above the Mississipi, 335 feet</td> + <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Capà l'ail, the summitheight above the Mississipi, 335 feet</td> <td class="tdc br">32</td> <td class="tdc br">1,964</td> <td class="tdc br">1,013</td> @@ -30422,7 +30407,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p> <td class="tdc">do.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth</td> + <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth</td> <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdc br">2,004</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> @@ -30464,7 +30449,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p> <td class="tdc">do.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Dividing ridge between Sappah River and Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles east of Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Dividing ridge between Sappah River and Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles east of Mississippi</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc br">1,103</td> @@ -30474,7 +30459,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p> <td class="tdc">do.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584">[584]</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Mountain Island, or <i>Montagne qui trempe à l'Eau</i> of the French</td> + <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Mountain Island, or <i>Montagne qui trempe à l'Eau</i> of the French</td> <td class="tdc br">7</td> <td class="tdc br">2,042</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> @@ -30506,7 +30491,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p> <td class="tdc">do.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River (<i>Rivière aux Embarras</i> of the French)</td> + <td class="tdl br" colspan="2">Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River (<i>Rivière aux Embarras</i> of the French)</td> <td class="tdc br">1</td> <td class="tdc br">2,070</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> @@ -31085,15 +31070,15 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p> <tr> <td class="br"> </td> <td class="tdc br"><i>Feet.</i></td> - <td class="tdc">°</td> - <td class="tdc">´</td> - <td class="tdc br">´´</td> + <td class="tdc">°</td> + <td class="tdc">´</td> + <td class="tdc br">´´</td> <td class="tdc"><i>h.</i></td> <td class="tdc"><i>m.</i></td> <td class="tdc br"><i>s.</i></td> - <td class="tdc">°</td> - <td class="tdc">´</td> - <td class="tdc br">´´</td> + <td class="tdc">°</td> + <td class="tdc">´</td> + <td class="tdc br">´´</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl br">Gayashk River, or Little Gull River, the mouth</td> @@ -31138,7 +31123,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">J. N. Nicollet</span>.</p> <td class="tdc">do.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl br">Lake Chanché, southwest end</td> + <td class="tdl br">Lake Chanché, southwest end</td> <td class="tdc br">...</td> <td class="tdc">46</td> <td class="tdc">46</td> @@ -31316,7 +31301,7 @@ evidences of his creative power.</p> <p class="center">(b) <i>Letters of Mr. M. Woolsey.</i> <i>Southern Literary Messenger</i>, 1836. -Oneöta, p. 322.</p> +Oneöta, p. 322.</p> <p>These spirited and graphic letters are unavoidably excluded. The evidence they bear to the purity of principle, justness of @@ -31419,7 +31404,7 @@ seeking health.</p> <li>Boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> <li>Breadth of the Mississippi at Sandy Lake, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> <li>Brigham's residence at Blue Mound, <a href="#Page_568">568</a></li> -<li>Brulé summit, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li>Brulé summit, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> <li>Buckshot gravel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> <li>Buffalo hunt, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> </ul> @@ -31466,7 +31451,7 @@ seeking health.</p> <li>Coast of boulders, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> <li>Col. Croghan's attack at Fort Holmes in 1814, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> <li>Col. Pierce, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> -<li>Coluber æstivus, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Coluber æstivus, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> <li>Combustibles, <a href="#Page_536">536</a></li> <li>Commercial value of copper, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li> <li>Conchology, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> @@ -31517,7 +31502,7 @@ seeking health.</p> <li>Detroit completely burnt down in 1805, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> <li>Detroit first founded in 1701, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> <li>Difficulty of studying the Indian tongues, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li> -<li>Difficulty of the descent of the Brulé, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li>Difficulty of the descent of the Brulé, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> <li>Diluvial elevations, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li> <li>Diminutive forms of the Odjibwa noun, <a href="#Page_474">474</a></li> <li>Discover native copper, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> @@ -31739,7 +31724,7 @@ seeking health.</p> <ul> <li>La Hontan's apocryphal discovery on Long River, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> -<li>Lac Plè, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> +<li>Lac Plè, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> <li>Lac Traverse, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> <li>Lac Vieux Desert, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> <li>Lacustrine clay-flats of Lake St. Clair, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> @@ -31880,7 +31865,7 @@ seeking health.</p> <ul> <li>Pakagama Falls, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> -<li>Palæontological rocks, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li> +<li>Palæontological rocks, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li> <li>Palaozoic sandstone, <a href="#Page_539">539</a></li> <li>Peace Rock, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> <li>Pelican, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> @@ -32165,7 +32150,7 @@ seeking health.</p> <div class="footnotes"><h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> This remark is limited to the country south of about 46°. North of that point, +<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> This remark is limited to the country south of about 46°. North of that point, there are no explorations known to me, except those of Lieutenant James Allen, who accompanied me above Cass Lake, in 1832, and those of J. N. Nicollet, in 1836, which were reported by him to the Topographical Bureau, and by the latter transmitted @@ -32197,10 +32182,10 @@ of Missouri and Arkansas, with a View of the Lead-Mines of Missouri. New York, <p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> Clarke's Travels.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> This is an Iroquois word, said to signify the thunder of waters. The word, -as pronounced by the Senecas, is Oniágarah. For additional information on this +as pronounced by the Senecas, is Oniágarah. For additional information on this subject, see <i>Notes on the Iroquois</i>, p. 453. The etymology of the word has not, however, been fully examined. It is clear the pronunciation of the word in Goldsmith's -day was Niagára.</p> +day was Niagára.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Report of the New York Canal Commissioners.</p> @@ -32373,7 +32358,7 @@ and of the Missouri, and a part of Oregon and Washington on the Pacific.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> From <i>oda</i>, a heart; <i>neezh</i>, two; and <i>seebe</i>, a river.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> From <i>nägow</i>, sand; and <i>gitche</i>, great.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> From <i>nägow</i>, sand; and <i>gitche</i>, great.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> From <i>iupa</i>, high; <i>aubik</i>, a rock; and the substantive termination, <i>a</i>.</p> @@ -32383,7 +32368,7 @@ and of the Missouri, and a part of Oregon and Washington on the Pacific.</p> blooms, are seated on the verge of these mountains.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> The equivalent of geologist or mineralogist, from <i>pagua</i>, a tabular surface; -<i>aubik</i>, a rock; and _ëga_, the active voice of the verb to strike.</p> +<i>aubik</i>, a rock; and _ëga_, the active voice of the verb to strike.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> From <i>kaug</i>, a porcupine.</p> @@ -32477,9 +32462,9 @@ diminutive inflection.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> From <i>weenud</i>, dirty, <i>beegog</i>, waters, and <i>ish</i>, a derogative inflection of nouns.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> Called Andrúsia. Expedition to Starca Lake in 1837.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> Called Andrúsia. Expedition to Starca Lake in 1837.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Nicollet, in the report of his exploration of 1836, places it in 47° 25´ 23´´.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Nicollet, in the report of his exploration of 1836, places it in 47° 25´ 23´´.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> <i>Vide</i> Expedition to Stasca Lake in 1832.</p> @@ -32725,7 +32710,7 @@ capital. It has a plank road of 40 miles to Fond du Lac, and is noted for its lu trade.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">[131]</a> Milwaukie is the principal city of the State of Wisconsin. It lies in latitude -43° 3´ 45´´ North. It is ninety miles north of Chicago and seventy-five east from +43° 3´ 45´´ North. It is ninety miles north of Chicago and seventy-five east from Madison. It contains thirty churches, five public high schools, two academies, five orphan asylums, and other benevolent institutions, seven daily and seven weekly newspapers, four banks, and, by the census of 1850, 20,161 inhabitants.</p> @@ -32747,7 +32732,7 @@ the borders of the great western prairies, it is the great city of the plains, a growth cannot be limited, or can scarcely be estimated. It began to be built about 1831, eleven years after this visit. It was incorporated as a city in 1836, with 4,853 inhabitants. In 1850, it had 29,963, and it is now estimated to exceed 60,000. This -city lies in lat. 41° 52´ 20´´. It is connected by lakes, canals, and railroads, with +city lies in lat. 41° 52´ 20´´. It is connected by lakes, canals, and railroads, with the most distant regions. Its imports and exports the last year, were twenty millions. Like all the cities and towns of America, its political and moral influence, are seen to keep an exact pace with its sound religious influences; the number of @@ -32801,7 +32786,7 @@ the vicinity of L'Arbre Croche, Michigan.</p> denoting existence or being, carrying the idea of its being charmed or enchanted.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">[145]</a> Little Fox Point. This word comes from <i>Wagoush</i>, a fox, and the denominative -inflection a <i>ainc</i> or <i>aiñs</i>.</p> +inflection a <i>ainc</i> or <i>aiñs</i>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">[146]</a> It is to be regretted that Capt. Douglass, who, immediately on the conclusion of this expedition, was appointed to an important and arduous professorship in the @@ -32886,7 +32871,7 @@ America.</p> at an island in Thunder Bay of Lake Huron. <i>Vide</i> p. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">[162]</a> By the report of Governor Stevens (June, 1854), the selected pass for the contemplated -railroad through the St. Mary to the Columbia valley is in 47° 30´, where +railroad through the St. Mary to the Columbia valley is in 47° 30´, where there is but little snow at any time, and rich pasturage for cattle. The phenomena of the climates of our northern latitudes are but little understood.</p> @@ -32945,7 +32930,7 @@ De Plaine, valley of the Illinois. <i>Vide</i> Appendix.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168" class="label">[168]</a> Appendix.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">[169]</a> Kakábik. <i>Abik</i> is a rock. The prefixed syllable, <i>Kak</i>, may be derived from +<p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">[169]</a> Kakábik. <i>Abik</i> is a rock. The prefixed syllable, <i>Kak</i>, may be derived from <i>Kukidjewum</i>, a rapid stream. <i>Ka</i> is often a prefix of negation in compound words, which has the force of a derogative.</p> @@ -32989,7 +32974,7 @@ chief's life and character.</p> Earl of Selkirk and the Northwest Company, at the assizes held at York, Upper Canada, Oct. 1818. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 664. Montreal, Casie & Mower, 1819.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">[183]</a> From <i>ininéeg</i>, men, and <i>sugiegan</i>, lake, signs of a war party having been discovered +<p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">[183]</a> From <i>ininéeg</i>, men, and <i>sugiegan</i>, lake, signs of a war party having been discovered at this place. In this derivative, the usual transition of <i>n</i> to <i>l</i> of the old Algonquin is made.</p> @@ -33007,7 +32992,7 @@ establishment for that tribe.</p> Mississippi. <i>Vide</i> Senate Doc. No. 237. Washington, D. C., 1843.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188" href="#FNanchor_188" class="label">[188]</a> <span class="smcap">Crow-Wing River.</span>—This stream is the largest tributary of the Mississippi -above the falls of St. Anthony. It enters the Mississippi in lat. 46° 15´ 50´´, +above the falls of St. Anthony. It enters the Mississippi in lat. 46° 15´ 50´´, 180 miles above the latter, and 145 miles below Sandy Lake. Government first explored it, in 1832, from its source in Lake Kaginogumaug to its mouth, and an accurate map of its channel, and its eleven lakes, was made by Lieut. Allen, @@ -33071,7 +33056,7 @@ in 1831, having reached it after ascending the Mauvais or Maskigo of Lake Superi <p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197" class="label">[197]</a> From <i>misk</i>, red or colored, <i>muscoda</i>, a plain, and <i>auk</i>, a dead standing tree, as a tree burned by fire or lightning. From the French translation of the word, by -the phrase <i>Brulé</i>; the Indian meaning is clearly shown to be burnt, scorched, or +the phrase <i>Brulé</i>; the Indian meaning is clearly shown to be burnt, scorched, or parched—a term which is applied to metifs of the mixed race.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198" class="label">[198]</a> From <i>mong</i>, a loon, and <i>ozid</i>, his foot. The name is in allusion to the track of @@ -33092,7 +33077,7 @@ out of Asiatic cholera in the country, in 1832, and the wide alarm it had produc <p><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205" class="label">[205]</a> A little doubtful.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">[206]</a> Or 20´´.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">[206]</a> Or 20´´.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207" class="label">[207]</a> This copper rock now (1854) lies in the yard of the War Office at Washington.</p> @@ -33103,8 +33088,8 @@ Lake Superior.</p> the original are here omitted; as, also, most of the illustrative views of scenery which accompanied the original.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">[210]</a> Pike's Expedition. This observation is corrected by Capt. Douglass to 47° -27´ 10´´; the point of observation being, however, a few miles south.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">[210]</a> Pike's Expedition. This observation is corrected by Capt. Douglass to 47° +27´ 10´´; the point of observation being, however, a few miles south.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_211" id="Footnote_211" href="#FNanchor_211" class="label">[211]</a> <i>Vide</i> Narrative Journal.</p> @@ -33182,7 +33167,7 @@ Executive Documents of that year, No. 365, 17th Congress, 2d session.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_228" id="Footnote_228" href="#FNanchor_228" class="label">[228]</a> Agreeable to barometric observations made in 1836, by Mr. Nicollet, its true altitude is found to be 1,402 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. Its latitude, by the -same authority, is 47° 25´ 23´´.</p> +same authority, is 47° 25´ 23´´.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_229" id="Footnote_229" href="#FNanchor_229" class="label">[229]</a> Thirty years has made it the centre of the new territory of Minnesota, which has now entered on the career of nations.</p> @@ -33300,7 +33285,7 @@ these sheets are going through the press, more than thirty years after these lin were penned.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250" href="#FNanchor_250" class="label">[250]</a> This term is superseded, in geological discussions of the present day, by the -term <i>silurian</i>, which embraces all strata of the era between the <i>palæozoic</i> and <i>tertiary</i> +term <i>silurian</i>, which embraces all strata of the era between the <i>palæozoic</i> and <i>tertiary</i> formations.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251" href="#FNanchor_251" class="label">[251]</a> Public Documents relating to the New York Canals, with an Introduction, &c., @@ -33315,7 +33300,7 @@ it sings during the evening. The Chippewas call this species paushkundame, from its thick and penetrating bill.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_254" id="Footnote_254" href="#FNanchor_254" class="label">[254]</a> This animal was found grazing the prairies on the east bank of the Mississippi, -about latitude 45° 30´.</p> +about latitude 45° 30´.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_255" id="Footnote_255" href="#FNanchor_255" class="label">[255]</a> Means under-ground drummer.</p> @@ -33343,7 +33328,7 @@ plants is—</p> <table id="plants" summary="temp"> <tr> <td>For the sugar-cane</td> - <td>67°</td> + <td>67°</td> </tr> <tr> <td>coffee</td> @@ -33409,359 +33394,6 @@ it. It has been supposed to be derived from the French <i>bon jour</i>.</p> </div> <hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUMMARY NARRATIVE OF AN EXPLORATORY EXPEDITION TO THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, IN 1820***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 43693-h.txt or 43693-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/3/6/9/43693">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/6/9/43693</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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