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diff --git a/43715-h/43715-h.htm b/43715-h/43715-h.htm index 615ed20..142cb22 100644 --- a/43715-h/43715-h.htm +++ b/43715-h/43715-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Meteoric Astronomy, by Daniel Kirkwood, Ll.D.. @@ -297,46 +297,7 @@ span.locked {white-space:nowrap;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Meteoric astronomy, by Daniel Kirkwood - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Meteoric astronomy: - A treatise on shooting-stars, fire-balls, and aerolites - -Author: Daniel Kirkwood - -Release Date: September 14, 2013 [EBook #43715] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK METEORIC ASTRONOMY *** - - - - -Produced by sp1nd, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43715 ***</div> <div class="transnote covernote center">Cover created by Transcriber and placed in the Public Domain.</div> @@ -653,7 +614,7 @@ within the tropics), it exceeds even one hundred degrees.</p> <p>The zodiacal light is probably identical with the meteor called <i>trabes</i> by <i>Pliny</i> and <i>Seneca</i>. It was noticed in the -latter part of the sixteenth century by Tycho Brahé, who +latter part of the sixteenth century by Tycho Brahé, who "considered it to be an abnormal spring-evening twilight."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span> It was described by Descartes about the year 1630, and again by Childrey in 1661. The first accurate description @@ -718,8 +679,8 @@ of research was not generally recognized till after the brilliant meteoric display of November 13th, 1833. This shower of fire can never be forgotten by those who witnessed <span class="locked">it.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a></span> The display was observed from -the West Indies to British America, and from 60° -to 100° west longitude from Greenwich. Captain +the West Indies to British America, and from 60° +to 100° west longitude from Greenwich. Captain Hammond, of the ship Restitution, had just arrived at Salem, Massachusetts, where he observed the phenomenon from midnight till daylight. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> @@ -735,8 +696,8 @@ Esq., who was then at sea near Cape Florida. It was also observed in Cumana, South America, by Humboldt, who states that it was "simultaneously seen in the new continent, from the equator to New -Herrnhut, in Greenland (lat. 64° 14′), and between -46° and 82° longitude."</p> +Herrnhut, in Greenland (lat. 64° 14′), and between +46° and 82° longitude."</p> <p>This wonderful correspondence of dates excited a very lively interest throughout the scientific world. @@ -889,13 +850,13 @@ after two, the most extraordinary luminous meteors were seen toward the east.... Thousands of bolides and falling stars succeeded each other during four hours. They filled a space in the sky extending from -the true east 30° toward the north and south. In an -amplitude of 60° the meteors were seen to rise above +the true east 30° toward the north and south. In an +amplitude of 60° the meteors were seen to rise above the horizon at E. N. E. and at E., describe arcs more or less extended, and fall toward the south, after having followed the direction of the meridian. Some -of them attained a height of 40°, and all exceeded -25° or 30°.... Mr. Bonpland relates, that from the +of them attained a height of 40°, and all exceeded +25° or 30°.... Mr. Bonpland relates, that from the beginning of the phenomenon there was not a space in the firmament equal in extent to three diameters of the moon, that was not filled at every instant with @@ -971,16 +932,16 @@ of very unequal density; that the motion is retrograde; and that the time, during which the meteors complete a revolution about the sun, must be limited to one of five accurately determined periods, viz.: -180·05 days, 185·54 days, 354·62 days, 376·5 days, or -33·25 years. He makes the inclination of the ring to -the ecliptic about 17°. The five periods specified, he +180·05 days, 185·54 days, 354·62 days, 376·5 days, or +33·25 years. He makes the inclination of the ring to +the ecliptic about 17°. The five periods specified, he remarks, "are not all equally probable. Some of the members of the group which visited us last November [1863] gave us the means of locating approximately the central point of the region from which the paths diverge. Mr. G. A. Nolen has, by graphical processes specially devised for the purpose, found its longitude -to be 142°, and its latitude 8° 30′. This longitude<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> +to be 142°, and its latitude 8° 30′. This longitude<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> is very nearly that of the point in the ecliptic toward which the earth is moving. Hence the point from which the absolute motion of the bodies is directed @@ -990,25 +951,25 @@ each meteor, then, is directed very nearly at right angles to a line from it to the sun, the deviation being probably not more than two or three degrees.</p> -<p>"Now, if in one year the group make 2 ± 1/33·25 revolutions, +<p>"Now, if in one year the group make 2 ± 1/33·25 revolutions, there is only a small portion of the orbit near the aphelion which fulfills the above condition. In -like manner, if the periodic time is 33·25 years, only +like manner, if the periodic time is 33·25 years, only a small portion of the orbit near the perihelion fulfills it. On the other hand, if the annual motion is -1 ± 1/33·25 revolutions, the required condition is answered +1 ± 1/33·25 revolutions, the required condition is answered through a large part of the orbit. Inasmuch as no reason appears why the earth should meet a group near its apsides rather than elsewhere, we must regard it as more probable that the group makes in one -year either 1 + 1/33·25, or 1 - 1/33·25 revolutions."</p> +year either 1 + 1/33·25, or 1 - 1/33·25 revolutions."</p> <p>Professor Newton concludes that the third of the -above-mentioned periods, viz., 354·62 days, combines +above-mentioned periods, viz., 354·62 days, combines the greatest amount of probability of being the true one. We grant the force of the reasons assigned for its adoption. At least one consideration, however, -in favor of the long period of 33·25 years is by no +in favor of the long period of 33·25 years is by no means destitute of weight: of nearly 100 known bodies which revolve about the sun in orbits of small eccentricity, not one has a retrograde motion. Now @@ -1019,8 +980,8 @@ little inclined to the plane of the ecliptic? In such<span class="pagenum"><a na a case, is not the preponderance of probability in favor of the longer period?</p> -<p>A revolution in 33·25 years corresponds to an -ellipse whose major axis is 20·6. Consequently the +<p>A revolution in 33·25 years corresponds to an +ellipse whose major axis is 20·6. Consequently the aphelion distance would be somewhat greater than the mean distance of Uranus. It may also be worthy of note, that five periods of the ring would be very @@ -1051,7 +1012,7 @@ orbit</i>.</p> <p>It is also worthy of notice that Dr. Oppolzer's elements of the first comet of 1866 resemble, in a remarkable manner, those of the meteoric ring, supposing -the latter to have a period of about 33¼ years.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> +the latter to have a period of about 33¼ years.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> Schiaparelli's elements of the November ring, and Oppolzer's elements of the comet of 1866, are as follows:</p> @@ -1063,8 +1024,8 @@ follows:</p> <th class="tdr">Comet of<br /><span class="colpadr">1866.</span></th></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Longitude of perihelion</td> - <td class="tdr">56° 25′</td> - <td class="tdr">60° 28′</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">56° 25′</td> + <td class="tdr">60° 28′</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Longitude of ascending node.</td> <td class="tdr"><span class="colpadr">231</span> <span class="colpadr">28</span></td> @@ -1075,20 +1036,20 @@ follows:</p> <td class="tdr"><span class="colpadr">17</span> <span class="colpadr">18</span></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Perihelion distance</td> - <td class="tdr">0·9873</td> - <td class="tdr">0·9765</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·9873</td> + <td class="tdr">0·9765</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Eccentricity</td> - <td class="tdr">0·9046</td> - <td class="tdr">0·9054</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·9046</td> + <td class="tdr">0·9054</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Semi-axis major</td> - <td class="tdr">10·3400</td> - <td class="tdr">10·3240</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">10·3400</td> + <td class="tdr">10·3240</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Period, in years</td> - <td class="tdr">33·2500</td> - <td class="tdr">33·1760</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">33·2500</td> + <td class="tdr">33·1760</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Motion</td> <td class="tdr">Retrograde.</td> @@ -1108,7 +1069,7 @@ in regard to this group of meteors afford a probable explanation of the division of Biela's comet—a phenomenon which has greatly perplexed astronomers for the last twenty years. Adopting the period of -33¼ years, Professor Bruhns finds that the comet +33¼ years, Professor Bruhns finds that the comet passed extremely near, and probably <i>through</i> the meteoric ring near the last of December, 1845. It is easy to perceive that such a collision might produce @@ -1178,7 +1139,7 @@ when produced backward, meet, or nearly meet, in a particular point in the constellation Perseus.</p> <p>Of the 315 meteoric displays given in Quetelet's -"Catalogue des principales apparitions d'étoiles filantes," +"Catalogue des principales apparitions d'étoiles filantes," 63 seem to have been derived from the August ring. The first 11 of these, with one exception, were observed in China during the last days of July, @@ -1270,16 +1231,16 @@ the following approximate elements of the <span class="locked">ring:<a name="FNa <table class="narrow" summary="Meteor 1861-08-10"> <tr> <td class="tdl">Semi-axis major</td> - <td class="tdr">0·84</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·84</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Eccentricity</td> - <td class="tdr">0·28</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·28</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Perihelion distance</td> - <td class="tdr">0·60</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·60</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Inclination</td> - <td class="tdr">84°</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">84°</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Period</td> <td class="tdr">281</td> @@ -1311,8 +1272,8 @@ by Oppolzer, are as follows:</p> <th class="tdr"><span class="colpadl">Comet III., 1862.</span></th></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Longitude of perihelion</td> - <td class="tdr">343° 38′</td> - <td class="tdr">344° 41′</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">343° 38′</td> + <td class="tdr">344° 41′</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ascending node</td> <td class="tdr"><span class="colpadr">138</span> <span class="colpadr">16</span></td> @@ -1323,8 +1284,8 @@ by Oppolzer, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr"><span class="colpadr">66</span> <span class="colpadr">25</span></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Perihelion distance</td> - <td class="tdr">0·9643</td> - <td class="tdr">0·9626</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·9643</td> + <td class="tdr">0·9626</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Period</td> <td class="tdr">105 years(?).</td> @@ -1447,7 +1408,7 @@ Recent observations indicate April <p>On the 13th of December, 1795, a large meteoric stone fell in England. On the night, between the 6th and 7th of December, 1798, Professor Brandes, -then a student in Göttingen, saw 2000 shooting-stars. +then a student in Göttingen, saw 2000 shooting-stars. On the 11th of the month, 1836, a fall of meteoric stones, described by Humboldt as "enormous," occurred near the village of Macao, in Brazil. During @@ -1475,7 +1436,7 @@ somewhat doubtful." Recent observations, especially those of R. P. Greg, Esq., have fully confirmed it. The meteors for several hours are said to be as numerous as at the August maximum. The radiant -is near the star <i>Beta</i> of the constellation Böotes.</p> +is near the star <i>Beta</i> of the constellation Böotes.</p> <p>Quetelet's list contains at least five exhibitions which belong to this epoch. Two or three others @@ -1683,49 +1644,49 @@ the orbits:</p> <th class="tdr">Eccentricity.</th></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Venus</td> - <td class="tdr">0·00683</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·00683</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">The Earth</td> - <td class="tdr">0·01677</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·01677</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Jupiter</td> - <td class="tdr">0·04824</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·04824</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Metis</td> - <td class="tdr">0·12410</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·12410</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Mercury</td> - <td class="tdr">0·20562</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·20562</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Pallas</td> - <td class="tdr">0·24000</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·24000</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Polyhymnia</td> - <td class="tdr">0·33820</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·33820</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Faye's comet</td> - <td class="tdr">0·55660</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·55660</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">D'Arrest's comet</td> - <td class="tdr">0·66090</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·66090</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Biela's comet</td> - <td class="tdr">0·75580</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·75580</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Encke's comet</td> - <td class="tdr">0·84670</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·84670</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Halley's comet</td> - <td class="tdr">0·96740</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·96740</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Fourth comet of 1857</td> - <td class="tdr">0·98140</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·98140</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Fifth comet of 1858 (Donati's)</td> - <td class="tdr">0·99620</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·99620</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Third comet of 1827</td> - <td class="tdr">0·99927</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·99927</td></tr> </table> <p>Were the eccentricities of the nearest asteroids equal @@ -1772,7 +1733,7 @@ direction around it to the distance of seventy miles. Immediately after a great number of meteoric stones fell to the earth, generally penetrating to some distance beneath the surface. The largest of these -fragments weighed 17½ pounds. This occurrence +fragments weighed 17½ pounds. This occurrence very naturally excited great attention. M. Biot, under the authority of the government, repaired to L'Aigle, collected the various facts in regard to the @@ -1793,7 +1754,7 @@ on record.</p> <p>2. 468 <span class="smcap smaller">B.C.</span>, about the year in which Socrates was born. A mass of rock, described as "of the size of -two millstones," fell at Ægos Potamos, in Thrace. +two millstones," fell at Ægos Potamos, in Thrace. An attempt to rediscover this meteoric mass, so celebrated in antiquity, was recently made, but without<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> success. Notwithstanding this failure, Humboldt @@ -2020,7 +1981,7 @@ of the phenomena are given in <i>Silliman's Journal</i> for July, 1860, and January and July, 1861, by Professors E. B. Andrews, E. W. Evans, J. L. Smith, and D. W. Johnson. From these interesting papers -we learn that the course of the meteor was about 40° +we learn that the course of the meteor was about 40° west of north. Its visible track was over Washington and Noble Counties, and the prolongation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> its projection, on the earth's surface, passes directly @@ -2053,7 +2014,7 @@ awkward squad of soldiers, and by others to the roar of a railway train. These sounds, with their reverberations, are thought to have continued for two minutes. The last sounds seemed to come from -a point in the southeast 45° below the zenith. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> +a point in the southeast 45° below the zenith. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> result of this cannonading was the falling of a large number of stony meteorites upon an area of about ten miles long by three wide. The sky was cloudy, @@ -2095,7 +2056,7 @@ this meteor are the following:</p> <td class="tdl">20 miles.</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Inclination of its path to the horizon</td> - <td class="tdl">20° or 25°</td></tr> + <td class="tdl">20° or 25°</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Velocity per second, about</td> <td class="tdl">20 miles,</td></tr> @@ -2119,7 +2080,7 @@ and eighty pounds, found by the traveler Pallas, in 1749, at Abakansk, in Siberia. This immense aerolite may be seen in the Imperial Museum at St. Petersburg. On the plain of Otumpa, in Buenos -Ayres, is a meteoric mass 7½ feet in length, partly +Ayres, is a meteoric mass 7½ feet in length, partly buried in the ground. Its estimated weight is thirty-three thousand six hundred pounds. A specimen of this stone, weighing fourteen hundred pounds, has @@ -2165,7 +2126,7 @@ distinguish them from terrestrial substances.</p> <p>4. Of the eighteen or nineteen elements hitherto observed in meteoric stones, iron is found in the greatest abundance. The specific gravities vary from -1·94 to 7·901: the former being that of the stone of +1·94 to 7·901: the former being that of the stone of Alais, the latter, that of the meteorite of Wayne County, Ohio, described by Professor J. L. Smith in <i>Silliman's Journal</i> for November, 1864, p. 385. In @@ -2241,7 +2202,7 @@ may justify the designation of July 13th–14th as such an epoch:</p> <p>1. On the 13th of July, 1797, a large fire-ball -was seen in Göttingen.</p> +was seen in Göttingen.</p> <p>2. On the 14th of July, 1801, a fire-ball was seen in Montgaillard.</p> @@ -2302,19 +2263,19 @@ the following result:</p> <table class="narrow" summary="1864, May 14"> <tr> <td class="tdl">Iron</td> - <td class="tdr">91·862</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">91·862</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Nickel</td> - <td class="tdr">5·517</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">5·517</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Cobalt</td> - <td class="tdr">0·529</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·529</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Copper, manganese, arsenic, calcium, magnesium, silicium, carbon, chlorine and sulphur.</td> - <td class="tdr">2·072</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">2·072</td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> - <td class="tdr bt">100·000</td></tr> + <td class="tdr bt">100·000</td></tr> </table> <p>6. On the 13th of July, 1848, a brilliant fire-ball @@ -2346,7 +2307,7 @@ Museum. Mr. J. R. Saunders also sent some of the stones to Europe. It appears that, soon after their fall, the stones were <i>intensely cold</i>.<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> They are ordinary earthy aerolites, having a specific gravity -of 3·151, containing fragments of iron and iron pyrites;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> +of 3·151, containing fragments of iron and iron pyrites;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> they have an uneven texture, and a pale-gray color."</p> @@ -2408,19 +2369,19 @@ of country, one in each continent, but both in the northern hemisphere, in which more than nine-tenths of all known aerolites have fallen. He remarks: "The fall of aerolites is confined principally to two -zones; the one belonging to America is between 33° -and 44° north latitude, and is about 25° in length. +zones; the one belonging to America is between 33° +and 44° north latitude, and is about 25° in length. Its direction is more or less from northeast to southwest, following the general line of the Atlantic coast. Of all known occurrences of this phenomenon during -the last fifty years, 92·8 per cent. have taken +the last fifty years, 92·8 per cent. have taken place within these limits, and mostly in the neighborhood of the sea. The zone of the Eastern continent—with the exception that it extends ten degrees more to the north—lies between the same degrees of latitude, and follows a similar northeast direction, but is more than twice the length of the American -zone. Of all the observed falls of aerolites, 90·9 per +zone. Of all the observed falls of aerolites, 90·9 per cent. have taken place within this area, and were also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> concentrated in that half of the zone which extends along the Atlantic."</p> @@ -2490,7 +2451,7 @@ also within the epoch.</p> was observed at Frankfort.</p> <p>4. 1791, November 11th. A large meteor was -seen at Göttingen and Lilienthal.</p> +seen at Göttingen and Lilienthal.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> 5. 1803, November 13th. A fire-ball, twenty-three @@ -2704,7 +2665,7 @@ at this epoch:</p> <p>2. 1798, December 13th. At Benares, India.</p> -<p>3. 1803, December 13th. At Mässing, Bavaria.</p> +<p>3. 1803, December 13th. At Mässing, Bavaria.</p> <p>4. 1813, December 13th. At Luotolaks, Finland.</p> @@ -2865,7 +2826,7 @@ inhabitants of the bourg of Montpreis, in Styria, saw a small luminous globe, very similar to a shooting-star, and followed by a luminous streak in the heavens, fall directly to the earth, which it attained -close to the château that exists in the locality. The +close to the château that exists in the locality. The fall was accompanied by a whistling or hissing noise in the air, and terminated by a <i>slight</i> detonation. The three observers, rushing to the spot where the @@ -2896,9 +2857,9 @@ Mr. David Trowbridge, of Hector, Schuyler County, New York, who says: "On the evening of July 26th, 1866, about 8h. 15m. <span class="smcap smaller">P.M.</span>, a very bright meteor flashed out in Cygnus, and moved from east to west -with great rapidity. Its path was about 30° after I +with great rapidity. Its path was about 30° after I saw it. Height above the northern horizon about -50°. Duration of flight from one-half to one second. +50°. Duration of flight from one-half to one second. It left a beautiful train. The head was red and train blue. It was certainly <i>below</i> the clouds. It passed between me and some cirro-stratus clouds, so dense @@ -2929,7 +2890,7 @@ about six months. Have any such phenomena as those indicated been actually observed?</p> <p>The passage of dark spots across the sun, having -a much more rapid motion than the solar maculæ, +a much more rapid motion than the solar maculæ, has been frequently noticed. The following instances are well authenticated:</p> @@ -2975,7 +2936,7 @@ to have established two epochs of abnormal cold, viz., about the 12th of February and the 12th of May. The former was pointed out by Brandes about the beginning of the present century; the latter by -Mädler, in 1834. The May epoch occurs when the +Mädler, in 1834. The May epoch occurs when the earth is in conjunction with one of the nodes of the November meteoric ring; and that of February has a similar relation to the August meteors. M. Erman, @@ -2999,11 +2960,11 @@ May 12th–13th, as a meteoric epoch:</p> <p>(<i>d</i>) May 12th, 1861, Goruckpore, India.</p> -<p>(<i>e</i>) May 13th, 1831, Vouillé, France.</p> +<p>(<i>e</i>) May 13th, 1831, Vouillé, France.</p> <p>(<i>f</i>) May 13th, 1855, Oesel, Baltic Sea.</p> -<p>(<i>g</i>) May 13th, 1855, Bremevörde, Hanover.</p> +<p>(<i>g</i>) May 13th, 1855, Bremevörde, Hanover.</p> <p>(<i>h</i>) May 14th, 1861, near Villanova, in Catalonia, Spain.</p> @@ -3054,7 +3015,7 @@ Reichenbach, who has made meteoric phenomena the subject of long-continued and enthusiastic investigation, have attracted the general attention of scientific men. It is proposed to present, in the following -chapter, a brief <i>resumé</i> of his views and conclusions.</p> +chapter, a brief <i>resumé</i> of his views and conclusions.</p> <p>1. <i>The Constitution of Comets.</i>—It is a remarkable fact that cometary matter has no refractive power, @@ -3329,7 +3290,7 @@ moving body. This is about one degree (Fahrenheit) for a velocity of 100 feet per second, and it varies directly as the square of the velocity. A velocity, therefore, of 30 miles in a second would -produce a temperature of 2,500,000°. The weight +produce a temperature of 2,500,000°. The weight of 5280 cubic feet of air at the earth's surface is about 2,830,000 grains. This, consequently, is the weight of a column 1 mile in length, and whose @@ -3339,7 +3300,7 @@ of a column of the same dimensions at a height of the heat acquired by a meteoric mass whose cross section is one square foot, in moving 1 mile would be one grain raised 7-1/7 degrees, or one-fifth of a grain -2500° in 70 miles. This temperature would undoubtedly +2500° in 70 miles. This temperature would undoubtedly be sufficient to render meteoric bodies brilliantly luminous.</p> @@ -3474,7 +3435,7 @@ this indefinite variety may account for the origin of solar heat. Let us examine the facts.</p> <p>According to Laplace the mass of Jupiter's first -satellite is 0·000017328, that of Jupiter being 1. The +satellite is 0·000017328, that of Jupiter being 1. The diameter is 2436 miles. Hence the corresponding density is a little more than <i>one-fifth</i> of the mean density of the earth. In other words, it is somewhat @@ -3699,7 +3660,7 @@ small arc, its passage through perihelion might produce the phenomenon of a so-called temporary star.</p> -<p>Recent researches relating to nebulæ seem in some +<p>Recent researches relating to nebulæ seem in some measure confirmatory of the view here presented. These observations have shown (1) a change of position in some of these objects, rendering it probable @@ -3710,7 +3671,7 @@ the great nebula of Orion, and also the existence of numerous masses of nebulous matter in the form of tufts apparently attached to stars,—facts regarded as indicative of a physical connection between the stars -and nebulæ.<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a></p> +and nebulæ.<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a></p> <hr /> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span></p> @@ -3778,7 +3739,7 @@ their cause must be sought beyond it, in the regions of the heavens, the preceding hypothesis, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span> likewise explains the identity of composition observed in meteoric stones, by an identity of origin, -will not be devoid of probability."—<i>Système du +will not be devoid of probability."—<i>Système du Monde</i>, t. ii. cap. v.</p> <p>Knowing the masses and volumes of the earth and @@ -3858,16 +3819,16 @@ several determinations of the former were as follows:</p> <table class="narrow" summary="Height of atmosphere"> <tr> <td class="tdl">According to Olbers</td> - <td class="tdl">1·570 miles a second.</td></tr> + <td class="tdl">1·570 miles a second.</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">According to Biot</td> - <td class="tdl">1·569 miles a second.</td></tr> + <td class="tdl">1·569 miles a second.</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">According to Laplace</td> - <td class="tdl">1·483 miles a second.</td></tr> + <td class="tdl">1·483 miles a second.</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">According to Poisson</td> - <td class="tdl">1·437 miles a second.</td></tr> + <td class="tdl">1·437 miles a second.</td></tr> </table> <p>The mean being almost exactly a mile and a half. @@ -3974,62 +3935,62 @@ from Herschel's <i>Outlines of Astronomy</i>.</p> <td class="tdr">0</td> <td class="tdr colpadr3">22</td> <td class="tdr">37</td> - <td class="tdr colpadr">22·9</td> - <td class="tdc digit bl br">26·78</td></tr> + <td class="tdr colpadr">22·9</td> + <td class="tdc digit bl br">26·78</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl bl br">Enceladus</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td class="tdr colpadr3">8</td> <td class="tdr">53</td> - <td class="tdr colpadr">6·7</td> - <td class="tdc digit bl br">34·38</td></tr> + <td class="tdr colpadr">6·7</td> + <td class="tdc digit bl br">34·38</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl bl br">Tethys</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td class="tdr colpadr3">21</td> <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr colpadr">25·7</td> - <td class="tdc digit bl br">42·57</td></tr> + <td class="tdr colpadr">25·7</td> + <td class="tdc digit bl br">42·57</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl bl br">Dione</td> <td class="tdr">2</td> <td class="tdr colpadr3">17</td> <td class="tdr">41</td> - <td class="tdr colpadr">8·9</td> - <td class="tdc digit bl br">54·54</td></tr> + <td class="tdr colpadr">8·9</td> + <td class="tdc digit bl br">54·54</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl bl br">Rhea</td> <td class="tdr">4</td> <td class="tdr colpadr3">12</td> <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdr colpadr">10·8</td> - <td class="tdc digit bl br">76·16</td></tr> + <td class="tdr colpadr">10·8</td> + <td class="tdc digit bl br">76·16</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl bl br">Titan</td> <td class="tdr">15</td> <td class="tdr colpadr3">22</td> <td class="tdr">41</td> - <td class="tdr colpadr">25·2</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">176·55</td></tr> + <td class="tdr colpadr">25·2</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">176·55</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl bl br">Hyperion</td> <td class="tdr">22</td> <td class="tdr">12?</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> - <td class="tdc bl br">213·3?</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">213·3?</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl bl br bb">Japetus</td> <td class="tdr bb">79</td> <td class="tdr colpadr3 bb">7</td> <td class="tdr bb">53</td> - <td class="tdr colpadr bb">40·4</td> - <td class="tdc bl br bb">514·52</td></tr> + <td class="tdr colpadr bb">40·4</td> + <td class="tdc bl br bb">514·52</td></tr> </table> <p>The late Professor Bessel devoted much attention to the theory of Titan, whose mean distance he found -to be 20·706 equatorial radii of the primary. Struve's +to be 20·706 equatorial radii of the primary. Struve's measurements of the ring are given in the second column of the following table. Sir John Herschel, however, regards the Russian astronomer's interval @@ -4058,46 +4019,46 @@ radii of Saturn.</p> <td class="bl br"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl noj bl">Equatorial radius of the planet</td> - <td class="tdc digit bl br colpadlr">8·9955</td> + <td class="tdc digit bl br colpadlr">8·9955</td> <td class="bl br"></td> <td> </td> <td class="bl br"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl noj bl">Ext. semi-diameter of exterior ring</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">20·047</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">20·2225</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">20·13475</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">2·23830</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">20·047</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">20·2225</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">20·13475</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">2·23830</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl noj bl">Int. semi-diameter of exterior ring</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·644</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">18·0190</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·83150</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">1·98230</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·644</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">18·0190</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·83150</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">1·98230</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl noj bl">Ext. semi-diameter of interior ring</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·237</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·3745</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·30575</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">1·92380</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·237</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·3745</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">17·30575</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">1·92380</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl noj bl">Int. semi diameter of interior ring</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">13·334</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">13·3780</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">13·35600</td> - <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">1·48470</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">13·334</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">13·3780</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">13·35600</td> + <td class="tdc bl br colpadlr">1·48470</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl bl bb">Breadth of interval</td> - <td class="tdc bl br bb colpadlr">00·407</td> - <td class="tdc bl br bb colpadlr">00·6445</td> - <td class="tdc bl br bb colpadlr">00·52575</td> - <td class="tdc bl br bb colpadlr">0·05844</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br bb colpadlr">00·407</td> + <td class="tdc bl br bb colpadlr">00·6445</td> + <td class="tdc bl br bb colpadlr">00·52575</td> + <td class="tdc bl br bb colpadlr">0·05844</td></tr> </table> <table class="p2 narrow" summary="satellite periods"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">The period of a satellite revolving at the distance, 1·9238, the interior limit of the interval</td> + <td class="tdl">The period of a satellite revolving at the distance, 1·9238, the interior limit of the interval</td> <td class="tdr">=10h.</td> <td class="tdr">50m.</td> <td class="tdr">16s.</td></tr> @@ -4122,7 +4083,7 @@ radii of Saturn.</p> <td class="tdr">19</td> <td class="tdr">36</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">And the period of a satellite at the distance, 1·9823, the exterior limit of the interval</td> + <td class="tdl">And the period of a satellite at the distance, 1·9823, the exterior limit of the interval</td> <td class="tdr">=11</td> <td class="tdr">28</td> <td class="tdr">3</td></tr> @@ -4149,7 +4110,7 @@ of this remarkable interval.</i></p> <span class="subhead notbold">THE ASTEROID RING BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER.</span></h2> <p>The mean distances of the minor planets between -Mars and Jupiter vary from 2·20 to 3·49. The +Mars and Jupiter vary from 2·20 to 3·49. The breadth of the zone is therefore 20,000,000 miles greater than the distance of the earth from the sun; greater even than the entire interval between the @@ -4181,22 +4142,22 @@ be to form gaps or chasms in the primitive ring.</p> <table class="narrow" summary="Mean distances"> <tr> <td class="tdl">The mean distance of an asteroid whose period is 1/2 that of Jupiter</td> - <td class="tdr">=3·2776</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">=3·2776</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">That of one whose period is 1/3 of Jupiter's</td> - <td class="tdr">=2·5012</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">=2·5012</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">That of one whose period is 2/5 of Jupiter's</td> - <td class="tdr">=2·8245</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">=2·8245</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">That of one whose period is 2/7 of Jupiter's</td> - <td class="tdr">=2·2569</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">=2·2569</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">That of one whose period is 3/7 of Jupiter's</td> - <td class="tdr">=2·9574</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">=2·9574</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">That of one whose period is 4/9 of Jupiter's</td> - <td class="tdr">=3·0299</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">=3·0299</td></tr> </table> <p>For the purpose of facilitating the comparison of these @@ -4219,458 +4180,458 @@ table, in the consecutive order of their periods:</p> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br in1">8</td> <td class="tdl">Flora</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·2014</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·2014</td> <td class="tdc bl br">1193 d</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">43</td> <td class="tdl">Ariadne</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·2034</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1194·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·2034</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1194·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">72</td> <td class="tdl">Feronia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·2654</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1245·4</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·2654</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1245·4</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">40</td> <td class="tdl">Harmonia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·2677</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1247·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·2677</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1247·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">18</td> <td class="tdl">Melpomene</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·2956</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1270·4</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·2956</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1270·4</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">80</td> <td class="tdl">Sappho</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·2971</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1271·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·2971</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1271·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">12</td> <td class="tdl">Victoria</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3342</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1302·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3342</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1302·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">27</td> <td class="tdl">Euterpe</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3468</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1313·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3468</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1313·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br in1">4</td> <td class="tdl">Vesta</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3613</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1325·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3613</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1325·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">84</td> <td class="tdl">Clio</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3618</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1325·8</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3618</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1325·8</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">30</td> <td class="tdl">Urania</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3655</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1328·9</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3655</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1328·9</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">51</td> <td class="tdl">Nemausa</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3657</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1329·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3657</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1329·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br in1">9</td> <td class="tdl">Metis</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3858</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1346·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3858</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1346·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br in1">7</td> <td class="tdl">Iris</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3863</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1346·5</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3863</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1346·5</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">60</td> <td class="tdl">Echo</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3931</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1352·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3931</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1352·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">63</td> <td class="tdl">Ausonia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·3949</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1353·8</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·3949</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1353·8</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">25</td> <td class="tdl">Phocea</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4008</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1358·8</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4008</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1358·8</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">20</td> <td class="tdl">Massilia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4144</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1365·5</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4144</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1365·5</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">67</td> <td class="tdl">Asia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4217</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1376·5</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4217</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1376·5</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">44</td> <td class="tdl">Nysa</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4234</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1378·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4234</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1378·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br in1">6</td> <td class="tdl">Hebe</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4244</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1379·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4244</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1379·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">83</td> <td class="tdl">Beatrice</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4287</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1382·5</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4287</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1382·5</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">42</td> <td class="tdl">Isis</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4400</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1392·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4400</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1392·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">21</td> <td class="tdl">Lutetia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4411</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1393·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4411</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1393·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">19</td> <td class="tdl">Fortuna</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4416</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1393·5</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4416</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1393·5</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">79</td> <td class="tdl">Eurynome</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4437</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1395·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4437</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1395·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">11</td> <td class="tdl">Parthenope</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4519</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1402·4</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4519</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1402·4</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">17</td> <td class="tdl">Thetis</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·4737</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1421·1</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·4737</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1421·1</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">46</td> <td class="tdl">Hestia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·5262</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1466·5</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·5262</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1466·5</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">89</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·5498</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1487·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·5498</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1487·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">29</td> <td class="tdl">Amphitrite</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·5544</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1491·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·5544</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1491·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br in1">5</td> - <td class="tdl">Astræa</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·5772</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1511·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdl">Astræa</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·5772</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1511·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">13</td> <td class="tdl">Egeria</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·5775</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1511·4</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·5775</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1511·4</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">14</td> <td class="tdl">Irene</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·5860</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1519·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·5860</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1519·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">32</td> <td class="tdl">Pomona</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·5868</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1519·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·5868</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1519·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">91</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·5958</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1527·5</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·5958</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1527·5</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">56</td> <td class="tdl">Melete</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·5959</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1527·7</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·5959</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1527·7</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">70</td> <td class="tdl">Panopea</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6129</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1543·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6129</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1543·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">53</td> <td class="tdl">Calypso</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6188</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1548·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6188</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1548·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">78</td> <td class="tdl">Diana</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6236</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1555·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6236</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1555·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">23</td> <td class="tdl">Thalia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6280</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1568·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6280</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1568·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">37</td> <td class="tdl">Fides</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6414</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1570·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6414</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1570·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">15</td> <td class="tdl">Eunomia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6436</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1572·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6436</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1572·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">85</td> <td class="tdl">Io</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6466</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1573·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6466</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1573·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">50</td> <td class="tdl">Virginia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6491</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1575·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6491</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1575·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">88</td> <td class="tdl">Thisbe</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6553</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1580·0<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span></td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6553</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1580·0<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">26</td> <td class="tdl">Proserpina</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6561</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1581·1</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6561</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1581·1</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">66</td> <td class="tdl">Maia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6635</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1587·8</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6635</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1587·8</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">73</td> <td class="tdl">Clytie</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6666</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1590·5</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6666</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1590·5</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br in1">3</td> <td class="tdl">Juno</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6707</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1594·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6707</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1594·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">75</td> <td class="tdl">Eurydice</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6707</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1594·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6707</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1594·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">77</td> <td class="tdl">Frigga</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6719</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1595·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6719</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1595·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">64</td> <td class="tdl">Angelina</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6805</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1603·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6805</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1603·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">34</td> <td class="tdl">Circe</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·6865</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1608·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·6865</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1608·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">58</td> <td class="tdl">Concordia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7014</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1622·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7014</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1622·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">54</td> <td class="tdl">Alexandra</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7123</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1631·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7123</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1631·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">59</td> <td class="tdl">Elpis</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7131</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1632·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7131</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1632·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">45</td> <td class="tdl">Eugenia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7218</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1640·1</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7218</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1640·1</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">38</td> <td class="tdl">Leda</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7401</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1656·8</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7401</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1656·8</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">36</td> <td class="tdl">Atalanta</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7458</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1662·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7458</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1662·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">71</td> <td class="tdl">Niobe</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7501</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1665·8</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7501</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1665·8</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">82</td> <td class="tdl">Alcmene</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7547</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1670·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7547</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1670·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">55</td> <td class="tdl">Pandora</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7591</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1674·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7591</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1674·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">41</td> <td class="tdl">Daphne</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7657</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1679·9</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7657</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1679·9</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">1</td> <td class="tdl">Ceres</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7663</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1681·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7663</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1681·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">2</td> <td class="tdl">Pallas</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7696</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1683·5</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7696</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1683·5</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">39</td> - <td class="tdl">Lætitia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7740</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1687·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdl">Lætitia</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7740</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1687·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">74</td> <td class="tdl">Galatea</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7777</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1690·9</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7777</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1690·9</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">28</td> <td class="tdl">Bellona</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7785</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1691·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7785</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1691·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">68</td> <td class="tdl">Leto</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·7836</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1696·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·7836</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1696·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">81</td> <td class="tdl">Terpsichore</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·8591</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1765·7</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·8591</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1765·7</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">33</td> <td class="tdl">Polyhymnia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·8653</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1770·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·8653</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1770·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">47</td> <td class="tdl">Aglaia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·8812</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1786·4</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·8812</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1786·4</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">22</td> <td class="tdl">Calliope</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·9092</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1812·4</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·9092</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1812·4</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">16</td> <td class="tdl">Psyche</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·9233</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1826·0</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·9233</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1826·0</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">69</td> <td class="tdl">Hesperia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·9707</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1871·1</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·9707</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1871·1</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">61</td> - <td class="tdl">Danaë</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2·9837</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1882·4</td></tr> + <td class="tdl">Danaë</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2·9837</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1882·4</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">35</td> <td class="tdl">Leucothea</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·0040</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1904·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·0040</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1904·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">49</td> <td class="tdl">Pales</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·0825</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1976·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·0825</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1976·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">86</td> <td class="tdl">Semele</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·0909</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1984·7</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·0909</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1984·7</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">52</td> <td class="tdl">Europa</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·1000</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">1993·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·1000</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">1993·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">48</td> <td class="tdl">Doris</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·1094</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2002·7</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·1094</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2002·7</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">62</td> <td class="tdl">Erato</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·1297</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2022·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·1297</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2022·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">24</td> <td class="tdl">Themis</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·1431</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2035·3</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·1431</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2035·3</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">10</td> <td class="tdl">Hygeia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·1512</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2043·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·1512</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2043·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">31</td> <td class="tdl">Euphrosyne</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·1513</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2044·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·1513</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2044·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">57</td> <td class="tdl">Mnemosyne</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·1565</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2048·4</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·1565</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2048·4</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">90</td> <td class="tdl">Antiope</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·1576</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2049·4</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·1576</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2049·4</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">76</td> <td class="tdl">Freia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·3864</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2276·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·3864</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2276·2</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br">65</td> <td class="tdl">Cybele</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">3·4205</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">2310·6</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br">3·4205</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">2310·6</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc bl br bb">87</td> <td class="tdl bb">Sylvia</td> - <td class="tdc bl br bb">3·4927</td> - <td class="tdc bl br bb">2384·2</td></tr> + <td class="tdc bl br bb">3·4927</td> + <td class="tdc bl br bb">2384·2</td></tr> </table> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span></p> @@ -4693,48 +4654,48 @@ which five would be equal to one of Saturn.</p> <p>3. Besides these extreme members of the group, our table contains eighty-six minor planets, all of -which are included between the distances 2·26 and -3·16; the mean interval between them being 0·0105. +which are included between the distances 2·26 and +3·16; the mean interval between them being 0·0105. The distances are distributed as follows:</p> <table class="narrow" summary="Distance distribution"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">2·26 to 2·36</td> + <td class="tdl">2·26 to 2·36</td> <td class="tdr">6</td> <td> </td> <td class="tdl">minimum.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">2·36 to 2·46</td> + <td class="tdl">2·36 to 2·46</td> <td class="tdr">19</td> <td> </td> <td class="tdl">maximum.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">2·46 to 2·56</td> + <td class="tdl">2·46 to 2·56</td> <td class="tdr">4</td> <td> </td> <td class="tdl">minimum.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">2·56 to 2·66</td> + <td class="tdl">2·56 to 2·66</td> <td class="tdr">16</td> <td class="tdc tall2" rowspan="2">}</td> <td class="tdl middle" rowspan="2">maximum.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">2·66 to 2·76</td> + <td class="tdl">2·66 to 2·76</td> <td class="tdr">16</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">2·76 to 2·86</td> + <td class="tdl">2·76 to 2·86</td> <td class="tdr">8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">2·86 to 2·96</td> + <td class="tdl">2·86 to 2·96</td> <td class="tdr">4</td> <td class="tdc tall2" rowspan="2">}</td> <td class="tdl middle" rowspan="2">minimum.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">2·96 to 3·06</td> + <td class="tdl">2·96 to 3·06</td> <td class="tdr">3</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">3·06 to 3·16</td> + <td class="tdl">3·06 to 3·16</td> <td class="tdr">10</td> <td> </td> <td class="tdl">maximum.</td></tr> @@ -4748,13 +4709,13 @@ The distances are distributed as follows:</p> <table class="narrow" summary="Widest intervals"> <tr> <td class="tdl">(<i>a</i>) between Leucothea and Pales</td> - <td class="tdr">0·0785,</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·0785,</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">(<i>b</i>) between Leto and Terpsichore</td> - <td class="tdr">0·0755,</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·0755,</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">(<i>c</i>) between Thetis and Hestia</td> - <td class="tdr">0·0525;</td></tr> + <td class="tdr">0·0525;</td></tr> </table> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span></p> @@ -4766,7 +4727,7 @@ be commensurable with that of Jupiter. Now, if the original ring consisted of an indefinite number of separate particles moving with different velocities, according to their respective distances, those revolving -at the distance 2·4935—in the interval between +at the distance 2·4935—in the interval between Thetis and Hestia—would make precisely three revolutions while Jupiter completes one. A planetary particle at this distance would therefore always come @@ -4828,7 +4789,7 @@ seems to afford a very probable explanation of the origin of those bodies, whether in the form of rings or sporadic masses, its brief consideration may not be destitute of interest. We will merely premise -that the existence of true nebulæ in the heavens—that +that the existence of true nebulæ in the heavens—that is, of matter consisting of luminous gas—has been placed beyond doubt by the revelations of the spectroscope.</p> @@ -4894,7 +4855,7 @@ that their explanation must be referred to the <i>mode</i> of our system's formation—a conclusion which he regarded as strongly confirmed by the contemporary researches of Sir William Herschel. Of the numerous -nebulæ discovered and described by that eminent +nebulæ discovered and described by that eminent observer, a large proportion could not, even by his powerful telescope, be resolved into stars. In regard to many of these, it was not doubted that @@ -4904,7 +4865,7 @@ hand, a considerable number were examined which gave no indications of resolvability. These were supposed to consist of self-luminous, nebulous matter—the chaotic elements of future stars. The great -number of these irresolvable nebulæ scattered over +number of these irresolvable nebulæ scattered over the heavens and apparently indicating the various stages of central condensation, very naturally suggested<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> the idea that the solar system, and perhaps @@ -4973,7 +4934,7 @@ Nature, as an index to the creative process.</p> <p>The argument derived from the motions of the various members of the solar system is not new,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> -having been forcibly stated by Laplace, Pontécoulant, +having been forcibly stated by Laplace, Pontécoulant, Nichol, and other astronomers. Its full weight and importance, however, have not, we think, been duly appreciated. That a common physical cause @@ -5090,7 +5051,7 @@ meteor</i> belonging to the same annulus.</p> that the nucleus was self-luminous, that the coma was rendered visible by reflecting solar light, and that "the material of the comet was similar to the -matter of which the gaseous nebulæ consist."</p> +matter of which the gaseous nebulæ consist."</p> <p>5. The time of revolution of the August meteors is believed to be about 105 years. M. Schiaparelli @@ -5190,7 +5151,7 @@ work had gone to press), contains an interesting article by Professor Newton "On certain recent contributions to Astro-Meteorology." Of the five possible periods of the November ring, first designated by Professor N, it is now granted -that the longest, viz., 33¼ years, is most probably the true +that the longest, viz., 33¼ years, is most probably the true one. The results of Leverrier's researches in regard to the epoch at which this meteoric mass was introduced into the solar system, are given in the same article. This distinguished @@ -5224,7 +5185,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">532,</td> <td class="tdr">69</td> <td class="tdc"> periods of </td> - <td class="tdr">33·319</td> + <td class="tdr">33·319</td> <td class="tdc"> years each.</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5232,21 +5193,21 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">532</td> <td class="tdc">to</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">599·5,</td> + <td class="tdr">599·5,</td> <td class="tdr">2</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">33·750</td> + <td class="tdr">33·750</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">599·5</td> + <td class="tdr">599·5</td> <td class="tdc">to</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> <td class="tdr colpadr4">902,</td> <td class="tdr">9</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">33·614</td> + <td class="tdr">33·614</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5257,7 +5218,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">934,</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">32·000</td> + <td class="tdr">32·000</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5268,7 +5229,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">1002,</td> <td class="tdr">2</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">34·000</td> + <td class="tdr">34·000</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5279,7 +5240,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">1101,</td> <td class="tdr">3</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">33·000</td> + <td class="tdr">33·000</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5290,7 +5251,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">1202,</td> <td class="tdr">3</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">33·667</td> + <td class="tdr">33·667</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5301,7 +5262,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">1366,</td> <td class="tdr">5</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">32·800</td> + <td class="tdr">32·800</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5312,7 +5273,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">1533,</td> <td class="tdr">5</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">33·400</td> + <td class="tdr">33·400</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5323,7 +5284,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">1698,</td> <td class="tdr">5</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">33·000</td> + <td class="tdr">33·000</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5334,7 +5295,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">1799,</td> <td class="tdr">3</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">33·667</td> + <td class="tdr">33·667</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5345,7 +5306,7 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">1833,</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">34·000</td> + <td class="tdr">34·000</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc">"</td> @@ -5356,13 +5317,13 @@ order, are as follows:</p> <td class="tdr colpadr4">1866,</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> - <td class="tdr">33·000</td> + <td class="tdr">33·000</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> </table> <p>The first three dates are alone doubtful. The whole number of intervals from <span class="smcap smaller">B.C.</span> 1768 to <span class="smcap smaller">A.D.</span> 1866 is 109, and the -mean length is 33·33 years.</p> +mean length is 33·33 years.</p> <p>The perturbations of the ring by Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, are doubtless considerable. It is worthy of note @@ -5511,7 +5472,7 @@ small comets.</p> <p>"These various examples are presented at one view, as follows:</p> -<p class="hang2">"I. Ancient bipartition of a comet.—<i>Seneca, Quæst. Nat.</i>, +<p class="hang2">"I. Ancient bipartition of a comet.—<i>Seneca, Quæst. Nat.</i>, <i>lib. VII. cap. XVI.</i></p> <p class="hang2">"II. Separation of a comet into a number of fragments, @@ -5701,12 +5662,12 @@ have the following falls of meteoric stones: <ul class="in4"> <li>1. 1731, March 12th. At Halstead, Essex, England.</li> -<li>2. 1798, March 12th. At Salés, France.</li> +<li>2. 1798, March 12th. At Salés, France.</li> <li>3. 1806, March 15th. At Alais, France.</li> <li>4. 1807, March 13th. At Timochin, Russia.</li> <li>5. 1811, March 13th. At Kuleschofka, Russia.</li> <li>6. 1813, March 13th–14th. The phenomena above described.</li> -<li>7. 1841, March 12th. At Grüneberg, Silesia.</li> +<li>7. 1841, March 12th. At Grüneberg, Silesia.</li> </ul> <p> @@ -5753,7 +5714,7 @@ Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila. for 1859.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> Gautier's Notice of Recent Researches relating to Nebulæ.—Silliman's +<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> Gautier's Notice of Recent Researches relating to Nebulæ.—Silliman's Journal for Jan. 1863, and March, 1864.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -5799,7 +5760,7 @@ in Silliman's Journal for Nov. 1864, and Jan. 1865.</p></div> <p class="p2 in0 larger bold">NEW AMERICA.</p> -<p class="hang medium">By <span class="smcap">William Hepworth Dixon</span>, Editor of "The Athenæum," +<p class="hang medium">By <span class="smcap">William Hepworth Dixon</span>, Editor of "The Athenæum," and author of "The Holy Land," "William Penn," etc. With Illustrations from Original Photographs. Third Edition. Complete in one volume, Crown Octavo. Printed on tinted @@ -5831,11 +5792,11 @@ one of great as well as unique value."</p> <p class="p2 in0 larger bold">HISTORY OF THE U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION.</p> <p class="hang medium">Being the General Report of its Work on the War of the Rebellion. -By <span class="smcap">Charles J. Stillé</span>, Professor in the University +By <span class="smcap">Charles J. Stillé</span>, Professor in the University of Pennsylvania. One vol. 8vo. Cloth, beveled boards. Price $3.50.</p> -<p class="p2 in0 larger bold">TERRA MARIÆ; or, Threads of Maryland Colonial History.</p> +<p class="p2 in0 larger bold">TERRA MARIÆ; or, Threads of Maryland Colonial History.</p> <p class="hang medium">By <span class="smcap">Edward D. Neill</span>, one of the Secretaries of the President of the United States. 12mo. Extra Cloth. Price $2.00.</p> @@ -5912,387 +5873,6 @@ quotation marks retained.</p> <p>"Keppler" is spelled that way in this text.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Meteoric astronomy, by Daniel Kirkwood - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK METEORIC ASTRONOMY *** - -***** This file should be named 43715-h.htm or 43715-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/7/1/43715/ - -Produced by sp1nd, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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