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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44192 ***
+
+Transcriber's note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: Transverse Section of the Building, showing the Interior
+completed.]
+
+
+
+
+The
+
+Crystal Palace:
+
+Its
+
+Architectural History
+
+and
+
+Constructive Marvels.
+
+By
+
+Peter Berlyn, and Charles Fowler, Junr.
+
+London:
+
+James Gilbert, Paternoster Row.
+
+mdcccli.
+
+
+----
+
+
+
+
+PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION BY
+
+JAMES GILBERT, 49 PATERNOSTER ROW,
+
+(UNIFORM WITH THE PRESENT VOLUME),
+
+The Curiosities and Wonders
+
+contained within
+
+The Crystal Palace.
+
+BY
+
+PETER BERLYN, ESQ.
+
+Illustrated by Several Hundred Engravings.
+
+----
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,
+
+The Following Pages,
+
+DESCRIPTIVE OF
+
+THE ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE MARVELS OF
+
+THE STOREHOUSE OF THE WORLD'S WONDERS
+
+OF ART, SCIENCE, AND MANUFACTURE,
+
+ARE, BY PERMISSION, MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED,
+
+AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE
+
+OF THE ADMIRATION AND GRATITUDE
+
+WHICH, IN COMMON WITH THE WHOLE CIVILIZED WORLD,
+
+ARE AMPLY SHARED IN BY
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S
+
+MOST DEVOTED, FAITHFUL, AND OBEDIENT SERVANT,
+
+                    THE PUBLISHER.
+
+----
+
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+                                                                      PAGE.
+  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS                                                    1
+  COMMITTEE FOR ALL MATTERS RELATING TO THE BUILDING                      2
+  LABOURS OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE                                       3
+  THE COMPETITION DESIGNS                                                 6
+  BUILDINGS USED FOR PREVIOUS EXHIBITIONS IN FRANCE, GERMANY, AND
+      ENGLAND                                                            15
+  DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S DESIGN                         21
+  OPPOSITION TO THIS DESIGN                                              24
+  THE TENDERS                                                            24
+  HISTORY OF MR. PAXTON'S DESIGN                                         27
+  GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING                                    33
+  THE PAXTON'S GUTTERS                                                   40
+  THE SASH-BARS                                                          44
+  THE RIDGES                                                             46
+  THE GLASS                                                              46
+  THE BOX GUTTERS                                                        47
+  THE ROOF GIRDERS                                                       47
+  THE IRON DRILLING MACHINE                                              49
+  THE PUNCHING MACHINE                                                   50
+  THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE                                         51
+  THE COLUMNS AND CONNECTING-PIECES                                      52
+  THE BASE-PIECES                                                        53
+  THE CAST-IRON GIRDERS                                                  54
+  THE GALLERIES                                                          55
+  TESTING THE CAST-IRON GIRDERS                                          55
+  ROOF OF TRANSEPT                                                       58
+  THE FACEWORK                                                           59
+  THE DIAGONAL BRACING                                                   60
+  THE STAIRCASES                                                         60
+  THE FLOOR AND FOUNDATIONS                                              62
+  FIRST OPERATIONS ON THE GROUND                                         63
+  SETTING-OUT THE GROUND                                                 64
+  FIXING THE BASE-PLATES                                                 65
+  HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE                                              67
+  RAISING AND FIXING THE COLUMNS AND GIRDERS                             68
+  HOISTING THE ROOF TRUSSES                                              69
+  PROVISION FOR EXPANSION OF GIRDERS                                     70
+  GLAZING THE ROOF                                                       71
+  STAGE FOR REPAIRING THE GLASS, ETC.                                    73
+  HOISTING THE RIBS FOR TRANSEPT ROOF                                    73
+  GLAZING THE TRANSEPT ROOF                                              76
+  THE PAINTING                                                           76
+  THE HAND-RAIL MACHINE                                                  78
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS                                              79
+  PAYING THE WORKMEN                                                     80
+  GENERAL STATISTICS                                                     82
+  THE PARTI-COLOURED PAINTING                                            83
+  THE WATER SUPPLY                                                       87
+  THE STABILITY OF THE BUILDING                                          87
+  TESTING THE GALLERIES                                                  88
+  GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF THE BUILDING                                     89
+  CONCLUSION                                                             89
+
+  APPENDIX:--
+  LIST OF COMPETITORS FOR THE BUILDING                                    i
+  LIST A.--COMPETITORS ENTITLED TO FAVOURABLE MENTION                    vi
+  LIST B.--COMPETITORS ENTITLED TO FURTHER HIGHER HONORARY
+      DISTINCTION                                                      viii
+  THE TWO COMPETITION DESIGNS SPECIALLY MENTIONED BY THE BUILDING
+      COMMITTEE                                                          ix
+  MEMORANDUM ON THE SITE                                                 xi
+  REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSIONERS, PRESENTED TO HER MAJESTY ON THE
+      OPENING OF THE BUILDING                                          xvii
+
+
+
+
+List of Illustrations.
+
+
+
+                                                                      PAGE.
+  TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE BUILDING, SHOWING THE
+      INTERIOR COMPLETED--                                  _frontispiece_.
+  PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH EXPOSITION IN 1849                 16
+  VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE OF THE SAME                             17
+  INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE"                                          18
+  INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CATTLE-SHED                                       19
+  VIEW OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN AT BERLIN                        _facing_ 19
+  PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN                                           20
+  VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION BUILDING                             20
+  GROUND-PLAN OF THE DESIGN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE           _facing_ 22
+  EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE SAME                                     _facing_ 24
+  COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS                                           28
+  METHOD BY RIDGE AND FURROW                                             29
+  CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR MACHINE                               30
+  THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH                                   32
+  INTERIOR OF THE SAME                                                   33
+  GROUND-PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE EXHIBITION                         34
+  VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF PARTLY COMPLETED                36
+  PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS                37
+  VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE TRANSEPT                          _facing_ 38
+  VIEW OF GLASS ROOF FROM THE LEAD FLAT                         _facing_ 39
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE BUILDING FROM THE SOUTH-WEST              _facing_ 40
+  THE EXTERNAL RAILING                                                   40
+  SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE STRONG SASH-BAR               41
+  THE CIRCULAR PLANING MACHINE                                           41
+  PORTION OF THE SAME SHOWING DETAIL                                     41
+  SECTIONS OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, SHOWING DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE
+      MACHINE                                                            42
+  THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE                                             42
+  MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS AND RIDGES                       43
+  MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS                                      44
+  THE SASH-BAR DRILLING MACHINE                                          45
+  PORTION OF THE SAME, ENLARGED                                          46
+  SECTION OF THE RIDGES, ETC                                             46
+  DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER                                              48
+  DIAGRAM OF 72-FEET GIRDER                                              48
+  THE IRON DRILLING MACHINE                                              50
+  THE PUNCHING MACHINE AND SHEARS                                        50
+  THE ADZING-CUTTERS                                                     51
+  THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE                                         52
+  SECTION OF A COLUMN                                                    52
+  A BASE-PIECE                                                           54
+  VIEW OF THE INTERIOR FROM THE LEVEL OF GALLERIES              _facing_ 55
+  FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING THE GIRDERS                      56
+  INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CENTRAL AVENUE TOWARDS THE WEST          _facing_ 58
+  LOUVRE FRAME                                                           60
+  VIEW OF STAIRCASE                                                      61
+  FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE                                            62
+  VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS                                        66
+  HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE                                              67
+  PORTIONS OF THE SAME                                                   67
+  FIXING THE GIRDERS                                                     68
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS IN PROGRESS                         _facing_ 69
+  HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES                                           70
+  GLAZING-WAGGON FOR FLAT ROOF                                           72
+  A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING                                    74
+  HOISTING THE RIBS FOR THE TRANSEPT ROOF                       _facing_ 75
+  STAGE FOR GLAZING TRANSEPT ROOF                                        76
+  THE SASH-BAR PAINTING MACHINE                                          77
+  PORTION OF THE SAME IN DETAIL                                          77
+  THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE                                          78
+  PORTION OF THE SAME                                                    78
+  THE BRASS TICKETS FOR WORKMEN                                          80
+  THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE                                         81
+  THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES                                             81
+  THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID                                         82
+  VIEW OF THE BUILDING FROM THE NORTH BANK OF THE SERPENTINE    _facing_ 86
+  TESTING AN EXPERIMENTAL BAY OF THE GALLERY FLOOR              _facing_ 88
+  VIEW OF THE BOILER-HOUSE, ETC.                                _facing_ 88
+  VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING                                    92
+
+      APPENDIX:--
+  EXTERIOR VIEW OF MONS. HOREAU'S DESIGN FOR THE BUILDING       _facing_ ix
+  INTERIOR OF THE SAME                                          _facing_ ix
+  VIEW OF EXTERIOR FROM ONE END OF MESSRS. TURNERS' DESIGN
+      FOR THE BUILDING                                          _facing_  x
+  TRANSVERSE SECTION AND VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE SAME       _facing_  x
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
+
+
+So much has already been said and written, both wisely and well, upon the
+marvellous edifice which has just been reared with such magical rapidity to
+enshrine the results of the skill and industry of all nations, that it
+would appear an almost hopeless task to present the subject in any new
+point of view to the reader.
+
+If, therefore, the authors cannot lay claim to novelty or originality in
+the execution of the pleasurable work which they have undertaken, they are
+not without hopes that, from their having been connected with this gigantic
+undertaking during the greater part of its progress, they will be enabled
+to trace in a more detailed and consecutive manner than has yet been
+attempted the history of the design and execution of the building up to the
+period of its completion.
+
+A great deal has been lately said upon the want of distinctive character in
+almost all the buildings of the present day; and it is certainly a striking
+fact that in scarcely any of our important modern structures does the
+exterior appearance in any way lead the spectator to form an idea of the
+purposes or arrangement of the interior, the former being apparently
+governed by fancy, or the fashion for some particular style, while the
+latter only, is accommodated to the peculiar requirements of the case. Thus
+we have porticos which do not shelter from the weather, or in which no one
+is allowed to walk; Venetian palaces appear piled upon a substructure of
+plate-glass; baronial castles prove to be model prisons; and
+richly-decorated mansions, from the time of "Good Queen Bess," or fanciful
+Italian villas, are made to serve for the accommodation of paupers.
+
+The ancients appear to have been more careful in this respect, so that the
+form and external arrangement afforded in most cases a ready key to the
+purposes of their structures. Their temples, their fora, theatres and
+amphitheatres, baths, and other public edifices, seem each to have been
+stamped with their own characteristic features, at the same time without in
+any way producing a monotonous uniformity among the different examples of
+the same class of building.
+
+Now, if this criterion of excellence be applied to the remarkable building
+recently erected in Hyde Park, it will be found that the constructive
+arrangement of the interior is plainly expressed without, and it must be
+conceded that it possesses at least those elements of beauty arising from
+consistency and simplicity which, in combination with its vast size, give
+it also that of grandeur. That it is faultless it would be needless to
+assert, or to imagine that, from its example, a new style of architecture
+will originate; but that it is admirably suited to its purpose, that it is
+a remarkable specimen of the constructive skill of this country, and that
+it will certainly form one of the most interesting objects of the Great
+Exhibition by which it has been called into being, if not the most
+interesting of all, must, we think, be admitted by all candid observers.
+
+Although the building in its present form was designed, as well as carried
+out, in a singularly short space of time, this could not have been
+accomplished but for the great amount of thought and labour which had been
+previously bestowed upon the subject. In order, therefore, to trace the
+whole of the progress of the design, it will be necessary briefly to advert
+to the early labours bestowed upon the project.
+
+On the 5th of January, 1850, the Royal Commission for carrying out this
+great scheme was gazetted; its first and second meetings, which were
+respectively held on the 11th and 18th of the same month, were entirely
+devoted to preliminary arrangements, and determining the mode of conducting
+its proceedings.
+
+Among the most urgent matters calling for the attention of the
+Commissioners, the subject of the building early presented itself, as it
+was of the utmost importance that the longest possible time should be
+allowed for its erection; and, accordingly, at the third meeting, held on
+the 24th of January, the following noblemen and gentlemen were appointed to
+act as a
+
+Committee for all Matters relating to the Building.
+
+  His Grace the Duke of BUCCLEUCH, K.G., F.R.S.
+  The Right Hon. the Earl of ELLESMERE, F.S.A.
+  CHARLES BARRY, Esq., R.A., F.R.S.
+  WILLIAM CUBITT, Esq., F.R.S., Pr. of J.C.E.
+  ROBERT STEPHENSON, Esq., M.P., F.R.S.
+  C. R. COCKERELL, Esq., R.A.
+  I. K. BRUNEL, Esq., F.R.S.
+  THOMAS L. DONALDSON, Esq., M.I.B.A.
+
+From which list it will be seen that some of the very highest professional
+talent in the country was enlisted on behalf of the undertaking.
+
+
+
+
+Labours of the Building Committee.
+
+
+The first point to be ascertained by this Committee was where to find an
+eligible site; for although they were not able at that early stage of their
+labours to determine the exact amount of space that would be required, they
+appear to have been of opinion that, from the general data before them,
+about sixteen acres would be necessary--an amount which has been
+subsequently considerably exceeded, but which was already an enormous area
+to be covered by one building; and in dealing with it the Committee must
+have felt that a very heavy amount of responsibility rested upon them, as
+appears, indeed, from their recommendation to the Royal Commission given
+below.
+
+After about a month of attentive deliberation, the Committee made a report
+upon this part of their labours.
+
+With regard to the site, it had appeared to the Committee that--firstly,
+the north-eastern portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space between
+her Majesty's private road and the Kensington road, in the southern part of
+Hyde Park; and thirdly, the north-western portion of Regent's Park, were
+the only available spaces about the metropolis which would afford the
+necessary accommodation; and it was believed that the order in which they
+were named represented also their relative eligibility. As regarded the
+first, the Committee had been informed by the Chief Commissioner of her
+Majesty's Woods and Forests that considerable objections would arise to its
+occupation for such a purpose, and that no such objections would be raised
+to the use of the second; and the Committee, therefore, recommended the
+adoption of this site, which, amongst other advantages, is remarkable for
+the facility of access afforded by the existing roads.
+
+As regarded the extent of the building, the Committee were not yet in
+possession of sufficient data to enable them to determine this accurately,
+but, from such information as they had before them, they thought that it
+might be assumed, for the present, that about sixteen acres of covered
+space would be required.
+
+And finally, as regarded the mode of proceeding to determine the general
+interior arrangements or ground-plan of the building, a subject to which
+they had given much consideration, they resolved, "That, in their opinion,
+it was desirable to seek, by public competition, for suggestions as to the
+general arrangements of the ground-plan of the building."
+
+It was deemed by the Committee that the peculiar object for which the
+building was required, namely, the encouragement of the widest and most
+liberal competition in all the branches of arts and manufactures--the
+circumstance of the cost of the erection being defrayed by the public--the
+peculiar character of the building, for the designing of which were
+especially required judgment and contrivance in the detail of arrangement,
+and experience in the management of large crowds, and for the construction
+of which the mechanical skill and knowledge of the application and of the
+economical use of materials now so generally possessed by builders and
+practical men were necessary--all seemed, in the opinion of the Committee,
+to be reasons for recommending that the designs for the general
+arrangements should, as far as practicable, be the result of public
+competition, and that the actual construction should be so to the fullest
+extent. The Committee were, moreover, of opinion that the general design or
+arrangement of such a building was one of those subjects, perhaps few in
+number, on which many good ideas may be elicited by a general contribution
+of plans; and that a mode might be adopted of obtaining such plans, and
+collecting useful suggestions from them, which should not eventually lead
+to any loss of time, or be attended with those delays which too frequently
+render ordinary competition inconvenient.
+
+Great objections were made in some quarters to the proposed site in Hyde
+Park; but as they were not raised on really public grounds, they were
+gradually overcome by the interest which the public at large manifested in
+the success of the undertaking.
+
+In consequence of the latter recommendation in the Report which was adopted
+by the Royal Commissioners, the following document was published by them on
+March 13th, 1850, copies of which appear to have found their way into
+almost every corner of Europe:--
+
+"The Committee appointed by the Royal Commission to advise on 'all matters
+relating to the building,' having received the sanction of the Commission,
+are desirous of obtaining from all parties who are disposed to assist them
+suggestions for the general arrangement of the buildings and premises
+required for this Exhibition. Upon the general form of the building in
+plan, the distribution of its parts, the mode of access, and the internal
+arrangements and contrivances, will depend the convenience and general
+fitness of such a building; and it is upon these points that the Committee
+seek information and suggestions, and wish to encourage the most extended
+competition in the preparation of plans. The Committee do not propose to
+offer any pecuniary reward for such plans--they rely upon the desire which
+men of all countries will feel to forward the objects of the proposed
+Exhibition. The Committee think it probable that, when the plans are
+received, they may not be limited to the selection of any one plan, but may
+derive useful ideas from many; and that the best plan may be determined
+upon by the help of this general assistance. As the credit of any such plan
+will be due solely to the contributors, the Committee propose to make a
+report, in which they will acknowledge by name those whose plans had been
+wholly or partially adopted, or who had afforded the most useful
+suggestions; and the Committee hope to be able to offer such other honorary
+distinction to the successful contributors as the circumstances may appear
+to warrant. In order to guide the contributors in the preparation of such
+plans and designs, and to facilitate the examination and the comparison of
+them when received, the Committee have enumerated concisely the principal
+'desiderata' for such a building, and have laid down certain rules and
+conditions to which they earnestly request the contributors to conform, as
+the Committee will be under the necessity of abiding strictly by the
+regulation of not acknowledging any plans which may be sent in a form
+inconsistent with these rules. Copies of the engraved plan of the ground
+referred to may be had on application to the secretaries of the Commission,
+at the New Palace at Westminster."
+
+An engraved plan of the site which had been fixed upon, together with the
+subjoined regulations, which all competitors would be expected to observe,
+were subsequently issued to all applicants:--
+
+"1. The communications from contributors must consist of a single sheet of
+paper, not larger than the accompanying engraving, with a simple
+ground-plan upon a scale of 1·1000 of the full size, with such elevations
+and sections only of the building, and on the same sheet, as may be
+necessary to elucidate the system proposed--such elevations and sections
+not being intended to convey more than a general idea of the building, and
+not entering into details of construction or of architectural
+decoration--to be accompanied by a short, clear-written explanation of the
+system recommended, on a separate sheet. Any contributor wishing to send
+two designs must send separate and distinct communications, each conforming
+to the above conditions. No communications made inconsistent with these
+conditions, or any plan prepared upon a different scale from that
+prescribed, can be received. The plans, &c., must be sent on or before the
+8th of April next, addressed to the Secretaries of the Exhibition, New
+Palace at Westminster, London. It is suggested that the most convenient
+mode of preparing the plan, elevation, and section, would be to draw them
+upon one of the engraved copies of the plan of the ground which accompany
+these instructions.--2. The building is to be erected on the space marked A
+B C D, and must not extend beyond the boundaries of the shaded portion. The
+groups of trees shown on the plan must be preserved. The principal public
+approaches are by the roads E F and G H. The road K L will be available
+only for foot-passengers. There will be no objection to the formation of
+cross-roads between the two last, G H and K L, if the design of the
+building requires it.--3. The roofed portion of the building is to cover a
+space of 700,000 square feet, or about 65,000 square metres; and the whole
+building must not occupy, including open spaces, an area of more than
+900,000 square feet, or about 84,000 square metres. The building generally
+will be of one storey only.--4. No space will be required for cattle, or
+for shrubs or flowers.--5. It may be assumed, so far as it affects the
+ground-plan, that the light will be obtained entirely from the roof, and
+the building will be constructed of fire-proof materials.
+
+"The general requirements are--simplicity of arrangement; economy of space;
+capability of extending or curtailing the building without destroying its
+symmetry as a whole, or interfering with the general arrangement, it being
+impossible to determine the exact extent of roof required until a late
+period of construction. Adaptation for the erection of separate portions of
+the building at different periods. Conveniences of ingress and egress, with
+facilities of access to all parts of the Exhibition, either from the
+exterior or interior. Means of classification of the various objects of
+different departments. Wall-space for the display of articles requiring it.
+Means of affording private access and accommodation for exhibitors, with
+counting-houses, if required. Committee-rooms, council-rooms, public
+refreshment-rooms, and all other public and private accommodation. (This
+portion of the building may be in two or more storeys if required.)
+Internal arrangements, by which, under proper regulations, large crowds of
+visitors may circulate freely, and have convenient access to all parts of
+the Exhibition, and uninterrupted means of examining the various objects
+exhibited."
+
+
+
+
+The Competition Designs.
+
+
+Though the time allowed for the preparation of drawings was but short,
+being only about one month, no less than 233 designs were sent in, many of
+them of an elaborate architectural character. Of these, thirty-eight, or
+one-sixth of the whole, were received from the different foreign countries
+of Europe (France, twenty-seven; Belgium, two; Holland, three; Hanover,
+one; Naples, one; Switzerland, two; Rhine Prussia, one; Hamburgh, one);
+138, or more than half the entire number, from London and its vicinity,
+where the interest excited was naturally more immediate; fifty-one from the
+provincial towns of England; six from Scotland, and three from Ireland.
+Seven were sent anonymously. The small number contributed by the sister
+kingdoms seems rather remarkable.
+
+The greater part of these designs were, of course, contributed by members
+of the architectural and engineering professions, but some were the
+productions of amateurs, and one among them purported to be the suggestion
+of a lady. Here, then, was matter enough not only to assist, but even, from
+its great variety, to perplex the Committee, since at once every possible
+variety of style in decoration, material in construction, and system in
+arrangement, were strenuously recommended by the authors of the respective
+designs as the great ultimatum sought for.
+
+To Mr. Digby Wyatt, whose services were to a great extent withdrawn from
+the Executive Committee, in order that his professional knowledge of the
+subject might be placed at the disposal of the Building Committee, was
+intrusted the arduous task of examining and classifying these incongruous
+materials, and of eliminating from them such general principles of
+arrangement as seemed most worthy of the attentive consideration of the
+Committee. The result of this gentleman's minute examination was embodied
+in a Report, upon the basis of the recommendations contained in which the
+subsequent utilitarian portions of the design of the Building Committee
+would appear to have been founded.
+
+After holding about fifteen protracted sittings, the Committee presented
+the following Report to the Royal Commission on the 9th of May:--
+
+"May it please your Royal Highness,
+
+"_My Lords and Gentlemen_,
+
+"We have the honour to report that we have examined the numerous plans so
+liberally contributed by native and foreign architects in accordance with
+the public invitation.
+
+"Exhausting in their numerous projects and suggestions almost every
+conceivable variety of building, the authors of those designs have
+materially assisted us in arriving at the conclusions which we have now the
+honour to report.
+
+"We have been aided in our analysis of this subject by a great amount of
+thought and elaboration thus brought to bear upon it from various points of
+view.
+
+"We have, however, arrived at the unanimous conclusion, that able and
+admirable as many of these designs appeared to be, there was yet no single
+one so accordant with the peculiar objects in view, either in the principle
+or detail of its arrangements, as to warrant us in recommending it for
+adoption.
+
+"In some of the least successful of the designs submitted, we find
+indicated errors and difficulties to be avoided, whilst in the abler and
+more practicable of them, there are valuable conceptions and suggestions
+which have greatly assisted us in framing the plan we have now the honour
+to lay before you. In preparing this design we have been governed mainly by
+three considerations:--
+
+"1. The provisional nature of the building.
+
+"2. The advisability of constructing it as far as possible in such a form
+as to be available, with the least sacrifice of labour and material, for
+other purposes, as soon as its original one shall have been fulfilled, thus
+insuring a minimum ultimate cost.
+
+"3. Extreme simplicity, demanded by the short time in which the work must
+be completed.
+
+"For the arrangements of the plan we rely for effect on honesty of
+construction, vastness of dimension, and fitness of each part to its end.
+
+"The principal points of excellence we have endeavoured to attain are--
+
+"1. Economy of construction.
+
+"2. Facilities for the reception, classification, and display of goods.
+
+"3. Facilities for the circulation of visitors.
+
+"4. Arrangement for grand points of view.
+
+"5. Centralisation of supervision.
+
+"6. Some striking feature to exemplify the present state of the science of
+construction in this country.
+
+"The first of these, ECONOMY, is attained by doing away with any internal
+walls (all divisions being made by the necessary stalls), by reducing the
+whole construction, with the exception of the dome, to cast iron columns,
+supporting the lightest form of iron roof in long unbroken lines, and by
+the whole of the work being done in the simplest manner, and adapted in all
+respects to serve hereafter for other purposes.
+
+"The second, facilities for the RECEPTION, CLASSIFICATION, and DISPLAY of
+goods. The main central entrance for the reception of objects for
+exhibition will probably be that most approachable from the public road.
+All cases accompanying goods will be examined, registered, catalogued, &c.,
+in the offices of the Executive; the packing-cases will then be put upon a
+truck running on a line of rails laid down temporarily, and conveyed to the
+centre turn-table, from which they may be carried by a line of rails at
+right angles to the first, to the end of the transverse gallery, in which
+they may be destined to be placed.
+
+"The most important condition to insure successful _classification_ is,
+that those to whom the duty of arrangement may be confided should be
+hampered by no fixed limits of space, such as would have been the case had
+the building been divided into a number of halls, sections, or chambers.
+The plan submitted fulfils this condition perfectly; as objects can be
+arranged just as they are received, and moved, if necessary, from gallery
+to gallery with great facility.
+
+"The successful display of the goods would be best insured by leaving,
+under certain general restrictions, the fitting up of each stall to the
+Exhibitor or his Agent, floor-space only being allotted to each; and
+stands, frames, brackets, shelves, &c., being put up by a contractor's
+carpenter, at a fixed tariff.
+
+"The best light is provided, and the most economical wall-space is proposed
+to be furnished by connecting pillar to pillar transversely, on the extreme
+north and south sides of the building, by rods, from which draperies, &c.,
+can be suspended.
+
+"The third, FACILITIES FOR THE CIRCULATION OF VISITORS, is thus attained.
+The visitor, on arrival at the central hall, proceeds at choice to any one
+of the four sections. He will, most probably, desire either to follow the
+whole course of the section selected, or will wish to go at once to some
+particular class or object. He will be enabled to do either the one or the
+other, without interfering with the general current, by means of gates or
+other arrangements, which shall insure the current of visitors passing in
+one direction. If he desire to proceed rapidly from one end of the building
+to the other, and finds the great central gangway at all blocked up, he
+will, no doubt, be able to get on by either the north or south corridors,
+fifteen feet wide. Numerous doors of egress in these latter afford ready
+means of exit for a large number of persons. Seats are provided in the
+middle of the great central gangway for those who may desire to rest.
+
+"The fourth, ARRANGEMENT FOR GRAND POINTS OF VIEW. The view from or to the
+centre of the building will, from its extent, be necessarily imposing. The
+seats and main avenues are arranged so that, on the occasion of the
+distribution of the prizes, an immense number of persons may be
+accommodated. Most interesting views might be obtained from galleries
+constructed at either end of the building and around the dome, for the
+admission of the public to which some small charge might be made.
+
+"The fifth, CENTRALISATION OF SUPERVISION. All the business of the
+Exhibition will be carried on in one spot, and be readily under control.
+The Royal Commission, the principal Committees, Clerks, Accountants,
+Police, &c., would be together, and in so large an establishment it would
+be absolutely necessary, or much time would be wasted in walking from one
+point to another. Passages running behind the money-takers' boxes, with
+glazed doors into them, would enable each accountant to detect anything
+improper that might be going on, and to exchange and balance checks, money,
+&c., at any moment. Telegraphic communication with each of the four
+pay-places will permit orders to be given, cash accounts, &c., to be issued
+and returned, from and to the head-accountant's office, as often as may be
+necessary.
+
+"Four Committee-rooms, one for a Jury in each section, have been provided
+at the extreme east and west ends. The duties of such Committees being
+deliberative, and not executive, it is not necessary that they should be
+accommodated in the Central Establishment, where they would be more liable
+to be disturbed than at the extremity of the building.
+
+"A policeman stationed in each gallery would, from his elevated position,
+be enabled to observe much which might escape detection if he mingled only
+with the crowd.
+
+"The sixth, SOME STRIKING FEATURE TO EXEMPLIFY THE PRESENT STATE OF THE
+SCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTION IN THIS COUNTRY. In order that the building, in
+which England invites the whole world to display their richest productions,
+may afford, at least in one point, a grandeur not incommensurate with the
+occasion, we propose, by a dome of light sheet iron 200 feet in diameter,
+to produce an effect at once striking and admirable. From calculations
+which have been made of the cost of so grand a Hall, we have reason to
+expect that it may be executed for a sum not greatly exceeding the cost of
+the simplest form of roof likely to be adopted to cover the same area.
+
+"It is to be borne in mind that a considerable amount of any such
+difference may be recovered, should this portion of the building be
+converted hereafter to other purposes, which is more than probable. This
+vast dome it is proposed to light mainly from one circle of light in its
+centre, and thus the sculpture will be pleasingly and suitably lit.
+
+"Six out of the eight openings in the cylinder of the dome would be well
+adapted for the exhibition of stained glass windows of great extent, while
+the two remaining arches will open to the main central gallery. The lower
+part of some of the voids will admit the eye to turf and shrubs, and
+produce a great freshness of effect.
+
+"The immense continuity of the Central Avenue will be broken and relieved
+by a variation in the roof opposite the openings to the second and third
+sets of refreshment-rooms, and windows for the reception of Stained Glass
+may be placed at the ends of each transverse gallery, thus terminating the
+vista for each.
+
+"It now only remains to explain the course of action we would recommend for
+adoption as soon as the principles of the plan, &c., shall be positively
+decided.
+
+"We consider this to be an occasion upon which the greatest amount of
+intellectual and commercial ingenuity and ability should be called out; and
+that a generous rivalry among those best fitted to execute the principal
+portions of this vast structure may lead to results which no amount of
+detailed study that we could possibly give to this matter would supply.
+
+"We would therefore recommend that every advantage should be taken of the
+accumulated and experimental knowledge and resources of intelligent and
+enterprising contractors, and that every opportunity should be afforded to
+them of DISTINGUISHING THEMSELVES. We would therefore recommend as the best
+means of enlisting their services the following course of action:
+
+"Adopting the approved design as a basis, we would proceed immediately to
+prepare such working-drawings and specifications as may be necessary, and
+to issue invitations for tenders to execute Works in accordance with them,
+requesting from competitors, in addition, such suggestions and
+modifications, accompanied with estimates of cost, as might possibly become
+the means of effecting a considerable reduction upon the general expense.
+
+
+
+The following Report of the Committee on the competition plans submitted,
+and which was so unfavourably received by the public, and more particularly
+by the profession, was presented to the Royal Commission on the 16th of
+May:--
+
+"May it please your Royal Highness,
+
+"_My Lords and Gentlemen_,
+
+"Your Committee beg leave to report, that the invitation issued by the
+Commissioners, requesting information and suggestions for the general
+arrangement of the Building and premises required for the Exhibition of
+1851, has been responded to in the most ample and satisfactory manner, both
+as respects the variety of useful ideas presented to their consideration,
+and the liberality with which many experienced and skilful men of foreign
+countries, no less than of our own, have contributed their valuable time to
+this great undertaking, thereby evincing their entire sympathy both with
+the great cause of Arts and Industry in which her Majesty's Commissioners
+have embarked, and with the arduous labours of the Directors of the
+undertaking.
+
+"The Designs and Specifications transmitted to the Committee amount to the
+surprising number of 233, offering an aggregate of professional sacrifice
+of very considerable importance; for, not confining themselves to
+suggestions only, which were invited by the Programme, a large proportion
+of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of
+execution.
+
+"Penetrated with admiration and respect for these gratuitous and valuable
+contributions, unexampled, they believe, in the history of competition,
+your Committee have devoted the most careful attention to the collection of
+these projects, and hasten to offer those acknowledgments which are due to
+their merits, and to the generous motives which have led to their
+execution; and they trust that the public may shortly be witnesses of the
+effect of this very noble emulation of the skill of all countries, by the
+public exhibition of these designs, offering the opportunity, in the true
+spirit of the whole undertaking, of mutual improvement, respect, and
+friendship amongst the cultivators of the liberal arts in the several
+countries of Europe.
+
+"It is remarkable that, while many of these contributions may be attributed
+to the laudable motive of professional reputation and advancement on the
+part of practitioners not yet sufficiently known to the public, a great
+number are from Gentlemen whose position in the confidence of their
+respective Governments or in the Republic of Arts and Letters is of the
+highest eminence, and who can have been actuated by no such personal
+motives. Already entitled to respect and admiration, they could have little
+to gain, while they have something to lose, in the competition for glory.
+The kind and frank communication, therefore, of their thoughts and
+experience towards this great work is to be the more highly commended.
+Every possible mode of accomplishing the object in view has been displayed
+by the respective contributors as regards economy of structure and
+distribution, and these qualities are united with various degrees of
+architectural symmetry and features in many designs. Our illustrious
+continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves by
+compositions of the utmost taste and learning, worthy of enduring
+execution--examples of what might be done in the architectural illustration
+of the subject, when viewed in its highest aspect, and, at all events,
+exhibiting features of grandeur, arrangement, and grace which your
+Committee have not failed to appreciate.
+
+"Amongst these several classes of design, the practical character of our
+own countrymen, as might have been expected, has been remarkably
+illustrated in some very striking and simple methods suited to the
+temporary purposes of the Building, due attention having been paid to the
+pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking. The principle of
+suspension has been applied in a single tent of iron sheeting, covering an
+area averaging 2,200 feet by 400 feet by a lengthened ridge, or in separate
+tents on isolated supports. Others display the solution of this problem by
+the chapter-house principle, and a few by the umbrella or circular
+locomotive-engine-house system of railway-stations, either with a central
+column or groups of columns sustaining domes or roofs to the extent of four
+hundred feet diameter.
+
+"Grandeur and simplicity of distribution are carried out with great
+architectural effect in other compositions, and the general arrangement by
+columnar supports has been also variously and elegantly developed. The
+system of iron roofing, with all the architectural powers of which that
+material is susceptible, has been adopted by some with signal enterprise,
+ingenuity, and power.
+
+"In another class of design the authors have viewed with enthusiasm the
+great occasion and object of the proposed Exhibition, and have waived all
+considerations of expense. They have indulged their imaginations, and
+employed the resources of their genius and learning, in the composition of
+arrangements which present the utmost grandeur and beauty of architecture,
+suited to a permanent Palace of Science and Art. These, as addressed to the
+architectural Student, are of the highest value, reminding him of all the
+conditions of his art--the Egyptian hypostyle, the Roman thermæ, or of the
+Arabian or Saracenic inventions. And though their expense has placed them
+beyond reach, they cannot fail to inspire and elevate the treatment of the
+reality. They at all events confer great obligations on the lovers of the
+Fine Arts, for the authors have evidently felt that, if one of the results
+to be expected from the proposed Exhibition may be to prove that the
+simplest object of ingenuity and skill should not be devoid of some of the
+attractions of taste, the Building itself ought to be an illustration of
+that important principle.
+
+"The Committee, however, have been unable to select any one design as
+combining all the requisites which various considerations render essential.
+But the judgment and taste evinced by a large number of the contributors
+have enabled the Committee to arrive more promptly at their conclusions,
+and they have freely availed themselves of most valuable suggestions in
+directing the preparation of a fresh design for the proposed building.
+
+"They have consequently been most earnest in the desire to fulfil the just
+expectations of the various competitors, and feel assured that your Royal
+Highness and the Commission will be of opinion that the most unreserved and
+handsome acknowledgments are due to those able men of science and art who
+have in so disinterested a manner submitted such admirable projects for the
+consideration and assistance of the Committee. They beg, therefore, to
+submit, as their opinion, that the following gentlemen are entitled to
+honourable and favourable mention, on account of architectural merit,
+ingenious construction or disposition, or for graceful arrangement of plan.
+
+"And they cannot conclude without calling attention to the designs,
+accompanied by models, of M. Hector Horeau, Architect of Paris, and of
+Messrs. Turner, of Dublin, as evincing most daring and ingenious
+disposition and construction.[1]
+
+
+
+Some of the strongest objections to this Report are very fairly urged in a
+letter which appeared in the _Builder_ of the 15th of June, a part of which
+is subjoined:--
+
+"Part II. of the Report contains what I suppose is to be taken as the best
+exposition of the merits of contributors that the Committee can give, which
+commences by stating, in a tone of commendation, that, 'not confining
+themselves to SUGGESTIONS ONLY, which were invited by the PROGRAMME, a
+large proportion of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and
+elegance of execution.' This, I would contend, is clearly a breach of the
+specified conditions, viz., that SUGGESTIONS ONLY were to be given--that
+the plan or drawing sent in was to be A MERE OUTLINE SKETCH, upon a SINGLE
+SHEET; and the Committee even recommended that it would be most convenient
+merely to trace it upon the common paper on which the 'plan of site' was
+supplied to the public, a space being left upon the sheet for SKETCHING any
+sections or elevations that might be necessary to illustrate the design;
+and that a written description, limited also to 'a single sheet,' was all
+the exposition of their ideas that authors would be allowed to give. The
+Report goes on to state, that 'our illustrious continental neighbours have
+especially distinguished themselves [in designing a temporary building for
+an exhibition] by compositions of the utmost taste and learning, worthy of
+enduring execution--examples of what might be done in the ARCHITECTURAL
+illustration of the subject [the conditions strictly enjoined contributors
+not to enter into architectural detail] when viewed in its highest aspect,
+and, at all events, exhibiting features of grandeur, arrangement, and grace
+which your Committee have not failed to appreciate.' It then places in
+contradistinction to these no doubt admirable but out-of-place productions
+of architectural genius, the 'practical character of the designs of our own
+countrymen,' which it states, 'as might have been expected, has been
+remarkably illustrated in some very striking and simple methods, suited to
+the temporary purposes of the building, due attention having been paid by
+them to the pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking.' Yet,
+notwithstanding this comparison, clearly and indisputably in favour of our
+own countrymen, as regards the object sought and the conditions stipulated
+by the Committee, we find by the selected list of those authors who are to
+receive 'the highest honorary distinction' the Commissioners can award,
+that the Committee can only discover, out of 195 English and 38 foreign
+contributors, THREE Englishmen entitled to reward, the remaining FIFTEEN
+out of the eighteen selected being foreigners; or, as regards the whole
+numbers, in proportion of 1 to 65 of 'our own countrymen,' the authors of
+the 'striking and simple,' so admirably 'suited to the temporary purpose of
+the building,' and 1 to about 2½ of foreigners, who, in designing for a
+temporary building, to be simple, cheap, and readily constructed, have so
+overshot the mark as to produce 'compositions' commendable only for the
+'utmost taste and learning, and worthy of enduring execution.' Surely
+something must be wrong here, either the Report or the selected
+list--possibly both.
+
+"In conclusion, I cannot help avowing the opinion that a wrong, though I
+believe unintentionally, has been done to many of the 233 who so readily
+and 'generously' responded to the call for their ideas; more particularly
+as I know, from personal inspection, that at least ONE of the plans
+altogether omitted from the Report contains FIVE of the leading features of
+the approved design."
+
+But to judge of this matter fairly, it must be mentioned that, although the
+number of foreign competitors was small, the majority of them were men
+already well known for their talents and professional skill; in all cases
+their designs evinced considerable study of the subject (both
+architecturally and in a practical point of view), and manifested a desire
+to exhibit to English professional men the proficiency of their continental
+brethren. On the other hand, many of the designs from the competitors at
+home were much slighter suggestions presented in a less elaborate form.
+Under these circumstances, it is not to be wondered at that those eminent
+men of the technical professions who, on this occasion, came forward with
+practical suggestions for the assistance of the Committee, and designs
+calculated rather to assist with thoughts than to charm by the graces of
+elegant drawing or symmetrical disposition, should seem to have been found
+wanting in this first trial with all the world. It should further be borne
+in mind, that the nature of competitions is not so well understood in some
+foreign countries, where they are of less frequent occurrence, than with
+us. It must at the same time be admitted that the practice of disregarding
+and exceeding the instructions in competitions is too much a matter of
+general complaint in England to be brought forward as a new grievance
+against our continental brethren.
+
+After the publication of the above Report, the competition designs were all
+exhibited in the rooms of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in Great
+George-street, which were liberally placed at the disposal of the Committee
+for this purpose; and of those who visited this interesting exhibition,
+many, no doubt, must have sympathised with those feelings which dictated
+the decision of the Committee. From an attentive examination of these
+designs, presenting the subject in such exceedingly varied forms, one of
+the peculiar difficulties of the case becomes apparent, namely, the total
+absence of any precedent to guide or afford suggestions to the designer;
+for the small number of buildings erected or adapted for a similar purpose
+have been on so limited a scale that their example could not afford much
+assistance in designing a structure to meet all the requirements of the
+present case. This building differed from all previous ones in being
+intended to accommodate the products of all nations, instead of being
+confined to those of one only; in which case the arrangement would have
+been more certain and more readily provided for.
+
+
+
+
+Buildings used for previous Exhibitions.
+
+
+As a comparison of some of these earlier buildings with the first erected
+in London for a similar purpose cannot fail to be interesting, a short
+notice of them may not be deemed out of place. The most important amongst
+them are those temporary structures which have been erected in Paris for
+the periodical Industrial Expositions, with reference to the last of which
+we cannot do better than quote, from Mr. Digby Wyatt's instructive and
+masterly Report, that part where the building is treated of:--
+
+"The vast edifice which has been erected to contain the specimens of
+manufacture selected for exhibition in the year 1849 is situated on the
+same site as that occupied by a similar building in the year 1844. The
+Carré de Marigny, on which it has been placed, is a large oblong piece of
+ground, abutting on the main avenue of the Champs Elysées, and as a site
+offers every possible advantage, being of a gravelly soil, already
+efficiently drained, and standing on the line of a continually moving
+series of public conveyances. The Champs Elysées, though at some
+considerable distance from the great centre of Parisian population, are
+still so universal a place of resort, that they may be fairly assumed to be
+"in the way" of even the poorest classes of the community. The elevation
+may be admirably seen from all the approaches to the building, and it has
+the advantage of being in immediate proximity to the residence of the
+President of the Republic.
+
+PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH EXPOSITION IN 1849.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  1. Cattle-shed.
+  2. Machinery.
+  3. Chemical Products.
+  4. Metal Works.
+  5. Productions of Parisian Industry.
+  6. Horticulture.
+  7. Woven Goods.
+  8. Principal Entrance.
+  9. Guard-house.
+  10. Fountain.
+  11. Reservoir of Rain Water.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE.]
+
+"The whole plot of the present building (exclusive of the agricultural
+department) covers a vast parallelogram of 206 metres by 100 (about 675 by
+328 feet English), round the outline of which runs a gallery about 90 feet
+wide, divided into two avenues by a double range of pilasters. In the
+centre of each avenue is a set of stalls, placed back to back, for the
+exhibition of merchandise; and both between the central pilasters, and
+round, and upon the walls, other objects are placed, so that on traversing
+either of the four gangways (each about ten feet wide) the public have upon
+their right and left hands objects for inspection. In the part of the
+building appropriated to large machinery, of course this system cannot be
+carried out with the same regularity. The vast parallelogram, inclosed by a
+somewhat similar gallery in the year 1844, was left as one magnificent
+hall, within which were placed the most important objects; in the present
+building we find it divided by two transverse galleries, similarly arranged
+to those we have described, forming three court-yards; the central one
+being about 140 feet square, and the two lateral ones 80 feet by 140. The
+central court-yard is open to the sky; in the middle rises an elegant
+fountain placed on a platform of turf, and around are disposed sheds for
+the exhibition of flowers and horticultural ornaments and implements. One
+of the lateral courts (inclosed) receives a large collection of objects in
+metal-work, cast-iron, &c., and the other contains an immense reservoir, in
+which all the drainage from the roofs is collected, so as to form a supply
+of water immediately serviceable in case of fire. In addition to this great
+building, which corresponds with that previously erected, there is this
+year constructed a vast shed for the exhibition of agricultural produce and
+stock. It extends to a length rather greater than the width of the great
+parallelogram, and is about 100 feet (English) wide. Its construction is
+ruder than that of the 'Palace,' but it is not on that account less
+effective. It appears to have been originally contemplated to fill the
+whole of this gigantic hall with cattle, &c., and to place the agricultural
+implements in a long narrow gallery intervening between it and the main
+building; but as the stock of animals forwarded for exhibition has not
+proved so large as was anticipated, it has been half-filled with
+semi-agricultural machines, and the whole of the long narrow gallery
+alluded to crammed with stoves, and miscellaneous domestic mechanism.
+
+"The whole of the building is constructed of wood, the roofs being covered
+with zinc: of the latter material 400,000 kilogrammes, equal to nearly
+4,000 tons, are stated to have been used; and of the former, nearly 45,000
+pieces of timber.
+
+"It is hoped that the accompanying plan and views will convey a tolerably
+good idea both of the exterior and interior arrangements of the Exhibition.
+They will serve to show, at least, that a somewhat unnecessary expenditure
+has been gone into, and to manifest the possibility of constructing a much
+more simple building, possessing all the advantages of this one, at a far
+less cost.
+
+"Both externally and internally there is a good deal of tasteless and
+unprofitable ornament; all the pilasters are papered and painted in a
+species of graining to imitate light oak, and even the ceiling is covered
+over with the same work. Large 'carton pierre' trusses apparently support
+the timbers, and a painted bronze bas-relief fills the tympanum of the
+pediment, at the principal entrance. The architecture of the whole is
+'mesquin,' although the gigantic scale of the building necessarily elevates
+the general effect into something of impressiveness; not, however, to
+nearly the extent which the same outlay might have produced."
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE."]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED.]
+
+Mr. Wyatt further states that the total cost of this building was about
+450,000  francs, or about 18,000_l._, which, however, he considers was an
+unnecessarily large outlay. He mentions, also, that the building erected on
+the previous occasion, in 1844, was in some respects more suitable for the
+purpose, especially from its greater simplicity of arrangement, a remark it
+will be well to bear in mind in considering the various designs for the
+building in Hyde Park. The accompanying plates will enable the reader
+readily to follow all the details of the description.
+
+The permanent building erected by the King of Bavaria at Munich, likewise
+for periodical Exhibitions, is on a much smaller scale than those in Paris,
+and must be regarded rather as having afforded an opportunity for that
+manifestation of architectural display in public buildings for which its
+Royal projector was so well known, than as being peculiarly fitted for its
+purpose. It is divided internally into various halls for the different
+classes of objects; but as the proportion of these must necessarily vary at
+every Exhibition, such an arrangement cannot be deemed the most suitable
+for the purpose.
+
+At Berlin, where several Industrial Exhibitions have taken place, no
+distinct building has been provided, but some already existing one has been
+temporarily adapted and fitted up for the purpose; thus, on the last
+occasion, Kroll's WINTERGARTEN, a large establishment for public amusement,
+which has been recently destroyed by fire, was made use of. The large
+central saloon, with the smaller ones flanking it, forming, in fact, one
+space 310 feet long, and 82 feet broad at the widest point, afforded a very
+good opportunity for the arrangement of the objects to be exhibited, some
+of which were placed in the gallery of the large saloon.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin.]
+
+PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   1. Electric Telegraph.
+   2. Chemical Products.
+   3. Porcelain and Bronzes.
+   4. Machinery.
+   5. Hardware.
+   6. Zinc Works.
+   7· Plate and Jewellery.
+   8. Lithography.
+   9. Watches, &c.
+  10. Cutlery.
+  11. Scientific Instruments.
+  12. Bookbinding.
+  13. Embroidery.
+  14. Ornamental Blinds.
+  15. Silks and Velvets.
+  16. Furs.
+  17. Pianofortes.
+  18. Carriages.
+  19. Furniture.
+  20. Lamps, &c.
+  21. Turned Articles.
+  22. Woollen Fabrics.
+  23. Leather Articles.
+  24. Hats & Felt Articles.
+  25. Machinery.
+  26. Carriages.
+
+On a previous occasion a part of the Royal Arsenal building was
+appropriated, and the Exhibition embraced two storeys.
+
+In our own country, exhibitions of manufactures have taken place in several
+of the most important towns, generally in spaces only temporarily adapted;
+but in 1849 the first building in this country intended solely for the
+purpose of an exhibition of manufactures was erected at Birmingham, on the
+occasion of the meeting of the British Association in that town.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION BUILDING.]
+
+The building alluded to included a space extending to 10,000 square feet,
+and a corridor, giving additional accommodation of 800 square feet,
+connected the temporary exhibition-room with Bingley-house, within the
+grounds of which the building was erected; and including the rooms of the
+old mansion, the total area covered by the Exhibition was equal to 12,800
+feet, or only about one-seventeenth of the area covered by the last
+building erected in the Champs Elysées. The cost of this building was about
+1,300_l._ It was opened to the public on the 3rd of September, 1849.
+
+In most of the buildings alluded to above, the principal defect seemed to
+be that a definite and fixed subdivision of space was made for a
+classification of objects which was necessarily uncertain. This appears to
+have determined the Committee in the arrangement of the plan which they
+presented in a general form to the Royal Commission at the same time with
+the Report already quoted; and although the design was slightly modified
+during the progress of the working-drawings subsequently made, this is,
+perhaps, the best place for introducing a description of it.
+
+It has been already mentioned that at the time the Committee received the
+competition designs, they obtained the assistance of Mr. Digby Wyatt, the
+secretary to the Executive Committee, to aid them in the preparation of
+drawings, although Mr. Scott Russell officially filled the post of
+secretary to the Building Committee. At a somewhat later stage of the
+Committee's proceedings, when the general design for the proposed building
+had been approved by the Royal Commission, and it became necessary to
+prepare working drawings for the same with extraordinary despatch, Mr.
+Charles Heard Wild, as engineer, and Mr. Owen Jones, as architect, were
+appointed to co-operate with Mr. Wyatt in carrying out this object.
+
+
+
+
+Description of the Building Committee's Design.
+
+
+The site to have been occupied by the building designed by the Committee
+was the same as that on which the building has been actually erected,
+namely between Rotten-row and the drive in Hyde Park, but the area proposed
+to be covered was somewhat larger, the length of the building being about
+2,200 feet, and the greatest width nearly 450 feet. The central space was
+occupied by an immense rotunda 200 feet in diameter, the cupola rising to a
+height of more than 160 feet, and exceeding the span of that of St. Peter's
+at Rome by 61 feet, and of St. Paul's in London by 88 feet. The dome for
+covering this rotunda consisted of wrought-iron ribs, supporting a covering
+of corrugated iron, the whole resting on a wall or drum of brickwork, about
+60 feet high; a large opening in the centre was to be glazed for the
+admission of light.
+
+This large open area was intended for the exhibition of groups of
+sculpture, fountains, and other objects requiring great space in order to
+be seen to advantage; at the same time the cupola would have presented a
+striking instance of the constructive skill of this country.
+
+The remaining area of the building was divided into avenues 48 feet wide,
+by iron columns 24 feet apart, this dimension having been determined on as
+that most likely to work in well for the division of the counters and
+passages. One of the 48-feet avenues on the main axis of the building was
+spanned by semicircular ribs of wrought iron supporting the roof, which
+rose here to a greater height than the rest of the building; the other
+avenues were covered with roofing very similar to that commonly seen in
+railway-sheds, the whole being rendered as light as possible, and
+constructed in iron covered with slating; the light being in all cases
+admitted by a range of sky-lights at the apex of the roof, which was also
+adapted for ventilation. The height of the main avenue was 52 feet, and of
+the others 36 feet, from the floor throughout. A corridor of communication
+15 feet wide was carried round the whole of the building, interrupted only
+by the open courts; this, with the main avenue, afforded the visitor to the
+Exhibition the means of reaching any particular point without threading a
+maze of small passages. The inclosing walls were to be of brick, relieved
+externally by panels in two colours; but there were to be no internal
+division walls except those necessary to surround the various courts which
+were left on account of the trees.
+
+The executive offices were grouped on either side of the principal
+entrance, which was placed immediately opposite Prince's Gate; and at this,
+as well as at the entrances at either end and on the north front, large
+arched recesses were introduced which served as vestibules, and formed at
+the same time prominent and striking features to relieve the necessarily
+monotonous aspect of the building. Along the whole of the principal front
+and at the ends of the building a pent or overhanging roof projected about
+15 feet, to enable visitors in bad weather to be set down under cover, and
+the exit-doors, of which there were altogether 24, were further protected
+by porches.
+
+The water was to be conveyed from the roof through the columns which
+supported it, and which were for this purpose connected with the necessary
+drain-pipes, &c.
+
+Very ample accommodation was provided for refreshments in the open courts
+which were necessarily left for the preservation of the trees, particularly
+in that at the western end of the building, where there was proposed to be
+placed a large establishment, comprising two storeys, with somewhat the
+arrangement of the French cafés, including a fine saloon on the first
+floor, upwards of thirty feet wide and nearly one hundred feet long;
+separate spaces were also provided for the accommodation of exhibitors.
+This was the only part of the building, with the exception of the executive
+offices, which was to have an upper storey.
+
+
+GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S DESIGN.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   1. Machinery in Motion.
+   2. Other Machinery.
+   3. Seats for Visitors.
+   4. Refreshment Courts.
+   5. Raw Materials.
+   6. Manufactures.
+   7. Sculpture and the Plastic Arts.
+   8. Small Court.
+   9. The Rotunda.
+  10. Principal Entrance and Executive Offices.
+  11. The Other Entrances.
+  12. The Drive in the Park.
+  13. The Kensington Road.
+  14. The Queen's Private Road.
+
+An objection might, perhaps, be raised to this part of the building, that
+it was too commodious, and that there might be some danger of its being
+converted into a lounge, while it was occupying too much of the space
+intended for the Exhibition, for a secondary, though certainly necessary
+purpose; it was, however, considered by the Committee, that of the vast
+number of visitors that might be expected to be in the building at one
+time, so many would avail themselves of the accommodation provided as to
+render a less amount undesirable. The principal courts were surrounded by a
+covered way, where refreshments were also to be served at long counters, in
+the manner of the railway-stations.
+
+All these arrangements will readily be understood by a reference to the
+plan of the design we have been describing, which plan, together with a
+view taken from the south-east angle of the building, will place before the
+reader the result of the labours of the Committee. The materials proposed
+for the construction of this building were fire-proof throughout, with the
+exception of the floor and its supporting timbers.
+
+The above design, at least in all its leading features, for some of the
+details were subsequently added, was laid before the Royal Commission, at
+the same time with the Report already quoted, and was by them approved, and
+the Committee proceeded to prepare the necessary working-drawings and
+specifications for the execution of the work. These proceedings of the
+Committee occupied until the 24th of June, when large lithographed copies
+of the most important of the drawings, together with printed copies of the
+specifications and other details, were issued from the offices of the
+Executive, contractors having been some time previously invited by public
+advertisement to send in tenders for the execution of either a part or the
+whole of the work. The tenders were to be on two systems, one on the
+supposition that the Royal Commission were to become the _bona fide_
+purchasers of the building; the other, that the contractors were to erect
+and maintain the building during the time of the Exhibition, after which
+they were to remove it and take back the materials at their own risk,
+receiving a proportionably diminished sum.
+
+It has been considered necessary to describe thus minutely the labours of
+the Committee and the design in which they resulted, in order to show how
+far it paved the way for that which was subsequently adopted, and to give
+them that credit which they undoubtedly deserve for devoting so much of
+their valuable time for the furtherance of a great public undertaking.
+
+
+
+
+Opposition to this Design.
+
+
+The design of the Building Committee, when published to the world, met with
+anything but public approbation; some of the objectors called in question
+the practicability of the execution of the enormous dome, at least within
+the time assigned; others complained that the outlay would be unnecessarily
+large for a purpose avowedly temporary, and expressed their fears that so
+costly a structure once erected, there would be the less probability of its
+subsequent removal; but the objection which appeared to have most weight
+with the public at large was, the great amount of solid brick construction
+in the walls, &c., which, it was urged, would require a longer time than
+could be allowed for their erection, and that the carting of the materials
+would cause serious injury in the Park and the surrounding neighbourhood.
+This strong current of objection seemed to bid fair to overwhelm the
+much-abused design. To increase the difficulties which seemed to gather
+round the progress of this noble undertaking, an exceedingly vexatious and
+factious agitation was got up in opposition to the proposed site in Hyde
+Park, and petitions and counter-petitions were presented to both Houses of
+Parliament, and much of the time of the Legislature was wasted in fruitless
+discussion on the subject. The Building Committee thought it desirable,
+under these circumstances, to lay before the public their reasons for
+recommending the site in the Park, and therefore issued a memorandum of the
+grounds on which it had been selected.[2] The result was, that the
+opposition was defeated in the Legislature, and finally crushed by the
+force of public opinion.
+
+
+
+
+The Tenders.
+
+
+In the mean time the competing contractors had been obliged to strain every
+nerve to get their tenders ready by the 10th of July, when, altogether,
+nineteen were sent in, but eight only were for undertaking the whole of the
+work; the amounts of these are stated to have ranged between 150,000_l._
+and 120,000_l._, and this for the use only of the materials for the
+building. But, at the same time, in accordance with the recommendation and
+invitation contained in the last part of the Report already quoted, Messrs.
+Fox, Henderson and Co. presented a tender upon a design entirely different
+in construction and appearance, though resembling that of the Committee in
+the general arrangement of the plan.
+
+
+[Illustration: Exterior View of the Building Committee's Design]
+
+This design was by Mr. Joseph Paxton, and resembled in its general form the
+building as it is now executed, with the exception of the transept and
+semicircular roof, which were subsequently added, and were suggested by Mr.
+Barry.
+
+The result of the tenders appears to have been unfavourable to the
+Committee's design; and in their Report to the Royal Commission on the
+subject, made a few days afterwards, they proposed to omit the great dome
+and some portions of the design which were not essential, by which they
+considered that the cost of its execution might be reduced below
+100,000_l._; at the same time, they made special mention of Mr. Paxton's
+design, which, however, they considered would prove more expensive.
+
+Mr. Paxton's design had been brought before the public before this period;
+for, considering that his best road to success would be to get a favourable
+verdict from that many-headed jury, he published a view and description of
+it in the _Illustrated News_, and, through the influence of Mr. Stephenson,
+he got his plans laid before the Royal Commission, in consequence of which
+he obtained an interview with his Royal Highness the President. The
+encouragement given him by the attention bestowed upon his design by the
+Royal Commission, and the favourable opinion of the public, had determined
+him to procure a tender for the execution of the work, to be sent in with
+those upon the Committee's design. This he was enabled to do by the great
+energy and promptitude of the contractors, Messrs. Fox and Henderson, to
+whom he applied at the eleventh hour. The difficulties that had to be
+overcome, owing to the shortness of the time remaining for the estimates to
+be made up, can scarcely be better laid before the reader than they have
+been by an able writer in "Household Words:"--
+
+"It was now Saturday, and only a few days more were allowed for receiving
+tenders. Yet before an approximate estimate of expense could be formed, the
+great glass-manufacturers and iron-masters of the north had to be
+consulted. This happened to be _dies mirabilis_ the third; for it was the
+identical Saturday on which the Sunday postal question had reached its
+crisis, and there was to be no delivery the next day! But in a country of
+electric telegraphs, and of indomitable energy, time and difficulties are
+annihilated; and it is not the least of the marvels wrought in connexion
+with the great edifice that, by aid of railway-parcels and the electric
+telegraph, not only did all the gentlemen summoned out of Warwickshire and
+Staffordshire appear on Monday morning at Messrs. Fox and Henderson's
+office, in Spring Gardens, London, to contribute their several estimates to
+the tender for the whole, but within a week the contractors had prepared
+every detailed working-drawing, and had calculated the cost of every pound
+of iron, of every inch of wood, and of every pane of glass.
+
+"There is no one circumstance in the history of the manufacturing
+enterprise of the English nation which places in so strong a light as this
+its boundless resources in materials, to say nothing of the arithmetical
+skill in computing at what cost and in how short a time those materials
+could be converted to a special purpose. What was done in those few days?
+Two parties in London, relying on the accuracy and good faith of certain
+iron-masters, glass-workers in the provinces, and of one master-carpenter
+in London, bound themselves for a certain sum of money, and in the course
+of some four months, to cover eighteen acres of ground with a building
+upwards of a third of a mile long, and some four hundred and fifty feet
+broad. In order to do this, the glass-maker promised to supply, in the
+required time, nine hundred thousand square feet of glass (weighing more
+than four hundred tons), in separate panes, and these the largest that ever
+were made of sheet glass; each being forty-nine inches long. The
+iron-master passed his word in like manner to cast in due time three
+thousand three hundred iron columns, varying from fourteen feet and a half
+to twenty feet in length: thirty-four miles of guttering-tube, to join
+every individual column together under the ground; two thousand two hundred
+and twenty-four girders (but some of these are of wrought iron); besides
+eleven hundred and twenty-eight bearers for supporting galleries. The
+carpenter undertook to get ready within the specified period two hundred
+and five MILES of sash-bar, flooring for an area of thirty-three millions
+of cubic feet, besides enormous quantities of wooden walling, louvre-work,
+and partition.[3]
+
+"It is not till we reflect on the vast sums of money involved in
+transactions of this magnitude that we can form even a slight notion of the
+great, almost ruinous loss, a trifling arithmetical error would have
+occasioned, and of the boundless confidence the parties must have had in
+their resources and in the correctness of their computations. Nevertheless,
+it was one great merit in Mr. Paxton's original details of measurement that
+they were contrived to facilitate calculation.
+
+"There was little time for consideration, or for setting right a single
+mistake, were it ever so disastrous. On the prescribed day the tender was
+presented, with whatever imperfections it might have had, duly and
+irredeemably sealed. But after-checkings have divulged no material error."
+
+The Royal Commission appear from the first to have been favourably
+impressed with Mr. Paxton's design, partly, no doubt, because its adoption
+would at once silence the great bricks-and-mortar objection to the
+occupation of the site in Hyde Park; and the result was that, on the 16th
+of July, Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender of 79,800_l._ for Mr. Paxton's
+design was verbally accepted, and, as soon as the necessary arrangements
+could be made, the contract was formally concluded.
+
+
+
+
+History of Mr. Paxton's Design.
+
+
+As Mr. Paxton himself has stated, the design for a building of such
+magnitude could not have been produced in so short a space of time without
+the aid of the experience he had gained in constructing other great
+buildings of a somewhat similar character; the progress of this experience
+Mr. Paxton has described in the lecture he delivered to the Society of Arts
+on the 13th of November, 1850, from which we have made the following
+extracts; and we hope to be excused by the reader for their copiousness, on
+the ground that no man can so well relate his own doings as the actor
+himself:--
+
+"The Great Industrial Building now in the course of erection, and which
+forms the subject of the present paper, was not the production of a
+momentary consideration of the subject. Its peculiar construction, in
+cast-iron and glass, together with the manner of forming the vast roof, is
+the result of much experience in the erection of buildings of a similar
+kind, although on a smaller scale, which has gradually developed itself
+through a series of years. It may not, therefore, be uninteresting to give
+a brief account of the reasons which led me to investigate the subject of
+glass roofs and glass structures generally, and which have resulted in the
+Exhibition Building.
+
+"In 1828, when I first turned my attention to the building and improvement
+of glass structures, the various forcing-houses at Chatsworth, as at other
+places, were formed of coarse thick glass and heavy woodwork, which
+rendered the roofs dark and gloomy, and, on this account, very ill suited
+for the purposes they were intended to answer. My first object was to
+remove this evil, and, in order to accomplish it, I lightened the rafters
+and sash-bars, by bevelling off their sides; and some houses which were
+afterwards built in this manner proved very satisfactory. I also at this
+time contrived a light sash-bar, having a groove for the reception of the
+glass; this groove completely obviated a disadvantage connected with the
+old mode of glazing, namely, the putty becoming continually displaced by
+sun, frost, and rain, after the sashes had been made for a short time, and
+the wet by this means finding its way betwixt the glass and the wood, and
+producing a continual drip in rainy weather.
+
+"About this period the desire for metallic roofs began to extend in every
+direction; and as such structures had a light and graceful appearance, it
+became a question of importance as to the propriety of using metal sashes
+and rafters, instead of wooden ones, for horticultural purposes. After
+carefully observing the effects of those built by various persons, it
+became apparent to me that the expansion and contraction of metal would
+always militate against its general adoption, as at no season of the year
+could the sashes and rafters be made to fit.
+
+"The extra expense, also, of erecting metallic-roofed houses was a
+consideration. In 1833 I contemplated building a new range of hot-houses;
+and being desirous of knowing how much they would cost, if erected of
+metal, a plan of the range was prepared and sent to Birmingham, and another
+to Sheffield, with a desire to be furnished with estimates for that
+purpose. The estimate from Birmingham was 1,800_l._; and the other, from
+Sheffield, was 1,850_l._ These appeared to me such enormous sums, that I at
+once set about calculating how much the range would cost if built of wood
+under my own inspection; and the result was, that I was able to complete
+the whole range, including masonry (which was omitted in the metal
+estimates), for less than 500_l._
+
+"Besides the extra cost of metallic roofs, we must add the extreme heat of
+such houses in hot weather, and their coldness in times of frost; the
+liability to breakage of glass from expansion and contraction of the metal;
+the very limited duration of the smaller portions, as sash-bars, from
+corrosion, by exposure to the alternations of heat, cold, and moisture,
+inseparable from gardening operations, and which could only be prevented by
+making use of the expensive material, COPPER; and the difficulty, when
+compared with wood, of repairing any damages, as a wooden roof could at any
+time be set to rights by a common carpenter. These different items formed
+in my mind so many objections to its use, and the same disadvantages soon
+became generally apparent.
+
+"It was now thought advisable by some parties that, in order to obviate the
+many disadvantages in the use of metal, the rafters and frame-work of the
+sashes ought to be made of wood, and the sash-bars of metal. This plan
+certainly presented more advantages than the other, yet it was quite
+obvious that materials so incongruous could never give satisfaction; and
+accordingly, in a few years, as I had anticipated, the rage for these
+structures gradually subsided, and the use of wood again became resorted to
+by most persons, as the best material for horticultural purposes.
+
+[Illustration: COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS.]
+
+"In the construction of glass-houses requiring much light, there always
+appeared to me one important objection, which no person seemed to have
+taken up or obviated; it was this. In plain lean-to or shed roofs, the
+morning and evening sun, which is on many accounts of the greatest
+importance in forcing fruits, presented its direct rays at a low angle,
+and, consequently, very obliquely to the glass. At those periods most of
+the rays of light and heat were obstructed by the position of the glass and
+heavy rafters, so that a considerable portion of time was lost both morning
+and evening; it consequently became evident that a system by which the
+glass would be more at right angles to the morning and evening rays of the
+sun would obviate the difficulty, and remove the obstruction to rays of
+light entering the house at an early and late hour of the day.
+
+[Illustration: METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW.]
+
+"This led me to the adoption of the ridge-and-furrow principle for glass
+roofs, which places the glass in such a position that the rays of light in
+the mornings and evenings enter the house without obstruction, and present
+themselves more perpendicularly to the glass at those times when they are
+the least powerful; whereas at mid-day, when they are most powerful, they
+present themselves more obliquely to the glass. Having had this principle
+fixed in my mind, and being convinced of its importance, I constructed a
+pine-house in 1833 as an experiment, which still exists unimpaired, and has
+been found fully to answer the purpose.
+
+"In 1834 I resolved to try a further experiment on a larger scale, on the
+ridge-and-furrow principle, in the construction of a green-house of
+considerable dimensions, which also remains and answers admirably. For this
+building I made a still lighter sash-bar than any I had previously used; on
+which account the house, when completed (although possessing all the
+advantages of wood), was as light as if constructed of metal. The whole
+length of this structure is 97½ feet, and its breadth 26 feet; the height
+at the back is 16 feet 9 inches, and in the front 12 feet 3 inches. A span
+so large as 26 feet could not be safely covered with a roof constructed in
+the ordinary way, unless the sash-bars were stronger, and the assistance of
+heavy rafters and numerous supports was afforded. The house presents a neat
+and light appearance, and consists of 15 bays, and pediments in front,
+supported by 16 slender reeded cast-iron columns. Whilst it makes an
+admirable green-house, it is also an economical building; for, at the
+period of its construction, notwithstanding the heavy tax on glass (since
+removed), it only cost at the rate of twopence and a fraction per cubic
+foot. At the present time, considering the change in the price of material,
+and the removal of the glass-tax, it could be constructed at a considerably
+smaller amount.
+
+"Having in contemplation the erection of the Great Conservatory in its
+present form, it was determined, in 1836, to erect a new curvilinear
+hot-house 60 feet in length and 26 feet in width, with the elliptical roof
+on the ridge-and-furrow principle, to be constructed entirely of wood, for
+the purpose of exhibiting how roofs of this kind could be supported. The
+plan adopted was this: the curved rafters were composed of several boards
+securely nailed together on templets of wood cut to the exact curve; by
+this means a strength and firmness were obtained sufficient to support an
+enormous weight.
+
+"In 1837 the foundations of the Great Conservatory were commenced; and in
+constructing so great a building it was found desirable to contrive some
+means for abridging the great amount of manual labour that would be
+required in making the immense number of sash-bars requisite for the
+purpose. Accordingly, I visited all the great workshops in London,
+Manchester, and Birmingham, to see if anything had been invented that would
+afford the facilities I required. The only apparatus met with was a
+grooving-machine, which I had at once connected with a steam-engine at
+Chatsworth, and which was subsequently so improved as to make the sash-bar
+complete.
+
+[Illustration: CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR MACHINE.]
+
+"For this apparatus the Society of Arts, in April, 1841, awarded me a
+medal; and this machine is the type from which all the sash-bar machines
+found in use throughout the country at the present time are taken. As the
+Conservatory was erected under my own immediate superintendence, I am able
+to speak accurately as to the advantages of the machine: it has, in regard
+to that building alone, saved in expenses 1,400_l._ The length of each of
+the bars of the Conservatory is 48 inches; only one inch shorter than those
+of the Exhibition Building. The machine was first used in its present form
+in August, 1838; and its original cost, including table, wheels, and
+everything complete, was 20_l._ The motive power is from a steam-engine
+employed on the premises for other purposes; and any well-seasoned timber
+may be used. The attendants required are only a man and a boy, and the
+expense of the power required for it when in use is comparatively trifling.
+The sash-bars may be made of any form, by changing the character of the
+saws.
+
+"There is one particular feature in working the machine, namely, the bar is
+presented to the saws below the centre of motion, instead of above it (as
+is usual); and to the sides of the saw which are ascending from the table,
+instead of those which are descending. These arrangements were necessary to
+suit the direction of the teeth to the grain of the wood; for when the bars
+were presented to the saws in the usual way, the wood was crushed instead
+of being cut and cleaned. It is essential that the machine should revolve
+1,200 times in a minute to finish the work in a proper manner.
+
+"The glass and glazing of the Chatsworth Conservatory caused me
+considerable thought and anxiety, as I was very desirous to do away
+altogether with the numerous overlaps connected with the old system of
+glazing with short lengths. This old method, even under the best of
+management, is certain, in the course of a few years, to render unsightly
+any structure, however well built.
+
+"In the course of my inquiries, I heard that Messrs. Chance and Co., of
+Birmingham, had just introduced from the Continent the manufacture of sheet
+glass. Accordingly, I went to see them make this new article, and found
+they were able to manufacture it three feet in length. I was advised to use
+this glass in two lengths, with one overlap; but to this I could not
+assent, as I observed, that since they had so far advanced as to be able to
+produce sheets three feet in length, I saw no reason why they could not
+accomplish another foot; and, if this could not be done, I would decline
+giving the order, as, at that time, sheet glass was altogether an
+experiment for horticultural purposes. These gentlemen, however, shortly
+afterwards informed me that they had one person who could make it the
+desired length, and, if I would give the order, they would furnish me with
+all I required.
+
+"It may just be remarked here that the glass for the Exhibition Building is
+forty-nine inches long--a size which no country except England is able to
+furnish in any large quantity, even at the present day.
+
+"In 1840 the Chatsworth Conservatory was completed and planted. The whole
+length of this building is 277 feet; its breadth, 123 feet over the walls;
+and the height, from the floor to the highest part, 67 feet.
+
+"Notwithstanding the success which attended the erection of these
+buildings, it became to me a question of importance how far an extensive
+structure might be covered in with _flat_ ridge-and-furrow roofs; that is,
+the ridge-and-valley rafters placed on a level, instead of at an
+inclination, as in the green-house, or curvilinear, as in the Great
+Conservatory. I therefore prepared some plans for an erection of the kind
+for the Earl of Burlington, somewhere about ten years ago; but, on account
+of the lamented death of the Countess, the design of erection was
+abandoned. However, from that time I felt assured, not only that it could
+be done satisfactorily, but that the most appropriate manner to form and
+support level glass roofs, to a great extent, was that adopted this year
+for the New Victoria House at Chatsworth, which may be considered a
+miniature type of the Great Industrial Building.
+
+"Before describing this house, however, it may be well to notice two
+instances in which the flat roofs had been previously tried, and in both
+cases with the most perfect success.
+
+"The first of these was a conservatory attached to a villa in Darley Dale,
+only a short distance from Chatsworth. This building is divided into five
+bays, with a glass door in the centre, and glass pilasters separating the
+bays; the ridge-and-furrow roof covers an opening of seventeen feet in the
+clear. The ventilation is simultaneously effected by a lever connected with
+a rod, which is attached to all the ventilators....
+
+[Illustration: THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH.]
+
+"The second instance is this. In the spring of 1848, plans were prepared
+for the erection of an ornamental glass structure, to cover the
+conservatory wall at Chatsworth. This wall was previously a plain flued
+structure, devoted to the growth of rare and choice plants. The new
+erection is 331 feet in length, and 7 feet in width. It is divided into ten
+bays, with an ornamental centre projecting beyond the general line of the
+building. Each bay is subdivided by smaller bays, which are separated by
+glass pilasters; the glass sashes are so arranged that they can be removed
+in summer, and the whole thrown open to the gardens, whilst in winter the
+building affords an extensive promenade under cover. The ground on which
+this structure is built has a fall of 25 feet 6 inches in its whole length;
+consequently, there is a proportionate fall at each bay, which gives great
+variety, and obviates the monotony that would be exhibited in a building of
+such length and dimensions placed on a uniform level. The lower side of
+each bay is finished by a glass pilaster, three feet in width, and
+surmounted by a vase on the wall behind. The roof is on the
+ridge-and-furrow principle, with the rafters on a very slight inclination;
+and the ventilation is effected in a similar but more perfect manner than
+that already described as in use at the conservatory at Darley Dale.
+
+"The new Victoria Regia House, which presents a light and novel appearance,
+is 60 feet 6 inches in length, and 46 feet 9 inches in breadth. Although,
+when compared with the Great Industrial Building, the Victoria House is a
+very diminutive structure, yet the principles on which it is constructed
+are the same, and may be carried out to an almost unlimited extent. The
+form of the roof, the general elevation, the supports, and the mode of
+construction, are all quite simple, and yet fully answer the purposes for
+which they were intended.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE.]
+
+"The Victoria House, however, was so built as to retain as much moisture
+and heat as possible, and yet to afford a strong and bright light at all
+seasons; whilst, on the contrary, the Industrial Building, being intended
+to accommodate a daily assemblage of many thousands of individuals, and a
+vast number of natural and mechanical productions, many of which would be
+destroyed by moisture and heat, is constructed so as fully to answer that
+end."
+
+This, then, was the experience which enabled Mr. Paxton to conceive his
+design for the "Crystal Palace," a description of which as it has
+subsequently been carried out we must now proceed with.
+
+
+
+
+General Description of the Building.
+
+
+The plan forms a parallelogram, 1,848 feet long and 408 feet wide, besides
+a projection on the north side, 48 feet wide and 936 feet long. A main
+avenue, 72 feet wide and 66 feet high, occupies the centre through the
+whole length of the building. Flanking this on either side are smaller
+avenues alternately 24 feet and 48 feet wide; the two first on either side
+of the centre are 43 feet, and the remainder 23 feet high. About the centre
+of the entire length, at a point determined by the position of a row of
+large trees, which it was resolved to inclose, these avenues are crossed by
+a transept of the same width as the main avenue, or 72 feet, and 108 feet
+high; two other groups of trees on the ground give occasion for open
+courts, which are inclosed within the building. The area thus inclosed and
+roofed over amounts to no less than 772,784 square feet, or about 19
+acres;[4] the building is, therefore, about four times the size of St.
+Peter's at Rome, and more than six times that of St. Paul's, London. Three
+entrances lead to this vast interior, one in the centre of the principal or
+south front, and one at either end of the building. The number of these is
+necessarily small, in order to facilitate the arrangements for the
+money-taking, and to avoid having too large a staff of officers; on the
+other hand, it was equally desirable to afford the most ample opportunities
+of egress for visitors, and accordingly fifteen exit doors are placed at
+frequent intervals.
+
+
+
+GROUND-PLAN OF THE BUILDING.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  A.  Principal Entrance.
+  B.  West Entrance.
+  C.  East Entrance.
+  D.  Refreshment Courts.
+  E.  Entrance.
+  F.  Gentlemens' Ante-rooms.
+  G.  Ladies' Ante-rooms.
+  H.  Pay Place.
+  I.  Accountant.
+  K.  Exits.
+  L.  Ante-rooms.
+  M.  Committee Waiting-room.
+  N.  Royal Commission.
+  O.  Clerks.
+  P.  Stairs.
+  Q.  Engine House.
+
+It will be well to mention here that the horizontal measure of 24 feet,
+which we have seen as the unit in the plan of the Building Committee, is
+also preserved in the present plan; every horizontal dimension of which is
+either a certain number of times or divisions of twenty-four feet.
+
+The avenues into which the plan is divided are formed by hollow cast-iron
+columns twenty-four feet apart, which rise in one, two, and three storeys
+respectively, to support the roof at the different heights given above; in
+the lower storey these columns are nineteen feet high, and in the two upper
+ones seventeen feet. Between the different lengths of the columns short
+pieces are introduced, called "connecting-pieces," from the office they
+perform; these are three feet long, and are so contrived that they serve to
+support girders in horizontal tiers, dividing the greatest height into
+three storeys as already mentioned. The girders, of which some are of cast
+and some of wrought iron, are all of the same depth, namely, three feet,
+with the exception of four, to be specially named hereafter, and by this
+arrangement the same horizontal lines are preserved throughout the whole of
+the building. They are also all similar in appearance, forming a kind of
+lattice-work, by which construction they do not look too heavy for the
+slight supports; and large solid masses are avoided, practically showing
+how great strength may be combined with elegance and lightness. The first
+or lower tier of these girders, in parts of the building more than one
+storey in height, forms the support for the floor of the galleries, which
+are twenty-four feet wide, and extend the whole length of the building in
+four parallel lines, intercepted only by the transept, round the ends of
+which they are continued. Numerous cross galleries connect each pair of
+longitudinal lines on either side of the centre avenue, which remains
+uninterrupted from end to end, and can only be crossed on the gallery-floor
+at the extremities.
+
+These galleries are reached by eight double staircases, of easy ascent and
+ample width, which are placed between the lines of gallery so as to
+communicate equally readily with either, and are so distributed as to give
+two to each quarter of the building; in the eastern or foreign half two
+supplementary staircases of smaller dimensions have been added.
+
+In those parts of the building more than two storeys in height, the second
+horizontal tier of girders does not support a gallery, but serves only to
+give stiffness to the columns. The upper tier of girders, in all cases,
+supports the roof, which is one of the most peculiar features in the
+structure. In its general form the roof is flat; but it is made up of a
+series of ridges and furrows, the rise and fall of which is but small, and
+is thus arranged: the roof-girders or trusses being twenty-four feet apart,
+and lying in the transverse direction of the building, the space between
+them is spanned by light beams or rafters, which are cambered or bent
+upwards, and are hollowed out in a groove on the top to form a gutter. The
+rafters are placed eight feet apart, their ends resting on the
+roof-girders, and lying, therefore, in the opposite direction to them, that
+is, in the direction of the length of the building; these rafters are
+commonly called the Paxton's Gutters. Between the rafters so described,
+_ridges_ are supported by light sash-bars sloping up to them, at an
+inclination of two-and-a-half to one, and the rafter itself forms the
+bottom of the _furrow_. The advantage of this form of roofing is the
+facility it affords for the escape of the water, which runs from the
+surface of the roof into the Paxton's gutters; from them it is discharged
+into the main gutters resting on the roof-girders, by which it is conducted
+to the hollow columns, and passes down through them into the drains. A drop
+of water falling on the most distant point from the discharge would only
+have to traverse a distance of forty-eight feet; but in most cases the
+length to be passed over before reaching the down pipe would be
+considerably less.[5] The covering of the roof is glass, fixed between the
+sash-bars, which are grooved to receive it; and in order to carry off the
+moisture arising from condensation on the inner surface of the glass, the
+rafters have a small groove on each side, which makes the Paxton's gutter
+complete, and from which the moisture is also discharged into the main
+gutters. The essential portions of the roof may therefore be considered as
+a network of gutters; one set, the main gutters, lying in a transverse
+direction, and the others resting on them, and lying in the direction of
+the length of the building; by which arrangement any amount of surface can
+always be covered by roofing of a small span. The principle is precisely
+the same as that of subdividing large fields of arable land into strips or
+"lands" with furrows between them, in order to facilitate the
+surface-drainage.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF PARTLY COMPLETED.]
+
+The outer inclosure, on the ground-floor, is formed by dividing each
+24-feet bay between the columns into three 8-feet bays by half columns of
+wood, between which is placed boarding, held in its place by iron clips and
+bolts; a plinth, four feet high, is formed immediately above the floor by
+frames, filled with what are commonly called louvre-blades, which are hung
+on pivots, and of which a large number can be moved simultaneously for the
+admission of air; similar ventilating-frames, three feet deep, are
+introduced at the top of each storey round the entire circuit of the
+building, and by this means a ventilating-surface of no less than 40,800
+square feet is obtained, or rather more than one acre.
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS.]
+
+Externally some light arches are inserted, and open panels form the
+inclosure for the upper louvre-frames. The details we have been describing
+may be readily traced in the engraving of a portion of the lower storey as
+seen from the outside. The exit doors occupy one of the 8-feet bays opening
+about six feet wide. The inclosure to the upper storeys closely resembles
+those of the ground-floor, but glazed sashes are substituted for the close
+boarding, and the plinth is omitted. Each storey is crowned externally with
+a cornice and cresting ornament, and over the columns posts are carried up,
+to which flagstaffs will be fixed.
+
+To return to the interior. The whole of the floor is boarded; that below is
+laid with an interval of half an inch between the boards, to allow the
+passage of dust from the millions of feet by which it will be trod; the
+gallery floor, on the contrary, has iron tongues between the boards to
+prevent the dust from coming through on the heads of the visitors below.
+
+The roof of the transept, which we have described as crossing the building
+about the centre of its length, differs from that of the other parts, its
+general form being semicircular instead of flat, and rising above the rest
+of the building so as to show the whole of the semicircle externally. This
+roof is supported by arched timber ribs placed twenty-four feet apart, or
+one over every column, which forms a socket, into which the foot of the rib
+is fitted and secured by iron straps. Between the ribs, timbers are fixed
+which carry minor ribs at a distance of eight feet apart, and upon these
+the ridge-and-furrow roofing is constructed in the manner that has been
+described for the flat roofing, but following the curve of the arched ribs.
+At the springing or foot of the arch on either side of the transept there
+is a range of louvre-frames to assist in the ventilation of the building,
+and on the top of the arch externally a narrow passage is formed to give
+access to the different parts of this roof. On the inner side of the arch
+diagonal tie-rods are introduced between the main ribs, which, while they
+serve to increase the strength of the construction by tying together all
+the parts from end to end, produce an agreeable play of lines forming a
+kind of network over the whole of the surface.
+
+The ends of the transept are closed in with fan-like tracery, reminding the
+spectator of the magnificent wheel windows of our Gothic cathedrals; this
+elegant feature is not visible in our interior view, but will be seen in
+some of the exteriors.
+
+There is, perhaps, no part of this interesting building in which the great
+size and singular lightness, almost airiness, of the construction are so
+strikingly displayed as in the TRANSEPT, inclosing as it does a row of fine
+old elm-trees, as if to protect them in their venerable age from the smoke
+of the thousands of chimneys that have been gradually forming a destructive
+circle around them.
+
+The only portion of solid untransparent roofing in the whole of this
+building is formed on either side of the arched roof just described, where
+there is a lead flat twenty-four feet wide. This was partly required for a
+platform to serve for carrying on the works for the arched roof, and was
+also exceedingly useful in giving access to the other roofs on either side;
+it likewise afforded the opportunity of giving some additional strength at
+the springing of the arched ribs to resist any possible tendency they might
+have to spread outwards.
+
+
+
+[Illustration: View of the Interior of the Transept.]
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat.]
+
+As the weight of such lead roofing considerably exceeds that of the glass
+ridge-and-furrow covering, it was necessary at the point where it crosses
+the wide span of the main avenue to introduce some stronger roof-girders
+than those used elsewhere; of these there are two on either side of the
+transept, the inner one of which has also to sustain two of the large
+arched ribs with their superincumbent roofing, and its strength is
+therefore increased in proportion to the additional load placed upon it.
+The extra-strong roof-girders are six feet deep, or twice that of the
+others; but their general construction is similar, the diagonal ties
+forming a kind of latticework, and thus keeping up the same character.
+These, like all the roof-girders of large span, are constructed principally
+of wrought-iron. Those who visited the building during its erection, and
+were among the fortunate few who were enabled to ascend to the "lead-flat,"
+must have been very much struck with the singular appearance presented by
+the great expanse of acres of glass stretching in long lines of
+"ridge-and-furrow" roofing on each side of the centre, while the eye,
+penetrating the transparent covering, became lost in endeavouring to follow
+the apparently intricate lines of the interior. Such a view might fairly be
+said to justify the title of "Crystal Palace," by which this building is so
+commonly known; and it would require no great stretch of imagination to
+believe that it had been reared by fairy hands, as a votive offering at the
+world's jubilee of labour.
+
+But we must descend again to the interior, to point out the arrangement of
+the offices for the staff of the Executive. The principal of these are
+naturally placed in the centre, on either side of the principal entrance,
+where they occupy in two storeys the space underneath the gallery, which is
+continued uninterrupted over them. The entrances at the end are also
+flanked by offices of less extent. The outer inclosure of these spaces is
+formed with glazed sashes, similar to those which are placed on the
+exterior of the building, and boarded partitions divide the interior. The
+rooms are arranged to be heated and lighted by gas when required, and ample
+means of ventilation are provided.
+
+The simplicity of the construction renders it very easy to extend or
+contract the accommodation much more readily than would be possible under
+ordinary circumstances.
+
+It now remains to notice the arrangements provided for refreshments, which
+are introduced in connexion with the open courts left on account of the
+groups of trees. These happen to occur towards the ends of the building,
+and on the north side of the main avenue; the space at the north end of the
+transept, next to the inclosed trees, is also appropriated for this
+purpose. The roofing over these parts is a continuation of that over the
+rest of the building; and the partitions necessary for inclosing the
+different spaces are formed chiefly with glazed sashes, avoiding as much as
+possible any solid construction, which would appear out of character. The
+open courts are inclosed with sashes and doors, rendered necessary by the
+uncertain nature of our climate.
+
+A small detached building which has not been mentioned serves for the
+boiler-house, and is placed near the west end of the building. As it had
+been determined to afford the means of exhibiting some of the machinery in
+actual motion, it was necessary to erect boilers to supply the steam to the
+different machines, as it would clearly be inadmissible for each to
+generate steam for its own use in the building. The house to contain the
+boilers is ninety-six feet long and twenty-four feet wide, and is placed as
+near as practicable to the machinery-department; but at the same time it is
+quite detached from the main building to avoid risk from the fires. In
+appearance it resembles the one-storey portion of the main building, but it
+is constructed entirely of fire-proof materials. It contains five boilers,
+each to supply steam for twenty-horse power, which is distributed by a pipe
+to the different machinery.
+
+
+[Illustration: General View of the Building from the South-West.]
+
+An ornamental cast-iron railing designed by Mr. Owen Jones incloses the
+building, being placed at a distance of about eight feet from it along the
+principal fronts, but carried much further off at the ends, so as to
+inclose a considerable space, which will thus be available for exhibiting
+any large objects that will bear exposure to the weather, if there should
+not be sufficient room in the interior of the building. Gates are placed
+opposite all the entrances and exits, and these are so arranged that when
+closed they are uniform in appearance with the rest of the railing.
+
+[Illustration: EXTERNAL RAILING.]
+
+Having thus given a general sketch of the arrangement and appearance of the
+building, we shall proceed to describe somewhat more minutely the various
+details of the construction, of which the essential parts are few in number
+compared with the great repetition of each individually. To assist in this
+multiplied reproduction of the same form, some exceedingly ingenious
+machinery has been employed, which will therefore be described in connexion
+with the parts it has been used to form; and thus these will be traced
+through their various stages, from the raw material to their finished state
+as portions of the building. The greater part of this machinery has been
+used in shaping out those parts which are of wood, and particularly the
+different portions of the roof, with which we will therefore commence.
+
+
+
+
+The Paxton's Gutters.
+
+
+It has been mentioned that the rafters which span the space between the
+roof-girders serve, at the same time, as gutters, for which purpose they
+are hollowed out on the upper face, besides having smaller grooves at the
+sides to take the condensation-water. The bottom of the gutter is of a
+circular form, which is universally considered the best for conveying
+liquids with the least amount of friction, and therefore the least liable
+to obstruction from an accumulation of dirt.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE STRONG SASH-BAR.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE.]
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE REVOLVING ARM AND
+CUTTERS.]
+
+A section of the gutter, as finished, is shown. To bring it into this form,
+after the timbers had been sawn into the requisite general dimensions they
+were brought under the action of the planing-machine, where they were
+planed on the four sides. This machine is patented by W. Furness, of
+Liverpool, and was worked at the Chelsea Wharf Saw-mills. The operation was
+effected by cutters (_a_) attached to the ends of an arm revolving with
+great rapidity in a horizontal plane; the timbers to be planed were wedged
+up into a frame (_b_) traversing on rails, and as this was passed under the
+revolving cutters the upper surface was removed by them, at the same time
+the timbers were held down upon the frame by a large iron disc (_c_)
+pressing upon their upper surface. The disc, together with the revolving
+arm carrying the cutters, was capable of being adjusted vertically to the
+exact dimensions of the timber. The traversing-frame was slowly propelled
+by the machinery, and three widths of timber were operated upon at one
+time. On leaving the planing-machine these quarter baulks were passed on to
+the gutter-cutting machine. Four different cutters were required to form
+the section, as shown above; they were placed one behind the other, so that
+the piece of timber, which was presented to their action above the centre
+of motion, passed over each of them in succession. The first set, which
+revolved in a vertical plane, roughly hollowed out the larger groove to the
+section shown in Fig. 1; the two next were counterparts, and formed the
+same section in opposite directions; they were set at an inclination to the
+upright of about 45 degrees, the one to the right, the other to the left;
+and each hollowed out one of the small side grooves, and one side of the
+larger gutter, leaving the section of the timber respectively of the forms
+shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 4 shows the form of its section after it had
+passed both; the fourth set of cutters again revolved vertically, and gave
+the gutter its finished form, as shown above. As the timber passed over the
+cutters it was supported at the ends on revolving rollers, and was held in
+its place by guiding grooves, being pressed gradually forwards against the
+cutters.
+
+[Illustration: SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTERS.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE.]
+
+In this manner forty-two lengths of solid gutter, each twenty-four feet and
+a fraction long, were completed in a day of ten hours; and as the machine
+was worked double time, a length of more than 2,000 feet was turned out
+daily ready for use: this, it has been calculated, would have required the
+labour of about three hundred men to be employed for the same length of
+time. The absolute necessity for such rapid production will be evident when
+it is known that no less than 110,000 feet, or about twenty miles length,
+of such gutters were required--very nearly the distance from Buckingham
+Palace to Windsor Castle.
+
+Finished as described above, the Paxton's gutters arrived at the building,
+where the first operation they underwent was that of cutting them to the
+exact length requisite. This was a nice operation, as the smallest
+deviation would have caused a difficulty in fitting them into their place,
+and to perform it a framework was constructed by which the solid gutter
+could be bent to the same curve it would have when fixed; a precaution that
+was necessary in order that the ends might be cut off quite vertically so
+as to fit together when in their place. At one end of this frame-work was
+placed a circular saw, twenty inches diameter, hung with a pulley and
+balance weight, so as to be moved up and down by means of a lever. The
+gutter being fixed in the frame by means of hinged guage-plates, one end
+was cut by the circular saw being brought down upon it; and at the same
+time another operation was performed: two cutters, placed in the centre of
+the circular saw, were so arranged that when brought down upon the end of
+the solid gutter they cut out a semi-circular notch, so that when the ends
+of two gutters were afterwards placed together there was a circular hole
+left, through which the water passed down into the main gutter. When these
+operations were completed at one end of the gutter, the guage-plates were
+taken off, and the timber was swung round on a pivot or crutch in the
+centre, and the same process gone through as before; the whole scarcely
+occupying two minutes. We shall presently have to return to this piece of
+machinery, as it was also used in finishing the ridge rafters.
+
+[Illustration: MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS AND RIDGES.]
+
+The solid gutter was now transferred to the hands of the carpenter, who
+fixed at each end, on the under-side, a small cast-iron shoe; and two
+struts, nine inches long, were placed so as to divide the whole length into
+three equal parts--the struts spread out at the top in order to present a
+large surface of pressure against the under-side of the gutter; and tenons
+projected upwards, which were fitted into mortices cut into the timber. The
+lower end of the struts were formed so as to give them a firm hold upon a
+wrought-iron rod, thirteen-sixteenths of an inch diameter, which was passed
+under them and through the shoes, where it was screwed up with nuts; and
+the struts pressing up against the timber produced the requisite bend or
+camber. Twenty-seven notches, to receive the sash bars, were marked with a
+templet and cut out on each edge of the upper-side of the gutter; and a
+small cast-iron plate having been fitted on the under-side at each end, the
+Paxton's gutter was complete and ready for fixing. The under-trussing of
+the rafters increased their strength considerably, so that a weight of
+one-and-a-half tons was required to break one which was experimented upon.
+
+
+
+
+The Sash-bars.
+
+
+We will next consider the sash-bars which support the ridge of the roof and
+receive the glass. The total length which was required of these amounts to
+about two hundred miles; it will, therefore, be easily understood that
+mechanical contrivance for cutting them out became an absolute necessity;
+this Mr. Paxton appears to have discovered in his works at Chatsworth, as
+he mentions in his lecture.
+
+[Illustration: MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS.]
+
+The sash-bars are one inch thick and one-and-a-half inches deep, and are
+grooved on each side, besides having all the four edges bevelled or
+chamfered; all which was done in one passage through the machine. The plank
+which was to form the sash-bars was passed in at one end of the machine,
+between pressure-rollers; it then passed between cutters placed both above
+and below it, which made about twelve hundred revolutions per minute, and
+hollowed out the different grooves; and, lastly, it passed between circular
+saws which divided it into separate sash-bars, after which they had only to
+be cut into their proper lengths.[6] The exact length of each sash-bar when
+finished is four feet one inch.
+
+In this state the skylight bars were sent to the building, where they
+underwent several finishing operations, necessary to make the ends fit down
+into the notches prepared in the ridges and gutters. Thirty of the bars
+were first placed together in a horizontal traversing-frame on a saw-table,
+on each side of which circular saws were fixed at the distance of the
+required length of the sash-bar; the frame was then moved forward against
+the saws, so that both ends of the whole set of bars were cut off
+simultaneously, and at the same time a cut was made at one end half-way
+through the bar, in order to form the shoulder against the gutter. They
+were then removed to another bench, where the end of the bar was bevelled
+and the shoulder formed by means of a small instrument having a handle with
+two projecting jaws fitting into the ends of the glass grooves of the bars;
+between these there was a small blade which, being pressed down, cut out
+the shoulder which had been sawn through in the other direction, and
+another blade was placed at the proper angle to remove the bevelled piece
+at the end of the bar.
+
+[Illustration: THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.]
+
+One more process made the sash-bars complete for fixing--this was the
+drilling a hole at each end to nail them down on the gutter and ridge; and
+this was also done by machinery, to insure all the holes being drilled at
+the same angle. On one side of a horizontal bench were placed a set of
+four-inch driving pulleys (_a a_), with as many horizontal drills
+projecting towards the other side of the bench; a wooden traversing-plate
+(_c_) opposite each drill, and working towards it, received one end of the
+sash-bar, while the other rested in an inclined position against a wooden
+rail (_b_) placed longitudinally above the pulleys, having as many sinkings
+thereon as there were drills. The traversing-plate being then pushed
+forward, the sash-bar was perforated by the drill; the plate was then drawn
+back, and the same operation repeated with the other end of the bar, which
+left it ready for fixing.
+
+The action of the traversing-plate (_c_) is shown more distinctly in the
+second engraving.[7] One out of every nine of the sash-bars of the roof is
+stronger than the rest, to serve for fixing the ridge previous to glazing.
+These extra-strong bars are two inches wide and one inch and a half deep,
+and were formed by the same machinery already described, by an adjustment
+of the different cutters and saws.
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.]
+
+
+
+
+The Ridges.
+
+
+The total length of these required was about sixteen miles. They are cut
+out of timber three inches square, in section, and are of the form shown in
+the diagram, with a groove on each side to receive the glass. This was also
+done by machinery which, with about five-horse power, turned out one
+hundred lengths of twenty-four feet in a day of ten hours, allowing the
+time for the necessary stoppages. After they had been delivered at the
+building, these ridge-pieces were cut to the exact lengths by means of the
+same apparatus used for the solid gutters which has already been described.
+At each end of the ridge-piece two holes were also drilled to receive
+dowells to connect it with the adjoining length. By no other than
+mechanical means could the immense number of holes thus drilled have been
+placed so exactly that those in the opposite ends of any two ridge-pieces
+should correspond precisely.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR.]
+
+The different essential component parts of the roof having thus been
+described, we propose to take the different members of the construction in
+succession downwards.
+
+
+
+
+The Glass.
+
+
+But first it may be mentioned here that the glass used throughout the
+building is sheet, on an average about one-sixteenth of an inch thick, and
+weighing one pound per foot superficial. This gives an aggregate weight of
+about four hundred tons for the whole of the work, the greater part of
+which was supplied by Messrs. Chance and Co., of Birmingham. Each square is
+forty-nine inches long and ten wide, the greatest length of sheet glass
+that has ever been made in this country. The manufacture of this kind of
+glass is of comparatively recent introduction into England, though
+practised for some time on the Continent; and the rapid progress made by
+the manufacturers alluded to must be in a great measure attributed to the
+wise removal of the fiscal burden on the article, made by the late Sir
+Robert Peel. That lamented statesman, with his usual foresight, doubtless
+contemplated that great social benefits would follow from that enactment;
+and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that, but for Sir Robert's
+enlightened measure, this "huge pile of transparency" would never have been
+reared.
+
+
+
+
+The Box Gutters.
+
+
+It has been mentioned that the triple gutters deliver the water into main
+gutters running in the transverse direction of the building; these are
+formed of wood, with a bottom piece, into which are grooved two upright
+sides, they are firmly bolted down upon the upper flange of the
+roof-girders, and where these are quite horizontal the fall in the gutter
+is given by a false bottom laid to a slope. Of these gutters there is a
+length of about five-and-a-half miles in the building, which, added to the
+aggregate length of the Paxton's gutters, makes a total of about
+twenty-five-and-a-half miles of gutter.
+
+
+
+
+Roof Girders.
+
+
+These are of cast-iron, where not more than twenty-four feet long, and the
+rest of wrought-iron. The cast-iron ones are precisely the same in
+appearance as those used for the galleries, but lighter in metal; a
+separate description of them is not, therefore, necessary. The weight of
+each of these girders is twelve cwt., and each was proved to nine tons
+previously to being used; but it is calculated that the greatest weight
+they may have to bear will not exceed five tons: the total number required
+was about 470.
+
+The wrought-iron girders, or trusses, are partly forty-eight and partly
+seventy-two feet long, to span the avenues of those respective widths; the
+principle of the construction is the same in each. The top rail (if it may
+be so called) of the truss is formed with two pieces of [L section] iron
+placed back to back [double L sections], and the bottom rail with two flat
+bars [parallel flat bars], the total depth being three feet; at the ends
+these bars are riveted on to cast-iron standards, and the intermediate
+distance is divided into eight-feet lengths by other cast-iron standards,
+to which the bars are also riveted, and thus a framework of rectangles is
+formed. In the trusses forty-eight feet span there are, therefore, six such
+divisions in the length, and nine in those of seventy-two feet span. These
+are then divided in the direction of ONE of the diagonals by a flat bar
+passing between and riveted to those forming the top and bottom rails. This
+completes the constructional part of the truss; but to render the
+appearance more uniform with that of the cast-iron girders, a flat bar of
+wood (shown by the dotted lines) is made to form the other diagonal of the
+rectangles.
+
+[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER.]
+
+The trusses for a span of seventy-two feet are cambered or bent upwards
+about ten inches, which both adds to their strength and improves the
+appearance. The form and arrangement of these roof-trusses may be clearly
+traced in several of the views of the interior which are presented to the
+reader. The weight, when completed, of each of the trusses of seventy-two
+feet span is about thirty-five cwt., and of those of forty-eight feet span
+about thirteen cwt.
+
+It has been already mentioned that four of the roof-trusses vary from the
+rest on account of the greater load they have to sustain. The depth of
+these exceptional trusses is six feet, and their length seventy-two feet,
+or the width of the main avenue, which they bridge over. The principle of
+their construction is similar to that employed in the lighter trusses; but
+the arrangement of the parts is somewhat modified. The top rail consists of
+two pieces of [L section] iron, placed, as before, back to back; but they
+are further connected on the top by a flat piece [double L sections with
+flat]. The lower rail is formed by two flat bars placed upright [parallel
+flat bars], and these are riveted at the ends to standards of cast-iron,
+which, however, are considerably heavier in construction than those before
+described; and they have also in the centre, at (_a_) two slots, or
+sinkings, into which the ends of two of the diagonal bars are riveted. The
+whole length is then divided into three equal parts, each 24 feet long, by
+strong CAST-iron standards at (_b_) the ends of which are riveted between
+the rails, and these spaces are again subdivided into three eight-feet
+lengths by WROUGHT-iron standards at (_c c_). The top of each standard is
+next connected with the foot of the next but one to it by diagonal flat
+bars, which, together with the short pieces fastened into the slots at
+(_a_), complete the figure of the whole, forming a kind of trellis-work,
+two diamonds in depth. In the diagram only half the length of the girder is
+shown.
+
+[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER.]
+
+The dimensions of the different bars of iron in this piece of construction
+are proportional to the amount of strain they have to bear. The two heavier
+out of the four trusses just described weighed when completed eight tons
+each, and the other two, which are of rather lighter construction, six tons
+each.
+
+The riveting together of the wrought-iron trusses was performed on
+horizontal supports, on which the curve that they were to be made to was
+marked out. The bars having been previously cut to the requisite lengths,
+and punched and drilled with holes for the rivets, were laid out on the
+stages in the proper forms with the cast-iron standards, which were
+temporarily kept in place by bolts passed through some of the rivet-holes.
+The whole framework was then riveted up with red-hot rivets supplied from
+small portable furnaces, several sets of men being employed upon each
+truss, by which means as many as sixteen were completed in one day. The
+whole of the trusses, three hundred and seventy-two in number, required for
+the building were put together on the ground, and several ingenious
+mechanical contrivances were made use of to facilitate and hasten the work.
+To form some idea of the amount of labour that had to be performed, it may
+be mentioned that each of the trusses forty-eight feet in length, or the
+smallest, is held together by more than fifty rivets, requiring more than
+twice that number of holes to be made in bars of iron varying in thickness
+from a quarter of an inch upwards. About 25,000 rivets were thus required
+for the whole of the work.
+
+
+
+
+Iron Drilling Machine.
+
+
+The holes for the rivets were made partly by drilling and partly by
+punching. In the machine used for the former the bar to be bored was laid
+upon a flat surface forming part of the solid cast-iron stand of the
+machinery; the drilling-point worked vertically, and could be moved in that
+direction to suit the different thicknesses of iron brought under its
+operation. It was suspended at one end of a lever, with a counterpoise at
+the other. This lever was also connected by a rod and crank, with another
+near the ground, one end of which was formed into a tread to be worked by
+the foot. The workman, when he had arranged the iron in the right position
+under the drill, pressed his foot upon the tread; thus raising the
+counterpoise end of the upper lever, and pressing the point of the drill,
+which was of a spear-head form, down upon the iron. Underneath the iron to
+be drilled was placed a piece of wood to protect the point of the drill
+when it had passed through the iron. It was also necessary to moisten the
+iron during the operation, in order to keep the drill-point cool. Three men
+were required to attend to this work, which was not so rapid as the other
+method of making the holes by punching.
+
+[Illustration: THE DRILLING-MACHINE.]
+
+
+
+
+The Punching Machine.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS.]
+
+The enormous power exerted by this piece of machinery renders it necessary
+that the stand containing the punch, &c., should be exceedingly solid, and
+it is formed accordingly by a heavy mass of cast-iron, in which there are
+two indentations, as seen by the engraving. In the lower of these the
+punching operation is performed, and in the upper there are shears for
+cutting off the ends of the bars when required. The motion is communicated
+to each of these by means of a cogged wheel at the back; but both the punch
+and the shears work in a vertical direction, slowly moving up and down with
+irresistible force. There is no sudden blow or jerk, which makes the effect
+the more striking, as the unpractised eye has no means of discovering the
+amount of the force which is being put in operation. It is, however, so
+great that, although the punching of a hole scarcely occupies two or three
+seconds, the iron becomes quite hot from the effect of the pressure. In
+using this machine, the workman arranges the iron bar on a solid rest,
+placing it so that when the punch descends it makes the hole in the
+position required. As soon as the punch has passed through the bar, the
+action of the machinery is reversed, and the instrument ascends again;
+during which time the bar is re-arranged, and the operation is thus
+continually repeated. This piece of machinery also requires three men to
+work it, if the bars to be punched are of considerable length, so as to
+require the ends to be held up; otherwise, one alone is sufficient; and in
+the course of a ten-hours day about three thousand holes can be punched
+out--the number, of course, varying according to the thickness of the bars.
+
+Neither of the mechanical contrivances just described are novel inventions,
+though they are thus, perhaps, brought for the first time under the notice
+of many of our readers, to whom they may be so far rendered interesting
+from their being connected with the execution of THE building of the day.
+
+
+
+
+The Adzing and Planing Machine.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE ADZING-CUTTERS.]
+
+At the Chelsea Saw-mills, where the reader has already seen the Paxton's
+gutters shaped out, another interesting piece of machinery was in use for
+these works, for the purpose of finishing planks to a certain size and
+thickness, called the adzing and planing machine. An adze is a tool used by
+carpenters to remove any unevenness in the surface of a board in a
+particular spot. In this piece of machinery two cutters are fixed to a
+revolving arm, under which the plank is made to pass; and as it does so the
+cutters remove a certain thickness from the whole of the surface. The
+arrangement of these cutters is very plainly shown in the annexed
+engraving. On the under-side of the same bench to which this apparatus is
+fixed, three planes are set, each at an angle of about 5 degrees, by which
+the under-side of the plank is brought to an even face, while the upper
+surface is operated on by the adzing-cutters, and in this manner the plank
+is reduced to an even thickness throughout. As it passes on it is brought
+between two circular saws, which are adjusted to the width which it is
+desired to give to the plank. It is dragged forward towards the planes and
+cutters by means of an endless chain, composed of open links; which chain
+passes over a wheel provided with projecting pegs, so arranged as to fit
+into the links. The plank is kept down upon the planes, and otherwise held
+in position, by pressure-rollers.
+
+[Illustration: THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE.]
+
+
+
+
+The Columns and Connecting Pieces.
+
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF COLUMN.]
+
+The columns in the building perform three important offices. They support
+the roof and the galleries, and serve as pipes to convey the rain-water
+from the roofs. Their form, which is beautiful, both mechanically and
+artistically, was suggested by Mr. Barry; it is a ring, eight inches in
+diameter externally, the thickness varying in the different columns,
+according to the weights they have to support respectively. Four flat
+faces, about three inches wide, are added on the outside of this ring, so
+that when the column is in its place, they face nearly north, south, east,
+and west. The column may therefore be considered as a hollow tube, of the
+section just described, and of the same form at each end, having at its
+extremities horizontally projecting rings called SNUGS, through which the
+bolts are passed, to fasten the columns to the connecting-pieces and
+base-pieces. That the hollow form adopted for the columns is that best
+suited to obtain the greatest strength with the least amount of material
+has been abundantly shown by experiments, as even two straws placed in an
+upright position will bear a very considerable weight; it is that also seen
+in the structure of the bones of animals. Of these columns there are 3,300
+in the whole building.
+
+Those portions of the height of the columns which correspond with the depth
+and position of the girders form separate lengths, which are called
+connecting-pieces, as they unite the lengths of columns of the different
+storeys. These connecting-pieces have the same sectional form as the
+columns themselves, and, like them, are the same at each end, where there
+are projections cast on, which serve to support the girders, and which are
+provided with holes through which the bolts pass to connect them with the
+columns. These holes alternate with the projections to receive the girders,
+which projections are so formed that they clip others cast on to the ends
+of the girders, which will be hereafter described. In the centre of each
+projection there is formed a small notch which receives the key or wedge
+for fixing the girders.
+
+The meeting faces of the columns and connecting-pieces were all turned in a
+lathe, in order that, when set up, they might fit so precisely as not to
+require any packing to adjust them in an upright position; and only in the
+cases of those columns which serve as water-pipes is any such packing
+introduced. In those a piece of canvass, with white lead, is put into the
+joint. An enormous amount of additional labour was involved by this
+proceeding, as no less than twelve hundred of such faces had to be operated
+on; but this did not deter the enterprising contractors, who were fully
+alive to the importance of the object to be attained. When fixed, the
+projecting "snugs," with the bolts passing through them, were covered by
+ornamental caps and bases of cast-iron, fixed after the rest of the work
+was completed.
+
+
+
+
+The Base Pieces.
+
+
+The lower storey of columns in every case stands upon base-pieces of which
+the upright portion is a continuation of the column, with "snugs" at the
+top, to correspond with those of the column, and standing on a horizontal
+bed-plate, from which "shoulders" rise to strengthen the upright portion.
+These bed-plates vary in size from three feet by two feet to one foot six
+inches by one foot, in proportion to the weight which the several
+superincumbent columns have to sustain. The longest dimension of the
+bed-plate is in the transverse direction of the building, in which the
+greatest overturning strain might be expected to act upon the columns. From
+the vertical portion of the base-pieces, sockets six inches in diameter
+project, in the direction of the length of the building, into which are
+fitted the cast-iron drain-pipes, which convey away the water brought down
+by the columns from the roof. The height of the base-pieces varies to suit
+the different levels at which the floor is supported above the ground.
+These levels had therefore to be determined in every individual instance
+previous to the castings being made. It was done, however, with such
+precision that, when they came to be used, they were all found to be of the
+exact length required for their situation. Of these base-pieces, 1,074 were
+required for the building.
+
+[Illustration: BASE-PIECE.]
+
+
+
+
+Cast-iron Girders.
+
+
+It has been mentioned that the columns supported girders at three different
+heights, dividing the greatest altitude of the building into three storeys;
+and that the lower tier of girders, where the building consisted of more
+than one storey, served to support a gallery.
+
+These gallery girders are all twenty-four feet long and three feet deep,
+the upper and lower "flanges" or rails having a [T section] formed section
+with standards at the ends of similar section. The rectangular space
+between them is then divided into three equal parts, by uprights having a
+[+ section] form of section, and the three smaller spaces thus obtained
+have diagonal "struts" in each direction. The girder thus described forms a
+double truss, in which the diagonal braces are subjected both to the strain
+of compression and tension. At the top and bottom of the end-standards
+small projections are cast on, by which the connecting-pieces hold the
+girders; and at each end of the flat portion of the top and bottom rails
+small sinkings are cast, by means of which the girder is keyed up to its
+position. The flat portion of the upper and lower "flanges" of the girder
+is swelled out in width from the ends towards the centre, in order to
+increase the quantity of metal in that part where the strain is greatest.
+
+The description just given of the gallery girders will apply to all the
+cast-iron girders throughout the building, of which there are 2,150; the
+only difference between them being, that those for the roofs or other
+internal portions, where no gallery is to be supported, are cast with a
+less amount of metal. The form of girder just described, which is unusual,
+was the result of several experiments performed under the superintendence
+of Messrs. W. Cubitt, C. H. Wild, C. Fox, and other gentlemen, previous to
+the commencement of the building; and the thickness of metal for the
+different parts of these, as well as for all the other cast-iron work in
+the building, was minutely calculated and determined by Mr. C. H. Wild and
+Mr. C. Fox, under the supervision of Mr. Cubitt, the President of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers, to whom the Royal Commission had intrusted
+the responsible duty of the chief superintendence of the whole of the work.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Interior from the Level of Galleries.]
+
+
+
+
+The Galleries.
+
+
+To proceed to the gallery itself, supported by the girders just described.
+The timbers supporting the floor are so arranged that the weight of each
+bay of twenty-four feet square is distributed equally to the four girders
+inclosing it, and in such a manner as to bear upon them at the points
+immediately over the vertical standards.
+
+In the transverse direction of the building two pairs of joists, eight feet
+apart in each bay, are formed into trusses by tie-rods, 1-3/8 inches
+diameter, passed through a cast-iron shoe at each end, and pressing up two
+"struts," which are made to bear against the under-side of binding-timbers
+running longitudinally, or crossing the joists, and immediately under them.
+The cast-iron shoes for the trusses are bolted down to the girders, and
+serve at the same time to receive the standard supports of the gallery
+railing. The ends of the binding-timbers are secured by bolts and oak
+suspension-pieces to the other two girders inclosing the square. Joists
+about two feet six inches apart bear from girder to girder parallel to the
+trusses, and resting on the binding-timbers. On these is laid the floor, 1¼
+inches thick, grooved and iron-tongued. A light cast-iron railing, forming
+a kind of trellis-work, is fixed between the columns, and is capped with a
+round mahogany hand-rail. From the view at page 60 the arrangement of the
+galleries will be readily understood.
+
+
+
+
+Testing the Cast-iron Girders.
+
+
+From the very important office which the girders perform throughout the
+building, but more particularly those supporting the galleries, it was of
+the utmost importance that, previously to their being fixed in their
+places, the soundness of the casting should be proved; for it could hardly
+be expected that so large a number of girders could be produced without
+some of them being defective. The ordinary means of testing girders, by
+loading them with weights, would have occupied far too much time; and
+therefore an ingenious apparatus was devised by Mr. C. H. Wild for this
+purpose, by the use of which the testing of a girder occupied but a few
+minutes.
+
+[Illustration: FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING THE GIRDERS.]
+
+It consisted of a very strong cast-iron frame rather longer than the
+girder, the bottom of which was formed by two fixed beams placed eight
+inches apart, and supported a few inches above the ground. At each end of
+these a cast-iron standard was firmly bolted between them and rose to a
+height rather greater than the depth of the girder to be tested; on the
+inner faces of these standards two "shoulders" were formed, which received
+the projections cast on the ends of the girder, as before mentioned.
+Between the fixed beams below, at two points dividing the whole length into
+three equal parts, were placed strong cylinders, with rising pistons
+connected with a forcing-pump, together with which they formed a Bramah's
+hydraulic press. A girder being placed in this frame, in an inverted
+position, the force applied by means of the pistons rising from the
+cylinders acted upon it precisely at those points, and in the same manner,
+as the load from the gallery or the roof would do when afterwards fixed in
+its place.
+
+The essential parts of the Bramah's press may be thus briefly described. It
+consists of two cylinders, the diameter of one being considerably larger
+than that of the other. The smaller cylinder is fitted with a solid plunger
+or piston, by means of which water may be forced from it into the larger;
+this being also fitted with a rising piston, the force is communicated by
+it to the weight which it is desired to raise. The power obtained by means
+of this apparatus arises from the distributive power of fluids and the
+practical incompressibility of water, and it is proportioned to the
+difference of the diameters of the two cylinders; so that if a pressure of
+one pound per square inch be applied on the surface of the piston in the
+smaller cylinder, and the piston in the larger cylinder present a surface
+ten times greater, the power is multiplied by that number; whilst, in
+addition, the lever power used in applying the pressure to the smaller
+piston is obtained. The cylinders are fitted with valves, so arranged as to
+prevent the return of the water from the larger to the smaller, while the
+apparatus is in action, and thus the power is accumulated in the former.
+
+In the instance before us, the two 3-inch cylinders already alluded to in
+the proving-frame took the place of the larger cylinder of the ordinary
+apparatus; and they were connected with the forcing-pump by a strong metal
+tube. When a girder had been fixed in the frame for proving, the force-pump
+was worked till the pistons underneath the girder carried it off its lower
+bearings and pressed it upwards against the "shoulders," by which it was
+firmly held, and the pressure was then continued until the amount
+previously fixed upon as necessary for proof had been obtained. This was
+ascertained by means of a self-adjusting apparatus attached to the
+hydraulic press.
+
+An iron cylinder 1½ inches diameter was placed in communication with the
+pipe connecting the pump and the press, so that the pressure obtained in it
+was, in proportion to its diameter, the same as that in the large cylinder;
+and it was fitted with a piston-rod, working in a vertical direction. This
+piston-rod was connected with a lever, from the end of which a scale-pan
+was suspended, at a distance from the fulcrum ten times greater than that
+of the point of attachment of the piston from the same. The weight of the
+scale-pan and lever were balanced by a large mass of iron at the other end.
+In the scale-pan a certain weight was placed, proportioned to the proof
+desired to be obtained; and the action of the pump was continued until the
+water, rising in the iron cylinder just described, forced up the lever, and
+with it the weight attached; and thus indicated that the pressure to which
+it was desired to subject the girder had been reached. The weight to be
+placed in the scale-pan was thus determined: the diameter of the lever
+cylinder being 1½ inches, and that of each of those in the proving-frame
+three inches, the pistons or "rams" in the latter presented together eight
+times the surface of that in the lever cylinder; which being multiplied by
+the difference of length of the two parts of the lever, determines the
+weight for the scale-pan to be one-eightieth of that to which it was
+desired to prove the girder.
+
+The ordinary gallery girders were tested with a pressure equivalent to a
+weight of fifteen tons; but it was calculated that, when fixed, the
+greatest weight they would have to sustain would be seven-and-a-half tons.
+In one instance, for the sake of experiment, the pressure was continued
+beyond the proof weight of fifteen tons, to see what amount of strain the
+girders would bear without fracture, and it was found that a strain of
+thirty tons produced no injurious effect; but the girder broke with an
+additional weight of half a ton.
+
+
+
+
+Roof of Transept.
+
+
+We will now return to describe that portion of the roof which varies in
+form and arrangement from the rest, namely, the semicircular covering of
+the transept. This is supported by arched ribs, placed twenty-four feet
+apart, and constructed of Memel timber, in three thicknesses; the
+centre-piece four inches thick, with a 2-inch piece on each side of it.
+They are formed in lengths of about nine feet, placed so as to break joint;
+that is, the joints of the outer pieces fall upon the centre of the inner
+one. The thicknesses are fastened together by bolts passing through them
+about two feet six inches apart, besides being nailed at other points. On
+the inner circumference of the rib thus constructed there is then placed a
+piece of timber moulded to correspond with the form of the columns; and on
+the outer circumference two boards, each one inch thick, are bent round and
+attached to the rib with strong nails. On both the outer and inner
+circumference a flat bar of iron is secured by bolts passing through the
+whole depth of the rib, which, thus finished, measures eighteen inches in
+depth by eight inches in thickness. The ends of the ribs are fitted into
+sockets, formed by the upward continuation of the columns, to which they
+are attached by iron straps.
+
+The ribs, which are supported by the trusses over the main avenue, have
+their ends bolted down upon a piece of timber secured on the upper portion
+of the truss; and they are further fixed in their places by oak brackets,
+forming a spreading foot on each side upon the same piece of timber.
+
+Between these large ribs horizontal timbers, called "purlins," are fixed
+about nine feet apart, by means of cast-iron shoes, bolted both to them and
+to the ribs. These serve to support the minor or intermediate ribs,
+occurring at distances of eight feet apart; which consist of a single
+square piece of timber, having the two thicknesses of 1-inch board bent
+round their outer circumference, as on the main ribs. The boards form the
+gutters or furrows between which rise the ridges, in the same manner as in
+that portion of the roof which is horizontal.
+
+The ridges, in this case, instead of being cut out of solid pieces, are
+formed in three thicknesses, bent round to the requisite curve, and so
+retained by small bolts tying them down to the "purlins." The sash-bars
+which receive the glass form, as elsewhere, the sloping rafters or supports
+of the ridge.
+
+
+[Illustration: Interior View of the Central Avenue towards the West.]
+
+The space below the first "purlin" or plate at the springing of the arch,
+down to the level of the lead-flat beneath it, is fitted with louvre-frames
+for ventilation. The diagonal bracing between the main ribs has been
+already alluded to. Each set consists of four wrought-iron rods three
+quarters of an inch in diameter, having eyes at one end, by means of which
+they are secured with bolts, passing through the thickness of the ribs; in
+the centre they meet in a cast-iron ring, on the inner side of which the
+ends are screwed up with nuts.
+
+The semicircular ends of the transept are filled in with tracery, formed by
+radiating timbers, strutted apart with short pieces placed in concentric
+rings. The circular heads of the openings are formed by iron castings
+screwed into their places, and the eye from which the radiating lines of
+the tracery proceed is also formed by solid iron castings bolted together.
+On the outer face the ribs of the tracery are moulded, and on the inner
+side glazed sashes are fixed, filling in the openings.
+
+The lead-flat, twenty-four feet wide, extending the whole length of the
+transept, on either side of the semicircular roof, is constructed in a
+similar manner to the floor of the galleries, by under-trussing two pairs
+of joists in each bay. In the width of the lead-flat roof a horizontal
+truss is formed by flat bars of iron fixed in the direction of the diagonal
+of the 24-feet square bays, to resist any possible thrust or tendency of
+the ends of the ribs to open outwards at the springing.
+
+
+
+
+The Facework.
+
+
+The external inclosures of the building, on the levels of the different
+storeys, require but little description in detail beyond that already
+given. The sash-bars dividing the sashes of the upper tiers are grooved for
+glass similarly to those used in the roof, and were cut out by the same
+machinery. The glass was put in after they were framed together, so that it
+was necessary to arrange the ends of the bars that it could be slipped in
+at one end. As the bars of these sashes were of slight dimensions and
+considerable length, they were strengthened by wrought-iron rods passed
+through the sash-frame and the bars, and screwed up at the ends, causing
+the whole to work together. The sashes are held in their position by small
+cast-iron clips, which are bolted on to the columns; and as the surface
+presented to the wind by the upright sides of the building is of such
+considerable extent, wooden bridges are fixed against the sashes on the
+inside, by small cast-iron shoes bolted to the columns; and at the internal
+angles, where the wind would exert its greatest force, these bridges are
+further strengthened by wrought-iron rods half an inch in diameter,
+pressing against the back of them, which is grooved for the purpose, and
+screwed up at each end in the cast-iron shoes. In this manner a connected
+chain of resistance to any external pressure is established round the whole
+circuit of the building.
+
+[Illustration: THE LOUVRE-FRAME.]
+
+The louvre-frames, which form part of the face-work in all the different
+storeys, consist of a deal frame in which bent louvre-blades are hung on
+pivots at each end. These blades are of galvanised iron of an [S section]
+form. On the back of each blade is fixed a loop of thin iron, to which a
+rack is fitted; and by these means all the blades in each frame are moved
+simultaneously. A considerable number of these racks may also be connected,
+so that a large area of ventilation may be regulated at once.
+
+
+
+
+The Diagonal Bracing.
+
+
+From the total absence in this building of any internal division-walls,
+which in ordinary structures considerably add to their stability, it was
+thought desirable to introduce into the construction something to
+compensate for this deficiency. At several points in the length of the
+building, where a continuous connexion could be established transversely,
+the squares formed by the columns and girders on the different storeys have
+their four corners connected by diagonal rods, seven-eighths of an inch in
+diameter, having eyes at the ends, by which they are secured to the bolts
+connecting the different parts of the columns. In the centre of the square
+the four rods meet in a cast-iron ring, and are screwed up with nuts;
+ornamental faces are fitted into the rings, so that this addition to the
+construction is by no means detrimental to the general effect.
+
+In a similar manner this diagonal bracing is introduced in a horizontal
+direction immediately under the floor of some portions of the galleries; of
+these there are twenty-two sets, and of those placed vertically there are,
+altogether, 220 sets in the building, and the manner of their introduction
+will be readily understood from the views of the interior.
+
+
+
+
+The Staircases.
+
+
+The double staircases, of which it has been mentioned there are eight in
+the building, consist each of four flights, about eight feet wide; two
+parallel ones, leading from the ground-floor to a landing, at the
+half-height, and the other two branching in opposite directions from the
+landing to the two galleries. The treads of the steps are made of a species
+of mahogany called sabicu, which is much harder than oak, and therefore
+peculiarly suited to the purpose for which it is here employed. The risers,
+or faces of the steps, are of deal. The stairs are supported by cast-iron
+girders, following the slope, the lower ones being fixed at the foot to
+stout timbers under the flooring, and the upper ends bolted to the
+cast-iron columns which support the landing. These columns are of the same
+pattern as the rest throughout the building, but only five inches in
+diameter. They are supported on concrete, and eight of them are required
+for each staircase. The floor of the landing is carried by lesser cast-iron
+girders, with flooring-joists.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF STAIRCASE.]
+
+The girders carrying the upper flights spring from the landing girders, and
+have their upper ends bolted on to the main girders supporting the
+galleries, which are varied in pattern for this purpose. The railing of the
+staircase is formed in separate cast-iron standards, one to each step,
+which are bolted on to the top flange of the girders; and the foot of the
+standard is so continued that the ends of the treads are fitted into it,
+and are thus supported. The pattern of these standards is assimilated to
+that of the gallery railing.
+
+The hand-rail is formed of Honduras mahogany, with carved ends. On each
+side of the upper flight, which occupies the centre of a 24-feet space,
+connecting-galleries about eight feet wide are carried, establishing a
+communication between the two lines of gallery without descending to the
+level of the landing and then re-ascending. The landing is sufficiently
+high above the ground-floor to give ample headway for passing underneath
+it; so that the space occupied by the staircases on the ground-floor is but
+small.
+
+
+
+
+The Floor and Foundations.
+
+
+It now only remains to mention briefly the construction of the floor of the
+building, and the foundations for the base-pieces. The substratum of the
+site consists of gravel of an excellent quality, and sufficiently dense to
+have sustained, perhaps without any preparation, the load brought upon it
+by the bases of the columns. A thickness of concrete, proportioned in all
+cases to the amount of the weight to be borne by the superincumbent
+columns, and of such a size as to be two feet in each direction larger than
+the bed-plates, was placed upon the gravel, and the upper surface was
+finished with a bed of fine mortar to receive the bed-plates. In this
+manner it was calculated that in no case would a greater weight than
+two-and-a-half tons be borne by each foot superficial of the
+gravel--previous experiments having shown that a considerably larger weight
+could be placed upon it without any injurious effect.
+
+The timbers supporting the joists for the floor are also placed upon small
+blocks of concrete, about one foot cube, at a distance of eight feet apart.
+On these are fixed the flooring-joists, and a deal floor an inch and a half
+thick is laid on them, as has been already mentioned, with intervals of
+about half an inch between the boards.
+
+[Illustration: FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE.]
+
+In order to carry off the water brought down from the roof by every
+alternate longitudinal row of columns, 6-inch cast-iron pipes are fitted
+into the sockets described in the base-pieces, and are carried in the lines
+of those columns through the whole length of the building, with discharges
+into the larger drains at the centre and at each end; the natural slope of
+the ground gives a sufficient fall to the pipes.
+
+Having thus described in detail all the different portions of the
+construction of the building, we must proceed to give some account of its
+actual erection, which will enable us to mention many very ingenious
+mechanical contrivances which were employed in the course of its progress.
+
+
+
+
+The First Operations on the Ground.
+
+
+From the great extent of the area required for the building, it was not to
+be expected that any site would be found of the necessary size, perfectly
+level. On the ground occupied by the building there is a difference of
+level between the two extreme ends of about eight feet. In consequence of
+this fall of the natural surface from west to east, and in order to avoid
+having a considerable flight of steps at one end of the building to
+compensate for it, it was determined to arrange the floor with an
+inclination following nearly that of the ground, such fall being at the
+rate of one inch in twenty-four feet. All the lines of the building which
+would be called horizontal in fact follow this line of the floor, and those
+which are supposed to be upright are placed at right angles to the floor,
+and therefore slightly inclined from the perpendicular towards the east.
+The deviation, however, is so exceedingly small as to be perfectly
+imperceptible even to those who are aware of the fact; and no one who was
+not previously informed of it would be able to detect it.
+
+It has been mentioned that Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender for the
+building was verbally accepted on the 16th of July, 1850, and on the 30th
+of that month they obtained possession of the site from the Commissioners
+of Woods and Forests.
+
+The first proceeding was to inclose the whole area (including a
+considerable space at each end more than would be covered by the building)
+with a hoarding about eight feet high, put together in a very simple
+manner, so that the boards were afterwards available for the flooring. The
+supports for the hoarding consisted of pieces of timber fixed in the ground
+in pairs, at intervals of the length of the boards, leaving a narrow space
+between them, into which the boards were dropped, and thus held in their
+place without any nails. Temporary offices were then erected in a
+convenient portion of the site, and were covered with a roofing which was a
+specimen of that to be used in the building itself. Considerable ranges of
+carpenters' sheds were also put up, and even stables for twenty or thirty
+horses, which were required in the progress of the works.
+
+
+
+
+Setting out the Ground.
+
+
+The first thing to be done towards the building itself was to set out
+accurately all the points where the columns would stand, as well as the
+general outline of the building. It will be readily understood that this
+was an exceedingly important part of the work, as upon its accuracy
+depended the fitting together of the various parts that had afterwards to
+be put in place.
+
+This part of the work was executed with great precision by Mr. W. G.
+Brounger. He commenced by determining the four extreme angles of the
+building, and the centre lines of the main avenues. These formed fixed
+points from which were determined the whole of the centres for the columns.
+
+Our readers will recollect that the dimension of twenty-four feet occurs
+horizontally throughout the building, either in multiples or sub-multiples.
+In order to measure off the different distances, rods of American pine were
+made, into which, near the ends, pieces of metal were fixed, having
+corresponding notches at the exact distance of twenty-four feet apart. By
+these means the lengths were measured off with great accuracy, as the wood
+used is not liable to alteration in the length of its fibre; and by means
+of the metal notches the rods were sure to be placed correctly together. It
+was necessary to make these sockets or notches of metal, from the great
+amount of work the rods had to perform.
+
+In determining the length of the rods, the standard of the Astronomical
+Society was used; and this was referred to in all important measurements
+for the castings and other parts of the building, to insure their precise
+eventual agreement in length. This will hardly be considered to have been
+unnecessary when it is remembered that, from the great length of the
+building, a very minute error in any of the parts would have been so
+multiplied as sensibly to throw out the ends.
+
+To those who are unacquainted with the fact, it may be well to mention that
+the standard of length referred to is obtained from a pendulum, which
+oscillates seconds, in the latitude of London, in a vacuum, at the level of
+the sea, at a certain fixed temperature. The length of this pendulum is
+then divided into a certain registered number of feet and inches.
+
+The rods above described were carried along the centre lines of the
+columns, and the position of each column was marked by a small stake driven
+into the ground; and in order still more accurately to fix the centre, a
+long nail was driven into the head of the stake. In this manner the
+position of every column throughout the building was determined.
+
+The level at which the floor was to be fixed was the next point determined
+by the ordinary method of levelling, and stakes, with a [T section] piece
+at the top, called boning-sticks, were fixed in different parts of the
+building; by the aid of which the tops of the base-pieces for the columns
+were all afterwards fixed in one plane of the required slope.
+
+
+
+
+Fixing the Base Plates.
+
+
+The next proceeding was to excavate the holes for the concrete, on which
+the base-pieces were to stand. To do this, the stakes marking the centres
+of the columns had to be removed, and it was therefore necessary to adopt
+some method of finding those centres again with precision. For this purpose
+a large carpenter's square, as it is called, was made. This instrument
+forms a right-angled triangle, and in this instance was used in the
+following manner:--The centre of its longest side, or hypothenuse, was
+marked by a line, which, if continued, would pass through the right angle
+of the triangle, and at an equal distance along each of the other sides of
+the triangle from the right angle an upright saw-cut or notch was made. The
+square was then placed horizontally, so that the line marked on the
+hypothenuse coincided with that of the centres of a row of columns, and so
+that the right-angled corner of the square touched the nail marking the
+exact site of a column. Two small stakes were then driven under the notches
+in the short arms of the square, and nails were driven into them through
+the notches. It will be seen that by these means the site of the first
+stake could easily be again ascertained after its removal. The holes for
+the concrete were then dug of an oval form and of the various sizes and
+depths required, and the concrete filled in to the proper height. The
+gravel used for the concrete was raised in a pit at one end of the ground.
+
+Next to the setting out of the positions of the columns, perhaps the
+operation of fixing the base-pieces was that in which the greatest accuracy
+was required; for as there were in some parts three storeys of columns to
+be fixed over them, any inaccuracy as to their level or position would be
+very much increased at the top of the building. To fix the base-pieces over
+the centres that had been determined for the columns, another carpenter's
+square was made use of, like that already described, but having the
+right-angled corner cut out to the form of the section of a column. This
+square being placed with the notches in its short sides over the two stakes
+already described, the upright portion of the base-piece was fitted into
+the notch at the angle; and as the reader will at once see, if he has
+followed us in the description of the various processes, its correct
+position was thus exactly found.
+
+In order to determine the level of the top of the base-pieces,
+boning-sticks were placed in the lines of the columns, and when the
+base-piece had been approximately fixed, a piece of wood was placed on it
+edgeways, the top of which was to range with the top of the boning-sticks.
+This was easily arranged by looking along them; and the workmen drove down
+the base-piece with a wooden mallet till the desired level was obtained.
+
+From what has been previously stated, it may be gathered that the
+base-pieces had to be fixed truly upright in one direction, but slightly
+inclined in the other; and to effect this a plumb-rule was made, on which
+the deviation from the perpendicular line was marked; and this, when
+applied to those faces of the base-pieces which were to incline, served to
+show when the proper inclination was arrived at, whilst an ordinary
+plumb-rule applied to the other upright faces tested their vertical
+position.
+
+The first column was raised on the ground on the 26th of September, but
+little more than two months after the tender had been accepted. In the
+meantime, many of the different castings had already arrived on the ground,
+and a considerable advance had been made in the carpenter's work for the
+gutters and other parts. The semi-circular ribs for the transept roof were
+also being put together, and stacked in such a manner as not to stand in
+the way of the other works.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS.]
+
+We may mention here that every casting, as it came on to the ground, was
+weighed and registered, and every girder proved, as already described; in
+doing which considerable assistance was derived from one of Mr. Henderson's
+patent Derrick cranes, which was erected near the proving-apparatus. By its
+means a girder was raised from the waggon in which it arrived, placed on
+the weighing-machine, weighed, removed to the proving-press, tested, raised
+again, and deposited on the ground in a stack, in less than four minutes.
+
+
+
+
+Henderson's Derrick Crane.
+
+
+[Illustration: (FIG. 1.) HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.]
+
+[Illustration: (FIG. 2.) PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.]
+
+[Illustration: (FIG. 3.) PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.]
+
+A brief description of this useful engine may not be out of place here. It
+consists of an upright mast (E), steadied when the crane is in use by two
+sloping stays (F F). These stays are fixed into horizontal timbers (G) on
+the ground, connected with the foundation-plate (H) on which the mast
+turns. At the foot of the mast is fixed a combination of wheels and working
+handles for raising the weight, technically called a crab. A beam (A)
+working at the bottom in a socket (B, Fig. 3) fixed to the foot of the
+mast, but hanging out from it in a sloping direction, is called the
+DERRICK, and forms the principal peculiarity of the crane, as it can be
+raised more to the upright line, or lowered to slope more outwards, as may
+be desired, by means of the chain (C). The advantage of this is obvious;
+for a weight may thus be raised from or deposited at any point within a
+circle of a certain radius, depending on the length of the derrick;
+whereas, in an ordinary crane, the weight can only be placed at points upon
+the circumference of that circle. The whole engine revolves on a pivot (H,
+Fig. 2) at the foot of the mast. Cranes of this description are made
+varying in power from one to forty tons, and with derricks ranging from
+twenty to sixty feet radius.
+
+
+
+
+Raising and Fixing the Columns and Girders.
+
+
+Many of the persons who visited the building during the progress of its
+erection were heard to inquire "where was the scaffolding;" and others even
+imagined that the skeleton framework they saw was, in fact, only the
+scaffolding for the building, and not parts of its actual construction.
+This leads us to point out one of the most interesting peculiarities of the
+structure; namely, that it formed, as it were, the scaffolding for its own
+erection. In order to raise the columns upon the base-pieces, two poles
+were placed upright, connected by a horizontal piece, forming what is
+called shear-legs; the whole being steadied in its position by ropes from
+the summit fixed to the ground in various directions. A rope with pulleys
+fixed to the horizontal piece served to hoist the column, and sustain it in
+a vertical position until the bolts were passed through the projecting
+rings at the bottom of the column and the corresponding ones at the top of
+the base-piece, and screwed up. When two columns had been thus fixed, a
+connecting-piece was attached to each end of a girder, and the whole raised
+by the same apparatus, and fixed on the top of the columns; bolts being
+passed through the holes in the projections of the connecting-pieces,
+corresponding with those on the top of the columns. The shear-legs were
+then moved on twenty-four feet to perform the same duties to another pair
+of columns; and two sides of a 24-feet bay were thus formed. To complete
+the square, two more girders were raised in a similar manner, and fixed
+between the connecting-pieces over the columns. The square bay then became
+a firm structure, requiring no further support; and by repeating these
+operations all the smaller avenues of the building were erected, of the
+different heights of one, two, or three storeys. The greatest number of
+columns thus fixed in one week was 310.
+
+[Illustration: FIXING THE GIRDERS.]
+
+
+[Illustration: General View of the Works in Progress.]
+
+
+
+
+Hoisting the Roof Trusses.
+
+
+The wrought-iron roof-trusses over the 48-feet avenues were raised in a
+similar manner to the columns and girders; and in all cases horses were
+employed to run out the end of the fall-rope, which was passed through a
+pulley or catch-block at the foot of the shear-legs, in order to change its
+direction from vertical to horizontal.
+
+For raising the roof-trusses of seventy-two feet span over the main avenue
+a somewhat different method was employed. A single mast or derrick, more
+than seventy feet high, was placed in the centre of the avenue, and
+steadied in an upright position by guide-ropes spreading from the top in
+various directions. Near its summit the hoisting-tackle was firmly lashed
+on. The trusses to be hoisted were brought from the places where they had
+been put together, and placed across the main avenue at the points where
+they were to be fixed. Two ends of a stout chain were passed round the
+upper portion of the truss, at points dividing its length into about three
+equal parts. To this chain the hoisting-tackle was attached, guide-ropes
+being further fastened to each end of the truss to steady it in its ascent.
+In order to stiffen the truss horizontally, struts were attached at the
+centre projecting on each side, and held in their place by tie-rods
+attached to the upper part of the truss, and forming a triangle on each
+side. Before the truss, therefore, could bend in a horizontal direction,
+the attachment of these tie-rods must have given way. Six horses drew out
+the end of the fall-rope, and in the course of a very few minutes the truss
+was hoisted to its giddy height, and each end slipped in between the
+projections made in the connecting-pieces to receive it.
+
+The animated scene presented by these operations was highly interesting
+from the number of men employed, both on the ground and for fixing the
+trusses in their position aloft, and from the rapid progress so many hands
+made. Each gang of men was managed by a foreman, who was obliged to issue
+his orders through a speaking-trumpet, to enable his voice to be heard in
+the din caused by the other works going on around. Besides the two large
+gangs of men engaged in the hoisting of the trusses, other smaller gangs
+were at work at different points getting up the columns and girders. In one
+part, the roofing of which was completed as early as practicable, a crowd
+of carpenters were preparing the Paxton's gutters and other portions of the
+work. In another place, as soon as a sufficient space could be roofed over
+and a temporary floor laid, various parts of the machinery we have already
+described were fitted up and worked by portable steam-engines. Of these
+there were three in different parts: one drove the machinery for finishing
+the sash-bars, gutters, ridges, &c.; another worked the drilling, punching,
+and other machinery connected with the iron-work; and a third was used for
+working circular saws.
+
+Of the number of trusses that were hoisted as above described, in only one
+instance (and that the first) was the result otherwise than perfectly
+successful. The first truss was raised by its ends, instead of from the
+centre; but that method was afterwards abandoned, from the difficulty of
+maintaining the truss in an upright position during its ascent; which was
+important, as, if it turned on its side, its lateral strength was not
+sufficient to prevent it from bending, which would have destroyed the
+joints of the work.
+
+One of the tall masts was worked on each side of the transept, from the
+centre to the ends of the building, being maintained constantly in an
+upright position, while traversing from point to point, by alternate
+slackening and hauling up of the ropes which steadied it; and it was
+curious to witness the motion of these tall giants, as they slowly
+progressed from one point to another, in the performance of their important
+office. Stout planks were laid along the ground, upon which the foot of the
+mast was forced forward by crowbars and levers; the planks served also to
+distribute the weight, which would otherwise have sunk the end into the
+ground. As many as seven trusses were hoisted in one day by each derrick,
+which had therefore to travel a distance of 168 feet.
+
+So careful were the men, under the direction of the manager (to whom was
+intrusted the active superintendence of the whole erection of the
+building), that no accident of importance occurred in these difficult
+operations.
+
+[Illustration: HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES.]
+
+
+
+
+Provision for Expansion of Girders.
+
+
+In connexion with the fixing of the girders, it may be desirable to mention
+the provision that was made for the expansion and contraction of the iron,
+which in so great a length as that of the building might have otherwise
+produced results prejudicial to its stability.
+
+Between the projections cast on to the connecting-pieces and those
+projecting from the ends of the girders which they were made to clip,
+sufficient space was left for the introduction of oak keys, by driving in
+which the girder was fixed in its place, whilst the compressibility of the
+wood left sufficient play for the expansion of the metal. In describing the
+girders, it was mentioned that in the upper and lower flat flanges small
+sinkings were cast near the ends. Corresponding with these sinkings, a
+notch was left in the projection which came out from the connecting-piece;
+and when the girder was put into its place, iron wedges were driven in
+between the notch and the sinking, by which means any lateral motion of the
+girder was prevented. It was a great advantage to have the means of fixing
+the girders of so simple a nature, as any arrangement presenting the least
+complication, or requiring great nicety, would have materially retarded the
+progress of the work.
+
+The wrought-iron trusses were held by the connecting-pieces in a similar
+manner to the cast-iron girders; but, as an additional security, bolts were
+passed through holes provided in the standards at the ends, and through the
+connecting-pieces, where they were screwed up with nuts.
+
+The raising and fixing of the extra-strong roof-trusses crossing the main
+avenue near the side of the transept required particular care, from their
+great weight; the heaviest being, as we have before mentioned, no less than
+eight tons. These trusses were the first that were fixed across the central
+avenue, and about 150 men were engaged in the hoisting of each one. They
+are secured to the columns by four strong bolts passing through the
+end-standards.
+
+In order to provide additional support for the great weight brought upon
+the last-mentioned trusses by the transept roof, extra columns were
+introduced underneath them. These were built up in storeys corresponding
+with those of the other columns, with which they were connected, at the
+levels of the girders, by bolts and straps. A cast-iron shoe, fixed on the
+top of the columns, provided a bearing for the ends of the truss. The
+columns just described project slightly into the main avenue from the line
+of the other columns; and this is the only instance in the interior of the
+building of the iron columns occurring at a less distance than twenty-four
+feet apart.
+
+
+
+
+Glazing the Roof.
+
+
+We have now traced the erection of the building up to the level of the
+roof, in which it will be readily conceived the operation of glazing was
+one of extreme difficulty, there being no scaffolding to aid the workmen in
+conducting their operations. When the glazing was first commenced a light
+scaffolding was suspended from the rafters; but this was found to be too
+tedious and troublesome a method of proceeding for so large an extent of
+roofing. It was, moreover, of great importance that some means should be
+devised for completing this part of the construction independently of the
+weather; a matter of some moment, when it is remembered that the work had
+to be done in the winter, when in our climate such operations are liable to
+be very much impeded by heavy rain. The arrangements made to meet this
+difficulty, as well as some others for carrying on the works, are very
+clearly described in a paper by Mr. Digby Wyatt, read at the Institution of
+Civil Engineers, on the 14th January, 1851, from which we quote some
+passages, by permission, for the benefit of our readers.
+
+With reference to the means employed for glazing the roof he says: "To
+effect this purpose, a travelling stage was devised by Mr. Fox, which
+superseded the necessity of any scaffolding for glazing, and by means of
+seventy-six of these machines nearly the whole of the work has been
+executed. The stage was about eight feet square, and rested on four small
+wheels travelling in the Paxton's gutters. It thus embraced a width of one
+bay of eight feet of the roof, with one ridge and two sloping sides. Each
+bay in width required, therefore, a separate stage."
+
+"Each stage was occupied by two workmen, and was covered by an awning of
+canvass stretched over hoops, to protect them in bad weather, and was
+further provided with a box on each side to contain a supply of glass. The
+sash-bars and other materials were piled upon the stage itself, the centre
+of the platform being left open for the convenience of hoisting up
+materials, for which purpose there was a small iron arm with a single block
+pulley."
+
+[Illustration: GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF.]
+
+"Whilst working, the men sat at one end of the platform (the ridge having
+been previously fixed in position by means of the extra-strong sash-bars),
+and they fixed the glass in front of them, pushing the stage backwards as
+they completed each pane. On coming to the strong sash-bars previously
+fixed, they temporarily removed them to allow the stage to pass. In this
+manner each stage travelled, uninterruptedly, from the transept to the east
+and west ends of the building, and the glaziers were enabled to follow up
+the previously-fixed work very closely. The average amount of glazing done
+by one man per day was fifty-eight squares, or about 200 superficial feet;
+and the largest amount done by any one man in a working-day was 108
+squares, or 367 superficial feet."
+
+The mode of fixing the squares of glass was this: a sash-bar having been
+nailed down between the ridge and the gutter, the workman inserted one long
+edge of a square of glass into the groove in the sash-bar, he then placed a
+loose bar against the other long edge of the glass and brought the whole
+down to bear upon the ridge and gutter, the second sash-bar fitting into
+the notches prepared for it; the glass was then pressed up a little, in
+order to insert its upper edge into the groove in the ridge, and the
+workman then filled in the grooves on the outside of the glass with putty,
+the lower edge of the glass having been also bedded on putty where it bears
+on the edge of the gutter. The ends of each sash-bar were fixed with a nail
+driven into the holes previously drilled.
+
+
+
+
+Stage for Repairing Glass.
+
+
+As it might naturally be expected that out of the thousands of panes of
+glass employed, particularly in the flat roof of the building, many would
+be broken in the course of the works, subsequently to their being fixed, it
+was necessary that a ready means should be devised for repairing any such
+damage, as the glazing-waggons used for the first execution of the work
+would not be available for that purpose. A light stage was therefore
+constructed, travelling with wooden wheels upon the ridges instead of in
+the gutters; and from this the men were able to perform their work without
+walking along the narrow gutters, which would have been attended with much
+risk. This stage was also used for fixing the canvass on the outside of the
+roofing, where it is nailed along the ridges, and allowed to bag down
+slightly between them. The object of the canvass, which covers externally
+the whole of the roof except the transept, is twofold: it preserves the
+glass from damage, and also protects the objects exhibited from the direct
+rays of the sun, which would, of course, in many instances, be very
+prejudicial; for the latter purpose the upright sashes on the south side
+are also covered with canvass on the inside.
+
+
+
+
+Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof.
+
+
+One of the most interesting operations which attracted the attention of the
+numerous visitors to the works was the raising the ribs for the
+semicircular roof of the transept, the description of which we give from
+Mr. Wyatt's paper:--
+
+"The operation about which most anxiety had been felt was the hoisting of
+the arched ribs of the transept. These ribs were constructed on the ground
+horizontally, and when completed with all their bolts, two of them were
+reared on end, and maintained in a vertical position, at a distance of
+twenty-four feet from each other, by guy-ropes. As the ribs singly
+possessed little lateral stiffness, they were framed together in pairs with
+the purlins, intermediate small ribs and diagonal tie-rods, forming a
+complete bay of the roof twenty-four feet long; two complete sets of
+temporary ties were also introduced to provide for the strains incident to
+the variations in position of the ribs during the hoisting. The feet of the
+ribs were bolted on to a stout piece of timber, and the lower purlins
+strutted up from the same." In this state the framework is shown in the
+engraving.
+
+[Illustration: A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING.]
+
+"The whole framework was then moved on rollers to the centre of the square
+formed by the intersection of the transept and the main avenue, where it
+was afterwards hoisted. All the ribs were landed over this square, and were
+afterwards moved on a tramway formed of a half baulk of timber constructed
+over the columns on either side of the transept, at a height of about four
+feet above the lead-flat. The hoisting-tackle consisted of four crabs, each
+one being placed on the side of the transept opposite to the part of the
+ribs to be lifted by it, so that the men at the crabs might watch the
+effect of their exertions with greater convenience."
+
+"The hoisting-shears were placed on the lead-flat immediately over the deep
+trusses of seventy-two feet span; each set consisted of three stout
+scaffold-poles, lashed together at the top, and footed on planks laid
+across the flat, and secured by the necessary guy-ropes. The hoisting-rope
+passed from each of the crabs across the transept horizontally, to a
+leading block attached to the foot of the opposite angle column of the
+square; it then passed up to a treble block fastened to the shears on the
+flat, and from thence down to a double block secured by chains to the
+bottom part of the ribs."
+
+
+[Illustration: Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof.]
+
+"There was a peculiar difficulty to be overcome in this operation, which
+arose from the circumstance that the width of the framework was greater
+than that of the transept, the extreme width of the framework to be hoisted
+being seventy-four feet, and the clear width apart of the trusses above
+which it had to be hoisted being only seventy-one feet four inches. It was
+therefore necessary to raise one side to a height of thirty-five feet
+before raising the other, so as to diminish the horizontal width of the
+whole, the diameter of the semicircle being maintained at this angle; the
+whole was then hoisted, until the highest end could clear the tramway."
+
+This accounts for the slanting position in which the ribs are shown in the
+view given.
+
+"The foot of the ribs on one side was then passed over the tramway
+sufficiently to allow the other side to clear the opposite truss; after
+which the whole was hoisted to the full height, and rested on rollers of
+hard wood placed between the sills attached to the framework and the
+tramway, by means of which it was moved to its permanent position. There it
+was again raised by another set of shears, while the sill and tramway were
+removed from under it; and the ribs were then lowered into the sockets
+prepared for them, formed by the continuation of the columns above the
+level of the lead-flat."
+
+"Each successive pair of ribs was fixed at a distance of twenty-four feet,
+or one bay from the preceding one; and the purlins, &c., were fixed in the
+intervening space without any scaffolding from the ground, by means of
+jointed ladders, which were adjusted to the form of the roof."
+
+The first pair of ribs was hoisted December 4th, and the eighth pair on
+December 12th. The operation, which was one of great excitement and
+considerable anxiety, was personally superintended by the contractors,
+aided by their most able foremen and assistants; and a crowd of visitors,
+including many of the illustrious promoters of the undertaking, watched
+with intense interest the steady ascent of the apparently unwieldy piece of
+construction, and every spectator seemed astonished at the mechanical
+regularity with which the whole operation proceeded. It took about one hour
+to raise a pair from the ground to the level of the lead-flat, and the
+whole was done without any accident whatever. About sixty men were employed
+in the hoisting, there being eleven men to each crab, and the remainder on
+the lead-flats.
+
+
+
+
+Glazing the Transept Roof.
+
+
+The semicircular form of the transept roof rendered it necessary to adopt a
+different mode of operation for glazing it to that used in the horizontal
+portion. A stage, thirty-two feet long and about three feet wide, with a
+protecting rail at the side, was constructed, so that it rested upon
+rollers, travelling on the ridges. It was slung by ropes from the crown of
+the arched roof, and could be raised and lowered at pleasure. It
+accommodated eight workmen, with the necessary quantity of materials in
+sash-bars and glass; and they thus performed, with ease and rapidity, an
+operation which before the fitting-up of the stage appeared at least
+extremely difficult, and to the uninitiated next to impossible.
+
+[Illustration: STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT.]
+
+The men commenced fixing the glass at the bottom or springing of the arch,
+and as they completed their work the stage was raised at intervals by
+labourers stationed on the lead-flat. A portion of the glazing at the crown
+of the arch was effected by men working on a light scaffold, suspended
+within from the temporary ties mentioned as having been attached to the
+ribs; whilst those upon the stage worked upwards till they joined the
+portion done from the top.
+
+
+
+
+The Painting.
+
+
+A portion of the work which necessarily occupied a very large amount of
+time was the painting, which was necessary for the preservation of all the
+parts, as well as for their appearance; and when it is considered that
+every portion required to be gone over four times, it must be evident that
+it was highly desirable to adopt some means for facilitating the operation.
+It was found that the sash-bars of the roof, being in short lengths and of
+small dimensions, could readily be operated upon by some mechanical
+contrivance.
+
+[Illustration: THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE.]
+
+A wooden trough was made sufficiently long to receive the sash-bars, and
+this was filled with paint; a number of the bars were then put into it, and
+upon being taken out separately, they were passed through a frame into
+which a set of brushes were fixed in such a manner as to clear off all the
+unnecessary paint. Two small brushes, placed where the bar first entered
+the frame, cleared out the grooves. One workman pushed the bar in at one
+end of the frame, which was about two feet six inches long, and another
+drew it out at the other end, where a trough was placed to receive any
+droppings of paint. The bars were then stacked upright, until they were
+sufficiently dry for the next coat. The first coat only was put on by this
+apparatus, the second being done in the ordinary manner, and the last not
+till after the work was all fixed in its place. By means of this apparatus
+a workman could perform at least ten times the amount of work done in the
+ordinary way.
+
+[Illustration: THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES.]
+
+The finishing the painting of the various parts of the roof internally,
+after they had been put together, was very ingeniously managed, so that
+while the workmen were able to work with ease to themselves, the
+scaffolding on which they stood required no supports from the ground, where
+they would have been much in the way of other operations; loops of
+wrought-iron were hooked on to the roof-trusses, and by means of these a
+perfect cloud of scaffold-boards was suspended, enabling between 400 and
+500 men to be at work at one time. The roof of the main avenue,
+particularly, presented a very singular appearance, as nearly one half of
+the entire length was thus covered at one time, and a crowd of painters
+were at work over the heads of many, perhaps unconscious exhibitors, who
+were arranging their goods undisturbed below.
+
+
+
+
+The Hand-rail Machine.
+
+
+One of the mechanical contrivances which were put up on the ground during
+the works, for saving labour and increasing the rapidity of production,
+remains to be mentioned; it was contrived for turning out the rounded
+mahogany hand-rail for the gallery railing as well as that for the
+staircases.
+
+The mahogany being supplied in slabs of the requisite thickness, these were
+first cut up by circular saws into pieces of a square section, and the
+angles of these were then bevelled off by the same means; the lengths were
+afterwards transferred to the hand-rail cutting machine to be rounded.
+
+[Illustration: THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE.]
+
+[Illustration: PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE.]
+
+The principal portion of the machine consists of a hollow cast-iron
+cylinder, round which a strap may be passed to drive it. At one end of this
+cylinder four cutters are fixed, so that a piece of wood passing between
+them and through the cylinder, as it revolves, is rounded off to a true
+circular form of section, and is turned out so smoothly finished as to
+require scarcely any further work upon it before fixing. In advance of the
+cutters pressure-rollers are placed, furnished with teeth; and these, as
+they are turned round by a cranked handle, seize upon a piece of mahogany
+and force it forward against the cutters, which form, as it were, the jaws
+of the hollow cylinder, which thus seems to be constantly swallowing
+lengths of rough mahogany, which escape from it finished. The wooden rail
+is passed up to the cutters along a groove, the end of which is shown in
+the small engraving; and opposite each end of the revolving cylinder
+springs are fixed, which prevent the rail from shifting its position. The
+hand-rail was all turned out in 21-feet lengths, of which about thirty were
+completed in the day.
+
+
+
+
+General View of the Works.
+
+
+We have mentioned that the actual commencement of the building was made by
+fixing one of the columns on the 26th of September; and, within a few
+weeks, more than a thousand men were at work, though, from the great extent
+of the ground they were spread over, it was difficult to estimate their
+number, which was, however, made apparent by the rapidity with which the
+building began to grow. The place presented an animated and interesting
+scene, which attracted a great number of visitors; and crowds of the fair
+sex were not deterred by the rough state of the ground from endeavouring to
+satisfy their proverbial thirst for knowledge. In one part of the ground
+might be seen the putting together of the wrought-iron roof-girders to the
+deafening tune of more than a hundred hammers; in another place gutters
+were being put together by the mile, for which some hundred or two of
+sawyers were cutting up ship-loads of timber. Three portable steam-engines
+in various parts were driving the different machinery already described,
+which, however, was mostly grouped in one place near the transept. The
+central avenue formed, of course, the great thoroughfare, where teams of
+horses were constantly passing, dragging the slender columns, or
+unwieldy-looking girders, to their places, while other teams were engaged
+in running them up to their final position. Over-head, too, the glaziers'
+waggons, dotted about the roof, seemed to be running on some new aerial
+railways; in every direction that the eye turned the busy scene extended.
+
+For carrying on these extensive works an immense number of men were
+necessarily employed on the spot, besides those occupied in preparing the
+various parts at different places. The greatest number of men on the ground
+in any one week was 2,260; and the season of the year frequently rendered
+it necessary for the workmen to continue their labours after dark, which
+they did partly by the light of huge bonfires of shavings and odd scraps of
+wood. The effect of these great fires, which were generally lighted in some
+part of the main avenue, was exceedingly grand. The light of the tall
+flames was reflected from the glass of the roof far away into the darkness
+which concealed all the other parts; whilst occasionally a lantern carried
+by a workman engaged in fixing the upper columns, or some part of the roof,
+glimmered like some new star.
+
+On one occasion, when the greatest efforts were being made to push on the
+progress of the works, no less than twelve large bonfires lighted the men
+at their midnight toil; and had the building been formed of combustible
+materials, a passing observer would have imagined that the whole was in
+flames.
+
+
+
+
+Paying the Workmen.
+
+
+The process of distributing their wages among so large a number of men, on
+every recurring Saturday evening, was one which could only be effected
+within a reasonable time by some systematic arrangement; and to such
+perfection was this brought in the course of the works, that the whole
+number of 2,000 men or upwards were sometimes paid in little more than an
+hour; though at first it occupied a considerably longer time.
+
+The mode in which this was effected was as follows:--When a workman was
+engaged his name was entered in a book against a certain number, which was
+stamped on several brass tickets, three of which were given to each workman
+before leaving the ground in the evening.
+
+[Illustration: THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX.]
+
+Every man had to enter the premises three times in the course of the day;
+namely, the first thing in the morning, after returning from breakfast, and
+after returning from dinner. On each occasion he was required to deposit at
+the gate one of these tickets, which were afterwards sorted by the clerks,
+and entered in the time-book. In this way, if a man failed to come to his
+work, his ticket would be missing, and the time during which he was absent
+would not be entered; a corresponding amount being deducted from his week's
+wages.
+
+On the Saturday, each man's time was made up from the book; and his wages
+calculated accordingly, and the amount entered against his name. The money
+due to each man was then counted out and placed in a small tin box, with a
+ticket, on which was written the man's name and number, and the amount of
+wages paid to him.
+
+[Illustration: THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE.]
+
+All this was done in the time-keeper's office, which was conveniently
+placed near the entrance to the works. When all the preliminary
+arrangements had been completed, the workmen's bell was rung, and they
+assembled (a motley and sometimes clamorous crowd) round the pay-office,
+which was provided with two small openings through which the payments were
+made.
+
+[Illustration: THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE PAY-OFFICE.]
+
+Two men stationed outside the office then called over the numbers of the
+workmen, who presented themselves, in the order in which they were called,
+at the pay-windows, where each man took the small box passed out to him
+with the money, and left the box in passing out at the gate. If any man
+considered the amount of wages paid to him not correct, he presented the
+ticket given to him with the wages at the office on the Monday morning
+following, when the matter was arranged by the time-keeper.
+
+[Illustration: THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID.]
+
+Any person acquainted with the irregular habits of vast numbers of our
+workmen, who will often be absent from their work a quarter of a day, and
+at other times a whole day, thus varying the amount of wages due at the end
+of the week to almost every man, will at once see that, without a
+well-arranged system, such as that described, the payment of so large a
+body of men would have occupied as many days as it really did hours. The
+engravings annexed, in illustration of this part of our subject, will
+convey to the reader some idea of the scene we have endeavoured to
+describe, though it must fall far short of the picturesque reality.
+
+
+
+
+General Statistics.
+
+
+It is with great pleasure that we are able to mention that, notwithstanding
+the difficult character of some of the work, and the extreme rapidity with
+which it was carried on, very few accidents of importance occurred; a
+circumstance which must be ascribed to the great care taken by the
+contractors for the safety of the men while engaged in their work: and in
+the cases where the accidents that occurred were of a serious or fatal
+kind, their origin was mostly to be traced to a neglect of those
+precautions which the men were constantly urged and ordered to take.
+
+A few statistics of the quantities of different parts of the work not
+already mentioned will complete this portion of our subject. The whole
+amount of iron-work in the building is stated at about 4000 tons; and about
+1,200 loads of timber were required for the wood-work. There are 2,941
+trussed gutters in the roof, and 1,495 glazed sashes were required to
+inclose the sides of the building. As many as 316 iron girders were cast,
+in one week, and 442 lengths of the Paxton's gutters were cut out by the
+machinery in the same time. No less than 18,392 squares of glass,
+containing 62,508 feet superficial, or about one-and-a-half acres, were
+also fixed in one week.
+
+It may be further mentioned that the weight of the different parts forming
+the flat ridge-and-furrow roofing amounts to three-and-a-quarter pounds per
+foot superficial, on the whole surface; the weight of the arched roof of
+the transept, including the ribs, amounts to five-and-three-quarter pounds
+per superficial foot; and the timbers and boards of the gallery floor weigh
+eight-and-a-half pounds to the superficial foot: from these data the actual
+weight on the different girders may be calculated.
+
+The light iron-work, with the exception of some of the gallery railing, was
+cast at the works of the contractors near Birmingham; and the remainder,
+including the columns, girders, &c., was distributed between their own
+foundry, and those of the Messrs. Cochrane, of Wood Side, and Mr. Jobson,
+of Holly Hall, both near Dudley. The wrought-iron was supplied by Messrs.
+Fothergill, and the timber by Messrs. Dowson and Co.
+
+
+
+
+The Parti-coloured Painting.
+
+
+The coloured decoration introduced in finishing the painting of the
+building is a subject which has been much discussed, and many suggestions
+have been made by persons generally received as authorities on the subject.
+The system adopted was proposed by Mr. Owen Jones, under whose active
+superintendence it has been carried out. That gentleman explained his
+reasons for its adoption, and the effect which he expected it to produce,
+in a lecture at the Institute of British Architects, on the 16th of
+December, 1850, some portions of which are submitted to our readers:--
+
+"It is not necessary for me to describe the building, the painting of which
+we are now about to discuss, as it is well known to most of you by its
+marvellous dimensions, the simplicity of its construction, and the
+advantage which has been taken of the power which the repetition of simple
+forms will give in producing grandeur of effect; and I wish now to show
+that this grandeur may be still further enhanced by a system of colouring
+which, by marking distinctly every line in the building, will increase the
+height, the length, and the bulk.
+
+"The very nature of the material of which this building is mainly
+constructed, viz., iron, requires that it should be painted. On what
+principle shall we do this? Should we be justified in adopting a simple
+tint of white or stone colour, the usual method of painting iron? Now, it
+must be borne in mind that this building will be covered on the south side,
+and over the whole of the roof, with canvass, so that there can be but
+little light and shade. The myriads of similar lines, therefore, of which
+the building is composed, falling one before the other, would lose all
+distinctness, and form, in fact, one dull cloud overhanging the Exhibition.
+
+"A line of columns (as it may be seen even now at the building) would
+present the effect of a white wall, and it would be impossible, in the
+distance, to distinguish one column from another. This mode of painting
+would have the further disadvantage of rendering the building totally
+unconnected with the various objects it is to contain.
+
+"May the building be painted of a dark colour, like the roofs of some of
+our railway-stations? This, equally with the white method, would present
+one mass of indistinctness; the relief of the cast-iron would disappear,
+and each column and girder would present to the eye but a flat silhouette.
+
+"Let us now consider the building as painted with some pale neutral tint,
+dull green or buff. In doing this we should be perfectly safe, as, provided
+the colours were not too pale so as to be indistinct, or too dark so as
+sensibly to affect the eye, we could hardly make a mistake. Yet how tame
+and monotonous would be the result! It would be necessary that this tint,
+whichever we might choose, should be of a very subdued neutral character,
+in order to avoid the difficulty well known to mounters of drawings and
+painters of picture-galleries, viz., that in proportion as you incline to
+any particular shade of colour, so in that exact proportion you injure or
+destroy those objects it is intended to relieve which may have similar
+colour. To this, then, we should be reduced--a dull monotonous colour
+without character. How unworthy this would be of the great occasion!  How
+little would it impress the public! How little would it teach the artist!
+It would be to cut instead of patiently to unravel the knot.
+
+"We are now brought to the consideration of the only other well-defined
+system which presents itself, namely, parti-colouring. This, I conceive, if
+successfully worked out, would bring the building and its contents into
+perfect harmony, and it would fitly carry out one of the objects for which
+this Exhibition was formed, namely, that of promoting the union of the
+fine-arts with manufactures. It would be an experiment on an immense scale,
+which, if successful, would tend to dispel the prejudices of those whose
+eyes are yet unformed to colour, to develope the imperfect appreciations of
+others, and to save this country from the reproach which foreign visitors,
+more educated in this particular than ourselves, would not fail to make
+were the building otherwise painted; it would everywhere bring out the
+construction of the building, which, as I said before, would also appear
+higher, longer, and more solid."
+
+Mr. Jones then adduced the practice of the ancient and mediæval artists,
+and explained the kind of colours they generally adopted, mentioning that
+in the best periods of art the primary colours were chiefly or exclusively
+used.
+
+"In the decoration of the Exhibition building I therefore propose to use
+the colours blue, red, and yellow, in such relative quantities as to
+neutralise or destroy each other; thus no one colour will be dominant or
+fatiguing to the eye, and all the objects exhibited will assist, and be
+assisted by, the colours of the building itself.
+
+"In house-decoration we occasionally find a run on one colour; thus we have
+a green room, a pink room, and a red room; but it would obviously be unwise
+to adopt any one colour for this building, whose contents will be of all
+imaginable hues from white to black. Discarding, on the other hand, the
+perfect neutral white as unfit for the occasion, we naturally adopt the
+colours blue, red, and yellow, in or near the neutral proportions of eight,
+five, and three; but to avoid any harsh antagonism of the primary colours
+when in contact, or any undesired complementary secondaries arising from
+the immediate proximity of the primaries, I propose, in all cases, to
+interpose a line of white between them, which will soften them and give
+them their true value.
+
+"As one of the objects of decorating a building is to increase the effect
+of light and shade, the best means of using blue, red, and yellow is to
+place blue, which retires, on the concave surfaces; yellow, which advances,
+on the convex; and red, the colour of the middle distance, on the
+horizontal planes; and the neutral white on the vertical planes.
+
+"Following out this principle on the building in question, we have red for
+the under-side of the girders, yellow on the round portions of the columns,
+and blue in the hollow parts of the capitals.
+
+"Now, it is necessary not only to put the several colours in the right
+places, but also to use them in their due proportions to each other.
+
+"Mr. Field, in his admirable works on colour, has shown by direct
+experiment that white light consists of blue, red, and yellow, neutralising
+each other in the proportions of eight, five, and three. It will readily be
+seen, that the nearer we can arrive at this state of neutrality the more
+harmonious and light-giving will a building become; and an examination of
+the most perfect specimens of harmonious colouring of the ancients will
+show that this proportion has generally obtained among them; that is to
+say, broadly, there has been as much blue as the yellow and red put
+together, the light and the shade balancing each other.
+
+"Of course, we cannot in decorating buildings always command the exact
+proportions of coloured surface which we require; but the balance of
+colours can always be obtained by a change in the colours themselves. Thus,
+if the surfaces to be coloured should give too much yellow, we should make
+the red more crimson and the blue more purple; that is, we should take the
+yellow out of them. So, if we had too much blue, we should make the yellow
+more orange, and the red more scarlet.
+
+"A practised eye will as readily do this as a musician can tune a musical
+instrument; it is here that science abandons the artist, who must trust to
+his own perceptions, cultivated by renewed trials and repeated failures."
+
+In concluding, Mr. Jones said, with reference to some specimens of the
+proposed decoration which had been executed, "I would ask you to banish
+from your minds the glare of light by which this decoration is now seen--to
+forget the rough foreground, where men are engaged in every variety of
+occupation for the completion of this great building; and I would ask you
+to fill it in imagination with the gorgeous products of every clime. I
+would ask you to picture to yourselves in the foreground the brilliant
+primaries, blue, red, and yellow--the rich secondaries, purple, amber, and
+green, moulded in forms of every conceivable diversity; and, lastly,
+against them the darker tertiaries fading into neutral perspective.
+
+"The conception of such an effect, difficult even to the artist accustomed
+to abstract his attention from present interruptions and to calculate
+future harmonies, is impossible to the uninstructed spectator, who, from
+the experimental decoration of a single column, draws a premature and,
+necessarily, a fallacious inference as to the collective effect of the
+whole.
+
+"From my brother architects I hope for a more patient, a more
+comprehensive, and a fairer appreciation; for myself, I have a confident
+hope, grounded on the experience of years devoted to this particular branch
+of art, that the principles and plans I have had the honour to propose to
+the Royal Commission, for the decoration of this magnificent structure,
+will be found, when complete, not to disappoint the public expectations, or
+to prove wholly unworthy of the great occasion."
+
+In this lecture, Mr. Owen Jones asked his hearers, and the public
+generally, to suspend their final judgment upon his system of colouring
+until the whole should be completed, and the building filled with the
+objects to be exhibited, as he considered that many of the objections which
+were raised to his proposition resulted from a want of consideration of the
+ultimate effect to be produced by the whole, when completed and occupied;
+and so far as this effect has been realised, we believe it has inclined the
+public opinion more in favour of the coloured decoration than originally,
+when it was undoubtedly very strongly commented upon in various quarters.
+Without venturing to express any opinion ourselves, we may trust that Mr.
+Owen Jones's fondest hopes will be fully realised.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of the Building from the North Bank of the Serpentine.]
+
+
+
+
+The Water Supply.
+
+
+The supply of water necessary both for the protection of this enormous
+building from fire, and for the use of fountains and machinery to be
+exhibited, is furnished at a very liberal rate by the Chelsea Waterworks'
+Company. It is brought into the building by a 9-inch main pipe, at about
+the centre of its length, branching out into three 6-inch pipes, which
+extend throughout the whole length of the building. Short pipes branch off
+from these, terminating in fire-cocks, placed at such distances that a
+circle of 120-feet radius from any one of them will touch a similar circle
+described round the adjacent ones; by which means the whole extent of the
+building may be brought under the action of hose attached to each of the
+fire-cocks. The water is supplied at a pressure equal to a column of about
+seventy feet, so as to work the fountains that will be exhibited, and to
+play efficiently from hose in case of any accident by fire. The quantity
+which the Company have undertaken to supply is 300,000 gallons a day.
+
+
+
+
+The Stability of the Building.
+
+
+The subject of the strength and stability of the building is one on which
+considerable anxiety has been felt, both by the public at large and by
+those professional bodies more capable of forming a correct judgment upon
+it. In the prolonged discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Wyatt's
+paper at the Institution of Civil Engineers, many points of objection were
+raised which seemed at first sight of a very serious nature; but, in most
+cases, the answers that were given to them were perfectly satisfactory. The
+two greatest difficulties raised were, firstly, the enormous surface
+presented by the exterior to the pressure of the wind, with apparently but
+a slight power of resistance; and, secondly, the construction of the
+galleries, which, it was thought, would not be able to resist the vibratory
+motion likely to be produced by great numbers of people walking upon them.
+The results of several calculations were adduced on the occasion alluded to
+in support of the objections on the first point; but perhaps the best
+answer that could be given to them was the circumstance mentioned by Mr.
+Fox--that on the 5th of that month (January) the pressure of the wind,
+which blew a perfect gale, was not only much above the average, but very
+nearly reached the greatest amount known within a considerable period in
+London--about 25lbs. per square foot; and that as the building, although in
+an incomplete state, had resisted that pressure without receiving any
+injury, it was fair to conclude that, when finished, it would be able to
+sustain the greatest force which the wind could be reasonably expected to
+exert upon it.
+
+The question of the strength of the galleries was one of even greater
+importance than the other, as, in case of any failure in that part of the
+building, human life must almost inevitably have been sacrificed to a great
+extent. It was therefore deemed necessary to ascertain, as far as was
+practicable, by experiment, that their strength was abundantly sufficient;
+and in Mr. Wyatt's paper, as printed, the following description of the
+experiments instituted for this purpose will be found.
+
+
+
+
+Testing the Galleries.
+
+
+In the interval between the reading of this paper and its going to press a
+series of experiments have been tried to ascertain the action of these
+galleries under the strain of a moving load. A complete bay, twenty-four
+feet square, was constructed, raised slightly from the ground, consisting
+of the four cast-iron girders, with the connecting-pieces at the angles,
+and on this the timbers and boards of the flooring. Rows of planks the full
+width of the platform led up to it and down from it, so that a body of men
+as wide as the gallery might be able to march up and down in close rank.
+
+"The area of the platform was first covered over with labourers packed as
+closely together as possible; but no action of walking, running, or jumping
+that 300 men could perform did any injury whatever to it, and the greatest
+deflection of the girders did not exceed a quarter of an inch. Soldiers of
+the corps of Royal Sappers and Miners were then substituted for the
+contractors' men; and although the perfect regularity of their step in
+marking time sharply appeared a remarkably severe test, a minute
+examination of the construction after the completion of the experiments
+showed that no damage whatever had been done by their evolutions.
+
+"But as the Commissioners were deeply impressed with the necessity of
+thoroughly convincing the public, who should visit the Exhibition, that
+they might feel perfectly secure in every part of the building, it was
+deemed desirable to apply a still further test to the actual galleries as
+they stand; as it might perhaps be said that the single bay which had been
+experimented upon was not similarly circumstanced to those forming parts of
+the building.
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Testing the Gallery Floor.]
+
+[Illustration: View of the Boiler House.]
+
+"For this purpose a very ingenious apparatus was devised by the late Mr.
+Field, President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, for testing the
+stability of the galleries _in situ_, and on being applied over the greater
+part of the building not a single bolt or girder gave way under its action.
+This apparatus consisted of eight square wooden frames divided into
+thirty-six compartments, each just capable of containing and allowing to
+rotate a 68-pounder shot. The surfaces of the balls placed in each of these
+compartments came in contact with the gallery floor, the frames themselves
+being attached to one another and running along the floor by means of
+castors fixed at the angles; the whole apparatus being drawn along by a
+number of men. Two hundred and eighty-eight 68-pound shot confined in a
+limited area were thus set rolling over more than half the extent of the
+galleries; when, not the slightest mishap having occurred, the experiment
+was considered decisive, and a persistence in it deemed unnecessary."
+
+The pressure obtained in this experiment amounted to about a hundred pounds
+per square foot, and it had been ascertained that the greatest pressure
+caused by packing men together as closely as possible was equal to about
+ninety-five pounds per square foot; so that the testing force applied was
+considered amply sufficient, as a considerable portion of the surface of
+the gallery will be occupied by light articles exhibited in the cases and
+stalls which are placed along the centre of the gallery, where a great
+weight would have most effect.
+
+This ingenious method of proving the strength of the galleries _in situ_,
+without endangering those engaged in the experiment, is admirable; and the
+result of the proof will no doubt allay all fear in the mind of the public
+as to the safety of this portion of the building.
+
+
+
+
+General Advantages of the Building.
+
+
+It is always much easier to point out the defects of any work than its
+excellences; whilst we may, therefore, safely leave the former, as regards
+our present subject, to be discovered and enlarged upon by those who may be
+perhaps more competent than ourselves, we will attempt to point out what we
+conceive to be some of the advantages obtained in the present building.
+
+One of the principal of these, considering throughout the purpose of the
+structure, is, perhaps, the uninterrupted view of the interior which the
+spectator may obtain from any point of the building--a matter of great
+importance to the general grandeur of its effect. From the galleries more
+particularly, which will be less obstructed by large objects, the eye of
+the spectator will be able to range from end to end of the vast edifice;
+while the transparency of the material used for the roof allows every
+object to be brilliantly illuminated. The slender lines of the supports,
+though they serve to sustain a protecting covering, scarcely interrupt the
+view of the objects protected, and the absence of any fixed divisions or
+partitions enables all the articles exhibited to be so arranged as to suit
+the peculiar requirements of each particular class; while the ample space
+between the supports has admitted of the formation of large open avenues
+for the free passage of visitors, who may thus reach as readily the
+remotest corners of the building as those situated near the entrances; and
+whenever the visitor may find himself fatigued by the labour of
+sight-seeing, he will be sure to find himself near one of the numerous
+exit-doors, whereby he may immediately free himself from the crowd of
+spectators.
+
+From the simplicity of the details of the construction, and their constant
+recurrence, it will be seen that so long as the ends of the building were
+left incomplete, its size could easily be limited or expanded, so as to
+include that precise amount of space which, up to the last moment when the
+point could be kept open, appeared most likely to be required. This
+simplicity of arrangement will also be found very advantageous in case the
+building is removed after the termination of its present temporary purpose;
+as the parts may be easily separated without much injury, and as readily
+re-erected, either as a whole, or even in many separate buildings, having
+the same arrangement of parts, without the same general form or appearance.
+
+It has been calculated that the passages remaining in the building, after
+deducting the space appropriated to the objects exhibited, will hold more
+than 100,000 persons; though it is not to be expected that half that number
+will be collected there at one time. The ventilation and supply of fresh
+air for so vast a throng was therefore a matter of the first importance;
+and the means already described for accomplishing this great object are so
+ample, that any inconvenience from oppressive heat or foul air can hardly
+be expected. The canvass with which the roof is covered will not only serve
+to modify the heat of the sun in the interior, but it is expected that if
+it be watered by the hose of engines, it may even reduce the temperature
+within to considerably below that of the external air. From his experience
+in glass-houses for horticultural purposes, Mr. Paxton speaks confidently
+on this point.
+
+The arrangement of the construction of the building resting on isolated
+instead of continuous supports, will enable all traces of it to be readily
+effaced from the site if it is removed; and, on the other hand, if it
+remains, it is evidently peculiarly suited to form a vast winter-garden and
+public promenade.
+
+
+
+
+Conclusion.
+
+
+Before taking leave of the reader who may have patiently followed us thus
+far, a few words may be necessary on the general arrangement of the
+articles to be exhibited in the building whose outline and details we have
+been endeavouring to trace. The first classification is geographical. All
+the western half of the building is given to England, and the eastern,
+which is rather the larger of the two, to foreign countries; the space
+assigned to each country being distinctly defined, so as to avoid the
+possibility of any disputes. As far as it was possible, the space for each
+country is so arranged as to have a frontage towards the main central
+avenue, and in most cases occupies a strip the whole width of the building;
+the visitor, therefore, passing up and down the length, will not miss out
+any country.
+
+In the central avenue, and immediately on either side of it, are placed the
+most remarkable specimens of objects coming under the class of fine-arts,
+or otherwise sufficiently remarkable to entitle them to such a prominent
+place. Behind these, in the side avenues, will be found the various
+specimens of manufactured articles; and along the outside longitudinal
+avenues are placed, on the south side, those belonging to the class of raw
+products (a portion being devoted to agricultural implements), and the
+projecting portion of the building on the north side forms the hall of
+machinery, which is separated by a partition of glazed sashes from the rest
+of the building. Many of the articles will be grouped in courts, an
+arrangement which the construction particularly leads to; and these will
+probably form some of the greatest attractions in the Exhibition, each
+being, as it were, complete in itself, and the inclosures preventing the
+eye from being distracted by distant objects. To enter further into the
+detail of this part of the subject would be foreign to the purpose of this
+work, the building itself being our text.
+
+We have now, we believe, completed the pleasant task we proposed to
+ourselves at the outset, and we hope that in doing so we may have been able
+to render interesting to our general readers this description of
+operations, usually occupying the attention of the technical professions
+only. With this intention, we have avoided as far as possible the use of
+technical terms, which would be a dead letter to the uninitiated, at the
+risk, perhaps, of being considered inaccurate by those acquainted with all
+the details of the subject.
+
+So many men whose eminent talent is well known and appreciated by the
+public have been engaged in perfecting the designs and carrying out the
+erection of this vast structure, that the critic should be one of no mean
+reputation who would venture to raise even a small voice of individual
+criticism on its merits. We have considered it, therefore, to be our part
+rather to record the opinions of others on any points where a discussion
+has been raised than to trouble the reader with any personal views, which
+would, perhaps, have only appeared impertinent.
+
+The nature and extent of the difficulties which have been successfully
+surmounted in carrying out this great work can only be fully appreciated by
+those intimately acquainted with all its structural details and with its
+rapid progress; and its completion in so short a period must be regarded as
+a striking instance of the productive power and spirit of commercial
+enterprise of this country, while the fact of its being defrayed by the
+voluntary contributions of the people will illustrate in an interesting
+manner to our continental visitors that principle of self-government which
+forms the basis of all our institutions, and the spirit of private
+enterprise which characterises most of our great undertakings.
+
+The illustrative engravings with which we have endeavoured to render more
+interesting the descriptive details, necessarily somewhat dry to the
+general reader, are only intended to convey general ideas, without
+attempting that minute accuracy which would be required in a more technical
+work; and with reference to some of them we take this opportunity of
+acknowledging the assistance our artists have derived from views already
+published elsewhere, others having been exclusively drawn for the present
+work.
+
+We have much pleasure in presenting our readers, in the Appendix, with
+views and descriptions of two of the most striking designs sent in the
+first competition for the building, the materials for which have been
+kindly afforded us by their respective authors; and we may remind the
+reader that these two designs were specially mentioned by the Building
+Committee in their Report already quoted. In the same place some
+interesting documents connected with the building will also be found, which
+we were unable to insert in the text.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+LIST OF COMPETITORS FOR THE BUILDING PROPOSED TO BE ERECTED IN HYDE PARK.
+
+  Mons. Acollas, Architecte, 33, Rue Lafayette, à Paris.
+  Messrs. Aickin and Capes, 1, Clarence-street, Islington.
+  W. Albon, Esq., 32, Abingdon-street, Westminster.
+  C. B. Allen, Architect, 9, Great College-street, Westminster.
+  F. C. Anderson, Esq., 9, Holles-street, Cavendish-square.
+  _Architekton_ (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).
+  Henry Ashton, Esq., 50A, Lower Brooke-street.
+  John S. Austin, Architect, Bedford.
+  William Austin, Esq., High-street, East Dereham, Norfolk.
+  C. Badger, Esq., Architect, 40, Rue Blanche, Paris.
+  R. Baly, Esq., 14, Buckingham-street, Adelphi.
+  Alfred Beaumont, Architect, 5, Warwick Chambers, Beak-street.
+  Richard Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.
+  W. Bell, Esq., Clift Cottage, Coronation-road, Bristol.
+  Thomas Bellamy, Esq., 8, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.
+  Mons. Felix Belleflamme, Brussels.
+  J. S. Benest, Esq., 21, Rutland-street, Hampstead-road.
+  J. H. Bertram, M. Inst. C. E., Reading.
+  John Black, Esq., 33, Ernest-street, Regent's Park.
+  E. Blatchley, Esq., Jun., 362, Oxford-street.
+  Mons. Alphonse Botrel, Architecte, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.
+  A. W. Boulnois, Esq., Bazaar, King-street, Baker-street.
+  W. Boyle, Esq., 5, Little George-street, Westminster.
+  R. Brandon, Architect, 11, Beaufort-buildings, Strand.
+  R. Broad, Esq., Horseley Works, Tipton.
+  B. Broadbridge, Architect, 35, Ladbroke-square, Notting-hill.
+  F. Brown, Esq., Francis-street, Torrington-square.
+  R. Brown, Esq., 41, Lord-street, Liverpool.
+  J. B. Bunning, Esq., Guildhall.
+  George A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.
+  H. P. Burt, Esq., 238, Blackfriars-road.
+  John G. Grace, Esq., 14, Wigmore-street.
+  E. I. C., Alnwick.
+  Mons. J. Cailloux, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.
+  A. F. Campbell, Esq., 104, Pall Mall, Reform Club.
+  Henry Case, Esq., 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.
+  James Catt, Esq., Blackheath Park.
+  Mons. J. Charpentier, Architecte, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.
+  J. Claringbull, Esq., 95, Herbert-street, New North-road.
+  Mons. Henri van Cléemputte, Laon, France.
+  Mons. J. P. Cluysenaar, Architecte, Bruxèlles.
+  J. Colshurst, Esq., 36, Jermyn-street, St. James's.
+  John Colson, Architect, Winchester.
+  Mons. J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, Holland.
+  C. E. Coote, Esq., Clifton.
+  W. R. Corson, Architect, 3, Albion-place, Leeds.
+  H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Awylne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.
+  David Cowan, Esq., 9, Hungerford-street, Strand.
+  Mons. Crémont, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.
+  W. Cruikshank, Esq., 24, Duke-street.
+  Mons. E. Damas de Culture, 20, Rue Mazayran, Paris.
+  G. J. Darley, Esq., C.E., 7, Kildare-street, Dublin.
+  Mons. A. Delaage, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.
+  W. Dennis, Esq., Church-street, Hackney.
+  Charles Downes, Esq., 29, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.
+  Francis Drake, Esq., 11, Calthorpe-street, Gray's-inn-road.
+  Henry Duesbury, Architect, Kensington Gore.
+  Mons. Duflocq, 96, Rue Rochechouart, Paris.
+  Mons. Dupuy, 9, Rue Duplessés, Versailles.
+  Mons. Dusillion, Architecte, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.
+  Mons. A. Durand, Moulins, France.
+  O. C. Edwards, Esq., Gloucester.
+  J. Eldudge, Esq., 16, Somerset-place, New Road, Commercial-rd. East.
+  J. Elliott, Architect, 28, Portland-terrace, Southampton.
+  M. G. Fétar van Elven, Architecte, Amsterdam.
+  D. Erskine, Esq., 58, Clerk-street, Edinburgh.
+  W. J. Everitt, Esq., 1, Garden-street, Stepney-green.
+  Mons. Théodore Faure, 2, Little Argyle-street, Regent-street.
+  Mons. F. Desaint Félix, and E. E. White, Architects, Ipswich.
+  Mons. Henri Fevre, Architecte, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.
+  F. Finlay, Esq., 26, Duke-street, Westminster.
+  Charles Folkard, Esq., C.E., 56, King-street, Whitehall.
+  David Colin Forbes, Esq., Stirling.
+  James Forrest, Esq., C.E., 25, Great George-street.
+  W. Freebody, Esq., 9, Duke-street, Westminster.
+  S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.
+  L. Fürges, Architecte, Crefeld.
+  C. E. G., Warwick.
+  A. Garrard. Esq., Surveyor.
+  Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, à Calais.
+  Arthur Gearing, Esq., 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.
+  William Geggie, Esq., Knaresbro'.
+  J. Gibson, Esq., Great Western Railway, Paddington.
+  Robert Gilingham, Esq., 31, Clarence-road, Kentish Town.
+  Mons. Godeboeuf, Architecte, 12, Place Breda, à Paris.
+  C. W. Gooch, Esq., 42, Connaught-terrace, Edgeware-road.
+  John Gould, Esq., Tottenham Park, Wiltshire.
+  Richard Greene, Esq., F.S.A., Sec. to Lichfield Architectural Society.
+  Edmund W. Grubb, Esq., Newnham, Gloucestershire.
+  Robert S. Grubb, Esq., Newham-on-Severn, Gloucestershire.
+  T. R. Guppy, Esq., Naples.
+  J. C. Haddan, Esq., 29, Bloomsbury-square.
+  Thomas Roberts Hannaford, Architect, 21, Trigon-terrace, Kennington.
+  O. Hansard, Architect, 2, Kensington-gardens-terrace, Hyde Park.
+  Robert Hardy, Carpenter, 32, North Conduit-street, Bethnal-green.
+  John Thornhill Harrison, Esq., East Bolden, near Gateshead.
+  J. P. Harrison, Esq., 11, Chancery-lane.
+  Thomas Haw, Esq., 27, Prospect-terrace, Globe-road, Mile-end.
+  Thomas Hayes, Esq., 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde Park.
+  Samuel Heilton, Esq., 54, Red Cross-street, City.
+  Mons. J. Henard, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.
+  James Hendrey, Esq., 4, Pancras-lane, Cheapside.
+  J. Hewitt, Esq., Oxford.
+  W. S. Hollands, Esq., 37, King William-street.
+  Mons. Hector Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.
+  George Horton, Esq., 6, Green-street, Grosvenor-square.
+  Albert P. Howell, Architect, 2, Holywell-street, Westminster.
+  Mons. C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.
+  Benjamin Hurwitz, Esq., 1, Brydges-street, Strand.
+  John Imray, Esq., Engineer, 12, Howley-street, Lambeth.
+  A. Jackson, Esq., Barkhart House, Orpington, Kent.
+  Mons. Ch. Schoech Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.
+  Charles Jayne, Architect, 7, Chancery-lane.
+  Adam Jizkowski, Architect to the Government, Warsaw.
+  Joseph Jopling, Esq., Felton Villa, Finchley-road.
+  H. J. Kaye, Esq., 63, Sloane-street, Knightsbridge.
+  G. P. Kennedy and R. Kennedy, Esqrs., Sussex Chambers, Duke-street, St.
+      James's.
+  J. T. Knowles, Esq., 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.
+  Herr Friedrich Krahe, Brunswick.
+  Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.
+  A Lady with great diffidence submits this plan.
+  M. Laves, Architect to the King of Hanover, Hanover.
+  Mons. A. G. Ledrut, Claremont.
+  S. W. Leonard, Assistant-Curator Micrological Society, 11, Upper
+      Stamford-street, Waterloo-road.
+  W. B. Lewis, Esq., Rainbow-hill, Worcester.
+  R. Lobb, Esq., 8, Goulden-terrace, Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  Locke Brothers, New Peckham.
+  Henry Lockwood, F.S.A., and William Mawson, Architects, Bradford.
+  Henry Lote, Esq., 51, Brompton-row.
+  R. Lovely, Esq., C.E., 1, Victoria-terrace, Queen's-road, Nottingham.
+  George Mackenzie, Esq., 3, Claremont-row, Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  Messrs. Magni and Thummeloup, 26, Boulevard du Temple, Paris.
+  R. Mallet, Esq., Victoria Foundry, Dublin.
+  Mansell and Elliott, Architects, Halkin-street West, Belgrave-square.
+  R. M. Marchant, Esq., 18, Great George-street.
+  P. J. Margary, Esq., Dawlish, Devonshire.
+  W. P. Marshall, Esq., Temple-buildings, New-street, Birmingham.
+  D. Mickle, Esq., 37, Queen-square, Bloomsbury.
+  Joseph Mitchell, Architect, St. James's-street, Sheffield.
+  J. Montheath, Esq., 10, Stanley-street, Paddington.
+  James Moon, Architect, 1, Millman-street, Bedford-row.
+  Captain W. S. Moorsom, 17½, Great George-street.
+  G. Morgan, Architect, 6, Charles-street, Westminster.
+  J. H. Muller, Gaes, Holland.
+  Charles C. Nelson, Esq., 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.
+  Mons. C. Frédéric Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.
+  W. Nethersole, Esq., C.E., 73, Oakley-square, St. Pancras.
+  I. W. Newberry, Esq., Hook Norton, Chipping Norton, Oxon.
+  Francis B. Newman, Architect, 14, Heathcote-street, Mecklenburgh-sq.
+  C. H. Newton, Esq., 92, Camden-road Villas, Regent's Park.
+  Mons. Paliard, 23, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.
+  E. Paraire, Architect, 16, Woodstock-street, Bond-street.
+  Mons. Henri le Pâtre, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.
+  Thomas Peacock, Esq., High-street, Kensington.
+  J. D. Pemberton, Esq., Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.
+  G. Perry, Architect, 42, Newington-place, Kennington.
+  Mons. Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.
+  William Radley, Chemical Engineer, Regent-street, Lambeth.
+  W. Railton, Esq., 12, Regent-street.
+  W. Rankin, Esq., Stirling.
+  W. Reed, Esq., Cannon Cottage Hill, Southampton.
+  Messrs. Reid and Butcher, Architects and Surveyors, 38, Red Lion-square,
+      London.
+  Stanley Reilly, Architect, 3, Upper Kennington-green, Kennington.
+  George Banks Rennie, Esq., Whitehall-place.
+  Harry Ralph Ricardo, Esq., Beaulieu Lodge, Norwood, Surrey.
+  W. Riddle, Esq., East Temple Chambers, Whitefriars, Fleet-street.
+  H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.
+  J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.
+  R. Roberta, Esq., Globe Works, Manchester.
+  Andrew John Robertson, Esq., C.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
+  William Robertson, Esq., 12, Gordon-street, City-road.
+  A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.
+  Alex. M. Ross, Esq., 3, Parliament-street, Westminster.
+  Rough Draught, 42, Stainford-street.
+  Henry Rouse, Esq.
+  H. H. Russell, Esq., C.E., M.R.S.A.
+  W. Russell, Esq., 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.
+  E. Ryde, Esq., 14, Upper Belgrave-place, Eaton-square.
+  George Sanderson, Esq., 136, Solly-street, Sheffield.
+  Charles Sanderson, Esq., Friar-street, Reading.
+  Robert Sandeman, Architect, Greenside, Edinburgh.
+  H. Savage, Esq., 22, Beaumont-street. Mary-le-bone.
+  W. Scurry, Esq., 7, Denbigh-place, Pimlico.
+  Sed quis custodiet Custodes.
+  J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.
+  J. R. Sewell, Esq., Carrington, near Nottingham.
+  Mons. A. Slater, Architecte, Elève de Mons. l'Architecte Cluysenaar.
+  E. Smallwood, Architect, 86, Park-street, Camden Town.
+  F. Smallman Smith, Esq., 18, Brunswick-st., Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  C. H. Smith, Esq., 29, Clipstone-street.
+  J. M. Smith, Esq., 1, Chapel-place, Duke-street, Westminster.
+  W. J. Smith, Esq., 18, Bond-street, Commercial-road, Lambeth.
+  G. Campbell Smith, Esq., Banff.
+  Messrs. Soyer and Warrener, Reform Club.
+  Paul Sprenger, Esq., Architect to the Government, Vienna.
+  Herr Friederich Stammann, Hamburg.
+  Francis Sternitz, Esq., 10, Berner-street, Commercial-road East.
+  W. Stewart, Esq., Seacombe, Cheshire.
+  M. J. Stutely, Architect, 4, Doughty-street, Mecklenburgh-square.
+  H. Suckling, Esq., 1, Conduit-street, Regent-street.
+  George Tate, Esq., Bawtry, Yorkshire.
+  J. Taylor, Architect, 22, Parliament-street.
+  T. Taylor, Architect, 33, Clarendon-street, Oakley-square.
+  J. H. Taunton, Esq., 2, Gordon-place, Kensington.
+  D. W. Thomas, Esq., 20, St. Petersburg-place, Bayswater.
+  R. M. Thompson, Esq., 46, Leicester-square.
+  P. Thompson, Architect, 1, Osnaburgh-place, New-road.
+  F. Thompson, Esq., 15, Trafalgar-square, Peckham.
+  James Thrupp, Architect, 2, Park-place, Bath.
+  H. W. Todd and W. Allingham, 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.
+  Richard Turner and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.
+  Henry Turner, Esq., Low Heaton, Haugh, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
+  F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.
+  Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Armes, Paris.
+  John Walker, Esq., Crooked-lane Chambers, King William-street.
+  George Wallis, Artist, and Henry Summers, Architect, 14, College-place,
+      Camden Town.
+  J. N. Warren, Esq., C.E., 18, Adam-street, Adelphi.
+  J. E. Watson, Esq., 74, Grey-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
+  Henry Whitcombe, Esq., Slough.
+  George Wightwick, Architect, 3, Athenæum-terrace, Plymouth.
+  George Wilkie, Esq., C.E., 8, Powell-street West, King's-square.
+  George Wilkinson, Esq., Horsham.
+  S. J. Wilkinson, Esq., 7, Jeffry's-square, St. Mary Axe.
+  James Williams, Esq., 18, Westgate-buildings, Bath.
+  George Wilson, Esq., Knaresbro', Yorkshire.
+  Ralph Wilson, Architect, 16, Bridge-street, Westminster.
+  James G. Wilson, Esq., 18, Great George-street, Westminster,
+  Richard Winder, Esq., Fenchurch-street.
+  R. A. Withall, Architect, 80, Cheapside.
+  W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.
+  Frederick Wood, Esq., 6, Franklin-road, Queen's-road, East Chelsea.
+  Thomas Worthington, Architect, 54, King-street, Manchester.
+  James Wylson, Architect, 112, Fyfe-place, Glasgow.
+
+
+
+----
+
+LIST A.
+
+ENTITLED TO FAVOURABLE AND HONOURABLE MENTION.
+
+
+  C. B. Allen, Architect, Great College-street, Westminster.
+  W. Allingham (and Todd), 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.
+  _Architekton_ (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).
+  H. Ashton, 50A, Lower Brooke-street.
+  C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.
+  B. P. Baly (four designs).
+  R. Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.
+  Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.
+  J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.
+  A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.
+  R. Brandon, Architect, Little Beaufort-buildings, Strand.
+  F. Brown, Francis-street, Torrington-square.
+  J. B. Bunning, Architect, Guildhall, City of London.
+  G. A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.
+  J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.
+  H. Case, 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.
+  J. Charpentier, Architect, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.
+  Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.
+  J. P. Cluysenaar, Architect of King of the Belgians, Brussels.
+  J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, Holland.
+  H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Alwyne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.
+  Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.
+  W. Cruikshank, 24, Duke-street.
+  A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.
+  C. Downes, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.
+  A. Durand, Moulins, France.
+  Mons. Dusillion, Architect, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.
+  M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.
+  H. Fevre, Architect, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.
+  S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.
+  Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, Calais.
+  A. Gearing, 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.
+  Eugene Godeboeuf, 12, Place Breda, Paris.
+  J. T. Harrison, East Bolden, near Gateshead.
+  T. Hayes, 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde-park.
+  J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.
+  H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.
+  C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.
+  J. Imray, C. E., Howley-street, Lambeth.
+  Ch. Schoech Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.
+  Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.
+  J. T. Knowles, Architect, 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.
+  M. Laves, Architect of the King, Hanover.
+  A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.
+  W. B. Lewis, Rainbow-hill, Worcester.
+  C. C. Nelson, 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.
+  C. F. Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.
+  Mons. Paliard, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.
+  H. le Pâtre, Architect, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.
+  Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.
+  H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.
+  J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.
+  A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.
+  H. Rouse, Esq.
+  W. Russell, 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.
+  H. Savage, 22, Beaumont-street, Marylebone.
+  J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.
+  A. Slater, Architect, Elève de Mons. Cluysenaar.
+  F. Smallman Smith, 18, Brunswick-street, Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  C. H. Smith, Clipstone-street, London.
+  Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.
+  H. Sumners, Architect, 14, College-place, Camden Town.
+  Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.
+  F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.
+  Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.
+  J. Watson, 74, Grey-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
+  W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.
+  T. Worthington, Architect, King-street, Manchester.
+
+
+
+----
+
+LIST B.
+
+ENTITLED TO FURTHER HIGHER HONORARY DISTINCTION.
+
+
+  C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.
+  Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.
+  J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.
+  A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.
+  J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.
+  Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.
+  Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.
+  A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.
+  M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.
+  J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.
+  H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.
+  C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.
+  A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.
+  H. le Pâtre, Architect, 4K, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.
+  Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.
+  Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.
+  Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.
+  Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.
+
+
+[Illustration: Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the Building. Exterior]
+
+[Illustration: View of the Interior.]
+
+
+
+
+TWO OF THE COMPETITION DESIGNS.
+
+----
+
+The following descriptions and plates of two of the designs sent in
+competition for the Building, and specially mentioned by the Committee in
+their Report, are given from information obligingly furnished to us by
+their respective authors.
+
+
+DESIGN BY M. HECTOR HOREAU, ARCHITECT, OF PARIS.
+
+  This was one of the most striking of all that were submitted to the
+  Commission; it formed one immense hall, or shed, more than 2000 feet
+  long, by about 270 feet wide throughout, with several small detached
+  buildings on the north side, for refreshments, &c.
+
+  The interior of the main building was divided into five avenues, the
+  centre one about ninety feet wide, those next adjoining rather more than
+  fifty feet, and the outside ones about forty feet wide. Iron columns,
+  about twenty-three feet apart, formed these avenues and supported arched
+  ribs for the roof. One end of the building was semicircular, the other
+  forming an ornamental façade, and about the centre of the length a
+  transept was formed.
+
+  M. Horeau says: "Simplicity, grandeur, ready means of construction, and
+  of increasing or diminishing the accommodation, and of removal if
+  required, forming altogether a specimen of the most recent improvements
+  introduced into the art of building--these are the principal objects
+  which it has been sought to attain. The whole of the construction is of
+  iron, without a single piece of wood, the foundation being executed in
+  brick; the façade to be in metal, porcelain, and glass, the floor of
+  asphalte, the roof to be principally covered with ornamental thick glass,
+  in large dimensions, or ground glass with patterns.
+
+  "Of the trusses or arched ribs supporting the roof there were to be but
+  three varieties, each in three pieces, with which the whole of the
+  building could be erected. This subdivision of the roof-trusses would
+  have facilitated the conversion of the building for other purposes; for,
+  taken singly, or in various combinations, they would have formed many
+  kinds of buildings for ordinary purposes. The attached buildings placed
+  on the north side would have shown several modes of effecting this. The
+  ornamental spandrils of the roof-trusses would be formed in stamped-work
+  out of copper, and gilt.
+
+  "The façade shows at a glance the purpose of the building, as well as its
+  interior disposition, in which the different widths of avenues would
+  afford space for objects of all varieties of dimensions. The façade
+  itself was to be formed with tracery or trellis-work of cast-iron, the
+  lower part being covered with sheet-iron; the cornice and ornamental
+  panels of porcelain; the medallions in coloured stone-ware; the doors and
+  inclosures of metal, silvered and gilt; the ornamental details to be
+  either cast or stamped; the scrolls in the panels being in coloured glass
+  or mosaic.
+
+  "The pediment is crowned with a group of figures representing the Genius
+  of Industry crowning the Arts and Sciences; in the cornice are placed the
+  names of all the principal cities of the world, and the names of eminent
+  men in panels. In the medallions are represented allegorical figures of
+  the different branches of science and industry. At the angles of the
+  building are placed trophies, the base of which would serve as
+  guard-houses."
+
+  The engravings will serve to show the general effect of this design in
+  its interior and exterior.
+
+----
+
+DESIGN BY MESSRS. R. AND T. TURNER, OF DUBLIN.
+
+  In this design also the interior was arranged as one uninterrupted space,
+  about 1,940 feet long, and 408 wide, the roof in one span rising about
+  120 feet above the floor; the supports, consisting of semicircular ribs,
+  forming the interior into three avenues, the centre one 200 feet wide and
+  the full height, the side ones 104 feet wide and about sixty feet high.
+  In the centre of the length a transept was proposed, and the square area
+  at the meeting of that with the central avenue was to be covered with a
+  glass dome.
+
+  The ends of the building, as well as those of the transept, were to be
+  filled in with tracery in the upper part, a colonnade below protecting
+  the entrances. Galleries, if necessary, were to be placed in the side
+  avenues. The construction of this building was proposed to be principally
+  of wrought iron, which would have given to the circular ribs and other
+  parts a great lightness of effect; but, on the other hand, the
+  difficulties of producing and putting together such an enormous amount of
+  wrought-iron work in so short a space of time as that required was
+  considered an almost insuperable objection to the design. Large portions
+  of the roof were to be covered with glass, so as to admit an abundance of
+  light into the interior.
+
+  The accompanying views of the exterior and interior of this design, from
+  the simplicity of the arrangement, consisting of a repetition of similar
+  parts, require but little description for their elucidation.
+
+
+[Illustration: Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View of Exterior from one
+end.]
+
+
+[Illustration: Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design. Transverse Section, and
+View of the Interior.]
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDUM ON THE SITE.
+
+
+_Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 1st July,
+1850; for_
+
+COPY of a LETTER addressed by the Commissioners of the EXHIBITION of 1851
+to the Lords of the Treasury, inclosing Memorandum as to the Site of the
+Exhibition Building in Hyde Park.
+
+----
+
+
+
+SIR,--I am directed by her Majesty's Commissioners for the Exhibition of
+1851 to transmit to you herewith, for the information of the Lords
+Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury, a memorandum of the grounds on
+which the present site has been selected for the Exhibition, and of the
+proceedings that have been taken in consequence of that selection.--I have,
+&c.
+
+
+
+    The Right Honourable W. G. Hayter, M.P., &c. &c. &c.
+
+----
+
+Memorandum of the grounds on which the site has been selected for the
+Exhibition of 1851, and of the proceedings which have been taken in
+consequence of that selection, prepared for the information of the Lords of
+the Treasury by the Royal Commissioners for promoting the Exhibition.
+
+  1.  It is within the knowledge of the Lords of the Treasury, that from
+  the time of the earliest announcement of the proposed Exhibition it has
+  always been intended that it should take place in the Metropolis. Not
+  only was such an intention matter of notoriety at the time that the
+  question of issuing a Royal Commission was under consideration, but the
+  Commission itself, when issued formally recited that it was proposed "To
+  establish an Enlarged Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations,
+  to be holden in London, in the year 1851;" and it was to further the
+  holding of such an exhibition that the present Commissioners were
+  specially appointed.
+
+  2.  Considering the importance of the undertaking, and the circumstances
+  attending its promulgation, the selection of the Metropolis as its
+  intended locality appears to have been both natural and proper. It will
+  be borne in mind that the exhibitions which have from time to time been
+  held in foreign countries have generally, and, as the Commissioners
+  believe, invariably, been held in the capitals of the respective
+  countries. In the present case it was peculiarly important that an
+  undertaking which required the constant superintendence of a body of
+  Commissioners, whose occupations for the most part confine them to
+  London, should be carried on within their immediate cognisance, and not
+  removed to a distant situation.
+
+  3.  It being thus distinctly evident that the Exhibition ought to take
+  place in London, it is further obvious that the actual site which may be
+  selected for it should be within the precincts of, or in the closest
+  vicinity to, the most central and accessible parts of the Metropolis
+  itself. It need hardly be pointed out that it would be objectionable to
+  impose upon persons who may have come to London from a great distance the
+  necessity of an additional journey to visit the Exhibition; a
+  consideration which has already been urged upon the Commissioners by the
+  representatives of several of the most important provincial towns, who
+  are apprehensive of the inconvenience to which artizans in particular
+  might thus be subjected. Moreover, the removal of the Exhibition to any
+  distance sufficient to diminish the number of visitors would not only
+  militate against its essential character of general accessibility, but
+  might most seriously affect the receipts upon which its self-supporting
+  character must depend, a point upon which it appears that much stress has
+  been laid.
+
+  4.  Although Hyde Park, and even the particular space now in question,
+  had been already mentioned before the issue of the Commission, and indeed
+  so far back as October, 1849, as a probable site for the Exhibition, it
+  is unnecessary to assure the Lords of the Treasury that the Commissioners
+  approached the question of the site after their appointment without
+  having in any degree prejudged the merits of particular localities. On
+  the 14th of February, their attention having been directed to the
+  importance of determining the site by the Committee then recently
+  appointed for all matters relating to the building, they deputed two
+  Commissioners, namely, Lord Granville and Mr. Labouchere, to wait upon
+  the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and to confer with him upon
+  the subject. The result of this conference is set forth in the Report
+  presented by the Building Committee at the next meeting of the
+  Commissioners (Feb. 21), of which the following is the portion which
+  relates to the question of the site:--
+
+  "With respect to the site, it has appeared to your Committee that,
+  firstly, the north-eastern portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space
+  between her Majesty's private road and the Kensington-road, in the
+  southern part of Hyde Park; and, thirdly, the north-western portion of
+  Regent's Park, are the only available spaces about the Metropolis which
+  would afford the necessary accommodation; and it is believed that the
+  order in which they have been named represents also their relative
+  eligibility. As regards the first, the Committee are informed by the
+  Chief Commissioner of her Majesty's Woods and Forests, that considerable
+  objections would arise to its occupation for such a purpose, and that no
+  such objections would be raised to the use of the second; the Committee,
+  therefore, recommend the adoption of this site, which, amongst other
+  advantages, is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the
+  existing roads. Upon this occasion a letter was received from the
+  Westminster Committee, stating that the local Commissioners for
+  Westminster had visited the site in Hyde Park, and a site suggested in
+  the Regent's Park, and that they were of opinion that the site in Hyde
+  Park was the preferable one."
+
+  The recommendation of the Building Committee having been agreed to, a
+  form of advertisement, requesting plans and suggestions for the building,
+  was, at the next meeting (28th February), submitted for approbation, and
+  was ordered to be immediately issued in the English, French, and, German
+  languages. To this advertisement was appended a ground-plan of the site
+  in Hyde Park for the guidance of those to whom the advertisement was
+  addressed. The details of this plan were discussed in the presence of the
+  Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and were settled in conformity
+  with his lordship's wishes.
+
+  5.  In consequence of the advertisement thus issued, no less than 248
+  plans and suggestions, many of them the productions of foreign artists,
+  were sent in to the Commissioners. A large number of these were of a very
+  elaborate character, and bore evident marks of considerable application
+  and ability.
+
+  6.  Soon after the site had been selected, some other important
+  arrangements having also by this time been made, the Commissioners
+  prepared and published a statement (21 February) explanatory of the
+  nature and objects of the Exhibition, which was widely circulated in this
+  country, was forwarded to our consuls abroad and to the foreign consuls
+  in England, and was officially transmitted by the Secretary of State to
+  all Foreign Governments, and to all the Governors of the British
+  Colonies, as well as to India. In this statement it was announced that
+  "Her Majesty had been graciously pleased to grant a site for the purpose
+  (of the Exhibition) on the south side of Hyde Park, lying between the
+  Kensington Drive and the ride commonly called Rotten Row."
+
+  7.  The site having been thus deliberately chosen and formally announced,
+  all subsequent proceedings connected with the building have been taken
+  with direct reference to it. The plans have been prepared with a view to
+  its peculiarities, and the form of the building and its internal as well
+  as its external arrangements have been determined by them. The amount of
+  space available for the display of articles has been calculated upon the
+  data afforded by the site, and from a calculation of this amount the
+  Commissioners have been able to assign to each foreign country a definite
+  space for the arrangement of its own productions. All the necessary
+  working-drawings and specifications have been prepared with very great
+  labour and at considerable expense, and have now been issued in a form
+  which will insure to the Commissioners the certainty of obtaining, within
+  a few days, _bonâ fide_ tenders for the execution of a design presenting
+  every facility for construction within the time prescribed. The
+  mechanical difficulties have been surmounted, and all the preliminary
+  arrangements, even to the extent of provision for an effective drainage
+  and a sufficient water supply, have been entered into. The whole of these
+  preparations have reference to this particular site only, and are
+  inapplicable or unsuitable to any other.
+
+  8.  From what has been already stated, it will be seen that the present
+  site was not selected without consideration, and that the proceedings
+  which have been taken with respect to it were not commenced until the
+  Commissioners had good ground for believing that there would be no
+  objection to its occupation. The attention, however, which has lately
+  been directed to the point, has caused them anxiously to reconsider the
+  whole subject, and renders it now necessary for them to enter into
+  somewhat more of detail as to the grounds upon which they have come to
+  the conclusion which they have formed, that this is the only site in or
+  about the Metropolis which is at once suitable and practically available
+  for the purposes of the Exhibition.
+
+  9.  Of the other sites which have been suggested, the following are the
+  only ones deserving of particular consideration:--
+
+    (_a_) The North-eastern portion of Hyde Park.
+    (_b_) The North-western portion of Regent's Park.
+    (_c_) Battersea Park.
+    (_d_) Victoria Park.
+    (_e_) Wormwood Scrubbs.
+
+  10.  The north-eastern portion of Hyde Park would, in the opinion of many
+  members of the Building Committee, be a very eligible situation; but, as
+  has been already mentioned, an objection was taken to this locality on
+  the part of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, on the ground that
+  the building would interfere with some important thoroughfares in that
+  part of the park, and on account of other considerations of public
+  importance; and the idea was abandoned in consequence.
+
+  11.  The site suggested in the Regent's Park has been found, since it was
+  visited by the Building Committee, not to be available, as the leases
+  under which the houses in the neighbourhood are held contain a clear and
+  stringent provision that no new building of any kind shall be erected
+  within the limits of the park.
+
+  12.  With regard to the ground in the neighbourhood of Battersea proposed
+  to be purchased by the Government, and to be converted into a park to be
+  called Battersea Park, the Lords of the Treasury are of course aware that
+  only a small proportion of the whole area has as yet been purchased; and
+  the Commissioners found on inquiry that this proportion consists of
+  numerous small detached pieces, utterly insufficient to accommodate a
+  building of the contemplated size, and separated from each other by
+  intervening plots of ground, many of them in a state of high cultivation,
+  and belonging to a great number of different proprietors, with whom it
+  would be absolutely impossible to effect arrangements within any time
+  which would afford the slightest chance of the Commissioners being put in
+  possession of a site in time to complete their building by the spring of
+  next year. It should be added that the site of this district is very low,
+  a great portion of it being some feet under high-water mark, and that the
+  nature of the soil presents serious objections to its use as a
+  building-ground.
+
+  13.  Victoria Park is situated in an inconvenient and not very accessible
+  part of the town. It would, moreover, be impossible to erect in it a
+  building of the required size without most seriously interfering with the
+  plantations and ornamental water which have been recently laid out there;
+  thus inflicting on the classes for whose recreation that park has been
+  opened an inconvenience infinitely more serious than could be caused to
+  the frequenters of the very much larger area of Hyde Park by the proposed
+  occupation of a comparatively small portion of it.
+
+  14.  Lastly, as regards Wormwood Scrubbs, besides that the distance is a
+  very serious objection, the rights of the commoners in that locality
+  would prevent its appropriation; and the Commissioners are advised that
+  it would be impossible to erect the building there without risk, as any
+  single commoner would have it in his power to interrupt the proceedings,
+  and to cause them to be discontinued at any stage of the work, however
+  advanced. Similar objections apply to Wandsworth and some other commons
+  in the neighbourhood of London, which have been occasionally mentioned as
+  possible sites.
+
+  14_a_. As regards Primrose Hill and the Isle of Dogs, the want of level
+  space on the former, and the objectionable situation and dampness of the
+  latter, render them so obviously unsuitable as to make any particular
+  observations unnecessary.
+
+  15.  But even could the objections to any of these sites be removed, or
+  could another and an unobjectionable site be pointed out, the
+  Commissioners feel hound to state, from their experience of the time,
+  thought, and labour necessarily consumed in the investigation,
+  arrangement, and preparation of the great mass of detail requisite to
+  enable them to carry out this extensive work, that they are fully
+  convinced of the impossibility of now adapting their plans to any other
+  site, with any reasonable prospect of being able to complete the work
+  within the time to which they stand pledged in the face of the world; and
+  they could only regard a change of site, particularly if it should
+  involve a change of plan, as tantamount to the postponement of the
+  Exhibition till another year. And the Commissioners cannot shut their
+  eyes to the fact, that a postponement of the Exhibition would, under the
+  circumstances, certainly lead to its entire abandonment.
+
+  16.  In order to give the Lords of the Treasury some idea of the
+  consequences of an abandonment of this scheme, the Commissioners would in
+  the first place direct their attention to the large amount of money
+  already subscribed towards its completion (which is at present nearly
+  64,000_l_.), to the number of local committees (now about 240) which have
+  been called into existence throughout the country, to the funds now being
+  raised by subscriptions out of their wages among the working-classes in
+  all parts of the country towards enabling them to visit an Exhibition to
+  which they are anxiously looking forward, and the abandonment of which
+  would be a great disappointment to numbers, and still more to the
+  extensive preparations which are now making for the supply of articles
+  for exhibition. It is within the knowledge of the Commissioners that
+  several individuals in this country have incurred several thousand
+  pounds' expense in such preparations, besides the anxiety which they have
+  occasioned.
+
+  17.  But the evils which would result from postponement, so far as this
+  country is concerned, are as nothing when compared with those which would
+  arise in the case of foreign nations and the colonies. The plan of the
+  Exhibition has been widely circulated for several months, and the
+  following States have already signified, through their respective
+  Governments, that they have appointed Committees or Commissioners,
+  consisting of the most distinguished individuals in those countries, to
+  co-operate with the Royal Commissioners in this country:--
+
+    Russia,
+    Sweden,
+    Norway,
+    Denmark,
+    Prussia,
+    Saxony,
+    Austria,
+    Bavaria,
+    Hanover,
+    Oldenburg,
+    Mecklenburg,
+    Hanse Towns,
+    France,
+    Holland,
+    Belgium,
+    Spain,
+    The United States,
+    Turkey,
+    Sardinia,
+    Venezuela,
+    Switzerland,
+    Nassau,
+    Anhalt, Dessau, &c.
+
+  Besides which it may be mentioned that special Commissioners have been
+  sent to this country by France, Russia, and one or two other States; and
+  that in most cases the Governments have undertaken the collection and the
+  transmission to this country, at their own expense, of the articles
+  intended for exhibition, for which, of course, their preparations are now
+  made.
+
+  18.  In all the countries which have been mentioned active preparations
+  for the Exhibition are now going on, and in some considerable expense is
+  known to have been incurred. The Russian Government has announced that
+  the goods intended for exhibition will be shipped from that country in
+  the autumn of this year, and questions pointing to a similar arrangement
+  have recently been put by the Government of Denmark. The Austrian
+  Government have given notice, that the Great Exhibition which was to have
+  been held at Vienna in the year 1851 has been postponed till the year
+  1852, in order not to clash with the Exhibition in London. All these
+  circumstances tend to show that the postponement of the Exhibition would
+  be seriously inconvenient to many countries, and would probably occasion
+  considerable and natural irritation at what would appear like national
+  vacillation, besides the certainty of rendering these countries unwilling
+  to run the risk of a second disappointment, and of deterring them from
+  continuing their preparations for a later period.
+
+  19.  These inconveniences would be felt also by the British Colonies.
+  Committees have been announced as formed in Malta, Ceylon, Nova Scotia,
+  Barbadoes, Guiana, and several of the West India Islands, and it is
+  probable that others have been appointed elsewhere. In India most
+  extensive preparations are being made, and the East India Company have
+  incurred very great expense by their exertions to contribute to the
+  Exhibition.
+
+  20.  After what has been said, it is unnecessary that the Commissioners
+  should enlarge any further upon the consequences to be apprehended from
+  the postponement which would be occasioned by an alteration of the site
+  of building. They will proceed to offer a few remarks upon some of the
+  objections which have been taken to that at present proposed.
+
+  21.  An idea appears to prevail in some quarters that the occupation of
+  the Park is intended to be of a permanent, and not, as has been
+  repeatedly announced, of a merely temporary character, and the
+  Commissioners are given to understand that by proposing to construct a
+  building into which a good deal of brickwork is to enter, they have shown
+  an intention at variance with their professions. Upon this point they
+  have to remark, in the first place, that, although the eminent architects
+  and engineers whom they have consulted, and to whom they have uniformly
+  given instructions to prepare plans suitable to a temporary structure,
+  have agreed to recommend the use of brick and other durable materials,
+  they have left it perfectly open to contractors to send in their tenders
+  for the execution of the work in any material or materials whatsoever,
+  and have notified their readiness to entertain such tenders, on the
+  single condition of their being "accompanied by working-drawings and
+  specifications, and fully priced bills of quantities." It is probable
+  that some such tenders will be made, and if made they will be impartially
+  considered; but the Commissioners must protest against the supposition
+  that it is necessarily more judicious to construct a temporary building
+  of perishable than of enduring materials. The first requisite of the
+  building is, that it should be suitable for its purpose, capable of
+  protecting the valuable goods deposited in it from injury of every
+  kind--as, for instance, from the weather, from the effects of the
+  dampness of the soil, from the danger of fire, and so forth, and that it
+  should be strong enough to avert all risk of accidental damage. Its next
+  requisite is, that it should be economical, and in estimating its cost
+  regard must be had not only to the expense of erection, but to the
+  facility of removal and the value of the materials when removed, as a
+  building may easily be conceived to be cheaper which should cost
+  100,000_l._ to erect, but of which the materials could afterwards be sold
+  for 50,000_l._, than another would be which cost but 80,000_l._ in the
+  first instance, but of which the materials should become so far
+  deteriorated as to produce only 20,000_l._ when taken down. It is the
+  opinion of those who have devised the plans in the present case, that a
+  building constructed of durable materials will in the end be cheaper than
+  one constructed of such as are more perishable; particularly as a
+  considerable portion of the building, namely, the iron roofing, will be
+  of a kind which is generally used in the construction of
+  railway-stations, and will probably be disposed of for that purpose after
+  the close of the Exhibition, as its temporary application to the purposes
+  of the Exhibition will be of no detriment to its being so. An opportunity
+  of testing the correctness of this opinion will be given when the tenders
+  are received, as, in addition to the customary form, it has been required
+  that they should also be sent upon the understanding that the materials
+  shall remain the property of the contractor, and shall in fact only be
+  hired for the purposes of the Exhibition. The third requisite of the
+  building is, that it should be at least seemly, though it may not be
+  necessary that it should be highly ornamental. The Commissioners trust
+  that it will fulfil this condition, while they would at the same time
+  point out that no expense is to be incurred for merely ornamental
+  purposes, unless it should be thought desirable to select a dome for
+  covering in the large space which must necessarily be left in the centre
+  of the building to suit the internal arrangements. A cheaper mode of
+  covering in this space will probably be resorted to, and the
+  Commissioners have directed that a special estimate of the cost of the
+  dome should be laid before them when the tenders are complete, in order
+  that they may judge of the propriety of sanctioning its erection.
+
+  Having offered this short explanation, they can only repeat once more the
+  assurances they have already given, that the building is not intended to
+  be permanent, and that it will be entirely removed, in accordance with
+  the conditions prescribed by the Lords of the Treasury on yielding up the
+  site, within seven months after the closing of the Exhibition, which
+  cannot be deferred after the 1st of November, and will probably take
+  place at an earlier period in the autumn of next year.
+
+  22.  Another ground of apprehension is stated to be, lest the Park should
+  be injured by the erection of the building, and the injury should
+  continue after the structure is removed. This apprehension is, however,
+  groundless; a small clump of ten trees has been allowed to be removed, in
+  compensation for which, it is proposed by the Commissioners of Woods and
+  Forests to plant another clump elsewhere. It is not intended to cut down
+  any more than that clump. As regards the surface of the ground to be
+  occupied, it will not only not be injured, but will ultimately be
+  materially improved by being drained and freshly sown with grass seed. It
+  will be a strict condition with the contractors for the building that
+  they shall, on its removal, restore the ground to its present condition.
+
+  23.  Some dissatisfaction has been expressed at the prospect of a furnace
+  being erected to heat the boiler and drive the steam-apparatus. It is
+  however, intended to construct such furnace on the principle of consuming
+  its own smoke, or to burn coke instead of coal, should that, upon the
+  whole, appear the best mode of preventing annoyance. Care will also be
+  taken not to erect any chimney of an unsightly character.
+
+  24. As regards the amount of traffic which will be occasioned by the
+  transport of materials and goods to the site, the Commissioners have been
+  furnished by the Building Committee with an approximate estimate that it
+  will not in the whole exceed the ordinary amount of three weeks' general
+  traffic of a single railway-station, and as this traffic will be spread
+  over a period of more than six months, it is manifest that its amount has
+  been enormously exaggerated by public estimation.
+
+  25.  The Queen's Ride, though in the immediate vicinity of the site, will
+  not be in any degree interfered with, except that it may be advisable to
+  rail off a strip not exceeding ten feet, or one-sixth of the whole in
+  width, for foot-passengers, in order to prevent the inconvenience of
+  crowding the space open to riding parties. By this arrangement the riders
+  will be secured from annoyance.
+
+  25 _a._ It has been said that the effect of the erection of the building
+  will be to drive the inhabitants of London out of their Parks. The
+  Commissioners think it right to draw the attention of the Lords of the
+  Treasury to the following statistics:--
+
+    The area of Hyde Park is        387 acres.
+          "     Kensington Gardens  290   "
+          "     Regent's Park       403   "
+          "     St. James's Park     83   "
+          "     Green Park           71   "
+          "     Victoria Park       160   "
+          "     Greenwich Park      174   "
+
+  making a total of 1,568 acres, while only twenty acres are proposed to be
+  taken or the purposes of this Exhibition.
+
+  26.  In conclusion, the Commissioners think it desirable to call
+  attention to the fact, that the three last Exhibitions of this nature
+  which have taken place in Paris have been held on a site (the Champs
+  Elysées) very closely corresponding to our own Hyde Park in many
+  respects, and particularly resembling it in being the most fashionable
+  and the most frequented promenade in Paris--more frequented, indeed, than
+  the particular spot selected on the present occasion has ever been, or is
+  likely to be; and yet it does not appear that the Parisians have had
+  occasion to complain of those annoyances which are now apprehended by
+  some persons in this country. And the Commissioners are informed, that
+  the Exhibition in Vienna was held in the Prado, the principal public
+  place in that city; and that the Exhibition in Berlin was held in the
+  Thiergarten, which is not only the principal public place within the
+  city, but is remarkable as being the only open Park of any sort within
+  several miles.
+
+  27.  In the foregoing observations the Commissioners have thought it
+  right to confine themselves strictly to a discussion of the practical
+  difficulties which would attend a change of site. They cannot, however,
+  but express their decided opinion, that the renouncement of the selection
+  of the most beautiful park in London for the scene of the Exhibition may
+  be looked upon as indicating a diminution of interest in the undertaking,
+  and would materially detract from that appearance of hospitality on the
+  part of England which has been one great cause for the very favourable
+  reception which this proposal has everywhere secured.
+
+  They must add, that the possibility that the bringing the Exhibition into
+  Hyde Park should be considered as an interference with the enjoyment of
+  that Park by the public has never entered their minds. They have, on the
+  contrary, always intended it as a means of recreative and intellectual
+  enjoyment for the greatest portion of her Majesty's subjects: and they
+  have hitherto had reason to believe that it has been so regarded by the
+  country in general.
+
+----
+
+
+REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSIONERS,
+
+PRESENTED TO HER MAJESTY ON THE OPENING OF THE BUILDING.
+
+The following Report, together with her Majesty's Answer, on the occasion
+of the inauguration of the building, cannot fail to be interesting as a
+brief record of the proceedings connected with this noble undertaking up to
+that period:--
+
+  "May it please your Majesty,--We, the Commissioners appointed by your
+  Majesty's royal warrant of the 3rd of January, 1850, for the promotion of
+  the Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, and subsequently
+  incorporated by your Majesty's Royal Charter of the 15th of August in the
+  same year, humbly beg leave, on the occasion of your Majesty's auspicious
+  visit at the opening of the Exhibition, to lay before you a brief
+  statement of our proceedings to the present time.
+
+  "By virtue of the authority graciously committed to us by your Majesty,
+  we have made diligent inquiry into the matters which your Majesty was
+  pleased to refer to us, namely, into the best mode of introducing the
+  productions of your Majesty's colonies and of foreign countries into this
+  kingdom, the selection of the most suitable site for the Exhibition, the
+  general conduct of the undertaking, and the proper method of determining
+  the nature of the prizes and of securing the most impartial distribution
+  of them.
+
+  "In the prosecution of these inquiries, and in the discharge of the
+  duties assigned to us by your Majesty's Royal Charter of Incorporation,
+  we have held constant meetings of our whole body, and have, moreover,
+  referred numerous questions connected with a great variety of subjects to
+  committees, composed partly of our own members and partly of individuals
+  distinguished in the several departments of science and the arts, who
+  have cordially responded to our applications for their assistance at a
+  great sacrifice of their valuable time.
+
+  "Among the earliest questions brought before us was the important one as
+  to the terms upon which articles offered for exhibition should be
+  admitted into the building. We considered that it was a main
+  characteristic of the national undertaking in which we were engaged that
+  it should depend wholly upon the voluntary contributions of the people of
+  this country for its success; and we therefore decided, without
+  hesitation, that no charge whatever should be made on the admission of
+  such goods. We considered, also, that the office of selecting the
+  articles to be sent should be intrusted in the first instance to local
+  committees, to be established in every foreign country, and in various
+  districts of your Majesty's dominions; a general power of control being
+  reserved to the Commission.
+
+  "We have now the gratification of stating that our anticipations of
+  support in this course have in all respects been fully realised. Your
+  Majesty's most gracious donation to the funds of the Exhibition was the
+  signal for voluntary contributions from all, even the humblest, classes
+  of your subjects, and the funds which have thus been placed at our
+  disposal amount at present to about 65,000_l._ Local committees, from
+  which we have uniformly received the most zealous co-operation, were
+  formed in all parts of the United Kingdom, in many of your Majesty's
+  colonies, and in the territories of the Hon. East India Company. The most
+  energetic support has also been received from the Governments of nearly
+  all the countries of the world, in most of which Commissions have been
+  appointed for the special purpose of promoting the objects of an
+  Exhibition justly characterised in your Majesty's royal warrant as an
+  Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations.
+
+  "We have also to acknowledge the great readiness with which persons of
+  all classes have come forward as exhibitors. And here again it becomes
+  our duty to return our humble thanks to your Majesty for the most
+  gracious manner in which your Majesty has condescended to associate
+  yourself with your subjects by yourself contributing some most valuable
+  and interesting articles to the Exhibition.
+
+  "The number of exhibitors whose productions it has been found possible to
+  accommodate is about 15,000, of whom nearly one-half are British. The
+  remainder represent the productions of more than forty foreign countries,
+  comprising almost the whole of the civilised nations of the globe. In
+  arranging the space to be allotted to each, we have taken into
+  consideration both the nature of its productions and the facilities of
+  access to this country afforded by its geographical position. Your
+  Majesty will find the productions of your Majesty's dominions arranged in
+  the western portion of the building, and those of foreign countries in
+  the eastern. The Exhibition is divided into the four great classes of--1,
+  Raw Materials; 2, Machinery; 3, Manufactures; and 4, Sculpture and the
+  Fine Arts. A further division has been made according to the geographical
+  position of the countries represented; those which lie within the warmer
+  latitudes being placed near the centre of the building, and the colder
+  countries at the extremities.
+
+  "Your Majesty having been graciously pleased to grant a site in this your
+  royal Park for the purposes of the Exhibition, the first column of the
+  structure now honoured by your Majesty's presence was fixed on the 26th
+  of September last. Within the short period, therefore, of seven months,
+  owing to the energy of the contractors and the active industry of the
+  workmen employed by them, a building has been erected, entirely novel in
+  its construction, covering a space of more than eighteen acres, measuring
+  1,851 feet in length, and 456 feet in extreme breadth, capable of
+  containing 40,000 visitors, and affording a frontage for the exhibition
+  of goods to the extent of more than ten miles. For the original
+  suggestion of the principle of this structure the Commissioners are
+  indebted to Mr. Joseph Paxton, to whom they feel their acknowledgments to
+  be justly due for this interesting feature of their undertaking.
+
+  "With regard to the distribution of rewards to deserving exhibitors, we
+  have decided that they should be given in the form of medals, not with
+  reference to merely individual competition, but as rewards for excellence
+  in whatever shape it may present itself. The selection of the persons to
+  be so rewarded has been intrusted to juries equally composed of British
+  subjects and of foreigners, the former having been selected by the
+  Commission from the recommendations made by the local committees, and the
+  latter by the Governments of the foreign nations the productions of which
+  are exhibited. The names of these jurors, comprising, as they do, many of
+  European celebrity, afford the best guarantee of the impartiality with
+  which the rewards will be assigned.
+
+  "It affords much gratification that, notwithstanding the magnitude of
+  this undertaking, and the great distances from which many of the articles
+  now exhibited have had to be collected, the day on which your Majesty has
+  been graciously pleased to be present at the inauguration of the
+  Exhibition is the same day that was originally named for its opening,
+  thus affording a proof of what may, under God's blessing, be accomplished
+  by goodwill and cordial co-operation among nations, aided by the means
+  that modern science has placed at our command.
+
+  "Having thus briefly laid before your Majesty the results of our labours,
+  it now only remains for us to convey to your Majesty our dutiful and
+  loyal acknowledgments of the support and encouragement which we have
+  derived throughout this extensive and laborious task from the gracious
+  favour and countenance of your Majesty. It is our heartfelt prayer that
+  this undertaking, which has for its end the promotion of all branches of
+  human industry and the strengthening of the bonds of peace and friendship
+  among all nations of the earth, may, by the blessing of Divine
+  Providence, conduce to the welfare of your Majesty's people, and be long
+  remembered among the brightest circumstances of your Majesty's peaceful
+  and happy reign."
+
+Her Majesty returned the following gracious answer:--
+
+  "I receive with the greatest satisfaction the address which you have
+  presented to me on the opening of this Exhibition.
+
+  "I have observed with a warm and increasing interest the progress of your
+  proceedings in the execution of the duties intrusted to you by the Royal
+  Commission, and it affords me sincere gratification to witness the
+  successful result of your judicious and unremitting exertions in the
+  splendid spectacle by which I am this day surrounded.
+
+  "I cordially concur with you in the prayer, that by God's blessing this
+  undertaking may conduce to the welfare of my people and to the common
+  interest of the human race, by encouraging the arts of peace and
+  industry, strengthening the bonds of union among the nations of the
+  earth, and promoting a friendly and honourable rivalry in the useful
+  exercise of those faculties which have been conferred by a beneficent
+  Providence for the good and the happiness of mankind."
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+SALISBURY, PRINTER, PRIMROSE-HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE, FLEET-STREET.
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE FOLLOWING INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT
+
+NEW BOOKS AND MAPS
+
+ARE PUBLISHED BY
+
+JAMES GILBERT, 49, PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON,
+
+Wholesale and Retail Bookseller, Publisher, and Newsvendor.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOW READY, in 200 pages, demy 18mo, with Illustrations, price, in fancy
+binding, only 1s. 6d., or post free, 2s., the SECOND EDITION,
+
+DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,
+
+GILBERT'S
+
+POPULAR NARRATIVE OF THE ORIGIN, HISTORY, PROGRESS, & PROSPECTS
+
+OF THE
+
+GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION,
+
+1851:
+
+With a Guide to the future Rules and Arrangements.
+
+BY PETER BERLYN, ESQ.
+
+
+----
+
+
+
+OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
+
+  ATHENÆUM.
+
+  "A well-written volume. A useful record of the history and progressive
+  development of the marking incident of our age and nation. Mr. Berlyn
+  was, we believe, officially employed by the Executive Committee in the
+  earlier stages of their labours; his statements, therefore, are on good
+  authority and may be relied on. The narrative is sufficiently full in its
+  details for the general public now and hereafter."
+
+
+  EXAMINER.
+
+  "This is a clever book, full of timely and interesting matter, and with
+  sufficient merit as a record of the origin and history of the Great
+  Exhibition to outlive the mere curiosity of the hour. Mr. Berlyn has had
+  official opportunities of becoming well acquainted with the subject, and
+  has not neglected them. He puts his materials together with spirit and
+  intelligence, and indulges a hopeful strain of anticipation and prophecy
+  very properly befitting his theme."
+
+
+  LITERARY GAZETTE.
+
+  "Within a small compass we have here gathered together all that is
+  interesting in connexion with the great undertaking of the present
+  year--an undertaking which must form a most important chapter in the
+  world's history. We are bound to say that the work has been judiciously
+  done, and the result is a very satisfactory review of all that has been
+  effected in the way of Industrial Exhibitions up to the present time."
+
+
+  MORNING CHRONICLE.
+
+  "GILBERT'S POPULAR NARRATIVE OF THE EXHIBITION.--With this title a small
+  work has just been published, written by Mr. Peter Berlyn, from authentic
+  and official sources, tracing the origin, history, and progress, and
+  pointing to the prospects, of the Great Exhibition. The author has
+  carefully avoided all speculation and gossip on the subject, and has
+  applied himself with very considerable ability to the statement and
+  elucidation of all those facts, derived from authentic records, which
+  bear upon the progress of this most important national movement. Many
+  interesting facts are stated in connexion with the previous expositions
+  which have taken place on the Continent and in this country, and the
+  difficulties with which, upon its first announcement, the present
+  undertaking had to contend, and the means by which the Executive were
+  enabled to overcome them, are clearly and consecutively stated. The work
+  also contains some valuable statistical and other information connected
+  with the building, and copies of the most recent of the regulations
+  issued by the Executive. We would cordially recommend this very
+  interesting work."
+
+
+  EXPOSITOR.
+
+  "The volume before us has fair claim to its title of a Narrative of the
+  Exhibition. It commences with an account of such British and foreign
+  exhibitions as may be supposed to have led to the idea of the great
+  international show of industry to be held in the present year. The work
+  also contains a complete account of how the world's industrial products
+  have come to be housed in the present building; gives all the rules and
+  orders of the Commissioners and Executive Committee; special instructions
+  to colonial and foreign exhibitors and Custom-house authorities; names of
+  authorised agents for foreign countries; Custom-house agents recommended
+  by the Royal Commissioners; and such other information as renders it a
+  really useful volume of practical information to all exhibitors and
+  visitors at the Exhibition."
+
+
+  SUN.
+
+  "Within the compass of an elegant pocket-volume the author of the present
+  narrative has contrived to furnish his readers with a very copious
+  history of the origin, progress, and prospects of the Great Exhibition.
+  Throughout the work he has written with an especial regard at once to
+  simplicity and perspicuity, so that we rest satisfied his labours will
+  prove eminently successful, the book being incontestibly _the_ narrative
+  of the Great Industrial Exposition. Beginning with all the preliminary
+  particulars, which are absolutely essential for the comprehension of the
+  entire scheme of the Prince Consort, the narrative describes very lucidly
+  the growth of the first crude idea to its present gigantic dimensions.
+  The share taken in the project by the Society of Arts is duly celebrated,
+  and the influence of the successive expositions of French industry
+  especially notified. The volume is altogether a very clever and most
+  complete work."
+
+
+  WEEKLY DISPATCH.
+
+  "Works upon the above subject will become highly popular from the very
+  necessity of the case; and consequently that which the public must
+  chiefly look for amidst all the competition that will ensue will be
+  correctness and compactness combined with economy. Mr. Peter Berlyn's
+  book combines every requisite information regarding the Exhibition from
+  first to last. Its clever compilation, tasteful form, quantity and
+  variety of information, and the dependance that may be placed upon it for
+  correctness, combine with its early appearance to render it one of the
+  most valuable hand-books that are likely to be generally used."
+
+
+  ART JOURNAL.
+
+  "A very useful and sound history of the rise and progress of the Great
+  International Exhibition of 1851, in which the first movements towards it
+  are carefully and ably detailed; and a very good analysis is given of all
+  preceding industrial exhibitions, at home and abroad, as well as a large
+  amount of information connected with the construction of the building
+  itself, and abstracts of official documents connected with the entire
+  movement. The author has done justice to the efforts which have been made
+  to interest the English manufacturer, and stimulate him in his artistic
+  endeavours; and we feel bound to acknowledge his courteous notice of the
+  exertions made by 'The Art Journal' in helping forward its consummation
+  in 1851."
+
+
+  LEADER.
+
+  "For those who wish to know all about the rise and progress of the Great
+  Exhibition and its Crystal Palace this neat hand-book is the very thing.
+  Mr. Berlyn has performed his task with laudable industry. He has drawn
+  together and arranged a large amount of scattered information regarding
+  the Exhibition in a pleasant form. As an elegant and trustworthy
+  hand-book, the narrative deserves to be popular."
+
+
+  OBSERVER.
+
+  "This neat volume gives a history of previous Exhibitions--some on small,
+  some on large scales--that have taken place in divers parts of Europe of
+  late years. It then points out the precise origin of the Exhibition of
+  all Nations, snowing the share his Royal Highness Prince Albert had in
+  it; its history and progress are thus minutely detailed, and its
+  prospects are foreshadowed without exaggeration. We cordially recommend
+  it as a pocket-companion necessary to all those who have not as yet
+  mastered the chief facts connected with the erection of the Palace of
+  Industry."
+
+
+  JOHN BULL.
+
+  "An able and complete history of the scheme, which we have all to accept
+  as _un fait accompli_, and a useful guide to the transparent mazes of the
+  Crystal Palace."
+
+
+  WEEKLY NEWS.
+
+  "Of the works already published, and professing to treat of this gigantic
+  undertaking in its national, social, scientific, and artistic light, we
+  have not met with one so completely pervaded by a spirit of universality
+  as this book of Mr. Berlyn's. In matters of detail and relation his
+  narrative is explicit and lucid; where he has touched on the history of
+  an art or a manufacture he is correct in his data; and in tracing the
+  Exhibition to its true source he has displayed a highly philosophical
+  insight into the spirit of the age. Within the pages of his book will be
+  found a faithful record of the most important meetings of the Royal
+  Commissioners, as well as those convened by the corporations of cities,
+  by societies, or by private individuals, for the furtherance of the great
+  work in hand. To these is appended a verbatim report of the speeches
+  delivered at these meetings by the distinguished men who were invited to
+  preside over them; and the enlightened, liberal, and hopeful spirit which
+  pervades their addresses forms a cheerful contrast to the ominous
+  predictions of certain political and theological fanatics. After a full
+  discussion of what may be termed the _business_ portion of the subject,
+  Mr. Berlyn closes his excellent little book with a brief but eloquent and
+  comprehensive consideration of the beneficial results which are likely to
+  accrue from this great national undertaking, not only to ourselves but
+  mankind in general. The entire absence of partiality or prejudice
+  throughout the book, and the very interesting information contained in it
+  for all matters directly or indirectly connected with the Exhibition,
+  induce us to recommend the author to publish editions of it in the French
+  and German languages. By this means he would be conferring a boon on our
+  country's guests."
+
+
+  LADY'S NEWSPAPER.
+
+  "Mr. Peter Berlyn has produced a well arranged, clear, and concise hand
+  book to this wonder of the world, in which he traces its origin,
+  progress, and prospects, in a pleasing and interesting manner. This must
+  have been a most difficult task, as the materials out of which he has
+  formed his narrative are so widely scattered that it requires some one
+  who perfectly and profoundly understands the subject (as we are convinced
+  Mr. Berlyn does) to collect and arrange them in so satisfactory a manner.
+  The ladies also will hail this work with pleasure, because, though
+  containing every information on the subject, it is at the same time
+  light, interesting, and infinitely superior to the dry and prosy style
+  usually adopted in similar works. It is tastefully illustrated, has an
+  elegant fancy binding, and forms a guide-book either for the library or
+  the pocket."
+
+
+  NOTES AND QUERIES.
+
+  "A volume carefully compiled from authentic sources of information upon
+  the several points set forth in its ample title page."
+
+
+  GARDENER AND FARMERS' JOURNAL.
+
+  "We do not go out of our province as horticultural journalists in
+  noticing a work recently issued by Mr. Gilbert, of Paternoster-row. Our
+  friends in the provinces will do well to study beforehand as many of the
+  probable incidents of their trip as possible; and, though innumerable
+  prints and tabular descriptions of the Exhibition Building have been
+  issued, we have not had anything before like a connected history of the
+  great project itself. The work before us is called 'A Popular Narrative
+  of the Origin, History, Progress, and Prospects of the Great Exhibition
+  of 1851; and we think the author, Mr. Berlyn, has treated his subject in
+  perfect accordance with the title. More than this it is quite unnecessary
+  to say as to the merits of the work; but we may just notice that the
+  'getting-up' has evidently been intrusted to careful hands. The binding
+  is neat and tasteful, and, besides a ground-plan, a perspective view of
+  the building is given."
+
+
+  MINING JOURNAL.
+
+  "This volume, which unostentatiously treats on the highly interesting
+  subjects indicated in the title, is based on records of unimpeachable
+  value. All speculation has been wisely avoided, and its pages present an
+  unvarnished history of one of the most extraordinary undertakings of
+  which the history of the world can boast; extraordinary in the fact of
+  the people of this little island challenging the people of the universe
+  to meet on its shores with specimens of their several productions of
+  industry; and extraordinary in the magnitude, decidedly novel, and
+  inconceivably rapid erection of the building for their reception. The
+  history of every similar exhibition is traced back to its source; those
+  of Manchester, Birmingham, London, and France are minutely recorded; the
+  growing interest which followed every subsequent exposition statistically
+  described, and every detail connected with the Royal Commission, the
+  arrangements, the building, future rules, throughout a space of 200
+  pages, and finishing with a list of the local committees, conveys a vivid
+  and correct picture of this vast national undertaking."
+
+
+  CHURCH AND STATE GAZETTE.
+
+  "A work that was wanted. It puts the public in full possession of every
+  iota of intelligence in connexion with the Great Exhibition worth having,
+  and has some very sensible remarks on the prospects of home exhibitors,
+  especially at the forthcoming display. It is indispensable to all
+  interested in the subject."
+
+
+  GUARDIAN.
+
+  "'A Popular Narrative of the Great Exhibition' was really needed,
+  explaining its whole history from its first conception in the Prince
+  Consort's brain, and Mr. Berlyn's book has amply supplied the need. It is
+  a very smart volume, and the writer is duly impressed with the grandeur
+  of his theme."
+
+
+  LEIGH HUNT'S JOURNAL.
+
+  "We can hardly speak too highly of this elegant and useful volume. Mr.
+  Berlyn has done his part admirably, and the publisher has seconded him in
+  the business department no less satisfactorily. All the floating and
+  disconnected accounts that have hitherto been brought before the public
+  from time to time are here collected and arranged in a very popular and
+  lucid manner, while a mass of fresh information, entirely new and
+  authentic, renders this book the only complete compendium of the
+  Exhibition in all its bearings. The history of its origin is written with
+  a graphic power and a narrative vigour very surprising on such a subject.
+  You are carried along with as much interest as if reading a work of
+  fiction. The contents fully justify the ample title, and in that tact
+  lies more of eulogy than columns of praise could say."
+
+
+  THE EVENING EXPRESS.
+
+  "A neatly-printed volume on the History of the Exhibition; containing a
+  careful digest of all the documents which the Commissioners have issued."
+
+
+  THE TABLET.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn's book is an elegant volume by way of a guide to the Crystal
+  Palace. It contains a well-condensed summary on everything connected with
+  the subject of the Exhibition."
+
+
+  MORNING ADVERTISER.
+
+  "A gaily-boarded volume, nattily emblazoned on the outside with colours,
+  with a tinted frontispiece of the Glass House from the same familiar
+  aspect. It is dedicated to Prince Albert, and contains an elaborate
+  introduction, in which the by-past expositions of Paris, Birmingham,
+  Manchester, Dublin, &c. are duly noticed. It is as a whole a neat mode of
+  preserving all the 'printed gossip,' as well as weightier reports of
+  Commissioners, relating to the preparations of the shell of the
+  Exhibition."
+
+
+  MARK-LANE EXPRESS.
+
+  "A most interesting record of the history and opinions as to the probable
+  results of the World's Fair, to be held in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park.
+  The author has condensed into a most readable work every transaction
+  which has given rise to this exhibition of the choice products of the
+  world."
+
+
+  THE BUILDER.
+
+  "This book gives, in a concise and agreeable manner, a narrative of the
+  progress of the scheme towards fruition, and an account of the building.
+  The account is put together pleasantly, and makes a pretty book."
+
+
+  CHRISTIAN TIMES.
+
+  "A valuable and elegant introduction to the Great Industrial Exhibition.
+  It contains much useful information, lucidly and carefully arranged."
+
+
+  NORTHERN STAR.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn's book is all it professes to be. It contains an ample and
+  popular narrative of the circumstances connected with the conception and
+  ultimate realisation or the idea; and incidentally throws much light upon
+  the progress and effects of similar exhibitions abroad. The author
+  deserves the greatest credit for the lively, interesting, and accurate
+  manner in which he has recorded all the leading events connected with the
+  Exhibition. In doing this we are happy to perceive also that he has the
+  manliness to do justice to those who first introduced the idea of such
+  Exhibitions into this country, and who had to struggle with all the
+  difficulties which usually dog the footsteps of innovators and inventors.
+  The first exhibitions had to encounter prejudice and apathy, and the
+  funds for carrying them out were comparatively small, and difficult to be
+  procured; they had not the _prestige_ of princely and titled names, to
+  give them acceptance with the vulgar herd, who eagerly copy the fashion
+  set by the great. They were the production of a pure love of art, and
+  science, and industry, and a desire to promote the improvement of public
+  taste and skill. One of the first promoters 'of the plan of National
+  Expositions, similar to those on the Continent,' was Mr. George Wallis,
+  formerly master of the Manchester School of Design; of whose exertions
+  Mr. Berlyn makes honourable mention. It is exceedingly interesting to
+  have presented at one view the gradual expansion of the original idea,
+  through a succession of varied phases, to its ultimate development as an
+  Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations. It appears clear that Prince
+  Albert is entitled to the merit of giving it this cosmopolitan character;
+  other exhibitions have always been either local, provincial, or national.
+  The idea of making that of 1851 universal is due to the Prince Consort
+  alone. The circumstances under which Mr. Paxton conceived the idea of the
+  structure which now attracts the admiration of every beholder, in Hyde
+  Park, read more like a sketch of the imagination than a sober reality;
+  and the almost incredible rapidity with which the plan has been
+  translated into a great fact is one of the proudest testimonies that can
+  be borne to the industrial resources, skill and enterprise of this
+  country. Of all the marvels that will be exhibited at the World's Fair
+  next May, none will be so marvellous as the structure in which they are
+  collected; and we confidently commend Mr. Berlyn's book as an agreeable
+  companion and guide to every visitor, as well as a record of the growth
+  of the Exhibition, well deserving of preservation on account of its
+  intrinsic merits and historical value."
+
+
+  MANCHESTER EXAMINER AND TIMES.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn (whom many of our readers will remember as an active and
+  earnest promoter of the interests of our Athenæum, in his character of
+  honorary secretary to that institution), having held an official
+  situation in connexion with the Royal Commission for carrying out the
+  business detail of the intended Exhibition, finds means to present us
+  with an extremely able and instructive volume. His narrative is cleverly
+  written, and affords ample information of the origin and progress of a
+  movement which has already acquired a world-wide fame. The gradual
+  advance of public opinion and feeling in reference to the study of art,
+  and to the more general cultivation of a love for the ideal and the
+  beautiful among the people, are care fully traced, and we have every
+  reason to believe that credit is justly given to the humble but earnest
+  workers in the cause."
+
+
+  LEEDS MERCURY.
+
+  "A popular narrative of the origin, history, progress, and prospects of
+  the Great Exhibition, with a guide to the future rules and arrangements,
+  by Peter Berlyn, has just been published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row.
+  It is a very able and useful volume, beautifully got up, and at a cheap
+  rate."
+
+
+  LEEDS TIMES.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn's book supplies a _desideratum_. It is the first attempt, so
+  far as we know, to give a consecutive narrative of the circumstances
+  which have given birth to the great design, whose realisation is to
+  illustrate the history of the present year. He has done his work well.
+  The narrative is entirely derived from authentic and official sources, to
+  which Mr. Berlyn, from his connexion with the undertaking, had peculiar
+  opportunities of access. The author regards the Exhibition, not as a
+  sudden individual thought, but as the natural result of certain
+  industrial ideas and tendencies which have been gradually developing
+  themselves during several years; and this view leads him to trace the
+  history of various prior exhibitions on a minor scale in this country,
+  such as the polytechnic exhibitions in different towns, and the
+  exhibitions of art and manufactures which have taken place, many years,
+  in Manchester, Birmingham, and the metropolis. The proceedings more
+  immediately connected with the great World's Exhibition now in
+  preparation are then related from the commencement, and in a manner at
+  once concise and complete. Finally, we have a full account of the rules
+  and regulations determined on for the conduct of this remarkable
+  undertaking. The volume contains several excellent illustrations, is
+  tastefully bound, and in a portable form."
+
+
+  LIVERPOOL COURIER.
+
+  "This is an exceedingly interesting and useful book. It has been got up
+  as a hand-book for the visitors to the Great Exhibition, but its object
+  is more to give a condensed account of the history of the event than to
+  serve as a guide within the building. The writer, who treats his subject
+  most clearly and ably, enters into a brief narrative of all that has been
+  hitherto done, in this and other countries, to foster national taste in
+  connexion with these public displays. In our own countries he goes on, at
+  length, into an investigation of what may be termed the initiatory
+  exhibition lately held at Birmingham, and which, in its results, far
+  exceeded the expectations of its founders. He also gives a concise
+  history of the proceedings relative to the 'Palace of Glass,' from the
+  time that its erection was a dreamy idea until it rose in its gigantic
+  transparency to astonish the world."
+
+
+  LIVERPOOL ALBION.
+
+  "This is a book for the times and to the purpose. Its title-page tells
+  with what object it has been written, and is well borne out by its
+  contents. When we open it we find a concise and faithful account of the
+  causes and progress of the world's gathering which is just upon us. In
+  preparing his volume the author has taken care to avoid all 'culling of
+  simples,' and to give only such information as may be depended upon, and
+  which possesses more than ephemeral interest. It abounds also, in
+  practical suggestions and philosophical observations. We will only say
+  further that the publisher, although he does not puff the work by talking
+  of giving it away, certainly comes as near as possible to that point in
+  the price which he has fixed upon it. We can safely recommend it."
+
+
+  BIRMINGHAM JOURNAL.
+
+  "A cleverly-written and carefully-condensed little volume, containing all
+  that has been done, and much that should be known, respecting the great
+  event of the year. The author culls with great judgment from the
+  addresses delivered at various meetings held throughout the country; the
+  regulations issued by the Executive Committee are also introduced.
+  Altogether, a more complete record, within the same amount of space, it
+  would be impossible to find; it confers great credit upon the writer, who
+  in addition is evidently an enthusiast in the work about which he writes
+  so well."
+
+
+  LEICESTERSHIRE MERCURY.
+
+  "This volume should be in the hands of all who take an interest in the
+  great event of this _annus mirabilis_, 1851. What it promises in the
+  title-page it performs in those which follow. It contains an accurate and
+  deeply interesting record of the causes and progress of the preparation
+  for that gathering of the nations of the earth which we are about to
+  witness, and chronicles all the official information on the subject which
+  is worth preserving. The practical suggestions and observations to be
+  found in it are greatly to the credit of the writer. We must also give
+  our praise to the publisher, Mr. Gilbert, for the manner in which he has
+  brought it out, and the low price at which he offers it to the buyer."
+
+
+  LIVERPOOL TIMES.
+
+  "Of course we are already deluged with hand-books, guide-books, &c., to
+  the Exhibition. Such little works, properly compiled, will not only be
+  interesting, but absolutely serviceable, to the country visitor. We have
+  had oceans sent to us, varying in price as in truthfulness and English
+  grammar. The best we have seen is a 'Popular Narrative of the
+  Exhibition,' by Peter Berlyn, published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row; a
+  book distinguished not only by correctness and labour, but also by very
+  considerable literary merit."
+
+
+  LINCOLNSHIRE TIMES.
+
+  "What the flower-garden is to the bees, attracting them to gather honey
+  from its sweets, the Grand Exhibition has been to many a candidate
+  anxious to take his place in the ranks of authorship. The book before us
+  is one of the proofs of its stimulating powers. It fully and ably
+  accomplishes all which the title-page leads us to expect, setting forth
+  the causes and progress of that wondrous festival of industry at which
+  the world is to meet in Britannia's Crystal Palace. The information which
+  it contains may be relied upon as derived from the best sources; the
+  practical suggestions are valuable; and the observations are penned in a
+  highly philosophical spirit. We can safely recommend the work to our
+  readers, and we are quite certain that everybody who buys it will be
+  satisfied that his money has been well laid out. We speak not from our
+  own authority only, but have our verdict backed by the opinion of persons
+  competent to pronounce upon the merits of the volume before us."
+
+
+  INVERNESS COURIER.
+
+  "This little volume has a merit which belongs to but few books published
+  in the present age. It is wanted. There has no doubt been a great deal
+  written on the subject of which it treats, as well as a great deal
+  spoken; but till now we have had only scattered and almost inaccessible
+  information on the one hand, or mere catchpenny pamphlets on the other.
+  Mr. Berlyn's excellence is, that he is honest; that his work fulfils the
+  promise of its title-page. Officially connected from its outset with the
+  great scheme which he describes, he has enjoyed peculiar facilities for
+  this task, has known where to look for materials, and been able to judge
+  of their relative usefulness and importance. Of these opportunities he
+  has diligently availed himself, and the result is to be seen in the
+  elegant book before us. Simple and popular in style, it is comprehensive
+  and instructive in its contents; we therefore recommend it."
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Beautifully printed in 8vo, price only 7s. 6d., or postage free, 8s. 6d.,
+Illustrated by Eighty very splendid Pictures, engraved by George Measom,_
+
+DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,
+
+GILBERT'S DESCRIPTION
+
+OF THE
+
+CRYSTAL PALACE,
+
+Its Architectural History and Constructive Marvels.
+
+BY PETER BERLYN & CHARLES FOWLER, JUN., ESQRS.
+
+The Engravings will depict the various peculiarities and novelties of this
+wonderful Building as well as the Machinery, &c., used in its construction.
+The combined efforts of the Proprietor, as well as the Authors and Artists,
+are to produce a work worthy to be purchased and preserved by every visitor
+to the Great Exhibition.
+
+
+----
+
+
+GILBERT'S
+
+VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP OF LONDON,
+
+DRAWN ON A NEW PRINCIPLE,
+
+HAVING IN VIEW THE DEPICTING OF THE PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS OF THE
+METROPOLIS,
+
+_With Illustrations of its most Important Buildings and Sights,_
+
+Engraved on their exact Localities.
+
+This novel Map will be found an interesting, intellectual, and practical
+guide to all Visitors who may wish to proceed readily to the more Important
+Sights and Attractions of London. The price, in sheet, coloured, with
+Letter-press Keys and References, is 1s. 6d.; or in Case for the pocket,
+2s.; postage free, 3s.
+
+
+----
+
+
+GILBERT'S
+
+GUIDE TO THE STREETS OF LONDON,
+
+AS A COMPANION TO THE "VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP."
+
+WITH FIVE THOUSAND REFERENCES;
+
+Frontispiece and Tables of Cab Fares; the Rules and Laws relative to
+Metropolitan Conveyances; and Explanations in four Languages--to enable the
+Visitor to find his own way throughout the length and breadth of the
+Metropolis.--Price 6d; or postage free, 1s.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Price 1s. 6d., or 2s. bound; postage free, 6d. extra,_
+
+GILBERT'S GUIDE TO LONDON,
+
+WITH MAP, &C.
+
+This original work, which has long been in full preparation for
+publication, is especially intended as a useful and indispensable pocket
+companion to every visitor to the Metropolis during the Great Exhibition of
+1851.
+
+*** Separate Editions of the book issued in the French and German
+Languages, price 6d. each extra.
+
+
+----
+
+
+  "Contains much useful information for residents as well as visitors. It
+  has also a good Map, and is very moderate in price."--_English
+  Churchman._
+
+  "A very useful companion throughout the streets and sights of
+  London."--_Lady's News._
+
+  "The distinguishing excellences of this guide are, that it is cheap, and
+  that it is written especially for the benefit of the visitors to London
+  during the Great Exhibition."--_Standard of Freedom._
+
+  "A publication prompted by the Great Exhibition: it is a plain and
+  business-like affair, giving a good deal of information upon various
+  subjects connected with the comfort of visitors, as well as directions
+  for sight-seeing."--_Spectator._
+
+  "This hand-book contains the most complete information connected with the
+  localities, customs, public buildings, amusements, and resources of the
+  capital city of this kingdom; and for travellers or foreigners we say it
+  is an indispensable work, if they desire to possess an accurate knowledge
+  of London during their visit to the Great Exhibition."--_Mark-lane
+  Express._
+
+  "Unquestionably the most useful little work of its sort we have met with.
+  It abounds with accurate, ample, and valuable information respecting
+  London and its suburbs. We know of no more interesting or cheaper
+  publication."--_Catholic Standard._
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Price, on a large sheet, only 6d.; in case, 1s. 6d.; or on roller,
+varnished, 3s. 6d.,_
+
+GILBERT'S KEY TO LONDON,
+
+ON ONE LARGE SHEET;
+
+Containing particulars of its Palaces, Public Buildings, Religious
+Edifices, Hospitals, Inns of Court, Parks, Gardens, Bridges, Museums,
+Literary Institutions, Theatres, Public Amusements, Exhibitions, Cab Fares,
+Railway Stations, Ambassadors, Bankers, Hotels, Docks, Arcades, Private
+Galleries, Curiosities, Churches and Chapels, Cab, Omnibus, and Coach Rules
+and Laws, Omnibus Routes, Environs, Post-offices, Steamers, Foreign Money
+Tables, &c.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Price, coloured and mounted in cloth case for the pocket, only 1s.; or
+paper case, 6d.; in sheet, 4d._
+
+GILBERT'S MAP OF LONDON,
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,
+
+WITH A KEY TO THE STREETS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN 1851.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Just Published, size of the Engraving 18 inches by 10, printed on paper,
+size 21 inches by 14½,_
+
+GILBERT'S NEW PICTORIAL VIEW
+
+OF THE
+
+CRYSTAL PALACE,
+
+FOR THE
+
+GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION, 1851.
+
+With several Hundred Scenic and Characteristic Figures, beautifully and
+accurately Drawn from the Official Documents,
+
+BY JOSEPH PAXTON, ESQ., F.L.S.
+
+_With Statistical Details in English, French, and German._
+
+
+----
+
+
+The exciting interest which the Exhibition creates throughout the world,
+has prompted the production of this carefully-executed, large, and
+beautiful Illustration of the Exhibition Building. It is got up in
+first-rate style, printed on the best paper, and published at the low price
+of SIXPENCE; or coloured, ONE SHILLING. The special object of its combined
+beauty and cheapness is not only to command sale in the United Kingdom, but
+to induce our Merchants, Manufacturers, and all interested in this glorious
+Institution to send this Illustration of the Building to every part of the
+world. It may also be had in a neat gilt frame and glazed, price only 5s.;
+or stretched on a frame and varnished, price 3s. Either of these two can
+also be had packed in a deal box for transit by railway, or other
+conveyance, at 1s. extra; or the 6d. and 1s. 6d. editions packed on roller,
+for transit by post free, at 8d. each extra.
+
+
+----
+
+
+GILBERT'S EXHIBITION LETTER-PAPER,
+
+4to post size, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the
+Building printed in tints. Price 2s. per quire, or 34s. per ream.
+
+
+GILBERT'S EXHIBITION NOTE-PAPER,
+
+8vo post, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the
+Building. Price 1s. 6d. per quire, or 21s. per ream.
+
+
+GILBERT'S EXHIBITION CARD,
+
+With a View of the Building. Price One Penny. Size, 4½ inches by 3.
+
+
+GILBERT'S LARGE EXHIBITION CARD,
+
+With a View of the Building. Price Twopence. Size, 7 inches by 4½.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Just Published, in Thirty-Six Sheets, of different Subjects, at the
+extremely low price affixed,_
+
+JERRARD'S
+
+COLOURED PICTURES
+
+OF
+
+GROUPS AND BOUQUETS OF
+
+FLOWERS, FRUITS, BIRDS, LANDSCAPES,
+
+&c. &c.
+
+
+----
+
+
+These beautiful Pictures are on folio-sized drawing-paper, and produced in
+the first-rate style, being most beautiful and successful imitations of
+Original Drawings. They are admirably adapted for framing; would also form
+a tasteful ornament to Ladies' Portfolios, or as patterns for Drawing in
+colours.
+
+
+----
+
+
+  Sheet 1, price only 2s.--Fruit: Peaches, Purple Grapes, Green Grapes.
+  Flowers: Moss Rose, Campanula (Canterbury-bell), Wallflower, Convolvulus.
+  Sheet 2, price 1s. 6d.--Poppy, Ranunculus, Pæonia, Hollyhock,
+      Convolvulus, Anagallis, Rosebud.
+  Sheet 3, price 1s. 6d.--White Rose, Red Rose, Anemone, Single Dahlia,
+      Cineraria, Nastertium, Auricula, Veronica.
+  Sheet 4, price 1s. 6d.--Passion Flower, Rose, Tulip, Geranium, Pinks,
+      Convolvulus.
+  Sheet 5, price 1s. 6d.--Anemone, Petunia, Mountain Aster, Heartsease,
+      Viola Tricolor, Anagallis.
+  Sheet 6, price 1s. 6d.--White Lilies, Tiger Lily, Tulip, White Fuschia.
+
+  Sheet 7, price 2s.--Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pineapple, Purple Grapes, Green
+      Grapes, Egg Plum, Red Currants, White Currants.
+  Flowers: Rose, Convolvulus.
+  Sheet 8, price 2s.--Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pear, Plums, Red Grapes, Green
+      Grapes.
+  Flowers: Lilium Lancifolium, Picotee, Fuschia, Scarlet Geranium, Marigold
+      Sonicera.
+  Sheet 9, price 1s. 6d.--Ipomæa Horsfallii, Ipomæa Rubro-cærulea.
+  Sheet 10, price 1s. 6d.--Hibiscus Splendens.
+  Sheet 11, price 1s. 6d.--Ipomæa.
+  Sheet 12, price 1s. 6d.--Yellow Hibiscus.
+
+  Sheet 13, price 2s.--Fruit: Peaches, Plums, Red Grapes, White Currants.
+  Flowers: Convolvulus Major, White Rose, Heartsease, Fumaria Anagallis.
+  Sheet 14, price 1s. 6d.--Noisette Rose.
+  Sheet 15, price 1s. 6d.--Orange Lily, Geranium, White Pink, Mule Pink,
+      Petunia, China Aster, Yellow Mallow, Anagallis, Malvi, Primula,
+      Mouse-ear, Tropæolum.
+  Sheet 16, price 1s. 6d.--Anemones, Tulip, Jonquil, Aster, Marigold,
+      Semi-double Rose, Yellow Rose, Convolvulus Minor, Auricula,
+      Nastertium, White Rose.
+  Sheet 17, price 2s.--Fruit: Melon, Pomegranate.
+  Flowers: Tulip, Honeysuckle, Lily of the Valley.
+  Sheet 18, price 1s. 6d.--Pinks, Carnations.
+
+  Sheet 19, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Bullfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.
+  Sheet 20, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Greenfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.
+  Sheet 21, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Goldfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.
+  Sheet 22, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Titmouse on the Stump of a Tree.
+  Sheet 23, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Redstarts, with Nest, Eggs, and
+      Flowers.
+  Sheet 24, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Chaffinches, with Nest, Eggs, and
+      Flowers.
+
+  Sheet 25, price 1s. 6d.--A View of the Castle of Chillon, Lake of Geneva.
+  Sheet 26, price 1s. 6d.--A View of Tintern Abbey.
+  Sheet 27, price 1s. 6d.--View of Caerphilli Castle and Vale.
+  Sheet 28, price 1s. 6d.--View of Snowdon from the Valley of Dolydellan.
+  Sheet 29, price 1s. 6d.--View of Llangollen, Castle Dinas-Bran.
+  Sheet 30, price 1s. 6d.--View of Fountain, St. Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln.
+
+
+
+----
+
+
+It must be distinctly observed that the whole of the above are in full
+colours, and most successful imitations of original drawings, the price of
+each sheet being also fixed at extremely low prices. A variety of other
+sheets are in active preparation.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STEREOTYPED EDITION.
+
+_The 53rd Thousand, price only 1s. sewed, or 1s. 6d. bound (postage free,
+4d. extra)_,
+
+With a very useful steel-plate Genealogical Chart of the Sovereigns of
+England,
+
+OUTLINES OF ENGLISH HISTORY,
+
+WITH INTERESTING
+
+Remarks on Manners, Customs, Arts, Dresses, &c.
+
+BY HENRY INCE, M.A.
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** In consequence of the rapidly extended sale and approval of this Work,
+every page of the present Edition has been carefully enlarged and much
+improved. By a judicious enlargement of the width and length of the page,
+one-third more letter-press is introduced without any increase of price.
+
+----
+
+
+  "In the system of Education sufficient regard is not always paid to
+  impressing on the pupil's mind the leading points in a branch of study.
+  His memory is confused with a too great variety of details. This manual
+  of Mr. Ince's is well calculated to counteract this defective method, by
+  affording a well-digested outline, which should be carefully committed to
+  memory, and afterwards filled up by means of oral instruction or
+  reference to larger works. Lively chapters of historical memoranda, and
+  brief sketches of manners and customs, are appropriately introduced. We
+  can cordially recommend this well-digested manual."--_Sharpe's Magazine._
+
+  "A neat and accurate compendium, and written with perspicuity. The events
+  of each reign are arranged under different heads, so as to give at a
+  glance a comprehensive view of the whole."--_Athenæum._
+
+  "A new edition, with improvements. It is a little 'Rapin' in its way, a
+  history condensed into a nutshell; and we feel assured will, with its
+  companion works, form the future text-books of the young of both sexes.
+  Works intended for the mental culture of the young are sure to meet our
+  approval when properly deserving it; and in the present instance we feel
+  inclined to extend the usual limit of our remarks in favour of the lucid
+  and well-arranged books which Mr. Ince has issued for the rising
+  generation. We could not forbear a smile, on glancing over their
+  contents, at the recollection of the sundry fat quartos and huge folios
+  through which in boyhood we were obliged to wade for the acquirement of a
+  less amount of information than is here presented within the space of one
+  hundred pages."--_The Mirror._
+
+  "Well-digested and useful outlines of our History, and deserves to be a
+  standard educational work."--_Eclectic Review._
+
+  "Superior to anything of the kind; here is a clear and comprehensive
+  outline of the whole History of England. We cordially recommend
+  it."--_Wesley Banner._
+
+  "The leading points are clearly traced, and adapted for easy transmission
+  to the mind."--_Mark-lane Express._
+
+  "A valuable addition to those books specially designed for
+  education."--_Bell's Messenger._
+
+  "These 'Outlines' are particularly well done."--_Bankers Magazine._
+
+  "A good compendium; it contains the essence of very many volumes, serving
+  not only as helps for the education of youth, but as refreshers to the
+  memory to those who are old."--_Sunday School Magazine._
+
+  "This book is not undeserving of the popularity it has obtained: it is
+  full of information, and contains the substance of more knowledge of the
+  social progress, manners, and customs of our ancestors than many works of
+  far larger pretensions."--_The third review of the Athenæum._
+
+  "A great deal of information in a small compass, and the author has
+  availed himself of the latest authorities. We prefer the form of Outlines
+  to Catechisms. It contributes to the formation of more logical views,
+  both by the teacher and scholar. Catechisms are the school-books of
+  parrots."--_Spectator._
+
+  "Both the plan and style are perspicuous; it is admirably adapted for
+  what it is intended."--_The Times._
+
+  "Contains a vast amount of interesting and useful knowledge, and
+  admirably adapted as helps to parents and teachers of youth."--_Tait's
+  Magazine._
+
+  "A well-digested little book."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+  "A very useful book for the instruction of youth, being a complete
+  _resumé_ of the whole History of England."--_Metropolitan._
+
+  "Well adapted for the education of the young."--_New Monthly Magazine._
+
+  "The brief statements of the principal events of each Sovereign's reign
+  are neat and succinct."--_The Economist._
+
+  "An improved edition of Mr. Ince's very useful book."--_The Rambler._
+
+  "Ince's 'Outlines' is a very excellent book to put into the learner's
+  hands: it is clear and well-arranged."--_Author's Institute Circular._
+
+
+----
+
+
+_In 18mo, price 1s., 1s. 6d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra)_,
+
+THE SIXTH EDITION OF
+
+OUTLINES OF FRENCH HISTORY,
+
+WITH NOTICES OF
+
+THE MANNERS, CUSTOMS, ARTS, ETC., OF THE DIFFERENT PERIODS.
+
+BY HENRY INCE, M.A.
+
+  "It affords a very pleasing view of the whole History of France. The
+  author being gifted with a philosophical mind and a classical taste, the
+  subjects, though treated in a detached, are far from being treated in a
+  dry and unentertaining manner."--_The Times._
+
+  "It is embellished with some capital engravings, and abounds in the
+  narration of those romantic events which form the groundwork of so many
+  delightful works."--_The Mirror._
+
+  "Mr. Ince is not of those men who speak much without saying anything; he
+  says much in a few words."--_French Paper._
+
+  "A very useful educational work."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Price 1s. sewed, or 1s. 4d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra), the Eleventh
+Thousand of_
+
+OUTLINES
+
+OF
+
+GENERAL KNOWLEDGE.
+
+By Henry Ince, M.A.
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** This Edition has been very much extended and improved; by an
+enlargement of the size of the page, and careful arrangement of the type, a
+very great quantity of highly valuable information has been added.
+
+
+----
+
+
+  "The 'Outlines of General Knowledge' embrace a great variety of facts
+  connected with the natural sciences. Even the names of all the divisions
+  into which the moderns have classified knowledge fill no inconsiderable
+  space. Add to them the names and height of mountains, and names and
+  length of rivers, the names of constellations, the names of the chemical
+  elements, the amount of population of the different kingdoms of the
+  world, the amount of their respective taxation per head, &c. &c., and the
+  mere nomenclature seems calculated to fill a tolerably large book. All
+  this, and more than this, is collected in Mr. Ince's 'Outlines,' and
+  those not accustomed to the art of the author will wonder how one small
+  head could carry all he has brought together."--_The Economist._
+
+  "Well-digested 'Outlines,' which should be committed to everybody's
+  memory."--_Sharpe's Magazine._
+
+  "A capital book, deserving especial attention."--_Family Friend._
+
+  "Contains for its size a remarkable quantity of interesting and
+  well-arranged information. It would make a valuable present to Sunday
+  Schools and lending libraries."--_Athenæum._
+
+  "A vast amount of condensed information."--_The Rambler._
+
+  "Contains a considerable amount of information of a very valuable kind,
+  on a variety of subjects, that in ordinary routine of education are too
+  much overlooked, an acquaintance with which is every day becoming more
+  and more indispensable. They are germs which cannot fail to vegetate in
+  the mind, to fructify in the head, and eventually to produce a fourfold
+  reward to him who labours in the acquisition of them."--_Sunday School
+  Magazine._
+
+  "Calculated to instruct anyone of common intelligence on every known
+  topic of importance, and to start him with a mind stored with the
+  accumulated learning of 6000 years."--_The Mirror._
+
+  "A valuable little publication, full of information in a small compass,
+  creating an appetite for deeper investigation."--_Bell's Life._
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A NEW SERIES OF PENNY MAPS.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Now publishing in Monthly Parts, price only 4½d., or 8½d. coloured (each
+Part to contain four Maps)_,
+
+PHILIPS'
+
+PENNY ATLAS OF THE WORLD,
+
+IN A
+
+Series of fifty-two Imperial Quarto Maps, Engraved on Steel,
+
+INCLUDING
+
+FIVE ANCIENT MAPS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY,
+
+WITH A COPIOUS CONSULTING INDEX OF PLACES.
+
+
+----
+
+
+Geographical Knowledge was to a considerable extent an essential necessity
+even in the early periods of our world, cultivated indeed at first for
+almost purely social purposes, yet in the same proportion as our
+progenitors increased in numbers, so also did their extended range of
+observation instil into their minds the necessity of more practical
+observations on the relative bearings of the districts through which they
+passed, noting at the same time the numerous changes of hill and dale,
+rivulet and stream, and the countless varieties of the wonderful products
+with which it pleased Almighty God to bless its various regions. Hence
+progressively arose the Topographical and Geographical Delineations with
+which the Scriptures abound; to a similar cause may also be traced the
+contributions which the savage tribes have at various periods of our
+World's History added to the branches of Geographical science.
+
+Now, in the same proportion as any people forming a Nation develope their
+commercial and intellectual strength, in the same ratio has it pleased
+Providence to render it necessary that its inhabitants should not only
+become acquainted with the Topographical and Geographical features,
+relative distances and bearings, of their own and neighbouring nations, but
+of every portion of the known world, even extending their researches to
+unknown regions. Indeed, no member of a commercial nation, especially in
+one where education is much diffused, is qualified to act his part aright
+as one of its people, unless he is able to form a tolerably accurate notion
+of the names of Nations, Places, Seas, Rivers, Mountains, &c., their
+relative position and extent, as well as to learn how richly the Creator of
+the Earth has endowed them all with the means of ministering to those
+comforts and pleasures of which man in every state of society and climate
+so much stands in need.
+
+These reflections might be much extended, but the limits of a prospectus
+will not permit it. Suffice it to say that every Englishman, be he rich or
+poor, should have access to modern Maps of the various portions of the
+World, in order to possess the means of cultivating a knowledge of its
+divisions, the names of the chief Nations, Places, &c. &c., as well as to
+be able to form intellectual and commercial ideas of its numerous products,
+and the respective regions from whence come the countless varieties of
+foreign substances now in use among us as articles of ornament or
+necessity.
+
+Now, though a Modern Atlas of the World is so essential to every family in
+this kingdom, still it has been almost limited in its possession, on
+account of the high price at which all really good and practical works have
+hitherto been issued. To remove this difficulty has been the principal
+motive which has induced the Proprietors of "PHILIPS' PENNY MODERN ATLAS"
+to issue a work which they feel satisfied will be universally admitted to
+be surprisingly cheap, and not surpassed in usefulness by any attempt
+hitherto made to extend the knowledge of Geography.
+
+
+----
+
+
+LIST OF THE MAPS
+
+Which will appear in PHILIPS' PENNY ATLAS, any of which may now be had
+separately, price ONE PENNY each Plain, or TWOPENCE Coloured:--
+
+             MODERN MAPS.
+
+   1. Western Hemisphere.
+   2. Eastern Hemisphere.
+   3. World on Mercator's Projection--Double Map.
+   4. Arctic Regions.
+   5. Europe--General Map.
+   6. British Isles.
+   7. England and Wales.
+   8. Scotland.
+   9. Ireland.
+  10. France, in Provinces.
+  11. France, in Departments.
+  12. Belgium.
+  13. Holland.
+  14. Prussia.
+  15. Poland.
+  16. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.
+  17. Denmark.
+  18. Russia in Europe.
+  19. Germany.
+  20. Austria.
+  21. Switzerland.
+  22. Spain and Portugal.
+  23. Italy.
+  24. Turkey in Europe, and Greece.
+  25. Asia--General Map.
+  26. Turkey in Asia.
+  27. Russia in Asia.
+  28. Persia and Cabool.
+  29. Hindostan.
+  30. China.
+  31. East India Islands and Australia.
+  32. New South Wales.
+  33. Tasmania, or Van Dieman's Land.
+  34. New Zealand.
+  35. Africa--General Map.
+  36. Egypt.
+  37. America--General Map.
+  38. North America.
+  39. United States.
+  40. Canada.
+  41. Mexico, Guatimala, and Texas.
+  42. West Indies.
+  43. South America.
+
+             ANCIENT MAPS.
+
+  44. Palestine.
+  45. Orbis Veteribus Notus.
+  46. Orbis Romani Pars Occidentalis.
+  47. Orbis Romani Pars Orientalis.
+  48. Græcia Antiqua.
+  49. Table of the Comparative Height of Mountains.
+  50. Ditto        ditto       Length of Rivers.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CHEAPEST MAPS EVER ISSUED.
+
+
+----
+
+
+PHILIPS' SERIES
+
+OF
+
+LARGE SIXPENNY MAPS,
+
+Size--Full Sheet Imperial, 22 by 27 Inches, Full Coloured.
+
+_Engraved in the best style, and embracing all the recent Geographical
+Discoveries._
+
+
+----
+
+
+          LIST OF THE MAPS.
+
+   1. The World on Mercator's Projection.
+   2.   "  Northern Hemisphere.
+   3.   "  Southern ditto.
+   4.   "  Eastern ditto.
+   5.   "  Western ditto.
+   6. North Horizontal ditto.
+   7. South ditto.
+   8. Europe.
+   9. Asia.
+  10. Africa.
+  11. America--General Map.
+  12. North America.
+  13. South America.
+  14. England.
+  15. Scotland.
+  16. Ireland.
+  17. British Isles.
+  18. The Channel Islands, including Isle of Man and Isle of Wight.
+  19. Chart of the Baltic Sea.
+  20. Sweden and Norway.
+  21. Denmark.
+  22. Germany--Northern part.
+  23. Germany--Southern part.
+  24. Holland.
+  25. Belgium.
+  26. France, in Departments.
+  27. France, in Provinces.
+  28. Spain and Portugal.
+  29. Chart of the Mediterranean.
+  30. Turkey in Europe and Greece.
+  31. Italy.
+  32. Venetian States.
+  33. Milanese States.
+  34. Tuscany and the States of the Church.
+  35. Naples and Sicily.
+  36. Switzerland.
+  37. Austria.
+  38. Prussia.
+  39. Poland.
+  40. Russia in Europe.
+  41. Russian Empire.
+  42. Tartary.
+  43. Corea and Islands of Japan.
+  44. China.
+  45. East India Islands.
+  46. Hindostan.
+  47. British India--Northern part.
+  48. British India--Southern part.
+  49. Birman Empire.
+  50. Persia.
+  51. Turkey in Asia.
+  52. Arabia.
+  53. Egypt and Abyssinia.
+  54. Palestine.
+  55. North and South Africa.
+  56. Atlantic Islands.
+  57. Chart of the Atlantic.
+  58. Canada, Nova Scotia, &c.
+  59. United States.
+  60. California, Mexico, &c.
+  61. Panama, Guatimala, &c.
+  62. West Indies.
+  63. Isles of Bermuda, Bahama, and Cuba.
+  64. Jamaica.
+  65. St. Domingo and Virgin Isles.
+  66. St. Christopher's, with Nevis and St. Lucia.
+  67. Antigua, with Guadaloupe, &c.
+  68. Dominico, with Martinico, &c.
+  69. Barbadoes and St. Vincent.
+  70. Trinidad, Grenada, Tobago, and Caraçoa.
+  71. Peru, Chili, and La Plata.
+  72. Caraccas and Guiana.
+  73. Islands in the Pacific.
+  74. Australia.
+  75. New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land.
+  76. South Australia.
+  77. New Zealand.
+  78. Chart of the North-west Passage between Europe and America.
+  79. Chart of the Discoveries of Ross, Parry, and Franklin in the Arctic
+      Regions.
+  80. Table of the comparative Height of Mountains.
+  81. Ditto        ditto       Length of Rivers.
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** This series of Maps is by far the largest, best, and cheapest ever
+offered for separate sale. Persons desirous of having a specimen of the
+series, can order a single Map, through their booksellers, or remit 10d. in
+postage-stamps to the Publishers, who will send any Map named, postage
+free.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Just published, complete in 400 very large and full pages, Demy 8vo_,
+
+Containing matter equal in quantity to 1,500 pages of ordinary 8vo volumes,
+Price only 4s., or postage free, 5s., strongly and neatly bound in cloth,
+
+GILBERT'S COPIOUS SERIES OF PAMPHLETS
+
+ON THE
+
+ROMAN CATHOLIC QUESTION;
+
+CONTAINING
+
+Important Documents of Permanent Historical Interest having reference to
+the re-Establishment of the
+
+CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN ENGLAND,
+
+1850-1.
+
+The Editor of these Pamphlets deems it almost superfluous to dwell on the
+paramount importance of every respectable family possessing this volume of
+very special present and permanent interest. During the discussion of the
+exciting matters now at issue in this all-absorbing question, there can be
+no questioning the well-recognised fact that the possession of this copious
+and cheap volume is essential to every thoughtful and inquiring person in
+our beloved country. For those who are as yet unaware of the immense mass
+of interesting and important documents that are in its pages, AN INDEX OF
+ITS CONTENTS IS ISSUED FOR GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION--this will abundantly
+testify to the fact; and the Editor, thinks it only necessary to state
+that, with scarcely an exception, the whole of the documents are printed,
+verbatim, as they originally appeared, and in very numerous cases they have
+had the additional advantage of the direct and special revision of the
+authors.
+
+The Editor expresses his conviction that all the important facts and
+documents relative to the "Roman Catholic Question" have appeared in the
+pages of these pamphlets. Doubtless, during the progress of the
+Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill through the Houses of Parliament
+speeches of interest will be made; still the Editor thinks they will be
+merely elaborations of the materials already in these pages, devoid of
+original facts or documents.
+
+*** Any persons who may wish to possess the Series or sheet containing
+specific articles particularised in the Index, will be at liberty to
+purchase it separately, at One Penny or Three-halfpence each sheet
+respectively, or at Twopence each extra post-free, through the publisher.
+Series 1 to 17 sell at 1d., and 18 to 25 at 1½d. each; but it must be
+observed that each sheet or Series contains several documents.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Just Published, demy 18mo, sewed, Price 2s. 6d., or accompanied by a large
+and accurate Map, and bound in Cloth, Price 5s._
+
+THE TRAVELLER'S HAND-BOOK
+
+AND NEW GUIDE FOR
+
+EMIGRANTS THROUGH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+Containing a description of the States, Cities, Towns, Villages,
+Watering-places, Colleges, &c.; with the Railroad, Stage, and Steam-boat
+Routes; the distances from place to place; and the Fares on the great
+Travelling Routes.
+
+BY J. CALVIN SMITH.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Just Published, in a neat Cover_,
+
+PHILIPS'
+
+SHILLING ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY,
+
+CONTAINING NINE IMPERIAL QUARTO MAPS,
+
+ENGRAVED ON STEEL, & CONSTRUCTED FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITIES.
+
+  CONTENTS.
+
+  EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  EUROPE.
+  ASIA.
+  AFRICA.
+  AMERICA.
+  ENGLAND.
+  IRELAND.
+  SCOTLAND.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Lately Published, price 2s.; or 2s. 6d. bound in Cloth_,
+
+PHILIPS' YOUNG SCHOLAR'S ATLAS,
+
+CONTAINING
+
+Thirteen Large Quarto Maps, Full Coloured.
+
+  CONTENTS.
+
+  EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  ENGLAND.
+  SCOTLAND.
+  IRELAND.
+  FRANCE.
+  EUROPE.
+  ASIA.
+  AFRICA.
+  NORTH AMERICA.
+  SOUTH AMERICA.
+  PALESTINE.
+  UNITED STATES.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Just Published, Price 3s. 6d. in Sheets, carefully coloured; 4s. 6d. in
+case; or 7s. 6d. mounted on black rollers and varnished_,
+
+A NEW TRAVELLING
+
+MAP OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,
+
+AND COMPILED FROM THE MOST RECENT AMERICAN GOVERNMENT SURVEYS AND OTHER
+AUTHENTIC SOURCES,
+
+Showing the whole of the Railways, Canals, &c., to the present time, and
+the distances from place to place in hundreds of miles, taking the City of
+New York as the centre.
+
+_The Publishers can, with confidence, recommend this Map of the United
+States as the most authentic and elaborate Map that has ever been
+produced._
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** The works on this and the fifteen preceding pages are published by
+JAMES GILBERT, 49, Paternoster-row, London, wholesale and retail
+bookseller, publisher, and newsvendor.
+
+Foreign Orders will be executed by J. GILBERT on liberal terms; or they can
+be either sent to any wholesale bookseller or stationer; or to any of the
+numerous merchants and manufacturers who export to all parts of the world.
+
+It will be necessary, however, to order GILBERT'S Editions, Published at
+49, Paternoster-row, London.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SALISBURY, PRINTER. PRIMROSE HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE, FLEET-STREET.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Notes.
+
+[1] A complete list of the names of all the competitors, together with
+    those selected by the Committee, will be found in the Appendix; also a
+    description and views of the two designs specially referred to.
+
+[2] This "memorandum" will be found in the Appendix.
+
+[3] The figures quoted are not quite correct, as will be seen hereafter.
+
+[4] The surface covered by the Basilica of St. Peter's at Rome amounts to
+    223,900 square feet, the Cathedral at Milan occupies 124,100, and St.
+    Paul's, London, 114,900 square feet.
+
+[5] It is perhaps necessary to mention here, that the leakage of the roof
+    which was at first much complained of was owing to incomplete
+    construction, and not to any defect in the principle, or in the manner
+    in which it has been carried out.
+
+[6] About three hundred planks were passed through the machine in a
+    working-day of ten hours, allowing the necessary stoppages for
+    sharpening the cutters; and if only three widths of sash-bar were
+    produced out of each blank, the quantity finished per diem would amount
+    to about two miles and three quarters. This machinery, as well as that
+    for grooving and moulding the ridges, was worked at the Phoenix
+    Saw-mills, Cumberland-basin, Regent's Park, belonging to Mr. Birch.
+
+[7] A This piece of machinery is only novel in its application, as it is
+    similar to that used by brush-makers for drilling a number of small
+    holes in close and regular arrangement.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Crystal Palace, by 
+Peter Berlyn and Charles Fowler
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44192 ***
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+    The Crystal Palace
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+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44192 ***</div>
+
+  <div id="front"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w100 fcenter sp4">
+    <a href="images/pa1.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa1.jpg"
+    alt="Transverse Section of the Building,
+    showing the Interior completed." title="Transverse Section of the Building,
+    showing the Interior completed."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Transverse Section of the Building, showing the Interior completed.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa2.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa2.jpg"
+    alt="Title Page in Gothic Type." title="Title Page in Gothic Type."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION
+  BY</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;">JAMES GILBERT, 49 PATERNOSTER ROW,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="x-smaller">(UNIFORM WITH THE PRESENT
+  VOLUME),</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa3.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa3.jpg"
+    alt="The Curiosities and Wonders contained
+    within The Crystal Palace." title="The Curiosities and Wonders contained
+    within The Crystal Palace."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="x-smaller">BY</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;">PETER BERLYN, ESQ.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa4.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa4.jpg"
+    alt="Illustrated by Several Hundred
+    Engravings." title="Illustrated by Several Hundred
+    Engravings."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa5.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa5.jpg"
+    alt="Prince Albert's Coat of Arms." title="Prince Albert's Coat of Arms."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="ac">TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa6.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa6.jpg" alt="The Following Pages,"
+    title="The Following Pages,"/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="ac">DESCRIPTIVE OF</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">THE ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE MARVELS OF</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa7.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa7.jpg"
+    alt="THE STOREHOUSE OF THE WORLD'S WONDERS" title="THE STOREHOUSE OF THE WORLD'S WONDERS"/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="ac">OF ART, SCIENCE, AND MANUFACTURE,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">ARE, BY PERMISSION, MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">OF THE ADMIRATION AND GRATITUDE</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">WHICH, IN COMMON WITH THE WHOLE CIVILIZED WORLD,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">ARE AMPLY SHARED IN BY</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">MOST DEVOTED, FAITHFUL, AND OBEDIENT SERVANT,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="gap" style="width:10em">&nbsp;</span>THE PUBLISHER.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd1.png" alt="Contents."
+    title="Contents."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp5 mc w50" title="Index" summary="Index">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pb05"></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><span class="smaller">PAGE.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Introductory Remarks</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page1">1</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Committee for all Matters relating to the
+      Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page2">2</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Labours of the Building Committee</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page3">3</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Competition Designs</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page6">6</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Buildings used for Previous Exhibitions in France,
+      Germany, and England</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page15">15</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Description of the Building Committee's
+      Design</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page21">21</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Opposition to this Design</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page24">24</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Tenders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page24">24</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">History of Mr. Paxton's Design</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page27">27</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General Description of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page33">33</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Paxton's Gutters</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page40">40</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Sash-bars</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page44">44</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Ridges</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Glass</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Box Gutters</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page47">47</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Roof Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page47">47</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Iron Drilling Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page49">49</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Punching Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page50">50</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Adzing and Planing Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page51">51</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Columns and Connecting-pieces</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page52">52</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Base-pieces</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page53">53</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Cast-iron Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page54">54</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Galleries</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page55">55</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Testing the Cast-iron Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page55">55</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Roof of Transept</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page58">58</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Facework</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page59">59</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Diagonal Bracing</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page60">60</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05">
+        <p class="sp0"><span class="sc">The Staircases</span></p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page60">60</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Floor and Foundations</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page62">62</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">First Operations on the Ground</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page63">63</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Setting-out the Ground</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page64">64</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Fixing the Base-plates</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page65">65</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Henderson's Derrick Crane</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page67">67</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Raising and Fixing the Columns and Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page68">68</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the Roof Trusses</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page69">69</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Provision for Expansion of Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page70">70</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Glazing the Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page71">71</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Stage for Repairing the Glass, etc.</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page73">73</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page73">73</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Glazing the Transept Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page76">76</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Painting</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page76">76</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Hand-rail Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page78">78</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General View of the Works</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page79">79</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Paying the Workmen</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page80">80</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General Statistics</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page82">82</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Parti-coloured Painting</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page83">83</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Water Supply</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page87">87</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Stability of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page87">87</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Testing the Galleries</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page88">88</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General Advantages of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page89">89</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Conclusion</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page89">89</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05 pt05"><span class="sc">Appendix</span>:&mdash;</td>
+      <td class="pb05 pt05"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">List of Competitors for the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pagei">i</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">List A.&mdash;Competitors Entitled to Favourable
+      Mention</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pagevi">vi</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">List B.&mdash;Competitors Entitled to Further Higher
+      Honorary Distinction</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pageviii">viii</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Two Competition Designs Specially Mentioned by the
+      Building Committee</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Memorandum on The Site</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1"><span class="sc">Report of the Royal Commissioners, Presented to her Majesty
+      on the Opening of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp3">
+    <a href="images/hd2.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd2.png"
+    alt="List of Illustrations." title="List of Illustrations."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp5 mc w50" title="List of Illustrations." summary="List of Illustrations.">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pb05"></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><span class="smaller">PAGE.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Transverse Section of the Building, showing the Interior
+      completed</span>&mdash;</td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#front"><i>frontispiece</i></a>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Plan of the Building for the French Exposition in
+      1849</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page16">16</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Principal Entrance of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page17">17</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior View of the "Palace"</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page18">18</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior View of the Cattle-shed</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page19">19</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f19"><i>facing</i> 19</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Plan of Kroll's Wintergarten</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page20">20</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Birmingham Exposition Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page20">20</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Ground-plan of the Design of the Building
+      Committee</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f22"><i>facing</i> 22</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Exterior View of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f24"><i>facing</i> 24</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Common Mode of Glazing Roofs</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page28">28</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Method by Ridge and Furrow</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page29">29</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Cutters of Mr. Paxton's Sash-bar Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page30">30</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Victoria Regia House, Chatsworth </span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page32">32</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page33">33</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Ground-plan of the Building for the
+      Exhibition</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page34">34</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of one 24-feet square Bay of Roof partly
+      completed</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page36">36</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the Lower Storey of the Principal
+      Elevations</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page37">37</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Interior of the Transept</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f38"><i>facing</i> 38</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f39"><i>facing</i> 39</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General View of the Building from the
+      South-West</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f40"><i>facing</i> 40</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The External Railing</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page40">40</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Section of the Paxton's Gutter, with the Strong
+      Sash-bar</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page41">41</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Circular Planing Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page41">41</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same showing Detail</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page41">41</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Sections of the Paxton's Gutter, showing different
+      Stages in the Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page42">42</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Gutter-cutting Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page42">42</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Machine for finishing Ends of Gutters and
+      Ridges</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page43">43</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Machine for Cutting out Sash-bars</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page44">44</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Sash-bar Drilling Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page45">45</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same, Enlarged</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Section of the Ridges, etc</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Diagram of 48-feet Girder</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page48">48</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05">
+        <p class="sp0"><span class="sc">Diagram of 72-feet Girder</span></p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page48">48</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Iron Drilling Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page50">50</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Punching Machine and Shears</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page50">50</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Adzing-cutters</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page51">51</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Adzing and Planing Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page52">52</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Section of a Column</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page52">52</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">A Base-piece</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page54">54</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Interior from the level of
+      Galleries</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f55"><i>facing</i> 55</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Frame and Hydraulic Press for testing the
+      Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page56">56</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior View of the Central Avenue towards the
+      West</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f58"><i>facing</i> 58</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Louvre Frame</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page60">60</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Staircase</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page61">61</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Fixing Cast-iron Drain-pipe</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page62">62</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Crane and Proving-press</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page66">66</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Henderson's Derrick Crane</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page67">67</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portions of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page67">67</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Fixing the Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page68">68</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General View of the Works in Progress</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f69"><i>facing</i> 69</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the 72-feet Trusses</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page70">70</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Glazing-waggon for Flat Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page72">72</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">A Pair of Ribs prepared for raising</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page74">74</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f75"><i>facing</i> 75</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Stage for Glazing Transept Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page76">76</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Sash-bar Painting Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page77">77</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same in Detail</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page77">77</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Hand-rail Cutting Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page78">78</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page78">78</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Brass Tickets for Workmen</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page80">80</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Interior of the Pay-office</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page81">81</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Men taking their Wages</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page81">81</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Workmen waiting to be Paid</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page82">82</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Building from the North Bank of the
+      Serpentine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f86"><i>facing</i> 86</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Testing an Experimental Bay of the Gallery
+      Floor</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f88"><i>facing</i> 88</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Boiler-house, etc.</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f88b"><i>facing</i> 88</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of South Front of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page92">92</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05 pt05"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span><span
+      class="sc">Appendix</span><span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></td>
+      <td class="pb05 pt05"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Exterior View of Mons. Horeau's Design for the
+      Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#fix"><i>facing</i> ix</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#fixb"><i>facing</i> ix</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Exterior from one end of Messrs. Turners' Design
+      for the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#fx"><i>facing</i> <span class="hid">i</span>x</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1"><span class="sc">Transverse Section and View of the Interior of the
+      same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#fxb"><i>facing</i> <span class="hid">i</span>x</a></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1">{1}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd3.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd3.png"
+    alt="INTRODUCTORY REMARKS." title="INTRODUCTORY REMARKS."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_s.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="S"/>O
+  much has already been said and written, both wisely and well, upon the marvellous edifice which
+  has just been reared with such magical rapidity to enshrine the results of the skill and industry
+  of all nations, that it would appear an almost hopeless task to present the subject in any new
+  point of view to the reader.</p>
+
+  <p>If, therefore, the authors cannot lay claim to novelty or originality in the execution of the
+  pleasurable work which they have undertaken, they are not without hopes that, from their having
+  been connected with this gigantic undertaking during the greater part of its progress, they will
+  be enabled to trace in a more detailed and consecutive manner than has yet been attempted the
+  history of the design and execution of the building up to the period of its completion.</p>
+
+  <p>A great deal has been lately said upon the want of distinctive character in almost all the
+  buildings of the present day; and it is certainly a striking fact that in scarcely any of our
+  important modern structures does the exterior appearance in any way lead the spectator to form an
+  idea of the purposes or arrangement of the interior, the former being apparently governed by
+  fancy, or the fashion for some particular style, while the latter only, is accommodated to the
+  peculiar requirements of the case. Thus we have porticos which do not shelter from the weather, or
+  in which no one is allowed to walk; Venetian palaces appear piled upon a substructure of
+  plate-glass; baronial castles prove to be model prisons; and richly-decorated mansions, from the
+  time of "Good Queen Bess," or fanciful Italian villas, are made to serve for the accommodation of
+  paupers.</p>
+
+  <p>The ancients appear to have been more careful in this respect, so that the form and external
+  arrangement afforded in most cases a ready key to the purposes of their structures. Their temples,
+  their fora, theatres and amphitheatres, baths, and other public edifices, seem each to have been
+  stamped with their own characteristic features, at the same time without in any way producing a
+  monotonous uniformity among the different examples of the same class of building.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page2">{2}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Now, if this criterion of excellence be applied to the remarkable building recently erected in
+  Hyde Park, it will be found that the constructive arrangement of the interior is plainly expressed
+  without, and it must be conceded that it possesses at least those elements of beauty arising from
+  consistency and simplicity which, in combination with its vast size, give it also that of
+  grandeur. That it is faultless it would be needless to assert, or to imagine that, from its
+  example, a new style of architecture will originate; but that it is admirably suited to its
+  purpose, that it is a remarkable specimen of the constructive skill of this country, and that it
+  will certainly form one of the most interesting objects of the Great Exhibition by which it has
+  been called into being, if not the most interesting of all, must, we think, be admitted by all
+  candid observers.</p>
+
+  <p>Although the building in its present form was designed, as well as carried out, in a singularly
+  short space of time, this could not have been accomplished but for the great amount of thought and
+  labour which had been previously bestowed upon the subject. In order, therefore, to trace the
+  whole of the progress of the design, it will be necessary briefly to advert to the early labours
+  bestowed upon the project.</p>
+
+  <p>On the 5th of January, 1850, the Royal Commission for carrying out this great scheme was
+  gazetted; its first and second meetings, which were respectively held on the 11th and 18th of the
+  same month, were entirely devoted to preliminary arrangements, and determining the mode of
+  conducting its proceedings.</p>
+
+  <p>Among the most urgent matters calling for the attention of the Commissioners, the subject of
+  the building early presented itself, as it was of the utmost importance that the longest possible
+  time should be allowed for its erection; and, accordingly, at the third meeting, held on the 24th
+  of January, the following noblemen and gentlemen were appointed to act as a</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd4.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd4.png"
+    alt="Committee for all Matters relating to
+    the Building." title="Committee for all Matters relating to
+    the Building."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+
+  <div class="poem pc23">
+    <p>His Grace the Duke of <span class="sc">Buccleuch</span>, K.G., F.R.S.</p>
+    <p>The Right Hon. the Earl of <span class="sc">Ellesmere</span>, F.S.A.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">Charles Barry</span>, Esq., R.A., F.R.S.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">William Cubitt</span>, Esq., F.R.S., Pr. of J.C.E.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">Robert Stephenson</span>, Esq., M.P., F.R.S.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">C. R. Cockerell</span>, Esq., R.A.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">I. K. Brunel</span>, Esq., F.R.S.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">Thomas L. Donaldson</span>, Esq., M.I.B.A.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">From which list it will be seen that some of the very highest professional talent
+  in the country was enlisted on behalf of the undertaking.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page3">{3}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd5.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd5.png"
+    alt="Labours of the Building Committee." title="Labours of the Building Committee."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  first point to be ascertained by this Committee was where to find an eligible site; for although
+  they were not able at that early stage of their labours to determine the exact amount of space
+  that would be required, they appear to have been of opinion that, from the general data before
+  them, about sixteen acres would be necessary&mdash;an amount which has been subsequently
+  considerably exceeded, but which was already an enormous area to be covered by one building; and
+  in dealing with it the Committee must have felt that a very heavy amount of responsibility rested
+  upon them, as appears, indeed, from their recommendation to the Royal Commission given below.</p>
+
+  <p>After about a month of attentive deliberation, the Committee made a report upon this part of
+  their labours.</p>
+
+  <p>With regard to the site, it had appeared to the Committee that&mdash;firstly, the north-eastern
+  portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space between her Majesty's private road and the
+  Kensington road, in the southern part of Hyde Park; and thirdly, the north-western portion of
+  Regent's Park, were the only available spaces about the metropolis which would afford the
+  necessary accommodation; and it was believed that the order in which they were named represented
+  also their relative eligibility. As regarded the first, the Committee had been informed by the
+  Chief Commissioner of her Majesty's Woods and Forests that considerable objections would arise to
+  its occupation for such a purpose, and that no such objections would be raised to the use of the
+  second; and the Committee, therefore, recommended the adoption of this site, which, amongst other
+  advantages, is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the existing roads.</p>
+
+  <p>As regarded the extent of the building, the Committee were not yet in possession of sufficient
+  data to enable them to determine this accurately, but, from such information as they had before
+  them, they thought that it might be assumed, for the present, that about sixteen acres of covered
+  space would be required.</p>
+
+  <p>And finally, as regarded the mode of proceeding to determine the general interior arrangements
+  or ground-plan of the building, a subject to which they had given much consideration, they
+  resolved, "That, in their opinion, it was desirable to seek, by public competition, for
+  suggestions as to the general arrangements of the ground-plan of the building."</p>
+
+  <p>It was deemed by the Committee that the peculiar object for which the building was required,
+  namely, the encouragement of the widest and most liberal competition in all the branches of arts
+  and manufactures&mdash;the circumstance of the cost of the erection being defrayed by the
+  public&mdash;the <span class="pagenum" id="page4">{4}</span>peculiar character of the building,
+  for the designing of which were especially required judgment and contrivance in the detail of
+  arrangement, and experience in the management of large crowds, and for the construction of which
+  the mechanical skill and knowledge of the application and of the economical use of materials now
+  so generally possessed by builders and practical men were necessary&mdash;all seemed, in the
+  opinion of the Committee, to be reasons for recommending that the designs for the general
+  arrangements should, as far as practicable, be the result of public competition, and that the
+  actual construction should be so to the fullest extent. The Committee were, moreover, of opinion
+  that the general design or arrangement of such a building was one of those subjects, perhaps few
+  in number, on which many good ideas may be elicited by a general contribution of plans; and that a
+  mode might be adopted of obtaining such plans, and collecting useful suggestions from them, which
+  should not eventually lead to any loss of time, or be attended with those delays which too
+  frequently render ordinary competition inconvenient.</p>
+
+  <p>Great objections were made in some quarters to the proposed site in Hyde Park; but as they were
+  not raised on really public grounds, they were gradually overcome by the interest which the public
+  at large manifested in the success of the undertaking.</p>
+
+  <p>In consequence of the latter recommendation in the Report which was adopted by the Royal
+  Commissioners, the following document was published by them on March 13th, 1850, copies of which
+  appear to have found their way into almost every corner of Europe<span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"The Committee appointed by the Royal Commission to advise on 'all matters relating to the
+  building,' having received the sanction of the Commission, are desirous of obtaining from all
+  parties who are disposed to assist them suggestions for the general arrangement of the buildings
+  and premises required for this Exhibition. Upon the general form of the building in plan, the
+  distribution of its parts, the mode of access, and the internal arrangements and contrivances,
+  will depend the convenience and general fitness of such a building; and it is upon these points
+  that the Committee seek information and suggestions, and wish to encourage the most extended
+  competition in the preparation of plans. The Committee do not propose to offer any pecuniary
+  reward for such plans&mdash;they rely upon the desire which men of all countries will feel to
+  forward the objects of the proposed Exhibition. The Committee think it probable that, when the
+  plans are received, they may not be limited to the selection of any one plan, but may derive
+  useful ideas from many; and that the best plan may be determined upon by the help of this general
+  assistance. As the credit of any such plan will be due solely to the contributors, the Committee
+  propose to make a report, in which they will acknowledge by name those whose plans had been wholly
+  or partially adopted, or who had afforded the most useful <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page5">{5}</span>suggestions; and the Committee hope to be able to offer such other honorary
+  distinction to the successful contributors as the circumstances may appear to warrant. In order to
+  guide the contributors in the preparation of such plans and designs, and to facilitate the
+  examination and the comparison of them when received, the Committee have enumerated concisely the
+  principal 'desiderata' for such a building, and have laid down certain rules and conditions to
+  which they earnestly request the contributors to conform, as the Committee will be under the
+  necessity of abiding strictly by the regulation of not acknowledging any plans which may be sent
+  in a form inconsistent with these rules. Copies of the engraved plan of the ground referred to may
+  be had on application to the secretaries of the Commission, at the New Palace at Westminster."</p>
+
+  <p>An engraved plan of the site which had been fixed upon, together with the subjoined
+  regulations, which all competitors would be expected to observe, were subsequently issued to all
+  applicants<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"1. The communications from contributors must consist of a single sheet of paper, not larger
+  than the accompanying engraving, with a simple ground-plan upon a scale of 1·1000 of the full
+  size, with such elevations and sections only of the building, and on the same sheet, as may be
+  necessary to elucidate the system proposed&mdash;such elevations and sections not being intended
+  to convey more than a general idea of the building, and not entering into details of construction
+  or of architectural decoration&mdash;to be accompanied by a short, clear-written explanation of
+  the system recommended, on a separate sheet. Any contributor wishing to send two designs must send
+  separate and distinct communications, each conforming to the above conditions. No communications
+  made inconsistent with these conditions, or any plan prepared upon a different scale from that
+  prescribed, can be received. The plans, &amp;c., must be sent on or before the 8th of April next,
+  addressed to the Secretaries of the Exhibition, New Palace at Westminster, London. It is suggested
+  that the most convenient mode of preparing the plan, elevation, and section, would be to draw them
+  upon one of the engraved copies of the plan of the ground which accompany these
+  instructions.&mdash;2. The building is to be erected on the space marked A B C D, and must not
+  extend beyond the boundaries of the shaded portion. The groups of trees shown on the plan must be
+  preserved. The principal public approaches are by the roads E F and G H. The road K L will be
+  available only for foot-passengers. There will be no objection to the formation of cross-roads
+  between the two last, G H and K L, if the design of the building requires it.&mdash;3. The roofed
+  portion of the building is to cover a space of 700,000 square feet, or about 65,000 square metres;
+  and the whole building must not occupy, including open spaces, an area of more than 900,000 square
+  feet, or about 84,000 square metres. The building generally will be of one storey only.&mdash;4.
+  No space will be <span class="pagenum" id="page6">{6}</span>required for cattle, or for shrubs or
+  flowers.&mdash;5. It may be assumed, so far as it affects the ground-plan, that the light will be
+  obtained entirely from the roof, and the building will be constructed of fire-proof materials.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">"The general requirements are&mdash;simplicity of arrangement; economy of space;
+  capability of extending or curtailing the building without destroying its symmetry as a whole, or
+  interfering with the general arrangement, it being impossible to determine the exact extent of
+  roof required until a late period of construction. Adaptation for the erection of separate
+  portions of the building at different periods. Conveniences of ingress and egress, with facilities
+  of access to all parts of the Exhibition, either from the exterior or interior. Means of
+  classification of the various objects of different departments. Wall-space for the display of
+  articles requiring it. Means of affording private access and accommodation for exhibitors, with
+  counting-houses, if required. Committee-rooms, council-rooms, public refreshment-rooms, and all
+  other public and private accommodation. (This portion of the building may be in two or more
+  storeys if required.) Internal arrangements, by which, under proper regulations, large crowds of
+  visitors may circulate freely, and have convenient access to all parts of the Exhibition, and
+  uninterrupted means of examining the various objects exhibited."</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd6.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd6.png"
+    alt="The Competition Designs." title="The Competition Designs."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HOUGH the time allowed for the preparation of drawings was but short, being only about
+  one month, no less than 233 designs were sent in, many of them of an elaborate architectural
+  character. Of these, thirty-eight, or one-sixth of the whole, were received from the different
+  foreign countries of Europe (France, twenty-seven; Belgium, two; Holland, three; Hanover, one;
+  Naples, one; Switzerland, two; Rhine Prussia, one; Hamburgh, one); 138, or more than half the
+  entire number, from London and its vicinity, where the interest excited was naturally more
+  immediate; fifty-one from the provincial towns of England; six from Scotland, and three from
+  Ireland. Seven were sent anonymously. The small number contributed by the sister kingdoms seems
+  rather remarkable.</p>
+
+  <p>The greater part of these designs were, of course, contributed by members of the architectural
+  and engineering professions, but some were the productions of amateurs, and one among them
+  purported to be the suggestion of a lady. Here, then, was matter enough not only to assist, but
+  even, from its great variety, to perplex the Committee, since at once every possible variety of
+  style in decoration, material in construction, and system in arrangement, were strenuously
+  recommended by the authors of the respective designs as the great ultimatum sought for.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page7">{7}</span></div>
+
+  <p>To Mr. Digby Wyatt, whose services were to a great extent withdrawn from the Executive
+  Committee, in order that his professional knowledge of the subject might be placed at the disposal
+  of the Building Committee, was intrusted the arduous task of examining and classifying these
+  incongruous materials, and of eliminating from them such general principles of arrangement as
+  seemed most worthy of the attentive consideration of the Committee. The result of this gentleman's
+  minute examination was embodied in a Report, upon the basis of the recommendations contained in
+  which the subsequent utilitarian portions of the design of the Building Committee would appear to
+  have been founded.</p>
+
+  <p>After holding about fifteen protracted sittings, the Committee presented the following Report
+  to the Royal Commission on the 9th of May<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd7.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd7.png"
+    alt="&quot;May it please your Royal Highness," title="&quot;May it please your Royal Highness,"/></a>
+  </div>
+
+
+  <p class="ac">"<i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>"We have the honour to report that we have examined the numerous plans so liberally contributed
+  by native and foreign architects in accordance with the public invitation.</p>
+
+  <p>"Exhausting in their numerous projects and suggestions almost every conceivable variety of
+  building, the authors of those designs have materially assisted us in arriving at the conclusions
+  which we have now the honour to report.</p>
+
+  <p>"We have been aided in our analysis of this subject by a great amount of thought and
+  elaboration thus brought to bear upon it from various points of view.</p>
+
+  <p>"We have, however, arrived at the unanimous conclusion, that able and admirable as many of
+  these designs appeared to be, there was yet no single one so accordant with the peculiar objects
+  in view, either in the principle or detail of its arrangements, as to warrant us in recommending
+  it for adoption.</p>
+
+  <p>"In some of the least successful of the designs submitted, we find indicated errors and
+  difficulties to be avoided, whilst in the abler and more practicable of them, there are valuable
+  conceptions and suggestions which have greatly assisted us in framing the plan we have now the
+  honour to lay before you. In preparing this design we have been governed mainly by three
+  considerations<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"1. The provisional nature of the building.</p>
+
+  <p>"2. The advisability of constructing it as far as possible in such a form as to be available,
+  with the least sacrifice of labour and material, for other purposes, as soon as its original one
+  shall have been fulfilled, thus insuring a minimum ultimate cost.</p>
+
+  <p>"3. Extreme simplicity, demanded by the short time in which the work must be completed.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page8">{8}</span></div>
+
+  <p>"For the arrangements of the plan we rely for effect on honesty of construction, vastness of
+  dimension, and fitness of each part to its end.</p>
+
+  <p>"The principal points of excellence we have endeavoured to attain are&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"1. Economy of construction.</p>
+
+  <p>"2. Facilities for the reception, classification, and display of goods.</p>
+
+  <p>"3. Facilities for the circulation of visitors.</p>
+
+  <p>"4. Arrangement for grand points of view.</p>
+
+  <p>"5. Centralisation of supervision.</p>
+
+  <p>"6. Some striking feature to exemplify the present state of the science of construction in this
+  country.</p>
+
+  <p>"The first of these, <span class="smaller">ECONOMY</span>, is attained by doing away with any
+  internal walls (all divisions being made by the necessary stalls), by reducing the whole
+  construction, with the exception of the dome, to cast iron columns, supporting the lightest form
+  of iron roof in long unbroken lines, and by the whole of the work being done in the simplest
+  manner, and adapted in all respects to serve hereafter for other purposes.</p>
+
+  <p>"The second, facilities for the <span class="smaller">RECEPTION</span>, <span
+  class="smaller">CLASSIFICATION</span>, and <span class="smaller">DISPLAY</span> of goods. The main
+  central entrance for the reception of objects for exhibition will probably be that most
+  approachable from the public road. All cases accompanying goods will be examined, registered,
+  catalogued, &amp;c., in the offices of the Executive; the packing-cases will then be put upon a
+  truck running on a line of rails laid down temporarily, and conveyed to the centre turn-table,
+  from which they may be carried by a line of rails at right angles to the first, to the end of the
+  transverse gallery, in which they may be destined to be placed.</p>
+
+  <p>"The most important condition to insure successful <i>classification</i> is, that those to whom
+  the duty of arrangement may be confided should be hampered by no fixed limits of space, such as
+  would have been the case had the building been divided into a number of halls, sections, or
+  chambers. The plan submitted fulfils this condition perfectly; as objects can be arranged just as
+  they are received, and moved, if necessary, from gallery to gallery with great facility.</p>
+
+  <p>"The successful display of the goods would be best insured by leaving, under certain general
+  restrictions, the fitting up of each stall to the Exhibitor or his Agent, floor-space only being
+  allotted to each; and stands, frames, brackets, shelves, &amp;c., being put up by a contractor's
+  carpenter, at a fixed tariff.</p>
+
+  <p>"The best light is provided, and the most economical wall-space is proposed to be furnished by
+  connecting pillar to pillar transversely, on the extreme north and south sides of the building, by
+  rods, from which draperies, &amp;c., can be suspended.</p>
+
+  <p>"The third, <span class="smaller">FACILITIES FOR THE CIRCULATION OF VISITORS</span>, is thus
+  attained. The visitor, on arrival at the central hall, proceeds at choice to any one <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page9">{9}</span>of the four sections. He will, most probably, desire either
+  to follow the whole course of the section selected, or will wish to go at once to some particular
+  class or object. He will be enabled to do either the one or the other, without interfering with
+  the general current, by means of gates or other arrangements, which shall insure the current of
+  visitors passing in one direction. If he desire to proceed rapidly from one end of the building to
+  the other, and finds the great central gangway at all blocked up, he will, no doubt, be able to
+  get on by either the north or south corridors, fifteen feet wide. Numerous doors of egress in
+  these latter afford ready means of exit for a large number of persons. Seats are provided in the
+  middle of the great central gangway for those who may desire to rest.</p>
+
+  <p>"The fourth, <span class="smaller">ARRANGEMENT FOR GRAND POINTS OF VIEW</span>. The view from
+  or to the centre of the building will, from its extent, be necessarily imposing. The seats and
+  main avenues are arranged so that, on the occasion of the distribution of the prizes, an immense
+  number of persons may be accommodated. Most interesting views might be obtained from galleries
+  constructed at either end of the building and around the dome, for the admission of the public to
+  which some small charge might be made.</p>
+
+  <p>"The fifth, <span class="smaller">CENTRALISATION OF SUPERVISION</span>. All the business of the
+  Exhibition will be carried on in one spot, and be readily under control. The Royal Commission, the
+  principal Committees, Clerks, Accountants, Police, &amp;c., would be together, and in so large an
+  establishment it would be absolutely necessary, or much time would be wasted in walking from one
+  point to another. Passages running behind the money-takers' boxes, with glazed doors into them,
+  would enable each accountant to detect anything improper that might be going on, and to exchange
+  and balance checks, money, &amp;c., at any moment. Telegraphic communication with each of the four
+  pay-places will permit orders to be given, cash accounts, &amp;c., to be issued and returned, from
+  and to the head-accountant's office, as often as may be necessary.</p>
+
+  <p>"Four Committee-rooms, one for a Jury in each section, have been provided at the extreme east
+  and west ends. The duties of such Committees being deliberative, and not executive, it is not
+  necessary that they should be accommodated in the Central Establishment, where they would be more
+  liable to be disturbed than at the extremity of the building.</p>
+
+  <p>"A policeman stationed in each gallery would, from his elevated position, be enabled to observe
+  much which might escape detection if he mingled only with the crowd.</p>
+
+  <p>"The sixth, <span class="smaller">SOME STRIKING FEATURE TO EXEMPLIFY THE PRESENT STATE OF THE
+  SCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTION IN THIS COUNTRY</span>. In order that the building, in which England
+  invites the whole world to display their richest productions, may afford, at least in one point, a
+  grandeur not incommensurate with the occasion, we propose, by a dome of light sheet iron 200 feet
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page10">{10}</span>in diameter, to produce an effect at once striking
+  and admirable. From calculations which have been made of the cost of so grand a Hall, we have
+  reason to expect that it may be executed for a sum not greatly exceeding the cost of the simplest
+  form of roof likely to be adopted to cover the same area.</p>
+
+  <p>"It is to be borne in mind that a considerable amount of any such difference may be recovered,
+  should this portion of the building be converted hereafter to other purposes, which is more than
+  probable. This vast dome it is proposed to light mainly from one circle of light in its centre,
+  and thus the sculpture will be pleasingly and suitably lit.</p>
+
+  <p>"Six out of the eight openings in the cylinder of the dome would be well adapted for the
+  exhibition of stained glass windows of great extent, while the two remaining arches will open to
+  the main central gallery. The lower part of some of the voids will admit the eye to turf and
+  shrubs, and produce a great freshness of effect.</p>
+
+  <p>"The immense continuity of the Central Avenue will be broken and relieved by a variation in the
+  roof opposite the openings to the second and third sets of refreshment-rooms, and windows for the
+  reception of Stained Glass may be placed at the ends of each transverse gallery, thus terminating
+  the vista for each.</p>
+
+  <p>"It now only remains to explain the course of action we would recommend for adoption as soon as
+  the principles of the plan, &amp;c., shall be positively decided.</p>
+
+  <p>"We consider this to be an occasion upon which the greatest amount of intellectual and
+  commercial ingenuity and ability should be called out; and that a generous rivalry among those
+  best fitted to execute the principal portions of this vast structure may lead to results which no
+  amount of detailed study that we could possibly give to this matter would supply.</p>
+
+  <p>"We would therefore recommend that every advantage should be taken of the accumulated and
+  experimental knowledge and resources of intelligent and enterprising contractors, and that every
+  opportunity should be afforded to them of <span class="smaller">DISTINGUISHING THEMSELVES</span>.
+  We would therefore recommend as the best means of enlisting their services the following course of
+  action:</p>
+
+  <p>"Adopting the approved design as a basis, we would proceed immediately to prepare such
+  working-drawings and specifications as may be necessary, and to issue invitations for tenders to
+  execute Works in accordance with them, requesting from competitors, in addition, such suggestions
+  and modifications, accompanied with estimates of cost, as might possibly become the means of
+  effecting a considerable reduction upon the general expense.</p>
+
+  <p class="ar">"<span class="sc">W. Cubitt</span>, <i>Chairman</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>The following Report of the Committee on the competition plans submitted, and which was so
+  unfavourably received by the public, and more <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page11">{11}</span>particularly by the profession, was presented to the Royal Commission on
+  the 16th of May<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd8.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd8.png"
+    alt="&quot;May it please your Royal Highness," title="&quot;May it please your Royal Highness,"/></a>
+  </div>
+
+
+  <p class="ac">"<i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>"Your Committee beg leave to report, that the invitation issued by the Commissioners,
+  requesting information and suggestions for the general arrangement of the Building and premises
+  required for the Exhibition of 1851, has been responded to in the most ample and satisfactory
+  manner, both as respects the variety of useful ideas presented to their consideration, and the
+  liberality with which many experienced and skilful men of foreign countries, no less than of our
+  own, have contributed their valuable time to this great undertaking, thereby evincing their entire
+  sympathy both with the great cause of Arts and Industry in which her Majesty's Commissioners have
+  embarked, and with the arduous labours of the Directors of the undertaking.</p>
+
+  <p>"The Designs and Specifications transmitted to the Committee amount to the surprising number of
+  233, offering an aggregate of professional sacrifice of very considerable importance; for, not
+  confining themselves to suggestions only, which were invited by the Programme, a large proportion
+  of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of execution.</p>
+
+  <p>"Penetrated with admiration and respect for these gratuitous and valuable contributions,
+  unexampled, they believe, in the history of competition, your Committee have devoted the most
+  careful attention to the collection of these projects, and hasten to offer those acknowledgments
+  which are due to their merits, and to the generous motives which have led to their execution; and
+  they trust that the public may shortly be witnesses of the effect of this very noble emulation of
+  the skill of all countries, by the public exhibition of these designs, offering the opportunity,
+  in the true spirit of the whole undertaking, of mutual improvement, respect, and friendship
+  amongst the cultivators of the liberal arts in the several countries of Europe.</p>
+
+  <p>"It is remarkable that, while many of these contributions may be attributed to the laudable
+  motive of professional reputation and advancement on the part of practitioners not yet
+  sufficiently known to the public, a great number are from Gentlemen whose position in the
+  confidence of their respective Governments or in the Republic of Arts and Letters is of the
+  highest eminence, and who can have been actuated by no such personal motives. Already entitled to
+  respect and admiration, they could have little to gain, while they have something to lose, in the
+  competition for glory. The kind and frank communication, therefore, of their thoughts and <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page12">{12}</span>experience towards this great work is to be the more highly
+  commended. Every possible mode of accomplishing the object in view has been displayed by the
+  respective contributors as regards economy of structure and distribution, and these qualities are
+  united with various degrees of architectural symmetry and features in many designs. Our
+  illustrious continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves by compositions of the
+  utmost taste and learning, worthy of enduring execution&mdash;examples of what might be done in
+  the architectural illustration of the subject, when viewed in its highest aspect, and, at all
+  events, exhibiting features of grandeur, arrangement, and grace which your Committee have not
+  failed to appreciate.</p>
+
+  <p>"Amongst these several classes of design, the practical character of our own countrymen, as
+  might have been expected, has been remarkably illustrated in some very striking and simple methods
+  suited to the temporary purposes of the Building, due attention having been paid to the pecuniary
+  means allotted to this part of the undertaking. The principle of suspension has been applied in a
+  single tent of iron sheeting, covering an area averaging 2,200 feet by 400 feet by a lengthened
+  ridge, or in separate tents on isolated supports. Others display the solution of this problem by
+  the chapter-house principle, and a few by the umbrella or circular locomotive-engine-house system
+  of railway-stations, either with a central column or groups of columns sustaining domes or roofs
+  to the extent of four hundred feet diameter.</p>
+
+  <p>"Grandeur and simplicity of distribution are carried out with great architectural effect in
+  other compositions, and the general arrangement by columnar supports has been also variously and
+  elegantly developed. The system of iron roofing, with all the architectural powers of which that
+  material is susceptible, has been adopted by some with signal enterprise, ingenuity, and
+  power.</p>
+
+  <p>"In another class of design the authors have viewed with enthusiasm the great occasion and
+  object of the proposed Exhibition, and have waived all considerations of expense. They have
+  indulged their imaginations, and employed the resources of their genius and learning, in the
+  composition of arrangements which present the utmost grandeur and beauty of architecture, suited
+  to a permanent Palace of Science and Art. These, as addressed to the architectural Student, are of
+  the highest value, reminding him of all the conditions of his art&mdash;the Egyptian hypostyle,
+  the Roman thermæ, or of the Arabian or Saracenic inventions. And though their expense has placed
+  them beyond reach, they cannot fail to inspire and elevate the treatment of the reality. They at
+  all events confer great obligations on the lovers of the Fine Arts, for the authors have evidently
+  felt that, if one of the results to be expected from the proposed Exhibition may be to prove that
+  the simplest object of ingenuity and skill should not be <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page13">{13}</span>devoid of some of the attractions of taste, the Building itself ought to be
+  an illustration of that important principle.</p>
+
+  <p>"The Committee, however, have been unable to select any one design as combining all the
+  requisites which various considerations render essential. But the judgment and taste evinced by a
+  large number of the contributors have enabled the Committee to arrive more promptly at their
+  conclusions, and they have freely availed themselves of most valuable suggestions in directing the
+  preparation of a fresh design for the proposed building.</p>
+
+  <p>"They have consequently been most earnest in the desire to fulfil the just expectations of the
+  various competitors, and feel assured that your Royal Highness and the Commission will be of
+  opinion that the most unreserved and handsome acknowledgments are due to those able men of science
+  and art who have in so disinterested a manner submitted such admirable projects for the
+  consideration and assistance of the Committee. They beg, therefore, to submit, as their opinion,
+  that the following gentlemen are entitled to honourable and favourable mention, on account of
+  architectural merit, ingenious construction or disposition, or for graceful arrangement of
+  plan.</p>
+
+  <p>"And they cannot conclude without calling attention to the designs, accompanied by models, of
+  M. Hector Horeau, Architect of Paris, and of Messrs. Turner, of Dublin, as evincing most daring
+  and ingenious disposition and construction.<a id="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p class="ar">"<span class="sc">W. Cubitt</span>, <i>Chairman</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>Some of the strongest objections to this Report are very fairly urged in a letter which
+  appeared in the <i>Builder</i> of the 15th of June, a part of which is subjoined<span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"Part II. of the Report contains what I suppose is to be taken as the best exposition of the
+  merits of contributors that the Committee can give, which commences by stating, in a tone of
+  commendation, that, 'not confining themselves to <span class="smaller">SUGGESTIONS ONLY</span>,
+  which were invited by the <span class="smaller">PROGRAMME</span>, a large proportion of them are
+  remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of execution.' This, I would contend, is
+  clearly a breach of the specified conditions, viz., that <span class="smaller">SUGGESTIONS
+  ONLY</span> were to be given&mdash;that the plan or drawing sent in was to be <span
+  class="smaller">A MERE OUTLINE SKETCH</span>, upon a <span class="smaller">SINGLE SHEET</span>;
+  and the Committee even recommended that it would be most convenient merely to trace it upon the
+  common paper on which the 'plan of site' was supplied to the public, a space being left upon the
+  sheet for <span class="smaller">SKETCHING</span> any sections or elevations that might be
+  necessary to illustrate the design; and that a written description, limited also to 'a single
+  sheet,' was all the exposition of their ideas that authors would be <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page14">{14}</span>allowed to give. The Report goes on to state, that 'our illustrious
+  continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves [in designing a temporary building
+  for an exhibition] by compositions of the utmost taste and learning, worthy of enduring
+  execution&mdash;examples of what might be done in the <span class="smaller">ARCHITECTURAL</span>
+  illustration of the subject [the conditions strictly enjoined contributors not to enter into
+  architectural detail] when viewed in its highest aspect, and, at all events, exhibiting features
+  of grandeur, arrangement, and grace which your Committee have not failed to appreciate.' It then
+  places in contradistinction to these no doubt admirable but out-of-place productions of
+  architectural genius, the 'practical character of the designs of our own countrymen,' which it
+  states, 'as might have been expected, has been remarkably illustrated in some very striking and
+  simple methods, suited to the temporary purposes of the building, due attention having been paid
+  by them to the pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking.' Yet, notwithstanding
+  this comparison, clearly and indisputably in favour of our own countrymen, as regards the object
+  sought and the conditions stipulated by the Committee, we find by the selected list of those
+  authors who are to receive 'the highest honorary distinction' the Commissioners can award, that
+  the Committee can only discover, out of 195 English and 38 foreign contributors, <span
+  class="smaller">THREE</span> Englishmen entitled to reward, the remaining <span
+  class="smaller">FIFTEEN</span> out of the eighteen selected being foreigners; or, as regards the
+  whole numbers, in proportion of 1 to 65 of 'our own countrymen,' the authors of the 'striking and
+  simple,' so admirably 'suited to the temporary purpose of the building,' and 1 to about 2½ of
+  foreigners, who, in designing for a temporary building, to be simple, cheap, and readily
+  constructed, have so overshot the mark as to produce 'compositions' commendable only for the
+  'utmost taste and learning, and worthy of enduring execution.' Surely something must be wrong
+  here, either the Report or the selected list&mdash;possibly both.</p>
+
+  <p>"In conclusion, I cannot help avowing the opinion that a wrong, though I believe
+  unintentionally, has been done to many of the 233 who so readily and 'generously' responded to the
+  call for their ideas; more particularly as I know, from personal inspection, that at least <span
+  class="smaller">ONE</span> of the plans altogether omitted from the Report contains <span
+  class="smaller">FIVE</span> of the leading features of the approved design."</p>
+
+  <p>But to judge of this matter fairly, it must be mentioned that, although the number of foreign
+  competitors was small, the majority of them were men already well known for their talents and
+  professional skill; in all cases their designs evinced considerable study of the subject (both
+  architecturally and in a practical point of view), and manifested a desire to exhibit to English
+  professional men the proficiency of their continental brethren. On the other hand, many of the
+  designs from the competitors at home were much slighter suggestions presented in a less elaborate
+  form. Under these <span class="pagenum" id="page15">{15}</span>circumstances, it is not to be
+  wondered at that those eminent men of the technical professions who, on this occasion, came
+  forward with practical suggestions for the assistance of the Committee, and designs calculated
+  rather to assist with thoughts than to charm by the graces of elegant drawing or symmetrical
+  disposition, should seem to have been found wanting in this first trial with all the world. It
+  should further be borne in mind, that the nature of competitions is not so well understood in some
+  foreign countries, where they are of less frequent occurrence, than with us. It must at the same
+  time be admitted that the practice of disregarding and exceeding the instructions in competitions
+  is too much a matter of general complaint in England to be brought forward as a new grievance
+  against our continental brethren.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">After the publication of the above Report, the competition designs were all
+  exhibited in the rooms of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in Great George-street, which were
+  liberally placed at the disposal of the Committee for this purpose; and of those who visited this
+  interesting exhibition, many, no doubt, must have sympathised with those feelings which dictated
+  the decision of the Committee. From an attentive examination of these designs, presenting the
+  subject in such exceedingly varied forms, one of the peculiar difficulties of the case becomes
+  apparent, namely, the total absence of any precedent to guide or afford suggestions to the
+  designer; for the small number of buildings erected or adapted for a similar purpose have been on
+  so limited a scale that their example could not afford much assistance in designing a structure to
+  meet all the requirements of the present case. This building differed from all previous ones in
+  being intended to accommodate the products of all nations, instead of being confined to those of
+  one only; in which case the arrangement would have been more certain and more readily provided
+  for.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd9.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd9.png"
+    alt="Buildings used for previous Exhibitions." title="Buildings used for previous Exhibitions."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>S
+  a comparison of some of these earlier buildings with the first erected in London for a similar
+  purpose cannot fail to be interesting, a short notice of them may not be deemed out of place. The
+  most important amongst them are those temporary structures which have been erected in Paris for
+  the periodical Industrial Expositions, with reference to the last of which we cannot do better
+  than quote, from Mr. Digby Wyatt's instructive and masterly Report, that part where the building
+  is treated of<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"The vast edifice which has been erected to contain the specimens of manufacture selected for
+  exhibition in the year 1849 is situated on the same site as that occupied by a similar building in
+  the year 1844. The Carré <span class="pagenum" id="page16">{16}</span>de Marigny, on which it has
+  been placed, is a large oblong piece of ground, abutting on the main avenue of the Champs Elysées,
+  and as a site offers every possible advantage, being of a gravelly soil, already efficiently
+  drained, and standing on the line of a continually moving series of public conveyances. The Champs
+  Elysées, though at some considerable distance from the great centre of Parisian population, are
+  still so universal a place of resort, that they may be fairly assumed to be "in the way" of even
+  the poorest classes of the community. The elevation may be admirably seen from all the approaches
+  to the building, and it has the advantage of being in immediate proximity to the residence of the
+  President of the Republic.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH EXPOSITION IN
+  1849.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w70 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p16.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p16.jpg"
+    alt="PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH
+    EXPOSITION IN 1849." title="PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH
+    EXPOSITION IN 1849."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption">
+        <tr>
+          <td class="br pr1">1. Cattle-shed.<br/>
+          2. Machinery.<br/>
+          3. Chemical Products.<br/>
+          4. Metal Works.</td>
+          <td class="br pl1 pr1">5. Productions of Parisian<br/>
+          <span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>Industry.<br/>
+          6. Horticulture.<br/>
+          7. Woven Goods.</td>
+          <td class="pl1"><span class="hid">0</span>8. Principal Entrance.<br/>
+          <span class="hid">0</span>9. Guard-house.<br/>
+          10. Fountain.<br/>
+          11. Reservoir of Rain Water.</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page17">{17}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p17.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p17.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE." title="VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"The whole plot of the present building (exclusive of the agricultural department) covers a
+  vast parallelogram of 206 metres by 100 (about 675 by 328 feet English), round the outline of
+  which runs a gallery about 90 feet wide, divided into two avenues by a double range of pilasters.
+  In the centre of each avenue is a set of stalls, placed back to back, for the exhibition of
+  merchandise; and both between the central pilasters, and round, and upon the walls, other objects
+  are placed, so that on traversing either of the four gangways (each about ten feet wide) the
+  public have upon their right and left hands objects for inspection. In the part of the building
+  appropriated to large machinery, of course this system cannot be carried out with the same
+  regularity. The vast parallelogram, inclosed by a somewhat similar gallery in the year 1844, was
+  left as one magnificent hall, within which were placed the most important objects; in the present
+  building we find it divided by two transverse galleries, similarly arranged to those we have
+  described, forming three court-yards; the central one being about 140 feet square, and the two
+  lateral ones 80 feet by 140. The central court-yard is open to the sky; in the middle rises an
+  elegant fountain placed on a platform of turf, and around are disposed sheds for the exhibition of
+  flowers and horticultural ornaments and implements. One of the lateral courts (inclosed) receives
+  a large collection of objects in metal-work, cast-iron, &amp;c., and the other contains an immense
+  reservoir, in which all the drainage from the roofs is collected, so as to form a supply of water
+  immediately serviceable in case of fire. In addition to this great building, which corresponds
+  with that previously erected, there is this year constructed a vast shed for the exhibition of
+  agricultural produce and stock. It extends to a length rather greater than the width of the great
+  parallelogram, and is about 100 feet (English) wide. Its construction is <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page18">{18}</span>ruder than that of the 'Palace,' but it is not on that account less
+  effective. It appears to have been originally contemplated to fill the whole of this gigantic hall
+  with cattle, &amp;c., and to place the agricultural implements in a long narrow gallery
+  intervening between it and the main building; but as the stock of animals forwarded for exhibition
+  has not proved so large as was anticipated, it has been half-filled with semi-agricultural
+  machines, and the whole of the long narrow gallery alluded to crammed with stoves, and
+  miscellaneous domestic mechanism.</p>
+
+  <p>"The whole of the building is constructed of wood, the roofs being covered with zinc: of the
+  latter material 400,000 kilogrammes, equal to nearly 4,000 tons, are stated to have been used; and
+  of the former, nearly 45,000  pieces of timber.</p>
+
+  <p>"It is hoped that the accompanying plan and views will convey a tolerably good idea both of the
+  exterior and interior arrangements of the Exhibition. They will serve to show, at least, that a
+  somewhat unnecessary expenditure has been gone into, and to manifest the possibility of
+  constructing a much more simple building, possessing all the advantages of this one, at a far less
+  cost.</p>
+
+  <p>"Both externally and internally there is a good deal of tasteless and unprofitable ornament;
+  all the pilasters are papered and painted in a species of graining to imitate light oak, and even
+  the ceiling is covered over with the same work. Large 'carton pierre' trusses apparently support
+  the timbers, and a painted bronze bas-relief fills the tympanum of the pediment, at the principal
+  entrance. The architecture of the whole is 'mesquin,' although the gigantic scale of the building
+  necessarily elevates the general effect into something of impressiveness; not, however, to nearly
+  the extent which the same outlay might have produced."</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p18.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p18.jpg"
+    alt="INTERIOR VIEW OF THE &quot;PALACE.&quot;" title="INTERIOR VIEW OF THE &quot;PALACE.&quot;"/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page19">{19}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p19.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p19.jpg"
+    alt="INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED." title="INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Mr. Wyatt further states that the total cost of this building was about 450,000  francs, or
+  about 18,000<i>l.</i>, which, however, he considers was an unnecessarily large outlay. He
+  mentions, also, that the building erected on the previous occasion, in 1844, was in some respects
+  more suitable for the purpose, especially from its greater simplicity of arrangement, a remark it
+  will be well to bear in mind in considering the various designs for the building in Hyde Park. The
+  accompanying plates will enable the reader readily to follow all the details of the
+  description.</p>
+
+  <p>The permanent building erected by the King of Bavaria at Munich, likewise for periodical
+  Exhibitions, is on a much smaller scale than those in Paris, and must be regarded rather as having
+  afforded an opportunity for that manifestation of architectural display in public buildings for
+  which its Royal projector was so well known, than as being peculiarly fitted for its purpose. It
+  is divided internally into various halls for the different classes of objects; but as the
+  proportion of these must necessarily vary at every Exhibition, such an arrangement cannot be
+  deemed the most suitable for the purpose.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">At Berlin, where several Industrial Exhibitions have taken place, no distinct
+  building has been provided, but some already existing one has been temporarily adapted and fitted
+  up for the purpose; thus, on the last occasion, Kroll's <span class="sc">Wintergarten</span>, a
+  large establishment for public amusement, which has been recently destroyed by fire, was made use
+  of. The large central saloon, with the smaller ones flanking it, forming, in fact, one space 310
+  feet long, and 82 feet broad at the widest point, afforded a very good opportunity for the
+  arrangement of the objects to be exhibited, some of which were placed in the gallery of the large
+  saloon.</p>
+
+  <div id="f19"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p19f.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p19f.jpg"
+    alt="View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin." title="View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page20">{20}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w65 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p20a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p20a.jpg"
+    alt="PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN." title="PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption">
+        <tr>
+          <td class="br pr1">1. Electric Telegraph.<br/>
+          2. Chemical Products.<br/>
+          3. Porcelain and Bronzes.<br/>
+          4. Machinery.<br/>
+          5. Hardware.<br/>
+          6. Zinc Works.<br/>
+          7· Plate and Jewellery.<br/>
+          8. Lithography.<br/>
+          9. Watches, &amp;c.</td>
+          <td class="br pl1 pr1">10. Cutlery.<br/>
+          11. Scientific Instruments.<br/>
+          12. Bookbinding.<br/>
+          13. Embroidery.<br/>
+          14. Ornamental Blinds.<br/>
+          15. Silks and Velvets.<br/>
+          16. Furs.<br/>
+          17. Pianofortes.<br/>
+          18. Carriages.</td>
+          <td class="pl1">19. Furniture.<br/>
+          20. Lamps, &amp;c.<br/>
+          21. Turned Articles.<br/>
+          22. Woollen Fabrics.<br/>
+          23. Leather Articles.<br/>
+          24. Hats &amp; Felt Articles.<br/>
+          25. Machinery.<br/>
+          26. Carriages.</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>On a previous occasion a part of the Royal Arsenal building was appropriated, and the
+  Exhibition embraced two storeys.</p>
+
+  <p>In our own country, exhibitions of manufactures have taken place in several of the most
+  important towns, generally in spaces only temporarily adapted; but in 1849 the first building in
+  this country intended solely for the purpose of an exhibition of manufactures was erected at
+  Birmingham, on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association in that town.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w65 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p20b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p20b.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION
+    BUILDING." title="VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION
+    BUILDING."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION BUILDING.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page21">{21}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The building alluded to included a space extending to 10,000 square feet, and a corridor,
+  giving additional accommodation of 800 square feet, connected the temporary exhibition-room with
+  Bingley-house, within the grounds of which the building was erected; and including the rooms of
+  the old mansion, the total area covered by the Exhibition was equal to 12,800 feet, or only about
+  one-seventeenth of the area covered by the last building erected in the Champs Elysées. The cost
+  of this building was about 1,300<i>l.</i> It was opened to the public on the 3rd of September,
+  1849.</p>
+
+  <p>In most of the buildings alluded to above, the principal defect seemed to be that a definite
+  and fixed subdivision of space was made for a classification of objects which was necessarily
+  uncertain. This appears to have determined the Committee in the arrangement of the plan which they
+  presented in a general form to the Royal Commission at the same time with the Report already
+  quoted; and although the design was slightly modified during the progress of the working-drawings
+  subsequently made, this is, perhaps, the best place for introducing a description of it.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">It has been already mentioned that at the time the Committee received the
+  competition designs, they obtained the assistance of Mr. Digby Wyatt, the secretary to the
+  Executive Committee, to aid them in the preparation of drawings, although Mr. Scott Russell
+  officially filled the post of secretary to the Building Committee. At a somewhat later stage of
+  the Committee's proceedings, when the general design for the proposed building had been approved
+  by the Royal Commission, and it became necessary to prepare working drawings for the same with
+  extraordinary despatch, Mr. Charles Heard Wild, as engineer, and Mr. Owen Jones, as architect,
+  were appointed to co-operate with Mr. Wyatt in carrying out this object.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w40 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd10.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd10.png"
+    alt="Description of the Building Committee's
+    Design." title="Description of the Building Committee's
+    Design."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  site to have been occupied by the building designed by the Committee was the same as that on which
+  the building has been actually erected, namely between Rotten-row and the drive in Hyde Park, but
+  the area proposed to be covered was somewhat larger, the length of the building being about 2,200
+  feet, and the greatest width nearly 450 feet. The central space was occupied by an immense rotunda
+  200 feet in diameter, the cupola rising to a height of more than 160 feet, and exceeding the span
+  of that of St. Peter's at Rome by 61 feet, and of St. Paul's in London by 88 feet. The dome for
+  covering this rotunda consisted of wrought-iron ribs, supporting a covering of corrugated iron,
+  the whole resting on a wall or drum of brickwork, about 60 feet high; a large opening in the
+  centre was to be glazed for the admission of light.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page22">{22}</span></div>
+
+  <p>This large open area was intended for the exhibition of groups of sculpture, fountains, and
+  other objects requiring great space in order to be seen to advantage; at the same time the cupola
+  would have presented a striking instance of the constructive skill of this country.</p>
+
+  <p>The remaining area of the building was divided into avenues 48 feet wide, by iron columns 24
+  feet apart, this dimension having been determined on as that most likely to work in well for the
+  division of the counters and passages. One of the 48-feet avenues on the main axis of the building
+  was spanned by semicircular ribs of wrought iron supporting the roof, which rose here to a greater
+  height than the rest of the building; the other avenues were covered with roofing very similar to
+  that commonly seen in railway-sheds, the whole being rendered as light as possible, and
+  constructed in iron covered with slating; the light being in all cases admitted by a range of
+  sky-lights at the apex of the roof, which was also adapted for ventilation. The height of the main
+  avenue was 52 feet, and of the others 36 feet, from the floor throughout. A corridor of
+  communication 15 feet wide was carried round the whole of the building, interrupted only by the
+  open courts; this, with the main avenue, afforded the visitor to the Exhibition the means of
+  reaching any particular point without threading a maze of small passages. The inclosing walls were
+  to be of brick, relieved externally by panels in two colours; but there were to be no internal
+  division walls except those necessary to surround the various courts which were left on account of
+  the trees.</p>
+
+  <p>The executive offices were grouped on either side of the principal entrance, which was placed
+  immediately opposite Prince's Gate; and at this, as well as at the entrances at either end and on
+  the north front, large arched recesses were introduced which served as vestibules, and formed at
+  the same time prominent and striking features to relieve the necessarily monotonous aspect of the
+  building. Along the whole of the principal front and at the ends of the building a pent or
+  overhanging roof projected about 15 feet, to enable visitors in bad weather to be set down under
+  cover, and the exit-doors, of which there were altogether 24, were further protected by
+  porches.</p>
+
+  <p>The water was to be conveyed from the roof through the columns which supported it, and which
+  were for this purpose connected with the necessary drain-pipes, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">Very ample accommodation was provided for refreshments in the open courts which
+  were necessarily left for the preservation of the trees, particularly in that at the western end
+  of the building, where there was proposed to be placed a large establishment, comprising two
+  storeys, with somewhat the arrangement of the French cafés, including a fine saloon on the first
+  floor, upwards of thirty feet wide and nearly one hundred feet long; separate spaces were also
+  provided for the accommodation of exhibitors. This was the only part of the building, with the
+  exception of the executive offices, which was to have an upper storey.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S DESIGN.</span></p>
+
+  <div id="f22"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p22.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p22.jpg"
+    alt="GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S
+    DESIGN." title="GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S
+    DESIGN."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption">
+        <tr>
+          <td class="br pr1">1. Machinery in Motion.<br/>
+          2. Other Machinery.<br/>
+          3. Seats for Visitors.<br/>
+          4. Refreshment Courts.</td>
+          <td class="br pl1 pr1">5. Raw Materials.<br/>
+          6. Manufactures.<br/>
+          7. Sculpture and the Plastic Arts.<br/>
+          8. Small Court.</td>
+          <td class="br pl1 pr1"><span class="hid">0</span>9. The Rotunda.<br/>
+          10. Principal Entrance and<br/>
+          <span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>Executive Offices.<br/>
+          11. The Other Entrances.</td>
+          <td class="pl1">12. The Drive in the Park.<br/>
+          13. The Kensington Road.<br/>
+          14. The Queen's Private Road.</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page23">{23}</span></div>
+
+  <p>An objection might, perhaps, be raised to this part of the building, that it was too
+  commodious, and that there might be some danger of its being converted into a lounge, while it was
+  occupying too much of the space intended for the Exhibition, for a secondary, though certainly
+  necessary purpose; it was, however, considered by the Committee, that of the vast number of
+  visitors that might be expected to be in the building at one time, so many would avail themselves
+  of the accommodation provided as to render a less amount undesirable. The principal courts were
+  surrounded by a covered way, where refreshments were also to be served at long counters, in the
+  manner of the railway-stations.</p>
+
+  <p>All these arrangements will readily be understood by a reference to the plan of the design we
+  have been describing, which plan, together with a view taken from the south-east angle of the
+  building, will place before the reader the result of the labours of the Committee. The materials
+  proposed for the construction of this building were fire-proof throughout, with the exception of
+  the floor and its supporting timbers.</p>
+
+  <p>The above design, at least in all its leading features, for some of the details were
+  subsequently added, was laid before the Royal Commission, at the same time with the Report already
+  quoted, and was by them approved, and the Committee proceeded to prepare the necessary
+  working-drawings and specifications for the execution of the work. These proceedings of the
+  Committee occupied until the 24th of June, when large lithographed copies of the most important of
+  the drawings, together with printed copies of the specifications and other details, were issued
+  from the offices of the Executive, contractors having been some time previously invited by public
+  advertisement to send in tenders for the execution of either a part or the whole of the work. The
+  tenders were to be on two systems, one on the supposition that the Royal Commission were to become
+  the <i>bona fide</i> purchasers of the building; the other, that the contractors were to erect and
+  maintain the building during the time of the Exhibition, after which they were to remove it and
+  take back the materials at their own risk, receiving a proportionably diminished sum.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">It has been considered necessary to describe thus minutely the labours of the
+  Committee and the design in which they resulted, in order to show how far it paved the way for
+  that which was subsequently adopted, and to give them that credit which they undoubtedly deserve
+  for devoting so much of their valuable time for the furtherance of a great public undertaking.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page24">{24}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd11.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd11.png"
+    alt="Opposition to this Design." title="Opposition to this Design."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HE design of the Building Committee, when published to the world, met with anything but
+  public approbation; some of the objectors called in question the practicability of the execution
+  of the enormous dome, at least within the time assigned; others complained that the outlay would
+  be unnecessarily large for a purpose avowedly temporary, and expressed their fears that so costly
+  a structure once erected, there would be the less probability of its subsequent removal; but the
+  objection which appeared to have most weight with the public at large was, the great amount of
+  solid brick construction in the walls, &amp;c., which, it was urged, would require a longer time
+  than could be allowed for their erection, and that the carting of the materials would cause
+  serious injury in the Park and the surrounding neighbourhood. This strong current of objection
+  seemed to bid fair to overwhelm the much-abused design. To increase the difficulties which seemed
+  to gather round the progress of this noble undertaking, an exceedingly vexatious and factious
+  agitation was got up in opposition to the proposed site in Hyde Park, and petitions and
+  counter-petitions were presented to both Houses of Parliament, and much of the time of the
+  Legislature was wasted in fruitless discussion on the subject. The Building Committee thought it
+  desirable, under these circumstances, to lay before the public their reasons for recommending the
+  site in the Park, and therefore issued a memorandum of the grounds on which it had been
+  selected.<a id="NtA_2" href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The result was, that the opposition was
+  defeated in the Legislature, and finally crushed by the force of public opinion.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd12.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd12.png" alt="The Tenders."
+    title="The Tenders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="I"/>N the mean time the competing contractors had been obliged to strain every nerve to get
+  their tenders ready by the 10th of July, when, altogether, nineteen were sent in, but eight only
+  were for undertaking the whole of the work; the amounts of these are stated to have ranged between
+  150,000<i>l.</i> and 120,000<i>l.</i>, and this for the use only of the materials for the
+  building. But, at the same time, in accordance with the recommendation and invitation contained in
+  the last part of the Report already quoted, Messrs. Fox, Henderson and Co. presented a tender upon
+  a design entirely different in construction and appearance, though resembling that of the
+  Committee in the general arrangement of the plan.</p>
+
+  <div id="f24"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p24.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p24.jpg"
+    alt="Exterior View of the Building
+    Committee's Design" title="Exterior View of the Building
+    Committee's Design"/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Exterior View of the Building Committee's Design</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page25">{25}</span></div>
+
+  <p>This design was by Mr. Joseph Paxton, and resembled in its general form the building as it is
+  now executed, with the exception of the transept and semicircular roof, which were subsequently
+  added, and were suggested by Mr. Barry.</p>
+
+  <p>The result of the tenders appears to have been unfavourable to the Committee's design; and in
+  their Report to the Royal Commission on the subject, made a few days afterwards, they proposed to
+  omit the great dome and some portions of the design which were not essential, by which they
+  considered that the cost of its execution might be reduced below 100,000<i>l.</i>; at the same
+  time, they made special mention of Mr. Paxton's design, which, however, they considered would
+  prove more expensive.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Paxton's design had been brought before the public before this period; for, considering
+  that his best road to success would be to get a favourable verdict from that many-headed jury, he
+  published a view and description of it in the <i>Illustrated News</i>, and, through the influence
+  of Mr. Stephenson, he got his plans laid before the Royal Commission, in consequence of which he
+  obtained an interview with his Royal Highness the President. The encouragement given him by the
+  attention bestowed upon his design by the Royal Commission, and the favourable opinion of the
+  public, had determined him to procure a tender for the execution of the work, to be sent in with
+  those upon the Committee's design. This he was enabled to do by the great energy and promptitude
+  of the contractors, Messrs. Fox and Henderson, to whom he applied at the eleventh hour. The
+  difficulties that had to be overcome, owing to the shortness of the time remaining for the
+  estimates to be made up, can scarcely be better laid before the reader than they have been by an
+  able writer in "Household Words:"&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"It was now Saturday, and only a few days more were allowed for receiving tenders. Yet before
+  an approximate estimate of expense could be formed, the great glass-manufacturers and iron-masters
+  of the north had to be consulted. This happened to be <i>dies mirabilis</i> the third; for it was
+  the identical Saturday on which the Sunday postal question had reached its crisis, and there was
+  to be no delivery the next day! But in a country of electric telegraphs, and of indomitable
+  energy, time and difficulties are annihilated; and it is not the least of the marvels wrought in
+  connexion with the great edifice that, by aid of railway-parcels and the electric telegraph, not
+  only did all the gentlemen summoned out of Warwickshire and Staffordshire appear on Monday morning
+  at Messrs. Fox and Henderson's office, in Spring Gardens, London, to contribute their several
+  estimates to the tender for the whole, but within a week the contractors had prepared every
+  detailed working-drawing, and had calculated the cost of every pound of iron, of every inch of
+  wood, and of every pane of glass.</p>
+
+  <p>"There is no one circumstance in the history of the manufacturing enterprise of the English
+  nation which places in so strong a light as this <span class="pagenum" id="page26">{26}</span>its
+  boundless resources in materials, to say nothing of the arithmetical skill in computing at what
+  cost and in how short a time those materials could be converted to a special purpose. What was
+  done in those few days? Two parties in London, relying on the accuracy and good faith of certain
+  iron-masters, glass-workers in the provinces, and of one master-carpenter in London, bound
+  themselves for a certain sum of money, and in the course of some four months, to cover eighteen
+  acres of ground with a building upwards of a third of a mile long, and some four hundred and fifty
+  feet broad. In order to do this, the glass-maker promised to supply, in the required time, nine
+  hundred thousand square feet of glass (weighing more than four hundred tons), in separate panes,
+  and these the largest that ever were made of sheet glass; each being forty-nine inches long. The
+  iron-master passed his word in like manner to cast in due time three thousand three hundred iron
+  columns, varying from fourteen feet and a half to twenty feet in length: thirty-four miles of
+  guttering-tube, to join every individual column together under the ground; two thousand two
+  hundred and twenty-four girders (but some of these are of wrought iron); besides eleven hundred
+  and twenty-eight bearers for supporting galleries. The carpenter undertook to get ready within the
+  specified period two hundred and five <span class="smaller">MILES</span> of sash-bar, flooring for
+  an area of thirty-three millions of cubic feet, besides enormous quantities of wooden walling,
+  louvre-work, and partition.<a id="NtA_3" href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>"It is not till we reflect on the vast sums of money involved in transactions of this magnitude
+  that we can form even a slight notion of the great, almost ruinous loss, a trifling arithmetical
+  error would have occasioned, and of the boundless confidence the parties must have had in their
+  resources and in the correctness of their computations. Nevertheless, it was one great merit in
+  Mr. Paxton's original details of measurement that they were contrived to facilitate
+  calculation.</p>
+
+  <p>"There was little time for consideration, or for setting right a single mistake, were it ever
+  so disastrous. On the prescribed day the tender was presented, with whatever imperfections it
+  might have had, duly and irredeemably sealed. But after-checkings have divulged no material
+  error."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The Royal Commission appear from the first to have been favourably impressed with
+  Mr. Paxton's design, partly, no doubt, because its adoption would at once silence the great
+  bricks-and-mortar objection to the occupation of the site in Hyde Park; and the result was that,
+  on the 16th of July, Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender of 79,800<i>l.</i> for Mr. Paxton's design
+  was verbally accepted, and, as soon as the necessary arrangements could be made, the contract was
+  formally concluded.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page27">{27}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd13.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd13.png"
+    alt="History of Mr. Paxton's Design." title="History of Mr. Paxton's Design."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>S
+  Mr. Paxton himself has stated, the design for a building of such magnitude could not have been
+  produced in so short a space of time without the aid of the experience he had gained in
+  constructing other great buildings of a somewhat similar character; the progress of this
+  experience Mr. Paxton has described in the lecture he delivered to the Society of Arts on the 13th
+  of November, 1850, from which we have made the following extracts; and we hope to be excused by
+  the reader for their copiousness, on the ground that no man can so well relate his own doings as
+  the actor himself<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"The Great Industrial Building now in the course of erection, and which forms the subject of
+  the present paper, was not the production of a momentary consideration of the subject. Its
+  peculiar construction, in cast-iron and glass, together with the manner of forming the vast roof,
+  is the result of much experience in the erection of buildings of a similar kind, although on a
+  smaller scale, which has gradually developed itself through a series of years. It may not,
+  therefore, be uninteresting to give a brief account of the reasons which led me to investigate the
+  subject of glass roofs and glass structures generally, and which have resulted in the Exhibition
+  Building.</p>
+
+  <p>"In 1828, when I first turned my attention to the building and improvement of glass structures,
+  the various forcing-houses at Chatsworth, as at other places, were formed of coarse thick glass
+  and heavy woodwork, which rendered the roofs dark and gloomy, and, on this account, very ill
+  suited for the purposes they were intended to answer. My first object was to remove this evil,
+  and, in order to accomplish it, I lightened the rafters and sash-bars, by bevelling off their
+  sides; and some houses which were afterwards built in this manner proved very satisfactory. I also
+  at this time contrived a light sash-bar, having a groove for the reception of the glass; this
+  groove completely obviated a disadvantage connected with the old mode of glazing, namely, the
+  putty becoming continually displaced by sun, frost, and rain, after the sashes had been made for a
+  short time, and the wet by this means finding its way betwixt the glass and the wood, and
+  producing a continual drip in rainy weather.</p>
+
+  <p>"About this period the desire for metallic roofs began to extend in every direction; and as
+  such structures had a light and graceful appearance, it became a question of importance as to the
+  propriety of using metal sashes and rafters, instead of wooden ones, for horticultural purposes.
+  After carefully observing the effects of those built by various persons, it became apparent to me
+  that the expansion and contraction of metal would always militate against its general adoption, as
+  at no season of the year could the sashes and rafters be made to fit.</p>
+
+  <p>"The extra expense, also, of erecting metallic-roofed houses was a <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page28">{28}</span>consideration. In 1833 I contemplated building a new range of hot-houses;
+  and being desirous of knowing how much they would cost, if erected of metal, a plan of the range
+  was prepared and sent to Birmingham, and another to Sheffield, with a desire to be furnished with
+  estimates for that purpose. The estimate from Birmingham was 1,800<i>l.</i>; and the other, from
+  Sheffield, was 1,850<i>l.</i> These appeared to me such enormous sums, that I at once set about
+  calculating how much the range would cost if built of wood under my own inspection; and the result
+  was, that I was able to complete the whole range, including masonry (which was omitted in the
+  metal estimates), for less than 500<i>l.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"Besides the extra cost of metallic roofs, we must add the extreme heat of such houses in hot
+  weather, and their coldness in times of frost; the liability to breakage of glass from expansion
+  and contraction of the metal; the very limited duration of the smaller portions, as sash-bars,
+  from corrosion, by exposure to the alternations of heat, cold, and moisture, inseparable from
+  gardening operations, and which could only be prevented by making use of the expensive material,
+  <span class="smaller">COPPER</span>; and the difficulty, when compared with wood, of repairing any
+  damages, as a wooden roof could at any time be set to rights by a common carpenter. These
+  different items formed in my mind so many objections to its use, and the same disadvantages soon
+  became generally apparent.</p>
+
+  <p>"It was now thought advisable by some parties that, in order to obviate the many disadvantages
+  in the use of metal, the rafters and frame-work of the sashes ought to be made of wood, and the
+  sash-bars of metal. This plan certainly presented more advantages than the other, yet it was quite
+  obvious that materials so incongruous could never give satisfaction; and accordingly, in a few
+  years, as I had anticipated, the rage for these structures gradually subsided, and the use of wood
+  again became resorted to by most persons, as the best material for horticultural purposes.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p28.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p28.jpg"
+    alt="COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS." title="COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"In the construction of glass-houses requiring much light, there always appeared to me one
+  important objection, which no person seemed to have taken up or obviated; it was this. In plain
+  lean-to or shed roofs, the morning and evening sun, which is on many accounts of the greatest
+  importance in forcing fruits, presented its direct rays at a low angle, and, consequently, very
+  obliquely to the glass. At those periods most of <span class="pagenum" id="page29">{29}</span>the
+  rays of light and heat were obstructed by the position of the glass and heavy rafters, so that a
+  considerable portion of time was lost both morning and evening; it consequently became evident
+  that a system by which the glass would be more at right angles to the morning and evening rays of
+  the sun would obviate the difficulty, and remove the obstruction to rays of light entering the
+  house at an early and late hour of the day.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p29.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p29.jpg"
+    alt="METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW." title="METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"This led me to the adoption of the ridge-and-furrow principle for glass roofs, which places
+  the glass in such a position that the rays of light in the mornings and evenings enter the house
+  without obstruction, and present themselves more perpendicularly to the glass at those times when
+  they are the least powerful; whereas at mid-day, when they are most powerful, they present
+  themselves more obliquely to the glass. Having had this principle fixed in my mind, and being
+  convinced of its importance, I constructed a pine-house in 1833 as an experiment, which still
+  exists unimpaired, and has been found fully to answer the purpose.</p>
+
+  <p>"In 1834 I resolved to try a further experiment on a larger scale, on the ridge-and-furrow
+  principle, in the construction of a green-house of considerable dimensions, which also remains and
+  answers admirably. For this building I made a still lighter sash-bar than any I had previously
+  used; on which account the house, when completed (although possessing all the advantages of wood),
+  was as light as if constructed of metal. The whole length of this structure is 97½ feet, and its
+  breadth 26 feet; the height at the back is 16 feet 9 inches, and in the front 12 feet 3 inches. A
+  span so large as 26 feet could not be safely covered with a roof constructed in the ordinary way,
+  unless the sash-bars were stronger, and the assistance of heavy rafters and numerous supports was
+  afforded. The house presents a neat and light appearance, and consists of 15 bays, and pediments
+  in front, supported by 16 slender reeded cast-iron columns. Whilst it makes an admirable
+  green-house, it is also an economical building; for, at the period of its construction,
+  notwithstanding the heavy tax on glass (since removed), it only cost at the rate of twopence and a
+  fraction per cubic foot. At the present time, considering the change in the price of material, and
+  the removal of the glass-tax, it could be constructed at a considerably smaller amount.</p>
+
+  <p>"Having in contemplation the erection of the Great Conservatory in its present form, it was
+  determined, in 1836, to erect a new curvilinear <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page30">{30}</span>hot-house 60 feet in length and 26 feet in width, with the elliptical roof
+  on the ridge-and-furrow principle, to be constructed entirely of wood, for the purpose of
+  exhibiting how roofs of this kind could be supported. The plan adopted was this: the curved
+  rafters were composed of several boards securely nailed together on templets of wood cut to the
+  exact curve; by this means a strength and firmness were obtained sufficient to support an enormous
+  weight.</p>
+
+  <p>"In 1837 the foundations of the Great Conservatory were commenced; and in constructing so great
+  a building it was found desirable to contrive some means for abridging the great amount of manual
+  labour that would be required in making the immense number of sash-bars requisite for the purpose.
+  Accordingly, I visited all the great workshops in London, Manchester, and Birmingham, to see if
+  anything had been invented that would afford the facilities I required. The only apparatus met
+  with was a grooving-machine, which I had at once connected with a steam-engine at Chatsworth, and
+  which was subsequently so improved as to make the sash-bar complete.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w40 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p30.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p30.jpg"
+    alt="CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR
+    MACHINE." title="CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR
+    MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"For this apparatus the Society of Arts, in April, 1841, awarded me a medal; and this machine
+  is the type from which all the sash-bar machines found in use throughout the country at the
+  present time are taken. As the Conservatory was erected under my own immediate superintendence, I
+  am able to speak accurately as to the advantages of the machine: it has, in regard to that
+  building alone, saved in expenses 1,400<i>l.</i> The length of each of the bars of the
+  Conservatory is 48 inches; only one inch shorter than those of the Exhibition Building. The
+  machine was first used in its present form in August, 1838; and its original cost, including
+  table, wheels, and everything complete, was 20<i>l.</i> The motive power is from a steam-engine
+  employed on the premises for other purposes; and any well-seasoned timber may be used. The
+  attendants required are only a man and a boy, and the expense of the power required for it when in
+  use is comparatively trifling. The sash-bars may be made of any form, by changing the character of
+  the saws.</p>
+
+  <p>"There is one particular feature in working the machine, namely, the bar is presented to the
+  saws below the centre of motion, instead of above it (as is usual); and to the sides of the saw
+  which are ascending from the table, instead of those which are descending. These arrangements were
+  necessary to suit the direction of the teeth to the grain of the wood; for when the bars were
+  presented to the saws in the usual way, the wood was <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page31">{31}</span>crushed instead of being cut and cleaned. It is essential that the machine
+  should revolve 1,200 times in a minute to finish the work in a proper manner.</p>
+
+  <p>"The glass and glazing of the Chatsworth Conservatory caused me considerable thought and
+  anxiety, as I was very desirous to do away altogether with the numerous overlaps connected with
+  the old system of glazing with short lengths. This old method, even under the best of management,
+  is certain, in the course of a few years, to render unsightly any structure, however well
+  built.</p>
+
+  <p>"In the course of my inquiries, I heard that Messrs. Chance and Co., of Birmingham, had just
+  introduced from the Continent the manufacture of sheet glass. Accordingly, I went to see them make
+  this new article, and found they were able to manufacture it three feet in length. I was advised
+  to use this glass in two lengths, with one overlap; but to this I could not assent, as I observed,
+  that since they had so far advanced as to be able to produce sheets three feet in length, I saw no
+  reason why they could not accomplish another foot; and, if this could not be done, I would decline
+  giving the order, as, at that time, sheet glass was altogether an experiment for horticultural
+  purposes. These gentlemen, however, shortly afterwards informed me that they had one person who
+  could make it the desired length, and, if I would give the order, they would furnish me with all I
+  required.</p>
+
+  <p>"It may just be remarked here that the glass for the Exhibition Building is forty-nine inches
+  long&mdash;a size which no country except England is able to furnish in any large quantity, even
+  at the present day.</p>
+
+  <p>"In 1840 the Chatsworth Conservatory was completed and planted. The whole length of this
+  building is 277 feet; its breadth, 123 feet over the walls; and the height, from the floor to the
+  highest part, 67 feet.</p>
+
+  <p>"Notwithstanding the success which attended the erection of these buildings, it became to me a
+  question of importance how far an extensive structure might be covered in with <i>flat</i>
+  ridge-and-furrow roofs; that is, the ridge-and-valley rafters placed on a level, instead of at an
+  inclination, as in the green-house, or curvilinear, as in the Great Conservatory. I therefore
+  prepared some plans for an erection of the kind for the Earl of Burlington, somewhere about ten
+  years ago; but, on account of the lamented death of the Countess, the design of erection was
+  abandoned. However, from that time I felt assured, not only that it could be done satisfactorily,
+  but that the most appropriate manner to form and support level glass roofs, to a great extent, was
+  that adopted this year for the New Victoria House at Chatsworth, which may be considered a
+  miniature type of the Great Industrial Building.</p>
+
+  <p>"Before describing this house, however, it may be well to notice two <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page32">{32}</span>instances in which the flat roofs had been previously tried, and in both
+  cases with the most perfect success.</p>
+
+  <p>"The first of these was a conservatory attached to a villa in Darley Dale, only a short
+  distance from Chatsworth. This building is divided into five bays, with a glass door in the
+  centre, and glass pilasters separating the bays; the ridge-and-furrow roof covers an opening of
+  seventeen feet in the clear. The ventilation is simultaneously effected by a lever connected with
+  a rod, which is attached to all the ventilators....</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p32.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p32.jpg"
+    alt="THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH." title="THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"The second instance is this. In the spring of 1848, plans were prepared for the erection of an
+  ornamental glass structure, to cover the conservatory wall at Chatsworth. This wall was previously
+  a plain flued structure, devoted to the growth of rare and choice plants. The new erection is 331
+  feet in length, and 7 feet in width. It is divided into ten bays, with an ornamental centre
+  projecting beyond the general line of the building. Each bay is subdivided by smaller bays, which
+  are separated by glass pilasters; the glass sashes are so arranged that they can be removed in
+  summer, and the whole thrown open to the gardens, whilst in winter the building affords an
+  extensive promenade under cover. The ground on which this structure is built has a fall of 25 feet
+  6 inches in its whole length; consequently, there is a proportionate fall at each bay, which gives
+  great variety, and obviates the monotony that would be exhibited in a building of such length and
+  dimensions placed on a uniform level. The lower side of each bay is finished by a glass pilaster,
+  three feet in width, and surmounted by a vase on the wall behind. The roof is on the
+  ridge-and-furrow principle, with the rafters on a very slight inclination; and the ventilation is
+  effected in a similar but more perfect manner than that already described as in use at the
+  conservatory at Darley Dale.</p>
+
+  <p>"The new Victoria Regia House, which presents a light and novel appearance, is 60 feet 6 inches
+  in length, and 46 feet 9 inches in breadth. Although, when compared with the Great Industrial
+  Building, the Victoria House is a very diminutive structure, yet the principles on which it is
+  constructed are the same, and may be carried out to an almost unlimited extent. The form of the
+  roof, the general elevation, the supports, and the mode of construction, are all quite simple, and
+  yet fully answer the purposes for which they were intended.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page33">{33}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p33.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p33.jpg"
+    alt="INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE." title="INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"The Victoria House, however, was so built as to retain as much moisture and heat as possible,
+  and yet to afford a strong and bright light at all seasons; whilst, on the contrary, the
+  Industrial Building, being intended to accommodate a daily assemblage of many thousands of
+  individuals, and a vast number of natural and mechanical productions, many of which would be
+  destroyed by moisture and heat, is constructed so as fully to answer that end."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">This, then, was the experience which enabled Mr. Paxton to conceive his design for
+  the "Crystal Palace," a description of which as it has subsequently been carried out we must now
+  proceed with.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd14.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd14.png"
+    alt="General Description of the Building." title="General Description of the Building."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HE plan forms a parallelogram, 1,848 feet long and 408 feet wide, besides a projection on
+  the north side, 48 feet wide and 936 feet long. A main avenue, 72 feet wide and 66 feet high,
+  occupies the centre through the whole length of the building. Flanking this on either side are
+  smaller avenues alternately 24 feet and 48 feet wide; the two first on either side of the centre
+  are 43 feet, and the remainder 23 feet high. About the centre of the entire length, at a point
+  determined by the position of a row of large trees, which it was resolved to inclose, these
+  avenues are crossed by a transept of the same width as the main avenue, or 72 feet, and 108 feet
+  high; two other groups of trees on the ground give occasion for open courts, which are inclosed
+  within the building. The area thus inclosed and roofed over amounts to no less than 772,784 square
+  feet, or about 19 acres;<a id="NtA_4" href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> the building is, therefore,
+  about four times the size of St. Peter's at Rome, and more than six times that of St. Paul's,
+  London. Three entrances lead to this vast interior, one in the centre of the principal or south
+  front, and one at either end of the building. The number of these is necessarily small, in order
+  to facilitate the arrangements for the money-taking, and to avoid having too large a staff of
+  officers; on the other hand, it was equally desirable to afford the most ample opportunities of
+  egress for visitors, and accordingly fifteen exit doors are placed at frequent intervals.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page34">{34}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="ac">GROUND-PLAN OF THE BUILDING.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w100 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p34.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p34.jpg" alt="?01126"
+    title="?01126"/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption">
+        <tr>
+          <td class="br pr1">A.  Principal Entrance.<br/>
+          B.  West Entrance.<br/>
+          C.  East Entrance.<br/>
+          D.  Refreshment Courts.</td>
+          <td class="br pr1 pl1">E.  Entrance.<br/>
+          F.  Gentlemens' Ante-rooms.<br/>
+          G.  Ladies' Ante-rooms.<br/>
+          H.  Pay Place.</td>
+          <td class="br pr1 pl1">I.  Accountant.<br/>
+          K.  Exits.<br/>
+          L.  Ante-rooms.<br/>
+          M.  Committee Waiting-room.</td>
+          <td class="pl1">N.  Royal Commission.<br/>
+          O.  Clerks.<br/>
+          P.  Stairs.<br/>
+          Q.  Engine House.</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page35">{35}</span></div>
+
+  <p>It will be well to mention here that the horizontal measure of 24 feet, which we have seen as
+  the unit in the plan of the Building Committee, is also preserved in the present plan; every
+  horizontal dimension of which is either a certain number of times or divisions of twenty-four
+  feet.</p>
+
+  <p>The avenues into which the plan is divided are formed by hollow cast-iron columns twenty-four
+  feet apart, which rise in one, two, and three storeys respectively, to support the roof at the
+  different heights given above; in the lower storey these columns are nineteen feet high, and in
+  the two upper ones seventeen feet. Between the different lengths of the columns short pieces are
+  introduced, called "connecting-pieces," from the office they perform; these are three feet long,
+  and are so contrived that they serve to support girders in horizontal tiers, dividing the greatest
+  height into three storeys as already mentioned. The girders, of which some are of cast and some of
+  wrought iron, are all of the same depth, namely, three feet, with the exception of four, to be
+  specially named hereafter, and by this arrangement the same horizontal lines are preserved
+  throughout the whole of the building. They are also all similar in appearance, forming a kind of
+  lattice-work, by which construction they do not look too heavy for the slight supports; and large
+  solid masses are avoided, practically showing how great strength may be combined with elegance and
+  lightness. The first or lower tier of these girders, in parts of the building more than one storey
+  in height, forms the support for the floor of the galleries, which are twenty-four feet wide, and
+  extend the whole length of the building in four parallel lines, intercepted only by the transept,
+  round the ends of which they are continued. Numerous cross galleries connect each pair of
+  longitudinal lines on either side of the centre avenue, which remains uninterrupted from end to
+  end, and can only be crossed on the gallery-floor at the extremities.</p>
+
+  <p>These galleries are reached by eight double staircases, of easy ascent and ample width, which
+  are placed between the lines of gallery so as to communicate equally readily with either, and are
+  so distributed as to give two to each quarter of the building; in the eastern or foreign half two
+  supplementary staircases of smaller dimensions have been added.</p>
+
+  <p>In those parts of the building more than two storeys in height, the second horizontal tier of
+  girders does not support a gallery, but serves only to give stiffness to the columns. The upper
+  tier of girders, in all cases, supports the roof, which is one of the most peculiar features in
+  the structure. In its general form the roof is flat; but it is made up of a series of ridges and
+  furrows, the rise and fall of which is but small, and is thus arranged: the roof-girders or
+  trusses being twenty-four feet apart, and lying in the transverse direction of the building, the
+  space between them is spanned by light beams or rafters, which are cambered or bent upwards, and
+  are hollowed out in a groove on the top to form a gutter. The rafters are placed eight feet apart,
+  their ends resting on the roof-girders, and lying, therefore, in the opposite direction to them,
+  that is, in the direction <span class="pagenum" id="page36">{36}</span>of the length of the
+  building; these rafters are commonly called the Paxton's Gutters. Between the rafters so
+  described, <i>ridges</i> are supported by light sash-bars sloping up to them, at an inclination of
+  two-and-a-half to one, and the rafter itself forms the bottom of the <i>furrow</i>. The advantage
+  of this form of roofing is the facility it affords for the escape of the water, which runs from
+  the surface of the roof into the Paxton's gutters; from them it is discharged into the main
+  gutters resting on the roof-girders, by which it is conducted to the hollow columns, and passes
+  down through them into the drains. A drop of water falling on the most distant point from the
+  discharge would only have to traverse a distance of forty-eight feet; but in most cases the length
+  to be passed over before reaching the down pipe would be considerably less.<a id="NtA_5"
+  href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The covering of the roof is glass, fixed between the sash-bars,
+  which are grooved to receive it; and in order to carry off the moisture arising from condensation
+  on the inner surface of the glass, the rafters have a small groove on each side, which makes the
+  Paxton's gutter complete, and from which the moisture is also discharged into the main gutters.
+  The essential portions of the roof may therefore be considered as a network of gutters; one set,
+  the main gutters, lying in a transverse direction, and the others resting on them, and lying in
+  the direction of the length of the building; by which arrangement any amount of surface can always
+  be covered by roofing of a small span. The principle is precisely the same as that of subdividing
+  large fields of arable land into strips or "lands" with furrows between them, in order to
+  facilitate the surface-drainage.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p36.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p36.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF
+    PARTLY COMPLETED." title="VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF
+    PARTLY COMPLETED."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF PARTLY COMPLETED.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page37">{37}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The outer inclosure, on the ground-floor, is formed by dividing each 24-feet bay between the
+  columns into three 8-feet bays by half columns of wood, between which is placed boarding, held in
+  its place by iron clips and bolts; a plinth, four feet high, is formed immediately above the floor
+  by frames, filled with what are commonly called louvre-blades, which are hung on pivots, and of
+  which a large number can be moved simultaneously for the admission of air; similar
+  ventilating-frames, three feet deep, are introduced at the top of each storey round the entire
+  circuit of the building, and by this means a ventilating-surface of no less than 40,800 square
+  feet is obtained, or rather more than one acre.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p37.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p37.jpg"
+    alt="PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE
+    PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS." title="PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE
+    PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Externally some light arches are inserted, and open panels form the inclosure for the upper
+  louvre-frames. The details we have been describing may be readily traced in the engraving of a
+  portion of the lower storey as seen from the outside. The exit doors occupy one of the 8-feet bays
+  opening about six feet wide. The inclosure to the upper storeys closely resembles those of the
+  ground-floor, but glazed sashes are substituted for the close boarding, and the plinth is omitted.
+  Each storey is crowned externally with a cornice and cresting ornament, and over the columns posts
+  are carried up, to which flagstaffs will be fixed.</p>
+
+  <p>To return to the interior. The whole of the floor is boarded; that below is laid with an
+  interval of half an inch between the boards, to allow the passage of dust from the millions of
+  feet by which it will be trod; the gallery floor, on the contrary, has iron tongues between the
+  boards to prevent the dust from coming through on the heads of the visitors below.</p>
+
+  <p>The roof of the transept, which we have described as crossing the building about the centre of
+  its length, differs from that of the other parts, its general form being semicircular instead of
+  flat, and rising above the rest <span class="pagenum" id="page38">{38}</span>of the building so as
+  to show the whole of the semicircle externally. This roof is supported by arched timber ribs
+  placed twenty-four feet apart, or one over every column, which forms a socket, into which the foot
+  of the rib is fitted and secured by iron straps. Between the ribs, timbers are fixed which carry
+  minor ribs at a distance of eight feet apart, and upon these the ridge-and-furrow roofing is
+  constructed in the manner that has been described for the flat roofing, but following the curve of
+  the arched ribs. At the springing or foot of the arch on either side of the transept there is a
+  range of louvre-frames to assist in the ventilation of the building, and on the top of the arch
+  externally a narrow passage is formed to give access to the different parts of this roof. On the
+  inner side of the arch diagonal tie-rods are introduced between the main ribs, which, while they
+  serve to increase the strength of the construction by tying together all the parts from end to
+  end, produce an agreeable play of lines forming a kind of network over the whole of the
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>The ends of the transept are closed in with fan-like tracery, reminding the spectator of the
+  magnificent wheel windows of our Gothic cathedrals; this elegant feature is not visible in our
+  interior view, but will be seen in some of the exteriors.</p>
+
+  <p>There is, perhaps, no part of this interesting building in which the great size and singular
+  lightness, almost airiness, of the construction are so strikingly displayed as in the <span
+  class="smaller">TRANSEPT</span>, inclosing as it does a row of fine old elm-trees, as if to
+  protect them in their venerable age from the smoke of the thousands of chimneys that have been
+  gradually forming a destructive circle around them.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The only portion of solid untransparent roofing in the whole of this building is
+  formed on either side of the arched roof just described, where there is a lead flat twenty-four
+  feet wide. This was partly required for a platform to serve for carrying on the works for the
+  arched roof, and was also exceedingly useful in giving access to the other roofs on either side;
+  it likewise afforded the opportunity of giving some additional strength at the springing of the
+  arched ribs to resist any possible tendency they might have to spread outwards.</p>
+
+  <div id="f38"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp3">
+    <a href="images/p38.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p38.jpg"
+    alt="View of the Interior of the Transept." title="View of the Interior of the Transept."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of the Interior of the Transept.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="f39"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p39.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p39.jpg"
+    alt="View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat." title="View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page39">{39}</span></div>
+
+  <p>As the weight of such lead roofing considerably exceeds that of the glass ridge-and-furrow
+  covering, it was necessary at the point where it crosses the wide span of the main avenue to
+  introduce some stronger roof-girders than those used elsewhere; of these there are two on either
+  side of the transept, the inner one of which has also to sustain two of the large arched ribs with
+  their superincumbent roofing, and its strength is therefore increased in proportion to the
+  additional load placed upon it. The extra-strong roof-girders are six feet deep, or twice that of
+  the others; but their general construction is similar, the diagonal ties forming a kind of
+  latticework, and thus keeping up the same character. These, like all the roof-girders of large
+  span, are constructed principally of wrought-iron. Those who visited the building during its
+  erection, and were among the fortunate few who were enabled to ascend to the "lead-flat," must
+  have been very much struck with the singular appearance presented by the great expanse of acres of
+  glass stretching in long lines of "ridge-and-furrow" roofing on each side of the centre, while the
+  eye, penetrating the transparent covering, became lost in endeavouring to follow the apparently
+  intricate lines of the interior. Such a view might fairly be said to justify the title of "Crystal
+  Palace," by which this building is so commonly known; and it would require no great stretch of
+  imagination to believe that it had been reared by fairy hands, as a votive offering at the world's
+  jubilee of labour.</p>
+
+  <p>But we must descend again to the interior, to point out the arrangement of the offices for the
+  staff of the Executive. The principal of these are naturally placed in the centre, on either side
+  of the principal entrance, where they occupy in two storeys the space underneath the gallery,
+  which is continued uninterrupted over them. The entrances at the end are also flanked by offices
+  of less extent. The outer inclosure of these spaces is formed with glazed sashes, similar to those
+  which are placed on the exterior of the building, and boarded partitions divide the interior. The
+  rooms are arranged to be heated and lighted by gas when required, and ample means of ventilation
+  are provided.</p>
+
+  <p>The simplicity of the construction renders it very easy to extend or contract the accommodation
+  much more readily than would be possible under ordinary circumstances.</p>
+
+  <p>It now remains to notice the arrangements provided for refreshments, which are introduced in
+  connexion with the open courts left on account of the groups of trees. These happen to occur
+  towards the ends of the building, and on the north side of the main avenue; the space at the north
+  end of the transept, next to the inclosed trees, is also appropriated for this purpose. The
+  roofing over these parts is a continuation of that over the rest of the building; and the
+  partitions necessary for inclosing the different spaces are formed chiefly with glazed sashes,
+  avoiding as much as possible any solid construction, which would appear out of character. The open
+  courts are inclosed with sashes and doors, rendered necessary by the uncertain nature of our
+  climate.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">A small detached building which has not been mentioned serves for the boiler-house,
+  and is placed near the west end of the building. As it had been determined to afford the means of
+  exhibiting some of the machinery in actual motion, it was necessary to erect boilers to supply the
+  steam to the different machines, as it would clearly be inadmissible for each to generate steam
+  for its own use in the building. The house to contain the boilers is ninety-six feet long and
+  twenty-four feet wide, and is placed as near as practicable to the machinery-department; but at
+  the same time it is quite detached from the main building to avoid risk from the fires. In
+  appearance it resembles the one-storey portion of the main building, but it is constructed
+  entirely of fire-proof materials. It contains five boilers, each to supply steam for twenty-horse
+  power, which is distributed by a pipe to the different machinery.</p>
+
+  <div id="f40"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p40f.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p40f.jpg"
+    alt="General View of the Building from the
+    South-West." title="General View of the Building from the
+    South-West."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">General View of the Building from the South-West.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page40">{40}</span></div>
+
+  <p>An ornamental cast-iron railing designed by Mr. Owen Jones incloses the building, being placed
+  at a distance of about eight feet from it along the principal fronts, but carried much further off
+  at the ends, so as to inclose a considerable space, which will thus be available for exhibiting
+  any large objects that will bear exposure to the weather, if there should not be sufficient room
+  in the interior of the building. Gates are placed opposite all the entrances and exits, and these
+  are so arranged that when closed they are uniform in appearance with the rest of the railing.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p40.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p40.jpg" alt="EXTERNAL RAILING."
+    title="EXTERNAL RAILING."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">EXTERNAL RAILING.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">Having thus given a general sketch of the arrangement and appearance of the
+  building, we shall proceed to describe somewhat more minutely the various details of the
+  construction, of which the essential parts are few in number compared with the great repetition of
+  each individually. To assist in this multiplied reproduction of the same form, some exceedingly
+  ingenious machinery has been employed, which will therefore be described in connexion with the
+  parts it has been used to form; and thus these will be traced through their various stages, from
+  the raw material to their finished state as portions of the building. The greater part of this
+  machinery has been used in shaping out those parts which are of wood, and particularly the
+  different portions of the roof, with which we will therefore commence.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd15.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd15.png"
+    alt="The Paxton's Gutters." title="The Paxton's Gutters."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  has been mentioned that the rafters which span the space between the roof-girders serve, at the
+  same time, as gutters, for which purpose they are hollowed out on the upper face, besides having
+  smaller grooves at the sides to take the condensation-water. The bottom of the gutter is of a
+  circular form, which is universally considered the best for conveying liquids with the least
+  amount of friction, and therefore the least liable to obstruction from an accumulation of
+  dirt.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page41">{41}</span></div>
+
+  <table class="mc tlf sp2 w85" summary="Group of illustrations" title="Group of illustrations">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vbm ac" style="width:23%;"><a href="images/p41a.jpg"><img style="width:100%"
+      src="images/p41a.jpg" alt="SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE
+      STRONG SASH-BAR." title="SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE
+      STRONG SASH-BAR."/></a></td>
+      <td class="vbm ac" style="width:36%;"><a href="images/p41b.jpg"><img style="width:100%"
+      src="images/p41b.jpg" alt="THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE."
+      title="THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE."/></a></td>
+      <td class="vbm ac" style="width:28%;"><a href="images/p41c.jpg"><img style="width:100%"
+      src="images/p41c.jpg" alt="PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE
+      REVOLVING ARM AND CUTTERS." title="PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE
+      REVOLVING ARM AND CUTTERS."/></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <div class="smaller ac">
+          <p class="sp0">SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE STRONG SASH-BAR.</p>
+        </div>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <div class="smaller ac">
+          <p class="sp0">THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE.</p>
+        </div>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <div class="smaller ac">
+          <p class="sp0">PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE REVOLVING ARM AND CUTTERS.</p>
+        </div>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <p>A section of the gutter, as finished, is shown. To bring it into this form, after the timbers
+  had been sawn into the requisite general dimensions they were brought under the action of the
+  planing-machine, where they were planed on the four sides. This machine is patented by W. Furness,
+  of Liverpool, and was worked at the Chelsea Wharf Saw-mills. The operation was effected by cutters
+  (<i>a</i>) attached to the ends of an arm revolving with great rapidity in a horizontal plane; the
+  timbers to be planed were wedged up into a frame (<i>b</i>) traversing on rails, and as this was
+  passed under the revolving cutters the upper surface was removed by them, at the same time the
+  timbers were held down upon the frame by a large iron disc (<i>c</i>) pressing upon their upper
+  surface. The disc, together with the revolving arm carrying the cutters, was capable of being
+  adjusted vertically to the exact dimensions of the timber. The traversing-frame was slowly
+  propelled by the machinery, and three widths of timber were operated upon at one time. On leaving
+  the planing-machine these quarter baulks were passed on to the gutter-cutting machine. Four
+  different cutters were required to form the section, as shown above; they were placed one behind
+  the other, so that the piece of timber, which was presented to their action above the centre of
+  motion, passed over each of them in succession. The first set, which revolved in a vertical plane,
+  roughly hollowed out the larger groove to the section shown in Fig. 1; the two next were
+  counterparts, and formed the same <span class="pagenum" id="page42">{42}</span>section in opposite
+  directions; they were set at an inclination to the upright of about 45 degrees, the one to the
+  right, the other to the left; and each hollowed out one of the small side grooves, and one side of
+  the larger gutter, leaving the section of the timber respectively of the forms shown in Figs. 2
+  and 3. Fig. 4 shows the form of its section after it had passed both; the fourth set of cutters
+  again revolved vertically, and gave the gutter its finished form, as shown above. As the timber
+  passed over the cutters it was supported at the ends on revolving rollers, and was held in its
+  place by guiding grooves, being pressed gradually forwards against the cutters.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p42a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p42a.jpg"
+    alt="SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE
+    PAXTON'S GUTTERS." title="SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE
+    PAXTON'S GUTTERS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTERS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p42b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p42b.jpg"
+    alt="THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE." title="THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In this manner forty-two lengths of solid gutter, each twenty-four feet and a fraction long,
+  were completed in a day of ten hours; and as the machine was worked double time, a length of more
+  than 2,000 feet was turned out daily ready for use: this, it has been calculated, would have
+  required the labour of about three hundred men to be employed for the same length of time. The
+  absolute necessity for such rapid production will be evident when it is known that no less than
+  110,000 feet, or about twenty miles length, of such gutters were required&mdash;very nearly the
+  distance from Buckingham Palace to Windsor Castle.</p>
+
+  <p>Finished as described above, the Paxton's gutters arrived at the building, where the first
+  operation they underwent was that of cutting them to the exact length requisite. This was a nice
+  operation, as the smallest deviation would have caused a difficulty in fitting them into their
+  place, and to perform it a framework was constructed by which the solid gutter could <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page43">{43}</span>be bent to the same curve it would have when fixed; a
+  precaution that was necessary in order that the ends might be cut off quite vertically so as to
+  fit together when in their place. At one end of this frame-work was placed a circular saw, twenty
+  inches diameter, hung with a pulley and balance weight, so as to be moved up and down by means of
+  a lever. The gutter being fixed in the frame by means of hinged guage-plates, one end was cut by
+  the circular saw being brought down upon it; and at the same time another operation was performed:
+  two cutters, placed in the centre of the circular saw, were so arranged that when brought down
+  upon the end of the solid gutter they cut out a semi-circular notch, so that when the ends of two
+  gutters were afterwards placed together there was a circular hole left, through which the water
+  passed down into the main gutter. When these operations were completed at one end of the gutter,
+  the guage-plates were taken off, and the timber was swung round on a pivot or crutch in the
+  centre, and the same process gone through as before; the whole scarcely occupying two minutes. We
+  shall presently have to return to this piece of machinery, as it was also used in finishing the
+  ridge rafters.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p43.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p43.jpg"
+    alt="MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS
+    AND RIDGES." title="MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS
+    AND RIDGES."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS AND RIDGES.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The solid gutter was now transferred to the hands of the carpenter, who fixed at
+  each end, on the under-side, a small cast-iron shoe; and two struts, nine inches long, were placed
+  so as to divide the whole length into three equal parts&mdash;the struts spread out at the top in
+  order to present a large surface of pressure against the under-side of the gutter; and tenons
+  projected upwards, which were fitted into mortices cut into the timber. The lower end of the
+  struts were formed so as to give them a firm hold upon a wrought-iron rod, thirteen-sixteenths of
+  an inch diameter, which was passed under them and through the shoes, where it was screwed up with
+  nuts; and the struts pressing up against the timber produced the requisite bend or camber.
+  Twenty-seven notches, to receive the sash bars, were marked with a templet and cut out on each
+  edge of the upper-side of the gutter; and a small cast-iron plate having been fitted on the
+  under-side at each end, the Paxton's gutter was complete and ready for fixing. The under-trussing
+  of the rafters increased their strength considerably, so that a weight of one-and-a-half tons was
+  required to break one which was experimented upon.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page44">{44}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd16.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd16.png" alt="The Sash-bars."
+    title="The Sash-bars."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E
+  will next consider the sash-bars which support the ridge of the roof and receive the glass. The
+  total length which was required of these amounts to about two hundred miles; it will, therefore,
+  be easily understood that mechanical contrivance for cutting them out became an absolute
+  necessity; this Mr. Paxton appears to have discovered in his works at Chatsworth, as he mentions
+  in his lecture.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p44.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p44.jpg"
+    alt="MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS." title="MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The sash-bars are one inch thick and one-and-a-half inches deep, and are grooved on each side,
+  besides having all the four edges bevelled or chamfered; all which was done in one passage through
+  the machine. The plank which was to form the sash-bars was passed in at one end of the machine,
+  between pressure-rollers; it then passed between cutters placed both above and below it, which
+  made about twelve hundred revolutions per minute, and hollowed out the different grooves; and,
+  lastly, it passed between circular saws which divided it into separate sash-bars, after which they
+  had only to be cut into their proper lengths.<a id="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> The
+  exact length of each sash-bar when finished is four feet one inch.</p>
+
+  <p>In this state the skylight bars were sent to the building, where they underwent several
+  finishing operations, necessary to make the ends fit down into the notches prepared in the ridges
+  and gutters. Thirty of the bars <span class="pagenum" id="page45">{45}</span>were first placed
+  together in a horizontal traversing-frame on a saw-table, on each side of which circular saws were
+  fixed at the distance of the required length of the sash-bar; the frame was then moved forward
+  against the saws, so that both ends of the whole set of bars were cut off simultaneously, and at
+  the same time a cut was made at one end half-way through the bar, in order to form the shoulder
+  against the gutter. They were then removed to another bench, where the end of the bar was bevelled
+  and the shoulder formed by means of a small instrument having a handle with two projecting jaws
+  fitting into the ends of the glass grooves of the bars; between these there was a small blade
+  which, being pressed down, cut out the shoulder which had been sawn through in the other
+  direction, and another blade was placed at the proper angle to remove the bevelled piece at the
+  end of the bar.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p45.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p45.jpg"
+    alt="THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE." title="THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>One more process made the sash-bars complete for fixing&mdash;this was the drilling a hole at
+  each end to nail them down on the gutter and ridge; and this was also done by machinery, to insure
+  all the holes being drilled at the same angle. On one side of a horizontal bench were placed a set
+  of four-inch driving pulleys (<i>a a</i>), with as many horizontal drills projecting towards the
+  other side of the bench; a wooden traversing-plate (<i>c</i>) opposite each drill, and working
+  towards it, received one end of the sash-bar, while the other rested in an inclined position
+  against a wooden rail (<i>b</i>) placed longitudinally above the pulleys, having as many sinkings
+  thereon as there were drills. The traversing-plate being then pushed forward, the sash-bar was
+  perforated by the drill; the plate was then drawn back, and the same operation repeated with the
+  other end of the bar, which left it ready for fixing.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page46">{46}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The action of the traversing-plate (<i>c</i>) is shown more distinctly in the second
+  engraving.<a id="NtA_7" href="#Nt_7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> One out of every nine of the sash-bars of
+  the roof is stronger than the rest, to serve for fixing the ridge previous to glazing. These
+  extra-strong bars are two inches wide and one inch and a half deep, and were formed by the same
+  machinery already described, by an adjustment of the different cutters and saws.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p46a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p46a.jpg"
+    alt="PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE." title="PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w10 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd17.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd17.png" alt="The Ridges."
+    title="The Ridges."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  total length of these required was about sixteen miles. They are cut out of timber three inches
+  square, in section, and are of the form shown in the diagram, with a groove on each side to
+  receive the glass. This was also done by machinery which, with about five-horse power, turned out
+  one hundred lengths of twenty-four feet in a day of ten hours, allowing the time for the necessary
+  stoppages. After they had been delivered at the building, these ridge-pieces were cut to the exact
+  lengths by means of the same apparatus used for the solid gutters which has already been
+  described. At each end of the ridge-piece two holes were also drilled to receive dowells to
+  connect it with the adjoining length. By no other than mechanical means could the immense number
+  of holes thus drilled have been placed so exactly that those in the opposite ends of any two
+  ridge-pieces should correspond precisely.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p46b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p46b.jpg"
+    alt="SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR." title="SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The different essential component parts of the roof having thus been described, we
+  propose to take the different members of the construction in succession downwards.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w10 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd18.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd18.png" alt="The Glass."
+    title="The Glass."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_b.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="B"/>UT first it may be mentioned here that the glass used throughout the building is sheet,
+  on an average about one-sixteenth of an inch thick, and weighing one pound per foot superficial.
+  This gives an aggregate weight of about four hundred tons for the whole of the work, <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page47">{47}</span>the greater part of which was supplied by Messrs. Chance
+  and Co., of Birmingham. Each square is forty-nine inches long and ten wide, the greatest length of
+  sheet glass that has ever been made in this country. The manufacture of this kind of glass is of
+  comparatively recent introduction into England, though practised for some time on the Continent;
+  and the rapid progress made by the manufacturers alluded to must be in a great measure attributed
+  to the wise removal of the fiscal burden on the article, made by the late Sir Robert Peel. That
+  lamented statesman, with his usual foresight, doubtless contemplated that great social benefits
+  would follow from that enactment; and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that, but for Sir
+  Robert's enlightened measure, this "huge pile of transparency" would never have been reared.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd19.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd19.png" alt="The Box Gutters."
+    title="The Box Gutters."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="I"/>T has been mentioned that the triple gutters deliver the water into main gutters running
+  in the transverse direction of the building; these are formed of wood, with a bottom piece, into
+  which are grooved two upright sides, they are firmly bolted down upon the upper flange of the
+  roof-girders, and where these are quite horizontal the fall in the gutter is given by a false
+  bottom laid to a slope. Of these gutters there is a length of about five-and-a-half miles in the
+  building, which, added to the aggregate length of the Paxton's gutters, makes a total of about
+  twenty-five-and-a-half miles of gutter.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd20.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd20.png" alt="Roof Girders."
+    title="Roof Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HESE are of cast-iron, where not more than twenty-four feet long, and the rest of
+  wrought-iron. The cast-iron ones are precisely the same in appearance as those used for the
+  galleries, but lighter in metal; a separate description of them is not, therefore, necessary. The
+  weight of each of these girders is twelve cwt., and each was proved to nine tons previously to
+  being used; but it is calculated that the greatest weight they may have to bear will not exceed
+  five tons: the total number required was about 470.</p>
+
+  <p>The wrought-iron girders, or trusses, are partly forty-eight and partly seventy-two feet long,
+  to span the avenues of those respective widths; the principle of the construction is the same in
+  each. The top rail (if it may be so called) of the truss is formed with two pieces of <img
+  src="images/cs1.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="L section"/> iron placed back to back <img
+  src="images/cs2.png" style="width:2.0em;" alt="double L sections"/>, and the bottom rail with two
+  flat bars <img src="images/cs3.png" style="width:1.1em;" alt="parallel flat bars"/>, the total
+  depth being three feet; at the ends these bars are riveted on to cast-iron standards, and the
+  intermediate distance is divided into eight-feet lengths by other cast-iron standards, to which
+  the bars are also riveted, <span class="pagenum" id="page48">{48}</span>and thus a framework of
+  rectangles is formed. In the trusses forty-eight feet span there are, therefore, six such
+  divisions in the length, and nine in those of seventy-two feet span. These are then divided in the
+  direction of <span class="smaller">ONE</span> of the diagonals by a flat bar passing between and
+  riveted to those forming the top and bottom rails. This completes the constructional part of the
+  truss; but to render the appearance more uniform with that of the cast-iron girders, a flat bar of
+  wood (shown by the dotted lines) is made to form the other diagonal of the rectangles.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p48a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p48a.jpg"
+    alt="DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER." title="DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The trusses for a span of seventy-two feet are cambered or bent upwards about ten inches, which
+  both adds to their strength and improves the appearance. The form and arrangement of these
+  roof-trusses may be clearly traced in several of the views of the interior which are presented to
+  the reader. The weight, when completed, of each of the trusses of seventy-two feet span is about
+  thirty-five cwt., and of those of forty-eight feet span about thirteen cwt.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been already mentioned that four of the roof-trusses vary from the rest on account of
+  the greater load they have to sustain. The depth of these exceptional trusses is six feet, and
+  their length seventy-two feet, or the width of the main avenue, which they bridge over. The
+  principle of their construction is similar to that employed in the lighter trusses; but the
+  arrangement of the parts is somewhat modified. The top rail consists of two pieces of <img
+  src="images/cs1.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="L section"/> iron, placed, as before, back to back;
+  but they are further connected on the top by a flat piece <img src="images/cs4.png"
+  style="width:2.2em;" alt="double L sections with flat"/>. The lower rail is formed by two flat
+  bars placed upright <img src="images/cs3.png" style="width:1.1em;" alt="parallel flat bars"/>, and
+  these are riveted at the ends to standards of cast-iron, which, however, are considerably heavier
+  in construction than those before described; and they have also in the centre, at (<i>a</i>) two
+  slots, or sinkings, into which the ends of two of the diagonal bars are riveted. The whole length
+  is then divided into three equal parts, each 24 feet long, by strong <span
+  class="smaller">CAST</span>-iron standards at (<i>b</i>) the ends of which are riveted between the
+  rails, and these spaces are again subdivided into three eight-feet lengths by <span
+  class="smaller">WROUGHT</span>-iron standards at (<i>c c</i>). The top of each standard is next
+  connected with the foot of the next but one to it by diagonal flat bars, which, together with the
+  short pieces fastened into the slots at (<i>a</i>), complete the figure of the whole, forming a
+  kind of trellis-work, two diamonds in depth. In the diagram only half the length of the girder is
+  shown.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p48b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p48b.jpg"
+    alt="DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER." title="DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The dimensions of the different bars of iron in this piece of construction <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page49">{49}</span>are proportional to the amount of strain they have to bear.
+  The two heavier out of the four trusses just described weighed when completed eight tons each, and
+  the other two, which are of rather lighter construction, six tons each.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The riveting together of the wrought-iron trusses was performed on horizontal
+  supports, on which the curve that they were to be made to was marked out. The bars having been
+  previously cut to the requisite lengths, and punched and drilled with holes for the rivets, were
+  laid out on the stages in the proper forms with the cast-iron standards, which were temporarily
+  kept in place by bolts passed through some of the rivet-holes. The whole framework was then
+  riveted up with red-hot rivets supplied from small portable furnaces, several sets of men being
+  employed upon each truss, by which means as many as sixteen were completed in one day. The whole
+  of the trusses, three hundred and seventy-two in number, required for the building were put
+  together on the ground, and several ingenious mechanical contrivances were made use of to
+  facilitate and hasten the work. To form some idea of the amount of labour that had to be
+  performed, it may be mentioned that each of the trusses forty-eight feet in length, or the
+  smallest, is held together by more than fifty rivets, requiring more than twice that number of
+  holes to be made in bars of iron varying in thickness from a quarter of an inch upwards. About
+  25,000 rivets were thus required for the whole of the work.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd21.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd21.png"
+    alt="Iron Drilling Machine." title="Iron Drilling Machine."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  holes for the rivets were made partly by drilling and partly by punching. In the machine used for
+  the former the bar to be bored was laid upon a flat surface forming part of the solid cast-iron
+  stand of the machinery; the drilling-point worked vertically, and could be moved in that direction
+  to suit the different thicknesses of iron brought under its operation. It was suspended at one end
+  of a lever, with a counterpoise at the other. This lever was also connected by a rod and crank,
+  with another near the ground, one end of which was formed into a tread to be worked by the foot.
+  The workman, when he had arranged the iron in the right position under the drill, pressed his foot
+  upon the tread; thus raising the counterpoise end of the upper lever, and pressing the point of
+  the drill, which was of a spear-head form, down upon the iron. Underneath the iron to be drilled
+  was placed a piece of wood to protect the point of the drill when it had passed through the iron.
+  It was also necessary to moisten the iron during the operation, in order to keep the drill-point
+  cool. Three men were required to attend to this work, which was not so rapid as the other method
+  of making the holes by punching.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page50">{50}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p50a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p50a.jpg"
+    alt="THE DRILLING-MACHINE." title="THE DRILLING-MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE DRILLING-MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd22.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd22.png"
+    alt="The Punching Machine." title="The Punching Machine."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p50b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p50b.jpg"
+    alt="THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS." title="THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  enormous power exerted by this piece of machinery renders it necessary that the stand containing
+  the punch, &amp;c., should be exceedingly solid, and it is formed accordingly by a heavy mass of
+  cast-iron, in which there are two indentations, as seen by the engraving. In the lower of these
+  the punching operation is performed, and in the <span class="pagenum" id="page51">{51}</span>upper
+  there are shears for cutting off the ends of the bars when required. The motion is communicated to
+  each of these by means of a cogged wheel at the back; but both the punch and the shears work in a
+  vertical direction, slowly moving up and down with irresistible force. There is no sudden blow or
+  jerk, which makes the effect the more striking, as the unpractised eye has no means of discovering
+  the amount of the force which is being put in operation. It is, however, so great that, although
+  the punching of a hole scarcely occupies two or three seconds, the iron becomes quite hot from the
+  effect of the pressure. In using this machine, the workman arranges the iron bar on a solid rest,
+  placing it so that when the punch descends it makes the hole in the position required. As soon as
+  the punch has passed through the bar, the action of the machinery is reversed, and the instrument
+  ascends again; during which time the bar is re-arranged, and the operation is thus continually
+  repeated. This piece of machinery also requires three men to work it, if the bars to be punched
+  are of considerable length, so as to require the ends to be held up; otherwise, one alone is
+  sufficient; and in the course of a ten-hours day about three thousand holes can be punched
+  out&mdash;the number, of course, varying according to the thickness of the bars.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">Neither of the mechanical contrivances just described are novel inventions, though
+  they are thus, perhaps, brought for the first time under the notice of many of our readers, to
+  whom they may be so far rendered interesting from their being connected with the execution of
+  <span class="smaller">THE</span> building of the day.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd23.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd23.png"
+    alt="The Adzing and Planing Machine." title="The Adzing and Planing Machine."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p51.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p51.jpg" alt="THE ADZING-CUTTERS."
+    title="THE ADZING-CUTTERS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE ADZING-CUTTERS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>T
+  the Chelsea Saw-mills, where the reader has already seen the Paxton's gutters shaped out, another
+  interesting piece of machinery was in use for these works, for the purpose of finishing planks to
+  a certain size and thickness, called the adzing and planing machine. An adze is a tool used by
+  carpenters to remove any unevenness in the surface of a board in a particular spot. In this piece
+  of machinery two cutters are fixed to a revolving arm, under which the plank is made to pass; and
+  as it does so the cutters remove a certain thickness from the whole of the surface. The
+  arrangement of these cutters is very plainly shown in the annexed engraving. On the under-side of
+  the same bench to which this apparatus is fixed, three planes are set, each at an angle of about 5
+  degrees, by which the under-side of the plank <span class="pagenum" id="page52">{52}</span>is
+  brought to an even face, while the upper surface is operated on by the adzing-cutters, and in this
+  manner the plank is reduced to an even thickness throughout. As it passes on it is brought between
+  two circular saws, which are adjusted to the width which it is desired to give to the plank. It is
+  dragged forward towards the planes and cutters by means of an endless chain, composed of open
+  links; which chain passes over a wheel provided with projecting pegs, so arranged as to fit into
+  the links. The plank is kept down upon the planes, and otherwise held in position, by
+  pressure-rollers.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p52a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p52a.jpg"
+    alt="THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE." title="THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd24.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd24.png"
+    alt="The Columns and Connecting Pieces." title="The Columns and Connecting Pieces."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fright sp2">
+    <a href="images/p52b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p52b.jpg" alt="SECTION OF COLUMN."
+    title="SECTION OF COLUMN."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">SECTION OF COLUMN.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  columns in the building perform three important offices. They support the roof and the galleries,
+  and serve as pipes to convey the rain-water from the roofs. Their form, which is beautiful, both
+  mechanically and artistically, was suggested by Mr. Barry; it is a ring, eight inches in diameter
+  externally, the thickness varying in the different columns, according to the weights they have to
+  support respectively. Four flat faces, about three inches wide, are added on the outside of this
+  ring, so that when the column is in its place, they face nearly north, south, east, and west. The
+  column may therefore be considered as a hollow tube, of the section just described, and of the
+  same form at each end, having at its extremities horizontally projecting rings called <span
+  class="smaller">SNUGS</span>, through which the bolts are passed, to fasten the columns to the
+  connecting-pieces and base-pieces. That the hollow form adopted for the columns is that best
+  suited to obtain the greatest strength with the least amount of material has been <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page53">{53}</span>abundantly shown by experiments, as even two straws placed
+  in an upright position will bear a very considerable weight; it is that also seen in the structure
+  of the bones of animals. Of these columns there are 3,300 in the whole building.</p>
+
+  <p>Those portions of the height of the columns which correspond with the depth and position of the
+  girders form separate lengths, which are called connecting-pieces, as they unite the lengths of
+  columns of the different storeys. These connecting-pieces have the same sectional form as the
+  columns themselves, and, like them, are the same at each end, where there are projections cast on,
+  which serve to support the girders, and which are provided with holes through which the bolts pass
+  to connect them with the columns. These holes alternate with the projections to receive the
+  girders, which projections are so formed that they clip others cast on to the ends of the girders,
+  which will be hereafter described. In the centre of each projection there is formed a small notch
+  which receives the key or wedge for fixing the girders.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The meeting faces of the columns and connecting-pieces were all turned in a lathe,
+  in order that, when set up, they might fit so precisely as not to require any packing to adjust
+  them in an upright position; and only in the cases of those columns which serve as water-pipes is
+  any such packing introduced. In those a piece of canvass, with white lead, is put into the joint.
+  An enormous amount of additional labour was involved by this proceeding, as no less than twelve
+  hundred of such faces had to be operated on; but this did not deter the enterprising contractors,
+  who were fully alive to the importance of the object to be attained. When fixed, the projecting
+  "snugs," with the bolts passing through them, were covered by ornamental caps and bases of
+  cast-iron, fixed after the rest of the work was completed.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd25.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd25.png" alt="The Base Pieces."
+    title="The Base Pieces."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  lower storey of columns in every case stands upon base-pieces of which the upright portion is a
+  continuation of the column, with "snugs" at the top, to correspond with those of the column, and
+  standing on a horizontal bed-plate, from which "shoulders" rise to strengthen the upright portion.
+  These bed-plates vary in size from three feet by two feet to one foot six inches by one foot, in
+  proportion to the weight which the several superincumbent columns have to sustain. The longest
+  dimension of the bed-plate is in the transverse direction of the building, in which the greatest
+  overturning strain might be expected to act upon the columns. From the vertical portion of the
+  base-pieces, sockets six inches in diameter project, in the direction of the length of the
+  building, into which are fitted the <span class="pagenum" id="page54">{54}</span>cast-iron
+  drain-pipes, which convey away the water brought down by the columns from the roof. The height of
+  the base-pieces varies to suit the different levels at which the floor is supported above the
+  ground. These levels had therefore to be determined in every individual instance previous to the
+  castings being made. It was done, however, with such precision that, when they came to be used,
+  they were all found to be of the exact length required for their situation. Of these base-pieces,
+  1,074 were required for the building.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p54.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p54.jpg" alt="BASE-PIECE."
+    title="BASE-PIECE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">BASE-PIECE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd26.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd26.png" alt="Cast-iron Girders."
+    title="Cast-iron Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  has been mentioned that the columns supported girders at three different heights, dividing the
+  greatest altitude of the building into three storeys; and that the lower tier of girders, where
+  the building consisted of more than one storey, served to support a gallery.</p>
+
+  <p>These gallery girders are all twenty-four feet long and three feet deep, the upper and lower
+  "flanges" or rails having a <img src="images/cs5.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="T section"/>
+  formed section with standards at the ends of similar section. The rectangular space between them
+  is then divided into three equal parts, by uprights having a <img src="images/cs6.png"
+  style="width:1.4em;" alt="+ section"/> form of section, and the three smaller spaces thus obtained
+  have diagonal "struts" in each direction. The girder thus described forms a double truss, in which
+  the diagonal braces are subjected both to the strain of compression and tension. At the top and
+  bottom of the end-standards small projections are cast on, by which the connecting-pieces hold the
+  girders; and at each end of the flat portion of the top and bottom rails small sinkings are cast,
+  by means of which the girder is keyed up to its position. The flat portion of the upper and lower
+  "flanges" of the girder is swelled out in width from the ends towards the centre, in order to
+  increase the quantity of metal in that part where the strain is greatest.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The description just given of the gallery girders will apply to all the cast-iron
+  girders throughout the building, of which there are 2,150; the only difference between them being,
+  that those for the roofs or other internal portions, where no gallery is to be supported, are cast
+  with a less amount of metal. The form of girder just described, which is unusual, was the result
+  of several experiments performed under the superintendence of Messrs. W. Cubitt, C. H. Wild, C.
+  Fox, and other gentlemen, previous to the commencement of the building; and the thickness of metal
+  for the different parts of these, as well as for all the other cast-iron work in the building, was
+  minutely calculated and determined by Mr. C. H. Wild and Mr. C. Fox, under the supervision of Mr.
+  Cubitt, the President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, to whom the Royal Commission had
+  intrusted the responsible duty of the chief superintendence of the whole of the work.</p>
+
+  <div id="f55"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p55.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p55.jpg"
+    alt="View of Interior from the Level of
+    Galleries." title="View of Interior from the Level of
+    Galleries."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of Interior from the Level of Galleries.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page55">{55}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd27.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd27.png" alt="The Galleries."
+    title="The Galleries."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>O
+  proceed to the gallery itself, supported by the girders just described. The timbers supporting the
+  floor are so arranged that the weight of each bay of twenty-four feet square is distributed
+  equally to the four girders inclosing it, and in such a manner as to bear upon them at the points
+  immediately over the vertical standards.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">In the transverse direction of the building two pairs of joists, eight feet apart
+  in each bay, are formed into trusses by tie-rods, 1&#x215C; inches diameter, passed through a
+  cast-iron shoe at each end, and pressing up two "struts," which are made to bear against the
+  under-side of binding-timbers running longitudinally, or crossing the joists, and immediately
+  under them. The cast-iron shoes for the trusses are bolted down to the girders, and serve at the
+  same time to receive the standard supports of the gallery railing. The ends of the binding-timbers
+  are secured by bolts and oak suspension-pieces to the other two girders inclosing the square.
+  Joists about two feet six inches apart bear from girder to girder parallel to the trusses, and
+  resting on the binding-timbers. On these is laid the floor, 1¼ inches thick, grooved and
+  iron-tongued. A light cast-iron railing, forming a kind of trellis-work, is fixed between the
+  columns, and is capped with a round mahogany hand-rail. From the view at page 60 the arrangement
+  of the galleries will be readily understood.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd28.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd28.png"
+    alt="Testing the Cast-iron Girders." title="Testing the Cast-iron Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_f.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="F"/>ROM the very important office which the girders perform throughout the building, but more
+  particularly those supporting the galleries, it was of the utmost importance that, previously to
+  their being fixed in their places, the soundness of the casting should be proved; for it could
+  hardly be expected that so large a number of girders could be produced without some of them being
+  defective. The ordinary means of testing girders, by loading them with weights, would have
+  occupied far too much time; and therefore an ingenious apparatus was devised by Mr. C. H. Wild for
+  this purpose, by the use of which the testing of a girder occupied but a few minutes.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page56">{56}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p56.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p56.jpg"
+    alt="FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING
+    THE GIRDERS." title="FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING
+    THE GIRDERS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING THE GIRDERS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>It consisted of a very strong cast-iron frame rather longer than the girder, the bottom of
+  which was formed by two fixed beams placed eight inches apart, and supported a few inches above
+  the ground. At each end of these a cast-iron standard was firmly bolted between them and rose to a
+  height rather greater than the depth of the girder to be tested; on the inner faces of these
+  standards two "shoulders" were formed, which received the projections cast on the ends of the
+  girder, as before mentioned. Between the fixed beams below, at two points dividing the whole
+  length into three equal parts, were placed strong cylinders, with rising pistons connected with a
+  forcing-pump, together with which they formed a Bramah's hydraulic press. A girder being placed in
+  this frame, in an inverted position, the force applied by means of the pistons rising from the
+  cylinders acted upon it precisely at those points, and in the same manner, as the load from the
+  gallery or the roof would do when afterwards fixed in its place.</p>
+
+  <p>The essential parts of the Bramah's press may be thus briefly described. It consists of two
+  cylinders, the diameter of one being considerably larger than that of the other. The smaller
+  cylinder is fitted with a solid plunger or piston, by means of which water may be forced from it
+  into the larger; this being also fitted with a rising piston, the force is communicated by it to
+  the weight which it is desired to raise. The power obtained by means of this apparatus arises from
+  the distributive power of fluids and the practical incompressibility of water, and it is
+  proportioned to the difference of the diameters of the two cylinders; so that if a pressure of one
+  pound per square inch be applied on the surface of the piston in the smaller cylinder, and the
+  piston in the larger cylinder present a surface ten times greater, the power is multiplied by that
+  number; whilst, in addition, the lever power used in applying the pressure to the smaller piston
+  is obtained. The <span class="pagenum" id="page57">{57}</span>cylinders are fitted with valves, so
+  arranged as to prevent the return of the water from the larger to the smaller, while the apparatus
+  is in action, and thus the power is accumulated in the former.</p>
+
+  <p>In the instance before us, the two 3-inch cylinders already alluded to in the proving-frame
+  took the place of the larger cylinder of the ordinary apparatus; and they were connected with the
+  forcing-pump by a strong metal tube. When a girder had been fixed in the frame for proving, the
+  force-pump was worked till the pistons underneath the girder carried it off its lower bearings and
+  pressed it upwards against the "shoulders," by which it was firmly held, and the pressure was then
+  continued until the amount previously fixed upon as necessary for proof had been obtained. This
+  was ascertained by means of a self-adjusting apparatus attached to the hydraulic press.</p>
+
+  <p>An iron cylinder 1½ inches diameter was placed in communication with the pipe connecting the
+  pump and the press, so that the pressure obtained in it was, in proportion to its diameter, the
+  same as that in the large cylinder; and it was fitted with a piston-rod, working in a vertical
+  direction. This piston-rod was connected with a lever, from the end of which a scale-pan was
+  suspended, at a distance from the fulcrum ten times greater than that of the point of attachment
+  of the piston from the same. The weight of the scale-pan and lever were balanced by a large mass
+  of iron at the other end. In the scale-pan a certain weight was placed, proportioned to the proof
+  desired to be obtained; and the action of the pump was continued until the water, rising in the
+  iron cylinder just described, forced up the lever, and with it the weight attached; and thus
+  indicated that the pressure to which it was desired to subject the girder had been reached. The
+  weight to be placed in the scale-pan was thus determined: the diameter of the lever cylinder being
+  1½ inches, and that of each of those in the proving-frame three inches, the pistons or "rams" in
+  the latter presented together eight times the surface of that in the lever cylinder; which being
+  multiplied by the difference of length of the two parts of the lever, determines the weight for
+  the scale-pan to be one-eightieth of that to which it was desired to prove the girder.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The ordinary gallery girders were tested with a pressure equivalent to a weight of
+  fifteen tons; but it was calculated that, when fixed, the greatest weight they would have to
+  sustain would be seven-and-a-half tons. In one instance, for the sake of experiment, the pressure
+  was continued beyond the proof weight of fifteen tons, to see what amount of strain the girders
+  would bear without fracture, and it was found that a strain of thirty tons produced no injurious
+  effect; but the girder broke with an additional weight of half a ton.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page58">{58}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd29.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd29.png" alt="Roof of Transept."
+    title="Roof of Transept."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E
+  will now return to describe that portion of the roof which varies in form and arrangement from the
+  rest, namely, the semicircular covering of the transept. This is supported by arched ribs, placed
+  twenty-four feet apart, and constructed of Memel timber, in three thicknesses; the centre-piece
+  four inches thick, with a 2-inch piece on each side of it. They are formed in lengths of about
+  nine feet, placed so as to break joint; that is, the joints of the outer pieces fall upon the
+  centre of the inner one. The thicknesses are fastened together by bolts passing through them about
+  two feet six inches apart, besides being nailed at other points. On the inner circumference of the
+  rib thus constructed there is then placed a piece of timber moulded to correspond with the form of
+  the columns; and on the outer circumference two boards, each one inch thick, are bent round and
+  attached to the rib with strong nails. On both the outer and inner circumference a flat bar of
+  iron is secured by bolts passing through the whole depth of the rib, which, thus finished,
+  measures eighteen inches in depth by eight inches in thickness. The ends of the ribs are fitted
+  into sockets, formed by the upward continuation of the columns, to which they are attached by iron
+  straps.</p>
+
+  <p>The ribs, which are supported by the trusses over the main avenue, have their ends bolted down
+  upon a piece of timber secured on the upper portion of the truss; and they are further fixed in
+  their places by oak brackets, forming a spreading foot on each side upon the same piece of
+  timber.</p>
+
+  <p>Between these large ribs horizontal timbers, called "purlins," are fixed about nine feet apart,
+  by means of cast-iron shoes, bolted both to them and to the ribs. These serve to support the minor
+  or intermediate ribs, occurring at distances of eight feet apart; which consist of a single square
+  piece of timber, having the two thicknesses of 1-inch board bent round their outer circumference,
+  as on the main ribs. The boards form the gutters or furrows between which rise the ridges, in the
+  same manner as in that portion of the roof which is horizontal.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The ridges, in this case, instead of being cut out of solid pieces, are formed in
+  three thicknesses, bent round to the requisite curve, and so retained by small bolts tying them
+  down to the "purlins." The sash-bars which receive the glass form, as elsewhere, the sloping
+  rafters or supports of the ridge.</p>
+
+  <div id="f58"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p58.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p58.jpg"
+    alt="Interior View of the Central Avenue
+    towards the West." title="Interior View of the Central Avenue
+    towards the West."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Interior View of the Central Avenue towards the West.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page59">{59}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The space below the first "purlin" or plate at the springing of the arch, down to the level of
+  the lead-flat beneath it, is fitted with louvre-frames for ventilation. The diagonal bracing
+  between the main ribs has been already alluded to. Each set consists of four wrought-iron rods
+  three quarters of an inch in diameter, having eyes at one end, by means of which they are secured
+  with bolts, passing through the thickness of the ribs; in the centre they meet in a cast-iron
+  ring, on the inner side of which the ends are screwed up with nuts.</p>
+
+  <p>The semicircular ends of the transept are filled in with tracery, formed by radiating timbers,
+  strutted apart with short pieces placed in concentric rings. The circular heads of the openings
+  are formed by iron castings screwed into their places, and the eye from which the radiating lines
+  of the tracery proceed is also formed by solid iron castings bolted together. On the outer face
+  the ribs of the tracery are moulded, and on the inner side glazed sashes are fixed, filling in the
+  openings.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The lead-flat, twenty-four feet wide, extending the whole length of the transept,
+  on either side of the semicircular roof, is constructed in a similar manner to the floor of the
+  galleries, by under-trussing two pairs of joists in each bay. In the width of the lead-flat roof a
+  horizontal truss is formed by flat bars of iron fixed in the direction of the diagonal of the
+  24-feet square bays, to resist any possible thrust or tendency of the ends of the ribs to open
+  outwards at the springing.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd30.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd30.png" alt="The Facework."
+    title="The Facework."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  external inclosures of the building, on the levels of the different storeys, require but little
+  description in detail beyond that already given. The sash-bars dividing the sashes of the upper
+  tiers are grooved for glass similarly to those used in the roof, and were cut out by the same
+  machinery. The glass was put in after they were framed together, so that it was necessary to
+  arrange the ends of the bars that it could be slipped in at one end. As the bars of these sashes
+  were of slight dimensions and considerable length, they were strengthened by wrought-iron rods
+  passed through the sash-frame and the bars, and screwed up at the ends, causing the whole to work
+  together. The sashes are held in their position by small cast-iron clips, which are bolted on to
+  the columns; and as the surface presented to the wind by the upright sides of the building is of
+  such considerable extent, wooden bridges are fixed against the sashes on the inside, by small
+  cast-iron shoes bolted to the columns; and at the internal angles, where the wind would exert its
+  greatest force, these bridges are further strengthened by wrought-iron rods half an inch in
+  diameter, pressing against the back of them, which is grooved for the purpose, and screwed up at
+  each end in the cast-iron shoes. In this manner a connected chain of resistance to any external
+  pressure is established round the whole circuit of the building.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page60">{60}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p60.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p60.jpg" alt="THE LOUVRE-FRAME."
+    title="THE LOUVRE-FRAME."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE LOUVRE-FRAME.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The louvre-frames, which form part of the face-work in all the different storeys,
+  consist of a deal frame in which bent louvre-blades are hung on pivots at each end. These blades
+  are of galvanised iron of an <img src="images/cs7.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="S section"/>
+  form. On the back of each blade is fixed a loop of thin iron, to which a rack is fitted; and by
+  these means all the blades in each frame are moved simultaneously. A considerable number of these
+  racks may also be connected, so that a large area of ventilation may be regulated at once.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd31.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd31.png"
+    alt="The Diagonal Bracing." title="The Diagonal Bracing."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_f.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="F"/>ROM the total absence in this building of any internal division-walls, which in ordinary
+  structures considerably add to their stability, it was thought desirable to introduce into the
+  construction something to compensate for this deficiency. At several points in the length of the
+  building, where a continuous connexion could be established transversely, the squares formed by
+  the columns and girders on the different storeys have their four corners connected by diagonal
+  rods, seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, having eyes at the ends, by which they are secured to
+  the bolts connecting the different parts of the columns. In the centre of the square the four rods
+  meet in a cast-iron ring, and are screwed up with nuts; ornamental faces are fitted into the
+  rings, so that this addition to the construction is by no means detrimental to the general
+  effect.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">In a similar manner this diagonal bracing is introduced in a horizontal direction
+  immediately under the floor of some portions of the galleries; of these there are twenty-two sets,
+  and of those placed vertically there are, altogether, 220 sets in the building, and the manner of
+  their introduction will be readily understood from the views of the interior.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd32.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd32.png" alt="The Staircases."
+    title="The Staircases."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  double staircases, of which it has been mentioned there are eight in the building, consist each of
+  four flights, about eight feet wide; two parallel ones, leading from the ground-floor to a
+  landing, at the half-height, and the other two branching in opposite directions from the landing
+  to the two galleries. The treads of the steps are <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page61">{61}</span>made of a species of mahogany called sabicu, which is much harder than oak,
+  and therefore peculiarly suited to the purpose for which it is here employed. The risers, or faces
+  of the steps, are of deal. The stairs are supported by cast-iron girders, following the slope, the
+  lower ones being fixed at the foot to stout timbers under the flooring, and the upper ends bolted
+  to the cast-iron columns which support the landing. These columns are of the same pattern as the
+  rest throughout the building, but only five inches in diameter. They are supported on concrete,
+  and eight of them are required for each staircase. The floor of the landing is carried by lesser
+  cast-iron girders, with flooring-joists.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p61.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p61.jpg" alt="VIEW OF STAIRCASE."
+    title="VIEW OF STAIRCASE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF STAIRCASE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The girders carrying the upper flights spring from the landing girders, and have their upper
+  ends bolted on to the main girders supporting the galleries, which are varied in pattern for this
+  purpose. The railing of the staircase is formed in separate cast-iron standards, one to each step,
+  which are bolted on to the top flange of the girders; and the foot of the standard is so continued
+  that the ends of the treads are fitted into it, and are thus supported. The pattern of these
+  standards is assimilated to that of the gallery railing.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The hand-rail is formed of Honduras mahogany, with carved ends. On each side of the
+  upper flight, which occupies the centre of a 24-feet space, connecting-galleries about eight feet
+  wide are carried, establishing a communication between the two lines of gallery without descending
+  to the level of the landing and then re-ascending. The landing is sufficiently high above the
+  ground-floor to give ample headway for passing underneath it; so that the space occupied by the
+  staircases on the ground-floor is but small.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page62">{62}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd33.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd33.png"
+    alt="The Floor and Foundations." title="The Floor and Foundations."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  now only remains to mention briefly the construction of the floor of the building, and the
+  foundations for the base-pieces. The substratum of the site consists of gravel of an excellent
+  quality, and sufficiently dense to have sustained, perhaps without any preparation, the load
+  brought upon it by the bases of the columns. A thickness of concrete, proportioned in all cases to
+  the amount of the weight to be borne by the superincumbent columns, and of such a size as to be
+  two feet in each direction larger than the bed-plates, was placed upon the gravel, and the upper
+  surface was finished with a bed of fine mortar to receive the bed-plates. In this manner it was
+  calculated that in no case would a greater weight than two-and-a-half tons be borne by each foot
+  superficial of the gravel&mdash;previous experiments having shown that a considerably larger
+  weight could be placed upon it without any injurious effect.</p>
+
+  <p>The timbers supporting the joists for the floor are also placed upon small blocks of concrete,
+  about one foot cube, at a distance of eight feet apart. On these are fixed the flooring-joists,
+  and a deal floor an inch and a half thick is laid on them, as has been already mentioned, with
+  intervals of about half an inch between the boards.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p62.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p62.jpg"
+    alt="FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE." title="FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In order to carry off the water brought down from the roof by every alternate longitudinal row
+  of columns, 6-inch cast-iron pipes are fitted into the sockets described in the base-pieces, and
+  are carried in the lines of those columns through the whole length of the building, with
+  discharges into the <span class="pagenum" id="page63">{63}</span>larger drains at the centre and
+  at each end; the natural slope of the ground gives a sufficient fall to the pipes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">Having thus described in detail all the different portions of the construction of
+  the building, we must proceed to give some account of its actual erection, which will enable us to
+  mention many very ingenious mechanical contrivances which were employed in the course of its
+  progress.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd34.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd34.png"
+    alt="The First Operations on the Ground." title="The First Operations on the Ground."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_f.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="F"/>ROM the great extent of the area required for the building, it was not to be expected
+  that any site would be found of the necessary size, perfectly level. On the ground occupied by the
+  building there is a difference of level between the two extreme ends of about eight feet. In
+  consequence of this fall of the natural surface from west to east, and in order to avoid having a
+  considerable flight of steps at one end of the building to compensate for it, it was determined to
+  arrange the floor with an inclination following nearly that of the ground, such fall being at the
+  rate of one inch in twenty-four feet. All the lines of the building which would be called
+  horizontal in fact follow this line of the floor, and those which are supposed to be upright are
+  placed at right angles to the floor, and therefore slightly inclined from the perpendicular
+  towards the east. The deviation, however, is so exceedingly small as to be perfectly imperceptible
+  even to those who are aware of the fact; and no one who was not previously informed of it would be
+  able to detect it.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been mentioned that Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender for the building was verbally
+  accepted on the 16th of July, 1850, and on the 30th of that month they obtained possession of the
+  site from the Commissioners of Woods and Forests.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The first proceeding was to inclose the whole area (including a considerable space
+  at each end more than would be covered by the building) with a hoarding about eight feet high, put
+  together in a very simple manner, so that the boards were afterwards available for the flooring.
+  The supports for the hoarding consisted of pieces of timber fixed in the ground in pairs, at
+  intervals of the length of the boards, leaving a narrow space between them, into which the boards
+  were dropped, and thus held in their place without any nails. Temporary offices were then erected
+  in a convenient portion of the site, and were covered with a roofing which was a specimen of that
+  to be used in the building itself. Considerable ranges of carpenters' sheds were also put up, and
+  even stables for twenty or thirty horses, which were required in the progress of the works.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page64">{64}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd35.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd35.png"
+    alt="Setting out the Ground." title="Setting out the Ground."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  first thing to be done towards the building itself was to set out accurately all the points where
+  the columns would stand, as well as the general outline of the building. It will be readily
+  understood that this was an exceedingly important part of the work, as upon its accuracy depended
+  the fitting together of the various parts that had afterwards to be put in place.</p>
+
+  <p>This part of the work was executed with great precision by Mr. W. G. Brounger. He commenced by
+  determining the four extreme angles of the building, and the centre lines of the main avenues.
+  These formed fixed points from which were determined the whole of the centres for the columns.</p>
+
+  <p>Our readers will recollect that the dimension of twenty-four feet occurs horizontally
+  throughout the building, either in multiples or sub-multiples. In order to measure off the
+  different distances, rods of American pine were made, into which, near the ends, pieces of metal
+  were fixed, having corresponding notches at the exact distance of twenty-four feet apart. By these
+  means the lengths were measured off with great accuracy, as the wood used is not liable to
+  alteration in the length of its fibre; and by means of the metal notches the rods were sure to be
+  placed correctly together. It was necessary to make these sockets or notches of metal, from the
+  great amount of work the rods had to perform.</p>
+
+  <p>In determining the length of the rods, the standard of the Astronomical Society was used; and
+  this was referred to in all important measurements for the castings and other parts of the
+  building, to insure their precise eventual agreement in length. This will hardly be considered to
+  have been unnecessary when it is remembered that, from the great length of the building, a very
+  minute error in any of the parts would have been so multiplied as sensibly to throw out the
+  ends.</p>
+
+  <p>To those who are unacquainted with the fact, it may be well to mention that the standard of
+  length referred to is obtained from a pendulum, which oscillates seconds, in the latitude of
+  London, in a vacuum, at the level of the sea, at a certain fixed temperature. The length of this
+  pendulum is then divided into a certain registered number of feet and inches.</p>
+
+  <p>The rods above described were carried along the centre lines of the columns, and the position
+  of each column was marked by a small stake driven into the ground; and in order still more
+  accurately to fix the centre, a long nail was driven into the head of the stake. In this manner
+  the position of every column throughout the building was determined.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The level at which the floor was to be fixed was the next point <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page65">{65}</span>determined by the ordinary method of levelling, and stakes,
+  with a <img src="images/cs5.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="T section"/> piece at the top, called
+  boning-sticks, were fixed in different parts of the building; by the aid of which the tops of the
+  base-pieces for the columns were all afterwards fixed in one plane of the required slope.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd36.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd36.png"
+    alt="Fixing the Base Plates." title="Fixing the Base Plates."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  next proceeding was to excavate the holes for the concrete, on which the base-pieces were to
+  stand. To do this, the stakes marking the centres of the columns had to be removed, and it was
+  therefore necessary to adopt some method of finding those centres again with precision. For this
+  purpose a large carpenter's square, as it is called, was made. This instrument forms a
+  right-angled triangle, and in this instance was used in the following manner:&mdash;The centre of
+  its longest side, or hypothenuse, was marked by a line, which, if continued, would pass through
+  the right angle of the triangle, and at an equal distance along each of the other sides of the
+  triangle from the right angle an upright saw-cut or notch was made. The square was then placed
+  horizontally, so that the line marked on the hypothenuse coincided with that of the centres of a
+  row of columns, and so that the right-angled corner of the square touched the nail marking the
+  exact site of a column. Two small stakes were then driven under the notches in the short arms of
+  the square, and nails were driven into them through the notches. It will be seen that by these
+  means the site of the first stake could easily be again ascertained after its removal. The holes
+  for the concrete were then dug of an oval form and of the various sizes and depths required, and
+  the concrete filled in to the proper height. The gravel used for the concrete was raised in a pit
+  at one end of the ground.</p>
+
+  <p>Next to the setting out of the positions of the columns, perhaps the operation of fixing the
+  base-pieces was that in which the greatest accuracy was required; for as there were in some parts
+  three storeys of columns to be fixed over them, any inaccuracy as to their level or position would
+  be very much increased at the top of the building. To fix the base-pieces over the centres that
+  had been determined for the columns, another carpenter's square was made use of, like that already
+  described, but having the right-angled corner cut out to the form of the section of a column. This
+  square being placed with the notches in its short sides over the two stakes already described, the
+  upright portion of the base-piece was fitted into the notch at the angle; and as the reader will
+  at once see, if he has followed us in the description of the various processes, its correct
+  position was thus exactly found.</p>
+
+  <p>In order to determine the level of the top of the base-pieces, boning-sticks were placed in the
+  lines of the columns, and when the base-piece <span class="pagenum" id="page66">{66}</span>had
+  been approximately fixed, a piece of wood was placed on it edgeways, the top of which was to range
+  with the top of the boning-sticks. This was easily arranged by looking along them; and the workmen
+  drove down the base-piece with a wooden mallet till the desired level was obtained.</p>
+
+  <p>From what has been previously stated, it may be gathered that the base-pieces had to be fixed
+  truly upright in one direction, but slightly inclined in the other; and to effect this a
+  plumb-rule was made, on which the deviation from the perpendicular line was marked; and this, when
+  applied to those faces of the base-pieces which were to incline, served to show when the proper
+  inclination was arrived at, whilst an ordinary plumb-rule applied to the other upright faces
+  tested their vertical position.</p>
+
+  <p>The first column was raised on the ground on the 26th of September, but little more than two
+  months after the tender had been accepted. In the meantime, many of the different castings had
+  already arrived on the ground, and a considerable advance had been made in the carpenter's work
+  for the gutters and other parts. The semi-circular ribs for the transept roof were also being put
+  together, and stacked in such a manner as not to stand in the way of the other works.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p66.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p66.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS." title="VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">We may mention here that every casting, as it came on to the ground, was weighed
+  and registered, and every girder proved, as already described; in doing which considerable
+  assistance was derived from one of Mr. Henderson's patent Derrick cranes, which was erected near
+  the proving-apparatus. By its means a girder was raised from the waggon in which it arrived,
+  placed on the weighing-machine, weighed, removed to the proving-press, tested, raised again, and
+  deposited on the ground in a stack, in less than four minutes.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page67">{67}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd37.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd37.png"
+    alt="Henderson's Derrick Crane." title="Henderson's Derrick Crane."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp2 w100 tlf" title="Henderson's Derrick Crane" summary="Henderson's Derrick Crane">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac">(<span class="sc">Fig. 1.</span>)</td>
+      <td class="ac">(<span class="sc">Fig. 2.</span>)</td>
+      <td class="ac">(<span class="sc">Fig. 3.</span>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac w33 vbm"><span class="ac w30 fcenter"><a href="images/p67a.jpg"><img
+      style="width:100%" src="images/p67a.jpg" alt="HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."
+      title="HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."/></a></span></td>
+      <td class="ac w33 vbm"><span class="ac w30 fcenter"><a href="images/p67b.jpg"><img
+      style="width:100%" src="images/p67b.jpg" alt="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."
+      title="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."/></a></span></td>
+      <td class="ac w33 vbm"><span class="ac w30 fcenter"><a href="images/p67c.jpg"><img
+      style="width:100%" src="images/p67c.jpg" alt="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."
+      title="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."/></a></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac smaller">HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.</td>
+      <td class="ac smaller">PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.</td>
+      <td class="ac smaller">PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="A"/> BRIEF description of this useful engine may not be out of place here. It consists of an
+  upright mast (<span class="smaller">E</span>), steadied when the crane is in use by two sloping
+  stays (<span class="smaller">F F</span>). These stays are fixed into horizontal timbers (<span
+  class="smaller">G</span>) on the ground, connected with the foundation-plate (<span
+  class="smaller">H</span>) on which the mast turns. At the foot of the mast is fixed a combination
+  of wheels and working handles for raising the weight, technically called a crab. A beam (<span
+  class="smaller">A</span>) working at the bottom in a socket (<span class="smaller">B</span>, Fig.
+  3) fixed to the foot of the mast, but hanging out from it in a sloping direction, is called the
+  <span class="smaller">DERRICK</span>, and forms the principal peculiarity of the crane, as it can
+  be raised more to the upright line, or lowered to slope more outwards, as may be desired, by means
+  of the chain (<span class="smaller">C</span>). The advantage of this is obvious; for a weight may
+  thus be raised from or deposited at any point within a circle of a certain radius, depending on
+  the length of the derrick; whereas, in an ordinary crane, the weight can only be placed at points
+  upon the circumference of that circle. The whole engine revolves on a pivot (<span
+  class="smaller">H</span>, Fig. 2) at the <span class="pagenum" id="page68">{68}</span>foot of the
+  mast. Cranes of this description are made varying in power from one to forty tons, and with
+  derricks ranging from twenty to sixty feet radius.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w40 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd38.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd38.png"
+    alt="Raising and Fixing the Columns and
+    Girders." title="Raising and Fixing the Columns and
+    Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_m.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="M"/>ANY of the persons who visited the building during the progress of its erection were
+  heard to inquire "where was the scaffolding;" and others even imagined that the skeleton framework
+  they saw was, in fact, only the scaffolding for the building, and not parts of its actual
+  construction. This leads us to point out one of the most interesting peculiarities of the
+  structure; namely, that it formed, as it were, the scaffolding for its own erection. In order to
+  raise the columns upon the base-pieces, two poles were placed upright, connected by a horizontal
+  piece, forming what is called shear-legs; the whole being steadied in its position by ropes from
+  the summit fixed to the ground in various directions. A rope with pulleys fixed to the horizontal
+  piece served to hoist the column, and sustain it in a vertical position until the bolts were
+  passed through the projecting rings at the bottom of the column and the corresponding ones at the
+  top of the base-piece, and screwed up. When two columns had been thus fixed, a connecting-piece
+  was attached to each end of a girder, and the whole raised by the same apparatus, and fixed on the
+  top of the columns; bolts being passed through the holes in the projections of the
+  connecting-pieces, corresponding with those on the top of the columns. The shear-legs were then
+  moved on twenty-four feet to perform the same duties to another pair of columns; and two sides of
+  a 24-feet bay were thus formed. To complete the square, two more girders were raised in a similar
+  manner, and fixed between the connecting-pieces over the columns. The square bay then became a
+  firm structure, requiring no further support; and by repeating these operations all the smaller
+  avenues of the building were erected, of the different heights of one, two, or three storeys. The
+  greatest number of columns thus fixed in one week was 310.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp3">
+    <a href="images/p68.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p68.jpg" alt="FIXING THE GIRDERS."
+    title="FIXING THE GIRDERS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">FIXING THE GIRDERS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="f69"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p69.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p69.jpg"
+    alt="General View of the Works in Progress." title="General View of the Works in Progress."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">General View of the Works in Progress.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page69">{69}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd39.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd39.png"
+    alt="Hoisting the Roof Trusses." title="Hoisting the Roof Trusses."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  wrought-iron roof-trusses over the 48-feet avenues were raised in a similar manner to the columns
+  and girders; and in all cases horses were employed to run out the end of the fall-rope, which was
+  passed through a pulley or catch-block at the foot of the shear-legs, in order to change its
+  direction from vertical to horizontal.</p>
+
+  <p>For raising the roof-trusses of seventy-two feet span over the main avenue a somewhat different
+  method was employed. A single mast or derrick, more than seventy feet high, was placed in the
+  centre of the avenue, and steadied in an upright position by guide-ropes spreading from the top in
+  various directions. Near its summit the hoisting-tackle was firmly lashed on. The trusses to be
+  hoisted were brought from the places where they had been put together, and placed across the main
+  avenue at the points where they were to be fixed. Two ends of a stout chain were passed round the
+  upper portion of the truss, at points dividing its length into about three equal parts. To this
+  chain the hoisting-tackle was attached, guide-ropes being further fastened to each end of the
+  truss to steady it in its ascent. In order to stiffen the truss horizontally, struts were attached
+  at the centre projecting on each side, and held in their place by tie-rods attached to the upper
+  part of the truss, and forming a triangle on each side. Before the truss, therefore, could bend in
+  a horizontal direction, the attachment of these tie-rods must have given way. Six horses drew out
+  the end of the fall-rope, and in the course of a very few minutes the truss was hoisted to its
+  giddy height, and each end slipped in between the projections made in the connecting-pieces to
+  receive it.</p>
+
+  <p>The animated scene presented by these operations was highly interesting from the number of men
+  employed, both on the ground and for fixing the trusses in their position aloft, and from the
+  rapid progress so many hands made. Each gang of men was managed by a foreman, who was obliged to
+  issue his orders through a speaking-trumpet, to enable his voice to be heard in the din caused by
+  the other works going on around. Besides the two large gangs of men engaged in the hoisting of the
+  trusses, other smaller gangs were at work at different points getting up the columns and girders.
+  In one part, the roofing of which was completed as early as practicable, a crowd of carpenters
+  were preparing the Paxton's gutters and other portions of the work. In another place, as soon as a
+  sufficient space could be roofed over and a temporary floor laid, various parts of the machinery
+  we have already described were fitted up and worked by portable steam-engines. Of these there were
+  three in different parts: one drove the machinery for finishing the sash-bars, gutters, ridges,
+  &amp;c.; another worked the drilling, punching, and other machinery connected with the iron-work;
+  and a third was used for working circular saws.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page70">{70}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Of the number of trusses that were hoisted as above described, in only one instance (and that
+  the first) was the result otherwise than perfectly successful. The first truss was raised by its
+  ends, instead of from the centre; but that method was afterwards abandoned, from the difficulty of
+  maintaining the truss in an upright position during its ascent; which was important, as, if it
+  turned on its side, its lateral strength was not sufficient to prevent it from bending, which
+  would have destroyed the joints of the work.</p>
+
+  <p>One of the tall masts was worked on each side of the transept, from the centre to the ends of
+  the building, being maintained constantly in an upright position, while traversing from point to
+  point, by alternate slackening and hauling up of the ropes which steadied it; and it was curious
+  to witness the motion of these tall giants, as they slowly progressed from one point to another,
+  in the performance of their important office. Stout planks were laid along the ground, upon which
+  the foot of the mast was forced forward by crowbars and levers; the planks served also to
+  distribute the weight, which would otherwise have sunk the end into the ground. As many as seven
+  trusses were hoisted in one day by each derrick, which had therefore to travel a distance of 168
+  feet.</p>
+
+  <p>So careful were the men, under the direction of the manager (to whom was intrusted the active
+  superintendence of the whole erection of the building), that no accident of importance occurred in
+  these difficult operations.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p70.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p70.jpg"
+    alt="HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES." title="HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd40.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd40.png"
+    alt="Provision for Expansion of Girders." title="Provision for Expansion of Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>N
+  connexion with the fixing of the girders, it may be desirable to mention the provision that was
+  made for the expansion and contraction of the iron, which in so great a length as that of the
+  building might have otherwise produced results prejudicial to its stability.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page71">{71}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Between the projections cast on to the connecting-pieces and those projecting from the ends of
+  the girders which they were made to clip, sufficient space was left for the introduction of oak
+  keys, by driving in which the girder was fixed in its place, whilst the compressibility of the
+  wood left sufficient play for the expansion of the metal. In describing the girders, it was
+  mentioned that in the upper and lower flat flanges small sinkings were cast near the ends.
+  Corresponding with these sinkings, a notch was left in the projection which came out from the
+  connecting-piece; and when the girder was put into its place, iron wedges were driven in between
+  the notch and the sinking, by which means any lateral motion of the girder was prevented. It was a
+  great advantage to have the means of fixing the girders of so simple a nature, as any arrangement
+  presenting the least complication, or requiring great nicety, would have materially retarded the
+  progress of the work.</p>
+
+  <p>The wrought-iron trusses were held by the connecting-pieces in a similar manner to the
+  cast-iron girders; but, as an additional security, bolts were passed through holes provided in the
+  standards at the ends, and through the connecting-pieces, where they were screwed up with
+  nuts.</p>
+
+  <p>The raising and fixing of the extra-strong roof-trusses crossing the main avenue near the side
+  of the transept required particular care, from their great weight; the heaviest being, as we have
+  before mentioned, no less than eight tons. These trusses were the first that were fixed across the
+  central avenue, and about 150 men were engaged in the hoisting of each one. They are secured to
+  the columns by four strong bolts passing through the end-standards.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">In order to provide additional support for the great weight brought upon the
+  last-mentioned trusses by the transept roof, extra columns were introduced underneath them. These
+  were built up in storeys corresponding with those of the other columns, with which they were
+  connected, at the levels of the girders, by bolts and straps. A cast-iron shoe, fixed on the top
+  of the columns, provided a bearing for the ends of the truss. The columns just described project
+  slightly into the main avenue from the line of the other columns; and this is the only instance in
+  the interior of the building of the iron columns occurring at a less distance than twenty-four
+  feet apart.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd41.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd41.png" alt="Glazing the Roof."
+    title="Glazing the Roof."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E
+  have now traced the erection of the building up to the level of the roof, in which it will be
+  readily conceived the operation of glazing was one of extreme difficulty, there being no
+  scaffolding to aid the workmen in conducting their operations. When the glazing was first
+  commenced a light scaffolding was suspended from the rafters; but <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page72">{72}</span>this was found to be too tedious and troublesome a method of proceeding for
+  so large an extent of roofing. It was, moreover, of great importance that some means should be
+  devised for completing this part of the construction independently of the weather; a matter of
+  some moment, when it is remembered that the work had to be done in the winter, when in our climate
+  such operations are liable to be very much impeded by heavy rain. The arrangements made to meet
+  this difficulty, as well as some others for carrying on the works, are very clearly described in a
+  paper by Mr. Digby Wyatt, read at the Institution of Civil Engineers, on the 14th January, 1851,
+  from which we quote some passages, by permission, for the benefit of our readers.</p>
+
+  <p>With reference to the means employed for glazing the roof he says: "To effect this purpose, a
+  travelling stage was devised by Mr. Fox, which superseded the necessity of any scaffolding for
+  glazing, and by means of seventy-six of these machines nearly the whole of the work has been
+  executed. The stage was about eight feet square, and rested on four small wheels travelling in the
+  Paxton's gutters. It thus embraced a width of one bay of eight feet of the roof, with one ridge
+  and two sloping sides. Each bay in width required, therefore, a separate stage."</p>
+
+  <p>"Each stage was occupied by two workmen, and was covered by an awning of canvass stretched over
+  hoops, to protect them in bad weather, and was further provided with a box on each side to contain
+  a supply of glass. The sash-bars and other materials were piled upon the stage itself, the centre
+  of the platform being left open for the convenience of hoisting up materials, for which purpose
+  there was a small iron arm with a single block pulley."</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p72.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p72.jpg"
+    alt="GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF." title="GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"Whilst working, the men sat at one end of the platform (the ridge having been previously fixed
+  in position by means of the extra-strong sash-bars), and they fixed the glass in front of them,
+  pushing the stage backwards as they completed each pane. On coming to the strong sash-bars
+  previously fixed, they temporarily removed them to allow the stage to pass. In this manner each
+  stage travelled, uninterruptedly, from the transept to the east and west ends of the building, and
+  the glaziers were enabled to follow up the previously-fixed work very closely. The average amount
+  of glazing done by one man per day was fifty-eight squares, or about 200 superficial feet; and the
+  largest amount done by any one man in a working-day was 108 squares, or 367 superficial feet."</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page73">{73}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The mode of fixing the squares of glass was this: a sash-bar having been nailed
+  down between the ridge and the gutter, the workman inserted one long edge of a square of glass
+  into the groove in the sash-bar, he then placed a loose bar against the other long edge of the
+  glass and brought the whole down to bear upon the ridge and gutter, the second sash-bar fitting
+  into the notches prepared for it; the glass was then pressed up a little, in order to insert its
+  upper edge into the groove in the ridge, and the workman then filled in the grooves on the outside
+  of the glass with putty, the lower edge of the glass having been also bedded on putty where it
+  bears on the edge of the gutter. The ends of each sash-bar were fixed with a nail driven into the
+  holes previously drilled.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd42.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd42.png"
+    alt="Stage for Repairing Glass." title="Stage for Repairing Glass."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="A"/>S it might naturally be expected that out of the thousands of panes of glass employed,
+  particularly in the flat roof of the building, many would be broken in the course of the works,
+  subsequently to their being fixed, it was necessary that a ready means should be devised for
+  repairing any such damage, as the glazing-waggons used for the first execution of the work would
+  not be available for that purpose. A light stage was therefore constructed, travelling with wooden
+  wheels upon the ridges instead of in the gutters; and from this the men were able to perform their
+  work without walking along the narrow gutters, which would have been attended with much risk. This
+  stage was also used for fixing the canvass on the outside of the roofing, where it is nailed along
+  the ridges, and allowed to bag down slightly between them. The object of the canvass, which covers
+  externally the whole of the roof except the transept, is twofold: it preserves the glass from
+  damage, and also protects the objects exhibited from the direct rays of the sun, which would, of
+  course, in many instances, be very prejudicial; for the latter purpose the upright sashes on the
+  south side are also covered with canvass on the inside.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd43.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd43.png"
+    alt="Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof." title="Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_o.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="O"/>NE
+  of the most interesting operations which attracted the attention of the numerous visitors to the
+  works was the raising the ribs for the semicircular roof of the transept, the description of which
+  we give from Mr. Wyatt's paper<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"The operation about which most anxiety had been felt was the hoisting <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page74">{74}</span>of the arched ribs of the transept. These ribs were constructed on the
+  ground horizontally, and when completed with all their bolts, two of them were reared on end, and
+  maintained in a vertical position, at a distance of twenty-four feet from each other, by
+  guy-ropes. As the ribs singly possessed little lateral stiffness, they were framed together in
+  pairs with the purlins, intermediate small ribs and diagonal tie-rods, forming a complete bay of
+  the roof twenty-four feet long; two complete sets of temporary ties were also introduced to
+  provide for the strains incident to the variations in position of the ribs during the hoisting.
+  The feet of the ribs were bolted on to a stout piece of timber, and the lower purlins strutted up
+  from the same." In this state the framework is shown in the engraving.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p74.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p74.jpg"
+    alt="A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING." title="A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"The whole framework was then moved on rollers to the centre of the square formed by the
+  intersection of the transept and the main avenue, where it was afterwards hoisted. All the ribs
+  were landed over this square, and were afterwards moved on a tramway formed of a half baulk of
+  timber constructed over the columns on either side of the transept, at a height of about four feet
+  above the lead-flat. The hoisting-tackle consisted of four crabs, each one being placed on the
+  side of the transept opposite to the part of the ribs to be lifted by it, so that the men at the
+  crabs might watch the effect of their exertions with greater convenience."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">"The hoisting-shears were placed on the lead-flat immediately over the deep trusses
+  of seventy-two feet span; each set consisted of three stout scaffold-poles, lashed together at the
+  top, and footed on planks laid across the flat, and secured by the necessary guy-ropes. The
+  hoisting-rope passed from each of the crabs across the transept horizontally, to a leading block
+  attached to the foot of the opposite angle column of the square; it then passed up to a treble
+  block fastened to the shears on the flat, and from thence down to a double block secured by chains
+  to the bottom part of the ribs."</p>
+
+  <div id="f75"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p75.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p75.jpg"
+    alt="Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof." title="Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page75">{75}</span></div>
+
+  <p>"There was a peculiar difficulty to be overcome in this operation, which arose from the
+  circumstance that the width of the framework was greater than that of the transept, the extreme
+  width of the framework to be hoisted being seventy-four feet, and the clear width apart of the
+  trusses above which it had to be hoisted being only seventy-one feet four inches. It was therefore
+  necessary to raise one side to a height of thirty-five feet before raising the other, so as to
+  diminish the horizontal width of the whole, the diameter of the semicircle being maintained at
+  this angle; the whole was then hoisted, until the highest end could clear the tramway."</p>
+
+  <p>This accounts for the slanting position in which the ribs are shown in the view given.</p>
+
+  <p>"The foot of the ribs on one side was then passed over the tramway sufficiently to allow the
+  other side to clear the opposite truss; after which the whole was hoisted to the full height, and
+  rested on rollers of hard wood placed between the sills attached to the framework and the tramway,
+  by means of which it was moved to its permanent position. There it was again raised by another set
+  of shears, while the sill and tramway were removed from under it; and the ribs were then lowered
+  into the sockets prepared for them, formed by the continuation of the columns above the level of
+  the lead-flat."</p>
+
+  <p>"Each successive pair of ribs was fixed at a distance of twenty-four feet, or one bay from the
+  preceding one; and the purlins, &amp;c., were fixed in the intervening space without any
+  scaffolding from the ground, by means of jointed ladders, which were adjusted to the form of the
+  roof."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The first pair of ribs was hoisted December 4th, and the eighth pair on December
+  12th. The operation, which was one of great excitement and considerable anxiety, was personally
+  superintended by the contractors, aided by their most able foremen and assistants; and a crowd of
+  visitors, including many of the illustrious promoters of the undertaking, watched with intense
+  interest the steady ascent of the apparently unwieldy piece of construction, and every spectator
+  seemed astonished at the mechanical regularity with which the whole operation proceeded. It took
+  about one hour to raise a pair from the ground to the level of the lead-flat, and the whole was
+  done without any accident whatever. About sixty men were employed in the hoisting, there being
+  eleven men to each crab, and the remainder on the lead-flats.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page76">{76}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd44.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd44.png"
+    alt="Glazing the Transept Roof." title="Glazing the Transept Roof."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  semicircular form of the transept roof rendered it necessary to adopt a different mode of
+  operation for glazing it to that used in the horizontal portion. A stage, thirty-two feet long and
+  about three feet wide, with a protecting rail at the side, was constructed, so that it rested upon
+  rollers, travelling on the ridges. It was slung by ropes from the crown of the arched roof, and
+  could be raised and lowered at pleasure. It accommodated eight workmen, with the necessary
+  quantity of materials in sash-bars and glass; and they thus performed, with ease and rapidity, an
+  operation which before the fitting-up of the stage appeared at least extremely difficult, and to
+  the uninitiated next to impossible.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p76.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p76.jpg"
+    alt="STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT." title="STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The men commenced fixing the glass at the bottom or springing of the arch, and as
+  they completed their work the stage was raised at intervals by labourers stationed on the
+  lead-flat. A portion of the glazing at the crown of the arch was effected by men working on a
+  light scaffold, suspended within from the temporary ties mentioned as having been attached to the
+  ribs; whilst those upon the stage worked upwards till they joined the portion done from the
+  top.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd45.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd45.png" alt="The Painting."
+    title="The Painting."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>
+  PORTION of the work which necessarily occupied a very large amount of time was the painting, which
+  was necessary for the preservation of all the parts, as well as for their appearance; and when it
+  is considered that every portion required to be gone over four times, it must be evident that it
+  was highly desirable to adopt some means <span class="pagenum" id="page77">{77}</span>for
+  facilitating the operation. It was found that the sash-bars of the roof, being in short lengths
+  and of small dimensions, could readily be operated upon by some mechanical contrivance.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p77a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p77a.jpg"
+    alt="THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE." title="THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>A wooden trough was made sufficiently long to receive the sash-bars, and this was filled with
+  paint; a number of the bars were then put into it, and upon being taken out separately, they were
+  passed through a frame into which a set of brushes were fixed in such a manner as to clear off all
+  the unnecessary paint. Two small brushes, placed where the bar first entered the frame, cleared
+  out the grooves. One workman pushed the bar in at one end of the frame, which was about two feet
+  six inches long, and another drew it out at the other end, where a trough was placed to receive
+  any droppings of paint. The bars were then stacked upright, until they were sufficiently dry for
+  the next coat. The first coat only was put on by this apparatus, the second being done in the
+  ordinary manner, and the last not till after the work was all fixed in its place. By means of this
+  apparatus a workman could perform at least ten times the amount of work done in the ordinary
+  way.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p77b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p77b.jpg"
+    alt="THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES." title="THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The finishing the painting of the various parts of the roof internally, after they
+  had been put together, was very ingeniously managed, so that while the workmen were able to work
+  with ease to themselves, the scaffolding on which they stood required no supports from the ground,
+  where they would have been much in the way of other operations; loops of <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page78">{78}</span>wrought-iron were hooked on to the roof-trusses, and by means of these a
+  perfect cloud of scaffold-boards was suspended, enabling between 400 and 500 men to be at work at
+  one time. The roof of the main avenue, particularly, presented a very singular appearance, as
+  nearly one half of the entire length was thus covered at one time, and a crowd of painters were at
+  work over the heads of many, perhaps unconscious exhibitors, who were arranging their goods
+  undisturbed below.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd46.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd46.png"
+    alt="The Hand-rail Machine." title="The Hand-rail Machine."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_o.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="O"/>NE
+  of the mechanical contrivances which were put up on the ground during the works, for saving labour
+  and increasing the rapidity of production, remains to be mentioned; it was contrived for turning
+  out the rounded mahogany hand-rail for the gallery railing as well as that for the staircases.</p>
+
+  <p>The mahogany being supplied in slabs of the requisite thickness, these were first cut up by
+  circular saws into pieces of a square section, and the angles of these were then bevelled off by
+  the same means; the lengths were afterwards transferred to the hand-rail cutting machine to be
+  rounded.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p78a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p78a.jpg"
+    alt="THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE." title="THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p78b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p78b.jpg"
+    alt="PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE." title="PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The principal portion of the machine consists of a hollow cast-iron cylinder, round
+  which a strap may be passed to drive it. At one end of this cylinder four cutters are fixed, so
+  that a piece of wood passing between them and through the cylinder, as it revolves, is rounded off
+  to a true circular form of section, and is turned out so smoothly <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page79">{79}</span>finished as to require scarcely any further work upon it before fixing. In
+  advance of the cutters pressure-rollers are placed, furnished with teeth; and these, as they are
+  turned round by a cranked handle, seize upon a piece of mahogany and force it forward against the
+  cutters, which form, as it were, the jaws of the hollow cylinder, which thus seems to be
+  constantly swallowing lengths of rough mahogany, which escape from it finished. The wooden rail is
+  passed up to the cutters along a groove, the end of which is shown in the small engraving; and
+  opposite each end of the revolving cylinder springs are fixed, which prevent the rail from
+  shifting its position. The hand-rail was all turned out in 21-feet lengths, of which about thirty
+  were completed in the day.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd47.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd47.png"
+    alt="General View of the Works." title="General View of the Works."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E
+  have mentioned that the actual commencement of the building was made by fixing one of the columns
+  on the 26th of September; and, within a few weeks, more than a thousand men were at work, though,
+  from the great extent of the ground they were spread over, it was difficult to estimate their
+  number, which was, however, made apparent by the rapidity with which the building began to grow.
+  The place presented an animated and interesting scene, which attracted a great number of visitors;
+  and crowds of the fair sex were not deterred by the rough state of the ground from endeavouring to
+  satisfy their proverbial thirst for knowledge. In one part of the ground might be seen the putting
+  together of the wrought-iron roof-girders to the deafening tune of more than a hundred hammers; in
+  another place gutters were being put together by the mile, for which some hundred or two of
+  sawyers were cutting up ship-loads of timber. Three portable steam-engines in various parts were
+  driving the different machinery already described, which, however, was mostly grouped in one place
+  near the transept. The central avenue formed, of course, the great thoroughfare, where teams of
+  horses were constantly passing, dragging the slender columns, or unwieldy-looking girders, to
+  their places, while other teams were engaged in running them up to their final position.
+  Over-head, too, the glaziers' waggons, dotted about the roof, seemed to be running on some new
+  aerial railways; in every direction that the eye turned the busy scene extended.</p>
+
+  <p>For carrying on these extensive works an immense number of men were necessarily employed on the
+  spot, besides those occupied in preparing the various parts at different places. The greatest
+  number of men on the ground in any one week was 2,260; and the season of the year frequently
+  rendered it necessary for the workmen to continue their labours after dark, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page80">{80}</span>which they did partly by the light of huge bonfires of shavings and odd
+  scraps of wood. The effect of these great fires, which were generally lighted in some part of the
+  main avenue, was exceedingly grand. The light of the tall flames was reflected from the glass of
+  the roof far away into the darkness which concealed all the other parts; whilst occasionally a
+  lantern carried by a workman engaged in fixing the upper columns, or some part of the roof,
+  glimmered like some new star.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">On one occasion, when the greatest efforts were being made to push on the progress
+  of the works, no less than twelve large bonfires lighted the men at their midnight toil; and had
+  the building been formed of combustible materials, a passing observer would have imagined that the
+  whole was in flames.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd48.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd48.png"
+    alt="Paying the Workmen." title="Paying the Workmen."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  process of distributing their wages among so large a number of men, on every recurring Saturday
+  evening, was one which could only be effected within a reasonable time by some systematic
+  arrangement; and to such perfection was this brought in the course of the works, that the whole
+  number of 2,000 men or upwards were sometimes paid in little more than an hour; though at first it
+  occupied a considerably longer time.</p>
+
+  <p>The mode in which this was effected was as follows:&mdash;When a workman was engaged his name
+  was entered in a book against a certain number, which was stamped on several brass tickets, three
+  of which were given to each workman before leaving the ground in the evening.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p80.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p80.jpg"
+    alt="THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX." title="THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Every man had to enter the premises three times in the course of the day; namely, the first
+  thing in the morning, after returning from breakfast, and after returning from dinner. On each
+  occasion he was required to deposit at the gate one of these tickets, which were afterwards sorted
+  by the clerks, and entered in the time-book. In this way, if a man failed to come to his work, his
+  ticket would be missing, and the time during which he was absent would not be entered; a
+  corresponding amount being deducted from his week's wages.</p>
+
+  <p>On the Saturday, each man's time was made up from the book; and his <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page81">{81}</span>wages calculated accordingly, and the amount entered against his name. The
+  money due to each man was then counted out and placed in a small tin box, with a ticket, on which
+  was written the man's name and number, and the amount of wages paid to him.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p81a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p81a.jpg"
+    alt="THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE." title="THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All this was done in the time-keeper's office, which was conveniently placed near the entrance
+  to the works. When all the preliminary arrangements had been completed, the workmen's bell was
+  rung, and they assembled (a motley and sometimes clamorous crowd) round the pay-office, which was
+  provided with two small openings through which the payments were made.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p81b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p81b.jpg"
+    alt="THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE
+    PAY-OFFICE." title="THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE
+    PAY-OFFICE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE PAY-OFFICE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two men stationed outside the office then called over the numbers of the workmen, who presented
+  themselves, in the order in which they were called, at the pay-windows, where each man took the
+  small box passed out to him with the money, and left the box in passing out at the gate. If any
+  man considered the amount of wages paid to him not correct, he presented the ticket given to him
+  with the wages at the office on the Monday morning following, when the matter was arranged by the
+  time-keeper.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page82">{82}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p82.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p82.jpg"
+    alt="THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID." title="THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">Any person acquainted with the irregular habits of vast numbers of our workmen, who
+  will often be absent from their work a quarter of a day, and at other times a whole day, thus
+  varying the amount of wages due at the end of the week to almost every man, will at once see that,
+  without a well-arranged system, such as that described, the payment of so large a body of men
+  would have occupied as many days as it really did hours. The engravings annexed, in illustration
+  of this part of our subject, will convey to the reader some idea of the scene we have endeavoured
+  to describe, though it must fall far short of the picturesque reality.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd49.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd49.png"
+    alt="General Statistics." title="General Statistics."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  is with great pleasure that we are able to mention that, notwithstanding the difficult character
+  of some of the work, and the extreme rapidity with which it was carried on, very few accidents of
+  importance occurred; a circumstance which must be ascribed to the great care taken by the
+  contractors for the safety of the men while engaged in their work: and in the cases where the
+  accidents that occurred were of a serious or fatal kind, their origin was mostly to be traced to a
+  neglect of those precautions which the men were constantly urged and ordered to take.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page83">{83}</span></div>
+
+  <p>A few statistics of the quantities of different parts of the work not already mentioned will
+  complete this portion of our subject. The whole amount of iron-work in the building is stated at
+  about 4000 tons; and about 1,200 loads of timber were required for the wood-work. There are 2,941
+  trussed gutters in the roof, and 1,495 glazed sashes were required to inclose the sides of the
+  building. As many as 316 iron girders were cast, in one week, and 442 lengths of the Paxton's
+  gutters were cut out by the machinery in the same time. No less than 18,392 squares of glass,
+  containing 62,508 feet superficial, or about one-and-a-half acres, were also fixed in one
+  week.</p>
+
+  <p>It may be further mentioned that the weight of the different parts forming the flat
+  ridge-and-furrow roofing amounts to three-and-a-quarter pounds per foot superficial, on the whole
+  surface; the weight of the arched roof of the transept, including the ribs, amounts to
+  five-and-three-quarter pounds per superficial foot; and the timbers and boards of the gallery
+  floor weigh eight-and-a-half pounds to the superficial foot: from these data the actual weight on
+  the different girders may be calculated.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The light iron-work, with the exception of some of the gallery railing, was cast at
+  the works of the contractors near Birmingham; and the remainder, including the columns, girders,
+  &amp;c., was distributed between their own foundry, and those of the Messrs. Cochrane, of Wood
+  Side, and Mr. Jobson, of Holly Hall, both near Dudley. The wrought-iron was supplied by Messrs.
+  Fothergill, and the timber by Messrs. Dowson and Co.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd50.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd50.png"
+    alt="The Parti-coloured Painting." title="The Parti-coloured Painting."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  coloured decoration introduced in finishing the painting of the building is a subject which has
+  been much discussed, and many suggestions have been made by persons generally received as
+  authorities on the subject. The system adopted was proposed by Mr. Owen Jones, under whose active
+  superintendence it has been carried out. That gentleman explained his reasons for its adoption,
+  and the effect which he expected it to produce, in a lecture at the Institute of British
+  Architects, on the 16th of December, 1850, some portions of which are submitted to our
+  readers<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"It is not necessary for me to describe the building, the painting of which we are now about to
+  discuss, as it is well known to most of you by its marvellous dimensions, the simplicity of its
+  construction, and the advantage which has been taken of the power which the repetition of simple
+  forms will give in producing grandeur of effect; and I wish now to show that this grandeur may be
+  still further enhanced by a system of colouring which, by marking distinctly every line in the
+  building, will increase the height, the length, and the bulk.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page84">{84}</span></div>
+
+  <p>"The very nature of the material of which this building is mainly constructed, viz., iron,
+  requires that it should be painted. On what principle shall we do this? Should we be justified in
+  adopting a simple tint of white or stone colour, the usual method of painting iron? Now, it must
+  be borne in mind that this building will be covered on the south side, and over the whole of the
+  roof, with canvass, so that there can be but little light and shade. The myriads of similar lines,
+  therefore, of which the building is composed, falling one before the other, would lose all
+  distinctness, and form, in fact, one dull cloud overhanging the Exhibition.</p>
+
+  <p>"A line of columns (as it may be seen even now at the building) would present the effect of a
+  white wall, and it would be impossible, in the distance, to distinguish one column from another.
+  This mode of painting would have the further disadvantage of rendering the building totally
+  unconnected with the various objects it is to contain.</p>
+
+  <p>"May the building be painted of a dark colour, like the roofs of some of our railway-stations?
+  This, equally with the white method, would present one mass of indistinctness; the relief of the
+  cast-iron would disappear, and each column and girder would present to the eye but a flat
+  silhouette.</p>
+
+  <p>"Let us now consider the building as painted with some pale neutral tint, dull green or buff.
+  In doing this we should be perfectly safe, as, provided the colours were not too pale so as to be
+  indistinct, or too dark so as sensibly to affect the eye, we could hardly make a mistake. Yet how
+  tame and monotonous would be the result! It would be necessary that this tint, whichever we might
+  choose, should be of a very subdued neutral character, in order to avoid the difficulty well known
+  to mounters of drawings and painters of picture-galleries, viz., that in proportion as you incline
+  to any particular shade of colour, so in that exact proportion you injure or destroy those objects
+  it is intended to relieve which may have similar colour. To this, then, we should be
+  reduced&mdash;a dull monotonous colour without character. How unworthy this would be of the great
+  occasion!  How little would it impress the public! How little would it teach the artist! It would
+  be to cut instead of patiently to unravel the knot.</p>
+
+  <p>"We are now brought to the consideration of the only other well-defined system which presents
+  itself, namely, parti-colouring. This, I conceive, if successfully worked out, would bring the
+  building and its contents into perfect harmony, and it would fitly carry out one of the objects
+  for which this Exhibition was formed, namely, that of promoting the union of the fine-arts with
+  manufactures. It would be an experiment on an immense scale, which, if successful, would tend to
+  dispel the prejudices of those whose eyes are yet unformed to colour, to develope the imperfect
+  appreciations of others, and to save this country from the reproach which foreign visitors, more
+  educated in this particular than ourselves, would not fail to make were the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page85">{85}</span>building otherwise painted; it would everywhere bring out the construction
+  of the building, which, as I said before, would also appear higher, longer, and more solid."</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Jones then adduced the practice of the ancient and mediæval artists, and explained the kind
+  of colours they generally adopted, mentioning that in the best periods of art the primary colours
+  were chiefly or exclusively used.</p>
+
+  <p>"In the decoration of the Exhibition building I therefore propose to use the colours blue, red,
+  and yellow, in such relative quantities as to neutralise or destroy each other; thus no one colour
+  will be dominant or fatiguing to the eye, and all the objects exhibited will assist, and be
+  assisted by, the colours of the building itself.</p>
+
+  <p>"In house-decoration we occasionally find a run on one colour; thus we have a green room, a
+  pink room, and a red room; but it would obviously be unwise to adopt any one colour for this
+  building, whose contents will be of all imaginable hues from white to black. Discarding, on the
+  other hand, the perfect neutral white as unfit for the occasion, we naturally adopt the colours
+  blue, red, and yellow, in or near the neutral proportions of eight, five, and three; but to avoid
+  any harsh antagonism of the primary colours when in contact, or any undesired complementary
+  secondaries arising from the immediate proximity of the primaries, I propose, in all cases, to
+  interpose a line of white between them, which will soften them and give them their true value.</p>
+
+  <p>"As one of the objects of decorating a building is to increase the effect of light and shade,
+  the best means of using blue, red, and yellow is to place blue, which retires, on the concave
+  surfaces; yellow, which advances, on the convex; and red, the colour of the middle distance, on
+  the horizontal planes; and the neutral white on the vertical planes.</p>
+
+  <p>"Following out this principle on the building in question, we have red for the under-side of
+  the girders, yellow on the round portions of the columns, and blue in the hollow parts of the
+  capitals.</p>
+
+  <p>"Now, it is necessary not only to put the several colours in the right places, but also to use
+  them in their due proportions to each other.</p>
+
+  <p>"Mr. Field, in his admirable works on colour, has shown by direct experiment that white light
+  consists of blue, red, and yellow, neutralising each other in the proportions of eight, five, and
+  three. It will readily be seen, that the nearer we can arrive at this state of neutrality the more
+  harmonious and light-giving will a building become; and an examination of the most perfect
+  specimens of harmonious colouring of the ancients will show that this proportion has generally
+  obtained among them; that is to say, broadly, there has been as much blue as the yellow and red
+  put together, the light and the shade balancing each other.</p>
+
+  <p>"Of course, we cannot in decorating buildings always command the exact proportions of coloured
+  surface which we require; but the balance of <span class="pagenum" id="page86">{86}</span>colours
+  can always be obtained by a change in the colours themselves. Thus, if the surfaces to be coloured
+  should give too much yellow, we should make the red more crimson and the blue more purple; that
+  is, we should take the yellow out of them. So, if we had too much blue, we should make the yellow
+  more orange, and the red more scarlet.</p>
+
+  <p>"A practised eye will as readily do this as a musician can tune a musical instrument; it is
+  here that science abandons the artist, who must trust to his own perceptions, cultivated by
+  renewed trials and repeated failures."</p>
+
+  <p>In concluding, Mr. Jones said, with reference to some specimens of the proposed decoration
+  which had been executed, "I would ask you to banish from your minds the glare of light by which
+  this decoration is now seen&mdash;to forget the rough foreground, where men are engaged in every
+  variety of occupation for the completion of this great building; and I would ask you to fill it in
+  imagination with the gorgeous products of every clime. I would ask you to picture to yourselves in
+  the foreground the brilliant primaries, blue, red, and yellow&mdash;the rich secondaries, purple,
+  amber, and green, moulded in forms of every conceivable diversity; and, lastly, against them the
+  darker tertiaries fading into neutral perspective.</p>
+
+  <p>"The conception of such an effect, difficult even to the artist accustomed to abstract his
+  attention from present interruptions and to calculate future harmonies, is impossible to the
+  uninstructed spectator, who, from the experimental decoration of a single column, draws a
+  premature and, necessarily, a fallacious inference as to the collective effect of the whole.</p>
+
+  <p>"From my brother architects I hope for a more patient, a more comprehensive, and a fairer
+  appreciation; for myself, I have a confident hope, grounded on the experience of years devoted to
+  this particular branch of art, that the principles and plans I have had the honour to propose to
+  the Royal Commission, for the decoration of this magnificent structure, will be found, when
+  complete, not to disappoint the public expectations, or to prove wholly unworthy of the great
+  occasion."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">In this lecture, Mr. Owen Jones asked his hearers, and the public generally, to
+  suspend their final judgment upon his system of colouring until the whole should be completed, and
+  the building filled with the objects to be exhibited, as he considered that many of the objections
+  which were raised to his proposition resulted from a want of consideration of the ultimate effect
+  to be produced by the whole, when completed and occupied; and so far as this effect has been
+  realised, we believe it has inclined the public opinion more in favour of the coloured decoration
+  than originally, when it was undoubtedly very strongly commented upon in various quarters. Without
+  venturing to express any opinion ourselves, we may trust that Mr. Owen Jones's fondest hopes will
+  be fully realised.</p>
+
+  <div id="f86"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p86.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p86.jpg"
+    alt="View of the Building from the North Bank
+    of the Serpentine." title="View of the Building from the North Bank
+    of the Serpentine."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of the Building from the North Bank of the Serpentine.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page87">{87}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd51.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd51.png" alt="The Water Supply."
+    title="The Water Supply."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HE supply of water necessary both for the protection of this enormous building from fire,
+  and for the use of fountains and machinery to be exhibited, is furnished at a very liberal rate by
+  the Chelsea Waterworks' Company. It is brought into the building by a 9-inch main pipe, at about
+  the centre of its length, branching out into three 6-inch pipes, which extend throughout the whole
+  length of the building. Short pipes branch off from these, terminating in fire-cocks, placed at
+  such distances that a circle of 120-feet radius from any one of them will touch a similar circle
+  described round the adjacent ones; by which means the whole extent of the building may be brought
+  under the action of hose attached to each of the fire-cocks. The water is supplied at a pressure
+  equal to a column of about seventy feet, so as to work the fountains that will be exhibited, and
+  to play efficiently from hose in case of any accident by fire. The quantity which the Company have
+  undertaken to supply is 300,000 gallons a day.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd52.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd52.png"
+    alt="The Stability of the Building." title="The Stability of the Building."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  subject of the strength and stability of the building is one on which considerable anxiety has
+  been felt, both by the public at large and by those professional bodies more capable of forming a
+  correct judgment upon it. In the prolonged discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Wyatt's
+  paper at the Institution of Civil Engineers, many points of objection were raised which seemed at
+  first sight of a very serious nature; but, in most cases, the answers that were given to them were
+  perfectly satisfactory. The two greatest difficulties raised were, firstly, the enormous surface
+  presented by the exterior to the pressure of the wind, with apparently but a slight power of
+  resistance; and, secondly, the construction of the galleries, which, it was thought, would not be
+  able to resist the vibratory motion likely to be produced by great numbers of people walking upon
+  them. The results of several calculations were adduced on the occasion alluded to in support of
+  the objections on the first point; but perhaps the best answer that could be given to them was the
+  circumstance mentioned by Mr. Fox&mdash;that on the 5th of that month (January) the pressure of
+  the wind, which blew a perfect gale, was not only much above the average, but very nearly reached
+  the greatest amount known within a considerable period in London&mdash;about 25lbs. per square
+  foot; and that as the building, although in an incomplete state, had resisted that pressure
+  without receiving any injury, it was fair to conclude that, when finished, it would <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page88">{88}</span>be able to sustain the greatest force which the wind could
+  be reasonably expected to exert upon it.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The question of the strength of the galleries was one of even greater importance
+  than the other, as, in case of any failure in that part of the building, human life must almost
+  inevitably have been sacrificed to a great extent. It was therefore deemed necessary to ascertain,
+  as far as was practicable, by experiment, that their strength was abundantly sufficient; and in
+  Mr. Wyatt's paper, as printed, the following description of the experiments instituted for this
+  purpose will be found.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd53.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd53.png"
+    alt="Testing the Galleries." title="Testing the Galleries."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>N
+  the interval between the reading of this paper and its going to press a series of experiments have
+  been tried to ascertain the action of these galleries under the strain of a moving load. A
+  complete bay, twenty-four feet square, was constructed, raised slightly from the ground,
+  consisting of the four cast-iron girders, with the connecting-pieces at the angles, and on this
+  the timbers and boards of the flooring. Rows of planks the full width of the platform led up to it
+  and down from it, so that a body of men as wide as the gallery might be able to march up and down
+  in close rank.</p>
+
+  <p>"The area of the platform was first covered over with labourers packed as closely together as
+  possible; but no action of walking, running, or jumping that 300 men could perform did any injury
+  whatever to it, and the greatest deflection of the girders did not exceed a quarter of an inch.
+  Soldiers of the corps of Royal Sappers and Miners were then substituted for the contractors' men;
+  and although the perfect regularity of their step in marking time sharply appeared a remarkably
+  severe test, a minute examination of the construction after the completion of the experiments
+  showed that no damage whatever had been done by their evolutions.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">"But as the Commissioners were deeply impressed with the necessity of thoroughly
+  convincing the public, who should visit the Exhibition, that they might feel perfectly secure in
+  every part of the building, it was deemed desirable to apply a still further test to the actual
+  galleries as they stand; as it might perhaps be said that the single bay which had been
+  experimented upon was not similarly circumstanced to those forming parts of the building.</p>
+
+  <div id="f88"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p88a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p88a.jpg"
+    alt="Testing the Gallery Floor." title="Testing the Gallery Floor."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Testing the Gallery Floor.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="f88b"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p88b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p88b.jpg"
+    alt="View of the Boiler House." title="View of the Boiler House."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of the Boiler House.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page89">{89}</span></div>
+
+  <p>"For this purpose a very ingenious apparatus was devised by the late Mr. Field, President of
+  the Institution of Civil Engineers, for testing the stability of the galleries <i>in situ</i>, and
+  on being applied over the greater part of the building not a single bolt or girder gave way under
+  its action. This apparatus consisted of eight square wooden frames divided into thirty-six
+  compartments, each just capable of containing and allowing to rotate a 68-pounder shot. The
+  surfaces of the balls placed in each of these compartments came in contact with the gallery floor,
+  the frames themselves being attached to one another and running along the floor by means of
+  castors fixed at the angles; the whole apparatus being drawn along by a number of men. Two hundred
+  and eighty-eight 68-pound shot confined in a limited area were thus set rolling over more than
+  half the extent of the galleries; when, not the slightest mishap having occurred, the experiment
+  was considered decisive, and a persistence in it deemed unnecessary."</p>
+
+  <p>The pressure obtained in this experiment amounted to about a hundred pounds per square foot,
+  and it had been ascertained that the greatest pressure caused by packing men together as closely
+  as possible was equal to about ninety-five pounds per square foot; so that the testing force
+  applied was considered amply sufficient, as a considerable portion of the surface of the gallery
+  will be occupied by light articles exhibited in the cases and stalls which are placed along the
+  centre of the gallery, where a great weight would have most effect.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">This ingenious method of proving the strength of the galleries <i>in situ</i>,
+  without endangering those engaged in the experiment, is admirable; and the result of the proof
+  will no doubt allay all fear in the mind of the public as to the safety of this portion of the
+  building.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd54.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd54.png"
+    alt="General Advantages of the Building." title="General Advantages of the Building."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  is always much easier to point out the defects of any work than its excellences; whilst we may,
+  therefore, safely leave the former, as regards our present subject, to be discovered and enlarged
+  upon by those who may be perhaps more competent than ourselves, we will attempt to point out what
+  we conceive to be some of the advantages obtained in the present building.</p>
+
+  <p>One of the principal of these, considering throughout the purpose of the structure, is,
+  perhaps, the uninterrupted view of the interior which the spectator may obtain from any point of
+  the building&mdash;a matter of great importance to the general grandeur of its effect. From the
+  galleries more particularly, which will be less obstructed by large objects, the eye of the
+  spectator will be able to range from end to end of the vast edifice; while the transparency of the
+  material used for the roof allows every object to be brilliantly illuminated. The slender lines of
+  the supports, though they serve to sustain a protecting covering, scarcely interrupt the view of
+  the objects protected, and the absence of any fixed divisions or partitions enables all the
+  articles exhibited to be so arranged as to suit the peculiar requirements of each particular
+  class; while the ample space between the <span class="pagenum" id="page90">{90}</span>supports has
+  admitted of the formation of large open avenues for the free passage of visitors, who may thus
+  reach as readily the remotest corners of the building as those situated near the entrances; and
+  whenever the visitor may find himself fatigued by the labour of sight-seeing, he will be sure to
+  find himself near one of the numerous exit-doors, whereby he may immediately free himself from the
+  crowd of spectators.</p>
+
+  <p>From the simplicity of the details of the construction, and their constant recurrence, it will
+  be seen that so long as the ends of the building were left incomplete, its size could easily be
+  limited or expanded, so as to include that precise amount of space which, up to the last moment
+  when the point could be kept open, appeared most likely to be required. This simplicity of
+  arrangement will also be found very advantageous in case the building is removed after the
+  termination of its present temporary purpose; as the parts may be easily separated without much
+  injury, and as readily re-erected, either as a whole, or even in many separate buildings, having
+  the same arrangement of parts, without the same general form or appearance.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been calculated that the passages remaining in the building, after deducting the space
+  appropriated to the objects exhibited, will hold more than 100,000 persons; though it is not to be
+  expected that half that number will be collected there at one time. The ventilation and supply of
+  fresh air for so vast a throng was therefore a matter of the first importance; and the means
+  already described for accomplishing this great object are so ample, that any inconvenience from
+  oppressive heat or foul air can hardly be expected. The canvass with which the roof is covered
+  will not only serve to modify the heat of the sun in the interior, but it is expected that if it
+  be watered by the hose of engines, it may even reduce the temperature within to considerably below
+  that of the external air. From his experience in glass-houses for horticultural purposes, Mr.
+  Paxton speaks confidently on this point.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The arrangement of the construction of the building resting on isolated instead of
+  continuous supports, will enable all traces of it to be readily effaced from the site if it is
+  removed; and, on the other hand, if it remains, it is evidently peculiarly suited to form a vast
+  winter-garden and public promenade.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w10 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd55.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd55.png" alt="Conclusion."
+    title="Conclusion."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_b.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="B"/>EFORE taking leave of the reader who may have patiently followed us thus far, a few words
+  may be necessary on the general arrangement of the articles to be exhibited in the building whose
+  outline and details we have been endeavouring to trace. The first classification is geographical.
+  All the western half of the building is given to England, and the eastern, which is rather the
+  larger of the two, to foreign countries; <span class="pagenum" id="page91">{91}</span>the space
+  assigned to each country being distinctly defined, so as to avoid the possibility of any disputes.
+  As far as it was possible, the space for each country is so arranged as to have a frontage towards
+  the main central avenue, and in most cases occupies a strip the whole width of the building; the
+  visitor, therefore, passing up and down the length, will not miss out any country.</p>
+
+  <p>In the central avenue, and immediately on either side of it, are placed the most remarkable
+  specimens of objects coming under the class of fine-arts, or otherwise sufficiently remarkable to
+  entitle them to such a prominent place. Behind these, in the side avenues, will be found the
+  various specimens of manufactured articles; and along the outside longitudinal avenues are placed,
+  on the south side, those belonging to the class of raw products (a portion being devoted to
+  agricultural implements), and the projecting portion of the building on the north side forms the
+  hall of machinery, which is separated by a partition of glazed sashes from the rest of the
+  building. Many of the articles will be grouped in courts, an arrangement which the construction
+  particularly leads to; and these will probably form some of the greatest attractions in the
+  Exhibition, each being, as it were, complete in itself, and the inclosures preventing the eye from
+  being distracted by distant objects. To enter further into the detail of this part of the subject
+  would be foreign to the purpose of this work, the building itself being our text.</p>
+
+  <p>We have now, we believe, completed the pleasant task we proposed to ourselves at the outset,
+  and we hope that in doing so we may have been able to render interesting to our general readers
+  this description of operations, usually occupying the attention of the technical professions only.
+  With this intention, we have avoided as far as possible the use of technical terms, which would be
+  a dead letter to the uninitiated, at the risk, perhaps, of being considered inaccurate by those
+  acquainted with all the details of the subject.</p>
+
+  <p>So many men whose eminent talent is well known and appreciated by the public have been engaged
+  in perfecting the designs and carrying out the erection of this vast structure, that the critic
+  should be one of no mean reputation who would venture to raise even a small voice of individual
+  criticism on its merits. We have considered it, therefore, to be our part rather to record the
+  opinions of others on any points where a discussion has been raised than to trouble the reader
+  with any personal views, which would, perhaps, have only appeared impertinent.</p>
+
+  <p>The nature and extent of the difficulties which have been successfully surmounted in carrying
+  out this great work can only be fully appreciated by those intimately acquainted with all its
+  structural details and with its rapid progress; and its completion in so short a period must be
+  regarded as a striking instance of the productive power and spirit of commercial <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page92">{92}</span>enterprise of this country, while the fact of its being
+  defrayed by the voluntary contributions of the people will illustrate in an interesting manner to
+  our continental visitors that principle of self-government which forms the basis of all our
+  institutions, and the spirit of private enterprise which characterises most of our great
+  undertakings.</p>
+
+  <p>The illustrative engravings with which we have endeavoured to render more interesting the
+  descriptive details, necessarily somewhat dry to the general reader, are only intended to convey
+  general ideas, without attempting that minute accuracy which would be required in a more technical
+  work; and with reference to some of them we take this opportunity of acknowledging the assistance
+  our artists have derived from views already published elsewhere, others having been exclusively
+  drawn for the present work.</p>
+
+  <p>We have much pleasure in presenting our readers, in the Appendix, with views and descriptions
+  of two of the most striking designs sent in the first competition for the building, the materials
+  for which have been kindly afforded us by their respective authors; and we may remind the reader
+  that these two designs were specially mentioned by the Building Committee in their Report already
+  quoted. In the same place some interesting documents connected with the building will also be
+  found, which we were unable to insert in the text.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p92.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p92.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING." title="VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagei">{i}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:5.2ex;"><span class="x-larger">APPENDIX.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">LIST OF COMPETITORS FOR THE BUILDING PROPOSED TO BE ERECTED IN
+  HYDE PARK.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem sp4">
+    <p>Mons. Acollas, Architecte, 33, Rue Lafayette, à Paris.</p>
+    <p>Messrs. Aickin and Capes, 1, Clarence-street, Islington.</p>
+    <p>W. Albon, Esq., 32, Abingdon-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>C. B. Allen, Architect, 9, Great College-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>F. C. Anderson, Esq., 9, Holles-street, Cavendish-square.</p>
+    <p><i>Architekton</i> (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).</p>
+    <p>Henry Ashton, Esq., 50<span class="smaller">A</span>, Lower Brooke-street.</p>
+    <p>John S. Austin, Architect, Bedford.</p>
+    <p>William Austin, Esq., High-street, East Dereham, Norfolk.</p>
+    <p>C. Badger, Esq., Architect, 40, Rue Blanche, Paris.</p>
+    <p>R. Baly, Esq., 14, Buckingham-street, Adelphi.</p>
+    <p>Alfred Beaumont, Architect, 5, Warwick Chambers, Beak-street.</p>
+    <p>Richard Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.</p>
+    <p>W. Bell, Esq., Clift Cottage, Coronation-road, Bristol.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Bellamy, Esq., 8, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Felix Belleflamme, Brussels.</p>
+    <p>J. S. Benest, Esq., 21, Rutland-street, Hampstead-road.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Bertram, M. Inst. C. E., Reading.</p>
+    <p>John Black, Esq., 33, Ernest-street, Regent's Park.</p>
+    <p>E. Blatchley, Esq., Jun., 362, Oxford-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Alphonse Botrel, Architecte, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.</p>
+    <p>A. W. Boulnois, Esq., Bazaar, King-street, Baker-street.</p>
+    <p>W. Boyle, Esq., 5, Little George-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>R. Brandon, Architect, 11, Beaufort-buildings, Strand.</p>
+    <p>R. Broad, Esq., Horseley Works, Tipton.</p>
+    <p>B. Broadbridge, Architect, 35, Ladbroke-square, Notting-hill.</p>
+    <p>F. Brown, Esq., Francis-street, Torrington-square.</p>
+    <p>R. Brown, Esq., 41, Lord-street, Liverpool.</p>
+    <p>J. B. Bunning, Esq., Guildhall.</p>
+    <p>George A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageii">{ii}</span>H. P. Burt, Esq., 238, Blackfriars-road.</p>
+    <p>John G. Grace, Esq., 14, Wigmore-street.</p>
+    <p>E. I. C., Alnwick.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. Cailloux, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.</p>
+    <p>A. F. Campbell, Esq., 104, Pall Mall, Reform Club.</p>
+    <p>Henry Case, Esq., 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.</p>
+    <p>James Catt, Esq., Blackheath Park.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. Charpentier, Architecte, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.</p>
+    <p>J. Claringbull, Esq., 95, Herbert-street, New North-road.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Henri van Cléemputte, Laon, France.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. P. Cluysenaar, Architecte, Bruxèlles.</p>
+    <p>J. Colshurst, Esq., 36, Jermyn-street, St. James's.</p>
+    <p>John Colson, Architect, Winchester.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, Holland.</p>
+    <p>C. E. Coote, Esq., Clifton.</p>
+    <p>W. R. Corson, Architect, 3, Albion-place, Leeds.</p>
+    <p>H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Awylne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.</p>
+    <p>David Cowan, Esq., 9, Hungerford-street, Strand.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Crémont, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.</p>
+    <p>W. Cruikshank, Esq., 24, Duke-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. E. Damas de Culture, 20, Rue Mazayran, Paris.</p>
+    <p>G. J. Darley, Esq., C.E., 7, Kildare-street, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>Mons. A. Delaage, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>W. Dennis, Esq., Church-street, Hackney.</p>
+    <p>Charles Downes, Esq., 29, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.</p>
+    <p>Francis Drake, Esq., 11, Calthorpe-street, Gray's-inn-road.</p>
+    <p>Henry Duesbury, Architect, Kensington Gore.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Duflocq, 96, Rue Rochechouart, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Dupuy, 9, Rue Duplessés, Versailles.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Dusillion, Architecte, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Mons. A. Durand, Moulins, France.</p>
+    <p>O. C. Edwards, Esq., Gloucester.</p>
+    <p>J. Eldudge, Esq., 16, Somerset-place, New Road, Commercial-rd. East.</p>
+    <p>J. Elliott, Architect, 28, Portland-terrace, Southampton.</p>
+    <p>M. G. Fétar van Elven, Architecte, Amsterdam.</p>
+    <p>D. Erskine, Esq., 58, Clerk-street, Edinburgh.</p>
+    <p>W. J. Everitt, Esq., 1, Garden-street, Stepney-green.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Théodore Faure, 2, Little Argyle-street, Regent-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. F. Desaint Félix, and E. E. White, Architects, Ipswich.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Henri Fevre, Architecte, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.</p>
+    <p>F. Finlay, Esq., 26, Duke-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>Charles Folkard, Esq., C.E., 56, King-street, Whitehall.</p>
+    <p>David Colin Forbes, Esq., Stirling.</p>
+    <p>James Forrest, Esq., C.E., 25, Great George-street.</p>
+    <p>W. Freebody, Esq., 9, Duke-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.</p>
+    <p>L. Fürges, Architecte, Crefeld.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageiii">{iii}</span>C. E. G., Warwick.</p>
+    <p>A. Garrard. Esq., Surveyor.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, à Calais.</p>
+    <p>Arthur Gearing, Esq., 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.</p>
+    <p>William Geggie, Esq., Knaresbro'.</p>
+    <p>J. Gibson, Esq., Great Western Railway, Paddington.</p>
+    <p>Robert Gilingham, Esq., 31, Clarence-road, Kentish Town.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Godeb&#x0153;uf, Architecte, 12, Place Breda, à Paris.</p>
+    <p>C. W. Gooch, Esq., 42, Connaught-terrace, Edgeware-road.</p>
+    <p>John Gould, Esq., Tottenham Park, Wiltshire.</p>
+    <p>Richard Greene, Esq., F.S.A., Sec. to Lichfield Architectural Society.</p>
+    <p>Edmund W. Grubb, Esq., Newnham, Gloucestershire.</p>
+    <p>Robert S. Grubb, Esq., Newham-on-Severn, Gloucestershire.</p>
+    <p>T. R. Guppy, Esq., Naples.</p>
+    <p>J. C. Haddan, Esq., 29, Bloomsbury-square.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Roberts Hannaford, Architect, 21, Trigon-terrace, Kennington.</p>
+    <p>O. Hansard, Architect, 2, Kensington-gardens-terrace, Hyde Park.</p>
+    <p>Robert Hardy, Carpenter, 32, North Conduit-street, Bethnal-green.</p>
+    <p>John Thornhill Harrison, Esq., East Bolden, near Gateshead.</p>
+    <p>J. P. Harrison, Esq., 11, Chancery-lane.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Haw, Esq., 27, Prospect-terrace, Globe-road, Mile-end.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Hayes, Esq., 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde Park.</p>
+    <p>Samuel Heilton, Esq., 54, Red Cross-street, City.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. Henard, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>James Hendrey, Esq., 4, Pancras-lane, Cheapside.</p>
+    <p>J. Hewitt, Esq., Oxford.</p>
+    <p>W. S. Hollands, Esq., 37, King William-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Hector Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.</p>
+    <p>George Horton, Esq., 6, Green-street, Grosvenor-square.</p>
+    <p>Albert P. Howell, Architect, 2, Holywell-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>Mons. C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Benjamin Hurwitz, Esq., 1, Brydges-street, Strand.</p>
+    <p>John Imray, Esq., Engineer, 12, Howley-street, Lambeth.</p>
+    <p>A. Jackson, Esq., Barkhart House, Orpington, Kent.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Ch. Sch&#x0153;ch Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.</p>
+    <p>Charles Jayne, Architect, 7, Chancery-lane.</p>
+    <p>Adam Jizkowski, Architect to the Government, Warsaw.</p>
+    <p>Joseph Jopling, Esq., Felton Villa, Finchley-road.</p>
+    <p>H. J. Kaye, Esq., 63, Sloane-street, Knightsbridge.</p>
+    <p>G. P. Kennedy and R. Kennedy, Esqrs., Sussex Chambers, Duke-street, St. James's.</p>
+    <p>J. T. Knowles, Esq., 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.</p>
+    <p>Herr Friedrich Krahe, Brunswick.</p>
+    <p>Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.</p>
+    <p>A Lady with great diffidence submits this plan.</p>
+    <p>M. Laves, Architect to the King of Hanover, Hanover.</p>
+    <p>Mons. A. G. Ledrut, Claremont.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageiv">{iv}</span>S. W. Leonard, Assistant-Curator Micrological
+    Society, 11, Upper Stamford-street, Waterloo-road.</p>
+    <p>W. B. Lewis, Esq., Rainbow-hill, Worcester.</p>
+    <p>R. Lobb, Esq., 8, Goulden-terrace, Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p>
+    <p>Locke Brothers, New Peckham.</p>
+    <p>Henry Lockwood, F.S.A., and William Mawson, Architects, Bradford.</p>
+    <p>Henry Lote, Esq., 51, Brompton-row.</p>
+    <p>R. Lovely, Esq., C.E., 1, Victoria-terrace, Queen's-road, Nottingham.</p>
+    <p>George Mackenzie, Esq., 3, Claremont-row, Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p>
+    <p>Messrs. Magni and Thummeloup, 26, Boulevard du Temple, Paris.</p>
+    <p>R. Mallet, Esq., Victoria Foundry, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>Mansell and Elliott, Architects, Halkin-street West, Belgrave-square.</p>
+    <p>R. M. Marchant, Esq., 18, Great George-street.</p>
+    <p>P. J. Margary, Esq., Dawlish, Devonshire.</p>
+    <p>W. P. Marshall, Esq., Temple-buildings, New-street, Birmingham.</p>
+    <p>D. Mickle, Esq., 37, Queen-square, Bloomsbury.</p>
+    <p>Joseph Mitchell, Architect, St. James's-street, Sheffield.</p>
+    <p>J. Montheath, Esq., 10, Stanley-street, Paddington.</p>
+    <p>James Moon, Architect, 1, Millman-street, Bedford-row.</p>
+    <p>Captain W. S. Moorsom, 17½, Great George-street.</p>
+    <p>G. Morgan, Architect, 6, Charles-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Muller, Gaes, Holland.</p>
+    <p>Charles C. Nelson, Esq., 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.</p>
+    <p>Mons. C. Frédéric Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.</p>
+    <p>W. Nethersole, Esq., C.E., 73, Oakley-square, St. Pancras.</p>
+    <p>I. W. Newberry, Esq., Hook Norton, Chipping Norton, Oxon.</p>
+    <p>Francis B. Newman, Architect, 14, Heathcote-street, Mecklenburgh-sq.</p>
+    <p>C. H. Newton, Esq., 92, Camden-road Villas, Regent's Park.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Paliard, 23, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.</p>
+    <p>E. Paraire, Architect, 16, Woodstock-street, Bond-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Henri le Pâtre, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Peacock, Esq., High-street, Kensington.</p>
+    <p>J. D. Pemberton, Esq., Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.</p>
+    <p>G. Perry, Architect, 42, Newington-place, Kennington.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.</p>
+    <p>William Radley, Chemical Engineer, Regent-street, Lambeth.</p>
+    <p>W. Railton, Esq., 12, Regent-street.</p>
+    <p>W. Rankin, Esq., Stirling.</p>
+    <p>W. Reed, Esq., Cannon Cottage Hill, Southampton.</p>
+    <p>Messrs. Reid and Butcher, Architects and Surveyors, 38, Red Lion-square, London.</p>
+    <p>Stanley Reilly, Architect, 3, Upper Kennington-green, Kennington.</p>
+    <p>George Banks Rennie, Esq., Whitehall-place.</p>
+    <p>Harry Ralph Ricardo, Esq., Beaulieu Lodge, Norwood, Surrey.</p>
+    <p>W. Riddle, Esq., East Temple Chambers, Whitefriars, Fleet-street.</p>
+    <p>H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pagev">{v}</span>R. Roberta, Esq., Globe Works, Manchester.</p>
+    <p>Andrew John Robertson, Esq., C.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</p>
+    <p>William Robertson, Esq., 12, Gordon-street, City-road.</p>
+    <p>A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.</p>
+    <p>Alex. M. Ross, Esq., 3, Parliament-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>Rough Draught, 42, Stainford-street.</p>
+    <p>Henry Rouse, Esq.</p>
+    <p>H. H. Russell, Esq., C.E., M.R.S.A.</p>
+    <p>W. Russell, Esq., 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.</p>
+    <p>E. Ryde, Esq., 14, Upper Belgrave-place, Eaton-square.</p>
+    <p>George Sanderson, Esq., 136, Solly-street, Sheffield.</p>
+    <p>Charles Sanderson, Esq., Friar-street, Reading.</p>
+    <p>Robert Sandeman, Architect, Greenside, Edinburgh.</p>
+    <p>H. Savage, Esq., 22, Beaumont-street. Mary-le-bone.</p>
+    <p>W. Scurry, Esq., 7, Denbigh-place, Pimlico.</p>
+    <p>Sed quis custodiet Custodes.</p>
+    <p>J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.</p>
+    <p>J. R. Sewell, Esq., Carrington, near Nottingham.</p>
+    <p>Mons. A. Slater, Architecte, Elève de Mons. l'Architecte Cluysenaar.</p>
+    <p>E. Smallwood, Architect, 86, Park-street, Camden Town.</p>
+    <p>F. Smallman Smith, Esq., 18, Brunswick-st., Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p>
+    <p>C. H. Smith, Esq., 29, Clipstone-street.</p>
+    <p>J. M. Smith, Esq., 1, Chapel-place, Duke-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>W. J. Smith, Esq., 18, Bond-street, Commercial-road, Lambeth.</p>
+    <p>G. Campbell Smith, Esq., Banff.</p>
+    <p>Messrs. Soyer and Warrener, Reform Club.</p>
+    <p>Paul Sprenger, Esq., Architect to the Government, Vienna.</p>
+    <p>Herr Friederich Stammann, Hamburg.</p>
+    <p>Francis Sternitz, Esq., 10, Berner-street, Commercial-road East.</p>
+    <p>W. Stewart, Esq., Seacombe, Cheshire.</p>
+    <p>M. J. Stutely, Architect, 4, Doughty-street, Mecklenburgh-square.</p>
+    <p>H. Suckling, Esq., 1, Conduit-street, Regent-street.</p>
+    <p>George Tate, Esq., Bawtry, Yorkshire.</p>
+    <p>J. Taylor, Architect, 22, Parliament-street.</p>
+    <p>T. Taylor, Architect, 33, Clarendon-street, Oakley-square.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Taunton, Esq., 2, Gordon-place, Kensington.</p>
+    <p>D. W. Thomas, Esq., 20, St. Petersburg-place, Bayswater.</p>
+    <p>R. M. Thompson, Esq., 46, Leicester-square.</p>
+    <p>P. Thompson, Architect, 1, Osnaburgh-place, New-road.</p>
+    <p>F. Thompson, Esq., 15, Trafalgar-square, Peckham.</p>
+    <p>James Thrupp, Architect, 2, Park-place, Bath.</p>
+    <p>H. W. Todd and W. Allingham, 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.</p>
+    <p>Richard Turner and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>Henry Turner, Esq., Low Heaton, Haugh, Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p>
+    <p>F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Armes, Paris.</p>
+    <p>John Walker, Esq., Crooked-lane Chambers, King William-street.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pagevi">{vi}</span>George Wallis, Artist, and Henry Summers,
+    Architect, 14, College-place, Camden Town.</p>
+    <p>J. N. Warren, Esq., C.E., 18, Adam-street, Adelphi.</p>
+    <p>J. E. Watson, Esq., 74, Grey-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p>
+    <p>Henry Whitcombe, Esq., Slough.</p>
+    <p>George Wightwick, Architect, 3, Athenæum-terrace, Plymouth.</p>
+    <p>George Wilkie, Esq., C.E., 8, Powell-street West, King's-square.</p>
+    <p>George Wilkinson, Esq., Horsham.</p>
+    <p>S. J. Wilkinson, Esq., 7, Jeffry's-square, St. Mary Axe.</p>
+    <p>James Williams, Esq., 18, Westgate-buildings, Bath.</p>
+    <p>George Wilson, Esq., Knaresbro', Yorkshire.</p>
+    <p>Ralph Wilson, Architect, 16, Bridge-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>James G. Wilson, Esq., 18, Great George-street, Westminster,</p>
+    <p>Richard Winder, Esq., Fenchurch-street.</p>
+    <p>R. A. Withall, Architect, 80, Cheapside.</p>
+    <p>W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.</p>
+    <p>Frederick Wood, Esq., 6, Franklin-road, Queen's-road, East Chelsea.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Worthington, Architect, 54, King-street, Manchester.</p>
+    <p>James Wylson, Architect, 112, Fyfe-place, Glasgow.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="larger">LIST A.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">ENTITLED TO FAVOURABLE AND HONOURABLE MENTION.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem sp4">
+    <p>C. B. Allen, Architect, Great College-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>W. Allingham (and Todd), 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.</p>
+    <p><i>Architekton</i> (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).</p>
+    <p>H. Ashton, 50<span class="smaller">A</span>, Lower Brooke-street.</p>
+    <p>C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.</p>
+    <p>B. P. Baly (four designs).</p>
+    <p>R. Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.</p>
+    <p>A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.</p>
+    <p>R. Brandon, Architect, Little Beaufort-buildings, Strand.</p>
+    <p>F. Brown, Francis-street, Torrington-square.</p>
+    <p>J. B. Bunning, Architect, Guildhall, City of London.</p>
+    <p>G. A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.</p>
+    <p>J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. Case, 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.</p>
+    <p>J. Charpentier, Architect, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.</p>
+    <p>J. P. Cluysenaar, Architect of King of the Belgians, Brussels.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pagevii">{vii}</span>J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye,
+    Holland.</p>
+    <p>H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Alwyne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.</p>
+    <p>W. Cruikshank, 24, Duke-street.</p>
+    <p>A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>C. Downes, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.</p>
+    <p>A. Durand, Moulins, France.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Dusillion, Architect, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.</p>
+    <p>M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.</p>
+    <p>H. Fevre, Architect, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.</p>
+    <p>S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, Calais.</p>
+    <p>A. Gearing, 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.</p>
+    <p>Eugene Godeb&#x0153;uf, 12, Place Breda, Paris.</p>
+    <p>J. T. Harrison, East Bolden, near Gateshead.</p>
+    <p>T. Hayes, 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde-park.</p>
+    <p>J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.</p>
+    <p>C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.</p>
+    <p>J. Imray, C. E., Howley-street, Lambeth.</p>
+    <p>Ch. Sch&#x0153;ch Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.</p>
+    <p>Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.</p>
+    <p>J. T. Knowles, Architect, 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.</p>
+    <p>M. Laves, Architect of the King, Hanover.</p>
+    <p>A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.</p>
+    <p>W. B. Lewis, Rainbow-hill, Worcester.</p>
+    <p>C. C. Nelson, 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.</p>
+    <p>C. F. Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Paliard, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. le Pâtre, Architect, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.</p>
+    <p>A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.</p>
+    <p>H. Rouse, Esq.</p>
+    <p>W. Russell, 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.</p>
+    <p>H. Savage, 22, Beaumont-street, Marylebone.</p>
+    <p>J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.</p>
+    <p>A. Slater, Architect, Elève de Mons. Cluysenaar.</p>
+    <p>F. Smallman Smith, 18, Brunswick-street, Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p>
+    <p>C. H. Smith, Clipstone-street, London.</p>
+    <p>Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.</p>
+    <p>H. Sumners, Architect, 14, College-place, Camden Town.</p>
+    <p>Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageviii">{viii}</span>J. Watson, 74, Grey-street,
+    Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</p>
+    <p>W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.</p>
+    <p>T. Worthington, Architect, King-street, Manchester.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="larger">LIST B.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">ENTITLED TO FURTHER HIGHER HONORARY
+  DISTINCTION.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem sp3">
+    <p>C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.</p>
+    <p>A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.</p>
+    <p>J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.</p>
+    <p>A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.</p>
+    <p>J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.</p>
+    <p>C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.</p>
+    <p>A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.</p>
+    <p>H. le Pâtre, Architect, 4<span class="smaller">K</span>, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St.
+    Denis, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.</p>
+    <p>Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="fix"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pixa.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pixa.jpg"
+    alt="Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the
+    Building. Exterior" title="Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the
+    Building. Exterior"/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the Building. Exterior</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="fixb"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/pixb.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pixb.jpg"
+    alt="View of the Interior." title="View of the Interior."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of the Interior.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageix">{ix}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="larger">TWO OF THE COMPETITION
+  DESIGNS.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The following descriptions and plates of two of the designs sent in competition for
+  the Building, and specially mentioned by the Committee in their Report, are given from information
+  obligingly furnished to us by their respective authors.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">DESIGN BY M. HECTOR HOREAU, ARCHITECT, OF PARIS.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp2">
+    <p>This was one of the most striking of all that were submitted to the Commission; it formed one
+    immense hall, or shed, more than 2000 feet long, by about 270 feet wide throughout, with several
+    small detached buildings on the north side, for refreshments, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>The interior of the main building was divided into five avenues, the centre one about ninety
+    feet wide, those next adjoining rather more than fifty feet, and the outside ones about forty
+    feet wide. Iron columns, about twenty-three feet apart, formed these avenues and supported
+    arched ribs for the roof. One end of the building was semicircular, the other forming an
+    ornamental façade, and about the centre of the length a transept was formed.</p>
+    <p>M. Horeau says: "Simplicity, grandeur, ready means of construction, and of increasing or
+    diminishing the accommodation, and of removal if required, forming altogether a specimen of the
+    most recent improvements introduced into the art of building&mdash;these are the principal
+    objects which it has been sought to attain. The whole of the construction is of iron, without a
+    single piece of wood, the foundation being executed in brick; the façade to be in metal,
+    porcelain, and glass, the floor of asphalte, the roof to be principally covered with ornamental
+    thick glass, in large dimensions, or ground glass with patterns.</p>
+    <p>"Of the trusses or arched ribs supporting the roof there were to be but three varieties, each
+    in three pieces, with which the whole of the building could be erected. This subdivision of the
+    roof-trusses would have facilitated the conversion of the building for other purposes; for,
+    taken singly, or in various combinations, they would have formed many kinds of buildings for
+    ordinary purposes. The attached buildings placed on the north side would have shown several
+    modes of effecting this. The ornamental spandrils of the roof-trusses would be formed in
+    stamped-work out of copper, and gilt.</p>
+    <p>"The façade shows at a glance the purpose of the building, as well as its <span
+    class="pagenum" id="pagex">{x}</span>interior disposition, in which the different widths of
+    avenues would afford space for objects of all varieties of dimensions. The façade itself was to
+    be formed with tracery or trellis-work of cast-iron, the lower part being covered with
+    sheet-iron; the cornice and ornamental panels of porcelain; the medallions in coloured
+    stone-ware; the doors and inclosures of metal, silvered and gilt; the ornamental details to be
+    either cast or stamped; the scrolls in the panels being in coloured glass or mosaic.</p>
+    <p>"The pediment is crowned with a group of figures representing the Genius of Industry crowning
+    the Arts and Sciences; in the cornice are placed the names of all the principal cities of the
+    world, and the names of eminent men in panels. In the medallions are represented allegorical
+    figures of the different branches of science and industry. At the angles of the building are
+    placed trophies, the base of which would serve as guard-houses."</p>
+    <p class="sp0">The engravings will serve to show the general effect of this design in its
+    interior and exterior.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">DESIGN BY MESSRS. R. AND T. TURNER, OF DUBLIN.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>In this design also the interior was arranged as one uninterrupted space, about 1,940 feet
+    long, and 408 wide, the roof in one span rising about 120 feet above the floor; the supports,
+    consisting of semicircular ribs, forming the interior into three avenues, the centre one 200
+    feet wide and the full height, the side ones 104 feet wide and about sixty feet high. In the
+    centre of the length a transept was proposed, and the square area at the meeting of that with
+    the central avenue was to be covered with a glass dome.</p>
+    <p>The ends of the building, as well as those of the transept, were to be filled in with tracery
+    in the upper part, a colonnade below protecting the entrances. Galleries, if necessary, were to
+    be placed in the side avenues. The construction of this building was proposed to be principally
+    of wrought iron, which would have given to the circular ribs and other parts a great lightness
+    of effect; but, on the other hand, the difficulties of producing and putting together such an
+    enormous amount of wrought-iron work in so short a space of time as that required was considered
+    an almost insuperable objection to the design. Large portions of the roof were to be covered
+    with glass, so as to admit an abundance of light into the interior.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">The accompanying views of the exterior and interior of this design, from the
+    simplicity of the arrangement, consisting of a repetition of similar parts, require but little
+    description for their elucidation.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="fx"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp3">
+    <a href="images/pxa.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pxa.jpg"
+    alt="Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View
+    of Exterior from one end." title="Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View
+    of Exterior from one end."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View of Exterior from one end.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="fxb"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/pxb.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pxb.jpg"
+    alt="Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design.
+    Transverse Section, and View of the
+    Interior." title="Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design.
+    Transverse Section, and View of the
+    Interior."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design. Transverse Section, and View of the
+      Interior.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexi">{xi}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">MEMORANDUM ON THE
+  SITE.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 1st July, 1850;
+  for</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">COPY of a <span class="sc">Letter</span> addressed by the Commissioners of the <span
+  class="sc">Exhibition</span> of 1851 to the Lords of the Treasury, inclosing Memorandum as to the
+  Site of the Exhibition Building in Hyde Park.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="ar"><i>Palace of Westminster, 1st July, 1850.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Sir</span>,&mdash;I am directed by her Majesty's Commissioners for the
+  Exhibition of 1851 to transmit to you herewith, for the information of the Lords Commissioners of
+  her Majesty's Treasury, a memorandum of the grounds on which the present site has been selected
+  for the Exhibition, and of the proceedings that have been taken in consequence of that
+  selection.&mdash;I have, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="ar">(Signed) <span class="sc">Stafford H. Northcote.</span><span class="gap"
+  style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span></p>
+
+  <p><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>The Right Honourable W. G. Hayter, M.P.,
+  &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="it1">Memorandum of the grounds on which the site has been selected for the Exhibition of
+  1851, and of the proceedings which have been taken in consequence of that selection, prepared for
+  the information of the Lords of the Treasury by the Royal Commissioners for promoting the
+  Exhibition.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp2">
+    <p>1.  It is within the knowledge of the Lords of the Treasury, that from the time of the
+    earliest announcement of the proposed Exhibition it has always been intended that it should take
+    place in the Metropolis. Not only was such an intention matter of notoriety at the time that the
+    question of issuing a Royal Commission was under consideration, but the Commission itself, when
+    issued formally recited that it was proposed "To establish an Enlarged Exhibition of the Works
+    of Industry of all Nations, to be holden in London, in the year 1851;" and it was to further the
+    holding of such an exhibition that the present Commissioners were specially appointed.</p>
+    <p>2.  Considering the importance of the undertaking, and the circumstances attending its
+    promulgation, the selection of the Metropolis as its intended locality appears to have been both
+    natural and proper. It will be borne in mind that the exhibitions which have from time to time
+    been held in foreign countries have generally, and, as the Commissioners believe, invariably,
+    been held in the capitals of the respective countries. In the present case it was peculiarly
+    important that an undertaking which required the constant superintendence of a body of
+    Commissioners, whose <span class="pagenum" id="pagexii">{xii}</span>occupations for the most
+    part confine them to London, should be carried on within their immediate cognisance, and not
+    removed to a distant situation.</p>
+    <p>3.  It being thus distinctly evident that the Exhibition ought to take place in London, it is
+    further obvious that the actual site which may be selected for it should be within the precincts
+    of, or in the closest vicinity to, the most central and accessible parts of the Metropolis
+    itself. It need hardly be pointed out that it would be objectionable to impose upon persons who
+    may have come to London from a great distance the necessity of an additional journey to visit
+    the Exhibition; a consideration which has already been urged upon the Commissioners by the
+    representatives of several of the most important provincial towns, who are apprehensive of the
+    inconvenience to which artizans in particular might thus be subjected. Moreover, the removal of
+    the Exhibition to any distance sufficient to diminish the number of visitors would not only
+    militate against its essential character of general accessibility, but might most seriously
+    affect the receipts upon which its self-supporting character must depend, a point upon which it
+    appears that much stress has been laid.</p>
+    <p>4.  Although Hyde Park, and even the particular space now in question, had been already
+    mentioned before the issue of the Commission, and indeed so far back as October, 1849, as a
+    probable site for the Exhibition, it is unnecessary to assure the Lords of the Treasury that the
+    Commissioners approached the question of the site after their appointment without having in any
+    degree prejudged the merits of particular localities. On the 14th of February, their attention
+    having been directed to the importance of determining the site by the Committee then recently
+    appointed for all matters relating to the building, they deputed two Commissioners, namely, Lord
+    Granville and Mr. Labouchere, to wait upon the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and to
+    confer with him upon the subject. The result of this conference is set forth in the Report
+    presented by the Building Committee at the next meeting of the Commissioners (Feb. 21), of which
+    the following is the portion which relates to the question of the site<span
+    class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+    <p>"With respect to the site, it has appeared to your Committee that, firstly, the north-eastern
+    portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space between her Majesty's private road and the
+    Kensington-road, in the southern part of Hyde Park; and, thirdly, the north-western portion of
+    Regent's Park, are the only available spaces about the Metropolis which would afford the
+    necessary accommodation; and it is believed that the order in which they have been named
+    represents also their relative eligibility. As regards the first, the Committee are informed by
+    the Chief Commissioner of her Majesty's Woods and Forests, that considerable objections would
+    arise to its occupation for such a purpose, and that no such objections would be raised to the
+    use of the second; the Committee, therefore, recommend the adoption of this site, which, amongst
+    other advantages, is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the existing roads. Upon
+    this occasion a letter was received from the Westminster Committee, stating that the local
+    Commissioners for Westminster had visited the site in Hyde Park, and a site suggested in the
+    Regent's Park, and that they were of opinion that the site in Hyde Park was the preferable
+    one."</p>
+    <p>The recommendation of the Building Committee having been agreed to, a form of advertisement,
+    requesting plans and suggestions for the building, was, at the next meeting (28th February),
+    submitted for approbation, and was ordered to be immediately issued in the English, French, and,
+    German languages. To this advertisement was appended a ground-plan of the site in Hyde Park for
+    the guidance of those to whom the advertisement was addressed. The details of this plan were
+    discussed in the presence of the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and were settled in
+    conformity with his lordship's wishes.</p>
+    <p>5.  In consequence of the advertisement thus issued, no less than 248 plans and suggestions,
+    many of them the productions of foreign artists, were sent in to the Commissioners. A large
+    number of these were of a very elaborate character, and bore evident marks of considerable
+    application and ability.</p>
+    <p>6.  Soon after the site had been selected, some other important arrangements having also by
+    this time been made, the Commissioners prepared and published a statement (21 February)
+    explanatory of the nature and objects of the Exhibition, which was widely circulated in this
+    country, was forwarded to our consuls abroad and to the foreign consuls in England, and was
+    officially transmitted by the Secretary of State to all Foreign Governments, and to all the
+    Governors of the British Colonies, as well as to India. In this statement it was announced that
+    "Her Majesty had <span class="pagenum" id="pagexiii">{xiii}</span>been graciously pleased to
+    grant a site for the purpose (of the Exhibition) on the south side of Hyde Park, lying between
+    the Kensington Drive and the ride commonly called Rotten Row."</p>
+    <p>7.  The site having been thus deliberately chosen and formally announced, all subsequent
+    proceedings connected with the building have been taken with direct reference to it. The plans
+    have been prepared with a view to its peculiarities, and the form of the building and its
+    internal as well as its external arrangements have been determined by them. The amount of space
+    available for the display of articles has been calculated upon the data afforded by the site,
+    and from a calculation of this amount the Commissioners have been able to assign to each foreign
+    country a definite space for the arrangement of its own productions. All the necessary
+    working-drawings and specifications have been prepared with very great labour and at
+    considerable expense, and have now been issued in a form which will insure to the Commissioners
+    the certainty of obtaining, within a few days, <i>bonâ fide</i> tenders for the execution of a
+    design presenting every facility for construction within the time prescribed. The mechanical
+    difficulties have been surmounted, and all the preliminary arrangements, even to the extent of
+    provision for an effective drainage and a sufficient water supply, have been entered into. The
+    whole of these preparations have reference to this particular site only, and are inapplicable or
+    unsuitable to any other.</p>
+    <p>8.  From what has been already stated, it will be seen that the present site was not selected
+    without consideration, and that the proceedings which have been taken with respect to it were
+    not commenced until the Commissioners had good ground for believing that there would be no
+    objection to its occupation. The attention, however, which has lately been directed to the
+    point, has caused them anxiously to reconsider the whole subject, and renders it now necessary
+    for them to enter into somewhat more of detail as to the grounds upon which they have come to
+    the conclusion which they have formed, that this is the only site in or about the Metropolis
+    which is at once suitable and practically available for the purposes of the Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>9.  Of the other sites which have been suggested, the following are the only ones deserving
+    of particular consideration<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <p>(<i>a</i>) The North-eastern portion of Hyde Park.</p>
+      <p>(<i>b</i>) The North-western portion of Regent's Park.</p>
+      <p>(<i>c</i>) Battersea Park.</p>
+      <p>(<i>d</i>) Victoria Park.</p>
+      <p>(<i>e</i>) Wormwood Scrubbs.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>10.  The north-eastern portion of Hyde Park would, in the opinion of many members of the
+    Building Committee, be a very eligible situation; but, as has been already mentioned, an
+    objection was taken to this locality on the part of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, on
+    the ground that the building would interfere with some important thoroughfares in that part of
+    the park, and on account of other considerations of public importance; and the idea was
+    abandoned in consequence.</p>
+    <p>11.  The site suggested in the Regent's Park has been found, since it was visited by the
+    Building Committee, not to be available, as the leases under which the houses in the
+    neighbourhood are held contain a clear and stringent provision that no new building of any kind
+    shall be erected within the limits of the park.</p>
+    <p>12.  With regard to the ground in the neighbourhood of Battersea proposed to be purchased by
+    the Government, and to be converted into a park to be called Battersea Park, the Lords of the
+    Treasury are of course aware that only a small proportion of the whole area has as yet been
+    purchased; and the Commissioners found on inquiry that this proportion consists of numerous
+    small detached pieces, utterly insufficient to accommodate a building of the contemplated size,
+    and separated from each other by intervening plots of ground, many of them in a state of high
+    cultivation, and belonging to a great number of different proprietors, with whom it would be
+    absolutely impossible to effect arrangements within any time which would afford the slightest
+    chance of the Commissioners being put in possession of a site in time to complete their building
+    by the spring of next year. It should be added that the site of this district is very low, a
+    great portion of it being some feet under high-water mark, and that the nature of the soil
+    presents serious objections to its use as a building-ground.</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexiv">{xiv}</span></div>
+    <p>13.  Victoria Park is situated in an inconvenient and not very accessible part of the town.
+    It would, moreover, be impossible to erect in it a building of the required size without most
+    seriously interfering with the plantations and ornamental water which have been recently laid
+    out there; thus inflicting on the classes for whose recreation that park has been opened an
+    inconvenience infinitely more serious than could be caused to the frequenters of the very much
+    larger area of Hyde Park by the proposed occupation of a comparatively small portion of it.</p>
+    <p>14.  Lastly, as regards Wormwood Scrubbs, besides that the distance is a very serious
+    objection, the rights of the commoners in that locality would prevent its appropriation; and the
+    Commissioners are advised that it would be impossible to erect the building there without risk,
+    as any single commoner would have it in his power to interrupt the proceedings, and to cause
+    them to be discontinued at any stage of the work, however advanced. Similar objections apply to
+    Wandsworth and some other commons in the neighbourhood of London, which have been occasionally
+    mentioned as possible sites.</p>
+    <p>14<i>a</i>. As regards Primrose Hill and the Isle of Dogs, the want of level space on the
+    former, and the objectionable situation and dampness of the latter, render them so obviously
+    unsuitable as to make any particular observations unnecessary.</p>
+    <p>15.  But even could the objections to any of these sites be removed, or could another and an
+    unobjectionable site be pointed out, the Commissioners feel hound to state, from their
+    experience of the time, thought, and labour necessarily consumed in the investigation,
+    arrangement, and preparation of the great mass of detail requisite to enable them to carry out
+    this extensive work, that they are fully convinced of the impossibility of now adapting their
+    plans to any other site, with any reasonable prospect of being able to complete the work within
+    the time to which they stand pledged in the face of the world; and they could only regard a
+    change of site, particularly if it should involve a change of plan, as tantamount to the
+    postponement of the Exhibition till another year. And the Commissioners cannot shut their eyes
+    to the fact, that a postponement of the Exhibition would, under the circumstances, certainly
+    lead to its entire abandonment.</p>
+    <p>16.  In order to give the Lords of the Treasury some idea of the consequences of an
+    abandonment of this scheme, the Commissioners would in the first place direct their attention to
+    the large amount of money already subscribed towards its completion (which is at present nearly
+    64,000<i>l</i>.), to the number of local committees (now about 240) which have been called into
+    existence throughout the country, to the funds now being raised by subscriptions out of their
+    wages among the working-classes in all parts of the country towards enabling them to visit an
+    Exhibition to which they are anxiously looking forward, and the abandonment of which would be a
+    great disappointment to numbers, and still more to the extensive preparations which are now
+    making for the supply of articles for exhibition. It is within the knowledge of the
+    Commissioners that several individuals in this country have incurred several thousand pounds'
+    expense in such preparations, besides the anxiety which they have occasioned.</p>
+    <p>17.  But the evils which would result from postponement, so far as this country is concerned,
+    are as nothing when compared with those which would arise in the case of foreign nations and the
+    colonies. The plan of the Exhibition has been widely circulated for several months, and the
+    following States have already signified, through their respective Governments, that they have
+    appointed Committees or Commissioners, consisting of the most distinguished individuals in those
+    countries, to co-operate with the Royal Commissioners in this country<span
+    class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+    <table class="sp2 mc" title="Co-operating States" summary="Co-operating States">
+      <tr>
+        <td class="w33">Russia,<br/>
+        Sweden,<br/>
+        Norway,<br/>
+        Denmark,<br/>
+        Prussia,<br/>
+        Saxony,<br/>
+        Austria,<br/>
+        Bavaria,</td>
+        <td class="w33">Hanover,<br/>
+        Oldenburg,<br/>
+        Mecklenburg,<br/>
+        Hanse Towns,<br/>
+        France,<br/>
+        Holland,<br/>
+        Belgium,<br/>
+        Spain,</td>
+        <td class="w33">The United States,<br/>
+        Turkey,<br/>
+        Sardinia,<br/>
+        Venezuela,<br/>
+        Switzerland,<br/>
+        Nassau,<br/>
+        Anhalt, Dessau, &amp;c.</td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>Besides which it may be mentioned that special Commissioners have been sent to this country
+    by France, Russia, and one or two other States; and that in most cases the Governments have
+    <span class="pagenum" id="pagexv">{xv}</span>undertaken the collection and the transmission to
+    this country, at their own expense, of the articles intended for exhibition, for which, of
+    course, their preparations are now made.</p>
+    <p>18.  In all the countries which have been mentioned active preparations for the Exhibition
+    are now going on, and in some considerable expense is known to have been incurred. The Russian
+    Government has announced that the goods intended for exhibition will be shipped from that
+    country in the autumn of this year, and questions pointing to a similar arrangement have
+    recently been put by the Government of Denmark. The Austrian Government have given notice, that
+    the Great Exhibition which was to have been held at Vienna in the year 1851 has been postponed
+    till the year 1852, in order not to clash with the Exhibition in London. All these circumstances
+    tend to show that the postponement of the Exhibition would be seriously inconvenient to many
+    countries, and would probably occasion considerable and natural irritation at what would appear
+    like national vacillation, besides the certainty of rendering these countries unwilling to run
+    the risk of a second disappointment, and of deterring them from continuing their preparations
+    for a later period.</p>
+    <p>19.  These inconveniences would be felt also by the British Colonies. Committees have been
+    announced as formed in Malta, Ceylon, Nova Scotia, Barbadoes, Guiana, and several of the West
+    India Islands, and it is probable that others have been appointed elsewhere. In India most
+    extensive preparations are being made, and the East India Company have incurred very great
+    expense by their exertions to contribute to the Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>20.  After what has been said, it is unnecessary that the Commissioners should enlarge any
+    further upon the consequences to be apprehended from the postponement which would be occasioned
+    by an alteration of the site of building. They will proceed to offer a few remarks upon some of
+    the objections which have been taken to that at present proposed.</p>
+    <p>21.  An idea appears to prevail in some quarters that the occupation of the Park is intended
+    to be of a permanent, and not, as has been repeatedly announced, of a merely temporary
+    character, and the Commissioners are given to understand that by proposing to construct a
+    building into which a good deal of brickwork is to enter, they have shown an intention at
+    variance with their professions. Upon this point they have to remark, in the first place, that,
+    although the eminent architects and engineers whom they have consulted, and to whom they have
+    uniformly given instructions to prepare plans suitable to a temporary structure, have agreed to
+    recommend the use of brick and other durable materials, they have left it perfectly open to
+    contractors to send in their tenders for the execution of the work in any material or materials
+    whatsoever, and have notified their readiness to entertain such tenders, on the single condition
+    of their being "accompanied by working-drawings and specifications, and fully priced bills of
+    quantities." It is probable that some such tenders will be made, and if made they will be
+    impartially considered; but the Commissioners must protest against the supposition that it is
+    necessarily more judicious to construct a temporary building of perishable than of enduring
+    materials. The first requisite of the building is, that it should be suitable for its purpose,
+    capable of protecting the valuable goods deposited in it from injury of every kind&mdash;as, for
+    instance, from the weather, from the effects of the dampness of the soil, from the danger of
+    fire, and so forth, and that it should be strong enough to avert all risk of accidental damage.
+    Its next requisite is, that it should be economical, and in estimating its cost regard must be
+    had not only to the expense of erection, but to the facility of removal and the value of the
+    materials when removed, as a building may easily be conceived to be cheaper which should cost
+    100,000<i>l.</i> to erect, but of which the materials could afterwards be sold for
+    50,000<i>l.</i>, than another would be which cost but 80,000<i>l.</i> in the first instance, but
+    of which the materials should become so far deteriorated as to produce only 20,000<i>l.</i> when
+    taken down. It is the opinion of those who have devised the plans in the present case, that a
+    building constructed of durable materials will in the end be cheaper than one constructed of
+    such as are more perishable; particularly as a considerable portion of the building, namely, the
+    iron roofing, will be of a kind which is generally used in the construction of railway-stations,
+    and will probably be disposed of for that purpose after the close of the Exhibition, as its
+    temporary application to the purposes of the Exhibition will be of no detriment to its being so.
+    An opportunity of testing the correctness of this opinion will be given when the tenders are
+    received, as, in addition to the customary form, it has been required that they should also be
+    sent upon the understanding that the materials shall <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pagexvi">{xvi}</span>remain the property of the contractor, and shall in fact only be hired
+    for the purposes of the Exhibition. The third requisite of the building is, that it should be at
+    least seemly, though it may not be necessary that it should be highly ornamental. The
+    Commissioners trust that it will fulfil this condition, while they would at the same time point
+    out that no expense is to be incurred for merely ornamental purposes, unless it should be
+    thought desirable to select a dome for covering in the large space which must necessarily be
+    left in the centre of the building to suit the internal arrangements. A cheaper mode of covering
+    in this space will probably be resorted to, and the Commissioners have directed that a special
+    estimate of the cost of the dome should be laid before them when the tenders are complete, in
+    order that they may judge of the propriety of sanctioning its erection.</p>
+    <p>Having offered this short explanation, they can only repeat once more the assurances they
+    have already given, that the building is not intended to be permanent, and that it will be
+    entirely removed, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the Lords of the Treasury on
+    yielding up the site, within seven months after the closing of the Exhibition, which cannot be
+    deferred after the 1st of November, and will probably take place at an earlier period in the
+    autumn of next year.</p>
+    <p>22.  Another ground of apprehension is stated to be, lest the Park should be injured by the
+    erection of the building, and the injury should continue after the structure is removed. This
+    apprehension is, however, groundless; a small clump of ten trees has been allowed to be removed,
+    in compensation for which, it is proposed by the Commissioners of Woods and Forests to plant
+    another clump elsewhere. It is not intended to cut down any more than that clump. As regards the
+    surface of the ground to be occupied, it will not only not be injured, but will ultimately be
+    materially improved by being drained and freshly sown with grass seed. It will be a strict
+    condition with the contractors for the building that they shall, on its removal, restore the
+    ground to its present condition.</p>
+    <p>23.  Some dissatisfaction has been expressed at the prospect of a furnace being erected to
+    heat the boiler and drive the steam-apparatus. It is however, intended to construct such furnace
+    on the principle of consuming its own smoke, or to burn coke instead of coal, should that, upon
+    the whole, appear the best mode of preventing annoyance. Care will also be taken not to erect
+    any chimney of an unsightly character.</p>
+    <p>24. As regards the amount of traffic which will be occasioned by the transport of materials
+    and goods to the site, the Commissioners have been furnished by the Building Committee with an
+    approximate estimate that it will not in the whole exceed the ordinary amount of three weeks'
+    general traffic of a single railway-station, and as this traffic will be spread over a period of
+    more than six months, it is manifest that its amount has been enormously exaggerated by public
+    estimation.</p>
+    <p>25.  The Queen's Ride, though in the immediate vicinity of the site, will not be in any
+    degree interfered with, except that it may be advisable to rail off a strip not exceeding ten
+    feet, or one-sixth of the whole in width, for foot-passengers, in order to prevent the
+    inconvenience of crowding the space open to riding parties. By this arrangement the riders will
+    be secured from annoyance.</p>
+    <p>25 <i>a.</i> It has been said that the effect of the erection of the building will be to
+    drive the inhabitants of London out of their Parks. The Commissioners think it right to draw the
+    attention of the Lords of the Treasury to the following statistics<span
+    class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+    <table class="sp2 mc" title="Areas of London Parks" summary="Areas of London Parks">
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs">The area of</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Hyde Park is</td>
+        <td class="prhs">387</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">acres.</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Kensington Gardens<span class="gap" style="width:5em">&nbsp;</span></td>
+        <td class="prhs">290</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Regent's Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">403</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">St. James's Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">83</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Green Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">71</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Victoria Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">160</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Greenwich Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">174</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>making a total of 1,568 acres, while only twenty acres are proposed to be taken or the
+    purposes of this Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>26.  In conclusion, the Commissioners think it desirable to call attention to the fact, that
+    the three last Exhibitions of this nature which have taken place in Paris have been held on a
+    site (the Champs Elysées) very closely corresponding to our own Hyde Park in many respects, and
+    <span class="pagenum" id="pagexvii">{xvii}</span>particularly resembling it in being the most
+    fashionable and the most frequented promenade in Paris&mdash;more frequented, indeed, than the
+    particular spot selected on the present occasion has ever been, or is likely to be; and yet it
+    does not appear that the Parisians have had occasion to complain of those annoyances which are
+    now apprehended by some persons in this country. And the Commissioners are informed, that the
+    Exhibition in Vienna was held in the Prado, the principal public place in that city; and that
+    the Exhibition in Berlin was held in the Thiergarten, which is not only the principal public
+    place within the city, but is remarkable as being the only open Park of any sort within several
+    miles.</p>
+    <p>27.  In the foregoing observations the Commissioners have thought it right to confine
+    themselves strictly to a discussion of the practical difficulties which would attend a change of
+    site. They cannot, however, but express their decided opinion, that the renouncement of the
+    selection of the most beautiful park in London for the scene of the Exhibition may be looked
+    upon as indicating a diminution of interest in the undertaking, and would materially detract
+    from that appearance of hospitality on the part of England which has been one great cause for
+    the very favourable reception which this proposal has everywhere secured.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">They must add, that the possibility that the bringing the Exhibition into Hyde
+    Park should be considered as an interference with the enjoyment of that Park by the public has
+    never entered their minds. They have, on the contrary, always intended it as a means of
+    recreative and intellectual enjoyment for the greatest portion of her Majesty's subjects: and
+    they have hitherto had reason to believe that it has been so regarded by the country in
+    general.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="larger">REPORT OF THE ROYAL
+  COMMISSIONERS,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">PRESENTED TO HER MAJESTY ON THE OPENING OF THE BUILDING.</p>
+
+  <p>The following Report, together with her Majesty's Answer, on the occasion of the inauguration
+  of the building, cannot fail to be interesting as a brief record of the proceedings connected with
+  this noble undertaking up to that period<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp2">
+    <p>"May it please your Majesty,&mdash;We, the Commissioners appointed by your Majesty's royal
+    warrant of the 3rd of January, 1850, for the promotion of the Exhibition of the Works of
+    Industry of all Nations, and subsequently incorporated by your Majesty's Royal Charter of the
+    15th of August in the same year, humbly beg leave, on the occasion of your Majesty's auspicious
+    visit at the opening of the Exhibition, to lay before you a brief statement of our proceedings
+    to the present time.</p>
+    <p>"By virtue of the authority graciously committed to us by your Majesty, we have made diligent
+    inquiry into the matters which your Majesty was pleased to refer to us, namely, into the best
+    mode of introducing the productions of your Majesty's colonies and of foreign countries into
+    this kingdom, the selection of the most suitable site for the Exhibition, the general conduct of
+    the undertaking, and the proper method of determining the nature of the prizes and of securing
+    the most impartial distribution of them.</p>
+    <p>"In the prosecution of these inquiries, and in the discharge of the duties assigned to us by
+    your Majesty's Royal Charter of Incorporation, we have held constant meetings of our whole body,
+    and have, moreover, referred numerous questions connected with a great variety of subjects to
+    committees, composed partly of our own members and partly of individuals distinguished in the
+    several departments of science and the arts, who have cordially responded to our applications
+    for their assistance at a great sacrifice of their valuable time.</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexviii">{xviii}</span></div>
+    <p>"Among the earliest questions brought before us was the important one as to the terms upon
+    which articles offered for exhibition should be admitted into the building. We considered that
+    it was a main characteristic of the national undertaking in which we were engaged that it should
+    depend wholly upon the voluntary contributions of the people of this country for its success;
+    and we therefore decided, without hesitation, that no charge whatever should be made on the
+    admission of such goods. We considered, also, that the office of selecting the articles to be
+    sent should be intrusted in the first instance to local committees, to be established in every
+    foreign country, and in various districts of your Majesty's dominions; a general power of
+    control being reserved to the Commission.</p>
+    <p>"We have now the gratification of stating that our anticipations of support in this course
+    have in all respects been fully realised. Your Majesty's most gracious donation to the funds of
+    the Exhibition was the signal for voluntary contributions from all, even the humblest, classes
+    of your subjects, and the funds which have thus been placed at our disposal amount at present to
+    about 65,000<i>l.</i> Local committees, from which we have uniformly received the most zealous
+    co-operation, were formed in all parts of the United Kingdom, in many of your Majesty's
+    colonies, and in the territories of the Hon. East India Company. The most energetic support has
+    also been received from the Governments of nearly all the countries of the world, in most of
+    which Commissions have been appointed for the special purpose of promoting the objects of an
+    Exhibition justly characterised in your Majesty's royal warrant as an Exhibition of the Works of
+    Industry of all Nations.</p>
+    <p>"We have also to acknowledge the great readiness with which persons of all classes have come
+    forward as exhibitors. And here again it becomes our duty to return our humble thanks to your
+    Majesty for the most gracious manner in which your Majesty has condescended to associate
+    yourself with your subjects by yourself contributing some most valuable and interesting articles
+    to the Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>"The number of exhibitors whose productions it has been found possible to accommodate is
+    about 15,000, of whom nearly one-half are British. The remainder represent the productions of
+    more than forty foreign countries, comprising almost the whole of the civilised nations of the
+    globe. In arranging the space to be allotted to each, we have taken into consideration both the
+    nature of its productions and the facilities of access to this country afforded by its
+    geographical position. Your Majesty will find the productions of your Majesty's dominions
+    arranged in the western portion of the building, and those of foreign countries in the eastern.
+    The Exhibition is divided into the four great classes of&mdash;1, Raw Materials; 2, Machinery;
+    3, Manufactures; and 4, Sculpture and the Fine Arts. A further division has been made according
+    to the geographical position of the countries represented; those which lie within the warmer
+    latitudes being placed near the centre of the building, and the colder countries at the
+    extremities.</p>
+    <p>"Your Majesty having been graciously pleased to grant a site in this your royal Park for the
+    purposes of the Exhibition, the first column of the structure now honoured by your Majesty's
+    presence was fixed on the 26th of September last. Within the short period, therefore, of seven
+    months, owing to the energy of the contractors and the active industry of the workmen employed
+    by them, a building has been erected, entirely novel in its construction, covering a space of
+    more than eighteen acres, measuring 1,851 feet in length, and 456 feet in extreme breadth,
+    capable of containing 40,000 visitors, and affording a frontage for the exhibition of goods to
+    the extent of more than ten miles. For the original suggestion of the principle of this
+    structure the Commissioners are indebted to Mr. Joseph Paxton, to whom they feel their
+    acknowledgments to be justly due for this interesting feature of their undertaking.</p>
+    <p>"With regard to the distribution of rewards to deserving exhibitors, we have decided that
+    they should be given in the form of medals, not with reference to merely individual competition,
+    but as rewards for excellence in whatever shape it may present itself. The selection of the
+    persons to be so rewarded has been intrusted to juries equally composed of British subjects and
+    of foreigners, the former having been selected by the Commission from the recommendations made
+    by the local committees, and the latter by the Governments of the foreign nations the
+    productions of which are exhibited. The names of these jurors, comprising, as they do, many of
+    European celebrity, afford the best guarantee of the impartiality with which the rewards will be
+    assigned.</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexix">{xix}</span></div>
+    <p>"It affords much gratification that, notwithstanding the magnitude of this undertaking, and
+    the great distances from which many of the articles now exhibited have had to be collected, the
+    day on which your Majesty has been graciously pleased to be present at the inauguration of the
+    Exhibition is the same day that was originally named for its opening, thus affording a proof of
+    what may, under God's blessing, be accomplished by goodwill and cordial co-operation among
+    nations, aided by the means that modern science has placed at our command.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">"Having thus briefly laid before your Majesty the results of our labours, it now
+    only remains for us to convey to your Majesty our dutiful and loyal acknowledgments of the
+    support and encouragement which we have derived throughout this extensive and laborious task
+    from the gracious favour and countenance of your Majesty. It is our heartfelt prayer that this
+    undertaking, which has for its end the promotion of all branches of human industry and the
+    strengthening of the bonds of peace and friendship among all nations of the earth, may, by the
+    blessing of Divine Providence, conduce to the welfare of your Majesty's people, and be long
+    remembered among the brightest circumstances of your Majesty's peaceful and happy reign."</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Her Majesty returned the following gracious answer:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"I receive with the greatest satisfaction the address which you have presented to me on the
+    opening of this Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>"I have observed with a warm and increasing interest the progress of your proceedings in the
+    execution of the duties intrusted to you by the Royal Commission, and it affords me sincere
+    gratification to witness the successful result of your judicious and unremitting exertions in
+    the splendid spectacle by which I am this day surrounded.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">"I cordially concur with you in the prayer, that by God's blessing this
+    undertaking may conduce to the welfare of my people and to the common interest of the human
+    race, by encouraging the arts of peace and industry, strengthening the bonds of union among the
+    nations of the earth, and promoting a friendly and honourable rivalry in the useful exercise of
+    those faculties which have been conferred by a beneficent Providence for the good and the
+    happiness of mankind."</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">THE END.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">SALISBURY, PRINTER, PRIMROSE-HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE,
+  FLEET-STREET.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="smaller">THE FOLLOWING INTERESTING AND
+  IMPORTANT</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">NEW BOOKS AND MAPS</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="smaller">ARE PUBLISHED BY</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger">JAMES GILBERT, 49,
+  PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="smaller">Wholesale and Retail
+  Bookseller, Publisher, and Newsvendor.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac">NOW READY, in 200 pages, demy 18mo, with Illustrations, price, in fancy binding,
+  only 1s. 6d., or post free, 2s., the SECOND EDITION,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="smaller">DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
+  PRINCE ALBERT,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><span
+  class="gsp">GILBERT'S</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="smaller">POPULAR NARRATIVE OF THE ORIGIN,
+  HISTORY, PROGRESS, &amp; PROSPECTS</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:-0.2ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">GREAT INDUSTRIAL
+  EXHIBITION,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;">1851:</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="x-larger">With a Guide to the future Rules
+  and Arrangements.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller"><span class="sc">By PETER
+  BERLYN, Esq.</span></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac">OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p class="ac">ATHENÆUM.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A well-written volume. A useful record of the history and progressive
+    development of the marking incident of our age and nation. Mr. Berlyn was, we believe,
+    officially employed by the Executive Committee in the earlier stages of their labours; his
+    statements, therefore, are on good authority and may be relied on. The narrative is sufficiently
+    full in its details for the general public now and hereafter."</p>
+    <p class="ac">EXAMINER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This is a clever book, full of timely and interesting matter, and with
+    sufficient merit as a record of the origin and history of the Great Exhibition to outlive the
+    mere curiosity of the hour. Mr. Berlyn has had official opportunities of becoming well
+    acquainted with the subject, and has not neglected them. He puts his materials together with
+    spirit and intelligence, and indulges a hopeful strain of anticipation and prophecy very
+    properly befitting his theme."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LITERARY GAZETTE.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Within a small compass we have here gathered together all that is interesting in
+    connexion with the great undertaking of the present year&mdash;an undertaking which must form a
+    most important chapter in the world's history. We are bound to say that the work has been
+    judiciously done, and the result is a very satisfactory review of all that has been effected in
+    the way of Industrial Exhibitions up to the present time."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MORNING CHRONICLE.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"<span class="sc">Gilbert's Popular Narrative of the
+    Exhibition.</span>&mdash;With this title a small work has just been published, written by Mr.
+    Peter Berlyn, from authentic and official sources, tracing the origin, history, and progress,
+    and pointing to the prospects, of the Great Exhibition. The author has carefully avoided all
+    speculation and gossip on the subject, and has applied himself with very considerable ability to
+    the statement and elucidation of all those facts, derived from authentic records, which bear
+    upon the progress of this most important national movement. Many interesting facts are stated in
+    connexion with the previous expositions which have taken place on the Continent and in this
+    country, and the difficulties with which, upon its first announcement, the present undertaking
+    had to contend, and the means by which the Executive were enabled to overcome them, are clearly
+    and consecutively stated. The work also contains some valuable statistical and other information
+    connected with the building, and copies of the most recent of the regulations issued by the
+    Executive. We would cordially recommend this very interesting work."</p>
+    <p class="ac">EXPOSITOR.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"The volume before us has fair claim to its title of a Narrative of the
+    Exhibition. It commences with an account of such British and foreign exhibitions as may be
+    supposed to have led to the idea of the great international show of industry to be held in the
+    present year. The work also contains a complete account of how the world's industrial products
+    have come to be housed in the present building; gives all the rules and orders of the
+    Commissioners and Executive Committee; special instructions to colonial and foreign exhibitors
+    and Custom-house authorities; names of authorised agents for foreign countries; Custom-house
+    agents recommended by the Royal Commissioners; and such other information as renders it a really
+    useful volume of practical information to all exhibitors and visitors at the Exhibition."</p>
+    <p class="ac">SUN.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Within the compass of an elegant pocket-volume the author of the present
+    narrative has contrived to furnish his readers with a very copious history of the origin,
+    progress, and prospects of the Great Exhibition. Throughout the work he has written with an
+    especial regard at once to simplicity and perspicuity, so that we rest satisfied his labours
+    will prove eminently successful, the book being incontestibly <i>the</i> narrative of the Great
+    Industrial Exposition. Beginning with all the preliminary particulars, which are absolutely
+    essential for the comprehension of the entire scheme of the Prince Consort, the narrative
+    describes very lucidly the growth of the first crude idea to its present gigantic dimensions.
+    The share taken in the project by the Society of Arts is duly celebrated, and the influence of
+    the successive expositions of French industry especially notified. The volume is altogether a
+    very clever and most complete work."</p>
+    <p class="ac">WEEKLY DISPATCH.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Works upon the above subject will become highly popular from the very necessity
+    of the case; and consequently that which the public must chiefly look for amidst all the
+    competition that will ensue will be correctness and compactness combined with economy. Mr. Peter
+    Berlyn's book combines every requisite information regarding the Exhibition from first to last.
+    Its clever compilation, tasteful form, quantity and variety of information, and the dependance
+    that may be placed upon it for correctness, combine with its early appearance to render it one
+    of the most valuable hand-books that are likely to be generally used."</p>
+    <p class="ac">ART JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A very useful and sound history of the rise and progress of the Great
+    International Exhibition of 1851, in which the first movements towards it are carefully and ably
+    detailed; and a very good analysis is given of all preceding industrial exhibitions, at home and
+    abroad, as well as a large amount of information connected with the construction of the building
+    itself, and abstracts of official documents connected with the entire movement. The author has
+    done justice to the efforts which have been made to interest the English manufacturer, and
+    stimulate him in his artistic endeavours; and we feel bound to acknowledge his courteous notice
+    of the exertions made by 'The Art Journal' in helping forward its consummation in 1851."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEADER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"For those who wish to know all about the rise and progress of the Great
+    Exhibition and its Crystal Palace this neat hand-book is the very thing. Mr. Berlyn has
+    performed his task with laudable industry. He has drawn together and arranged a large amount of
+    scattered information regarding the Exhibition in a pleasant form. As an elegant and trustworthy
+    hand-book, the narrative deserves to be popular."</p>
+    <p class="ac">OBSERVER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This neat volume gives a history of previous Exhibitions&mdash;some on small,
+    some on large scales&mdash;that have taken place in divers parts of Europe of late years. It
+    then points out the precise origin of the Exhibition of all Nations, snowing the share his Royal
+    Highness Prince Albert had in it; its history and progress are thus minutely detailed, and its
+    prospects are foreshadowed without exaggeration. We cordially recommend it as a pocket-companion
+    necessary to all those who have not as yet mastered the chief facts connected with the erection
+    of the Palace of Industry."</p>
+    <p class="ac">JOHN BULL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"An able and complete history of the scheme, which we have all to accept as <i>un
+    fait accompli</i>, and a useful guide to the transparent mazes of the Crystal Palace."</p>
+    <p class="ac">WEEKLY NEWS.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Of the works already published, and professing to treat of this gigantic
+    undertaking in its national, social, scientific, and artistic light, we have not met with one so
+    completely pervaded by a spirit of universality as this book of Mr. Berlyn's. In matters of
+    detail and relation his narrative is explicit and lucid; where he has touched on the history of
+    an art or a manufacture he is correct in his data; and in tracing the Exhibition to its true
+    source he has displayed a highly philosophical insight into the spirit of the age. Within the
+    pages of his book will be found a faithful record of the most important meetings of the Royal
+    Commissioners, as well as those convened by the corporations of cities, by societies, or by
+    private individuals, for the furtherance of the great work in hand. To these is appended a
+    verbatim report of the speeches delivered at these meetings by the distinguished men who were
+    invited to preside over them; and the enlightened, liberal, and hopeful spirit which pervades
+    their addresses forms a cheerful contrast to the ominous predictions of certain political and
+    theological fanatics. After a full discussion of what may be termed the <i>business</i> portion
+    of the subject, Mr. Berlyn closes his excellent little book with a brief but eloquent and
+    comprehensive consideration of the beneficial results which are likely to accrue from this great
+    national undertaking, not only to ourselves but mankind in general. The entire absence of
+    partiality or prejudice throughout the book, and the very interesting information contained in
+    it for all matters directly or indirectly connected with the Exhibition, induce us to recommend
+    the author to publish editions of it in the French and German languages. By this means he would
+    be conferring a boon on our country's guests."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LADY'S NEWSPAPER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Peter Berlyn has produced a well arranged, clear, and concise hand book to
+    this wonder of the world, in which he traces its origin, progress, and prospects, in a pleasing
+    and interesting manner. This must have been a most difficult task, as the materials out of which
+    he has formed his narrative are so widely scattered that it requires some one who perfectly and
+    profoundly understands the subject (as we are convinced Mr. Berlyn does) to collect and arrange
+    them in so satisfactory a manner. The ladies also will hail this work with pleasure, because,
+    though containing every information on the subject, it is at the same time light, interesting,
+    and infinitely superior to the dry and prosy style usually adopted in similar works. It is
+    tastefully illustrated, has an elegant fancy binding, and forms a guide-book either for the
+    library or the pocket."</p>
+    <p class="ac">NOTES AND QUERIES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A volume carefully compiled from authentic sources of information upon the
+    several points set forth in its ample title page."</p>
+    <p class="ac">GARDENER AND FARMERS' JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"We do not go out of our province as horticultural journalists in noticing a work
+    recently issued by Mr. Gilbert, of Paternoster-row. Our friends in the provinces will do well to
+    study beforehand as many of the probable incidents of their trip as possible; and, though
+    innumerable prints and tabular descriptions of the Exhibition Building have been issued, we have
+    not had anything before like a connected history of the great project itself. The work before us
+    is called 'A Popular Narrative of the Origin, History, Progress, and Prospects of the Great
+    Exhibition of 1851; and we think the author, Mr. Berlyn, has treated his subject in perfect
+    accordance with the title. More than this it is quite unnecessary to say as to the merits of the
+    work; but we may just notice that the 'getting-up' has evidently been intrusted to careful
+    hands. The binding is neat and tasteful, and, besides a ground-plan, a perspective view of the
+    building is given."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MINING JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This volume, which unostentatiously treats on the highly interesting subjects
+    indicated in the title, is based on records of unimpeachable value. All speculation has been
+    wisely avoided, and its pages present an unvarnished history of one of the most extraordinary
+    undertakings of which the history of the world can boast; extraordinary in the fact of the
+    people of this little island challenging the people of the universe to meet on its shores with
+    specimens of their several productions of industry; and extraordinary in the magnitude,
+    decidedly novel, and inconceivably rapid erection of the building for their reception. The
+    history of every similar exhibition is traced back to its source; those of Manchester,
+    Birmingham, London, and France are minutely recorded; the growing interest which followed every
+    subsequent exposition statistically described, and every detail connected with the Royal
+    Commission, the arrangements, the building, future rules, throughout a space of 200 pages, and
+    finishing with a list of the local committees, conveys a vivid and correct picture of this vast
+    national undertaking."</p>
+    <p class="ac">CHURCH AND STATE GAZETTE.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A work that was wanted. It puts the public in full possession of every iota of
+    intelligence in connexion with the Great Exhibition worth having, and has some very sensible
+    remarks on the prospects of home exhibitors, especially at the forthcoming display. It is
+    indispensable to all interested in the subject."</p>
+    <p class="ac">GUARDIAN.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"'A Popular Narrative of the Great Exhibition' was really needed, explaining its
+    whole history from its first conception in the Prince Consort's brain, and Mr. Berlyn's book has
+    amply supplied the need. It is a very smart volume, and the writer is duly impressed with the
+    grandeur of his theme."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEIGH HUNT'S JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"We can hardly speak too highly of this elegant and useful volume. Mr. Berlyn has
+    done his part admirably, and the publisher has seconded him in the business department no less
+    satisfactorily. All the floating and disconnected accounts that have hitherto been brought
+    before the public from time to time are here collected and arranged in a very popular and lucid
+    manner, while a mass of fresh information, entirely new and authentic, renders this book the
+    only complete compendium of the Exhibition in all its bearings. The history of its origin is
+    written with a graphic power and a narrative vigour very surprising on such a subject. You are
+    carried along with as much interest as if reading a work of fiction. The contents fully justify
+    the ample title, and in that tact lies more of eulogy than columns of praise could say."</p>
+    <p class="ac">THE EVENING EXPRESS.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A neatly-printed volume on the History of the Exhibition; containing a careful
+    digest of all the documents which the Commissioners have issued."</p>
+    <p class="ac">THE TABLET.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn's book is an elegant volume by way of a guide to the Crystal Palace.
+    It contains a well-condensed summary on everything connected with the subject of the
+    Exhibition."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MORNING ADVERTISER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A gaily-boarded volume, nattily emblazoned on the outside with colours, with a
+    tinted frontispiece of the Glass House from the same familiar aspect. It is dedicated to Prince
+    Albert, and contains an elaborate introduction, in which the by-past expositions of Paris,
+    Birmingham, Manchester, Dublin, &amp;c. are duly noticed. It is as a whole a neat mode of
+    preserving all the 'printed gossip,' as well as weightier reports of Commissioners, relating to
+    the preparations of the shell of the Exhibition."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MARK-LANE EXPRESS.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A most interesting record of the history and opinions as to the probable results
+    of the World's Fair, to be held in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park. The author has condensed into
+    a most readable work every transaction which has given rise to this exhibition of the choice
+    products of the world."</p>
+    <p class="ac">THE BUILDER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This book gives, in a concise and agreeable manner, a narrative of the progress
+    of the scheme towards fruition, and an account of the building. The account is put together
+    pleasantly, and makes a pretty book."</p>
+    <p class="ac">CHRISTIAN TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A valuable and elegant introduction to the Great Industrial Exhibition. It
+    contains much useful information, lucidly and carefully arranged."</p>
+    <p class="ac">NORTHERN STAR.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn's book is all it professes to be. It contains an ample and popular
+    narrative of the circumstances connected with the conception and ultimate realisation or the
+    idea; and incidentally throws much light upon the progress and effects of similar exhibitions
+    abroad. The author deserves the greatest credit for the lively, interesting, and accurate manner
+    in which he has recorded all the leading events connected with the Exhibition. In doing this we
+    are happy to perceive also that he has the manliness to do justice to those who first introduced
+    the idea of such Exhibitions into this country, and who had to struggle with all the
+    difficulties which usually dog the footsteps of innovators and inventors. The first exhibitions
+    had to encounter prejudice and apathy, and the funds for carrying them out were comparatively
+    small, and difficult to be procured; they had not the <i>prestige</i> of princely and titled
+    names, to give them acceptance with the vulgar herd, who eagerly copy the fashion set by the
+    great. They were the production of a pure love of art, and science, and industry, and a desire
+    to promote the improvement of public taste and skill. One of the first promoters 'of the plan of
+    National Expositions, similar to those on the Continent,' was Mr. George Wallis, formerly master
+    of the Manchester School of Design; of whose exertions Mr. Berlyn makes honourable mention. It
+    is exceedingly interesting to have presented at one view the gradual expansion of the original
+    idea, through a succession of varied phases, to its ultimate development as an Exhibition of the
+    Industry of all Nations. It appears clear that Prince Albert is entitled to the merit of giving
+    it this cosmopolitan character; other exhibitions have always been either local, provincial, or
+    national. The idea of making that of 1851 universal is due to the Prince Consort alone. The
+    circumstances under which Mr. Paxton conceived the idea of the structure which now attracts the
+    admiration of every beholder, in Hyde Park, read more like a sketch of the imagination than a
+    sober reality; and the almost incredible rapidity with which the plan has been translated into a
+    great fact is one of the proudest testimonies that can be borne to the industrial resources,
+    skill and enterprise of this country. Of all the marvels that will be exhibited at the World's
+    Fair next May, none will be so marvellous as the structure in which they are collected; and we
+    confidently commend Mr. Berlyn's book as an agreeable companion and guide to every visitor, as
+    well as a record of the growth of the Exhibition, well deserving of preservation on account of
+    its intrinsic merits and historical value."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MANCHESTER EXAMINER AND TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn (whom many of our readers will remember as an active and earnest
+    promoter of the interests of our Athenæum, in his character of honorary secretary to that
+    institution), having held an official situation in connexion with the Royal Commission for
+    carrying out the business detail of the intended Exhibition, finds means to present us with an
+    extremely able and instructive volume. His narrative is cleverly written, and affords ample
+    information of the origin and progress of a movement which has already acquired a world-wide
+    fame. The gradual advance of public opinion and feeling in reference to the study of art, and to
+    the more general cultivation of a love for the ideal and the beautiful among the people, are
+    care fully traced, and we have every reason to believe that credit is justly given to the humble
+    but earnest workers in the cause."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEEDS MERCURY.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A popular narrative of the origin, history, progress, and prospects of the Great
+    Exhibition, with a guide to the future rules and arrangements, by Peter Berlyn, has just been
+    published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row. It is a very able and useful volume, beautifully got
+    up, and at a cheap rate."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEEDS TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn's book supplies a <i>desideratum</i>. It is the first attempt, so far
+    as we know, to give a consecutive narrative of the circumstances which have given birth to the
+    great design, whose realisation is to illustrate the history of the present year. He has done
+    his work well. The narrative is entirely derived from authentic and official sources, to which
+    Mr. Berlyn, from his connexion with the undertaking, had peculiar opportunities of access. The
+    author regards the Exhibition, not as a sudden individual thought, but as the natural result of
+    certain industrial ideas and tendencies which have been gradually developing themselves during
+    several years; and this view leads him to trace the history of various prior exhibitions on a
+    minor scale in this country, such as the polytechnic exhibitions in different towns, and the
+    exhibitions of art and manufactures which have taken place, many years, in Manchester,
+    Birmingham, and the metropolis. The proceedings more immediately connected with the great
+    World's Exhibition now in preparation are then related from the commencement, and in a manner at
+    once concise and complete. Finally, we have a full account of the rules and regulations
+    determined on for the conduct of this remarkable undertaking. The volume contains several
+    excellent illustrations, is tastefully bound, and in a portable form."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LIVERPOOL COURIER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This is an exceedingly interesting and useful book. It has been got up as a
+    hand-book for the visitors to the Great Exhibition, but its object is more to give a condensed
+    account of the history of the event than to serve as a guide within the building. The writer,
+    who treats his subject most clearly and ably, enters into a brief narrative of all that has been
+    hitherto done, in this and other countries, to foster national taste in connexion with these
+    public displays. In our own countries he goes on, at length, into an investigation of what may
+    be termed the initiatory exhibition lately held at Birmingham, and which, in its results, far
+    exceeded the expectations of its founders. He also gives a concise history of the proceedings
+    relative to the 'Palace of Glass,' from the time that its erection was a dreamy idea until it
+    rose in its gigantic transparency to astonish the world."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LIVERPOOL ALBION.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This is a book for the times and to the purpose. Its title-page tells with what
+    object it has been written, and is well borne out by its contents. When we open it we find a
+    concise and faithful account of the causes and progress of the world's gathering which is just
+    upon us. In preparing his volume the author has taken care to avoid all 'culling of simples,'
+    and to give only such information as may be depended upon, and which possesses more than
+    ephemeral interest. It abounds also, in practical suggestions and philosophical observations. We
+    will only say further that the publisher, although he does not puff the work by talking of
+    giving it away, certainly comes as near as possible to that point in the price which he has
+    fixed upon it. We can safely recommend it."</p>
+    <p class="ac">BIRMINGHAM JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A cleverly-written and carefully-condensed little volume, containing all that
+    has been done, and much that should be known, respecting the great event of the year. The author
+    culls with great judgment from the addresses delivered at various meetings held throughout the
+    country; the regulations issued by the Executive Committee are also introduced. Altogether, a
+    more complete record, within the same amount of space, it would be impossible to find; it
+    confers great credit upon the writer, who in addition is evidently an enthusiast in the work
+    about which he writes so well."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEICESTERSHIRE MERCURY.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This volume should be in the hands of all who take an interest in the great
+    event of this <i>annus mirabilis</i>, 1851. What it promises in the title-page it performs in
+    those which follow. It contains an accurate and deeply interesting record of the causes and
+    progress of the preparation for that gathering of the nations of the earth which we are about to
+    witness, and chronicles all the official information on the subject which is worth preserving.
+    The practical suggestions and observations to be found in it are greatly to the credit of the
+    writer. We must also give our praise to the publisher, Mr. Gilbert, for the manner in which he
+    has brought it out, and the low price at which he offers it to the buyer."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LIVERPOOL TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Of course we are already deluged with hand-books, guide-books, &amp;c., to the
+    Exhibition. Such little works, properly compiled, will not only be interesting, but absolutely
+    serviceable, to the country visitor. We have had oceans sent to us, varying in price as in
+    truthfulness and English grammar. The best we have seen is a 'Popular Narrative of the
+    Exhibition,' by Peter Berlyn, published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row; a book distinguished not
+    only by correctness and labour, but also by very considerable literary merit."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LINCOLNSHIRE TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"What the flower-garden is to the bees, attracting them to gather honey from its
+    sweets, the Grand Exhibition has been to many a candidate anxious to take his place in the ranks
+    of authorship. The book before us is one of the proofs of its stimulating powers. It fully and
+    ably accomplishes all which the title-page leads us to expect, setting forth the causes and
+    progress of that wondrous festival of industry at which the world is to meet in Britannia's
+    Crystal Palace. The information which it contains may be relied upon as derived from the best
+    sources; the practical suggestions are valuable; and the observations are penned in a highly
+    philosophical spirit. We can safely recommend the work to our readers, and we are quite certain
+    that everybody who buys it will be satisfied that his money has been well laid out. We speak not
+    from our own authority only, but have our verdict backed by the opinion of persons competent to
+    pronounce upon the merits of the volume before us."</p>
+    <p class="ac">INVERNESS COURIER.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">"This little volume has a merit which belongs to but few books published in the
+    present age. It is wanted. There has no doubt been a great deal written on the subject of which
+    it treats, as well as a great deal spoken; but till now we have had only scattered and almost
+    inaccessible information on the one hand, or mere catchpenny pamphlets on the other. Mr.
+    Berlyn's excellence is, that he is honest; that his work fulfils the promise of its title-page.
+    Officially connected from its outset with the great scheme which he describes, he has enjoyed
+    peculiar facilities for this task, has known where to look for materials, and been able to judge
+    of their relative usefulness and importance. Of these opportunities he has diligently availed
+    himself, and the result is to be seen in the elegant book before us. Simple and popular in
+    style, it is comprehensive and instructive in its contents; we therefore recommend it."</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Beautifully printed in 8vo, price only 7s. 6d., or postage free, 8s. 6d.,
+  Illustrated by Eighty very splendid Pictures, engraved by George Measom,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S DESCRIPTION</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">OF THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span class="gsp">CRYSTAL
+  PALAC</span>E,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">Its Architectural History and
+  Constructive Marvels.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="sc">By PETER BERLYN &amp; CHARLES FOWLER, Jun., Esqrs.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The Engravings will depict the various peculiarities and novelties of this
+  wonderful Building as well as the Machinery, &amp;c., used in its construction. The combined
+  efforts of the Proprietor, as well as the Authors and Artists, are to produce a work worthy to be
+  purchased and preserved by every visitor to the Great Exhibition.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP OF
+  LONDON,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b><span class="gsp">DRAWN ON A NEW PRINCIPL</span>E,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">HAVING IN VIEW THE DEPICTING OF THE PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS OF THE
+  METROPOLIS,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>With Illustrations of its most Important Buildings and Sights,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">Engraved on their exact Localities.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">This novel Map will be found an interesting, intellectual, and practical guide to
+  all Visitors who may wish to proceed readily to the more Important Sights and Attractions of
+  London. The price, in sheet, coloured, with Letter-press Keys and References, is 1s. 6d.; or in
+  Case for the pocket, 2s.; postage free, 3s.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">GUIDE TO THE STREETS OF
+  LONDON,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">AS A COMPANION TO THE "VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP."</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>WITH FIVE THOUSAND REFERENCES;</b></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">Frontispiece and Tables of Cab Fares; the Rules and Laws relative to Metropolitan
+  Conveyances; and Explanations in four Languages&mdash;to enable the Visitor to find his own way
+  throughout the length and breadth of the Metropolis.&mdash;Price 6d; or postage free, 1s.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Price 1s. 6d., or 2s. bound; postage free, 6d. extra,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">GILBERT'S GUIDE TO
+  LONDON,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>WITH MAP, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+  <p>This original work, which has long been in full preparation for publication, is especially
+  intended as a useful and indispensable pocket companion to every visitor to the Metropolis during
+  the Great Exhibition of 1851.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* Separate Editions of the
+  book issued in the French and German Languages, price 6d. each extra.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"Contains much useful information for residents as well as visitors. It has also a good Map,
+    and is very moderate in price."&mdash;<i>English Churchman.</i></p>
+    <p>"A very useful companion throughout the streets and sights of London."&mdash;<i>Lady's
+    News.</i></p>
+    <p>"The distinguishing excellences of this guide are, that it is cheap, and that it is written
+    especially for the benefit of the visitors to London during the Great
+    Exhibition."&mdash;<i>Standard of Freedom.</i></p>
+    <p>"A publication prompted by the Great Exhibition: it is a plain and business-like affair,
+    giving a good deal of information upon various subjects connected with the comfort of visitors,
+    as well as directions for sight-seeing."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p>
+    <p>"This hand-book contains the most complete information connected with the localities,
+    customs, public buildings, amusements, and resources of the capital city of this kingdom; and
+    for travellers or foreigners we say it is an indispensable work, if they desire to possess an
+    accurate knowledge of London during their visit to the Great Exhibition."&mdash;<i>Mark-lane
+    Express.</i></p>
+    <p class="sp0">"Unquestionably the most useful little work of its sort we have met with. It
+    abounds with accurate, ample, and valuable information respecting London and its suburbs. We
+    know of no more interesting or cheaper publication."&mdash;<i>Catholic Standard.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Price, on a large sheet, only 6d.; in case, 1s. 6d.; or on roller, varnished, 3s.
+  6d.,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span class="gsp">GILBERT'S KEY
+  TO LONDO</span>N,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>ON ONE LARGE SHEET;</b></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">Containing particulars of its Palaces, Public Buildings, Religious Edifices,
+  Hospitals, Inns of Court, Parks, Gardens, Bridges, Museums, Literary Institutions, Theatres,
+  Public Amusements, Exhibitions, Cab Fares, Railway Stations, Ambassadors, Bankers, Hotels, Docks,
+  Arcades, Private Galleries, Curiosities, Churches and Chapels, Cab, Omnibus, and Coach Rules and
+  Laws, Omnibus Routes, Environs, Post-offices, Steamers, Foreign Money Tables, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Price, coloured and mounted in cloth case for the pocket, only 1s.; or paper
+  case, 6d.; in sheet, 4d.</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span class="gsp">GILBERT'S MAP
+  OF LONDO</span>N,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">WITH A KEY TO THE STREETS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN 1851.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, size of the Engraving 18 inches by 10, printed on paper, size 21
+  inches by 14½,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">GILBERT'S NEW PICTORIAL VIEW</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.1ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="xxx-larger"><span class="gsp">CRYSTAL
+  PALAC</span>E,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="x-smaller">FOR THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.6ex;"><span class="larger">GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION,
+  1851.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">With several Hundred Scenic and Characteristic Figures, beautifully and accurately
+  Drawn from the Official Documents,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">BY JOSEPH PAXTON, ESQ., F.L.S.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><i>With Statistical Details in English, French, and German.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The exciting interest which the Exhibition creates throughout the world, has
+  prompted the production of this carefully-executed, large, and beautiful Illustration of the
+  Exhibition Building. It is got up in first-rate style, printed on the best paper, and published at
+  the low price of <span class="sc">Sixpence</span>; or coloured, <span class="sc">One
+  Shilling</span>. The special object of its combined beauty and cheapness is not only to command
+  sale in the United Kingdom, but to induce our Merchants, Manufacturers, and all interested in this
+  glorious Institution to send this Illustration of the Building to every part of the world. It may
+  also be had in a neat gilt frame and glazed, price only 5s.; or stretched on a frame and
+  varnished, price 3s. Either of these two can also be had packed in a deal box for transit by
+  railway, or other conveyance, at 1s. extra; or the 6d. and 1s. 6d. editions packed on roller, for
+  transit by post free, at 8d. each extra.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S EXHIBITION
+  LETTER-PAPER,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">4to post size, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the
+  Building printed in tints. Price 2s. per quire, or 34s. per ream.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">GILBERT'S
+  EXHIBITION NOTE-PAPE</span>R,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">8vo post, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the Building.
+  Price 1s. 6d. per quire, or 21s. per ream.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S EXHIBITION
+  CARD,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">With a View of the Building. Price One Penny. Size, 4½ inches by 3.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S LARGE EXHIBITION
+  CARD,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">With a View of the Building. Price Twopence. Size, 7 inches by 4½.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, in Thirty-Six Sheets, of different Subjects, at the extremely low
+  price affixed,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="larger">JERRARD'S</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span class="gsp">COLOURED
+  PICTURES</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="smaller">GROUPS AND BOUQUETS OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="larger">FLOWERS, FRUITS, BIRDS,
+  LANDSCAPES,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="smaller">&amp;c. &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">These beautiful Pictures are on folio-sized drawing-paper, and produced in the
+  first-rate style, being most beautiful and successful imitations of Original Drawings. They are
+  admirably adapted for framing; would also form a tasteful ornament to Ladies' Portfolios, or as
+  patterns for Drawing in colours.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="poem sp4">
+    <p>Sheet 1, price only 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Peaches, Purple Grapes, Green Grapes.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Moss Rose, Campanula (Canterbury-bell), Wallflower, Convolvulus.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 2, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Poppy, Ranunculus, Pæonia, Hollyhock, Convolvulus, Anagallis,
+    Rosebud.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 3, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;White Rose, Red Rose, Anemone, Single Dahlia, Cineraria,
+    Nastertium, Auricula, Veronica.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 4, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Passion Flower, Rose, Tulip, Geranium, Pinks, Convolvulus.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 5, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Anemone, Petunia, Mountain Aster, Heartsease, Viola Tricolor,
+    Anagallis.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 6, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;White Lilies, Tiger Lily, Tulip, White Fuschia.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">Sheet 7, price 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pineapple, Purple Grapes, Green
+    Grapes, Egg Plum, Red Currants, White Currants.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Rose, Convolvulus.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 8, price 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pear, Plums, Red Grapes, Green Grapes.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Lilium Lancifolium, Picotee, Fuschia, Scarlet Geranium, Marigold Sonicera.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 9, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Ipomæa Horsfallii, Ipomæa Rubro-cærulea.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 10, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Hibiscus Splendens.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 11, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Ipomæa.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 12, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Yellow Hibiscus.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">Sheet 13, price 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Peaches, Plums, Red Grapes, White
+    Currants.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Convolvulus Major, White Rose, Heartsease, Fumaria Anagallis.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 14, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Noisette Rose.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 15, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Orange Lily, Geranium, White Pink, Mule Pink, Petunia, China
+    Aster, Yellow Mallow, Anagallis, Malvi, Primula, Mouse-ear, Tropæolum.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 16, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Anemones, Tulip, Jonquil, Aster, Marigold, Semi-double Rose,
+    Yellow Rose, Convolvulus Minor, Auricula, Nastertium, White Rose.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 17, price 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Melon, Pomegranate.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Tulip, Honeysuckle, Lily of the Valley.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 18, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Pinks, Carnations.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">Sheet 19, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Bullfinches, Nest, Eggs, and
+    Flowers.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 20, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Greenfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 21, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Goldfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 22, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Titmouse on the Stump of a Tree.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 23, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Redstarts, with Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 24, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Chaffinches, with Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">Sheet 25, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A View of the Castle of Chillon, Lake of
+    Geneva.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 26, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A View of Tintern Abbey.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 27, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;View of Caerphilli Castle and Vale.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 28, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;View of Snowdon from the Valley of Dolydellan.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 29, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;View of Llangollen, Castle Dinas-Bran.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 30, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;View of Fountain, St. Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">It must be distinctly observed that the whole of the above are in full colours, and
+  most successful imitations of original drawings, the price of each sheet being also fixed at
+  extremely low prices. A variety of other sheets are in active preparation.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>STEREOTYPED EDITION.</b></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>The 53rd Thousand, price only 1s. sewed, or 1s. 6d. bound (postage free, 4d.
+  extra)</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">With a very useful steel-plate Genealogical Chart of the Sovereigns of England,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">OUTLINES OF ENGLISH
+  HISTORY,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">WITH INTERESTING</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.4ex;"><span class="x-larger">Remarks on Manners, Customs,
+  Arts, Dresses, &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.6ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">BY HENRY
+  INC</span>E, M.A.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p>*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* In consequence of the rapidly extended
+  sale and approval of this Work, every page of the present Edition has been carefully enlarged and
+  much improved. By a judicious enlargement of the width and length of the page, one-third more
+  letter-press is introduced without any increase of price.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"In the system of Education sufficient regard is not always paid to impressing on the pupil's
+    mind the leading points in a branch of study. His memory is confused with a too great variety of
+    details. This manual of Mr. Ince's is well calculated to counteract this defective method, by
+    affording a well-digested outline, which should be carefully committed to memory, and afterwards
+    filled up by means of oral instruction or reference to larger works. Lively chapters of
+    historical memoranda, and brief sketches of manners and customs, are appropriately introduced.
+    We can cordially recommend this well-digested manual."&mdash;<i>Sharpe's Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"A neat and accurate compendium, and written with perspicuity. The events of each reign are
+    arranged under different heads, so as to give at a glance a comprehensive view of the
+    whole."&mdash;<i>Athenæum.</i></p>
+    <p>"A new edition, with improvements. It is a little 'Rapin' in its way, a history condensed
+    into a nutshell; and we feel assured will, with its companion works, form the future text-books
+    of the young of both sexes. Works intended for the mental culture of the young are sure to meet
+    our approval when properly deserving it; and in the present instance we feel inclined to extend
+    the usual limit of our remarks in favour of the lucid and well-arranged books which Mr. Ince has
+    issued for the rising generation. We could not forbear a smile, on glancing over their contents,
+    at the recollection of the sundry fat quartos and huge folios through which in boyhood we were
+    obliged to wade for the acquirement of a less amount of information than is here presented
+    within the space of one hundred pages."&mdash;<i>The Mirror.</i></p>
+    <p>"Well-digested and useful outlines of our History, and deserves to be a standard educational
+    work."&mdash;<i>Eclectic Review.</i></p>
+    <p>"Superior to anything of the kind; here is a clear and comprehensive outline of the whole
+    History of England. We cordially recommend it."&mdash;<i>Wesley Banner.</i></p>
+    <p>"The leading points are clearly traced, and adapted for easy transmission to the
+    mind."&mdash;<i>Mark-lane Express.</i></p>
+    <p>"A valuable addition to those books specially designed for education."&mdash;<i>Bell's
+    Messenger.</i></p>
+    <p>"These 'Outlines' are particularly well done."&mdash;<i>Bankers Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"A good compendium; it contains the essence of very many volumes, serving not only as helps
+    for the education of youth, but as refreshers to the memory to those who are
+    old."&mdash;<i>Sunday School Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"This book is not undeserving of the popularity it has obtained: it is full of information,
+    and contains the substance of more knowledge of the social progress, manners, and customs of our
+    ancestors than many works of far larger pretensions."&mdash;<i>The third review of the
+    Athenæum.</i></p>
+    <p>"A great deal of information in a small compass, and the author has availed himself of the
+    latest authorities. We prefer the form of Outlines to Catechisms. It contributes to the
+    formation of more logical views, both by the teacher and scholar. Catechisms are the
+    school-books of parrots."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p>
+    <p>"Both the plan and style are perspicuous; it is admirably adapted for what it is
+    intended."&mdash;<i>The Times.</i></p>
+    <p>"Contains a vast amount of interesting and useful knowledge, and admirably adapted as helps
+    to parents and teachers of youth."&mdash;<i>Tait's Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"A well-digested little book."&mdash;<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
+    <p>"A very useful book for the instruction of youth, being a complete <i>resumé</i> of the whole
+    History of England."&mdash;<i>Metropolitan.</i></p>
+    <p>"Well adapted for the education of the young."&mdash;<i>New Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"The brief statements of the principal events of each Sovereign's reign are neat and
+    succinct."&mdash;<i>The Economist.</i></p>
+    <p>"An improved edition of Mr. Ince's very useful book."&mdash;<i>The Rambler.</i></p>
+    <p class="sp0">"Ince's 'Outlines' is a very excellent book to put into the learner's hands: it
+    is clear and well-arranged."&mdash;<i>Author's Institute Circular.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>In 18mo, price 1s., 1s. 6d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra)</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="gsp">THE SIXTH EDITION OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">OUTLINES OF FRENCH
+  HISTORY,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.3ex;"><span class="x-smaller">WITH NOTICES OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.4ex;"><span class="smaller">THE MANNERS, CUSTOMS, ARTS, ETC.,
+  OF THE DIFFERENT PERIODS.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.4ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">BY HENRY
+  INC</span>E, M.A.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"It affords a very pleasing view of the whole History of France. The author being gifted with
+    a philosophical mind and a classical taste, the subjects, though treated in a detached, are far
+    from being treated in a dry and unentertaining manner."&mdash;<i>The Times.</i></p>
+    <p>"It is embellished with some capital engravings, and abounds in the narration of those
+    romantic events which form the groundwork of so many delightful works."&mdash;<i>The
+    Mirror.</i></p>
+    <p>"Mr. Ince is not of those men who speak much without saying anything; he says much in a few
+    words."&mdash;<i>French Paper.</i></p>
+    <p class="sp0">"A very useful educational work."&mdash;<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Price 1s. sewed, or 1s. 4d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra), the Eleventh
+  Thousand of</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.2ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span
+  class="gsp">OUTLINES</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger"><span class="gsp">GENERAL
+  KNOWLEDG</span>E.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.6ex;"><span class="x-larger">By Henry Ince,
+  M.A.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* This Edition has been very
+  much extended and improved; by an enlargement of the size of the page, and careful arrangement of
+  the type, a very great quantity of highly valuable information has been added.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"The 'Outlines of General Knowledge' embrace a great variety of facts connected with the
+    natural sciences. Even the names of all the divisions into which the moderns have classified
+    knowledge fill no inconsiderable space. Add to them the names and height of mountains, and names
+    and length of rivers, the names of constellations, the names of the chemical elements, the
+    amount of population of the different kingdoms of the world, the amount of their respective
+    taxation per head, &amp;c. &amp;c., and the mere nomenclature seems calculated to fill a
+    tolerably large book. All this, and more than this, is collected in Mr. Ince's 'Outlines,' and
+    those not accustomed to the art of the author will wonder how one small head could carry all he
+    has brought together."&mdash;<i>The Economist.</i></p>
+    <p>"Well-digested 'Outlines,' which should be committed to everybody's
+    memory."&mdash;<i>Sharpe's Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"A capital book, deserving especial attention."&mdash;<i>Family Friend.</i></p>
+    <p>"Contains for its size a remarkable quantity of interesting and well-arranged information. It
+    would make a valuable present to Sunday Schools and lending
+    libraries."&mdash;<i>Athenæum.</i></p>
+    <p>"A vast amount of condensed information."&mdash;<i>The Rambler.</i></p>
+    <p>"Contains a considerable amount of information of a very valuable kind, on a variety of
+    subjects, that in ordinary routine of education are too much overlooked, an acquaintance with
+    which is every day becoming more and more indispensable. They are germs which cannot fail to
+    vegetate in the mind, to fructify in the head, and eventually to produce a fourfold reward to
+    him who labours in the acquisition of them."&mdash;<i>Sunday School Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"Calculated to instruct anyone of common intelligence on every known topic of importance, and
+    to start him with a mind stored with the accumulated learning of 6000 years."&mdash;<i>The
+    Mirror.</i></p>
+    <p class="sp0">"A valuable little publication, full of information in a small compass, creating
+    an appetite for deeper investigation."&mdash;<i>Bell's Life.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">A NEW SERIES
+  OF PENNY MAPS.</span></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Now publishing in Monthly Parts, price only 4½d., or 8½d. coloured (each Part to
+  contain four Maps)</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span
+  class="gsp">PHILIPS'</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">PENNY ATLAS OF THE
+  WORLD,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">IN A</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">Series of fifty-two Imperial
+  Quarto Maps, Engraved on Steel,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">INCLUDING</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>FIVE ANCIENT MAPS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN ANCIENT
+  HISTORY,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">WITH A COPIOUS CONSULTING INDEX OF PLACES.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p>Geographical Knowledge was to a considerable extent an essential necessity even in the early
+  periods of our world, cultivated indeed at first for almost purely social purposes, yet in the
+  same proportion as our progenitors increased in numbers, so also did their extended range of
+  observation instil into their minds the necessity of more practical observations on the relative
+  bearings of the districts through which they passed, noting at the same time the numerous changes
+  of hill and dale, rivulet and stream, and the countless varieties of the wonderful products with
+  which it pleased Almighty God to bless its various regions. Hence progressively arose the
+  Topographical and Geographical Delineations with which the Scriptures abound; to a similar cause
+  may also be traced the contributions which the savage tribes have at various periods of our
+  World's History added to the branches of Geographical science.</p>
+
+  <p>Now, in the same proportion as any people forming a Nation develope their commercial and
+  intellectual strength, in the same ratio has it pleased Providence to render it necessary that its
+  inhabitants should not only become acquainted with the Topographical and Geographical features,
+  relative distances and bearings, of their own and neighbouring nations, but of every portion of
+  the known world, even extending their researches to unknown regions. Indeed, no member of a
+  commercial nation, especially in one where education is much diffused, is qualified to act his
+  part aright as one of its people, unless he is able to form a tolerably accurate notion of the
+  names of Nations, Places, Seas, Rivers, Mountains, &amp;c., their relative position and extent, as
+  well as to learn how richly the Creator of the Earth has endowed them all with the means of
+  ministering to those comforts and pleasures of which man in every state of society and climate so
+  much stands in need.</p>
+
+  <p>These reflections might be much extended, but the limits of a prospectus will not permit it.
+  Suffice it to say that every Englishman, be he rich or poor, should have access to modern Maps of
+  the various portions of the World, in order to possess the means of cultivating a knowledge of its
+  divisions, the names of the chief Nations, Places, &amp;c. &amp;c., as well as to be able to form
+  intellectual and commercial ideas of its numerous products, and the respective regions from whence
+  come the countless varieties of foreign substances now in use among us as articles of ornament or
+  necessity.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">Now, though a Modern Atlas of the World is so essential to every family in this
+  kingdom, still it has been almost limited in its possession, on account of the high price at which
+  all really good and practical works have hitherto been issued. To remove this difficulty has been
+  the principal motive which has induced the Proprietors of "<span class="sc">Philips' Penny Modern
+  Atlas</span>" to issue a work which they feel satisfied will be universally admitted to be
+  surprisingly cheap, and not surpassed in usefulness by any attempt hitherto made to extend the
+  knowledge of Geography.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">LIST OF THE MAPS</span></p>
+
+  <p>Which will appear in <span class="sc">Philips' Penny Atlas</span>, any of which may now be had
+  separately, price <span class="sc">One Penny</span> each Plain, or <span
+  class="sc">Twopence</span> Coloured<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem sp3">
+    <p style="margin-left:3.85em">MODERN MAPS.</p>
+    <p class="stanza"><span class="hid">0</span>1. Western Hemisphere.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>2. Eastern Hemisphere.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>3. World on Mercator's Projection&mdash;Double Map.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>4. Arctic Regions.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>5. Europe&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>6. British Isles.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>7. England and Wales.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>8. Scotland.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>9. Ireland.</p>
+    <p>10. France, in Provinces.</p>
+    <p>11. France, in Departments.</p>
+    <p>12. Belgium.</p>
+    <p>13. Holland.</p>
+    <p>14. Prussia.</p>
+    <p>15. Poland.</p>
+    <p>16. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.</p>
+    <p>17. Denmark.</p>
+    <p>18. Russia in Europe.</p>
+    <p>19. Germany.</p>
+    <p>20. Austria.</p>
+    <p>21. Switzerland.</p>
+    <p>22. Spain and Portugal.</p>
+    <p>23. Italy.</p>
+    <p>24. Turkey in Europe, and Greece.</p>
+    <p>25. Asia&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p>26. Turkey in Asia.</p>
+    <p>27. Russia in Asia.</p>
+    <p>28. Persia and Cabool.</p>
+    <p>29. Hindostan.</p>
+    <p>30. China.</p>
+    <p>31. East India Islands and Australia.</p>
+    <p>32. New South Wales.</p>
+    <p>33. Tasmania, or Van Dieman's Land.</p>
+    <p>34. New Zealand.</p>
+    <p>35. Africa&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p>36. Egypt.</p>
+    <p>37. America&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p>38. North America.</p>
+    <p>39. United States.</p>
+    <p>40. Canada.</p>
+    <p>41. Mexico, Guatimala, and Texas.</p>
+    <p>42. West Indies.</p>
+    <p>43. South America.</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:3.85em" class="stanza">ANCIENT MAPS.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">44. Palestine.</p>
+    <p>45. Orbis Veteribus Notus.</p>
+    <p>46. Orbis Romani Pars Occidentalis.</p>
+    <p>47. Orbis Romani Pars Orientalis.</p>
+    <p>48. Græcia Antiqua.</p>
+    <p>49. Table of the Comparative Height of Mountains.</p>
+    <p>50. Ditto <span class="hid">of bhe</span> ditto<span class="hid">Compar</span> Length of
+    Rivers.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">THE CHEAPEST
+  MAPS EVER ISSUE</span>D.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">PHILIPS'
+  SERIES</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span class="gsp">LARGE SIXPENNY
+  MAP</span>S,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">Size&mdash;Full Sheet Imperial, 22 by 27 Inches, Full Coloured.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><i>Engraved in the best style, and embracing all the recent Geographical
+  Discoveries.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="poem sp3">
+    <p style="margin-left:2.80em">LIST OF THE MAPS.</p>
+    <p class="stanza"><span class="hid">0</span>1. The World on Mercator's Projection.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Northern
+    Hemisphere.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>3. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Southern
+    ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>4. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Eastern
+    ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>5. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Western
+    ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>6. North Horizontal ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>7. South ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>8. Europe.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>9. Asia.</p>
+    <p>10. Africa.</p>
+    <p>11. America&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p>12. North America.</p>
+    <p>13. South America.</p>
+    <p>14. England.</p>
+    <p>15. Scotland.</p>
+    <p>16. Ireland.</p>
+    <p>17. British Isles.</p>
+    <p>18. The Channel Islands, including Isle of Man and Isle of Wight.</p>
+    <p>19. Chart of the Baltic Sea.</p>
+    <p>20. Sweden and Norway.</p>
+    <p>21. Denmark.</p>
+    <p>22. Germany&mdash;Northern part.</p>
+    <p>23. Germany&mdash;Southern part.</p>
+    <p>24. Holland.</p>
+    <p>25. Belgium.</p>
+    <p>26. France, in Departments.</p>
+    <p>27. France, in Provinces.</p>
+    <p>28. Spain and Portugal.</p>
+    <p>29. Chart of the Mediterranean.</p>
+    <p>30. Turkey in Europe and Greece.</p>
+    <p>31. Italy.</p>
+    <p>32. Venetian States.</p>
+    <p>33. Milanese States.</p>
+    <p>34. Tuscany and the States of the Church.</p>
+    <p>35. Naples and Sicily.</p>
+    <p>36. Switzerland.</p>
+    <p>37. Austria.</p>
+    <p>38. Prussia.</p>
+    <p>39. Poland.</p>
+    <p>40. Russia in Europe.</p>
+    <p>41. Russian Empire.</p>
+    <p>42. Tartary.</p>
+    <p>43. Corea and Islands of Japan.</p>
+    <p>44. China.</p>
+    <p>45. East India Islands.</p>
+    <p>46. Hindostan.</p>
+    <p>47. British India&mdash;Northern part.</p>
+    <p>48. British India&mdash;Southern part.</p>
+    <p>49. Birman Empire.</p>
+    <p>50. Persia.</p>
+    <p>51. Turkey in Asia.</p>
+    <p>52. Arabia.</p>
+    <p>53. Egypt and Abyssinia.</p>
+    <p>54. Palestine.</p>
+    <p>55. North and South Africa.</p>
+    <p>56. Atlantic Islands.</p>
+    <p>57. Chart of the Atlantic.</p>
+    <p>58. Canada, Nova Scotia, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>59. United States.</p>
+    <p>60. California, Mexico, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>61. Panama, Guatimala, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>62. West Indies.</p>
+    <p>63. Isles of Bermuda, Bahama, and Cuba.</p>
+    <p>64. Jamaica.</p>
+    <p>65. St. Domingo and Virgin Isles.</p>
+    <p>66. St. Christopher's, with Nevis and St. Lucia.</p>
+    <p>67. Antigua, with Guadaloupe, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>68. Dominico, with Martinico, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>69. Barbadoes and St. Vincent.</p>
+    <p>70. Trinidad, Grenada, Tobago, and Caraçoa.</p>
+    <p>71. Peru, Chili, and La Plata.</p>
+    <p>72. Caraccas and Guiana.</p>
+    <p>73. Islands in the Pacific.</p>
+    <p>74. Australia.</p>
+    <p>75. New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land.</p>
+    <p>76. South Australia.</p>
+    <p>77. New Zealand.</p>
+    <p>78. Chart of the North-west Passage between Europe and America.</p>
+    <p>79. Chart of the Discoveries of Ross, Parry, and Franklin in the Arctic Regions.</p>
+    <p>80. Table of the comparative Height of Mountains.</p>
+    <p>81. Ditto <span class="hid">of bhe</span> ditto<span class="hid">Compar</span> Length of
+    Rivers.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* This series of Maps is by
+  far the largest, best, and cheapest ever offered for separate sale. Persons desirous of having a
+  specimen of the series, can order a single Map, through their booksellers, or remit 10d. in
+  postage-stamps to the Publishers, who will send any Map named, postage free.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just published, complete in 400 very large and full pages, Demy 8vo</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">Containing matter equal in quantity to 1,500 pages of ordinary 8vo volumes, Price
+  only 4s., or postage free, 5s., strongly and neatly bound in cloth,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.6ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S COPIOUS SERIES OF
+  PAMPHLETS</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">ON THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">ROMAN CATHOLIC
+  QUESTION;</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">CONTAINING</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="smaller">Important Documents of Permanent
+  Historical Interest having reference to the re-Establishment of the</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="x-larger">CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN
+  ENGLAND,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;">1850-1.</p>
+
+  <p>The Editor of these Pamphlets deems it almost superfluous to dwell on the paramount importance
+  of every respectable family possessing this volume of very special present and permanent interest.
+  During the discussion of the exciting matters now at issue in this all-absorbing question, there
+  can be no questioning the well-recognised fact that the possession of this copious and cheap
+  volume is essential to every thoughtful and inquiring person in our beloved country. For those who
+  are as yet unaware of the immense mass of interesting and important documents that are in its
+  pages, <span class="smaller">AN INDEX OF ITS CONTENTS IS ISSUED FOR GRATUITOUS
+  DISTRIBUTION</span>&mdash;this will abundantly testify to the fact; and the Editor, thinks it only
+  necessary to state that, with scarcely an exception, the whole of the documents are printed,
+  verbatim, as they originally appeared, and in very numerous cases they have had the additional
+  advantage of the direct and special revision of the authors.</p>
+
+  <p>The Editor expresses his conviction that all the important facts and documents relative to the
+  "Roman Catholic Question" have appeared in the pages of these pamphlets. Doubtless, during the
+  progress of the Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill through the Houses of Parliament speeches of
+  interest will be made; still the Editor thinks they will be merely elaborations of the materials
+  already in these pages, devoid of original facts or documents.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* Any persons who may wish to
+  possess the Series or sheet containing specific articles particularised in the Index, will be at
+  liberty to purchase it separately, at One Penny or Three-halfpence each sheet respectively, or at
+  Twopence each extra post-free, through the publisher. Series 1 to 17 sell at 1d., and 18 to 25 at
+  1½d. each; but it must be observed that each sheet or Series contains several documents.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, demy 18mo, sewed, Price 2s. 6d., or accompanied by a large and
+  accurate Map, and bound in Cloth, Price 5s.</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">THE TRAVELLER'S
+  HAND-BOOK</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="x-smaller">AND NEW GUIDE FOR</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger">EMIGRANTS THROUGH THE UNITED
+  STATES OF AMERICA.</span></p>
+
+  <p>Containing a description of the States, Cities, Towns, Villages, Watering-places, Colleges,
+  &amp;c.; with the Railroad, Stage, and Steam-boat Routes; the distances from place to place; and
+  the Fares on the great Travelling Routes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="sc">By J. CALVIN SMITH.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, in a neat Cover</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span
+  class="gsp">PHILIPS'</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">SHILLING ATLAS OF MODERN
+  GEOGRAPHY,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>CONTAINING NINE IMPERIAL QUARTO MAPS,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">ENGRAVED ON STEEL, &amp; CONSTRUCTED FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITIES.</p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc" title="Contents." summary="Contents.">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac pb1" colspan="3">CONTENTS.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br w33">EASTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/>
+      WESTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/>
+      EUROPE.</td>
+      <td class="br w33 pl2">ASIA.<br/>
+      AFRICA.<br/>
+      AMERICA.</td>
+      <td class="w33 pl2">ENGLAND.<br/>
+      IRELAND.<br/>
+      SCOTLAND.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Lately Published, price 2s.; or 2s. 6d. bound in Cloth</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span class="gsp">PHILIPS'
+  YOUNG SCHOLAR'S ATLAS,</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;">CONTAINING</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">Thirteen Large Quarto Maps, Full
+  Coloured.</span></p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc" title="Contents." summary="Contents.">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac pb1" colspan="3">CONTENTS.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br w33">EASTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/>
+      WESTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/>
+      ENGLAND.<br/>
+      SCOTLAND.<br/>
+      IRELAND.</td>
+      <td class="br w33 pl2">FRANCE.<br/>
+      EUROPE.<br/>
+      ASIA.<br/>
+      AFRICA.<br/>
+      NORTH AMERICA.</td>
+      <td class="w33 pl2">SOUTH AMERICA.<br/>
+      PALESTINE.<br/>
+      UNITED STATES.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, Price 3s. 6d. in Sheets, carefully coloured; 4s. 6d. in case; or
+  7s. 6d. mounted on black rollers and varnished</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">A NEW
+  TRAVELLING</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="xx-larger">MAP OF THE UNITED STATES OF
+  AMERICA,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">AND COMPILED FROM THE MOST RECENT AMERICAN GOVERNMENT SURVEYS AND OTHER AUTHENTIC
+  SOURCES,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">Showing the whole of the Railways, Canals, &amp;c., to the present time, and the
+  distances from place to place in hundreds of miles, taking the City of New York as the centre.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><i>The Publishers can, with confidence, recommend this Map of the United States
+  as the most authentic and elaborate Map that has ever been produced.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p>*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* The works on this and the fifteen
+  preceding pages are published by JAMES GILBERT, 49, Paternoster-row, London, wholesale and retail
+  bookseller, publisher, and newsvendor.</p>
+
+  <p>Foreign Orders will be executed by J. GILBERT on liberal terms; or they can be either sent to
+  any wholesale bookseller or stationer; or to any of the numerous merchants and manufacturers who
+  export to all parts of the world.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">It will be necessary, however, to order GILBERT'S Editions, Published at 49,
+  Paternoster-row, London.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">SALISBURY, PRINTER. PRIMROSE HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE,
+  FLEET-STREET.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="xx-larger">Notes.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a>
+    <p>A complete list of the names of all the competitors, together with those selected by the
+    Committee, will be found in the Appendix; also a description and views of the two designs
+    specially referred to.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a>
+    <p>This "memorandum" will be found in the Appendix.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a>
+    <p>The figures quoted are not quite correct, as will be seen hereafter.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a>
+    <p>The surface covered by the Basilica of St. Peter's at Rome amounts to 223,900 square feet,
+    the Cathedral at Milan occupies 124,100, and St. Paul's, London, 114,900 square feet.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a>
+    <p>It is perhaps necessary to mention here, that the leakage of the roof which was at first much
+    complained of was owing to incomplete construction, and not to any defect in the principle, or
+    in the manner in which it has been carried out.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a>
+    <p>About three hundred planks were passed through the machine in a working-day of ten hours,
+    allowing the necessary stoppages for sharpening the cutters; and if only three widths of
+    sash-bar were produced out of each blank, the quantity finished per diem would amount to about
+    two miles and three quarters. This machinery, as well as that for grooving and moulding the
+    ridges, was worked at the Phoenix Saw-mills, Cumberland-basin, Regent's Park, belonging to Mr.
+    Birch.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_7" href="#NtA_7">[7]</a>
+    <p>A This piece of machinery is only novel in its application, as it is similar to that used by
+    brush-makers for drilling a number of small holes in close and regular arrangement.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44192 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #44192 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44192)
diff --git a/old/44192-8.txt b/old/44192-8.txt
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+Project Gutenberg's The Crystal Palace, by Peter Berlyn and Charles Fowler
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Crystal Palace
+       Its Architectural History and Constructive Marvels
+
+Author: Peter Berlyn
+        Charles Fowler
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2013 [EBook #44192]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRYSTAL PALACE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: Transverse Section of the Building, showing the Interior
+completed.]
+
+
+
+
+The
+
+Crystal Palace:
+
+Its
+
+Architectural History
+
+and
+
+Constructive Marvels.
+
+By
+
+Peter Berlyn, and Charles Fowler, Junr.
+
+London:
+
+James Gilbert, Paternoster Row.
+
+mdcccli.
+
+
+----
+
+
+
+
+PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION BY
+
+JAMES GILBERT, 49 PATERNOSTER ROW,
+
+(UNIFORM WITH THE PRESENT VOLUME),
+
+The Curiosities and Wonders
+
+contained within
+
+The Crystal Palace.
+
+BY
+
+PETER BERLYN, ESQ.
+
+Illustrated by Several Hundred Engravings.
+
+----
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,
+
+The Following Pages,
+
+DESCRIPTIVE OF
+
+THE ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE MARVELS OF
+
+THE STOREHOUSE OF THE WORLD'S WONDERS
+
+OF ART, SCIENCE, AND MANUFACTURE,
+
+ARE, BY PERMISSION, MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED,
+
+AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE
+
+OF THE ADMIRATION AND GRATITUDE
+
+WHICH, IN COMMON WITH THE WHOLE CIVILIZED WORLD,
+
+ARE AMPLY SHARED IN BY
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S
+
+MOST DEVOTED, FAITHFUL, AND OBEDIENT SERVANT,
+
+                    THE PUBLISHER.
+
+----
+
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+                                                                      PAGE.
+  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS                                                    1
+  COMMITTEE FOR ALL MATTERS RELATING TO THE BUILDING                      2
+  LABOURS OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE                                       3
+  THE COMPETITION DESIGNS                                                 6
+  BUILDINGS USED FOR PREVIOUS EXHIBITIONS IN FRANCE, GERMANY, AND
+      ENGLAND                                                            15
+  DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S DESIGN                         21
+  OPPOSITION TO THIS DESIGN                                              24
+  THE TENDERS                                                            24
+  HISTORY OF MR. PAXTON'S DESIGN                                         27
+  GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING                                    33
+  THE PAXTON'S GUTTERS                                                   40
+  THE SASH-BARS                                                          44
+  THE RIDGES                                                             46
+  THE GLASS                                                              46
+  THE BOX GUTTERS                                                        47
+  THE ROOF GIRDERS                                                       47
+  THE IRON DRILLING MACHINE                                              49
+  THE PUNCHING MACHINE                                                   50
+  THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE                                         51
+  THE COLUMNS AND CONNECTING-PIECES                                      52
+  THE BASE-PIECES                                                        53
+  THE CAST-IRON GIRDERS                                                  54
+  THE GALLERIES                                                          55
+  TESTING THE CAST-IRON GIRDERS                                          55
+  ROOF OF TRANSEPT                                                       58
+  THE FACEWORK                                                           59
+  THE DIAGONAL BRACING                                                   60
+  THE STAIRCASES                                                         60
+  THE FLOOR AND FOUNDATIONS                                              62
+  FIRST OPERATIONS ON THE GROUND                                         63
+  SETTING-OUT THE GROUND                                                 64
+  FIXING THE BASE-PLATES                                                 65
+  HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE                                              67
+  RAISING AND FIXING THE COLUMNS AND GIRDERS                             68
+  HOISTING THE ROOF TRUSSES                                              69
+  PROVISION FOR EXPANSION OF GIRDERS                                     70
+  GLAZING THE ROOF                                                       71
+  STAGE FOR REPAIRING THE GLASS, ETC.                                    73
+  HOISTING THE RIBS FOR TRANSEPT ROOF                                    73
+  GLAZING THE TRANSEPT ROOF                                              76
+  THE PAINTING                                                           76
+  THE HAND-RAIL MACHINE                                                  78
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS                                              79
+  PAYING THE WORKMEN                                                     80
+  GENERAL STATISTICS                                                     82
+  THE PARTI-COLOURED PAINTING                                            83
+  THE WATER SUPPLY                                                       87
+  THE STABILITY OF THE BUILDING                                          87
+  TESTING THE GALLERIES                                                  88
+  GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF THE BUILDING                                     89
+  CONCLUSION                                                             89
+
+  APPENDIX:--
+  LIST OF COMPETITORS FOR THE BUILDING                                    i
+  LIST A.--COMPETITORS ENTITLED TO FAVOURABLE MENTION                    vi
+  LIST B.--COMPETITORS ENTITLED TO FURTHER HIGHER HONORARY
+      DISTINCTION                                                      viii
+  THE TWO COMPETITION DESIGNS SPECIALLY MENTIONED BY THE BUILDING
+      COMMITTEE                                                          ix
+  MEMORANDUM ON THE SITE                                                 xi
+  REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSIONERS, PRESENTED TO HER MAJESTY ON THE
+      OPENING OF THE BUILDING                                          xvii
+
+
+
+
+List of Illustrations.
+
+
+
+                                                                      PAGE.
+  TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE BUILDING, SHOWING THE
+      INTERIOR COMPLETED--                                  _frontispiece_.
+  PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH EXPOSITION IN 1849                 16
+  VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE OF THE SAME                             17
+  INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE"                                          18
+  INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CATTLE-SHED                                       19
+  VIEW OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN AT BERLIN                        _facing_ 19
+  PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN                                           20
+  VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION BUILDING                             20
+  GROUND-PLAN OF THE DESIGN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE           _facing_ 22
+  EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE SAME                                     _facing_ 24
+  COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS                                           28
+  METHOD BY RIDGE AND FURROW                                             29
+  CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR MACHINE                               30
+  THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH                                   32
+  INTERIOR OF THE SAME                                                   33
+  GROUND-PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE EXHIBITION                         34
+  VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF PARTLY COMPLETED                36
+  PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS                37
+  VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE TRANSEPT                          _facing_ 38
+  VIEW OF GLASS ROOF FROM THE LEAD FLAT                         _facing_ 39
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE BUILDING FROM THE SOUTH-WEST              _facing_ 40
+  THE EXTERNAL RAILING                                                   40
+  SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE STRONG SASH-BAR               41
+  THE CIRCULAR PLANING MACHINE                                           41
+  PORTION OF THE SAME SHOWING DETAIL                                     41
+  SECTIONS OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, SHOWING DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE
+      MACHINE                                                            42
+  THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE                                             42
+  MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS AND RIDGES                       43
+  MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS                                      44
+  THE SASH-BAR DRILLING MACHINE                                          45
+  PORTION OF THE SAME, ENLARGED                                          46
+  SECTION OF THE RIDGES, ETC                                             46
+  DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER                                              48
+  DIAGRAM OF 72-FEET GIRDER                                              48
+  THE IRON DRILLING MACHINE                                              50
+  THE PUNCHING MACHINE AND SHEARS                                        50
+  THE ADZING-CUTTERS                                                     51
+  THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE                                         52
+  SECTION OF A COLUMN                                                    52
+  A BASE-PIECE                                                           54
+  VIEW OF THE INTERIOR FROM THE LEVEL OF GALLERIES              _facing_ 55
+  FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING THE GIRDERS                      56
+  INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CENTRAL AVENUE TOWARDS THE WEST          _facing_ 58
+  LOUVRE FRAME                                                           60
+  VIEW OF STAIRCASE                                                      61
+  FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE                                            62
+  VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS                                        66
+  HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE                                              67
+  PORTIONS OF THE SAME                                                   67
+  FIXING THE GIRDERS                                                     68
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS IN PROGRESS                         _facing_ 69
+  HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES                                           70
+  GLAZING-WAGGON FOR FLAT ROOF                                           72
+  A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING                                    74
+  HOISTING THE RIBS FOR THE TRANSEPT ROOF                       _facing_ 75
+  STAGE FOR GLAZING TRANSEPT ROOF                                        76
+  THE SASH-BAR PAINTING MACHINE                                          77
+  PORTION OF THE SAME IN DETAIL                                          77
+  THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE                                          78
+  PORTION OF THE SAME                                                    78
+  THE BRASS TICKETS FOR WORKMEN                                          80
+  THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE                                         81
+  THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES                                             81
+  THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID                                         82
+  VIEW OF THE BUILDING FROM THE NORTH BANK OF THE SERPENTINE    _facing_ 86
+  TESTING AN EXPERIMENTAL BAY OF THE GALLERY FLOOR              _facing_ 88
+  VIEW OF THE BOILER-HOUSE, ETC.                                _facing_ 88
+  VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING                                    92
+
+      APPENDIX:--
+  EXTERIOR VIEW OF MONS. HOREAU'S DESIGN FOR THE BUILDING       _facing_ ix
+  INTERIOR OF THE SAME                                          _facing_ ix
+  VIEW OF EXTERIOR FROM ONE END OF MESSRS. TURNERS' DESIGN
+      FOR THE BUILDING                                          _facing_  x
+  TRANSVERSE SECTION AND VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE SAME       _facing_  x
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
+
+
+So much has already been said and written, both wisely and well, upon the
+marvellous edifice which has just been reared with such magical rapidity to
+enshrine the results of the skill and industry of all nations, that it
+would appear an almost hopeless task to present the subject in any new
+point of view to the reader.
+
+If, therefore, the authors cannot lay claim to novelty or originality in
+the execution of the pleasurable work which they have undertaken, they are
+not without hopes that, from their having been connected with this gigantic
+undertaking during the greater part of its progress, they will be enabled
+to trace in a more detailed and consecutive manner than has yet been
+attempted the history of the design and execution of the building up to the
+period of its completion.
+
+A great deal has been lately said upon the want of distinctive character in
+almost all the buildings of the present day; and it is certainly a striking
+fact that in scarcely any of our important modern structures does the
+exterior appearance in any way lead the spectator to form an idea of the
+purposes or arrangement of the interior, the former being apparently
+governed by fancy, or the fashion for some particular style, while the
+latter only, is accommodated to the peculiar requirements of the case. Thus
+we have porticos which do not shelter from the weather, or in which no one
+is allowed to walk; Venetian palaces appear piled upon a substructure of
+plate-glass; baronial castles prove to be model prisons; and
+richly-decorated mansions, from the time of "Good Queen Bess," or fanciful
+Italian villas, are made to serve for the accommodation of paupers.
+
+The ancients appear to have been more careful in this respect, so that the
+form and external arrangement afforded in most cases a ready key to the
+purposes of their structures. Their temples, their fora, theatres and
+amphitheatres, baths, and other public edifices, seem each to have been
+stamped with their own characteristic features, at the same time without in
+any way producing a monotonous uniformity among the different examples of
+the same class of building.
+
+Now, if this criterion of excellence be applied to the remarkable building
+recently erected in Hyde Park, it will be found that the constructive
+arrangement of the interior is plainly expressed without, and it must be
+conceded that it possesses at least those elements of beauty arising from
+consistency and simplicity which, in combination with its vast size, give
+it also that of grandeur. That it is faultless it would be needless to
+assert, or to imagine that, from its example, a new style of architecture
+will originate; but that it is admirably suited to its purpose, that it is
+a remarkable specimen of the constructive skill of this country, and that
+it will certainly form one of the most interesting objects of the Great
+Exhibition by which it has been called into being, if not the most
+interesting of all, must, we think, be admitted by all candid observers.
+
+Although the building in its present form was designed, as well as carried
+out, in a singularly short space of time, this could not have been
+accomplished but for the great amount of thought and labour which had been
+previously bestowed upon the subject. In order, therefore, to trace the
+whole of the progress of the design, it will be necessary briefly to advert
+to the early labours bestowed upon the project.
+
+On the 5th of January, 1850, the Royal Commission for carrying out this
+great scheme was gazetted; its first and second meetings, which were
+respectively held on the 11th and 18th of the same month, were entirely
+devoted to preliminary arrangements, and determining the mode of conducting
+its proceedings.
+
+Among the most urgent matters calling for the attention of the
+Commissioners, the subject of the building early presented itself, as it
+was of the utmost importance that the longest possible time should be
+allowed for its erection; and, accordingly, at the third meeting, held on
+the 24th of January, the following noblemen and gentlemen were appointed to
+act as a
+
+Committee for all Matters relating to the Building.
+
+  His Grace the Duke of BUCCLEUCH, K.G., F.R.S.
+  The Right Hon. the Earl of ELLESMERE, F.S.A.
+  CHARLES BARRY, Esq., R.A., F.R.S.
+  WILLIAM CUBITT, Esq., F.R.S., Pr. of J.C.E.
+  ROBERT STEPHENSON, Esq., M.P., F.R.S.
+  C. R. COCKERELL, Esq., R.A.
+  I. K. BRUNEL, Esq., F.R.S.
+  THOMAS L. DONALDSON, Esq., M.I.B.A.
+
+From which list it will be seen that some of the very highest professional
+talent in the country was enlisted on behalf of the undertaking.
+
+
+
+
+Labours of the Building Committee.
+
+
+The first point to be ascertained by this Committee was where to find an
+eligible site; for although they were not able at that early stage of their
+labours to determine the exact amount of space that would be required, they
+appear to have been of opinion that, from the general data before them,
+about sixteen acres would be necessary--an amount which has been
+subsequently considerably exceeded, but which was already an enormous area
+to be covered by one building; and in dealing with it the Committee must
+have felt that a very heavy amount of responsibility rested upon them, as
+appears, indeed, from their recommendation to the Royal Commission given
+below.
+
+After about a month of attentive deliberation, the Committee made a report
+upon this part of their labours.
+
+With regard to the site, it had appeared to the Committee that--firstly,
+the north-eastern portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space between
+her Majesty's private road and the Kensington road, in the southern part of
+Hyde Park; and thirdly, the north-western portion of Regent's Park, were
+the only available spaces about the metropolis which would afford the
+necessary accommodation; and it was believed that the order in which they
+were named represented also their relative eligibility. As regarded the
+first, the Committee had been informed by the Chief Commissioner of her
+Majesty's Woods and Forests that considerable objections would arise to its
+occupation for such a purpose, and that no such objections would be raised
+to the use of the second; and the Committee, therefore, recommended the
+adoption of this site, which, amongst other advantages, is remarkable for
+the facility of access afforded by the existing roads.
+
+As regarded the extent of the building, the Committee were not yet in
+possession of sufficient data to enable them to determine this accurately,
+but, from such information as they had before them, they thought that it
+might be assumed, for the present, that about sixteen acres of covered
+space would be required.
+
+And finally, as regarded the mode of proceeding to determine the general
+interior arrangements or ground-plan of the building, a subject to which
+they had given much consideration, they resolved, "That, in their opinion,
+it was desirable to seek, by public competition, for suggestions as to the
+general arrangements of the ground-plan of the building."
+
+It was deemed by the Committee that the peculiar object for which the
+building was required, namely, the encouragement of the widest and most
+liberal competition in all the branches of arts and manufactures--the
+circumstance of the cost of the erection being defrayed by the public--the
+peculiar character of the building, for the designing of which were
+especially required judgment and contrivance in the detail of arrangement,
+and experience in the management of large crowds, and for the construction
+of which the mechanical skill and knowledge of the application and of the
+economical use of materials now so generally possessed by builders and
+practical men were necessary--all seemed, in the opinion of the Committee,
+to be reasons for recommending that the designs for the general
+arrangements should, as far as practicable, be the result of public
+competition, and that the actual construction should be so to the fullest
+extent. The Committee were, moreover, of opinion that the general design or
+arrangement of such a building was one of those subjects, perhaps few in
+number, on which many good ideas may be elicited by a general contribution
+of plans; and that a mode might be adopted of obtaining such plans, and
+collecting useful suggestions from them, which should not eventually lead
+to any loss of time, or be attended with those delays which too frequently
+render ordinary competition inconvenient.
+
+Great objections were made in some quarters to the proposed site in Hyde
+Park; but as they were not raised on really public grounds, they were
+gradually overcome by the interest which the public at large manifested in
+the success of the undertaking.
+
+In consequence of the latter recommendation in the Report which was adopted
+by the Royal Commissioners, the following document was published by them on
+March 13th, 1850, copies of which appear to have found their way into
+almost every corner of Europe:--
+
+"The Committee appointed by the Royal Commission to advise on 'all matters
+relating to the building,' having received the sanction of the Commission,
+are desirous of obtaining from all parties who are disposed to assist them
+suggestions for the general arrangement of the buildings and premises
+required for this Exhibition. Upon the general form of the building in
+plan, the distribution of its parts, the mode of access, and the internal
+arrangements and contrivances, will depend the convenience and general
+fitness of such a building; and it is upon these points that the Committee
+seek information and suggestions, and wish to encourage the most extended
+competition in the preparation of plans. The Committee do not propose to
+offer any pecuniary reward for such plans--they rely upon the desire which
+men of all countries will feel to forward the objects of the proposed
+Exhibition. The Committee think it probable that, when the plans are
+received, they may not be limited to the selection of any one plan, but may
+derive useful ideas from many; and that the best plan may be determined
+upon by the help of this general assistance. As the credit of any such plan
+will be due solely to the contributors, the Committee propose to make a
+report, in which they will acknowledge by name those whose plans had been
+wholly or partially adopted, or who had afforded the most useful
+suggestions; and the Committee hope to be able to offer such other honorary
+distinction to the successful contributors as the circumstances may appear
+to warrant. In order to guide the contributors in the preparation of such
+plans and designs, and to facilitate the examination and the comparison of
+them when received, the Committee have enumerated concisely the principal
+'desiderata' for such a building, and have laid down certain rules and
+conditions to which they earnestly request the contributors to conform, as
+the Committee will be under the necessity of abiding strictly by the
+regulation of not acknowledging any plans which may be sent in a form
+inconsistent with these rules. Copies of the engraved plan of the ground
+referred to may be had on application to the secretaries of the Commission,
+at the New Palace at Westminster."
+
+An engraved plan of the site which had been fixed upon, together with the
+subjoined regulations, which all competitors would be expected to observe,
+were subsequently issued to all applicants:--
+
+"1. The communications from contributors must consist of a single sheet of
+paper, not larger than the accompanying engraving, with a simple
+ground-plan upon a scale of 1·1000 of the full size, with such elevations
+and sections only of the building, and on the same sheet, as may be
+necessary to elucidate the system proposed--such elevations and sections
+not being intended to convey more than a general idea of the building, and
+not entering into details of construction or of architectural
+decoration--to be accompanied by a short, clear-written explanation of the
+system recommended, on a separate sheet. Any contributor wishing to send
+two designs must send separate and distinct communications, each conforming
+to the above conditions. No communications made inconsistent with these
+conditions, or any plan prepared upon a different scale from that
+prescribed, can be received. The plans, &c., must be sent on or before the
+8th of April next, addressed to the Secretaries of the Exhibition, New
+Palace at Westminster, London. It is suggested that the most convenient
+mode of preparing the plan, elevation, and section, would be to draw them
+upon one of the engraved copies of the plan of the ground which accompany
+these instructions.--2. The building is to be erected on the space marked A
+B C D, and must not extend beyond the boundaries of the shaded portion. The
+groups of trees shown on the plan must be preserved. The principal public
+approaches are by the roads E F and G H. The road K L will be available
+only for foot-passengers. There will be no objection to the formation of
+cross-roads between the two last, G H and K L, if the design of the
+building requires it.--3. The roofed portion of the building is to cover a
+space of 700,000 square feet, or about 65,000 square metres; and the whole
+building must not occupy, including open spaces, an area of more than
+900,000 square feet, or about 84,000 square metres. The building generally
+will be of one storey only.--4. No space will be required for cattle, or
+for shrubs or flowers.--5. It may be assumed, so far as it affects the
+ground-plan, that the light will be obtained entirely from the roof, and
+the building will be constructed of fire-proof materials.
+
+"The general requirements are--simplicity of arrangement; economy of space;
+capability of extending or curtailing the building without destroying its
+symmetry as a whole, or interfering with the general arrangement, it being
+impossible to determine the exact extent of roof required until a late
+period of construction. Adaptation for the erection of separate portions of
+the building at different periods. Conveniences of ingress and egress, with
+facilities of access to all parts of the Exhibition, either from the
+exterior or interior. Means of classification of the various objects of
+different departments. Wall-space for the display of articles requiring it.
+Means of affording private access and accommodation for exhibitors, with
+counting-houses, if required. Committee-rooms, council-rooms, public
+refreshment-rooms, and all other public and private accommodation. (This
+portion of the building may be in two or more storeys if required.)
+Internal arrangements, by which, under proper regulations, large crowds of
+visitors may circulate freely, and have convenient access to all parts of
+the Exhibition, and uninterrupted means of examining the various objects
+exhibited."
+
+
+
+
+The Competition Designs.
+
+
+Though the time allowed for the preparation of drawings was but short,
+being only about one month, no less than 233 designs were sent in, many of
+them of an elaborate architectural character. Of these, thirty-eight, or
+one-sixth of the whole, were received from the different foreign countries
+of Europe (France, twenty-seven; Belgium, two; Holland, three; Hanover,
+one; Naples, one; Switzerland, two; Rhine Prussia, one; Hamburgh, one);
+138, or more than half the entire number, from London and its vicinity,
+where the interest excited was naturally more immediate; fifty-one from the
+provincial towns of England; six from Scotland, and three from Ireland.
+Seven were sent anonymously. The small number contributed by the sister
+kingdoms seems rather remarkable.
+
+The greater part of these designs were, of course, contributed by members
+of the architectural and engineering professions, but some were the
+productions of amateurs, and one among them purported to be the suggestion
+of a lady. Here, then, was matter enough not only to assist, but even, from
+its great variety, to perplex the Committee, since at once every possible
+variety of style in decoration, material in construction, and system in
+arrangement, were strenuously recommended by the authors of the respective
+designs as the great ultimatum sought for.
+
+To Mr. Digby Wyatt, whose services were to a great extent withdrawn from
+the Executive Committee, in order that his professional knowledge of the
+subject might be placed at the disposal of the Building Committee, was
+intrusted the arduous task of examining and classifying these incongruous
+materials, and of eliminating from them such general principles of
+arrangement as seemed most worthy of the attentive consideration of the
+Committee. The result of this gentleman's minute examination was embodied
+in a Report, upon the basis of the recommendations contained in which the
+subsequent utilitarian portions of the design of the Building Committee
+would appear to have been founded.
+
+After holding about fifteen protracted sittings, the Committee presented
+the following Report to the Royal Commission on the 9th of May:--
+
+"May it please your Royal Highness,
+
+"_My Lords and Gentlemen_,
+
+"We have the honour to report that we have examined the numerous plans so
+liberally contributed by native and foreign architects in accordance with
+the public invitation.
+
+"Exhausting in their numerous projects and suggestions almost every
+conceivable variety of building, the authors of those designs have
+materially assisted us in arriving at the conclusions which we have now the
+honour to report.
+
+"We have been aided in our analysis of this subject by a great amount of
+thought and elaboration thus brought to bear upon it from various points of
+view.
+
+"We have, however, arrived at the unanimous conclusion, that able and
+admirable as many of these designs appeared to be, there was yet no single
+one so accordant with the peculiar objects in view, either in the principle
+or detail of its arrangements, as to warrant us in recommending it for
+adoption.
+
+"In some of the least successful of the designs submitted, we find
+indicated errors and difficulties to be avoided, whilst in the abler and
+more practicable of them, there are valuable conceptions and suggestions
+which have greatly assisted us in framing the plan we have now the honour
+to lay before you. In preparing this design we have been governed mainly by
+three considerations:--
+
+"1. The provisional nature of the building.
+
+"2. The advisability of constructing it as far as possible in such a form
+as to be available, with the least sacrifice of labour and material, for
+other purposes, as soon as its original one shall have been fulfilled, thus
+insuring a minimum ultimate cost.
+
+"3. Extreme simplicity, demanded by the short time in which the work must
+be completed.
+
+"For the arrangements of the plan we rely for effect on honesty of
+construction, vastness of dimension, and fitness of each part to its end.
+
+"The principal points of excellence we have endeavoured to attain are--
+
+"1. Economy of construction.
+
+"2. Facilities for the reception, classification, and display of goods.
+
+"3. Facilities for the circulation of visitors.
+
+"4. Arrangement for grand points of view.
+
+"5. Centralisation of supervision.
+
+"6. Some striking feature to exemplify the present state of the science of
+construction in this country.
+
+"The first of these, ECONOMY, is attained by doing away with any internal
+walls (all divisions being made by the necessary stalls), by reducing the
+whole construction, with the exception of the dome, to cast iron columns,
+supporting the lightest form of iron roof in long unbroken lines, and by
+the whole of the work being done in the simplest manner, and adapted in all
+respects to serve hereafter for other purposes.
+
+"The second, facilities for the RECEPTION, CLASSIFICATION, and DISPLAY of
+goods. The main central entrance for the reception of objects for
+exhibition will probably be that most approachable from the public road.
+All cases accompanying goods will be examined, registered, catalogued, &c.,
+in the offices of the Executive; the packing-cases will then be put upon a
+truck running on a line of rails laid down temporarily, and conveyed to the
+centre turn-table, from which they may be carried by a line of rails at
+right angles to the first, to the end of the transverse gallery, in which
+they may be destined to be placed.
+
+"The most important condition to insure successful _classification_ is,
+that those to whom the duty of arrangement may be confided should be
+hampered by no fixed limits of space, such as would have been the case had
+the building been divided into a number of halls, sections, or chambers.
+The plan submitted fulfils this condition perfectly; as objects can be
+arranged just as they are received, and moved, if necessary, from gallery
+to gallery with great facility.
+
+"The successful display of the goods would be best insured by leaving,
+under certain general restrictions, the fitting up of each stall to the
+Exhibitor or his Agent, floor-space only being allotted to each; and
+stands, frames, brackets, shelves, &c., being put up by a contractor's
+carpenter, at a fixed tariff.
+
+"The best light is provided, and the most economical wall-space is proposed
+to be furnished by connecting pillar to pillar transversely, on the extreme
+north and south sides of the building, by rods, from which draperies, &c.,
+can be suspended.
+
+"The third, FACILITIES FOR THE CIRCULATION OF VISITORS, is thus attained.
+The visitor, on arrival at the central hall, proceeds at choice to any one
+of the four sections. He will, most probably, desire either to follow the
+whole course of the section selected, or will wish to go at once to some
+particular class or object. He will be enabled to do either the one or the
+other, without interfering with the general current, by means of gates or
+other arrangements, which shall insure the current of visitors passing in
+one direction. If he desire to proceed rapidly from one end of the building
+to the other, and finds the great central gangway at all blocked up, he
+will, no doubt, be able to get on by either the north or south corridors,
+fifteen feet wide. Numerous doors of egress in these latter afford ready
+means of exit for a large number of persons. Seats are provided in the
+middle of the great central gangway for those who may desire to rest.
+
+"The fourth, ARRANGEMENT FOR GRAND POINTS OF VIEW. The view from or to the
+centre of the building will, from its extent, be necessarily imposing. The
+seats and main avenues are arranged so that, on the occasion of the
+distribution of the prizes, an immense number of persons may be
+accommodated. Most interesting views might be obtained from galleries
+constructed at either end of the building and around the dome, for the
+admission of the public to which some small charge might be made.
+
+"The fifth, CENTRALISATION OF SUPERVISION. All the business of the
+Exhibition will be carried on in one spot, and be readily under control.
+The Royal Commission, the principal Committees, Clerks, Accountants,
+Police, &c., would be together, and in so large an establishment it would
+be absolutely necessary, or much time would be wasted in walking from one
+point to another. Passages running behind the money-takers' boxes, with
+glazed doors into them, would enable each accountant to detect anything
+improper that might be going on, and to exchange and balance checks, money,
+&c., at any moment. Telegraphic communication with each of the four
+pay-places will permit orders to be given, cash accounts, &c., to be issued
+and returned, from and to the head-accountant's office, as often as may be
+necessary.
+
+"Four Committee-rooms, one for a Jury in each section, have been provided
+at the extreme east and west ends. The duties of such Committees being
+deliberative, and not executive, it is not necessary that they should be
+accommodated in the Central Establishment, where they would be more liable
+to be disturbed than at the extremity of the building.
+
+"A policeman stationed in each gallery would, from his elevated position,
+be enabled to observe much which might escape detection if he mingled only
+with the crowd.
+
+"The sixth, SOME STRIKING FEATURE TO EXEMPLIFY THE PRESENT STATE OF THE
+SCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTION IN THIS COUNTRY. In order that the building, in
+which England invites the whole world to display their richest productions,
+may afford, at least in one point, a grandeur not incommensurate with the
+occasion, we propose, by a dome of light sheet iron 200 feet in diameter,
+to produce an effect at once striking and admirable. From calculations
+which have been made of the cost of so grand a Hall, we have reason to
+expect that it may be executed for a sum not greatly exceeding the cost of
+the simplest form of roof likely to be adopted to cover the same area.
+
+"It is to be borne in mind that a considerable amount of any such
+difference may be recovered, should this portion of the building be
+converted hereafter to other purposes, which is more than probable. This
+vast dome it is proposed to light mainly from one circle of light in its
+centre, and thus the sculpture will be pleasingly and suitably lit.
+
+"Six out of the eight openings in the cylinder of the dome would be well
+adapted for the exhibition of stained glass windows of great extent, while
+the two remaining arches will open to the main central gallery. The lower
+part of some of the voids will admit the eye to turf and shrubs, and
+produce a great freshness of effect.
+
+"The immense continuity of the Central Avenue will be broken and relieved
+by a variation in the roof opposite the openings to the second and third
+sets of refreshment-rooms, and windows for the reception of Stained Glass
+may be placed at the ends of each transverse gallery, thus terminating the
+vista for each.
+
+"It now only remains to explain the course of action we would recommend for
+adoption as soon as the principles of the plan, &c., shall be positively
+decided.
+
+"We consider this to be an occasion upon which the greatest amount of
+intellectual and commercial ingenuity and ability should be called out; and
+that a generous rivalry among those best fitted to execute the principal
+portions of this vast structure may lead to results which no amount of
+detailed study that we could possibly give to this matter would supply.
+
+"We would therefore recommend that every advantage should be taken of the
+accumulated and experimental knowledge and resources of intelligent and
+enterprising contractors, and that every opportunity should be afforded to
+them of DISTINGUISHING THEMSELVES. We would therefore recommend as the best
+means of enlisting their services the following course of action:
+
+"Adopting the approved design as a basis, we would proceed immediately to
+prepare such working-drawings and specifications as may be necessary, and
+to issue invitations for tenders to execute Works in accordance with them,
+requesting from competitors, in addition, such suggestions and
+modifications, accompanied with estimates of cost, as might possibly become
+the means of effecting a considerable reduction upon the general expense.
+
+
+
+The following Report of the Committee on the competition plans submitted,
+and which was so unfavourably received by the public, and more particularly
+by the profession, was presented to the Royal Commission on the 16th of
+May:--
+
+"May it please your Royal Highness,
+
+"_My Lords and Gentlemen_,
+
+"Your Committee beg leave to report, that the invitation issued by the
+Commissioners, requesting information and suggestions for the general
+arrangement of the Building and premises required for the Exhibition of
+1851, has been responded to in the most ample and satisfactory manner, both
+as respects the variety of useful ideas presented to their consideration,
+and the liberality with which many experienced and skilful men of foreign
+countries, no less than of our own, have contributed their valuable time to
+this great undertaking, thereby evincing their entire sympathy both with
+the great cause of Arts and Industry in which her Majesty's Commissioners
+have embarked, and with the arduous labours of the Directors of the
+undertaking.
+
+"The Designs and Specifications transmitted to the Committee amount to the
+surprising number of 233, offering an aggregate of professional sacrifice
+of very considerable importance; for, not confining themselves to
+suggestions only, which were invited by the Programme, a large proportion
+of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of
+execution.
+
+"Penetrated with admiration and respect for these gratuitous and valuable
+contributions, unexampled, they believe, in the history of competition,
+your Committee have devoted the most careful attention to the collection of
+these projects, and hasten to offer those acknowledgments which are due to
+their merits, and to the generous motives which have led to their
+execution; and they trust that the public may shortly be witnesses of the
+effect of this very noble emulation of the skill of all countries, by the
+public exhibition of these designs, offering the opportunity, in the true
+spirit of the whole undertaking, of mutual improvement, respect, and
+friendship amongst the cultivators of the liberal arts in the several
+countries of Europe.
+
+"It is remarkable that, while many of these contributions may be attributed
+to the laudable motive of professional reputation and advancement on the
+part of practitioners not yet sufficiently known to the public, a great
+number are from Gentlemen whose position in the confidence of their
+respective Governments or in the Republic of Arts and Letters is of the
+highest eminence, and who can have been actuated by no such personal
+motives. Already entitled to respect and admiration, they could have little
+to gain, while they have something to lose, in the competition for glory.
+The kind and frank communication, therefore, of their thoughts and
+experience towards this great work is to be the more highly commended.
+Every possible mode of accomplishing the object in view has been displayed
+by the respective contributors as regards economy of structure and
+distribution, and these qualities are united with various degrees of
+architectural symmetry and features in many designs. Our illustrious
+continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves by
+compositions of the utmost taste and learning, worthy of enduring
+execution--examples of what might be done in the architectural illustration
+of the subject, when viewed in its highest aspect, and, at all events,
+exhibiting features of grandeur, arrangement, and grace which your
+Committee have not failed to appreciate.
+
+"Amongst these several classes of design, the practical character of our
+own countrymen, as might have been expected, has been remarkably
+illustrated in some very striking and simple methods suited to the
+temporary purposes of the Building, due attention having been paid to the
+pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking. The principle of
+suspension has been applied in a single tent of iron sheeting, covering an
+area averaging 2,200 feet by 400 feet by a lengthened ridge, or in separate
+tents on isolated supports. Others display the solution of this problem by
+the chapter-house principle, and a few by the umbrella or circular
+locomotive-engine-house system of railway-stations, either with a central
+column or groups of columns sustaining domes or roofs to the extent of four
+hundred feet diameter.
+
+"Grandeur and simplicity of distribution are carried out with great
+architectural effect in other compositions, and the general arrangement by
+columnar supports has been also variously and elegantly developed. The
+system of iron roofing, with all the architectural powers of which that
+material is susceptible, has been adopted by some with signal enterprise,
+ingenuity, and power.
+
+"In another class of design the authors have viewed with enthusiasm the
+great occasion and object of the proposed Exhibition, and have waived all
+considerations of expense. They have indulged their imaginations, and
+employed the resources of their genius and learning, in the composition of
+arrangements which present the utmost grandeur and beauty of architecture,
+suited to a permanent Palace of Science and Art. These, as addressed to the
+architectural Student, are of the highest value, reminding him of all the
+conditions of his art--the Egyptian hypostyle, the Roman thermæ, or of the
+Arabian or Saracenic inventions. And though their expense has placed them
+beyond reach, they cannot fail to inspire and elevate the treatment of the
+reality. They at all events confer great obligations on the lovers of the
+Fine Arts, for the authors have evidently felt that, if one of the results
+to be expected from the proposed Exhibition may be to prove that the
+simplest object of ingenuity and skill should not be devoid of some of the
+attractions of taste, the Building itself ought to be an illustration of
+that important principle.
+
+"The Committee, however, have been unable to select any one design as
+combining all the requisites which various considerations render essential.
+But the judgment and taste evinced by a large number of the contributors
+have enabled the Committee to arrive more promptly at their conclusions,
+and they have freely availed themselves of most valuable suggestions in
+directing the preparation of a fresh design for the proposed building.
+
+"They have consequently been most earnest in the desire to fulfil the just
+expectations of the various competitors, and feel assured that your Royal
+Highness and the Commission will be of opinion that the most unreserved and
+handsome acknowledgments are due to those able men of science and art who
+have in so disinterested a manner submitted such admirable projects for the
+consideration and assistance of the Committee. They beg, therefore, to
+submit, as their opinion, that the following gentlemen are entitled to
+honourable and favourable mention, on account of architectural merit,
+ingenious construction or disposition, or for graceful arrangement of plan.
+
+"And they cannot conclude without calling attention to the designs,
+accompanied by models, of M. Hector Horeau, Architect of Paris, and of
+Messrs. Turner, of Dublin, as evincing most daring and ingenious
+disposition and construction.[1]
+
+
+
+Some of the strongest objections to this Report are very fairly urged in a
+letter which appeared in the _Builder_ of the 15th of June, a part of which
+is subjoined:--
+
+"Part II. of the Report contains what I suppose is to be taken as the best
+exposition of the merits of contributors that the Committee can give, which
+commences by stating, in a tone of commendation, that, 'not confining
+themselves to SUGGESTIONS ONLY, which were invited by the PROGRAMME, a
+large proportion of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and
+elegance of execution.' This, I would contend, is clearly a breach of the
+specified conditions, viz., that SUGGESTIONS ONLY were to be given--that
+the plan or drawing sent in was to be A MERE OUTLINE SKETCH, upon a SINGLE
+SHEET; and the Committee even recommended that it would be most convenient
+merely to trace it upon the common paper on which the 'plan of site' was
+supplied to the public, a space being left upon the sheet for SKETCHING any
+sections or elevations that might be necessary to illustrate the design;
+and that a written description, limited also to 'a single sheet,' was all
+the exposition of their ideas that authors would be allowed to give. The
+Report goes on to state, that 'our illustrious continental neighbours have
+especially distinguished themselves [in designing a temporary building for
+an exhibition] by compositions of the utmost taste and learning, worthy of
+enduring execution--examples of what might be done in the ARCHITECTURAL
+illustration of the subject [the conditions strictly enjoined contributors
+not to enter into architectural detail] when viewed in its highest aspect,
+and, at all events, exhibiting features of grandeur, arrangement, and grace
+which your Committee have not failed to appreciate.' It then places in
+contradistinction to these no doubt admirable but out-of-place productions
+of architectural genius, the 'practical character of the designs of our own
+countrymen,' which it states, 'as might have been expected, has been
+remarkably illustrated in some very striking and simple methods, suited to
+the temporary purposes of the building, due attention having been paid by
+them to the pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking.' Yet,
+notwithstanding this comparison, clearly and indisputably in favour of our
+own countrymen, as regards the object sought and the conditions stipulated
+by the Committee, we find by the selected list of those authors who are to
+receive 'the highest honorary distinction' the Commissioners can award,
+that the Committee can only discover, out of 195 English and 38 foreign
+contributors, THREE Englishmen entitled to reward, the remaining FIFTEEN
+out of the eighteen selected being foreigners; or, as regards the whole
+numbers, in proportion of 1 to 65 of 'our own countrymen,' the authors of
+the 'striking and simple,' so admirably 'suited to the temporary purpose of
+the building,' and 1 to about 2½ of foreigners, who, in designing for a
+temporary building, to be simple, cheap, and readily constructed, have so
+overshot the mark as to produce 'compositions' commendable only for the
+'utmost taste and learning, and worthy of enduring execution.' Surely
+something must be wrong here, either the Report or the selected
+list--possibly both.
+
+"In conclusion, I cannot help avowing the opinion that a wrong, though I
+believe unintentionally, has been done to many of the 233 who so readily
+and 'generously' responded to the call for their ideas; more particularly
+as I know, from personal inspection, that at least ONE of the plans
+altogether omitted from the Report contains FIVE of the leading features of
+the approved design."
+
+But to judge of this matter fairly, it must be mentioned that, although the
+number of foreign competitors was small, the majority of them were men
+already well known for their talents and professional skill; in all cases
+their designs evinced considerable study of the subject (both
+architecturally and in a practical point of view), and manifested a desire
+to exhibit to English professional men the proficiency of their continental
+brethren. On the other hand, many of the designs from the competitors at
+home were much slighter suggestions presented in a less elaborate form.
+Under these circumstances, it is not to be wondered at that those eminent
+men of the technical professions who, on this occasion, came forward with
+practical suggestions for the assistance of the Committee, and designs
+calculated rather to assist with thoughts than to charm by the graces of
+elegant drawing or symmetrical disposition, should seem to have been found
+wanting in this first trial with all the world. It should further be borne
+in mind, that the nature of competitions is not so well understood in some
+foreign countries, where they are of less frequent occurrence, than with
+us. It must at the same time be admitted that the practice of disregarding
+and exceeding the instructions in competitions is too much a matter of
+general complaint in England to be brought forward as a new grievance
+against our continental brethren.
+
+After the publication of the above Report, the competition designs were all
+exhibited in the rooms of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in Great
+George-street, which were liberally placed at the disposal of the Committee
+for this purpose; and of those who visited this interesting exhibition,
+many, no doubt, must have sympathised with those feelings which dictated
+the decision of the Committee. From an attentive examination of these
+designs, presenting the subject in such exceedingly varied forms, one of
+the peculiar difficulties of the case becomes apparent, namely, the total
+absence of any precedent to guide or afford suggestions to the designer;
+for the small number of buildings erected or adapted for a similar purpose
+have been on so limited a scale that their example could not afford much
+assistance in designing a structure to meet all the requirements of the
+present case. This building differed from all previous ones in being
+intended to accommodate the products of all nations, instead of being
+confined to those of one only; in which case the arrangement would have
+been more certain and more readily provided for.
+
+
+
+
+Buildings used for previous Exhibitions.
+
+
+As a comparison of some of these earlier buildings with the first erected
+in London for a similar purpose cannot fail to be interesting, a short
+notice of them may not be deemed out of place. The most important amongst
+them are those temporary structures which have been erected in Paris for
+the periodical Industrial Expositions, with reference to the last of which
+we cannot do better than quote, from Mr. Digby Wyatt's instructive and
+masterly Report, that part where the building is treated of:--
+
+"The vast edifice which has been erected to contain the specimens of
+manufacture selected for exhibition in the year 1849 is situated on the
+same site as that occupied by a similar building in the year 1844. The
+Carré de Marigny, on which it has been placed, is a large oblong piece of
+ground, abutting on the main avenue of the Champs Elysées, and as a site
+offers every possible advantage, being of a gravelly soil, already
+efficiently drained, and standing on the line of a continually moving
+series of public conveyances. The Champs Elysées, though at some
+considerable distance from the great centre of Parisian population, are
+still so universal a place of resort, that they may be fairly assumed to be
+"in the way" of even the poorest classes of the community. The elevation
+may be admirably seen from all the approaches to the building, and it has
+the advantage of being in immediate proximity to the residence of the
+President of the Republic.
+
+PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH EXPOSITION IN 1849.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  1. Cattle-shed.
+  2. Machinery.
+  3. Chemical Products.
+  4. Metal Works.
+  5. Productions of Parisian Industry.
+  6. Horticulture.
+  7. Woven Goods.
+  8. Principal Entrance.
+  9. Guard-house.
+  10. Fountain.
+  11. Reservoir of Rain Water.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE.]
+
+"The whole plot of the present building (exclusive of the agricultural
+department) covers a vast parallelogram of 206 metres by 100 (about 675 by
+328 feet English), round the outline of which runs a gallery about 90 feet
+wide, divided into two avenues by a double range of pilasters. In the
+centre of each avenue is a set of stalls, placed back to back, for the
+exhibition of merchandise; and both between the central pilasters, and
+round, and upon the walls, other objects are placed, so that on traversing
+either of the four gangways (each about ten feet wide) the public have upon
+their right and left hands objects for inspection. In the part of the
+building appropriated to large machinery, of course this system cannot be
+carried out with the same regularity. The vast parallelogram, inclosed by a
+somewhat similar gallery in the year 1844, was left as one magnificent
+hall, within which were placed the most important objects; in the present
+building we find it divided by two transverse galleries, similarly arranged
+to those we have described, forming three court-yards; the central one
+being about 140 feet square, and the two lateral ones 80 feet by 140. The
+central court-yard is open to the sky; in the middle rises an elegant
+fountain placed on a platform of turf, and around are disposed sheds for
+the exhibition of flowers and horticultural ornaments and implements. One
+of the lateral courts (inclosed) receives a large collection of objects in
+metal-work, cast-iron, &c., and the other contains an immense reservoir, in
+which all the drainage from the roofs is collected, so as to form a supply
+of water immediately serviceable in case of fire. In addition to this great
+building, which corresponds with that previously erected, there is this
+year constructed a vast shed for the exhibition of agricultural produce and
+stock. It extends to a length rather greater than the width of the great
+parallelogram, and is about 100 feet (English) wide. Its construction is
+ruder than that of the 'Palace,' but it is not on that account less
+effective. It appears to have been originally contemplated to fill the
+whole of this gigantic hall with cattle, &c., and to place the agricultural
+implements in a long narrow gallery intervening between it and the main
+building; but as the stock of animals forwarded for exhibition has not
+proved so large as was anticipated, it has been half-filled with
+semi-agricultural machines, and the whole of the long narrow gallery
+alluded to crammed with stoves, and miscellaneous domestic mechanism.
+
+"The whole of the building is constructed of wood, the roofs being covered
+with zinc: of the latter material 400,000 kilogrammes, equal to nearly
+4,000 tons, are stated to have been used; and of the former, nearly 45,000
+pieces of timber.
+
+"It is hoped that the accompanying plan and views will convey a tolerably
+good idea both of the exterior and interior arrangements of the Exhibition.
+They will serve to show, at least, that a somewhat unnecessary expenditure
+has been gone into, and to manifest the possibility of constructing a much
+more simple building, possessing all the advantages of this one, at a far
+less cost.
+
+"Both externally and internally there is a good deal of tasteless and
+unprofitable ornament; all the pilasters are papered and painted in a
+species of graining to imitate light oak, and even the ceiling is covered
+over with the same work. Large 'carton pierre' trusses apparently support
+the timbers, and a painted bronze bas-relief fills the tympanum of the
+pediment, at the principal entrance. The architecture of the whole is
+'mesquin,' although the gigantic scale of the building necessarily elevates
+the general effect into something of impressiveness; not, however, to
+nearly the extent which the same outlay might have produced."
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE."]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED.]
+
+Mr. Wyatt further states that the total cost of this building was about
+450,000  francs, or about 18,000_l._, which, however, he considers was an
+unnecessarily large outlay. He mentions, also, that the building erected on
+the previous occasion, in 1844, was in some respects more suitable for the
+purpose, especially from its greater simplicity of arrangement, a remark it
+will be well to bear in mind in considering the various designs for the
+building in Hyde Park. The accompanying plates will enable the reader
+readily to follow all the details of the description.
+
+The permanent building erected by the King of Bavaria at Munich, likewise
+for periodical Exhibitions, is on a much smaller scale than those in Paris,
+and must be regarded rather as having afforded an opportunity for that
+manifestation of architectural display in public buildings for which its
+Royal projector was so well known, than as being peculiarly fitted for its
+purpose. It is divided internally into various halls for the different
+classes of objects; but as the proportion of these must necessarily vary at
+every Exhibition, such an arrangement cannot be deemed the most suitable
+for the purpose.
+
+At Berlin, where several Industrial Exhibitions have taken place, no
+distinct building has been provided, but some already existing one has been
+temporarily adapted and fitted up for the purpose; thus, on the last
+occasion, Kroll's WINTERGARTEN, a large establishment for public amusement,
+which has been recently destroyed by fire, was made use of. The large
+central saloon, with the smaller ones flanking it, forming, in fact, one
+space 310 feet long, and 82 feet broad at the widest point, afforded a very
+good opportunity for the arrangement of the objects to be exhibited, some
+of which were placed in the gallery of the large saloon.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin.]
+
+PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   1. Electric Telegraph.
+   2. Chemical Products.
+   3. Porcelain and Bronzes.
+   4. Machinery.
+   5. Hardware.
+   6. Zinc Works.
+   7· Plate and Jewellery.
+   8. Lithography.
+   9. Watches, &c.
+  10. Cutlery.
+  11. Scientific Instruments.
+  12. Bookbinding.
+  13. Embroidery.
+  14. Ornamental Blinds.
+  15. Silks and Velvets.
+  16. Furs.
+  17. Pianofortes.
+  18. Carriages.
+  19. Furniture.
+  20. Lamps, &c.
+  21. Turned Articles.
+  22. Woollen Fabrics.
+  23. Leather Articles.
+  24. Hats & Felt Articles.
+  25. Machinery.
+  26. Carriages.
+
+On a previous occasion a part of the Royal Arsenal building was
+appropriated, and the Exhibition embraced two storeys.
+
+In our own country, exhibitions of manufactures have taken place in several
+of the most important towns, generally in spaces only temporarily adapted;
+but in 1849 the first building in this country intended solely for the
+purpose of an exhibition of manufactures was erected at Birmingham, on the
+occasion of the meeting of the British Association in that town.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION BUILDING.]
+
+The building alluded to included a space extending to 10,000 square feet,
+and a corridor, giving additional accommodation of 800 square feet,
+connected the temporary exhibition-room with Bingley-house, within the
+grounds of which the building was erected; and including the rooms of the
+old mansion, the total area covered by the Exhibition was equal to 12,800
+feet, or only about one-seventeenth of the area covered by the last
+building erected in the Champs Elysées. The cost of this building was about
+1,300_l._ It was opened to the public on the 3rd of September, 1849.
+
+In most of the buildings alluded to above, the principal defect seemed to
+be that a definite and fixed subdivision of space was made for a
+classification of objects which was necessarily uncertain. This appears to
+have determined the Committee in the arrangement of the plan which they
+presented in a general form to the Royal Commission at the same time with
+the Report already quoted; and although the design was slightly modified
+during the progress of the working-drawings subsequently made, this is,
+perhaps, the best place for introducing a description of it.
+
+It has been already mentioned that at the time the Committee received the
+competition designs, they obtained the assistance of Mr. Digby Wyatt, the
+secretary to the Executive Committee, to aid them in the preparation of
+drawings, although Mr. Scott Russell officially filled the post of
+secretary to the Building Committee. At a somewhat later stage of the
+Committee's proceedings, when the general design for the proposed building
+had been approved by the Royal Commission, and it became necessary to
+prepare working drawings for the same with extraordinary despatch, Mr.
+Charles Heard Wild, as engineer, and Mr. Owen Jones, as architect, were
+appointed to co-operate with Mr. Wyatt in carrying out this object.
+
+
+
+
+Description of the Building Committee's Design.
+
+
+The site to have been occupied by the building designed by the Committee
+was the same as that on which the building has been actually erected,
+namely between Rotten-row and the drive in Hyde Park, but the area proposed
+to be covered was somewhat larger, the length of the building being about
+2,200 feet, and the greatest width nearly 450 feet. The central space was
+occupied by an immense rotunda 200 feet in diameter, the cupola rising to a
+height of more than 160 feet, and exceeding the span of that of St. Peter's
+at Rome by 61 feet, and of St. Paul's in London by 88 feet. The dome for
+covering this rotunda consisted of wrought-iron ribs, supporting a covering
+of corrugated iron, the whole resting on a wall or drum of brickwork, about
+60 feet high; a large opening in the centre was to be glazed for the
+admission of light.
+
+This large open area was intended for the exhibition of groups of
+sculpture, fountains, and other objects requiring great space in order to
+be seen to advantage; at the same time the cupola would have presented a
+striking instance of the constructive skill of this country.
+
+The remaining area of the building was divided into avenues 48 feet wide,
+by iron columns 24 feet apart, this dimension having been determined on as
+that most likely to work in well for the division of the counters and
+passages. One of the 48-feet avenues on the main axis of the building was
+spanned by semicircular ribs of wrought iron supporting the roof, which
+rose here to a greater height than the rest of the building; the other
+avenues were covered with roofing very similar to that commonly seen in
+railway-sheds, the whole being rendered as light as possible, and
+constructed in iron covered with slating; the light being in all cases
+admitted by a range of sky-lights at the apex of the roof, which was also
+adapted for ventilation. The height of the main avenue was 52 feet, and of
+the others 36 feet, from the floor throughout. A corridor of communication
+15 feet wide was carried round the whole of the building, interrupted only
+by the open courts; this, with the main avenue, afforded the visitor to the
+Exhibition the means of reaching any particular point without threading a
+maze of small passages. The inclosing walls were to be of brick, relieved
+externally by panels in two colours; but there were to be no internal
+division walls except those necessary to surround the various courts which
+were left on account of the trees.
+
+The executive offices were grouped on either side of the principal
+entrance, which was placed immediately opposite Prince's Gate; and at this,
+as well as at the entrances at either end and on the north front, large
+arched recesses were introduced which served as vestibules, and formed at
+the same time prominent and striking features to relieve the necessarily
+monotonous aspect of the building. Along the whole of the principal front
+and at the ends of the building a pent or overhanging roof projected about
+15 feet, to enable visitors in bad weather to be set down under cover, and
+the exit-doors, of which there were altogether 24, were further protected
+by porches.
+
+The water was to be conveyed from the roof through the columns which
+supported it, and which were for this purpose connected with the necessary
+drain-pipes, &c.
+
+Very ample accommodation was provided for refreshments in the open courts
+which were necessarily left for the preservation of the trees, particularly
+in that at the western end of the building, where there was proposed to be
+placed a large establishment, comprising two storeys, with somewhat the
+arrangement of the French cafés, including a fine saloon on the first
+floor, upwards of thirty feet wide and nearly one hundred feet long;
+separate spaces were also provided for the accommodation of exhibitors.
+This was the only part of the building, with the exception of the executive
+offices, which was to have an upper storey.
+
+
+GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S DESIGN.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   1. Machinery in Motion.
+   2. Other Machinery.
+   3. Seats for Visitors.
+   4. Refreshment Courts.
+   5. Raw Materials.
+   6. Manufactures.
+   7. Sculpture and the Plastic Arts.
+   8. Small Court.
+   9. The Rotunda.
+  10. Principal Entrance and Executive Offices.
+  11. The Other Entrances.
+  12. The Drive in the Park.
+  13. The Kensington Road.
+  14. The Queen's Private Road.
+
+An objection might, perhaps, be raised to this part of the building, that
+it was too commodious, and that there might be some danger of its being
+converted into a lounge, while it was occupying too much of the space
+intended for the Exhibition, for a secondary, though certainly necessary
+purpose; it was, however, considered by the Committee, that of the vast
+number of visitors that might be expected to be in the building at one
+time, so many would avail themselves of the accommodation provided as to
+render a less amount undesirable. The principal courts were surrounded by a
+covered way, where refreshments were also to be served at long counters, in
+the manner of the railway-stations.
+
+All these arrangements will readily be understood by a reference to the
+plan of the design we have been describing, which plan, together with a
+view taken from the south-east angle of the building, will place before the
+reader the result of the labours of the Committee. The materials proposed
+for the construction of this building were fire-proof throughout, with the
+exception of the floor and its supporting timbers.
+
+The above design, at least in all its leading features, for some of the
+details were subsequently added, was laid before the Royal Commission, at
+the same time with the Report already quoted, and was by them approved, and
+the Committee proceeded to prepare the necessary working-drawings and
+specifications for the execution of the work. These proceedings of the
+Committee occupied until the 24th of June, when large lithographed copies
+of the most important of the drawings, together with printed copies of the
+specifications and other details, were issued from the offices of the
+Executive, contractors having been some time previously invited by public
+advertisement to send in tenders for the execution of either a part or the
+whole of the work. The tenders were to be on two systems, one on the
+supposition that the Royal Commission were to become the _bona fide_
+purchasers of the building; the other, that the contractors were to erect
+and maintain the building during the time of the Exhibition, after which
+they were to remove it and take back the materials at their own risk,
+receiving a proportionably diminished sum.
+
+It has been considered necessary to describe thus minutely the labours of
+the Committee and the design in which they resulted, in order to show how
+far it paved the way for that which was subsequently adopted, and to give
+them that credit which they undoubtedly deserve for devoting so much of
+their valuable time for the furtherance of a great public undertaking.
+
+
+
+
+Opposition to this Design.
+
+
+The design of the Building Committee, when published to the world, met with
+anything but public approbation; some of the objectors called in question
+the practicability of the execution of the enormous dome, at least within
+the time assigned; others complained that the outlay would be unnecessarily
+large for a purpose avowedly temporary, and expressed their fears that so
+costly a structure once erected, there would be the less probability of its
+subsequent removal; but the objection which appeared to have most weight
+with the public at large was, the great amount of solid brick construction
+in the walls, &c., which, it was urged, would require a longer time than
+could be allowed for their erection, and that the carting of the materials
+would cause serious injury in the Park and the surrounding neighbourhood.
+This strong current of objection seemed to bid fair to overwhelm the
+much-abused design. To increase the difficulties which seemed to gather
+round the progress of this noble undertaking, an exceedingly vexatious and
+factious agitation was got up in opposition to the proposed site in Hyde
+Park, and petitions and counter-petitions were presented to both Houses of
+Parliament, and much of the time of the Legislature was wasted in fruitless
+discussion on the subject. The Building Committee thought it desirable,
+under these circumstances, to lay before the public their reasons for
+recommending the site in the Park, and therefore issued a memorandum of the
+grounds on which it had been selected.[2] The result was, that the
+opposition was defeated in the Legislature, and finally crushed by the
+force of public opinion.
+
+
+
+
+The Tenders.
+
+
+In the mean time the competing contractors had been obliged to strain every
+nerve to get their tenders ready by the 10th of July, when, altogether,
+nineteen were sent in, but eight only were for undertaking the whole of the
+work; the amounts of these are stated to have ranged between 150,000_l._
+and 120,000_l._, and this for the use only of the materials for the
+building. But, at the same time, in accordance with the recommendation and
+invitation contained in the last part of the Report already quoted, Messrs.
+Fox, Henderson and Co. presented a tender upon a design entirely different
+in construction and appearance, though resembling that of the Committee in
+the general arrangement of the plan.
+
+
+[Illustration: Exterior View of the Building Committee's Design]
+
+This design was by Mr. Joseph Paxton, and resembled in its general form the
+building as it is now executed, with the exception of the transept and
+semicircular roof, which were subsequently added, and were suggested by Mr.
+Barry.
+
+The result of the tenders appears to have been unfavourable to the
+Committee's design; and in their Report to the Royal Commission on the
+subject, made a few days afterwards, they proposed to omit the great dome
+and some portions of the design which were not essential, by which they
+considered that the cost of its execution might be reduced below
+100,000_l._; at the same time, they made special mention of Mr. Paxton's
+design, which, however, they considered would prove more expensive.
+
+Mr. Paxton's design had been brought before the public before this period;
+for, considering that his best road to success would be to get a favourable
+verdict from that many-headed jury, he published a view and description of
+it in the _Illustrated News_, and, through the influence of Mr. Stephenson,
+he got his plans laid before the Royal Commission, in consequence of which
+he obtained an interview with his Royal Highness the President. The
+encouragement given him by the attention bestowed upon his design by the
+Royal Commission, and the favourable opinion of the public, had determined
+him to procure a tender for the execution of the work, to be sent in with
+those upon the Committee's design. This he was enabled to do by the great
+energy and promptitude of the contractors, Messrs. Fox and Henderson, to
+whom he applied at the eleventh hour. The difficulties that had to be
+overcome, owing to the shortness of the time remaining for the estimates to
+be made up, can scarcely be better laid before the reader than they have
+been by an able writer in "Household Words:"--
+
+"It was now Saturday, and only a few days more were allowed for receiving
+tenders. Yet before an approximate estimate of expense could be formed, the
+great glass-manufacturers and iron-masters of the north had to be
+consulted. This happened to be _dies mirabilis_ the third; for it was the
+identical Saturday on which the Sunday postal question had reached its
+crisis, and there was to be no delivery the next day! But in a country of
+electric telegraphs, and of indomitable energy, time and difficulties are
+annihilated; and it is not the least of the marvels wrought in connexion
+with the great edifice that, by aid of railway-parcels and the electric
+telegraph, not only did all the gentlemen summoned out of Warwickshire and
+Staffordshire appear on Monday morning at Messrs. Fox and Henderson's
+office, in Spring Gardens, London, to contribute their several estimates to
+the tender for the whole, but within a week the contractors had prepared
+every detailed working-drawing, and had calculated the cost of every pound
+of iron, of every inch of wood, and of every pane of glass.
+
+"There is no one circumstance in the history of the manufacturing
+enterprise of the English nation which places in so strong a light as this
+its boundless resources in materials, to say nothing of the arithmetical
+skill in computing at what cost and in how short a time those materials
+could be converted to a special purpose. What was done in those few days?
+Two parties in London, relying on the accuracy and good faith of certain
+iron-masters, glass-workers in the provinces, and of one master-carpenter
+in London, bound themselves for a certain sum of money, and in the course
+of some four months, to cover eighteen acres of ground with a building
+upwards of a third of a mile long, and some four hundred and fifty feet
+broad. In order to do this, the glass-maker promised to supply, in the
+required time, nine hundred thousand square feet of glass (weighing more
+than four hundred tons), in separate panes, and these the largest that ever
+were made of sheet glass; each being forty-nine inches long. The
+iron-master passed his word in like manner to cast in due time three
+thousand three hundred iron columns, varying from fourteen feet and a half
+to twenty feet in length: thirty-four miles of guttering-tube, to join
+every individual column together under the ground; two thousand two hundred
+and twenty-four girders (but some of these are of wrought iron); besides
+eleven hundred and twenty-eight bearers for supporting galleries. The
+carpenter undertook to get ready within the specified period two hundred
+and five MILES of sash-bar, flooring for an area of thirty-three millions
+of cubic feet, besides enormous quantities of wooden walling, louvre-work,
+and partition.[3]
+
+"It is not till we reflect on the vast sums of money involved in
+transactions of this magnitude that we can form even a slight notion of the
+great, almost ruinous loss, a trifling arithmetical error would have
+occasioned, and of the boundless confidence the parties must have had in
+their resources and in the correctness of their computations. Nevertheless,
+it was one great merit in Mr. Paxton's original details of measurement that
+they were contrived to facilitate calculation.
+
+"There was little time for consideration, or for setting right a single
+mistake, were it ever so disastrous. On the prescribed day the tender was
+presented, with whatever imperfections it might have had, duly and
+irredeemably sealed. But after-checkings have divulged no material error."
+
+The Royal Commission appear from the first to have been favourably
+impressed with Mr. Paxton's design, partly, no doubt, because its adoption
+would at once silence the great bricks-and-mortar objection to the
+occupation of the site in Hyde Park; and the result was that, on the 16th
+of July, Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender of 79,800_l._ for Mr. Paxton's
+design was verbally accepted, and, as soon as the necessary arrangements
+could be made, the contract was formally concluded.
+
+
+
+
+History of Mr. Paxton's Design.
+
+
+As Mr. Paxton himself has stated, the design for a building of such
+magnitude could not have been produced in so short a space of time without
+the aid of the experience he had gained in constructing other great
+buildings of a somewhat similar character; the progress of this experience
+Mr. Paxton has described in the lecture he delivered to the Society of Arts
+on the 13th of November, 1850, from which we have made the following
+extracts; and we hope to be excused by the reader for their copiousness, on
+the ground that no man can so well relate his own doings as the actor
+himself:--
+
+"The Great Industrial Building now in the course of erection, and which
+forms the subject of the present paper, was not the production of a
+momentary consideration of the subject. Its peculiar construction, in
+cast-iron and glass, together with the manner of forming the vast roof, is
+the result of much experience in the erection of buildings of a similar
+kind, although on a smaller scale, which has gradually developed itself
+through a series of years. It may not, therefore, be uninteresting to give
+a brief account of the reasons which led me to investigate the subject of
+glass roofs and glass structures generally, and which have resulted in the
+Exhibition Building.
+
+"In 1828, when I first turned my attention to the building and improvement
+of glass structures, the various forcing-houses at Chatsworth, as at other
+places, were formed of coarse thick glass and heavy woodwork, which
+rendered the roofs dark and gloomy, and, on this account, very ill suited
+for the purposes they were intended to answer. My first object was to
+remove this evil, and, in order to accomplish it, I lightened the rafters
+and sash-bars, by bevelling off their sides; and some houses which were
+afterwards built in this manner proved very satisfactory. I also at this
+time contrived a light sash-bar, having a groove for the reception of the
+glass; this groove completely obviated a disadvantage connected with the
+old mode of glazing, namely, the putty becoming continually displaced by
+sun, frost, and rain, after the sashes had been made for a short time, and
+the wet by this means finding its way betwixt the glass and the wood, and
+producing a continual drip in rainy weather.
+
+"About this period the desire for metallic roofs began to extend in every
+direction; and as such structures had a light and graceful appearance, it
+became a question of importance as to the propriety of using metal sashes
+and rafters, instead of wooden ones, for horticultural purposes. After
+carefully observing the effects of those built by various persons, it
+became apparent to me that the expansion and contraction of metal would
+always militate against its general adoption, as at no season of the year
+could the sashes and rafters be made to fit.
+
+"The extra expense, also, of erecting metallic-roofed houses was a
+consideration. In 1833 I contemplated building a new range of hot-houses;
+and being desirous of knowing how much they would cost, if erected of
+metal, a plan of the range was prepared and sent to Birmingham, and another
+to Sheffield, with a desire to be furnished with estimates for that
+purpose. The estimate from Birmingham was 1,800_l._; and the other, from
+Sheffield, was 1,850_l._ These appeared to me such enormous sums, that I at
+once set about calculating how much the range would cost if built of wood
+under my own inspection; and the result was, that I was able to complete
+the whole range, including masonry (which was omitted in the metal
+estimates), for less than 500_l._
+
+"Besides the extra cost of metallic roofs, we must add the extreme heat of
+such houses in hot weather, and their coldness in times of frost; the
+liability to breakage of glass from expansion and contraction of the metal;
+the very limited duration of the smaller portions, as sash-bars, from
+corrosion, by exposure to the alternations of heat, cold, and moisture,
+inseparable from gardening operations, and which could only be prevented by
+making use of the expensive material, COPPER; and the difficulty, when
+compared with wood, of repairing any damages, as a wooden roof could at any
+time be set to rights by a common carpenter. These different items formed
+in my mind so many objections to its use, and the same disadvantages soon
+became generally apparent.
+
+"It was now thought advisable by some parties that, in order to obviate the
+many disadvantages in the use of metal, the rafters and frame-work of the
+sashes ought to be made of wood, and the sash-bars of metal. This plan
+certainly presented more advantages than the other, yet it was quite
+obvious that materials so incongruous could never give satisfaction; and
+accordingly, in a few years, as I had anticipated, the rage for these
+structures gradually subsided, and the use of wood again became resorted to
+by most persons, as the best material for horticultural purposes.
+
+[Illustration: COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS.]
+
+"In the construction of glass-houses requiring much light, there always
+appeared to me one important objection, which no person seemed to have
+taken up or obviated; it was this. In plain lean-to or shed roofs, the
+morning and evening sun, which is on many accounts of the greatest
+importance in forcing fruits, presented its direct rays at a low angle,
+and, consequently, very obliquely to the glass. At those periods most of
+the rays of light and heat were obstructed by the position of the glass and
+heavy rafters, so that a considerable portion of time was lost both morning
+and evening; it consequently became evident that a system by which the
+glass would be more at right angles to the morning and evening rays of the
+sun would obviate the difficulty, and remove the obstruction to rays of
+light entering the house at an early and late hour of the day.
+
+[Illustration: METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW.]
+
+"This led me to the adoption of the ridge-and-furrow principle for glass
+roofs, which places the glass in such a position that the rays of light in
+the mornings and evenings enter the house without obstruction, and present
+themselves more perpendicularly to the glass at those times when they are
+the least powerful; whereas at mid-day, when they are most powerful, they
+present themselves more obliquely to the glass. Having had this principle
+fixed in my mind, and being convinced of its importance, I constructed a
+pine-house in 1833 as an experiment, which still exists unimpaired, and has
+been found fully to answer the purpose.
+
+"In 1834 I resolved to try a further experiment on a larger scale, on the
+ridge-and-furrow principle, in the construction of a green-house of
+considerable dimensions, which also remains and answers admirably. For this
+building I made a still lighter sash-bar than any I had previously used; on
+which account the house, when completed (although possessing all the
+advantages of wood), was as light as if constructed of metal. The whole
+length of this structure is 97½ feet, and its breadth 26 feet; the height
+at the back is 16 feet 9 inches, and in the front 12 feet 3 inches. A span
+so large as 26 feet could not be safely covered with a roof constructed in
+the ordinary way, unless the sash-bars were stronger, and the assistance of
+heavy rafters and numerous supports was afforded. The house presents a neat
+and light appearance, and consists of 15 bays, and pediments in front,
+supported by 16 slender reeded cast-iron columns. Whilst it makes an
+admirable green-house, it is also an economical building; for, at the
+period of its construction, notwithstanding the heavy tax on glass (since
+removed), it only cost at the rate of twopence and a fraction per cubic
+foot. At the present time, considering the change in the price of material,
+and the removal of the glass-tax, it could be constructed at a considerably
+smaller amount.
+
+"Having in contemplation the erection of the Great Conservatory in its
+present form, it was determined, in 1836, to erect a new curvilinear
+hot-house 60 feet in length and 26 feet in width, with the elliptical roof
+on the ridge-and-furrow principle, to be constructed entirely of wood, for
+the purpose of exhibiting how roofs of this kind could be supported. The
+plan adopted was this: the curved rafters were composed of several boards
+securely nailed together on templets of wood cut to the exact curve; by
+this means a strength and firmness were obtained sufficient to support an
+enormous weight.
+
+"In 1837 the foundations of the Great Conservatory were commenced; and in
+constructing so great a building it was found desirable to contrive some
+means for abridging the great amount of manual labour that would be
+required in making the immense number of sash-bars requisite for the
+purpose. Accordingly, I visited all the great workshops in London,
+Manchester, and Birmingham, to see if anything had been invented that would
+afford the facilities I required. The only apparatus met with was a
+grooving-machine, which I had at once connected with a steam-engine at
+Chatsworth, and which was subsequently so improved as to make the sash-bar
+complete.
+
+[Illustration: CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR MACHINE.]
+
+"For this apparatus the Society of Arts, in April, 1841, awarded me a
+medal; and this machine is the type from which all the sash-bar machines
+found in use throughout the country at the present time are taken. As the
+Conservatory was erected under my own immediate superintendence, I am able
+to speak accurately as to the advantages of the machine: it has, in regard
+to that building alone, saved in expenses 1,400_l._ The length of each of
+the bars of the Conservatory is 48 inches; only one inch shorter than those
+of the Exhibition Building. The machine was first used in its present form
+in August, 1838; and its original cost, including table, wheels, and
+everything complete, was 20_l._ The motive power is from a steam-engine
+employed on the premises for other purposes; and any well-seasoned timber
+may be used. The attendants required are only a man and a boy, and the
+expense of the power required for it when in use is comparatively trifling.
+The sash-bars may be made of any form, by changing the character of the
+saws.
+
+"There is one particular feature in working the machine, namely, the bar is
+presented to the saws below the centre of motion, instead of above it (as
+is usual); and to the sides of the saw which are ascending from the table,
+instead of those which are descending. These arrangements were necessary to
+suit the direction of the teeth to the grain of the wood; for when the bars
+were presented to the saws in the usual way, the wood was crushed instead
+of being cut and cleaned. It is essential that the machine should revolve
+1,200 times in a minute to finish the work in a proper manner.
+
+"The glass and glazing of the Chatsworth Conservatory caused me
+considerable thought and anxiety, as I was very desirous to do away
+altogether with the numerous overlaps connected with the old system of
+glazing with short lengths. This old method, even under the best of
+management, is certain, in the course of a few years, to render unsightly
+any structure, however well built.
+
+"In the course of my inquiries, I heard that Messrs. Chance and Co., of
+Birmingham, had just introduced from the Continent the manufacture of sheet
+glass. Accordingly, I went to see them make this new article, and found
+they were able to manufacture it three feet in length. I was advised to use
+this glass in two lengths, with one overlap; but to this I could not
+assent, as I observed, that since they had so far advanced as to be able to
+produce sheets three feet in length, I saw no reason why they could not
+accomplish another foot; and, if this could not be done, I would decline
+giving the order, as, at that time, sheet glass was altogether an
+experiment for horticultural purposes. These gentlemen, however, shortly
+afterwards informed me that they had one person who could make it the
+desired length, and, if I would give the order, they would furnish me with
+all I required.
+
+"It may just be remarked here that the glass for the Exhibition Building is
+forty-nine inches long--a size which no country except England is able to
+furnish in any large quantity, even at the present day.
+
+"In 1840 the Chatsworth Conservatory was completed and planted. The whole
+length of this building is 277 feet; its breadth, 123 feet over the walls;
+and the height, from the floor to the highest part, 67 feet.
+
+"Notwithstanding the success which attended the erection of these
+buildings, it became to me a question of importance how far an extensive
+structure might be covered in with _flat_ ridge-and-furrow roofs; that is,
+the ridge-and-valley rafters placed on a level, instead of at an
+inclination, as in the green-house, or curvilinear, as in the Great
+Conservatory. I therefore prepared some plans for an erection of the kind
+for the Earl of Burlington, somewhere about ten years ago; but, on account
+of the lamented death of the Countess, the design of erection was
+abandoned. However, from that time I felt assured, not only that it could
+be done satisfactorily, but that the most appropriate manner to form and
+support level glass roofs, to a great extent, was that adopted this year
+for the New Victoria House at Chatsworth, which may be considered a
+miniature type of the Great Industrial Building.
+
+"Before describing this house, however, it may be well to notice two
+instances in which the flat roofs had been previously tried, and in both
+cases with the most perfect success.
+
+"The first of these was a conservatory attached to a villa in Darley Dale,
+only a short distance from Chatsworth. This building is divided into five
+bays, with a glass door in the centre, and glass pilasters separating the
+bays; the ridge-and-furrow roof covers an opening of seventeen feet in the
+clear. The ventilation is simultaneously effected by a lever connected with
+a rod, which is attached to all the ventilators....
+
+[Illustration: THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH.]
+
+"The second instance is this. In the spring of 1848, plans were prepared
+for the erection of an ornamental glass structure, to cover the
+conservatory wall at Chatsworth. This wall was previously a plain flued
+structure, devoted to the growth of rare and choice plants. The new
+erection is 331 feet in length, and 7 feet in width. It is divided into ten
+bays, with an ornamental centre projecting beyond the general line of the
+building. Each bay is subdivided by smaller bays, which are separated by
+glass pilasters; the glass sashes are so arranged that they can be removed
+in summer, and the whole thrown open to the gardens, whilst in winter the
+building affords an extensive promenade under cover. The ground on which
+this structure is built has a fall of 25 feet 6 inches in its whole length;
+consequently, there is a proportionate fall at each bay, which gives great
+variety, and obviates the monotony that would be exhibited in a building of
+such length and dimensions placed on a uniform level. The lower side of
+each bay is finished by a glass pilaster, three feet in width, and
+surmounted by a vase on the wall behind. The roof is on the
+ridge-and-furrow principle, with the rafters on a very slight inclination;
+and the ventilation is effected in a similar but more perfect manner than
+that already described as in use at the conservatory at Darley Dale.
+
+"The new Victoria Regia House, which presents a light and novel appearance,
+is 60 feet 6 inches in length, and 46 feet 9 inches in breadth. Although,
+when compared with the Great Industrial Building, the Victoria House is a
+very diminutive structure, yet the principles on which it is constructed
+are the same, and may be carried out to an almost unlimited extent. The
+form of the roof, the general elevation, the supports, and the mode of
+construction, are all quite simple, and yet fully answer the purposes for
+which they were intended.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE.]
+
+"The Victoria House, however, was so built as to retain as much moisture
+and heat as possible, and yet to afford a strong and bright light at all
+seasons; whilst, on the contrary, the Industrial Building, being intended
+to accommodate a daily assemblage of many thousands of individuals, and a
+vast number of natural and mechanical productions, many of which would be
+destroyed by moisture and heat, is constructed so as fully to answer that
+end."
+
+This, then, was the experience which enabled Mr. Paxton to conceive his
+design for the "Crystal Palace," a description of which as it has
+subsequently been carried out we must now proceed with.
+
+
+
+
+General Description of the Building.
+
+
+The plan forms a parallelogram, 1,848 feet long and 408 feet wide, besides
+a projection on the north side, 48 feet wide and 936 feet long. A main
+avenue, 72 feet wide and 66 feet high, occupies the centre through the
+whole length of the building. Flanking this on either side are smaller
+avenues alternately 24 feet and 48 feet wide; the two first on either side
+of the centre are 43 feet, and the remainder 23 feet high. About the centre
+of the entire length, at a point determined by the position of a row of
+large trees, which it was resolved to inclose, these avenues are crossed by
+a transept of the same width as the main avenue, or 72 feet, and 108 feet
+high; two other groups of trees on the ground give occasion for open
+courts, which are inclosed within the building. The area thus inclosed and
+roofed over amounts to no less than 772,784 square feet, or about 19
+acres;[4] the building is, therefore, about four times the size of St.
+Peter's at Rome, and more than six times that of St. Paul's, London. Three
+entrances lead to this vast interior, one in the centre of the principal or
+south front, and one at either end of the building. The number of these is
+necessarily small, in order to facilitate the arrangements for the
+money-taking, and to avoid having too large a staff of officers; on the
+other hand, it was equally desirable to afford the most ample opportunities
+of egress for visitors, and accordingly fifteen exit doors are placed at
+frequent intervals.
+
+
+
+GROUND-PLAN OF THE BUILDING.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  A.  Principal Entrance.
+  B.  West Entrance.
+  C.  East Entrance.
+  D.  Refreshment Courts.
+  E.  Entrance.
+  F.  Gentlemens' Ante-rooms.
+  G.  Ladies' Ante-rooms.
+  H.  Pay Place.
+  I.  Accountant.
+  K.  Exits.
+  L.  Ante-rooms.
+  M.  Committee Waiting-room.
+  N.  Royal Commission.
+  O.  Clerks.
+  P.  Stairs.
+  Q.  Engine House.
+
+It will be well to mention here that the horizontal measure of 24 feet,
+which we have seen as the unit in the plan of the Building Committee, is
+also preserved in the present plan; every horizontal dimension of which is
+either a certain number of times or divisions of twenty-four feet.
+
+The avenues into which the plan is divided are formed by hollow cast-iron
+columns twenty-four feet apart, which rise in one, two, and three storeys
+respectively, to support the roof at the different heights given above; in
+the lower storey these columns are nineteen feet high, and in the two upper
+ones seventeen feet. Between the different lengths of the columns short
+pieces are introduced, called "connecting-pieces," from the office they
+perform; these are three feet long, and are so contrived that they serve to
+support girders in horizontal tiers, dividing the greatest height into
+three storeys as already mentioned. The girders, of which some are of cast
+and some of wrought iron, are all of the same depth, namely, three feet,
+with the exception of four, to be specially named hereafter, and by this
+arrangement the same horizontal lines are preserved throughout the whole of
+the building. They are also all similar in appearance, forming a kind of
+lattice-work, by which construction they do not look too heavy for the
+slight supports; and large solid masses are avoided, practically showing
+how great strength may be combined with elegance and lightness. The first
+or lower tier of these girders, in parts of the building more than one
+storey in height, forms the support for the floor of the galleries, which
+are twenty-four feet wide, and extend the whole length of the building in
+four parallel lines, intercepted only by the transept, round the ends of
+which they are continued. Numerous cross galleries connect each pair of
+longitudinal lines on either side of the centre avenue, which remains
+uninterrupted from end to end, and can only be crossed on the gallery-floor
+at the extremities.
+
+These galleries are reached by eight double staircases, of easy ascent and
+ample width, which are placed between the lines of gallery so as to
+communicate equally readily with either, and are so distributed as to give
+two to each quarter of the building; in the eastern or foreign half two
+supplementary staircases of smaller dimensions have been added.
+
+In those parts of the building more than two storeys in height, the second
+horizontal tier of girders does not support a gallery, but serves only to
+give stiffness to the columns. The upper tier of girders, in all cases,
+supports the roof, which is one of the most peculiar features in the
+structure. In its general form the roof is flat; but it is made up of a
+series of ridges and furrows, the rise and fall of which is but small, and
+is thus arranged: the roof-girders or trusses being twenty-four feet apart,
+and lying in the transverse direction of the building, the space between
+them is spanned by light beams or rafters, which are cambered or bent
+upwards, and are hollowed out in a groove on the top to form a gutter. The
+rafters are placed eight feet apart, their ends resting on the
+roof-girders, and lying, therefore, in the opposite direction to them, that
+is, in the direction of the length of the building; these rafters are
+commonly called the Paxton's Gutters. Between the rafters so described,
+_ridges_ are supported by light sash-bars sloping up to them, at an
+inclination of two-and-a-half to one, and the rafter itself forms the
+bottom of the _furrow_. The advantage of this form of roofing is the
+facility it affords for the escape of the water, which runs from the
+surface of the roof into the Paxton's gutters; from them it is discharged
+into the main gutters resting on the roof-girders, by which it is conducted
+to the hollow columns, and passes down through them into the drains. A drop
+of water falling on the most distant point from the discharge would only
+have to traverse a distance of forty-eight feet; but in most cases the
+length to be passed over before reaching the down pipe would be
+considerably less.[5] The covering of the roof is glass, fixed between the
+sash-bars, which are grooved to receive it; and in order to carry off the
+moisture arising from condensation on the inner surface of the glass, the
+rafters have a small groove on each side, which makes the Paxton's gutter
+complete, and from which the moisture is also discharged into the main
+gutters. The essential portions of the roof may therefore be considered as
+a network of gutters; one set, the main gutters, lying in a transverse
+direction, and the others resting on them, and lying in the direction of
+the length of the building; by which arrangement any amount of surface can
+always be covered by roofing of a small span. The principle is precisely
+the same as that of subdividing large fields of arable land into strips or
+"lands" with furrows between them, in order to facilitate the
+surface-drainage.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF PARTLY COMPLETED.]
+
+The outer inclosure, on the ground-floor, is formed by dividing each
+24-feet bay between the columns into three 8-feet bays by half columns of
+wood, between which is placed boarding, held in its place by iron clips and
+bolts; a plinth, four feet high, is formed immediately above the floor by
+frames, filled with what are commonly called louvre-blades, which are hung
+on pivots, and of which a large number can be moved simultaneously for the
+admission of air; similar ventilating-frames, three feet deep, are
+introduced at the top of each storey round the entire circuit of the
+building, and by this means a ventilating-surface of no less than 40,800
+square feet is obtained, or rather more than one acre.
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS.]
+
+Externally some light arches are inserted, and open panels form the
+inclosure for the upper louvre-frames. The details we have been describing
+may be readily traced in the engraving of a portion of the lower storey as
+seen from the outside. The exit doors occupy one of the 8-feet bays opening
+about six feet wide. The inclosure to the upper storeys closely resembles
+those of the ground-floor, but glazed sashes are substituted for the close
+boarding, and the plinth is omitted. Each storey is crowned externally with
+a cornice and cresting ornament, and over the columns posts are carried up,
+to which flagstaffs will be fixed.
+
+To return to the interior. The whole of the floor is boarded; that below is
+laid with an interval of half an inch between the boards, to allow the
+passage of dust from the millions of feet by which it will be trod; the
+gallery floor, on the contrary, has iron tongues between the boards to
+prevent the dust from coming through on the heads of the visitors below.
+
+The roof of the transept, which we have described as crossing the building
+about the centre of its length, differs from that of the other parts, its
+general form being semicircular instead of flat, and rising above the rest
+of the building so as to show the whole of the semicircle externally. This
+roof is supported by arched timber ribs placed twenty-four feet apart, or
+one over every column, which forms a socket, into which the foot of the rib
+is fitted and secured by iron straps. Between the ribs, timbers are fixed
+which carry minor ribs at a distance of eight feet apart, and upon these
+the ridge-and-furrow roofing is constructed in the manner that has been
+described for the flat roofing, but following the curve of the arched ribs.
+At the springing or foot of the arch on either side of the transept there
+is a range of louvre-frames to assist in the ventilation of the building,
+and on the top of the arch externally a narrow passage is formed to give
+access to the different parts of this roof. On the inner side of the arch
+diagonal tie-rods are introduced between the main ribs, which, while they
+serve to increase the strength of the construction by tying together all
+the parts from end to end, produce an agreeable play of lines forming a
+kind of network over the whole of the surface.
+
+The ends of the transept are closed in with fan-like tracery, reminding the
+spectator of the magnificent wheel windows of our Gothic cathedrals; this
+elegant feature is not visible in our interior view, but will be seen in
+some of the exteriors.
+
+There is, perhaps, no part of this interesting building in which the great
+size and singular lightness, almost airiness, of the construction are so
+strikingly displayed as in the TRANSEPT, inclosing as it does a row of fine
+old elm-trees, as if to protect them in their venerable age from the smoke
+of the thousands of chimneys that have been gradually forming a destructive
+circle around them.
+
+The only portion of solid untransparent roofing in the whole of this
+building is formed on either side of the arched roof just described, where
+there is a lead flat twenty-four feet wide. This was partly required for a
+platform to serve for carrying on the works for the arched roof, and was
+also exceedingly useful in giving access to the other roofs on either side;
+it likewise afforded the opportunity of giving some additional strength at
+the springing of the arched ribs to resist any possible tendency they might
+have to spread outwards.
+
+
+
+[Illustration: View of the Interior of the Transept.]
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat.]
+
+As the weight of such lead roofing considerably exceeds that of the glass
+ridge-and-furrow covering, it was necessary at the point where it crosses
+the wide span of the main avenue to introduce some stronger roof-girders
+than those used elsewhere; of these there are two on either side of the
+transept, the inner one of which has also to sustain two of the large
+arched ribs with their superincumbent roofing, and its strength is
+therefore increased in proportion to the additional load placed upon it.
+The extra-strong roof-girders are six feet deep, or twice that of the
+others; but their general construction is similar, the diagonal ties
+forming a kind of latticework, and thus keeping up the same character.
+These, like all the roof-girders of large span, are constructed principally
+of wrought-iron. Those who visited the building during its erection, and
+were among the fortunate few who were enabled to ascend to the "lead-flat,"
+must have been very much struck with the singular appearance presented by
+the great expanse of acres of glass stretching in long lines of
+"ridge-and-furrow" roofing on each side of the centre, while the eye,
+penetrating the transparent covering, became lost in endeavouring to follow
+the apparently intricate lines of the interior. Such a view might fairly be
+said to justify the title of "Crystal Palace," by which this building is so
+commonly known; and it would require no great stretch of imagination to
+believe that it had been reared by fairy hands, as a votive offering at the
+world's jubilee of labour.
+
+But we must descend again to the interior, to point out the arrangement of
+the offices for the staff of the Executive. The principal of these are
+naturally placed in the centre, on either side of the principal entrance,
+where they occupy in two storeys the space underneath the gallery, which is
+continued uninterrupted over them. The entrances at the end are also
+flanked by offices of less extent. The outer inclosure of these spaces is
+formed with glazed sashes, similar to those which are placed on the
+exterior of the building, and boarded partitions divide the interior. The
+rooms are arranged to be heated and lighted by gas when required, and ample
+means of ventilation are provided.
+
+The simplicity of the construction renders it very easy to extend or
+contract the accommodation much more readily than would be possible under
+ordinary circumstances.
+
+It now remains to notice the arrangements provided for refreshments, which
+are introduced in connexion with the open courts left on account of the
+groups of trees. These happen to occur towards the ends of the building,
+and on the north side of the main avenue; the space at the north end of the
+transept, next to the inclosed trees, is also appropriated for this
+purpose. The roofing over these parts is a continuation of that over the
+rest of the building; and the partitions necessary for inclosing the
+different spaces are formed chiefly with glazed sashes, avoiding as much as
+possible any solid construction, which would appear out of character. The
+open courts are inclosed with sashes and doors, rendered necessary by the
+uncertain nature of our climate.
+
+A small detached building which has not been mentioned serves for the
+boiler-house, and is placed near the west end of the building. As it had
+been determined to afford the means of exhibiting some of the machinery in
+actual motion, it was necessary to erect boilers to supply the steam to the
+different machines, as it would clearly be inadmissible for each to
+generate steam for its own use in the building. The house to contain the
+boilers is ninety-six feet long and twenty-four feet wide, and is placed as
+near as practicable to the machinery-department; but at the same time it is
+quite detached from the main building to avoid risk from the fires. In
+appearance it resembles the one-storey portion of the main building, but it
+is constructed entirely of fire-proof materials. It contains five boilers,
+each to supply steam for twenty-horse power, which is distributed by a pipe
+to the different machinery.
+
+
+[Illustration: General View of the Building from the South-West.]
+
+An ornamental cast-iron railing designed by Mr. Owen Jones incloses the
+building, being placed at a distance of about eight feet from it along the
+principal fronts, but carried much further off at the ends, so as to
+inclose a considerable space, which will thus be available for exhibiting
+any large objects that will bear exposure to the weather, if there should
+not be sufficient room in the interior of the building. Gates are placed
+opposite all the entrances and exits, and these are so arranged that when
+closed they are uniform in appearance with the rest of the railing.
+
+[Illustration: EXTERNAL RAILING.]
+
+Having thus given a general sketch of the arrangement and appearance of the
+building, we shall proceed to describe somewhat more minutely the various
+details of the construction, of which the essential parts are few in number
+compared with the great repetition of each individually. To assist in this
+multiplied reproduction of the same form, some exceedingly ingenious
+machinery has been employed, which will therefore be described in connexion
+with the parts it has been used to form; and thus these will be traced
+through their various stages, from the raw material to their finished state
+as portions of the building. The greater part of this machinery has been
+used in shaping out those parts which are of wood, and particularly the
+different portions of the roof, with which we will therefore commence.
+
+
+
+
+The Paxton's Gutters.
+
+
+It has been mentioned that the rafters which span the space between the
+roof-girders serve, at the same time, as gutters, for which purpose they
+are hollowed out on the upper face, besides having smaller grooves at the
+sides to take the condensation-water. The bottom of the gutter is of a
+circular form, which is universally considered the best for conveying
+liquids with the least amount of friction, and therefore the least liable
+to obstruction from an accumulation of dirt.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE STRONG SASH-BAR.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE.]
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE REVOLVING ARM AND
+CUTTERS.]
+
+A section of the gutter, as finished, is shown. To bring it into this form,
+after the timbers had been sawn into the requisite general dimensions they
+were brought under the action of the planing-machine, where they were
+planed on the four sides. This machine is patented by W. Furness, of
+Liverpool, and was worked at the Chelsea Wharf Saw-mills. The operation was
+effected by cutters (_a_) attached to the ends of an arm revolving with
+great rapidity in a horizontal plane; the timbers to be planed were wedged
+up into a frame (_b_) traversing on rails, and as this was passed under the
+revolving cutters the upper surface was removed by them, at the same time
+the timbers were held down upon the frame by a large iron disc (_c_)
+pressing upon their upper surface. The disc, together with the revolving
+arm carrying the cutters, was capable of being adjusted vertically to the
+exact dimensions of the timber. The traversing-frame was slowly propelled
+by the machinery, and three widths of timber were operated upon at one
+time. On leaving the planing-machine these quarter baulks were passed on to
+the gutter-cutting machine. Four different cutters were required to form
+the section, as shown above; they were placed one behind the other, so that
+the piece of timber, which was presented to their action above the centre
+of motion, passed over each of them in succession. The first set, which
+revolved in a vertical plane, roughly hollowed out the larger groove to the
+section shown in Fig. 1; the two next were counterparts, and formed the
+same section in opposite directions; they were set at an inclination to the
+upright of about 45 degrees, the one to the right, the other to the left;
+and each hollowed out one of the small side grooves, and one side of the
+larger gutter, leaving the section of the timber respectively of the forms
+shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 4 shows the form of its section after it had
+passed both; the fourth set of cutters again revolved vertically, and gave
+the gutter its finished form, as shown above. As the timber passed over the
+cutters it was supported at the ends on revolving rollers, and was held in
+its place by guiding grooves, being pressed gradually forwards against the
+cutters.
+
+[Illustration: SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTERS.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE.]
+
+In this manner forty-two lengths of solid gutter, each twenty-four feet and
+a fraction long, were completed in a day of ten hours; and as the machine
+was worked double time, a length of more than 2,000 feet was turned out
+daily ready for use: this, it has been calculated, would have required the
+labour of about three hundred men to be employed for the same length of
+time. The absolute necessity for such rapid production will be evident when
+it is known that no less than 110,000 feet, or about twenty miles length,
+of such gutters were required--very nearly the distance from Buckingham
+Palace to Windsor Castle.
+
+Finished as described above, the Paxton's gutters arrived at the building,
+where the first operation they underwent was that of cutting them to the
+exact length requisite. This was a nice operation, as the smallest
+deviation would have caused a difficulty in fitting them into their place,
+and to perform it a framework was constructed by which the solid gutter
+could be bent to the same curve it would have when fixed; a precaution that
+was necessary in order that the ends might be cut off quite vertically so
+as to fit together when in their place. At one end of this frame-work was
+placed a circular saw, twenty inches diameter, hung with a pulley and
+balance weight, so as to be moved up and down by means of a lever. The
+gutter being fixed in the frame by means of hinged guage-plates, one end
+was cut by the circular saw being brought down upon it; and at the same
+time another operation was performed: two cutters, placed in the centre of
+the circular saw, were so arranged that when brought down upon the end of
+the solid gutter they cut out a semi-circular notch, so that when the ends
+of two gutters were afterwards placed together there was a circular hole
+left, through which the water passed down into the main gutter. When these
+operations were completed at one end of the gutter, the guage-plates were
+taken off, and the timber was swung round on a pivot or crutch in the
+centre, and the same process gone through as before; the whole scarcely
+occupying two minutes. We shall presently have to return to this piece of
+machinery, as it was also used in finishing the ridge rafters.
+
+[Illustration: MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS AND RIDGES.]
+
+The solid gutter was now transferred to the hands of the carpenter, who
+fixed at each end, on the under-side, a small cast-iron shoe; and two
+struts, nine inches long, were placed so as to divide the whole length into
+three equal parts--the struts spread out at the top in order to present a
+large surface of pressure against the under-side of the gutter; and tenons
+projected upwards, which were fitted into mortices cut into the timber. The
+lower end of the struts were formed so as to give them a firm hold upon a
+wrought-iron rod, thirteen-sixteenths of an inch diameter, which was passed
+under them and through the shoes, where it was screwed up with nuts; and
+the struts pressing up against the timber produced the requisite bend or
+camber. Twenty-seven notches, to receive the sash bars, were marked with a
+templet and cut out on each edge of the upper-side of the gutter; and a
+small cast-iron plate having been fitted on the under-side at each end, the
+Paxton's gutter was complete and ready for fixing. The under-trussing of
+the rafters increased their strength considerably, so that a weight of
+one-and-a-half tons was required to break one which was experimented upon.
+
+
+
+
+The Sash-bars.
+
+
+We will next consider the sash-bars which support the ridge of the roof and
+receive the glass. The total length which was required of these amounts to
+about two hundred miles; it will, therefore, be easily understood that
+mechanical contrivance for cutting them out became an absolute necessity;
+this Mr. Paxton appears to have discovered in his works at Chatsworth, as
+he mentions in his lecture.
+
+[Illustration: MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS.]
+
+The sash-bars are one inch thick and one-and-a-half inches deep, and are
+grooved on each side, besides having all the four edges bevelled or
+chamfered; all which was done in one passage through the machine. The plank
+which was to form the sash-bars was passed in at one end of the machine,
+between pressure-rollers; it then passed between cutters placed both above
+and below it, which made about twelve hundred revolutions per minute, and
+hollowed out the different grooves; and, lastly, it passed between circular
+saws which divided it into separate sash-bars, after which they had only to
+be cut into their proper lengths.[6] The exact length of each sash-bar when
+finished is four feet one inch.
+
+In this state the skylight bars were sent to the building, where they
+underwent several finishing operations, necessary to make the ends fit down
+into the notches prepared in the ridges and gutters. Thirty of the bars
+were first placed together in a horizontal traversing-frame on a saw-table,
+on each side of which circular saws were fixed at the distance of the
+required length of the sash-bar; the frame was then moved forward against
+the saws, so that both ends of the whole set of bars were cut off
+simultaneously, and at the same time a cut was made at one end half-way
+through the bar, in order to form the shoulder against the gutter. They
+were then removed to another bench, where the end of the bar was bevelled
+and the shoulder formed by means of a small instrument having a handle with
+two projecting jaws fitting into the ends of the glass grooves of the bars;
+between these there was a small blade which, being pressed down, cut out
+the shoulder which had been sawn through in the other direction, and
+another blade was placed at the proper angle to remove the bevelled piece
+at the end of the bar.
+
+[Illustration: THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.]
+
+One more process made the sash-bars complete for fixing--this was the
+drilling a hole at each end to nail them down on the gutter and ridge; and
+this was also done by machinery, to insure all the holes being drilled at
+the same angle. On one side of a horizontal bench were placed a set of
+four-inch driving pulleys (_a a_), with as many horizontal drills
+projecting towards the other side of the bench; a wooden traversing-plate
+(_c_) opposite each drill, and working towards it, received one end of the
+sash-bar, while the other rested in an inclined position against a wooden
+rail (_b_) placed longitudinally above the pulleys, having as many sinkings
+thereon as there were drills. The traversing-plate being then pushed
+forward, the sash-bar was perforated by the drill; the plate was then drawn
+back, and the same operation repeated with the other end of the bar, which
+left it ready for fixing.
+
+The action of the traversing-plate (_c_) is shown more distinctly in the
+second engraving.[7] One out of every nine of the sash-bars of the roof is
+stronger than the rest, to serve for fixing the ridge previous to glazing.
+These extra-strong bars are two inches wide and one inch and a half deep,
+and were formed by the same machinery already described, by an adjustment
+of the different cutters and saws.
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.]
+
+
+
+
+The Ridges.
+
+
+The total length of these required was about sixteen miles. They are cut
+out of timber three inches square, in section, and are of the form shown in
+the diagram, with a groove on each side to receive the glass. This was also
+done by machinery which, with about five-horse power, turned out one
+hundred lengths of twenty-four feet in a day of ten hours, allowing the
+time for the necessary stoppages. After they had been delivered at the
+building, these ridge-pieces were cut to the exact lengths by means of the
+same apparatus used for the solid gutters which has already been described.
+At each end of the ridge-piece two holes were also drilled to receive
+dowells to connect it with the adjoining length. By no other than
+mechanical means could the immense number of holes thus drilled have been
+placed so exactly that those in the opposite ends of any two ridge-pieces
+should correspond precisely.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR.]
+
+The different essential component parts of the roof having thus been
+described, we propose to take the different members of the construction in
+succession downwards.
+
+
+
+
+The Glass.
+
+
+But first it may be mentioned here that the glass used throughout the
+building is sheet, on an average about one-sixteenth of an inch thick, and
+weighing one pound per foot superficial. This gives an aggregate weight of
+about four hundred tons for the whole of the work, the greater part of
+which was supplied by Messrs. Chance and Co., of Birmingham. Each square is
+forty-nine inches long and ten wide, the greatest length of sheet glass
+that has ever been made in this country. The manufacture of this kind of
+glass is of comparatively recent introduction into England, though
+practised for some time on the Continent; and the rapid progress made by
+the manufacturers alluded to must be in a great measure attributed to the
+wise removal of the fiscal burden on the article, made by the late Sir
+Robert Peel. That lamented statesman, with his usual foresight, doubtless
+contemplated that great social benefits would follow from that enactment;
+and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that, but for Sir Robert's
+enlightened measure, this "huge pile of transparency" would never have been
+reared.
+
+
+
+
+The Box Gutters.
+
+
+It has been mentioned that the triple gutters deliver the water into main
+gutters running in the transverse direction of the building; these are
+formed of wood, with a bottom piece, into which are grooved two upright
+sides, they are firmly bolted down upon the upper flange of the
+roof-girders, and where these are quite horizontal the fall in the gutter
+is given by a false bottom laid to a slope. Of these gutters there is a
+length of about five-and-a-half miles in the building, which, added to the
+aggregate length of the Paxton's gutters, makes a total of about
+twenty-five-and-a-half miles of gutter.
+
+
+
+
+Roof Girders.
+
+
+These are of cast-iron, where not more than twenty-four feet long, and the
+rest of wrought-iron. The cast-iron ones are precisely the same in
+appearance as those used for the galleries, but lighter in metal; a
+separate description of them is not, therefore, necessary. The weight of
+each of these girders is twelve cwt., and each was proved to nine tons
+previously to being used; but it is calculated that the greatest weight
+they may have to bear will not exceed five tons: the total number required
+was about 470.
+
+The wrought-iron girders, or trusses, are partly forty-eight and partly
+seventy-two feet long, to span the avenues of those respective widths; the
+principle of the construction is the same in each. The top rail (if it may
+be so called) of the truss is formed with two pieces of [L section] iron
+placed back to back [double L sections], and the bottom rail with two flat
+bars [parallel flat bars], the total depth being three feet; at the ends
+these bars are riveted on to cast-iron standards, and the intermediate
+distance is divided into eight-feet lengths by other cast-iron standards,
+to which the bars are also riveted, and thus a framework of rectangles is
+formed. In the trusses forty-eight feet span there are, therefore, six such
+divisions in the length, and nine in those of seventy-two feet span. These
+are then divided in the direction of ONE of the diagonals by a flat bar
+passing between and riveted to those forming the top and bottom rails. This
+completes the constructional part of the truss; but to render the
+appearance more uniform with that of the cast-iron girders, a flat bar of
+wood (shown by the dotted lines) is made to form the other diagonal of the
+rectangles.
+
+[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER.]
+
+The trusses for a span of seventy-two feet are cambered or bent upwards
+about ten inches, which both adds to their strength and improves the
+appearance. The form and arrangement of these roof-trusses may be clearly
+traced in several of the views of the interior which are presented to the
+reader. The weight, when completed, of each of the trusses of seventy-two
+feet span is about thirty-five cwt., and of those of forty-eight feet span
+about thirteen cwt.
+
+It has been already mentioned that four of the roof-trusses vary from the
+rest on account of the greater load they have to sustain. The depth of
+these exceptional trusses is six feet, and their length seventy-two feet,
+or the width of the main avenue, which they bridge over. The principle of
+their construction is similar to that employed in the lighter trusses; but
+the arrangement of the parts is somewhat modified. The top rail consists of
+two pieces of [L section] iron, placed, as before, back to back; but they
+are further connected on the top by a flat piece [double L sections with
+flat]. The lower rail is formed by two flat bars placed upright [parallel
+flat bars], and these are riveted at the ends to standards of cast-iron,
+which, however, are considerably heavier in construction than those before
+described; and they have also in the centre, at (_a_) two slots, or
+sinkings, into which the ends of two of the diagonal bars are riveted. The
+whole length is then divided into three equal parts, each 24 feet long, by
+strong CAST-iron standards at (_b_) the ends of which are riveted between
+the rails, and these spaces are again subdivided into three eight-feet
+lengths by WROUGHT-iron standards at (_c c_). The top of each standard is
+next connected with the foot of the next but one to it by diagonal flat
+bars, which, together with the short pieces fastened into the slots at
+(_a_), complete the figure of the whole, forming a kind of trellis-work,
+two diamonds in depth. In the diagram only half the length of the girder is
+shown.
+
+[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER.]
+
+The dimensions of the different bars of iron in this piece of construction
+are proportional to the amount of strain they have to bear. The two heavier
+out of the four trusses just described weighed when completed eight tons
+each, and the other two, which are of rather lighter construction, six tons
+each.
+
+The riveting together of the wrought-iron trusses was performed on
+horizontal supports, on which the curve that they were to be made to was
+marked out. The bars having been previously cut to the requisite lengths,
+and punched and drilled with holes for the rivets, were laid out on the
+stages in the proper forms with the cast-iron standards, which were
+temporarily kept in place by bolts passed through some of the rivet-holes.
+The whole framework was then riveted up with red-hot rivets supplied from
+small portable furnaces, several sets of men being employed upon each
+truss, by which means as many as sixteen were completed in one day. The
+whole of the trusses, three hundred and seventy-two in number, required for
+the building were put together on the ground, and several ingenious
+mechanical contrivances were made use of to facilitate and hasten the work.
+To form some idea of the amount of labour that had to be performed, it may
+be mentioned that each of the trusses forty-eight feet in length, or the
+smallest, is held together by more than fifty rivets, requiring more than
+twice that number of holes to be made in bars of iron varying in thickness
+from a quarter of an inch upwards. About 25,000 rivets were thus required
+for the whole of the work.
+
+
+
+
+Iron Drilling Machine.
+
+
+The holes for the rivets were made partly by drilling and partly by
+punching. In the machine used for the former the bar to be bored was laid
+upon a flat surface forming part of the solid cast-iron stand of the
+machinery; the drilling-point worked vertically, and could be moved in that
+direction to suit the different thicknesses of iron brought under its
+operation. It was suspended at one end of a lever, with a counterpoise at
+the other. This lever was also connected by a rod and crank, with another
+near the ground, one end of which was formed into a tread to be worked by
+the foot. The workman, when he had arranged the iron in the right position
+under the drill, pressed his foot upon the tread; thus raising the
+counterpoise end of the upper lever, and pressing the point of the drill,
+which was of a spear-head form, down upon the iron. Underneath the iron to
+be drilled was placed a piece of wood to protect the point of the drill
+when it had passed through the iron. It was also necessary to moisten the
+iron during the operation, in order to keep the drill-point cool. Three men
+were required to attend to this work, which was not so rapid as the other
+method of making the holes by punching.
+
+[Illustration: THE DRILLING-MACHINE.]
+
+
+
+
+The Punching Machine.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS.]
+
+The enormous power exerted by this piece of machinery renders it necessary
+that the stand containing the punch, &c., should be exceedingly solid, and
+it is formed accordingly by a heavy mass of cast-iron, in which there are
+two indentations, as seen by the engraving. In the lower of these the
+punching operation is performed, and in the upper there are shears for
+cutting off the ends of the bars when required. The motion is communicated
+to each of these by means of a cogged wheel at the back; but both the punch
+and the shears work in a vertical direction, slowly moving up and down with
+irresistible force. There is no sudden blow or jerk, which makes the effect
+the more striking, as the unpractised eye has no means of discovering the
+amount of the force which is being put in operation. It is, however, so
+great that, although the punching of a hole scarcely occupies two or three
+seconds, the iron becomes quite hot from the effect of the pressure. In
+using this machine, the workman arranges the iron bar on a solid rest,
+placing it so that when the punch descends it makes the hole in the
+position required. As soon as the punch has passed through the bar, the
+action of the machinery is reversed, and the instrument ascends again;
+during which time the bar is re-arranged, and the operation is thus
+continually repeated. This piece of machinery also requires three men to
+work it, if the bars to be punched are of considerable length, so as to
+require the ends to be held up; otherwise, one alone is sufficient; and in
+the course of a ten-hours day about three thousand holes can be punched
+out--the number, of course, varying according to the thickness of the bars.
+
+Neither of the mechanical contrivances just described are novel inventions,
+though they are thus, perhaps, brought for the first time under the notice
+of many of our readers, to whom they may be so far rendered interesting
+from their being connected with the execution of THE building of the day.
+
+
+
+
+The Adzing and Planing Machine.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE ADZING-CUTTERS.]
+
+At the Chelsea Saw-mills, where the reader has already seen the Paxton's
+gutters shaped out, another interesting piece of machinery was in use for
+these works, for the purpose of finishing planks to a certain size and
+thickness, called the adzing and planing machine. An adze is a tool used by
+carpenters to remove any unevenness in the surface of a board in a
+particular spot. In this piece of machinery two cutters are fixed to a
+revolving arm, under which the plank is made to pass; and as it does so the
+cutters remove a certain thickness from the whole of the surface. The
+arrangement of these cutters is very plainly shown in the annexed
+engraving. On the under-side of the same bench to which this apparatus is
+fixed, three planes are set, each at an angle of about 5 degrees, by which
+the under-side of the plank is brought to an even face, while the upper
+surface is operated on by the adzing-cutters, and in this manner the plank
+is reduced to an even thickness throughout. As it passes on it is brought
+between two circular saws, which are adjusted to the width which it is
+desired to give to the plank. It is dragged forward towards the planes and
+cutters by means of an endless chain, composed of open links; which chain
+passes over a wheel provided with projecting pegs, so arranged as to fit
+into the links. The plank is kept down upon the planes, and otherwise held
+in position, by pressure-rollers.
+
+[Illustration: THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE.]
+
+
+
+
+The Columns and Connecting Pieces.
+
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF COLUMN.]
+
+The columns in the building perform three important offices. They support
+the roof and the galleries, and serve as pipes to convey the rain-water
+from the roofs. Their form, which is beautiful, both mechanically and
+artistically, was suggested by Mr. Barry; it is a ring, eight inches in
+diameter externally, the thickness varying in the different columns,
+according to the weights they have to support respectively. Four flat
+faces, about three inches wide, are added on the outside of this ring, so
+that when the column is in its place, they face nearly north, south, east,
+and west. The column may therefore be considered as a hollow tube, of the
+section just described, and of the same form at each end, having at its
+extremities horizontally projecting rings called SNUGS, through which the
+bolts are passed, to fasten the columns to the connecting-pieces and
+base-pieces. That the hollow form adopted for the columns is that best
+suited to obtain the greatest strength with the least amount of material
+has been abundantly shown by experiments, as even two straws placed in an
+upright position will bear a very considerable weight; it is that also seen
+in the structure of the bones of animals. Of these columns there are 3,300
+in the whole building.
+
+Those portions of the height of the columns which correspond with the depth
+and position of the girders form separate lengths, which are called
+connecting-pieces, as they unite the lengths of columns of the different
+storeys. These connecting-pieces have the same sectional form as the
+columns themselves, and, like them, are the same at each end, where there
+are projections cast on, which serve to support the girders, and which are
+provided with holes through which the bolts pass to connect them with the
+columns. These holes alternate with the projections to receive the girders,
+which projections are so formed that they clip others cast on to the ends
+of the girders, which will be hereafter described. In the centre of each
+projection there is formed a small notch which receives the key or wedge
+for fixing the girders.
+
+The meeting faces of the columns and connecting-pieces were all turned in a
+lathe, in order that, when set up, they might fit so precisely as not to
+require any packing to adjust them in an upright position; and only in the
+cases of those columns which serve as water-pipes is any such packing
+introduced. In those a piece of canvass, with white lead, is put into the
+joint. An enormous amount of additional labour was involved by this
+proceeding, as no less than twelve hundred of such faces had to be operated
+on; but this did not deter the enterprising contractors, who were fully
+alive to the importance of the object to be attained. When fixed, the
+projecting "snugs," with the bolts passing through them, were covered by
+ornamental caps and bases of cast-iron, fixed after the rest of the work
+was completed.
+
+
+
+
+The Base Pieces.
+
+
+The lower storey of columns in every case stands upon base-pieces of which
+the upright portion is a continuation of the column, with "snugs" at the
+top, to correspond with those of the column, and standing on a horizontal
+bed-plate, from which "shoulders" rise to strengthen the upright portion.
+These bed-plates vary in size from three feet by two feet to one foot six
+inches by one foot, in proportion to the weight which the several
+superincumbent columns have to sustain. The longest dimension of the
+bed-plate is in the transverse direction of the building, in which the
+greatest overturning strain might be expected to act upon the columns. From
+the vertical portion of the base-pieces, sockets six inches in diameter
+project, in the direction of the length of the building, into which are
+fitted the cast-iron drain-pipes, which convey away the water brought down
+by the columns from the roof. The height of the base-pieces varies to suit
+the different levels at which the floor is supported above the ground.
+These levels had therefore to be determined in every individual instance
+previous to the castings being made. It was done, however, with such
+precision that, when they came to be used, they were all found to be of the
+exact length required for their situation. Of these base-pieces, 1,074 were
+required for the building.
+
+[Illustration: BASE-PIECE.]
+
+
+
+
+Cast-iron Girders.
+
+
+It has been mentioned that the columns supported girders at three different
+heights, dividing the greatest altitude of the building into three storeys;
+and that the lower tier of girders, where the building consisted of more
+than one storey, served to support a gallery.
+
+These gallery girders are all twenty-four feet long and three feet deep,
+the upper and lower "flanges" or rails having a [T section] formed section
+with standards at the ends of similar section. The rectangular space
+between them is then divided into three equal parts, by uprights having a
+[+ section] form of section, and the three smaller spaces thus obtained
+have diagonal "struts" in each direction. The girder thus described forms a
+double truss, in which the diagonal braces are subjected both to the strain
+of compression and tension. At the top and bottom of the end-standards
+small projections are cast on, by which the connecting-pieces hold the
+girders; and at each end of the flat portion of the top and bottom rails
+small sinkings are cast, by means of which the girder is keyed up to its
+position. The flat portion of the upper and lower "flanges" of the girder
+is swelled out in width from the ends towards the centre, in order to
+increase the quantity of metal in that part where the strain is greatest.
+
+The description just given of the gallery girders will apply to all the
+cast-iron girders throughout the building, of which there are 2,150; the
+only difference between them being, that those for the roofs or other
+internal portions, where no gallery is to be supported, are cast with a
+less amount of metal. The form of girder just described, which is unusual,
+was the result of several experiments performed under the superintendence
+of Messrs. W. Cubitt, C. H. Wild, C. Fox, and other gentlemen, previous to
+the commencement of the building; and the thickness of metal for the
+different parts of these, as well as for all the other cast-iron work in
+the building, was minutely calculated and determined by Mr. C. H. Wild and
+Mr. C. Fox, under the supervision of Mr. Cubitt, the President of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers, to whom the Royal Commission had intrusted
+the responsible duty of the chief superintendence of the whole of the work.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Interior from the Level of Galleries.]
+
+
+
+
+The Galleries.
+
+
+To proceed to the gallery itself, supported by the girders just described.
+The timbers supporting the floor are so arranged that the weight of each
+bay of twenty-four feet square is distributed equally to the four girders
+inclosing it, and in such a manner as to bear upon them at the points
+immediately over the vertical standards.
+
+In the transverse direction of the building two pairs of joists, eight feet
+apart in each bay, are formed into trusses by tie-rods, 1-3/8 inches
+diameter, passed through a cast-iron shoe at each end, and pressing up two
+"struts," which are made to bear against the under-side of binding-timbers
+running longitudinally, or crossing the joists, and immediately under them.
+The cast-iron shoes for the trusses are bolted down to the girders, and
+serve at the same time to receive the standard supports of the gallery
+railing. The ends of the binding-timbers are secured by bolts and oak
+suspension-pieces to the other two girders inclosing the square. Joists
+about two feet six inches apart bear from girder to girder parallel to the
+trusses, and resting on the binding-timbers. On these is laid the floor, 1¼
+inches thick, grooved and iron-tongued. A light cast-iron railing, forming
+a kind of trellis-work, is fixed between the columns, and is capped with a
+round mahogany hand-rail. From the view at page 60 the arrangement of the
+galleries will be readily understood.
+
+
+
+
+Testing the Cast-iron Girders.
+
+
+From the very important office which the girders perform throughout the
+building, but more particularly those supporting the galleries, it was of
+the utmost importance that, previously to their being fixed in their
+places, the soundness of the casting should be proved; for it could hardly
+be expected that so large a number of girders could be produced without
+some of them being defective. The ordinary means of testing girders, by
+loading them with weights, would have occupied far too much time; and
+therefore an ingenious apparatus was devised by Mr. C. H. Wild for this
+purpose, by the use of which the testing of a girder occupied but a few
+minutes.
+
+[Illustration: FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING THE GIRDERS.]
+
+It consisted of a very strong cast-iron frame rather longer than the
+girder, the bottom of which was formed by two fixed beams placed eight
+inches apart, and supported a few inches above the ground. At each end of
+these a cast-iron standard was firmly bolted between them and rose to a
+height rather greater than the depth of the girder to be tested; on the
+inner faces of these standards two "shoulders" were formed, which received
+the projections cast on the ends of the girder, as before mentioned.
+Between the fixed beams below, at two points dividing the whole length into
+three equal parts, were placed strong cylinders, with rising pistons
+connected with a forcing-pump, together with which they formed a Bramah's
+hydraulic press. A girder being placed in this frame, in an inverted
+position, the force applied by means of the pistons rising from the
+cylinders acted upon it precisely at those points, and in the same manner,
+as the load from the gallery or the roof would do when afterwards fixed in
+its place.
+
+The essential parts of the Bramah's press may be thus briefly described. It
+consists of two cylinders, the diameter of one being considerably larger
+than that of the other. The smaller cylinder is fitted with a solid plunger
+or piston, by means of which water may be forced from it into the larger;
+this being also fitted with a rising piston, the force is communicated by
+it to the weight which it is desired to raise. The power obtained by means
+of this apparatus arises from the distributive power of fluids and the
+practical incompressibility of water, and it is proportioned to the
+difference of the diameters of the two cylinders; so that if a pressure of
+one pound per square inch be applied on the surface of the piston in the
+smaller cylinder, and the piston in the larger cylinder present a surface
+ten times greater, the power is multiplied by that number; whilst, in
+addition, the lever power used in applying the pressure to the smaller
+piston is obtained. The cylinders are fitted with valves, so arranged as to
+prevent the return of the water from the larger to the smaller, while the
+apparatus is in action, and thus the power is accumulated in the former.
+
+In the instance before us, the two 3-inch cylinders already alluded to in
+the proving-frame took the place of the larger cylinder of the ordinary
+apparatus; and they were connected with the forcing-pump by a strong metal
+tube. When a girder had been fixed in the frame for proving, the force-pump
+was worked till the pistons underneath the girder carried it off its lower
+bearings and pressed it upwards against the "shoulders," by which it was
+firmly held, and the pressure was then continued until the amount
+previously fixed upon as necessary for proof had been obtained. This was
+ascertained by means of a self-adjusting apparatus attached to the
+hydraulic press.
+
+An iron cylinder 1½ inches diameter was placed in communication with the
+pipe connecting the pump and the press, so that the pressure obtained in it
+was, in proportion to its diameter, the same as that in the large cylinder;
+and it was fitted with a piston-rod, working in a vertical direction. This
+piston-rod was connected with a lever, from the end of which a scale-pan
+was suspended, at a distance from the fulcrum ten times greater than that
+of the point of attachment of the piston from the same. The weight of the
+scale-pan and lever were balanced by a large mass of iron at the other end.
+In the scale-pan a certain weight was placed, proportioned to the proof
+desired to be obtained; and the action of the pump was continued until the
+water, rising in the iron cylinder just described, forced up the lever, and
+with it the weight attached; and thus indicated that the pressure to which
+it was desired to subject the girder had been reached. The weight to be
+placed in the scale-pan was thus determined: the diameter of the lever
+cylinder being 1½ inches, and that of each of those in the proving-frame
+three inches, the pistons or "rams" in the latter presented together eight
+times the surface of that in the lever cylinder; which being multiplied by
+the difference of length of the two parts of the lever, determines the
+weight for the scale-pan to be one-eightieth of that to which it was
+desired to prove the girder.
+
+The ordinary gallery girders were tested with a pressure equivalent to a
+weight of fifteen tons; but it was calculated that, when fixed, the
+greatest weight they would have to sustain would be seven-and-a-half tons.
+In one instance, for the sake of experiment, the pressure was continued
+beyond the proof weight of fifteen tons, to see what amount of strain the
+girders would bear without fracture, and it was found that a strain of
+thirty tons produced no injurious effect; but the girder broke with an
+additional weight of half a ton.
+
+
+
+
+Roof of Transept.
+
+
+We will now return to describe that portion of the roof which varies in
+form and arrangement from the rest, namely, the semicircular covering of
+the transept. This is supported by arched ribs, placed twenty-four feet
+apart, and constructed of Memel timber, in three thicknesses; the
+centre-piece four inches thick, with a 2-inch piece on each side of it.
+They are formed in lengths of about nine feet, placed so as to break joint;
+that is, the joints of the outer pieces fall upon the centre of the inner
+one. The thicknesses are fastened together by bolts passing through them
+about two feet six inches apart, besides being nailed at other points. On
+the inner circumference of the rib thus constructed there is then placed a
+piece of timber moulded to correspond with the form of the columns; and on
+the outer circumference two boards, each one inch thick, are bent round and
+attached to the rib with strong nails. On both the outer and inner
+circumference a flat bar of iron is secured by bolts passing through the
+whole depth of the rib, which, thus finished, measures eighteen inches in
+depth by eight inches in thickness. The ends of the ribs are fitted into
+sockets, formed by the upward continuation of the columns, to which they
+are attached by iron straps.
+
+The ribs, which are supported by the trusses over the main avenue, have
+their ends bolted down upon a piece of timber secured on the upper portion
+of the truss; and they are further fixed in their places by oak brackets,
+forming a spreading foot on each side upon the same piece of timber.
+
+Between these large ribs horizontal timbers, called "purlins," are fixed
+about nine feet apart, by means of cast-iron shoes, bolted both to them and
+to the ribs. These serve to support the minor or intermediate ribs,
+occurring at distances of eight feet apart; which consist of a single
+square piece of timber, having the two thicknesses of 1-inch board bent
+round their outer circumference, as on the main ribs. The boards form the
+gutters or furrows between which rise the ridges, in the same manner as in
+that portion of the roof which is horizontal.
+
+The ridges, in this case, instead of being cut out of solid pieces, are
+formed in three thicknesses, bent round to the requisite curve, and so
+retained by small bolts tying them down to the "purlins." The sash-bars
+which receive the glass form, as elsewhere, the sloping rafters or supports
+of the ridge.
+
+
+[Illustration: Interior View of the Central Avenue towards the West.]
+
+The space below the first "purlin" or plate at the springing of the arch,
+down to the level of the lead-flat beneath it, is fitted with louvre-frames
+for ventilation. The diagonal bracing between the main ribs has been
+already alluded to. Each set consists of four wrought-iron rods three
+quarters of an inch in diameter, having eyes at one end, by means of which
+they are secured with bolts, passing through the thickness of the ribs; in
+the centre they meet in a cast-iron ring, on the inner side of which the
+ends are screwed up with nuts.
+
+The semicircular ends of the transept are filled in with tracery, formed by
+radiating timbers, strutted apart with short pieces placed in concentric
+rings. The circular heads of the openings are formed by iron castings
+screwed into their places, and the eye from which the radiating lines of
+the tracery proceed is also formed by solid iron castings bolted together.
+On the outer face the ribs of the tracery are moulded, and on the inner
+side glazed sashes are fixed, filling in the openings.
+
+The lead-flat, twenty-four feet wide, extending the whole length of the
+transept, on either side of the semicircular roof, is constructed in a
+similar manner to the floor of the galleries, by under-trussing two pairs
+of joists in each bay. In the width of the lead-flat roof a horizontal
+truss is formed by flat bars of iron fixed in the direction of the diagonal
+of the 24-feet square bays, to resist any possible thrust or tendency of
+the ends of the ribs to open outwards at the springing.
+
+
+
+
+The Facework.
+
+
+The external inclosures of the building, on the levels of the different
+storeys, require but little description in detail beyond that already
+given. The sash-bars dividing the sashes of the upper tiers are grooved for
+glass similarly to those used in the roof, and were cut out by the same
+machinery. The glass was put in after they were framed together, so that it
+was necessary to arrange the ends of the bars that it could be slipped in
+at one end. As the bars of these sashes were of slight dimensions and
+considerable length, they were strengthened by wrought-iron rods passed
+through the sash-frame and the bars, and screwed up at the ends, causing
+the whole to work together. The sashes are held in their position by small
+cast-iron clips, which are bolted on to the columns; and as the surface
+presented to the wind by the upright sides of the building is of such
+considerable extent, wooden bridges are fixed against the sashes on the
+inside, by small cast-iron shoes bolted to the columns; and at the internal
+angles, where the wind would exert its greatest force, these bridges are
+further strengthened by wrought-iron rods half an inch in diameter,
+pressing against the back of them, which is grooved for the purpose, and
+screwed up at each end in the cast-iron shoes. In this manner a connected
+chain of resistance to any external pressure is established round the whole
+circuit of the building.
+
+[Illustration: THE LOUVRE-FRAME.]
+
+The louvre-frames, which form part of the face-work in all the different
+storeys, consist of a deal frame in which bent louvre-blades are hung on
+pivots at each end. These blades are of galvanised iron of an [S section]
+form. On the back of each blade is fixed a loop of thin iron, to which a
+rack is fitted; and by these means all the blades in each frame are moved
+simultaneously. A considerable number of these racks may also be connected,
+so that a large area of ventilation may be regulated at once.
+
+
+
+
+The Diagonal Bracing.
+
+
+From the total absence in this building of any internal division-walls,
+which in ordinary structures considerably add to their stability, it was
+thought desirable to introduce into the construction something to
+compensate for this deficiency. At several points in the length of the
+building, where a continuous connexion could be established transversely,
+the squares formed by the columns and girders on the different storeys have
+their four corners connected by diagonal rods, seven-eighths of an inch in
+diameter, having eyes at the ends, by which they are secured to the bolts
+connecting the different parts of the columns. In the centre of the square
+the four rods meet in a cast-iron ring, and are screwed up with nuts;
+ornamental faces are fitted into the rings, so that this addition to the
+construction is by no means detrimental to the general effect.
+
+In a similar manner this diagonal bracing is introduced in a horizontal
+direction immediately under the floor of some portions of the galleries; of
+these there are twenty-two sets, and of those placed vertically there are,
+altogether, 220 sets in the building, and the manner of their introduction
+will be readily understood from the views of the interior.
+
+
+
+
+The Staircases.
+
+
+The double staircases, of which it has been mentioned there are eight in
+the building, consist each of four flights, about eight feet wide; two
+parallel ones, leading from the ground-floor to a landing, at the
+half-height, and the other two branching in opposite directions from the
+landing to the two galleries. The treads of the steps are made of a species
+of mahogany called sabicu, which is much harder than oak, and therefore
+peculiarly suited to the purpose for which it is here employed. The risers,
+or faces of the steps, are of deal. The stairs are supported by cast-iron
+girders, following the slope, the lower ones being fixed at the foot to
+stout timbers under the flooring, and the upper ends bolted to the
+cast-iron columns which support the landing. These columns are of the same
+pattern as the rest throughout the building, but only five inches in
+diameter. They are supported on concrete, and eight of them are required
+for each staircase. The floor of the landing is carried by lesser cast-iron
+girders, with flooring-joists.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF STAIRCASE.]
+
+The girders carrying the upper flights spring from the landing girders, and
+have their upper ends bolted on to the main girders supporting the
+galleries, which are varied in pattern for this purpose. The railing of the
+staircase is formed in separate cast-iron standards, one to each step,
+which are bolted on to the top flange of the girders; and the foot of the
+standard is so continued that the ends of the treads are fitted into it,
+and are thus supported. The pattern of these standards is assimilated to
+that of the gallery railing.
+
+The hand-rail is formed of Honduras mahogany, with carved ends. On each
+side of the upper flight, which occupies the centre of a 24-feet space,
+connecting-galleries about eight feet wide are carried, establishing a
+communication between the two lines of gallery without descending to the
+level of the landing and then re-ascending. The landing is sufficiently
+high above the ground-floor to give ample headway for passing underneath
+it; so that the space occupied by the staircases on the ground-floor is but
+small.
+
+
+
+
+The Floor and Foundations.
+
+
+It now only remains to mention briefly the construction of the floor of the
+building, and the foundations for the base-pieces. The substratum of the
+site consists of gravel of an excellent quality, and sufficiently dense to
+have sustained, perhaps without any preparation, the load brought upon it
+by the bases of the columns. A thickness of concrete, proportioned in all
+cases to the amount of the weight to be borne by the superincumbent
+columns, and of such a size as to be two feet in each direction larger than
+the bed-plates, was placed upon the gravel, and the upper surface was
+finished with a bed of fine mortar to receive the bed-plates. In this
+manner it was calculated that in no case would a greater weight than
+two-and-a-half tons be borne by each foot superficial of the
+gravel--previous experiments having shown that a considerably larger weight
+could be placed upon it without any injurious effect.
+
+The timbers supporting the joists for the floor are also placed upon small
+blocks of concrete, about one foot cube, at a distance of eight feet apart.
+On these are fixed the flooring-joists, and a deal floor an inch and a half
+thick is laid on them, as has been already mentioned, with intervals of
+about half an inch between the boards.
+
+[Illustration: FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE.]
+
+In order to carry off the water brought down from the roof by every
+alternate longitudinal row of columns, 6-inch cast-iron pipes are fitted
+into the sockets described in the base-pieces, and are carried in the lines
+of those columns through the whole length of the building, with discharges
+into the larger drains at the centre and at each end; the natural slope of
+the ground gives a sufficient fall to the pipes.
+
+Having thus described in detail all the different portions of the
+construction of the building, we must proceed to give some account of its
+actual erection, which will enable us to mention many very ingenious
+mechanical contrivances which were employed in the course of its progress.
+
+
+
+
+The First Operations on the Ground.
+
+
+From the great extent of the area required for the building, it was not to
+be expected that any site would be found of the necessary size, perfectly
+level. On the ground occupied by the building there is a difference of
+level between the two extreme ends of about eight feet. In consequence of
+this fall of the natural surface from west to east, and in order to avoid
+having a considerable flight of steps at one end of the building to
+compensate for it, it was determined to arrange the floor with an
+inclination following nearly that of the ground, such fall being at the
+rate of one inch in twenty-four feet. All the lines of the building which
+would be called horizontal in fact follow this line of the floor, and those
+which are supposed to be upright are placed at right angles to the floor,
+and therefore slightly inclined from the perpendicular towards the east.
+The deviation, however, is so exceedingly small as to be perfectly
+imperceptible even to those who are aware of the fact; and no one who was
+not previously informed of it would be able to detect it.
+
+It has been mentioned that Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender for the
+building was verbally accepted on the 16th of July, 1850, and on the 30th
+of that month they obtained possession of the site from the Commissioners
+of Woods and Forests.
+
+The first proceeding was to inclose the whole area (including a
+considerable space at each end more than would be covered by the building)
+with a hoarding about eight feet high, put together in a very simple
+manner, so that the boards were afterwards available for the flooring. The
+supports for the hoarding consisted of pieces of timber fixed in the ground
+in pairs, at intervals of the length of the boards, leaving a narrow space
+between them, into which the boards were dropped, and thus held in their
+place without any nails. Temporary offices were then erected in a
+convenient portion of the site, and were covered with a roofing which was a
+specimen of that to be used in the building itself. Considerable ranges of
+carpenters' sheds were also put up, and even stables for twenty or thirty
+horses, which were required in the progress of the works.
+
+
+
+
+Setting out the Ground.
+
+
+The first thing to be done towards the building itself was to set out
+accurately all the points where the columns would stand, as well as the
+general outline of the building. It will be readily understood that this
+was an exceedingly important part of the work, as upon its accuracy
+depended the fitting together of the various parts that had afterwards to
+be put in place.
+
+This part of the work was executed with great precision by Mr. W. G.
+Brounger. He commenced by determining the four extreme angles of the
+building, and the centre lines of the main avenues. These formed fixed
+points from which were determined the whole of the centres for the columns.
+
+Our readers will recollect that the dimension of twenty-four feet occurs
+horizontally throughout the building, either in multiples or sub-multiples.
+In order to measure off the different distances, rods of American pine were
+made, into which, near the ends, pieces of metal were fixed, having
+corresponding notches at the exact distance of twenty-four feet apart. By
+these means the lengths were measured off with great accuracy, as the wood
+used is not liable to alteration in the length of its fibre; and by means
+of the metal notches the rods were sure to be placed correctly together. It
+was necessary to make these sockets or notches of metal, from the great
+amount of work the rods had to perform.
+
+In determining the length of the rods, the standard of the Astronomical
+Society was used; and this was referred to in all important measurements
+for the castings and other parts of the building, to insure their precise
+eventual agreement in length. This will hardly be considered to have been
+unnecessary when it is remembered that, from the great length of the
+building, a very minute error in any of the parts would have been so
+multiplied as sensibly to throw out the ends.
+
+To those who are unacquainted with the fact, it may be well to mention that
+the standard of length referred to is obtained from a pendulum, which
+oscillates seconds, in the latitude of London, in a vacuum, at the level of
+the sea, at a certain fixed temperature. The length of this pendulum is
+then divided into a certain registered number of feet and inches.
+
+The rods above described were carried along the centre lines of the
+columns, and the position of each column was marked by a small stake driven
+into the ground; and in order still more accurately to fix the centre, a
+long nail was driven into the head of the stake. In this manner the
+position of every column throughout the building was determined.
+
+The level at which the floor was to be fixed was the next point determined
+by the ordinary method of levelling, and stakes, with a [T section] piece
+at the top, called boning-sticks, were fixed in different parts of the
+building; by the aid of which the tops of the base-pieces for the columns
+were all afterwards fixed in one plane of the required slope.
+
+
+
+
+Fixing the Base Plates.
+
+
+The next proceeding was to excavate the holes for the concrete, on which
+the base-pieces were to stand. To do this, the stakes marking the centres
+of the columns had to be removed, and it was therefore necessary to adopt
+some method of finding those centres again with precision. For this purpose
+a large carpenter's square, as it is called, was made. This instrument
+forms a right-angled triangle, and in this instance was used in the
+following manner:--The centre of its longest side, or hypothenuse, was
+marked by a line, which, if continued, would pass through the right angle
+of the triangle, and at an equal distance along each of the other sides of
+the triangle from the right angle an upright saw-cut or notch was made. The
+square was then placed horizontally, so that the line marked on the
+hypothenuse coincided with that of the centres of a row of columns, and so
+that the right-angled corner of the square touched the nail marking the
+exact site of a column. Two small stakes were then driven under the notches
+in the short arms of the square, and nails were driven into them through
+the notches. It will be seen that by these means the site of the first
+stake could easily be again ascertained after its removal. The holes for
+the concrete were then dug of an oval form and of the various sizes and
+depths required, and the concrete filled in to the proper height. The
+gravel used for the concrete was raised in a pit at one end of the ground.
+
+Next to the setting out of the positions of the columns, perhaps the
+operation of fixing the base-pieces was that in which the greatest accuracy
+was required; for as there were in some parts three storeys of columns to
+be fixed over them, any inaccuracy as to their level or position would be
+very much increased at the top of the building. To fix the base-pieces over
+the centres that had been determined for the columns, another carpenter's
+square was made use of, like that already described, but having the
+right-angled corner cut out to the form of the section of a column. This
+square being placed with the notches in its short sides over the two stakes
+already described, the upright portion of the base-piece was fitted into
+the notch at the angle; and as the reader will at once see, if he has
+followed us in the description of the various processes, its correct
+position was thus exactly found.
+
+In order to determine the level of the top of the base-pieces,
+boning-sticks were placed in the lines of the columns, and when the
+base-piece had been approximately fixed, a piece of wood was placed on it
+edgeways, the top of which was to range with the top of the boning-sticks.
+This was easily arranged by looking along them; and the workmen drove down
+the base-piece with a wooden mallet till the desired level was obtained.
+
+From what has been previously stated, it may be gathered that the
+base-pieces had to be fixed truly upright in one direction, but slightly
+inclined in the other; and to effect this a plumb-rule was made, on which
+the deviation from the perpendicular line was marked; and this, when
+applied to those faces of the base-pieces which were to incline, served to
+show when the proper inclination was arrived at, whilst an ordinary
+plumb-rule applied to the other upright faces tested their vertical
+position.
+
+The first column was raised on the ground on the 26th of September, but
+little more than two months after the tender had been accepted. In the
+meantime, many of the different castings had already arrived on the ground,
+and a considerable advance had been made in the carpenter's work for the
+gutters and other parts. The semi-circular ribs for the transept roof were
+also being put together, and stacked in such a manner as not to stand in
+the way of the other works.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS.]
+
+We may mention here that every casting, as it came on to the ground, was
+weighed and registered, and every girder proved, as already described; in
+doing which considerable assistance was derived from one of Mr. Henderson's
+patent Derrick cranes, which was erected near the proving-apparatus. By its
+means a girder was raised from the waggon in which it arrived, placed on
+the weighing-machine, weighed, removed to the proving-press, tested, raised
+again, and deposited on the ground in a stack, in less than four minutes.
+
+
+
+
+Henderson's Derrick Crane.
+
+
+[Illustration: (FIG. 1.) HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.]
+
+[Illustration: (FIG. 2.) PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.]
+
+[Illustration: (FIG. 3.) PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.]
+
+A brief description of this useful engine may not be out of place here. It
+consists of an upright mast (E), steadied when the crane is in use by two
+sloping stays (F F). These stays are fixed into horizontal timbers (G) on
+the ground, connected with the foundation-plate (H) on which the mast
+turns. At the foot of the mast is fixed a combination of wheels and working
+handles for raising the weight, technically called a crab. A beam (A)
+working at the bottom in a socket (B, Fig. 3) fixed to the foot of the
+mast, but hanging out from it in a sloping direction, is called the
+DERRICK, and forms the principal peculiarity of the crane, as it can be
+raised more to the upright line, or lowered to slope more outwards, as may
+be desired, by means of the chain (C). The advantage of this is obvious;
+for a weight may thus be raised from or deposited at any point within a
+circle of a certain radius, depending on the length of the derrick;
+whereas, in an ordinary crane, the weight can only be placed at points upon
+the circumference of that circle. The whole engine revolves on a pivot (H,
+Fig. 2) at the foot of the mast. Cranes of this description are made
+varying in power from one to forty tons, and with derricks ranging from
+twenty to sixty feet radius.
+
+
+
+
+Raising and Fixing the Columns and Girders.
+
+
+Many of the persons who visited the building during the progress of its
+erection were heard to inquire "where was the scaffolding;" and others even
+imagined that the skeleton framework they saw was, in fact, only the
+scaffolding for the building, and not parts of its actual construction.
+This leads us to point out one of the most interesting peculiarities of the
+structure; namely, that it formed, as it were, the scaffolding for its own
+erection. In order to raise the columns upon the base-pieces, two poles
+were placed upright, connected by a horizontal piece, forming what is
+called shear-legs; the whole being steadied in its position by ropes from
+the summit fixed to the ground in various directions. A rope with pulleys
+fixed to the horizontal piece served to hoist the column, and sustain it in
+a vertical position until the bolts were passed through the projecting
+rings at the bottom of the column and the corresponding ones at the top of
+the base-piece, and screwed up. When two columns had been thus fixed, a
+connecting-piece was attached to each end of a girder, and the whole raised
+by the same apparatus, and fixed on the top of the columns; bolts being
+passed through the holes in the projections of the connecting-pieces,
+corresponding with those on the top of the columns. The shear-legs were
+then moved on twenty-four feet to perform the same duties to another pair
+of columns; and two sides of a 24-feet bay were thus formed. To complete
+the square, two more girders were raised in a similar manner, and fixed
+between the connecting-pieces over the columns. The square bay then became
+a firm structure, requiring no further support; and by repeating these
+operations all the smaller avenues of the building were erected, of the
+different heights of one, two, or three storeys. The greatest number of
+columns thus fixed in one week was 310.
+
+[Illustration: FIXING THE GIRDERS.]
+
+
+[Illustration: General View of the Works in Progress.]
+
+
+
+
+Hoisting the Roof Trusses.
+
+
+The wrought-iron roof-trusses over the 48-feet avenues were raised in a
+similar manner to the columns and girders; and in all cases horses were
+employed to run out the end of the fall-rope, which was passed through a
+pulley or catch-block at the foot of the shear-legs, in order to change its
+direction from vertical to horizontal.
+
+For raising the roof-trusses of seventy-two feet span over the main avenue
+a somewhat different method was employed. A single mast or derrick, more
+than seventy feet high, was placed in the centre of the avenue, and
+steadied in an upright position by guide-ropes spreading from the top in
+various directions. Near its summit the hoisting-tackle was firmly lashed
+on. The trusses to be hoisted were brought from the places where they had
+been put together, and placed across the main avenue at the points where
+they were to be fixed. Two ends of a stout chain were passed round the
+upper portion of the truss, at points dividing its length into about three
+equal parts. To this chain the hoisting-tackle was attached, guide-ropes
+being further fastened to each end of the truss to steady it in its ascent.
+In order to stiffen the truss horizontally, struts were attached at the
+centre projecting on each side, and held in their place by tie-rods
+attached to the upper part of the truss, and forming a triangle on each
+side. Before the truss, therefore, could bend in a horizontal direction,
+the attachment of these tie-rods must have given way. Six horses drew out
+the end of the fall-rope, and in the course of a very few minutes the truss
+was hoisted to its giddy height, and each end slipped in between the
+projections made in the connecting-pieces to receive it.
+
+The animated scene presented by these operations was highly interesting
+from the number of men employed, both on the ground and for fixing the
+trusses in their position aloft, and from the rapid progress so many hands
+made. Each gang of men was managed by a foreman, who was obliged to issue
+his orders through a speaking-trumpet, to enable his voice to be heard in
+the din caused by the other works going on around. Besides the two large
+gangs of men engaged in the hoisting of the trusses, other smaller gangs
+were at work at different points getting up the columns and girders. In one
+part, the roofing of which was completed as early as practicable, a crowd
+of carpenters were preparing the Paxton's gutters and other portions of the
+work. In another place, as soon as a sufficient space could be roofed over
+and a temporary floor laid, various parts of the machinery we have already
+described were fitted up and worked by portable steam-engines. Of these
+there were three in different parts: one drove the machinery for finishing
+the sash-bars, gutters, ridges, &c.; another worked the drilling, punching,
+and other machinery connected with the iron-work; and a third was used for
+working circular saws.
+
+Of the number of trusses that were hoisted as above described, in only one
+instance (and that the first) was the result otherwise than perfectly
+successful. The first truss was raised by its ends, instead of from the
+centre; but that method was afterwards abandoned, from the difficulty of
+maintaining the truss in an upright position during its ascent; which was
+important, as, if it turned on its side, its lateral strength was not
+sufficient to prevent it from bending, which would have destroyed the
+joints of the work.
+
+One of the tall masts was worked on each side of the transept, from the
+centre to the ends of the building, being maintained constantly in an
+upright position, while traversing from point to point, by alternate
+slackening and hauling up of the ropes which steadied it; and it was
+curious to witness the motion of these tall giants, as they slowly
+progressed from one point to another, in the performance of their important
+office. Stout planks were laid along the ground, upon which the foot of the
+mast was forced forward by crowbars and levers; the planks served also to
+distribute the weight, which would otherwise have sunk the end into the
+ground. As many as seven trusses were hoisted in one day by each derrick,
+which had therefore to travel a distance of 168 feet.
+
+So careful were the men, under the direction of the manager (to whom was
+intrusted the active superintendence of the whole erection of the
+building), that no accident of importance occurred in these difficult
+operations.
+
+[Illustration: HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES.]
+
+
+
+
+Provision for Expansion of Girders.
+
+
+In connexion with the fixing of the girders, it may be desirable to mention
+the provision that was made for the expansion and contraction of the iron,
+which in so great a length as that of the building might have otherwise
+produced results prejudicial to its stability.
+
+Between the projections cast on to the connecting-pieces and those
+projecting from the ends of the girders which they were made to clip,
+sufficient space was left for the introduction of oak keys, by driving in
+which the girder was fixed in its place, whilst the compressibility of the
+wood left sufficient play for the expansion of the metal. In describing the
+girders, it was mentioned that in the upper and lower flat flanges small
+sinkings were cast near the ends. Corresponding with these sinkings, a
+notch was left in the projection which came out from the connecting-piece;
+and when the girder was put into its place, iron wedges were driven in
+between the notch and the sinking, by which means any lateral motion of the
+girder was prevented. It was a great advantage to have the means of fixing
+the girders of so simple a nature, as any arrangement presenting the least
+complication, or requiring great nicety, would have materially retarded the
+progress of the work.
+
+The wrought-iron trusses were held by the connecting-pieces in a similar
+manner to the cast-iron girders; but, as an additional security, bolts were
+passed through holes provided in the standards at the ends, and through the
+connecting-pieces, where they were screwed up with nuts.
+
+The raising and fixing of the extra-strong roof-trusses crossing the main
+avenue near the side of the transept required particular care, from their
+great weight; the heaviest being, as we have before mentioned, no less than
+eight tons. These trusses were the first that were fixed across the central
+avenue, and about 150 men were engaged in the hoisting of each one. They
+are secured to the columns by four strong bolts passing through the
+end-standards.
+
+In order to provide additional support for the great weight brought upon
+the last-mentioned trusses by the transept roof, extra columns were
+introduced underneath them. These were built up in storeys corresponding
+with those of the other columns, with which they were connected, at the
+levels of the girders, by bolts and straps. A cast-iron shoe, fixed on the
+top of the columns, provided a bearing for the ends of the truss. The
+columns just described project slightly into the main avenue from the line
+of the other columns; and this is the only instance in the interior of the
+building of the iron columns occurring at a less distance than twenty-four
+feet apart.
+
+
+
+
+Glazing the Roof.
+
+
+We have now traced the erection of the building up to the level of the
+roof, in which it will be readily conceived the operation of glazing was
+one of extreme difficulty, there being no scaffolding to aid the workmen in
+conducting their operations. When the glazing was first commenced a light
+scaffolding was suspended from the rafters; but this was found to be too
+tedious and troublesome a method of proceeding for so large an extent of
+roofing. It was, moreover, of great importance that some means should be
+devised for completing this part of the construction independently of the
+weather; a matter of some moment, when it is remembered that the work had
+to be done in the winter, when in our climate such operations are liable to
+be very much impeded by heavy rain. The arrangements made to meet this
+difficulty, as well as some others for carrying on the works, are very
+clearly described in a paper by Mr. Digby Wyatt, read at the Institution of
+Civil Engineers, on the 14th January, 1851, from which we quote some
+passages, by permission, for the benefit of our readers.
+
+With reference to the means employed for glazing the roof he says: "To
+effect this purpose, a travelling stage was devised by Mr. Fox, which
+superseded the necessity of any scaffolding for glazing, and by means of
+seventy-six of these machines nearly the whole of the work has been
+executed. The stage was about eight feet square, and rested on four small
+wheels travelling in the Paxton's gutters. It thus embraced a width of one
+bay of eight feet of the roof, with one ridge and two sloping sides. Each
+bay in width required, therefore, a separate stage."
+
+"Each stage was occupied by two workmen, and was covered by an awning of
+canvass stretched over hoops, to protect them in bad weather, and was
+further provided with a box on each side to contain a supply of glass. The
+sash-bars and other materials were piled upon the stage itself, the centre
+of the platform being left open for the convenience of hoisting up
+materials, for which purpose there was a small iron arm with a single block
+pulley."
+
+[Illustration: GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF.]
+
+"Whilst working, the men sat at one end of the platform (the ridge having
+been previously fixed in position by means of the extra-strong sash-bars),
+and they fixed the glass in front of them, pushing the stage backwards as
+they completed each pane. On coming to the strong sash-bars previously
+fixed, they temporarily removed them to allow the stage to pass. In this
+manner each stage travelled, uninterruptedly, from the transept to the east
+and west ends of the building, and the glaziers were enabled to follow up
+the previously-fixed work very closely. The average amount of glazing done
+by one man per day was fifty-eight squares, or about 200 superficial feet;
+and the largest amount done by any one man in a working-day was 108
+squares, or 367 superficial feet."
+
+The mode of fixing the squares of glass was this: a sash-bar having been
+nailed down between the ridge and the gutter, the workman inserted one long
+edge of a square of glass into the groove in the sash-bar, he then placed a
+loose bar against the other long edge of the glass and brought the whole
+down to bear upon the ridge and gutter, the second sash-bar fitting into
+the notches prepared for it; the glass was then pressed up a little, in
+order to insert its upper edge into the groove in the ridge, and the
+workman then filled in the grooves on the outside of the glass with putty,
+the lower edge of the glass having been also bedded on putty where it bears
+on the edge of the gutter. The ends of each sash-bar were fixed with a nail
+driven into the holes previously drilled.
+
+
+
+
+Stage for Repairing Glass.
+
+
+As it might naturally be expected that out of the thousands of panes of
+glass employed, particularly in the flat roof of the building, many would
+be broken in the course of the works, subsequently to their being fixed, it
+was necessary that a ready means should be devised for repairing any such
+damage, as the glazing-waggons used for the first execution of the work
+would not be available for that purpose. A light stage was therefore
+constructed, travelling with wooden wheels upon the ridges instead of in
+the gutters; and from this the men were able to perform their work without
+walking along the narrow gutters, which would have been attended with much
+risk. This stage was also used for fixing the canvass on the outside of the
+roofing, where it is nailed along the ridges, and allowed to bag down
+slightly between them. The object of the canvass, which covers externally
+the whole of the roof except the transept, is twofold: it preserves the
+glass from damage, and also protects the objects exhibited from the direct
+rays of the sun, which would, of course, in many instances, be very
+prejudicial; for the latter purpose the upright sashes on the south side
+are also covered with canvass on the inside.
+
+
+
+
+Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof.
+
+
+One of the most interesting operations which attracted the attention of the
+numerous visitors to the works was the raising the ribs for the
+semicircular roof of the transept, the description of which we give from
+Mr. Wyatt's paper:--
+
+"The operation about which most anxiety had been felt was the hoisting of
+the arched ribs of the transept. These ribs were constructed on the ground
+horizontally, and when completed with all their bolts, two of them were
+reared on end, and maintained in a vertical position, at a distance of
+twenty-four feet from each other, by guy-ropes. As the ribs singly
+possessed little lateral stiffness, they were framed together in pairs with
+the purlins, intermediate small ribs and diagonal tie-rods, forming a
+complete bay of the roof twenty-four feet long; two complete sets of
+temporary ties were also introduced to provide for the strains incident to
+the variations in position of the ribs during the hoisting. The feet of the
+ribs were bolted on to a stout piece of timber, and the lower purlins
+strutted up from the same." In this state the framework is shown in the
+engraving.
+
+[Illustration: A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING.]
+
+"The whole framework was then moved on rollers to the centre of the square
+formed by the intersection of the transept and the main avenue, where it
+was afterwards hoisted. All the ribs were landed over this square, and were
+afterwards moved on a tramway formed of a half baulk of timber constructed
+over the columns on either side of the transept, at a height of about four
+feet above the lead-flat. The hoisting-tackle consisted of four crabs, each
+one being placed on the side of the transept opposite to the part of the
+ribs to be lifted by it, so that the men at the crabs might watch the
+effect of their exertions with greater convenience."
+
+"The hoisting-shears were placed on the lead-flat immediately over the deep
+trusses of seventy-two feet span; each set consisted of three stout
+scaffold-poles, lashed together at the top, and footed on planks laid
+across the flat, and secured by the necessary guy-ropes. The hoisting-rope
+passed from each of the crabs across the transept horizontally, to a
+leading block attached to the foot of the opposite angle column of the
+square; it then passed up to a treble block fastened to the shears on the
+flat, and from thence down to a double block secured by chains to the
+bottom part of the ribs."
+
+
+[Illustration: Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof.]
+
+"There was a peculiar difficulty to be overcome in this operation, which
+arose from the circumstance that the width of the framework was greater
+than that of the transept, the extreme width of the framework to be hoisted
+being seventy-four feet, and the clear width apart of the trusses above
+which it had to be hoisted being only seventy-one feet four inches. It was
+therefore necessary to raise one side to a height of thirty-five feet
+before raising the other, so as to diminish the horizontal width of the
+whole, the diameter of the semicircle being maintained at this angle; the
+whole was then hoisted, until the highest end could clear the tramway."
+
+This accounts for the slanting position in which the ribs are shown in the
+view given.
+
+"The foot of the ribs on one side was then passed over the tramway
+sufficiently to allow the other side to clear the opposite truss; after
+which the whole was hoisted to the full height, and rested on rollers of
+hard wood placed between the sills attached to the framework and the
+tramway, by means of which it was moved to its permanent position. There it
+was again raised by another set of shears, while the sill and tramway were
+removed from under it; and the ribs were then lowered into the sockets
+prepared for them, formed by the continuation of the columns above the
+level of the lead-flat."
+
+"Each successive pair of ribs was fixed at a distance of twenty-four feet,
+or one bay from the preceding one; and the purlins, &c., were fixed in the
+intervening space without any scaffolding from the ground, by means of
+jointed ladders, which were adjusted to the form of the roof."
+
+The first pair of ribs was hoisted December 4th, and the eighth pair on
+December 12th. The operation, which was one of great excitement and
+considerable anxiety, was personally superintended by the contractors,
+aided by their most able foremen and assistants; and a crowd of visitors,
+including many of the illustrious promoters of the undertaking, watched
+with intense interest the steady ascent of the apparently unwieldy piece of
+construction, and every spectator seemed astonished at the mechanical
+regularity with which the whole operation proceeded. It took about one hour
+to raise a pair from the ground to the level of the lead-flat, and the
+whole was done without any accident whatever. About sixty men were employed
+in the hoisting, there being eleven men to each crab, and the remainder on
+the lead-flats.
+
+
+
+
+Glazing the Transept Roof.
+
+
+The semicircular form of the transept roof rendered it necessary to adopt a
+different mode of operation for glazing it to that used in the horizontal
+portion. A stage, thirty-two feet long and about three feet wide, with a
+protecting rail at the side, was constructed, so that it rested upon
+rollers, travelling on the ridges. It was slung by ropes from the crown of
+the arched roof, and could be raised and lowered at pleasure. It
+accommodated eight workmen, with the necessary quantity of materials in
+sash-bars and glass; and they thus performed, with ease and rapidity, an
+operation which before the fitting-up of the stage appeared at least
+extremely difficult, and to the uninitiated next to impossible.
+
+[Illustration: STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT.]
+
+The men commenced fixing the glass at the bottom or springing of the arch,
+and as they completed their work the stage was raised at intervals by
+labourers stationed on the lead-flat. A portion of the glazing at the crown
+of the arch was effected by men working on a light scaffold, suspended
+within from the temporary ties mentioned as having been attached to the
+ribs; whilst those upon the stage worked upwards till they joined the
+portion done from the top.
+
+
+
+
+The Painting.
+
+
+A portion of the work which necessarily occupied a very large amount of
+time was the painting, which was necessary for the preservation of all the
+parts, as well as for their appearance; and when it is considered that
+every portion required to be gone over four times, it must be evident that
+it was highly desirable to adopt some means for facilitating the operation.
+It was found that the sash-bars of the roof, being in short lengths and of
+small dimensions, could readily be operated upon by some mechanical
+contrivance.
+
+[Illustration: THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE.]
+
+A wooden trough was made sufficiently long to receive the sash-bars, and
+this was filled with paint; a number of the bars were then put into it, and
+upon being taken out separately, they were passed through a frame into
+which a set of brushes were fixed in such a manner as to clear off all the
+unnecessary paint. Two small brushes, placed where the bar first entered
+the frame, cleared out the grooves. One workman pushed the bar in at one
+end of the frame, which was about two feet six inches long, and another
+drew it out at the other end, where a trough was placed to receive any
+droppings of paint. The bars were then stacked upright, until they were
+sufficiently dry for the next coat. The first coat only was put on by this
+apparatus, the second being done in the ordinary manner, and the last not
+till after the work was all fixed in its place. By means of this apparatus
+a workman could perform at least ten times the amount of work done in the
+ordinary way.
+
+[Illustration: THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES.]
+
+The finishing the painting of the various parts of the roof internally,
+after they had been put together, was very ingeniously managed, so that
+while the workmen were able to work with ease to themselves, the
+scaffolding on which they stood required no supports from the ground, where
+they would have been much in the way of other operations; loops of
+wrought-iron were hooked on to the roof-trusses, and by means of these a
+perfect cloud of scaffold-boards was suspended, enabling between 400 and
+500 men to be at work at one time. The roof of the main avenue,
+particularly, presented a very singular appearance, as nearly one half of
+the entire length was thus covered at one time, and a crowd of painters
+were at work over the heads of many, perhaps unconscious exhibitors, who
+were arranging their goods undisturbed below.
+
+
+
+
+The Hand-rail Machine.
+
+
+One of the mechanical contrivances which were put up on the ground during
+the works, for saving labour and increasing the rapidity of production,
+remains to be mentioned; it was contrived for turning out the rounded
+mahogany hand-rail for the gallery railing as well as that for the
+staircases.
+
+The mahogany being supplied in slabs of the requisite thickness, these were
+first cut up by circular saws into pieces of a square section, and the
+angles of these were then bevelled off by the same means; the lengths were
+afterwards transferred to the hand-rail cutting machine to be rounded.
+
+[Illustration: THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE.]
+
+[Illustration: PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE.]
+
+The principal portion of the machine consists of a hollow cast-iron
+cylinder, round which a strap may be passed to drive it. At one end of this
+cylinder four cutters are fixed, so that a piece of wood passing between
+them and through the cylinder, as it revolves, is rounded off to a true
+circular form of section, and is turned out so smoothly finished as to
+require scarcely any further work upon it before fixing. In advance of the
+cutters pressure-rollers are placed, furnished with teeth; and these, as
+they are turned round by a cranked handle, seize upon a piece of mahogany
+and force it forward against the cutters, which form, as it were, the jaws
+of the hollow cylinder, which thus seems to be constantly swallowing
+lengths of rough mahogany, which escape from it finished. The wooden rail
+is passed up to the cutters along a groove, the end of which is shown in
+the small engraving; and opposite each end of the revolving cylinder
+springs are fixed, which prevent the rail from shifting its position. The
+hand-rail was all turned out in 21-feet lengths, of which about thirty were
+completed in the day.
+
+
+
+
+General View of the Works.
+
+
+We have mentioned that the actual commencement of the building was made by
+fixing one of the columns on the 26th of September; and, within a few
+weeks, more than a thousand men were at work, though, from the great extent
+of the ground they were spread over, it was difficult to estimate their
+number, which was, however, made apparent by the rapidity with which the
+building began to grow. The place presented an animated and interesting
+scene, which attracted a great number of visitors; and crowds of the fair
+sex were not deterred by the rough state of the ground from endeavouring to
+satisfy their proverbial thirst for knowledge. In one part of the ground
+might be seen the putting together of the wrought-iron roof-girders to the
+deafening tune of more than a hundred hammers; in another place gutters
+were being put together by the mile, for which some hundred or two of
+sawyers were cutting up ship-loads of timber. Three portable steam-engines
+in various parts were driving the different machinery already described,
+which, however, was mostly grouped in one place near the transept. The
+central avenue formed, of course, the great thoroughfare, where teams of
+horses were constantly passing, dragging the slender columns, or
+unwieldy-looking girders, to their places, while other teams were engaged
+in running them up to their final position. Over-head, too, the glaziers'
+waggons, dotted about the roof, seemed to be running on some new aerial
+railways; in every direction that the eye turned the busy scene extended.
+
+For carrying on these extensive works an immense number of men were
+necessarily employed on the spot, besides those occupied in preparing the
+various parts at different places. The greatest number of men on the ground
+in any one week was 2,260; and the season of the year frequently rendered
+it necessary for the workmen to continue their labours after dark, which
+they did partly by the light of huge bonfires of shavings and odd scraps of
+wood. The effect of these great fires, which were generally lighted in some
+part of the main avenue, was exceedingly grand. The light of the tall
+flames was reflected from the glass of the roof far away into the darkness
+which concealed all the other parts; whilst occasionally a lantern carried
+by a workman engaged in fixing the upper columns, or some part of the roof,
+glimmered like some new star.
+
+On one occasion, when the greatest efforts were being made to push on the
+progress of the works, no less than twelve large bonfires lighted the men
+at their midnight toil; and had the building been formed of combustible
+materials, a passing observer would have imagined that the whole was in
+flames.
+
+
+
+
+Paying the Workmen.
+
+
+The process of distributing their wages among so large a number of men, on
+every recurring Saturday evening, was one which could only be effected
+within a reasonable time by some systematic arrangement; and to such
+perfection was this brought in the course of the works, that the whole
+number of 2,000 men or upwards were sometimes paid in little more than an
+hour; though at first it occupied a considerably longer time.
+
+The mode in which this was effected was as follows:--When a workman was
+engaged his name was entered in a book against a certain number, which was
+stamped on several brass tickets, three of which were given to each workman
+before leaving the ground in the evening.
+
+[Illustration: THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX.]
+
+Every man had to enter the premises three times in the course of the day;
+namely, the first thing in the morning, after returning from breakfast, and
+after returning from dinner. On each occasion he was required to deposit at
+the gate one of these tickets, which were afterwards sorted by the clerks,
+and entered in the time-book. In this way, if a man failed to come to his
+work, his ticket would be missing, and the time during which he was absent
+would not be entered; a corresponding amount being deducted from his week's
+wages.
+
+On the Saturday, each man's time was made up from the book; and his wages
+calculated accordingly, and the amount entered against his name. The money
+due to each man was then counted out and placed in a small tin box, with a
+ticket, on which was written the man's name and number, and the amount of
+wages paid to him.
+
+[Illustration: THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE.]
+
+All this was done in the time-keeper's office, which was conveniently
+placed near the entrance to the works. When all the preliminary
+arrangements had been completed, the workmen's bell was rung, and they
+assembled (a motley and sometimes clamorous crowd) round the pay-office,
+which was provided with two small openings through which the payments were
+made.
+
+[Illustration: THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE PAY-OFFICE.]
+
+Two men stationed outside the office then called over the numbers of the
+workmen, who presented themselves, in the order in which they were called,
+at the pay-windows, where each man took the small box passed out to him
+with the money, and left the box in passing out at the gate. If any man
+considered the amount of wages paid to him not correct, he presented the
+ticket given to him with the wages at the office on the Monday morning
+following, when the matter was arranged by the time-keeper.
+
+[Illustration: THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID.]
+
+Any person acquainted with the irregular habits of vast numbers of our
+workmen, who will often be absent from their work a quarter of a day, and
+at other times a whole day, thus varying the amount of wages due at the end
+of the week to almost every man, will at once see that, without a
+well-arranged system, such as that described, the payment of so large a
+body of men would have occupied as many days as it really did hours. The
+engravings annexed, in illustration of this part of our subject, will
+convey to the reader some idea of the scene we have endeavoured to
+describe, though it must fall far short of the picturesque reality.
+
+
+
+
+General Statistics.
+
+
+It is with great pleasure that we are able to mention that, notwithstanding
+the difficult character of some of the work, and the extreme rapidity with
+which it was carried on, very few accidents of importance occurred; a
+circumstance which must be ascribed to the great care taken by the
+contractors for the safety of the men while engaged in their work: and in
+the cases where the accidents that occurred were of a serious or fatal
+kind, their origin was mostly to be traced to a neglect of those
+precautions which the men were constantly urged and ordered to take.
+
+A few statistics of the quantities of different parts of the work not
+already mentioned will complete this portion of our subject. The whole
+amount of iron-work in the building is stated at about 4000 tons; and about
+1,200 loads of timber were required for the wood-work. There are 2,941
+trussed gutters in the roof, and 1,495 glazed sashes were required to
+inclose the sides of the building. As many as 316 iron girders were cast,
+in one week, and 442 lengths of the Paxton's gutters were cut out by the
+machinery in the same time. No less than 18,392 squares of glass,
+containing 62,508 feet superficial, or about one-and-a-half acres, were
+also fixed in one week.
+
+It may be further mentioned that the weight of the different parts forming
+the flat ridge-and-furrow roofing amounts to three-and-a-quarter pounds per
+foot superficial, on the whole surface; the weight of the arched roof of
+the transept, including the ribs, amounts to five-and-three-quarter pounds
+per superficial foot; and the timbers and boards of the gallery floor weigh
+eight-and-a-half pounds to the superficial foot: from these data the actual
+weight on the different girders may be calculated.
+
+The light iron-work, with the exception of some of the gallery railing, was
+cast at the works of the contractors near Birmingham; and the remainder,
+including the columns, girders, &c., was distributed between their own
+foundry, and those of the Messrs. Cochrane, of Wood Side, and Mr. Jobson,
+of Holly Hall, both near Dudley. The wrought-iron was supplied by Messrs.
+Fothergill, and the timber by Messrs. Dowson and Co.
+
+
+
+
+The Parti-coloured Painting.
+
+
+The coloured decoration introduced in finishing the painting of the
+building is a subject which has been much discussed, and many suggestions
+have been made by persons generally received as authorities on the subject.
+The system adopted was proposed by Mr. Owen Jones, under whose active
+superintendence it has been carried out. That gentleman explained his
+reasons for its adoption, and the effect which he expected it to produce,
+in a lecture at the Institute of British Architects, on the 16th of
+December, 1850, some portions of which are submitted to our readers:--
+
+"It is not necessary for me to describe the building, the painting of which
+we are now about to discuss, as it is well known to most of you by its
+marvellous dimensions, the simplicity of its construction, and the
+advantage which has been taken of the power which the repetition of simple
+forms will give in producing grandeur of effect; and I wish now to show
+that this grandeur may be still further enhanced by a system of colouring
+which, by marking distinctly every line in the building, will increase the
+height, the length, and the bulk.
+
+"The very nature of the material of which this building is mainly
+constructed, viz., iron, requires that it should be painted. On what
+principle shall we do this? Should we be justified in adopting a simple
+tint of white or stone colour, the usual method of painting iron? Now, it
+must be borne in mind that this building will be covered on the south side,
+and over the whole of the roof, with canvass, so that there can be but
+little light and shade. The myriads of similar lines, therefore, of which
+the building is composed, falling one before the other, would lose all
+distinctness, and form, in fact, one dull cloud overhanging the Exhibition.
+
+"A line of columns (as it may be seen even now at the building) would
+present the effect of a white wall, and it would be impossible, in the
+distance, to distinguish one column from another. This mode of painting
+would have the further disadvantage of rendering the building totally
+unconnected with the various objects it is to contain.
+
+"May the building be painted of a dark colour, like the roofs of some of
+our railway-stations? This, equally with the white method, would present
+one mass of indistinctness; the relief of the cast-iron would disappear,
+and each column and girder would present to the eye but a flat silhouette.
+
+"Let us now consider the building as painted with some pale neutral tint,
+dull green or buff. In doing this we should be perfectly safe, as, provided
+the colours were not too pale so as to be indistinct, or too dark so as
+sensibly to affect the eye, we could hardly make a mistake. Yet how tame
+and monotonous would be the result! It would be necessary that this tint,
+whichever we might choose, should be of a very subdued neutral character,
+in order to avoid the difficulty well known to mounters of drawings and
+painters of picture-galleries, viz., that in proportion as you incline to
+any particular shade of colour, so in that exact proportion you injure or
+destroy those objects it is intended to relieve which may have similar
+colour. To this, then, we should be reduced--a dull monotonous colour
+without character. How unworthy this would be of the great occasion!  How
+little would it impress the public! How little would it teach the artist!
+It would be to cut instead of patiently to unravel the knot.
+
+"We are now brought to the consideration of the only other well-defined
+system which presents itself, namely, parti-colouring. This, I conceive, if
+successfully worked out, would bring the building and its contents into
+perfect harmony, and it would fitly carry out one of the objects for which
+this Exhibition was formed, namely, that of promoting the union of the
+fine-arts with manufactures. It would be an experiment on an immense scale,
+which, if successful, would tend to dispel the prejudices of those whose
+eyes are yet unformed to colour, to develope the imperfect appreciations of
+others, and to save this country from the reproach which foreign visitors,
+more educated in this particular than ourselves, would not fail to make
+were the building otherwise painted; it would everywhere bring out the
+construction of the building, which, as I said before, would also appear
+higher, longer, and more solid."
+
+Mr. Jones then adduced the practice of the ancient and mediæval artists,
+and explained the kind of colours they generally adopted, mentioning that
+in the best periods of art the primary colours were chiefly or exclusively
+used.
+
+"In the decoration of the Exhibition building I therefore propose to use
+the colours blue, red, and yellow, in such relative quantities as to
+neutralise or destroy each other; thus no one colour will be dominant or
+fatiguing to the eye, and all the objects exhibited will assist, and be
+assisted by, the colours of the building itself.
+
+"In house-decoration we occasionally find a run on one colour; thus we have
+a green room, a pink room, and a red room; but it would obviously be unwise
+to adopt any one colour for this building, whose contents will be of all
+imaginable hues from white to black. Discarding, on the other hand, the
+perfect neutral white as unfit for the occasion, we naturally adopt the
+colours blue, red, and yellow, in or near the neutral proportions of eight,
+five, and three; but to avoid any harsh antagonism of the primary colours
+when in contact, or any undesired complementary secondaries arising from
+the immediate proximity of the primaries, I propose, in all cases, to
+interpose a line of white between them, which will soften them and give
+them their true value.
+
+"As one of the objects of decorating a building is to increase the effect
+of light and shade, the best means of using blue, red, and yellow is to
+place blue, which retires, on the concave surfaces; yellow, which advances,
+on the convex; and red, the colour of the middle distance, on the
+horizontal planes; and the neutral white on the vertical planes.
+
+"Following out this principle on the building in question, we have red for
+the under-side of the girders, yellow on the round portions of the columns,
+and blue in the hollow parts of the capitals.
+
+"Now, it is necessary not only to put the several colours in the right
+places, but also to use them in their due proportions to each other.
+
+"Mr. Field, in his admirable works on colour, has shown by direct
+experiment that white light consists of blue, red, and yellow, neutralising
+each other in the proportions of eight, five, and three. It will readily be
+seen, that the nearer we can arrive at this state of neutrality the more
+harmonious and light-giving will a building become; and an examination of
+the most perfect specimens of harmonious colouring of the ancients will
+show that this proportion has generally obtained among them; that is to
+say, broadly, there has been as much blue as the yellow and red put
+together, the light and the shade balancing each other.
+
+"Of course, we cannot in decorating buildings always command the exact
+proportions of coloured surface which we require; but the balance of
+colours can always be obtained by a change in the colours themselves. Thus,
+if the surfaces to be coloured should give too much yellow, we should make
+the red more crimson and the blue more purple; that is, we should take the
+yellow out of them. So, if we had too much blue, we should make the yellow
+more orange, and the red more scarlet.
+
+"A practised eye will as readily do this as a musician can tune a musical
+instrument; it is here that science abandons the artist, who must trust to
+his own perceptions, cultivated by renewed trials and repeated failures."
+
+In concluding, Mr. Jones said, with reference to some specimens of the
+proposed decoration which had been executed, "I would ask you to banish
+from your minds the glare of light by which this decoration is now seen--to
+forget the rough foreground, where men are engaged in every variety of
+occupation for the completion of this great building; and I would ask you
+to fill it in imagination with the gorgeous products of every clime. I
+would ask you to picture to yourselves in the foreground the brilliant
+primaries, blue, red, and yellow--the rich secondaries, purple, amber, and
+green, moulded in forms of every conceivable diversity; and, lastly,
+against them the darker tertiaries fading into neutral perspective.
+
+"The conception of such an effect, difficult even to the artist accustomed
+to abstract his attention from present interruptions and to calculate
+future harmonies, is impossible to the uninstructed spectator, who, from
+the experimental decoration of a single column, draws a premature and,
+necessarily, a fallacious inference as to the collective effect of the
+whole.
+
+"From my brother architects I hope for a more patient, a more
+comprehensive, and a fairer appreciation; for myself, I have a confident
+hope, grounded on the experience of years devoted to this particular branch
+of art, that the principles and plans I have had the honour to propose to
+the Royal Commission, for the decoration of this magnificent structure,
+will be found, when complete, not to disappoint the public expectations, or
+to prove wholly unworthy of the great occasion."
+
+In this lecture, Mr. Owen Jones asked his hearers, and the public
+generally, to suspend their final judgment upon his system of colouring
+until the whole should be completed, and the building filled with the
+objects to be exhibited, as he considered that many of the objections which
+were raised to his proposition resulted from a want of consideration of the
+ultimate effect to be produced by the whole, when completed and occupied;
+and so far as this effect has been realised, we believe it has inclined the
+public opinion more in favour of the coloured decoration than originally,
+when it was undoubtedly very strongly commented upon in various quarters.
+Without venturing to express any opinion ourselves, we may trust that Mr.
+Owen Jones's fondest hopes will be fully realised.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of the Building from the North Bank of the Serpentine.]
+
+
+
+
+The Water Supply.
+
+
+The supply of water necessary both for the protection of this enormous
+building from fire, and for the use of fountains and machinery to be
+exhibited, is furnished at a very liberal rate by the Chelsea Waterworks'
+Company. It is brought into the building by a 9-inch main pipe, at about
+the centre of its length, branching out into three 6-inch pipes, which
+extend throughout the whole length of the building. Short pipes branch off
+from these, terminating in fire-cocks, placed at such distances that a
+circle of 120-feet radius from any one of them will touch a similar circle
+described round the adjacent ones; by which means the whole extent of the
+building may be brought under the action of hose attached to each of the
+fire-cocks. The water is supplied at a pressure equal to a column of about
+seventy feet, so as to work the fountains that will be exhibited, and to
+play efficiently from hose in case of any accident by fire. The quantity
+which the Company have undertaken to supply is 300,000 gallons a day.
+
+
+
+
+The Stability of the Building.
+
+
+The subject of the strength and stability of the building is one on which
+considerable anxiety has been felt, both by the public at large and by
+those professional bodies more capable of forming a correct judgment upon
+it. In the prolonged discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Wyatt's
+paper at the Institution of Civil Engineers, many points of objection were
+raised which seemed at first sight of a very serious nature; but, in most
+cases, the answers that were given to them were perfectly satisfactory. The
+two greatest difficulties raised were, firstly, the enormous surface
+presented by the exterior to the pressure of the wind, with apparently but
+a slight power of resistance; and, secondly, the construction of the
+galleries, which, it was thought, would not be able to resist the vibratory
+motion likely to be produced by great numbers of people walking upon them.
+The results of several calculations were adduced on the occasion alluded to
+in support of the objections on the first point; but perhaps the best
+answer that could be given to them was the circumstance mentioned by Mr.
+Fox--that on the 5th of that month (January) the pressure of the wind,
+which blew a perfect gale, was not only much above the average, but very
+nearly reached the greatest amount known within a considerable period in
+London--about 25lbs. per square foot; and that as the building, although in
+an incomplete state, had resisted that pressure without receiving any
+injury, it was fair to conclude that, when finished, it would be able to
+sustain the greatest force which the wind could be reasonably expected to
+exert upon it.
+
+The question of the strength of the galleries was one of even greater
+importance than the other, as, in case of any failure in that part of the
+building, human life must almost inevitably have been sacrificed to a great
+extent. It was therefore deemed necessary to ascertain, as far as was
+practicable, by experiment, that their strength was abundantly sufficient;
+and in Mr. Wyatt's paper, as printed, the following description of the
+experiments instituted for this purpose will be found.
+
+
+
+
+Testing the Galleries.
+
+
+In the interval between the reading of this paper and its going to press a
+series of experiments have been tried to ascertain the action of these
+galleries under the strain of a moving load. A complete bay, twenty-four
+feet square, was constructed, raised slightly from the ground, consisting
+of the four cast-iron girders, with the connecting-pieces at the angles,
+and on this the timbers and boards of the flooring. Rows of planks the full
+width of the platform led up to it and down from it, so that a body of men
+as wide as the gallery might be able to march up and down in close rank.
+
+"The area of the platform was first covered over with labourers packed as
+closely together as possible; but no action of walking, running, or jumping
+that 300 men could perform did any injury whatever to it, and the greatest
+deflection of the girders did not exceed a quarter of an inch. Soldiers of
+the corps of Royal Sappers and Miners were then substituted for the
+contractors' men; and although the perfect regularity of their step in
+marking time sharply appeared a remarkably severe test, a minute
+examination of the construction after the completion of the experiments
+showed that no damage whatever had been done by their evolutions.
+
+"But as the Commissioners were deeply impressed with the necessity of
+thoroughly convincing the public, who should visit the Exhibition, that
+they might feel perfectly secure in every part of the building, it was
+deemed desirable to apply a still further test to the actual galleries as
+they stand; as it might perhaps be said that the single bay which had been
+experimented upon was not similarly circumstanced to those forming parts of
+the building.
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Testing the Gallery Floor.]
+
+[Illustration: View of the Boiler House.]
+
+"For this purpose a very ingenious apparatus was devised by the late Mr.
+Field, President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, for testing the
+stability of the galleries _in situ_, and on being applied over the greater
+part of the building not a single bolt or girder gave way under its action.
+This apparatus consisted of eight square wooden frames divided into
+thirty-six compartments, each just capable of containing and allowing to
+rotate a 68-pounder shot. The surfaces of the balls placed in each of these
+compartments came in contact with the gallery floor, the frames themselves
+being attached to one another and running along the floor by means of
+castors fixed at the angles; the whole apparatus being drawn along by a
+number of men. Two hundred and eighty-eight 68-pound shot confined in a
+limited area were thus set rolling over more than half the extent of the
+galleries; when, not the slightest mishap having occurred, the experiment
+was considered decisive, and a persistence in it deemed unnecessary."
+
+The pressure obtained in this experiment amounted to about a hundred pounds
+per square foot, and it had been ascertained that the greatest pressure
+caused by packing men together as closely as possible was equal to about
+ninety-five pounds per square foot; so that the testing force applied was
+considered amply sufficient, as a considerable portion of the surface of
+the gallery will be occupied by light articles exhibited in the cases and
+stalls which are placed along the centre of the gallery, where a great
+weight would have most effect.
+
+This ingenious method of proving the strength of the galleries _in situ_,
+without endangering those engaged in the experiment, is admirable; and the
+result of the proof will no doubt allay all fear in the mind of the public
+as to the safety of this portion of the building.
+
+
+
+
+General Advantages of the Building.
+
+
+It is always much easier to point out the defects of any work than its
+excellences; whilst we may, therefore, safely leave the former, as regards
+our present subject, to be discovered and enlarged upon by those who may be
+perhaps more competent than ourselves, we will attempt to point out what we
+conceive to be some of the advantages obtained in the present building.
+
+One of the principal of these, considering throughout the purpose of the
+structure, is, perhaps, the uninterrupted view of the interior which the
+spectator may obtain from any point of the building--a matter of great
+importance to the general grandeur of its effect. From the galleries more
+particularly, which will be less obstructed by large objects, the eye of
+the spectator will be able to range from end to end of the vast edifice;
+while the transparency of the material used for the roof allows every
+object to be brilliantly illuminated. The slender lines of the supports,
+though they serve to sustain a protecting covering, scarcely interrupt the
+view of the objects protected, and the absence of any fixed divisions or
+partitions enables all the articles exhibited to be so arranged as to suit
+the peculiar requirements of each particular class; while the ample space
+between the supports has admitted of the formation of large open avenues
+for the free passage of visitors, who may thus reach as readily the
+remotest corners of the building as those situated near the entrances; and
+whenever the visitor may find himself fatigued by the labour of
+sight-seeing, he will be sure to find himself near one of the numerous
+exit-doors, whereby he may immediately free himself from the crowd of
+spectators.
+
+From the simplicity of the details of the construction, and their constant
+recurrence, it will be seen that so long as the ends of the building were
+left incomplete, its size could easily be limited or expanded, so as to
+include that precise amount of space which, up to the last moment when the
+point could be kept open, appeared most likely to be required. This
+simplicity of arrangement will also be found very advantageous in case the
+building is removed after the termination of its present temporary purpose;
+as the parts may be easily separated without much injury, and as readily
+re-erected, either as a whole, or even in many separate buildings, having
+the same arrangement of parts, without the same general form or appearance.
+
+It has been calculated that the passages remaining in the building, after
+deducting the space appropriated to the objects exhibited, will hold more
+than 100,000 persons; though it is not to be expected that half that number
+will be collected there at one time. The ventilation and supply of fresh
+air for so vast a throng was therefore a matter of the first importance;
+and the means already described for accomplishing this great object are so
+ample, that any inconvenience from oppressive heat or foul air can hardly
+be expected. The canvass with which the roof is covered will not only serve
+to modify the heat of the sun in the interior, but it is expected that if
+it be watered by the hose of engines, it may even reduce the temperature
+within to considerably below that of the external air. From his experience
+in glass-houses for horticultural purposes, Mr. Paxton speaks confidently
+on this point.
+
+The arrangement of the construction of the building resting on isolated
+instead of continuous supports, will enable all traces of it to be readily
+effaced from the site if it is removed; and, on the other hand, if it
+remains, it is evidently peculiarly suited to form a vast winter-garden and
+public promenade.
+
+
+
+
+Conclusion.
+
+
+Before taking leave of the reader who may have patiently followed us thus
+far, a few words may be necessary on the general arrangement of the
+articles to be exhibited in the building whose outline and details we have
+been endeavouring to trace. The first classification is geographical. All
+the western half of the building is given to England, and the eastern,
+which is rather the larger of the two, to foreign countries; the space
+assigned to each country being distinctly defined, so as to avoid the
+possibility of any disputes. As far as it was possible, the space for each
+country is so arranged as to have a frontage towards the main central
+avenue, and in most cases occupies a strip the whole width of the building;
+the visitor, therefore, passing up and down the length, will not miss out
+any country.
+
+In the central avenue, and immediately on either side of it, are placed the
+most remarkable specimens of objects coming under the class of fine-arts,
+or otherwise sufficiently remarkable to entitle them to such a prominent
+place. Behind these, in the side avenues, will be found the various
+specimens of manufactured articles; and along the outside longitudinal
+avenues are placed, on the south side, those belonging to the class of raw
+products (a portion being devoted to agricultural implements), and the
+projecting portion of the building on the north side forms the hall of
+machinery, which is separated by a partition of glazed sashes from the rest
+of the building. Many of the articles will be grouped in courts, an
+arrangement which the construction particularly leads to; and these will
+probably form some of the greatest attractions in the Exhibition, each
+being, as it were, complete in itself, and the inclosures preventing the
+eye from being distracted by distant objects. To enter further into the
+detail of this part of the subject would be foreign to the purpose of this
+work, the building itself being our text.
+
+We have now, we believe, completed the pleasant task we proposed to
+ourselves at the outset, and we hope that in doing so we may have been able
+to render interesting to our general readers this description of
+operations, usually occupying the attention of the technical professions
+only. With this intention, we have avoided as far as possible the use of
+technical terms, which would be a dead letter to the uninitiated, at the
+risk, perhaps, of being considered inaccurate by those acquainted with all
+the details of the subject.
+
+So many men whose eminent talent is well known and appreciated by the
+public have been engaged in perfecting the designs and carrying out the
+erection of this vast structure, that the critic should be one of no mean
+reputation who would venture to raise even a small voice of individual
+criticism on its merits. We have considered it, therefore, to be our part
+rather to record the opinions of others on any points where a discussion
+has been raised than to trouble the reader with any personal views, which
+would, perhaps, have only appeared impertinent.
+
+The nature and extent of the difficulties which have been successfully
+surmounted in carrying out this great work can only be fully appreciated by
+those intimately acquainted with all its structural details and with its
+rapid progress; and its completion in so short a period must be regarded as
+a striking instance of the productive power and spirit of commercial
+enterprise of this country, while the fact of its being defrayed by the
+voluntary contributions of the people will illustrate in an interesting
+manner to our continental visitors that principle of self-government which
+forms the basis of all our institutions, and the spirit of private
+enterprise which characterises most of our great undertakings.
+
+The illustrative engravings with which we have endeavoured to render more
+interesting the descriptive details, necessarily somewhat dry to the
+general reader, are only intended to convey general ideas, without
+attempting that minute accuracy which would be required in a more technical
+work; and with reference to some of them we take this opportunity of
+acknowledging the assistance our artists have derived from views already
+published elsewhere, others having been exclusively drawn for the present
+work.
+
+We have much pleasure in presenting our readers, in the Appendix, with
+views and descriptions of two of the most striking designs sent in the
+first competition for the building, the materials for which have been
+kindly afforded us by their respective authors; and we may remind the
+reader that these two designs were specially mentioned by the Building
+Committee in their Report already quoted. In the same place some
+interesting documents connected with the building will also be found, which
+we were unable to insert in the text.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+LIST OF COMPETITORS FOR THE BUILDING PROPOSED TO BE ERECTED IN HYDE PARK.
+
+  Mons. Acollas, Architecte, 33, Rue Lafayette, à Paris.
+  Messrs. Aickin and Capes, 1, Clarence-street, Islington.
+  W. Albon, Esq., 32, Abingdon-street, Westminster.
+  C. B. Allen, Architect, 9, Great College-street, Westminster.
+  F. C. Anderson, Esq., 9, Holles-street, Cavendish-square.
+  _Architekton_ (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).
+  Henry Ashton, Esq., 50A, Lower Brooke-street.
+  John S. Austin, Architect, Bedford.
+  William Austin, Esq., High-street, East Dereham, Norfolk.
+  C. Badger, Esq., Architect, 40, Rue Blanche, Paris.
+  R. Baly, Esq., 14, Buckingham-street, Adelphi.
+  Alfred Beaumont, Architect, 5, Warwick Chambers, Beak-street.
+  Richard Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.
+  W. Bell, Esq., Clift Cottage, Coronation-road, Bristol.
+  Thomas Bellamy, Esq., 8, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.
+  Mons. Felix Belleflamme, Brussels.
+  J. S. Benest, Esq., 21, Rutland-street, Hampstead-road.
+  J. H. Bertram, M. Inst. C. E., Reading.
+  John Black, Esq., 33, Ernest-street, Regent's Park.
+  E. Blatchley, Esq., Jun., 362, Oxford-street.
+  Mons. Alphonse Botrel, Architecte, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.
+  A. W. Boulnois, Esq., Bazaar, King-street, Baker-street.
+  W. Boyle, Esq., 5, Little George-street, Westminster.
+  R. Brandon, Architect, 11, Beaufort-buildings, Strand.
+  R. Broad, Esq., Horseley Works, Tipton.
+  B. Broadbridge, Architect, 35, Ladbroke-square, Notting-hill.
+  F. Brown, Esq., Francis-street, Torrington-square.
+  R. Brown, Esq., 41, Lord-street, Liverpool.
+  J. B. Bunning, Esq., Guildhall.
+  George A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.
+  H. P. Burt, Esq., 238, Blackfriars-road.
+  John G. Grace, Esq., 14, Wigmore-street.
+  E. I. C., Alnwick.
+  Mons. J. Cailloux, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.
+  A. F. Campbell, Esq., 104, Pall Mall, Reform Club.
+  Henry Case, Esq., 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.
+  James Catt, Esq., Blackheath Park.
+  Mons. J. Charpentier, Architecte, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.
+  J. Claringbull, Esq., 95, Herbert-street, New North-road.
+  Mons. Henri van Cléemputte, Laon, France.
+  Mons. J. P. Cluysenaar, Architecte, Bruxèlles.
+  J. Colshurst, Esq., 36, Jermyn-street, St. James's.
+  John Colson, Architect, Winchester.
+  Mons. J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, Holland.
+  C. E. Coote, Esq., Clifton.
+  W. R. Corson, Architect, 3, Albion-place, Leeds.
+  H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Awylne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.
+  David Cowan, Esq., 9, Hungerford-street, Strand.
+  Mons. Crémont, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.
+  W. Cruikshank, Esq., 24, Duke-street.
+  Mons. E. Damas de Culture, 20, Rue Mazayran, Paris.
+  G. J. Darley, Esq., C.E., 7, Kildare-street, Dublin.
+  Mons. A. Delaage, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.
+  W. Dennis, Esq., Church-street, Hackney.
+  Charles Downes, Esq., 29, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.
+  Francis Drake, Esq., 11, Calthorpe-street, Gray's-inn-road.
+  Henry Duesbury, Architect, Kensington Gore.
+  Mons. Duflocq, 96, Rue Rochechouart, Paris.
+  Mons. Dupuy, 9, Rue Duplessés, Versailles.
+  Mons. Dusillion, Architecte, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.
+  Mons. A. Durand, Moulins, France.
+  O. C. Edwards, Esq., Gloucester.
+  J. Eldudge, Esq., 16, Somerset-place, New Road, Commercial-rd. East.
+  J. Elliott, Architect, 28, Portland-terrace, Southampton.
+  M. G. Fétar van Elven, Architecte, Amsterdam.
+  D. Erskine, Esq., 58, Clerk-street, Edinburgh.
+  W. J. Everitt, Esq., 1, Garden-street, Stepney-green.
+  Mons. Théodore Faure, 2, Little Argyle-street, Regent-street.
+  Mons. F. Desaint Félix, and E. E. White, Architects, Ipswich.
+  Mons. Henri Fevre, Architecte, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.
+  F. Finlay, Esq., 26, Duke-street, Westminster.
+  Charles Folkard, Esq., C.E., 56, King-street, Whitehall.
+  David Colin Forbes, Esq., Stirling.
+  James Forrest, Esq., C.E., 25, Great George-street.
+  W. Freebody, Esq., 9, Duke-street, Westminster.
+  S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.
+  L. Fürges, Architecte, Crefeld.
+  C. E. G., Warwick.
+  A. Garrard. Esq., Surveyor.
+  Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, à Calais.
+  Arthur Gearing, Esq., 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.
+  William Geggie, Esq., Knaresbro'.
+  J. Gibson, Esq., Great Western Railway, Paddington.
+  Robert Gilingham, Esq., 31, Clarence-road, Kentish Town.
+  Mons. Godeboeuf, Architecte, 12, Place Breda, à Paris.
+  C. W. Gooch, Esq., 42, Connaught-terrace, Edgeware-road.
+  John Gould, Esq., Tottenham Park, Wiltshire.
+  Richard Greene, Esq., F.S.A., Sec. to Lichfield Architectural Society.
+  Edmund W. Grubb, Esq., Newnham, Gloucestershire.
+  Robert S. Grubb, Esq., Newham-on-Severn, Gloucestershire.
+  T. R. Guppy, Esq., Naples.
+  J. C. Haddan, Esq., 29, Bloomsbury-square.
+  Thomas Roberts Hannaford, Architect, 21, Trigon-terrace, Kennington.
+  O. Hansard, Architect, 2, Kensington-gardens-terrace, Hyde Park.
+  Robert Hardy, Carpenter, 32, North Conduit-street, Bethnal-green.
+  John Thornhill Harrison, Esq., East Bolden, near Gateshead.
+  J. P. Harrison, Esq., 11, Chancery-lane.
+  Thomas Haw, Esq., 27, Prospect-terrace, Globe-road, Mile-end.
+  Thomas Hayes, Esq., 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde Park.
+  Samuel Heilton, Esq., 54, Red Cross-street, City.
+  Mons. J. Henard, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.
+  James Hendrey, Esq., 4, Pancras-lane, Cheapside.
+  J. Hewitt, Esq., Oxford.
+  W. S. Hollands, Esq., 37, King William-street.
+  Mons. Hector Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.
+  George Horton, Esq., 6, Green-street, Grosvenor-square.
+  Albert P. Howell, Architect, 2, Holywell-street, Westminster.
+  Mons. C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.
+  Benjamin Hurwitz, Esq., 1, Brydges-street, Strand.
+  John Imray, Esq., Engineer, 12, Howley-street, Lambeth.
+  A. Jackson, Esq., Barkhart House, Orpington, Kent.
+  Mons. Ch. Schoech Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.
+  Charles Jayne, Architect, 7, Chancery-lane.
+  Adam Jizkowski, Architect to the Government, Warsaw.
+  Joseph Jopling, Esq., Felton Villa, Finchley-road.
+  H. J. Kaye, Esq., 63, Sloane-street, Knightsbridge.
+  G. P. Kennedy and R. Kennedy, Esqrs., Sussex Chambers, Duke-street, St.
+      James's.
+  J. T. Knowles, Esq., 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.
+  Herr Friedrich Krahe, Brunswick.
+  Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.
+  A Lady with great diffidence submits this plan.
+  M. Laves, Architect to the King of Hanover, Hanover.
+  Mons. A. G. Ledrut, Claremont.
+  S. W. Leonard, Assistant-Curator Micrological Society, 11, Upper
+      Stamford-street, Waterloo-road.
+  W. B. Lewis, Esq., Rainbow-hill, Worcester.
+  R. Lobb, Esq., 8, Goulden-terrace, Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  Locke Brothers, New Peckham.
+  Henry Lockwood, F.S.A., and William Mawson, Architects, Bradford.
+  Henry Lote, Esq., 51, Brompton-row.
+  R. Lovely, Esq., C.E., 1, Victoria-terrace, Queen's-road, Nottingham.
+  George Mackenzie, Esq., 3, Claremont-row, Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  Messrs. Magni and Thummeloup, 26, Boulevard du Temple, Paris.
+  R. Mallet, Esq., Victoria Foundry, Dublin.
+  Mansell and Elliott, Architects, Halkin-street West, Belgrave-square.
+  R. M. Marchant, Esq., 18, Great George-street.
+  P. J. Margary, Esq., Dawlish, Devonshire.
+  W. P. Marshall, Esq., Temple-buildings, New-street, Birmingham.
+  D. Mickle, Esq., 37, Queen-square, Bloomsbury.
+  Joseph Mitchell, Architect, St. James's-street, Sheffield.
+  J. Montheath, Esq., 10, Stanley-street, Paddington.
+  James Moon, Architect, 1, Millman-street, Bedford-row.
+  Captain W. S. Moorsom, 17½, Great George-street.
+  G. Morgan, Architect, 6, Charles-street, Westminster.
+  J. H. Muller, Gaes, Holland.
+  Charles C. Nelson, Esq., 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.
+  Mons. C. Frédéric Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.
+  W. Nethersole, Esq., C.E., 73, Oakley-square, St. Pancras.
+  I. W. Newberry, Esq., Hook Norton, Chipping Norton, Oxon.
+  Francis B. Newman, Architect, 14, Heathcote-street, Mecklenburgh-sq.
+  C. H. Newton, Esq., 92, Camden-road Villas, Regent's Park.
+  Mons. Paliard, 23, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.
+  E. Paraire, Architect, 16, Woodstock-street, Bond-street.
+  Mons. Henri le Pâtre, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.
+  Thomas Peacock, Esq., High-street, Kensington.
+  J. D. Pemberton, Esq., Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.
+  G. Perry, Architect, 42, Newington-place, Kennington.
+  Mons. Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.
+  William Radley, Chemical Engineer, Regent-street, Lambeth.
+  W. Railton, Esq., 12, Regent-street.
+  W. Rankin, Esq., Stirling.
+  W. Reed, Esq., Cannon Cottage Hill, Southampton.
+  Messrs. Reid and Butcher, Architects and Surveyors, 38, Red Lion-square,
+      London.
+  Stanley Reilly, Architect, 3, Upper Kennington-green, Kennington.
+  George Banks Rennie, Esq., Whitehall-place.
+  Harry Ralph Ricardo, Esq., Beaulieu Lodge, Norwood, Surrey.
+  W. Riddle, Esq., East Temple Chambers, Whitefriars, Fleet-street.
+  H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.
+  J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.
+  R. Roberta, Esq., Globe Works, Manchester.
+  Andrew John Robertson, Esq., C.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
+  William Robertson, Esq., 12, Gordon-street, City-road.
+  A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.
+  Alex. M. Ross, Esq., 3, Parliament-street, Westminster.
+  Rough Draught, 42, Stainford-street.
+  Henry Rouse, Esq.
+  H. H. Russell, Esq., C.E., M.R.S.A.
+  W. Russell, Esq., 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.
+  E. Ryde, Esq., 14, Upper Belgrave-place, Eaton-square.
+  George Sanderson, Esq., 136, Solly-street, Sheffield.
+  Charles Sanderson, Esq., Friar-street, Reading.
+  Robert Sandeman, Architect, Greenside, Edinburgh.
+  H. Savage, Esq., 22, Beaumont-street. Mary-le-bone.
+  W. Scurry, Esq., 7, Denbigh-place, Pimlico.
+  Sed quis custodiet Custodes.
+  J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.
+  J. R. Sewell, Esq., Carrington, near Nottingham.
+  Mons. A. Slater, Architecte, Elève de Mons. l'Architecte Cluysenaar.
+  E. Smallwood, Architect, 86, Park-street, Camden Town.
+  F. Smallman Smith, Esq., 18, Brunswick-st., Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  C. H. Smith, Esq., 29, Clipstone-street.
+  J. M. Smith, Esq., 1, Chapel-place, Duke-street, Westminster.
+  W. J. Smith, Esq., 18, Bond-street, Commercial-road, Lambeth.
+  G. Campbell Smith, Esq., Banff.
+  Messrs. Soyer and Warrener, Reform Club.
+  Paul Sprenger, Esq., Architect to the Government, Vienna.
+  Herr Friederich Stammann, Hamburg.
+  Francis Sternitz, Esq., 10, Berner-street, Commercial-road East.
+  W. Stewart, Esq., Seacombe, Cheshire.
+  M. J. Stutely, Architect, 4, Doughty-street, Mecklenburgh-square.
+  H. Suckling, Esq., 1, Conduit-street, Regent-street.
+  George Tate, Esq., Bawtry, Yorkshire.
+  J. Taylor, Architect, 22, Parliament-street.
+  T. Taylor, Architect, 33, Clarendon-street, Oakley-square.
+  J. H. Taunton, Esq., 2, Gordon-place, Kensington.
+  D. W. Thomas, Esq., 20, St. Petersburg-place, Bayswater.
+  R. M. Thompson, Esq., 46, Leicester-square.
+  P. Thompson, Architect, 1, Osnaburgh-place, New-road.
+  F. Thompson, Esq., 15, Trafalgar-square, Peckham.
+  James Thrupp, Architect, 2, Park-place, Bath.
+  H. W. Todd and W. Allingham, 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.
+  Richard Turner and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.
+  Henry Turner, Esq., Low Heaton, Haugh, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
+  F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.
+  Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Armes, Paris.
+  John Walker, Esq., Crooked-lane Chambers, King William-street.
+  George Wallis, Artist, and Henry Summers, Architect, 14, College-place,
+      Camden Town.
+  J. N. Warren, Esq., C.E., 18, Adam-street, Adelphi.
+  J. E. Watson, Esq., 74, Grey-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
+  Henry Whitcombe, Esq., Slough.
+  George Wightwick, Architect, 3, Athenæum-terrace, Plymouth.
+  George Wilkie, Esq., C.E., 8, Powell-street West, King's-square.
+  George Wilkinson, Esq., Horsham.
+  S. J. Wilkinson, Esq., 7, Jeffry's-square, St. Mary Axe.
+  James Williams, Esq., 18, Westgate-buildings, Bath.
+  George Wilson, Esq., Knaresbro', Yorkshire.
+  Ralph Wilson, Architect, 16, Bridge-street, Westminster.
+  James G. Wilson, Esq., 18, Great George-street, Westminster,
+  Richard Winder, Esq., Fenchurch-street.
+  R. A. Withall, Architect, 80, Cheapside.
+  W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.
+  Frederick Wood, Esq., 6, Franklin-road, Queen's-road, East Chelsea.
+  Thomas Worthington, Architect, 54, King-street, Manchester.
+  James Wylson, Architect, 112, Fyfe-place, Glasgow.
+
+
+
+----
+
+LIST A.
+
+ENTITLED TO FAVOURABLE AND HONOURABLE MENTION.
+
+
+  C. B. Allen, Architect, Great College-street, Westminster.
+  W. Allingham (and Todd), 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.
+  _Architekton_ (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).
+  H. Ashton, 50A, Lower Brooke-street.
+  C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.
+  B. P. Baly (four designs).
+  R. Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.
+  Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.
+  J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.
+  A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.
+  R. Brandon, Architect, Little Beaufort-buildings, Strand.
+  F. Brown, Francis-street, Torrington-square.
+  J. B. Bunning, Architect, Guildhall, City of London.
+  G. A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.
+  J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.
+  H. Case, 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.
+  J. Charpentier, Architect, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.
+  Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.
+  J. P. Cluysenaar, Architect of King of the Belgians, Brussels.
+  J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, Holland.
+  H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Alwyne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.
+  Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.
+  W. Cruikshank, 24, Duke-street.
+  A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.
+  C. Downes, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.
+  A. Durand, Moulins, France.
+  Mons. Dusillion, Architect, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.
+  M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.
+  H. Fevre, Architect, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.
+  S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.
+  Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, Calais.
+  A. Gearing, 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.
+  Eugene Godeboeuf, 12, Place Breda, Paris.
+  J. T. Harrison, East Bolden, near Gateshead.
+  T. Hayes, 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde-park.
+  J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.
+  H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.
+  C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.
+  J. Imray, C. E., Howley-street, Lambeth.
+  Ch. Schoech Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.
+  Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.
+  J. T. Knowles, Architect, 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.
+  M. Laves, Architect of the King, Hanover.
+  A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.
+  W. B. Lewis, Rainbow-hill, Worcester.
+  C. C. Nelson, 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.
+  C. F. Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.
+  Mons. Paliard, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.
+  H. le Pâtre, Architect, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.
+  Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.
+  H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.
+  J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.
+  A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.
+  H. Rouse, Esq.
+  W. Russell, 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.
+  H. Savage, 22, Beaumont-street, Marylebone.
+  J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.
+  A. Slater, Architect, Elève de Mons. Cluysenaar.
+  F. Smallman Smith, 18, Brunswick-street, Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  C. H. Smith, Clipstone-street, London.
+  Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.
+  H. Sumners, Architect, 14, College-place, Camden Town.
+  Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.
+  F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.
+  Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.
+  J. Watson, 74, Grey-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
+  W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.
+  T. Worthington, Architect, King-street, Manchester.
+
+
+
+----
+
+LIST B.
+
+ENTITLED TO FURTHER HIGHER HONORARY DISTINCTION.
+
+
+  C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.
+  Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.
+  J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.
+  A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.
+  J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.
+  Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.
+  Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.
+  A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.
+  M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.
+  J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.
+  H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.
+  C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.
+  A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.
+  H. le Pâtre, Architect, 4K, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.
+  Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.
+  Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.
+  Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.
+  Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.
+
+
+[Illustration: Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the Building. Exterior]
+
+[Illustration: View of the Interior.]
+
+
+
+
+TWO OF THE COMPETITION DESIGNS.
+
+----
+
+The following descriptions and plates of two of the designs sent in
+competition for the Building, and specially mentioned by the Committee in
+their Report, are given from information obligingly furnished to us by
+their respective authors.
+
+
+DESIGN BY M. HECTOR HOREAU, ARCHITECT, OF PARIS.
+
+  This was one of the most striking of all that were submitted to the
+  Commission; it formed one immense hall, or shed, more than 2000 feet
+  long, by about 270 feet wide throughout, with several small detached
+  buildings on the north side, for refreshments, &c.
+
+  The interior of the main building was divided into five avenues, the
+  centre one about ninety feet wide, those next adjoining rather more than
+  fifty feet, and the outside ones about forty feet wide. Iron columns,
+  about twenty-three feet apart, formed these avenues and supported arched
+  ribs for the roof. One end of the building was semicircular, the other
+  forming an ornamental façade, and about the centre of the length a
+  transept was formed.
+
+  M. Horeau says: "Simplicity, grandeur, ready means of construction, and
+  of increasing or diminishing the accommodation, and of removal if
+  required, forming altogether a specimen of the most recent improvements
+  introduced into the art of building--these are the principal objects
+  which it has been sought to attain. The whole of the construction is of
+  iron, without a single piece of wood, the foundation being executed in
+  brick; the façade to be in metal, porcelain, and glass, the floor of
+  asphalte, the roof to be principally covered with ornamental thick glass,
+  in large dimensions, or ground glass with patterns.
+
+  "Of the trusses or arched ribs supporting the roof there were to be but
+  three varieties, each in three pieces, with which the whole of the
+  building could be erected. This subdivision of the roof-trusses would
+  have facilitated the conversion of the building for other purposes; for,
+  taken singly, or in various combinations, they would have formed many
+  kinds of buildings for ordinary purposes. The attached buildings placed
+  on the north side would have shown several modes of effecting this. The
+  ornamental spandrils of the roof-trusses would be formed in stamped-work
+  out of copper, and gilt.
+
+  "The façade shows at a glance the purpose of the building, as well as its
+  interior disposition, in which the different widths of avenues would
+  afford space for objects of all varieties of dimensions. The façade
+  itself was to be formed with tracery or trellis-work of cast-iron, the
+  lower part being covered with sheet-iron; the cornice and ornamental
+  panels of porcelain; the medallions in coloured stone-ware; the doors and
+  inclosures of metal, silvered and gilt; the ornamental details to be
+  either cast or stamped; the scrolls in the panels being in coloured glass
+  or mosaic.
+
+  "The pediment is crowned with a group of figures representing the Genius
+  of Industry crowning the Arts and Sciences; in the cornice are placed the
+  names of all the principal cities of the world, and the names of eminent
+  men in panels. In the medallions are represented allegorical figures of
+  the different branches of science and industry. At the angles of the
+  building are placed trophies, the base of which would serve as
+  guard-houses."
+
+  The engravings will serve to show the general effect of this design in
+  its interior and exterior.
+
+----
+
+DESIGN BY MESSRS. R. AND T. TURNER, OF DUBLIN.
+
+  In this design also the interior was arranged as one uninterrupted space,
+  about 1,940 feet long, and 408 wide, the roof in one span rising about
+  120 feet above the floor; the supports, consisting of semicircular ribs,
+  forming the interior into three avenues, the centre one 200 feet wide and
+  the full height, the side ones 104 feet wide and about sixty feet high.
+  In the centre of the length a transept was proposed, and the square area
+  at the meeting of that with the central avenue was to be covered with a
+  glass dome.
+
+  The ends of the building, as well as those of the transept, were to be
+  filled in with tracery in the upper part, a colonnade below protecting
+  the entrances. Galleries, if necessary, were to be placed in the side
+  avenues. The construction of this building was proposed to be principally
+  of wrought iron, which would have given to the circular ribs and other
+  parts a great lightness of effect; but, on the other hand, the
+  difficulties of producing and putting together such an enormous amount of
+  wrought-iron work in so short a space of time as that required was
+  considered an almost insuperable objection to the design. Large portions
+  of the roof were to be covered with glass, so as to admit an abundance of
+  light into the interior.
+
+  The accompanying views of the exterior and interior of this design, from
+  the simplicity of the arrangement, consisting of a repetition of similar
+  parts, require but little description for their elucidation.
+
+
+[Illustration: Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View of Exterior from one
+end.]
+
+
+[Illustration: Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design. Transverse Section, and
+View of the Interior.]
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDUM ON THE SITE.
+
+
+_Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 1st July,
+1850; for_
+
+COPY of a LETTER addressed by the Commissioners of the EXHIBITION of 1851
+to the Lords of the Treasury, inclosing Memorandum as to the Site of the
+Exhibition Building in Hyde Park.
+
+----
+
+
+
+SIR,--I am directed by her Majesty's Commissioners for the Exhibition of
+1851 to transmit to you herewith, for the information of the Lords
+Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury, a memorandum of the grounds on
+which the present site has been selected for the Exhibition, and of the
+proceedings that have been taken in consequence of that selection.--I have,
+&c.
+
+
+
+    The Right Honourable W. G. Hayter, M.P., &c. &c. &c.
+
+----
+
+Memorandum of the grounds on which the site has been selected for the
+Exhibition of 1851, and of the proceedings which have been taken in
+consequence of that selection, prepared for the information of the Lords of
+the Treasury by the Royal Commissioners for promoting the Exhibition.
+
+  1.  It is within the knowledge of the Lords of the Treasury, that from
+  the time of the earliest announcement of the proposed Exhibition it has
+  always been intended that it should take place in the Metropolis. Not
+  only was such an intention matter of notoriety at the time that the
+  question of issuing a Royal Commission was under consideration, but the
+  Commission itself, when issued formally recited that it was proposed "To
+  establish an Enlarged Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations,
+  to be holden in London, in the year 1851;" and it was to further the
+  holding of such an exhibition that the present Commissioners were
+  specially appointed.
+
+  2.  Considering the importance of the undertaking, and the circumstances
+  attending its promulgation, the selection of the Metropolis as its
+  intended locality appears to have been both natural and proper. It will
+  be borne in mind that the exhibitions which have from time to time been
+  held in foreign countries have generally, and, as the Commissioners
+  believe, invariably, been held in the capitals of the respective
+  countries. In the present case it was peculiarly important that an
+  undertaking which required the constant superintendence of a body of
+  Commissioners, whose occupations for the most part confine them to
+  London, should be carried on within their immediate cognisance, and not
+  removed to a distant situation.
+
+  3.  It being thus distinctly evident that the Exhibition ought to take
+  place in London, it is further obvious that the actual site which may be
+  selected for it should be within the precincts of, or in the closest
+  vicinity to, the most central and accessible parts of the Metropolis
+  itself. It need hardly be pointed out that it would be objectionable to
+  impose upon persons who may have come to London from a great distance the
+  necessity of an additional journey to visit the Exhibition; a
+  consideration which has already been urged upon the Commissioners by the
+  representatives of several of the most important provincial towns, who
+  are apprehensive of the inconvenience to which artizans in particular
+  might thus be subjected. Moreover, the removal of the Exhibition to any
+  distance sufficient to diminish the number of visitors would not only
+  militate against its essential character of general accessibility, but
+  might most seriously affect the receipts upon which its self-supporting
+  character must depend, a point upon which it appears that much stress has
+  been laid.
+
+  4.  Although Hyde Park, and even the particular space now in question,
+  had been already mentioned before the issue of the Commission, and indeed
+  so far back as October, 1849, as a probable site for the Exhibition, it
+  is unnecessary to assure the Lords of the Treasury that the Commissioners
+  approached the question of the site after their appointment without
+  having in any degree prejudged the merits of particular localities. On
+  the 14th of February, their attention having been directed to the
+  importance of determining the site by the Committee then recently
+  appointed for all matters relating to the building, they deputed two
+  Commissioners, namely, Lord Granville and Mr. Labouchere, to wait upon
+  the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and to confer with him upon
+  the subject. The result of this conference is set forth in the Report
+  presented by the Building Committee at the next meeting of the
+  Commissioners (Feb. 21), of which the following is the portion which
+  relates to the question of the site:--
+
+  "With respect to the site, it has appeared to your Committee that,
+  firstly, the north-eastern portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space
+  between her Majesty's private road and the Kensington-road, in the
+  southern part of Hyde Park; and, thirdly, the north-western portion of
+  Regent's Park, are the only available spaces about the Metropolis which
+  would afford the necessary accommodation; and it is believed that the
+  order in which they have been named represents also their relative
+  eligibility. As regards the first, the Committee are informed by the
+  Chief Commissioner of her Majesty's Woods and Forests, that considerable
+  objections would arise to its occupation for such a purpose, and that no
+  such objections would be raised to the use of the second; the Committee,
+  therefore, recommend the adoption of this site, which, amongst other
+  advantages, is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the
+  existing roads. Upon this occasion a letter was received from the
+  Westminster Committee, stating that the local Commissioners for
+  Westminster had visited the site in Hyde Park, and a site suggested in
+  the Regent's Park, and that they were of opinion that the site in Hyde
+  Park was the preferable one."
+
+  The recommendation of the Building Committee having been agreed to, a
+  form of advertisement, requesting plans and suggestions for the building,
+  was, at the next meeting (28th February), submitted for approbation, and
+  was ordered to be immediately issued in the English, French, and, German
+  languages. To this advertisement was appended a ground-plan of the site
+  in Hyde Park for the guidance of those to whom the advertisement was
+  addressed. The details of this plan were discussed in the presence of the
+  Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and were settled in conformity
+  with his lordship's wishes.
+
+  5.  In consequence of the advertisement thus issued, no less than 248
+  plans and suggestions, many of them the productions of foreign artists,
+  were sent in to the Commissioners. A large number of these were of a very
+  elaborate character, and bore evident marks of considerable application
+  and ability.
+
+  6.  Soon after the site had been selected, some other important
+  arrangements having also by this time been made, the Commissioners
+  prepared and published a statement (21 February) explanatory of the
+  nature and objects of the Exhibition, which was widely circulated in this
+  country, was forwarded to our consuls abroad and to the foreign consuls
+  in England, and was officially transmitted by the Secretary of State to
+  all Foreign Governments, and to all the Governors of the British
+  Colonies, as well as to India. In this statement it was announced that
+  "Her Majesty had been graciously pleased to grant a site for the purpose
+  (of the Exhibition) on the south side of Hyde Park, lying between the
+  Kensington Drive and the ride commonly called Rotten Row."
+
+  7.  The site having been thus deliberately chosen and formally announced,
+  all subsequent proceedings connected with the building have been taken
+  with direct reference to it. The plans have been prepared with a view to
+  its peculiarities, and the form of the building and its internal as well
+  as its external arrangements have been determined by them. The amount of
+  space available for the display of articles has been calculated upon the
+  data afforded by the site, and from a calculation of this amount the
+  Commissioners have been able to assign to each foreign country a definite
+  space for the arrangement of its own productions. All the necessary
+  working-drawings and specifications have been prepared with very great
+  labour and at considerable expense, and have now been issued in a form
+  which will insure to the Commissioners the certainty of obtaining, within
+  a few days, _bonâ fide_ tenders for the execution of a design presenting
+  every facility for construction within the time prescribed. The
+  mechanical difficulties have been surmounted, and all the preliminary
+  arrangements, even to the extent of provision for an effective drainage
+  and a sufficient water supply, have been entered into. The whole of these
+  preparations have reference to this particular site only, and are
+  inapplicable or unsuitable to any other.
+
+  8.  From what has been already stated, it will be seen that the present
+  site was not selected without consideration, and that the proceedings
+  which have been taken with respect to it were not commenced until the
+  Commissioners had good ground for believing that there would be no
+  objection to its occupation. The attention, however, which has lately
+  been directed to the point, has caused them anxiously to reconsider the
+  whole subject, and renders it now necessary for them to enter into
+  somewhat more of detail as to the grounds upon which they have come to
+  the conclusion which they have formed, that this is the only site in or
+  about the Metropolis which is at once suitable and practically available
+  for the purposes of the Exhibition.
+
+  9.  Of the other sites which have been suggested, the following are the
+  only ones deserving of particular consideration:--
+
+    (_a_) The North-eastern portion of Hyde Park.
+    (_b_) The North-western portion of Regent's Park.
+    (_c_) Battersea Park.
+    (_d_) Victoria Park.
+    (_e_) Wormwood Scrubbs.
+
+  10.  The north-eastern portion of Hyde Park would, in the opinion of many
+  members of the Building Committee, be a very eligible situation; but, as
+  has been already mentioned, an objection was taken to this locality on
+  the part of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, on the ground that
+  the building would interfere with some important thoroughfares in that
+  part of the park, and on account of other considerations of public
+  importance; and the idea was abandoned in consequence.
+
+  11.  The site suggested in the Regent's Park has been found, since it was
+  visited by the Building Committee, not to be available, as the leases
+  under which the houses in the neighbourhood are held contain a clear and
+  stringent provision that no new building of any kind shall be erected
+  within the limits of the park.
+
+  12.  With regard to the ground in the neighbourhood of Battersea proposed
+  to be purchased by the Government, and to be converted into a park to be
+  called Battersea Park, the Lords of the Treasury are of course aware that
+  only a small proportion of the whole area has as yet been purchased; and
+  the Commissioners found on inquiry that this proportion consists of
+  numerous small detached pieces, utterly insufficient to accommodate a
+  building of the contemplated size, and separated from each other by
+  intervening plots of ground, many of them in a state of high cultivation,
+  and belonging to a great number of different proprietors, with whom it
+  would be absolutely impossible to effect arrangements within any time
+  which would afford the slightest chance of the Commissioners being put in
+  possession of a site in time to complete their building by the spring of
+  next year. It should be added that the site of this district is very low,
+  a great portion of it being some feet under high-water mark, and that the
+  nature of the soil presents serious objections to its use as a
+  building-ground.
+
+  13.  Victoria Park is situated in an inconvenient and not very accessible
+  part of the town. It would, moreover, be impossible to erect in it a
+  building of the required size without most seriously interfering with the
+  plantations and ornamental water which have been recently laid out there;
+  thus inflicting on the classes for whose recreation that park has been
+  opened an inconvenience infinitely more serious than could be caused to
+  the frequenters of the very much larger area of Hyde Park by the proposed
+  occupation of a comparatively small portion of it.
+
+  14.  Lastly, as regards Wormwood Scrubbs, besides that the distance is a
+  very serious objection, the rights of the commoners in that locality
+  would prevent its appropriation; and the Commissioners are advised that
+  it would be impossible to erect the building there without risk, as any
+  single commoner would have it in his power to interrupt the proceedings,
+  and to cause them to be discontinued at any stage of the work, however
+  advanced. Similar objections apply to Wandsworth and some other commons
+  in the neighbourhood of London, which have been occasionally mentioned as
+  possible sites.
+
+  14_a_. As regards Primrose Hill and the Isle of Dogs, the want of level
+  space on the former, and the objectionable situation and dampness of the
+  latter, render them so obviously unsuitable as to make any particular
+  observations unnecessary.
+
+  15.  But even could the objections to any of these sites be removed, or
+  could another and an unobjectionable site be pointed out, the
+  Commissioners feel hound to state, from their experience of the time,
+  thought, and labour necessarily consumed in the investigation,
+  arrangement, and preparation of the great mass of detail requisite to
+  enable them to carry out this extensive work, that they are fully
+  convinced of the impossibility of now adapting their plans to any other
+  site, with any reasonable prospect of being able to complete the work
+  within the time to which they stand pledged in the face of the world; and
+  they could only regard a change of site, particularly if it should
+  involve a change of plan, as tantamount to the postponement of the
+  Exhibition till another year. And the Commissioners cannot shut their
+  eyes to the fact, that a postponement of the Exhibition would, under the
+  circumstances, certainly lead to its entire abandonment.
+
+  16.  In order to give the Lords of the Treasury some idea of the
+  consequences of an abandonment of this scheme, the Commissioners would in
+  the first place direct their attention to the large amount of money
+  already subscribed towards its completion (which is at present nearly
+  64,000_l_.), to the number of local committees (now about 240) which have
+  been called into existence throughout the country, to the funds now being
+  raised by subscriptions out of their wages among the working-classes in
+  all parts of the country towards enabling them to visit an Exhibition to
+  which they are anxiously looking forward, and the abandonment of which
+  would be a great disappointment to numbers, and still more to the
+  extensive preparations which are now making for the supply of articles
+  for exhibition. It is within the knowledge of the Commissioners that
+  several individuals in this country have incurred several thousand
+  pounds' expense in such preparations, besides the anxiety which they have
+  occasioned.
+
+  17.  But the evils which would result from postponement, so far as this
+  country is concerned, are as nothing when compared with those which would
+  arise in the case of foreign nations and the colonies. The plan of the
+  Exhibition has been widely circulated for several months, and the
+  following States have already signified, through their respective
+  Governments, that they have appointed Committees or Commissioners,
+  consisting of the most distinguished individuals in those countries, to
+  co-operate with the Royal Commissioners in this country:--
+
+    Russia,
+    Sweden,
+    Norway,
+    Denmark,
+    Prussia,
+    Saxony,
+    Austria,
+    Bavaria,
+    Hanover,
+    Oldenburg,
+    Mecklenburg,
+    Hanse Towns,
+    France,
+    Holland,
+    Belgium,
+    Spain,
+    The United States,
+    Turkey,
+    Sardinia,
+    Venezuela,
+    Switzerland,
+    Nassau,
+    Anhalt, Dessau, &c.
+
+  Besides which it may be mentioned that special Commissioners have been
+  sent to this country by France, Russia, and one or two other States; and
+  that in most cases the Governments have undertaken the collection and the
+  transmission to this country, at their own expense, of the articles
+  intended for exhibition, for which, of course, their preparations are now
+  made.
+
+  18.  In all the countries which have been mentioned active preparations
+  for the Exhibition are now going on, and in some considerable expense is
+  known to have been incurred. The Russian Government has announced that
+  the goods intended for exhibition will be shipped from that country in
+  the autumn of this year, and questions pointing to a similar arrangement
+  have recently been put by the Government of Denmark. The Austrian
+  Government have given notice, that the Great Exhibition which was to have
+  been held at Vienna in the year 1851 has been postponed till the year
+  1852, in order not to clash with the Exhibition in London. All these
+  circumstances tend to show that the postponement of the Exhibition would
+  be seriously inconvenient to many countries, and would probably occasion
+  considerable and natural irritation at what would appear like national
+  vacillation, besides the certainty of rendering these countries unwilling
+  to run the risk of a second disappointment, and of deterring them from
+  continuing their preparations for a later period.
+
+  19.  These inconveniences would be felt also by the British Colonies.
+  Committees have been announced as formed in Malta, Ceylon, Nova Scotia,
+  Barbadoes, Guiana, and several of the West India Islands, and it is
+  probable that others have been appointed elsewhere. In India most
+  extensive preparations are being made, and the East India Company have
+  incurred very great expense by their exertions to contribute to the
+  Exhibition.
+
+  20.  After what has been said, it is unnecessary that the Commissioners
+  should enlarge any further upon the consequences to be apprehended from
+  the postponement which would be occasioned by an alteration of the site
+  of building. They will proceed to offer a few remarks upon some of the
+  objections which have been taken to that at present proposed.
+
+  21.  An idea appears to prevail in some quarters that the occupation of
+  the Park is intended to be of a permanent, and not, as has been
+  repeatedly announced, of a merely temporary character, and the
+  Commissioners are given to understand that by proposing to construct a
+  building into which a good deal of brickwork is to enter, they have shown
+  an intention at variance with their professions. Upon this point they
+  have to remark, in the first place, that, although the eminent architects
+  and engineers whom they have consulted, and to whom they have uniformly
+  given instructions to prepare plans suitable to a temporary structure,
+  have agreed to recommend the use of brick and other durable materials,
+  they have left it perfectly open to contractors to send in their tenders
+  for the execution of the work in any material or materials whatsoever,
+  and have notified their readiness to entertain such tenders, on the
+  single condition of their being "accompanied by working-drawings and
+  specifications, and fully priced bills of quantities." It is probable
+  that some such tenders will be made, and if made they will be impartially
+  considered; but the Commissioners must protest against the supposition
+  that it is necessarily more judicious to construct a temporary building
+  of perishable than of enduring materials. The first requisite of the
+  building is, that it should be suitable for its purpose, capable of
+  protecting the valuable goods deposited in it from injury of every
+  kind--as, for instance, from the weather, from the effects of the
+  dampness of the soil, from the danger of fire, and so forth, and that it
+  should be strong enough to avert all risk of accidental damage. Its next
+  requisite is, that it should be economical, and in estimating its cost
+  regard must be had not only to the expense of erection, but to the
+  facility of removal and the value of the materials when removed, as a
+  building may easily be conceived to be cheaper which should cost
+  100,000_l._ to erect, but of which the materials could afterwards be sold
+  for 50,000_l._, than another would be which cost but 80,000_l._ in the
+  first instance, but of which the materials should become so far
+  deteriorated as to produce only 20,000_l._ when taken down. It is the
+  opinion of those who have devised the plans in the present case, that a
+  building constructed of durable materials will in the end be cheaper than
+  one constructed of such as are more perishable; particularly as a
+  considerable portion of the building, namely, the iron roofing, will be
+  of a kind which is generally used in the construction of
+  railway-stations, and will probably be disposed of for that purpose after
+  the close of the Exhibition, as its temporary application to the purposes
+  of the Exhibition will be of no detriment to its being so. An opportunity
+  of testing the correctness of this opinion will be given when the tenders
+  are received, as, in addition to the customary form, it has been required
+  that they should also be sent upon the understanding that the materials
+  shall remain the property of the contractor, and shall in fact only be
+  hired for the purposes of the Exhibition. The third requisite of the
+  building is, that it should be at least seemly, though it may not be
+  necessary that it should be highly ornamental. The Commissioners trust
+  that it will fulfil this condition, while they would at the same time
+  point out that no expense is to be incurred for merely ornamental
+  purposes, unless it should be thought desirable to select a dome for
+  covering in the large space which must necessarily be left in the centre
+  of the building to suit the internal arrangements. A cheaper mode of
+  covering in this space will probably be resorted to, and the
+  Commissioners have directed that a special estimate of the cost of the
+  dome should be laid before them when the tenders are complete, in order
+  that they may judge of the propriety of sanctioning its erection.
+
+  Having offered this short explanation, they can only repeat once more the
+  assurances they have already given, that the building is not intended to
+  be permanent, and that it will be entirely removed, in accordance with
+  the conditions prescribed by the Lords of the Treasury on yielding up the
+  site, within seven months after the closing of the Exhibition, which
+  cannot be deferred after the 1st of November, and will probably take
+  place at an earlier period in the autumn of next year.
+
+  22.  Another ground of apprehension is stated to be, lest the Park should
+  be injured by the erection of the building, and the injury should
+  continue after the structure is removed. This apprehension is, however,
+  groundless; a small clump of ten trees has been allowed to be removed, in
+  compensation for which, it is proposed by the Commissioners of Woods and
+  Forests to plant another clump elsewhere. It is not intended to cut down
+  any more than that clump. As regards the surface of the ground to be
+  occupied, it will not only not be injured, but will ultimately be
+  materially improved by being drained and freshly sown with grass seed. It
+  will be a strict condition with the contractors for the building that
+  they shall, on its removal, restore the ground to its present condition.
+
+  23.  Some dissatisfaction has been expressed at the prospect of a furnace
+  being erected to heat the boiler and drive the steam-apparatus. It is
+  however, intended to construct such furnace on the principle of consuming
+  its own smoke, or to burn coke instead of coal, should that, upon the
+  whole, appear the best mode of preventing annoyance. Care will also be
+  taken not to erect any chimney of an unsightly character.
+
+  24. As regards the amount of traffic which will be occasioned by the
+  transport of materials and goods to the site, the Commissioners have been
+  furnished by the Building Committee with an approximate estimate that it
+  will not in the whole exceed the ordinary amount of three weeks' general
+  traffic of a single railway-station, and as this traffic will be spread
+  over a period of more than six months, it is manifest that its amount has
+  been enormously exaggerated by public estimation.
+
+  25.  The Queen's Ride, though in the immediate vicinity of the site, will
+  not be in any degree interfered with, except that it may be advisable to
+  rail off a strip not exceeding ten feet, or one-sixth of the whole in
+  width, for foot-passengers, in order to prevent the inconvenience of
+  crowding the space open to riding parties. By this arrangement the riders
+  will be secured from annoyance.
+
+  25 _a._ It has been said that the effect of the erection of the building
+  will be to drive the inhabitants of London out of their Parks. The
+  Commissioners think it right to draw the attention of the Lords of the
+  Treasury to the following statistics:--
+
+    The area of Hyde Park is        387 acres.
+          "     Kensington Gardens  290   "
+          "     Regent's Park       403   "
+          "     St. James's Park     83   "
+          "     Green Park           71   "
+          "     Victoria Park       160   "
+          "     Greenwich Park      174   "
+
+  making a total of 1,568 acres, while only twenty acres are proposed to be
+  taken or the purposes of this Exhibition.
+
+  26.  In conclusion, the Commissioners think it desirable to call
+  attention to the fact, that the three last Exhibitions of this nature
+  which have taken place in Paris have been held on a site (the Champs
+  Elysées) very closely corresponding to our own Hyde Park in many
+  respects, and particularly resembling it in being the most fashionable
+  and the most frequented promenade in Paris--more frequented, indeed, than
+  the particular spot selected on the present occasion has ever been, or is
+  likely to be; and yet it does not appear that the Parisians have had
+  occasion to complain of those annoyances which are now apprehended by
+  some persons in this country. And the Commissioners are informed, that
+  the Exhibition in Vienna was held in the Prado, the principal public
+  place in that city; and that the Exhibition in Berlin was held in the
+  Thiergarten, which is not only the principal public place within the
+  city, but is remarkable as being the only open Park of any sort within
+  several miles.
+
+  27.  In the foregoing observations the Commissioners have thought it
+  right to confine themselves strictly to a discussion of the practical
+  difficulties which would attend a change of site. They cannot, however,
+  but express their decided opinion, that the renouncement of the selection
+  of the most beautiful park in London for the scene of the Exhibition may
+  be looked upon as indicating a diminution of interest in the undertaking,
+  and would materially detract from that appearance of hospitality on the
+  part of England which has been one great cause for the very favourable
+  reception which this proposal has everywhere secured.
+
+  They must add, that the possibility that the bringing the Exhibition into
+  Hyde Park should be considered as an interference with the enjoyment of
+  that Park by the public has never entered their minds. They have, on the
+  contrary, always intended it as a means of recreative and intellectual
+  enjoyment for the greatest portion of her Majesty's subjects: and they
+  have hitherto had reason to believe that it has been so regarded by the
+  country in general.
+
+----
+
+
+REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSIONERS,
+
+PRESENTED TO HER MAJESTY ON THE OPENING OF THE BUILDING.
+
+The following Report, together with her Majesty's Answer, on the occasion
+of the inauguration of the building, cannot fail to be interesting as a
+brief record of the proceedings connected with this noble undertaking up to
+that period:--
+
+  "May it please your Majesty,--We, the Commissioners appointed by your
+  Majesty's royal warrant of the 3rd of January, 1850, for the promotion of
+  the Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, and subsequently
+  incorporated by your Majesty's Royal Charter of the 15th of August in the
+  same year, humbly beg leave, on the occasion of your Majesty's auspicious
+  visit at the opening of the Exhibition, to lay before you a brief
+  statement of our proceedings to the present time.
+
+  "By virtue of the authority graciously committed to us by your Majesty,
+  we have made diligent inquiry into the matters which your Majesty was
+  pleased to refer to us, namely, into the best mode of introducing the
+  productions of your Majesty's colonies and of foreign countries into this
+  kingdom, the selection of the most suitable site for the Exhibition, the
+  general conduct of the undertaking, and the proper method of determining
+  the nature of the prizes and of securing the most impartial distribution
+  of them.
+
+  "In the prosecution of these inquiries, and in the discharge of the
+  duties assigned to us by your Majesty's Royal Charter of Incorporation,
+  we have held constant meetings of our whole body, and have, moreover,
+  referred numerous questions connected with a great variety of subjects to
+  committees, composed partly of our own members and partly of individuals
+  distinguished in the several departments of science and the arts, who
+  have cordially responded to our applications for their assistance at a
+  great sacrifice of their valuable time.
+
+  "Among the earliest questions brought before us was the important one as
+  to the terms upon which articles offered for exhibition should be
+  admitted into the building. We considered that it was a main
+  characteristic of the national undertaking in which we were engaged that
+  it should depend wholly upon the voluntary contributions of the people of
+  this country for its success; and we therefore decided, without
+  hesitation, that no charge whatever should be made on the admission of
+  such goods. We considered, also, that the office of selecting the
+  articles to be sent should be intrusted in the first instance to local
+  committees, to be established in every foreign country, and in various
+  districts of your Majesty's dominions; a general power of control being
+  reserved to the Commission.
+
+  "We have now the gratification of stating that our anticipations of
+  support in this course have in all respects been fully realised. Your
+  Majesty's most gracious donation to the funds of the Exhibition was the
+  signal for voluntary contributions from all, even the humblest, classes
+  of your subjects, and the funds which have thus been placed at our
+  disposal amount at present to about 65,000_l._ Local committees, from
+  which we have uniformly received the most zealous co-operation, were
+  formed in all parts of the United Kingdom, in many of your Majesty's
+  colonies, and in the territories of the Hon. East India Company. The most
+  energetic support has also been received from the Governments of nearly
+  all the countries of the world, in most of which Commissions have been
+  appointed for the special purpose of promoting the objects of an
+  Exhibition justly characterised in your Majesty's royal warrant as an
+  Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations.
+
+  "We have also to acknowledge the great readiness with which persons of
+  all classes have come forward as exhibitors. And here again it becomes
+  our duty to return our humble thanks to your Majesty for the most
+  gracious manner in which your Majesty has condescended to associate
+  yourself with your subjects by yourself contributing some most valuable
+  and interesting articles to the Exhibition.
+
+  "The number of exhibitors whose productions it has been found possible to
+  accommodate is about 15,000, of whom nearly one-half are British. The
+  remainder represent the productions of more than forty foreign countries,
+  comprising almost the whole of the civilised nations of the globe. In
+  arranging the space to be allotted to each, we have taken into
+  consideration both the nature of its productions and the facilities of
+  access to this country afforded by its geographical position. Your
+  Majesty will find the productions of your Majesty's dominions arranged in
+  the western portion of the building, and those of foreign countries in
+  the eastern. The Exhibition is divided into the four great classes of--1,
+  Raw Materials; 2, Machinery; 3, Manufactures; and 4, Sculpture and the
+  Fine Arts. A further division has been made according to the geographical
+  position of the countries represented; those which lie within the warmer
+  latitudes being placed near the centre of the building, and the colder
+  countries at the extremities.
+
+  "Your Majesty having been graciously pleased to grant a site in this your
+  royal Park for the purposes of the Exhibition, the first column of the
+  structure now honoured by your Majesty's presence was fixed on the 26th
+  of September last. Within the short period, therefore, of seven months,
+  owing to the energy of the contractors and the active industry of the
+  workmen employed by them, a building has been erected, entirely novel in
+  its construction, covering a space of more than eighteen acres, measuring
+  1,851 feet in length, and 456 feet in extreme breadth, capable of
+  containing 40,000 visitors, and affording a frontage for the exhibition
+  of goods to the extent of more than ten miles. For the original
+  suggestion of the principle of this structure the Commissioners are
+  indebted to Mr. Joseph Paxton, to whom they feel their acknowledgments to
+  be justly due for this interesting feature of their undertaking.
+
+  "With regard to the distribution of rewards to deserving exhibitors, we
+  have decided that they should be given in the form of medals, not with
+  reference to merely individual competition, but as rewards for excellence
+  in whatever shape it may present itself. The selection of the persons to
+  be so rewarded has been intrusted to juries equally composed of British
+  subjects and of foreigners, the former having been selected by the
+  Commission from the recommendations made by the local committees, and the
+  latter by the Governments of the foreign nations the productions of which
+  are exhibited. The names of these jurors, comprising, as they do, many of
+  European celebrity, afford the best guarantee of the impartiality with
+  which the rewards will be assigned.
+
+  "It affords much gratification that, notwithstanding the magnitude of
+  this undertaking, and the great distances from which many of the articles
+  now exhibited have had to be collected, the day on which your Majesty has
+  been graciously pleased to be present at the inauguration of the
+  Exhibition is the same day that was originally named for its opening,
+  thus affording a proof of what may, under God's blessing, be accomplished
+  by goodwill and cordial co-operation among nations, aided by the means
+  that modern science has placed at our command.
+
+  "Having thus briefly laid before your Majesty the results of our labours,
+  it now only remains for us to convey to your Majesty our dutiful and
+  loyal acknowledgments of the support and encouragement which we have
+  derived throughout this extensive and laborious task from the gracious
+  favour and countenance of your Majesty. It is our heartfelt prayer that
+  this undertaking, which has for its end the promotion of all branches of
+  human industry and the strengthening of the bonds of peace and friendship
+  among all nations of the earth, may, by the blessing of Divine
+  Providence, conduce to the welfare of your Majesty's people, and be long
+  remembered among the brightest circumstances of your Majesty's peaceful
+  and happy reign."
+
+Her Majesty returned the following gracious answer:--
+
+  "I receive with the greatest satisfaction the address which you have
+  presented to me on the opening of this Exhibition.
+
+  "I have observed with a warm and increasing interest the progress of your
+  proceedings in the execution of the duties intrusted to you by the Royal
+  Commission, and it affords me sincere gratification to witness the
+  successful result of your judicious and unremitting exertions in the
+  splendid spectacle by which I am this day surrounded.
+
+  "I cordially concur with you in the prayer, that by God's blessing this
+  undertaking may conduce to the welfare of my people and to the common
+  interest of the human race, by encouraging the arts of peace and
+  industry, strengthening the bonds of union among the nations of the
+  earth, and promoting a friendly and honourable rivalry in the useful
+  exercise of those faculties which have been conferred by a beneficent
+  Providence for the good and the happiness of mankind."
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+SALISBURY, PRINTER, PRIMROSE-HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE, FLEET-STREET.
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE FOLLOWING INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT
+
+NEW BOOKS AND MAPS
+
+ARE PUBLISHED BY
+
+JAMES GILBERT, 49, PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON,
+
+Wholesale and Retail Bookseller, Publisher, and Newsvendor.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOW READY, in 200 pages, demy 18mo, with Illustrations, price, in fancy
+binding, only 1s. 6d., or post free, 2s., the SECOND EDITION,
+
+DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,
+
+GILBERT'S
+
+POPULAR NARRATIVE OF THE ORIGIN, HISTORY, PROGRESS, & PROSPECTS
+
+OF THE
+
+GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION,
+
+1851:
+
+With a Guide to the future Rules and Arrangements.
+
+BY PETER BERLYN, ESQ.
+
+
+----
+
+
+
+OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
+
+  ATHENÆUM.
+
+  "A well-written volume. A useful record of the history and progressive
+  development of the marking incident of our age and nation. Mr. Berlyn
+  was, we believe, officially employed by the Executive Committee in the
+  earlier stages of their labours; his statements, therefore, are on good
+  authority and may be relied on. The narrative is sufficiently full in its
+  details for the general public now and hereafter."
+
+
+  EXAMINER.
+
+  "This is a clever book, full of timely and interesting matter, and with
+  sufficient merit as a record of the origin and history of the Great
+  Exhibition to outlive the mere curiosity of the hour. Mr. Berlyn has had
+  official opportunities of becoming well acquainted with the subject, and
+  has not neglected them. He puts his materials together with spirit and
+  intelligence, and indulges a hopeful strain of anticipation and prophecy
+  very properly befitting his theme."
+
+
+  LITERARY GAZETTE.
+
+  "Within a small compass we have here gathered together all that is
+  interesting in connexion with the great undertaking of the present
+  year--an undertaking which must form a most important chapter in the
+  world's history. We are bound to say that the work has been judiciously
+  done, and the result is a very satisfactory review of all that has been
+  effected in the way of Industrial Exhibitions up to the present time."
+
+
+  MORNING CHRONICLE.
+
+  "GILBERT'S POPULAR NARRATIVE OF THE EXHIBITION.--With this title a small
+  work has just been published, written by Mr. Peter Berlyn, from authentic
+  and official sources, tracing the origin, history, and progress, and
+  pointing to the prospects, of the Great Exhibition. The author has
+  carefully avoided all speculation and gossip on the subject, and has
+  applied himself with very considerable ability to the statement and
+  elucidation of all those facts, derived from authentic records, which
+  bear upon the progress of this most important national movement. Many
+  interesting facts are stated in connexion with the previous expositions
+  which have taken place on the Continent and in this country, and the
+  difficulties with which, upon its first announcement, the present
+  undertaking had to contend, and the means by which the Executive were
+  enabled to overcome them, are clearly and consecutively stated. The work
+  also contains some valuable statistical and other information connected
+  with the building, and copies of the most recent of the regulations
+  issued by the Executive. We would cordially recommend this very
+  interesting work."
+
+
+  EXPOSITOR.
+
+  "The volume before us has fair claim to its title of a Narrative of the
+  Exhibition. It commences with an account of such British and foreign
+  exhibitions as may be supposed to have led to the idea of the great
+  international show of industry to be held in the present year. The work
+  also contains a complete account of how the world's industrial products
+  have come to be housed in the present building; gives all the rules and
+  orders of the Commissioners and Executive Committee; special instructions
+  to colonial and foreign exhibitors and Custom-house authorities; names of
+  authorised agents for foreign countries; Custom-house agents recommended
+  by the Royal Commissioners; and such other information as renders it a
+  really useful volume of practical information to all exhibitors and
+  visitors at the Exhibition."
+
+
+  SUN.
+
+  "Within the compass of an elegant pocket-volume the author of the present
+  narrative has contrived to furnish his readers with a very copious
+  history of the origin, progress, and prospects of the Great Exhibition.
+  Throughout the work he has written with an especial regard at once to
+  simplicity and perspicuity, so that we rest satisfied his labours will
+  prove eminently successful, the book being incontestibly _the_ narrative
+  of the Great Industrial Exposition. Beginning with all the preliminary
+  particulars, which are absolutely essential for the comprehension of the
+  entire scheme of the Prince Consort, the narrative describes very lucidly
+  the growth of the first crude idea to its present gigantic dimensions.
+  The share taken in the project by the Society of Arts is duly celebrated,
+  and the influence of the successive expositions of French industry
+  especially notified. The volume is altogether a very clever and most
+  complete work."
+
+
+  WEEKLY DISPATCH.
+
+  "Works upon the above subject will become highly popular from the very
+  necessity of the case; and consequently that which the public must
+  chiefly look for amidst all the competition that will ensue will be
+  correctness and compactness combined with economy. Mr. Peter Berlyn's
+  book combines every requisite information regarding the Exhibition from
+  first to last. Its clever compilation, tasteful form, quantity and
+  variety of information, and the dependance that may be placed upon it for
+  correctness, combine with its early appearance to render it one of the
+  most valuable hand-books that are likely to be generally used."
+
+
+  ART JOURNAL.
+
+  "A very useful and sound history of the rise and progress of the Great
+  International Exhibition of 1851, in which the first movements towards it
+  are carefully and ably detailed; and a very good analysis is given of all
+  preceding industrial exhibitions, at home and abroad, as well as a large
+  amount of information connected with the construction of the building
+  itself, and abstracts of official documents connected with the entire
+  movement. The author has done justice to the efforts which have been made
+  to interest the English manufacturer, and stimulate him in his artistic
+  endeavours; and we feel bound to acknowledge his courteous notice of the
+  exertions made by 'The Art Journal' in helping forward its consummation
+  in 1851."
+
+
+  LEADER.
+
+  "For those who wish to know all about the rise and progress of the Great
+  Exhibition and its Crystal Palace this neat hand-book is the very thing.
+  Mr. Berlyn has performed his task with laudable industry. He has drawn
+  together and arranged a large amount of scattered information regarding
+  the Exhibition in a pleasant form. As an elegant and trustworthy
+  hand-book, the narrative deserves to be popular."
+
+
+  OBSERVER.
+
+  "This neat volume gives a history of previous Exhibitions--some on small,
+  some on large scales--that have taken place in divers parts of Europe of
+  late years. It then points out the precise origin of the Exhibition of
+  all Nations, snowing the share his Royal Highness Prince Albert had in
+  it; its history and progress are thus minutely detailed, and its
+  prospects are foreshadowed without exaggeration. We cordially recommend
+  it as a pocket-companion necessary to all those who have not as yet
+  mastered the chief facts connected with the erection of the Palace of
+  Industry."
+
+
+  JOHN BULL.
+
+  "An able and complete history of the scheme, which we have all to accept
+  as _un fait accompli_, and a useful guide to the transparent mazes of the
+  Crystal Palace."
+
+
+  WEEKLY NEWS.
+
+  "Of the works already published, and professing to treat of this gigantic
+  undertaking in its national, social, scientific, and artistic light, we
+  have not met with one so completely pervaded by a spirit of universality
+  as this book of Mr. Berlyn's. In matters of detail and relation his
+  narrative is explicit and lucid; where he has touched on the history of
+  an art or a manufacture he is correct in his data; and in tracing the
+  Exhibition to its true source he has displayed a highly philosophical
+  insight into the spirit of the age. Within the pages of his book will be
+  found a faithful record of the most important meetings of the Royal
+  Commissioners, as well as those convened by the corporations of cities,
+  by societies, or by private individuals, for the furtherance of the great
+  work in hand. To these is appended a verbatim report of the speeches
+  delivered at these meetings by the distinguished men who were invited to
+  preside over them; and the enlightened, liberal, and hopeful spirit which
+  pervades their addresses forms a cheerful contrast to the ominous
+  predictions of certain political and theological fanatics. After a full
+  discussion of what may be termed the _business_ portion of the subject,
+  Mr. Berlyn closes his excellent little book with a brief but eloquent and
+  comprehensive consideration of the beneficial results which are likely to
+  accrue from this great national undertaking, not only to ourselves but
+  mankind in general. The entire absence of partiality or prejudice
+  throughout the book, and the very interesting information contained in it
+  for all matters directly or indirectly connected with the Exhibition,
+  induce us to recommend the author to publish editions of it in the French
+  and German languages. By this means he would be conferring a boon on our
+  country's guests."
+
+
+  LADY'S NEWSPAPER.
+
+  "Mr. Peter Berlyn has produced a well arranged, clear, and concise hand
+  book to this wonder of the world, in which he traces its origin,
+  progress, and prospects, in a pleasing and interesting manner. This must
+  have been a most difficult task, as the materials out of which he has
+  formed his narrative are so widely scattered that it requires some one
+  who perfectly and profoundly understands the subject (as we are convinced
+  Mr. Berlyn does) to collect and arrange them in so satisfactory a manner.
+  The ladies also will hail this work with pleasure, because, though
+  containing every information on the subject, it is at the same time
+  light, interesting, and infinitely superior to the dry and prosy style
+  usually adopted in similar works. It is tastefully illustrated, has an
+  elegant fancy binding, and forms a guide-book either for the library or
+  the pocket."
+
+
+  NOTES AND QUERIES.
+
+  "A volume carefully compiled from authentic sources of information upon
+  the several points set forth in its ample title page."
+
+
+  GARDENER AND FARMERS' JOURNAL.
+
+  "We do not go out of our province as horticultural journalists in
+  noticing a work recently issued by Mr. Gilbert, of Paternoster-row. Our
+  friends in the provinces will do well to study beforehand as many of the
+  probable incidents of their trip as possible; and, though innumerable
+  prints and tabular descriptions of the Exhibition Building have been
+  issued, we have not had anything before like a connected history of the
+  great project itself. The work before us is called 'A Popular Narrative
+  of the Origin, History, Progress, and Prospects of the Great Exhibition
+  of 1851; and we think the author, Mr. Berlyn, has treated his subject in
+  perfect accordance with the title. More than this it is quite unnecessary
+  to say as to the merits of the work; but we may just notice that the
+  'getting-up' has evidently been intrusted to careful hands. The binding
+  is neat and tasteful, and, besides a ground-plan, a perspective view of
+  the building is given."
+
+
+  MINING JOURNAL.
+
+  "This volume, which unostentatiously treats on the highly interesting
+  subjects indicated in the title, is based on records of unimpeachable
+  value. All speculation has been wisely avoided, and its pages present an
+  unvarnished history of one of the most extraordinary undertakings of
+  which the history of the world can boast; extraordinary in the fact of
+  the people of this little island challenging the people of the universe
+  to meet on its shores with specimens of their several productions of
+  industry; and extraordinary in the magnitude, decidedly novel, and
+  inconceivably rapid erection of the building for their reception. The
+  history of every similar exhibition is traced back to its source; those
+  of Manchester, Birmingham, London, and France are minutely recorded; the
+  growing interest which followed every subsequent exposition statistically
+  described, and every detail connected with the Royal Commission, the
+  arrangements, the building, future rules, throughout a space of 200
+  pages, and finishing with a list of the local committees, conveys a vivid
+  and correct picture of this vast national undertaking."
+
+
+  CHURCH AND STATE GAZETTE.
+
+  "A work that was wanted. It puts the public in full possession of every
+  iota of intelligence in connexion with the Great Exhibition worth having,
+  and has some very sensible remarks on the prospects of home exhibitors,
+  especially at the forthcoming display. It is indispensable to all
+  interested in the subject."
+
+
+  GUARDIAN.
+
+  "'A Popular Narrative of the Great Exhibition' was really needed,
+  explaining its whole history from its first conception in the Prince
+  Consort's brain, and Mr. Berlyn's book has amply supplied the need. It is
+  a very smart volume, and the writer is duly impressed with the grandeur
+  of his theme."
+
+
+  LEIGH HUNT'S JOURNAL.
+
+  "We can hardly speak too highly of this elegant and useful volume. Mr.
+  Berlyn has done his part admirably, and the publisher has seconded him in
+  the business department no less satisfactorily. All the floating and
+  disconnected accounts that have hitherto been brought before the public
+  from time to time are here collected and arranged in a very popular and
+  lucid manner, while a mass of fresh information, entirely new and
+  authentic, renders this book the only complete compendium of the
+  Exhibition in all its bearings. The history of its origin is written with
+  a graphic power and a narrative vigour very surprising on such a subject.
+  You are carried along with as much interest as if reading a work of
+  fiction. The contents fully justify the ample title, and in that tact
+  lies more of eulogy than columns of praise could say."
+
+
+  THE EVENING EXPRESS.
+
+  "A neatly-printed volume on the History of the Exhibition; containing a
+  careful digest of all the documents which the Commissioners have issued."
+
+
+  THE TABLET.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn's book is an elegant volume by way of a guide to the Crystal
+  Palace. It contains a well-condensed summary on everything connected with
+  the subject of the Exhibition."
+
+
+  MORNING ADVERTISER.
+
+  "A gaily-boarded volume, nattily emblazoned on the outside with colours,
+  with a tinted frontispiece of the Glass House from the same familiar
+  aspect. It is dedicated to Prince Albert, and contains an elaborate
+  introduction, in which the by-past expositions of Paris, Birmingham,
+  Manchester, Dublin, &c. are duly noticed. It is as a whole a neat mode of
+  preserving all the 'printed gossip,' as well as weightier reports of
+  Commissioners, relating to the preparations of the shell of the
+  Exhibition."
+
+
+  MARK-LANE EXPRESS.
+
+  "A most interesting record of the history and opinions as to the probable
+  results of the World's Fair, to be held in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park.
+  The author has condensed into a most readable work every transaction
+  which has given rise to this exhibition of the choice products of the
+  world."
+
+
+  THE BUILDER.
+
+  "This book gives, in a concise and agreeable manner, a narrative of the
+  progress of the scheme towards fruition, and an account of the building.
+  The account is put together pleasantly, and makes a pretty book."
+
+
+  CHRISTIAN TIMES.
+
+  "A valuable and elegant introduction to the Great Industrial Exhibition.
+  It contains much useful information, lucidly and carefully arranged."
+
+
+  NORTHERN STAR.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn's book is all it professes to be. It contains an ample and
+  popular narrative of the circumstances connected with the conception and
+  ultimate realisation or the idea; and incidentally throws much light upon
+  the progress and effects of similar exhibitions abroad. The author
+  deserves the greatest credit for the lively, interesting, and accurate
+  manner in which he has recorded all the leading events connected with the
+  Exhibition. In doing this we are happy to perceive also that he has the
+  manliness to do justice to those who first introduced the idea of such
+  Exhibitions into this country, and who had to struggle with all the
+  difficulties which usually dog the footsteps of innovators and inventors.
+  The first exhibitions had to encounter prejudice and apathy, and the
+  funds for carrying them out were comparatively small, and difficult to be
+  procured; they had not the _prestige_ of princely and titled names, to
+  give them acceptance with the vulgar herd, who eagerly copy the fashion
+  set by the great. They were the production of a pure love of art, and
+  science, and industry, and a desire to promote the improvement of public
+  taste and skill. One of the first promoters 'of the plan of National
+  Expositions, similar to those on the Continent,' was Mr. George Wallis,
+  formerly master of the Manchester School of Design; of whose exertions
+  Mr. Berlyn makes honourable mention. It is exceedingly interesting to
+  have presented at one view the gradual expansion of the original idea,
+  through a succession of varied phases, to its ultimate development as an
+  Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations. It appears clear that Prince
+  Albert is entitled to the merit of giving it this cosmopolitan character;
+  other exhibitions have always been either local, provincial, or national.
+  The idea of making that of 1851 universal is due to the Prince Consort
+  alone. The circumstances under which Mr. Paxton conceived the idea of the
+  structure which now attracts the admiration of every beholder, in Hyde
+  Park, read more like a sketch of the imagination than a sober reality;
+  and the almost incredible rapidity with which the plan has been
+  translated into a great fact is one of the proudest testimonies that can
+  be borne to the industrial resources, skill and enterprise of this
+  country. Of all the marvels that will be exhibited at the World's Fair
+  next May, none will be so marvellous as the structure in which they are
+  collected; and we confidently commend Mr. Berlyn's book as an agreeable
+  companion and guide to every visitor, as well as a record of the growth
+  of the Exhibition, well deserving of preservation on account of its
+  intrinsic merits and historical value."
+
+
+  MANCHESTER EXAMINER AND TIMES.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn (whom many of our readers will remember as an active and
+  earnest promoter of the interests of our Athenæum, in his character of
+  honorary secretary to that institution), having held an official
+  situation in connexion with the Royal Commission for carrying out the
+  business detail of the intended Exhibition, finds means to present us
+  with an extremely able and instructive volume. His narrative is cleverly
+  written, and affords ample information of the origin and progress of a
+  movement which has already acquired a world-wide fame. The gradual
+  advance of public opinion and feeling in reference to the study of art,
+  and to the more general cultivation of a love for the ideal and the
+  beautiful among the people, are care fully traced, and we have every
+  reason to believe that credit is justly given to the humble but earnest
+  workers in the cause."
+
+
+  LEEDS MERCURY.
+
+  "A popular narrative of the origin, history, progress, and prospects of
+  the Great Exhibition, with a guide to the future rules and arrangements,
+  by Peter Berlyn, has just been published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row.
+  It is a very able and useful volume, beautifully got up, and at a cheap
+  rate."
+
+
+  LEEDS TIMES.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn's book supplies a _desideratum_. It is the first attempt, so
+  far as we know, to give a consecutive narrative of the circumstances
+  which have given birth to the great design, whose realisation is to
+  illustrate the history of the present year. He has done his work well.
+  The narrative is entirely derived from authentic and official sources, to
+  which Mr. Berlyn, from his connexion with the undertaking, had peculiar
+  opportunities of access. The author regards the Exhibition, not as a
+  sudden individual thought, but as the natural result of certain
+  industrial ideas and tendencies which have been gradually developing
+  themselves during several years; and this view leads him to trace the
+  history of various prior exhibitions on a minor scale in this country,
+  such as the polytechnic exhibitions in different towns, and the
+  exhibitions of art and manufactures which have taken place, many years,
+  in Manchester, Birmingham, and the metropolis. The proceedings more
+  immediately connected with the great World's Exhibition now in
+  preparation are then related from the commencement, and in a manner at
+  once concise and complete. Finally, we have a full account of the rules
+  and regulations determined on for the conduct of this remarkable
+  undertaking. The volume contains several excellent illustrations, is
+  tastefully bound, and in a portable form."
+
+
+  LIVERPOOL COURIER.
+
+  "This is an exceedingly interesting and useful book. It has been got up
+  as a hand-book for the visitors to the Great Exhibition, but its object
+  is more to give a condensed account of the history of the event than to
+  serve as a guide within the building. The writer, who treats his subject
+  most clearly and ably, enters into a brief narrative of all that has been
+  hitherto done, in this and other countries, to foster national taste in
+  connexion with these public displays. In our own countries he goes on, at
+  length, into an investigation of what may be termed the initiatory
+  exhibition lately held at Birmingham, and which, in its results, far
+  exceeded the expectations of its founders. He also gives a concise
+  history of the proceedings relative to the 'Palace of Glass,' from the
+  time that its erection was a dreamy idea until it rose in its gigantic
+  transparency to astonish the world."
+
+
+  LIVERPOOL ALBION.
+
+  "This is a book for the times and to the purpose. Its title-page tells
+  with what object it has been written, and is well borne out by its
+  contents. When we open it we find a concise and faithful account of the
+  causes and progress of the world's gathering which is just upon us. In
+  preparing his volume the author has taken care to avoid all 'culling of
+  simples,' and to give only such information as may be depended upon, and
+  which possesses more than ephemeral interest. It abounds also, in
+  practical suggestions and philosophical observations. We will only say
+  further that the publisher, although he does not puff the work by talking
+  of giving it away, certainly comes as near as possible to that point in
+  the price which he has fixed upon it. We can safely recommend it."
+
+
+  BIRMINGHAM JOURNAL.
+
+  "A cleverly-written and carefully-condensed little volume, containing all
+  that has been done, and much that should be known, respecting the great
+  event of the year. The author culls with great judgment from the
+  addresses delivered at various meetings held throughout the country; the
+  regulations issued by the Executive Committee are also introduced.
+  Altogether, a more complete record, within the same amount of space, it
+  would be impossible to find; it confers great credit upon the writer, who
+  in addition is evidently an enthusiast in the work about which he writes
+  so well."
+
+
+  LEICESTERSHIRE MERCURY.
+
+  "This volume should be in the hands of all who take an interest in the
+  great event of this _annus mirabilis_, 1851. What it promises in the
+  title-page it performs in those which follow. It contains an accurate and
+  deeply interesting record of the causes and progress of the preparation
+  for that gathering of the nations of the earth which we are about to
+  witness, and chronicles all the official information on the subject which
+  is worth preserving. The practical suggestions and observations to be
+  found in it are greatly to the credit of the writer. We must also give
+  our praise to the publisher, Mr. Gilbert, for the manner in which he has
+  brought it out, and the low price at which he offers it to the buyer."
+
+
+  LIVERPOOL TIMES.
+
+  "Of course we are already deluged with hand-books, guide-books, &c., to
+  the Exhibition. Such little works, properly compiled, will not only be
+  interesting, but absolutely serviceable, to the country visitor. We have
+  had oceans sent to us, varying in price as in truthfulness and English
+  grammar. The best we have seen is a 'Popular Narrative of the
+  Exhibition,' by Peter Berlyn, published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row; a
+  book distinguished not only by correctness and labour, but also by very
+  considerable literary merit."
+
+
+  LINCOLNSHIRE TIMES.
+
+  "What the flower-garden is to the bees, attracting them to gather honey
+  from its sweets, the Grand Exhibition has been to many a candidate
+  anxious to take his place in the ranks of authorship. The book before us
+  is one of the proofs of its stimulating powers. It fully and ably
+  accomplishes all which the title-page leads us to expect, setting forth
+  the causes and progress of that wondrous festival of industry at which
+  the world is to meet in Britannia's Crystal Palace. The information which
+  it contains may be relied upon as derived from the best sources; the
+  practical suggestions are valuable; and the observations are penned in a
+  highly philosophical spirit. We can safely recommend the work to our
+  readers, and we are quite certain that everybody who buys it will be
+  satisfied that his money has been well laid out. We speak not from our
+  own authority only, but have our verdict backed by the opinion of persons
+  competent to pronounce upon the merits of the volume before us."
+
+
+  INVERNESS COURIER.
+
+  "This little volume has a merit which belongs to but few books published
+  in the present age. It is wanted. There has no doubt been a great deal
+  written on the subject of which it treats, as well as a great deal
+  spoken; but till now we have had only scattered and almost inaccessible
+  information on the one hand, or mere catchpenny pamphlets on the other.
+  Mr. Berlyn's excellence is, that he is honest; that his work fulfils the
+  promise of its title-page. Officially connected from its outset with the
+  great scheme which he describes, he has enjoyed peculiar facilities for
+  this task, has known where to look for materials, and been able to judge
+  of their relative usefulness and importance. Of these opportunities he
+  has diligently availed himself, and the result is to be seen in the
+  elegant book before us. Simple and popular in style, it is comprehensive
+  and instructive in its contents; we therefore recommend it."
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Beautifully printed in 8vo, price only 7s. 6d., or postage free, 8s. 6d.,
+Illustrated by Eighty very splendid Pictures, engraved by George Measom,_
+
+DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,
+
+GILBERT'S DESCRIPTION
+
+OF THE
+
+CRYSTAL PALACE,
+
+Its Architectural History and Constructive Marvels.
+
+BY PETER BERLYN & CHARLES FOWLER, JUN., ESQRS.
+
+The Engravings will depict the various peculiarities and novelties of this
+wonderful Building as well as the Machinery, &c., used in its construction.
+The combined efforts of the Proprietor, as well as the Authors and Artists,
+are to produce a work worthy to be purchased and preserved by every visitor
+to the Great Exhibition.
+
+
+----
+
+
+GILBERT'S
+
+VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP OF LONDON,
+
+DRAWN ON A NEW PRINCIPLE,
+
+HAVING IN VIEW THE DEPICTING OF THE PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS OF THE
+METROPOLIS,
+
+_With Illustrations of its most Important Buildings and Sights,_
+
+Engraved on their exact Localities.
+
+This novel Map will be found an interesting, intellectual, and practical
+guide to all Visitors who may wish to proceed readily to the more Important
+Sights and Attractions of London. The price, in sheet, coloured, with
+Letter-press Keys and References, is 1s. 6d.; or in Case for the pocket,
+2s.; postage free, 3s.
+
+
+----
+
+
+GILBERT'S
+
+GUIDE TO THE STREETS OF LONDON,
+
+AS A COMPANION TO THE "VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP."
+
+WITH FIVE THOUSAND REFERENCES;
+
+Frontispiece and Tables of Cab Fares; the Rules and Laws relative to
+Metropolitan Conveyances; and Explanations in four Languages--to enable the
+Visitor to find his own way throughout the length and breadth of the
+Metropolis.--Price 6d; or postage free, 1s.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Price 1s. 6d., or 2s. bound; postage free, 6d. extra,_
+
+GILBERT'S GUIDE TO LONDON,
+
+WITH MAP, &C.
+
+This original work, which has long been in full preparation for
+publication, is especially intended as a useful and indispensable pocket
+companion to every visitor to the Metropolis during the Great Exhibition of
+1851.
+
+*** Separate Editions of the book issued in the French and German
+Languages, price 6d. each extra.
+
+
+----
+
+
+  "Contains much useful information for residents as well as visitors. It
+  has also a good Map, and is very moderate in price."--_English
+  Churchman._
+
+  "A very useful companion throughout the streets and sights of
+  London."--_Lady's News._
+
+  "The distinguishing excellences of this guide are, that it is cheap, and
+  that it is written especially for the benefit of the visitors to London
+  during the Great Exhibition."--_Standard of Freedom._
+
+  "A publication prompted by the Great Exhibition: it is a plain and
+  business-like affair, giving a good deal of information upon various
+  subjects connected with the comfort of visitors, as well as directions
+  for sight-seeing."--_Spectator._
+
+  "This hand-book contains the most complete information connected with the
+  localities, customs, public buildings, amusements, and resources of the
+  capital city of this kingdom; and for travellers or foreigners we say it
+  is an indispensable work, if they desire to possess an accurate knowledge
+  of London during their visit to the Great Exhibition."--_Mark-lane
+  Express._
+
+  "Unquestionably the most useful little work of its sort we have met with.
+  It abounds with accurate, ample, and valuable information respecting
+  London and its suburbs. We know of no more interesting or cheaper
+  publication."--_Catholic Standard._
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Price, on a large sheet, only 6d.; in case, 1s. 6d.; or on roller,
+varnished, 3s. 6d.,_
+
+GILBERT'S KEY TO LONDON,
+
+ON ONE LARGE SHEET;
+
+Containing particulars of its Palaces, Public Buildings, Religious
+Edifices, Hospitals, Inns of Court, Parks, Gardens, Bridges, Museums,
+Literary Institutions, Theatres, Public Amusements, Exhibitions, Cab Fares,
+Railway Stations, Ambassadors, Bankers, Hotels, Docks, Arcades, Private
+Galleries, Curiosities, Churches and Chapels, Cab, Omnibus, and Coach Rules
+and Laws, Omnibus Routes, Environs, Post-offices, Steamers, Foreign Money
+Tables, &c.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Price, coloured and mounted in cloth case for the pocket, only 1s.; or
+paper case, 6d.; in sheet, 4d._
+
+GILBERT'S MAP OF LONDON,
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,
+
+WITH A KEY TO THE STREETS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN 1851.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Just Published, size of the Engraving 18 inches by 10, printed on paper,
+size 21 inches by 14½,_
+
+GILBERT'S NEW PICTORIAL VIEW
+
+OF THE
+
+CRYSTAL PALACE,
+
+FOR THE
+
+GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION, 1851.
+
+With several Hundred Scenic and Characteristic Figures, beautifully and
+accurately Drawn from the Official Documents,
+
+BY JOSEPH PAXTON, ESQ., F.L.S.
+
+_With Statistical Details in English, French, and German._
+
+
+----
+
+
+The exciting interest which the Exhibition creates throughout the world,
+has prompted the production of this carefully-executed, large, and
+beautiful Illustration of the Exhibition Building. It is got up in
+first-rate style, printed on the best paper, and published at the low price
+of SIXPENCE; or coloured, ONE SHILLING. The special object of its combined
+beauty and cheapness is not only to command sale in the United Kingdom, but
+to induce our Merchants, Manufacturers, and all interested in this glorious
+Institution to send this Illustration of the Building to every part of the
+world. It may also be had in a neat gilt frame and glazed, price only 5s.;
+or stretched on a frame and varnished, price 3s. Either of these two can
+also be had packed in a deal box for transit by railway, or other
+conveyance, at 1s. extra; or the 6d. and 1s. 6d. editions packed on roller,
+for transit by post free, at 8d. each extra.
+
+
+----
+
+
+GILBERT'S EXHIBITION LETTER-PAPER,
+
+4to post size, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the
+Building printed in tints. Price 2s. per quire, or 34s. per ream.
+
+
+GILBERT'S EXHIBITION NOTE-PAPER,
+
+8vo post, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the
+Building. Price 1s. 6d. per quire, or 21s. per ream.
+
+
+GILBERT'S EXHIBITION CARD,
+
+With a View of the Building. Price One Penny. Size, 4½ inches by 3.
+
+
+GILBERT'S LARGE EXHIBITION CARD,
+
+With a View of the Building. Price Twopence. Size, 7 inches by 4½.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Just Published, in Thirty-Six Sheets, of different Subjects, at the
+extremely low price affixed,_
+
+JERRARD'S
+
+COLOURED PICTURES
+
+OF
+
+GROUPS AND BOUQUETS OF
+
+FLOWERS, FRUITS, BIRDS, LANDSCAPES,
+
+&c. &c.
+
+
+----
+
+
+These beautiful Pictures are on folio-sized drawing-paper, and produced in
+the first-rate style, being most beautiful and successful imitations of
+Original Drawings. They are admirably adapted for framing; would also form
+a tasteful ornament to Ladies' Portfolios, or as patterns for Drawing in
+colours.
+
+
+----
+
+
+  Sheet 1, price only 2s.--Fruit: Peaches, Purple Grapes, Green Grapes.
+  Flowers: Moss Rose, Campanula (Canterbury-bell), Wallflower, Convolvulus.
+  Sheet 2, price 1s. 6d.--Poppy, Ranunculus, Pæonia, Hollyhock,
+      Convolvulus, Anagallis, Rosebud.
+  Sheet 3, price 1s. 6d.--White Rose, Red Rose, Anemone, Single Dahlia,
+      Cineraria, Nastertium, Auricula, Veronica.
+  Sheet 4, price 1s. 6d.--Passion Flower, Rose, Tulip, Geranium, Pinks,
+      Convolvulus.
+  Sheet 5, price 1s. 6d.--Anemone, Petunia, Mountain Aster, Heartsease,
+      Viola Tricolor, Anagallis.
+  Sheet 6, price 1s. 6d.--White Lilies, Tiger Lily, Tulip, White Fuschia.
+
+  Sheet 7, price 2s.--Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pineapple, Purple Grapes, Green
+      Grapes, Egg Plum, Red Currants, White Currants.
+  Flowers: Rose, Convolvulus.
+  Sheet 8, price 2s.--Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pear, Plums, Red Grapes, Green
+      Grapes.
+  Flowers: Lilium Lancifolium, Picotee, Fuschia, Scarlet Geranium, Marigold
+      Sonicera.
+  Sheet 9, price 1s. 6d.--Ipomæa Horsfallii, Ipomæa Rubro-cærulea.
+  Sheet 10, price 1s. 6d.--Hibiscus Splendens.
+  Sheet 11, price 1s. 6d.--Ipomæa.
+  Sheet 12, price 1s. 6d.--Yellow Hibiscus.
+
+  Sheet 13, price 2s.--Fruit: Peaches, Plums, Red Grapes, White Currants.
+  Flowers: Convolvulus Major, White Rose, Heartsease, Fumaria Anagallis.
+  Sheet 14, price 1s. 6d.--Noisette Rose.
+  Sheet 15, price 1s. 6d.--Orange Lily, Geranium, White Pink, Mule Pink,
+      Petunia, China Aster, Yellow Mallow, Anagallis, Malvi, Primula,
+      Mouse-ear, Tropæolum.
+  Sheet 16, price 1s. 6d.--Anemones, Tulip, Jonquil, Aster, Marigold,
+      Semi-double Rose, Yellow Rose, Convolvulus Minor, Auricula,
+      Nastertium, White Rose.
+  Sheet 17, price 2s.--Fruit: Melon, Pomegranate.
+  Flowers: Tulip, Honeysuckle, Lily of the Valley.
+  Sheet 18, price 1s. 6d.--Pinks, Carnations.
+
+  Sheet 19, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Bullfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.
+  Sheet 20, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Greenfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.
+  Sheet 21, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Goldfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.
+  Sheet 22, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Titmouse on the Stump of a Tree.
+  Sheet 23, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Redstarts, with Nest, Eggs, and
+      Flowers.
+  Sheet 24, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Chaffinches, with Nest, Eggs, and
+      Flowers.
+
+  Sheet 25, price 1s. 6d.--A View of the Castle of Chillon, Lake of Geneva.
+  Sheet 26, price 1s. 6d.--A View of Tintern Abbey.
+  Sheet 27, price 1s. 6d.--View of Caerphilli Castle and Vale.
+  Sheet 28, price 1s. 6d.--View of Snowdon from the Valley of Dolydellan.
+  Sheet 29, price 1s. 6d.--View of Llangollen, Castle Dinas-Bran.
+  Sheet 30, price 1s. 6d.--View of Fountain, St. Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln.
+
+
+
+----
+
+
+It must be distinctly observed that the whole of the above are in full
+colours, and most successful imitations of original drawings, the price of
+each sheet being also fixed at extremely low prices. A variety of other
+sheets are in active preparation.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STEREOTYPED EDITION.
+
+_The 53rd Thousand, price only 1s. sewed, or 1s. 6d. bound (postage free,
+4d. extra)_,
+
+With a very useful steel-plate Genealogical Chart of the Sovereigns of
+England,
+
+OUTLINES OF ENGLISH HISTORY,
+
+WITH INTERESTING
+
+Remarks on Manners, Customs, Arts, Dresses, &c.
+
+BY HENRY INCE, M.A.
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** In consequence of the rapidly extended sale and approval of this Work,
+every page of the present Edition has been carefully enlarged and much
+improved. By a judicious enlargement of the width and length of the page,
+one-third more letter-press is introduced without any increase of price.
+
+----
+
+
+  "In the system of Education sufficient regard is not always paid to
+  impressing on the pupil's mind the leading points in a branch of study.
+  His memory is confused with a too great variety of details. This manual
+  of Mr. Ince's is well calculated to counteract this defective method, by
+  affording a well-digested outline, which should be carefully committed to
+  memory, and afterwards filled up by means of oral instruction or
+  reference to larger works. Lively chapters of historical memoranda, and
+  brief sketches of manners and customs, are appropriately introduced. We
+  can cordially recommend this well-digested manual."--_Sharpe's Magazine._
+
+  "A neat and accurate compendium, and written with perspicuity. The events
+  of each reign are arranged under different heads, so as to give at a
+  glance a comprehensive view of the whole."--_Athenæum._
+
+  "A new edition, with improvements. It is a little 'Rapin' in its way, a
+  history condensed into a nutshell; and we feel assured will, with its
+  companion works, form the future text-books of the young of both sexes.
+  Works intended for the mental culture of the young are sure to meet our
+  approval when properly deserving it; and in the present instance we feel
+  inclined to extend the usual limit of our remarks in favour of the lucid
+  and well-arranged books which Mr. Ince has issued for the rising
+  generation. We could not forbear a smile, on glancing over their
+  contents, at the recollection of the sundry fat quartos and huge folios
+  through which in boyhood we were obliged to wade for the acquirement of a
+  less amount of information than is here presented within the space of one
+  hundred pages."--_The Mirror._
+
+  "Well-digested and useful outlines of our History, and deserves to be a
+  standard educational work."--_Eclectic Review._
+
+  "Superior to anything of the kind; here is a clear and comprehensive
+  outline of the whole History of England. We cordially recommend
+  it."--_Wesley Banner._
+
+  "The leading points are clearly traced, and adapted for easy transmission
+  to the mind."--_Mark-lane Express._
+
+  "A valuable addition to those books specially designed for
+  education."--_Bell's Messenger._
+
+  "These 'Outlines' are particularly well done."--_Bankers Magazine._
+
+  "A good compendium; it contains the essence of very many volumes, serving
+  not only as helps for the education of youth, but as refreshers to the
+  memory to those who are old."--_Sunday School Magazine._
+
+  "This book is not undeserving of the popularity it has obtained: it is
+  full of information, and contains the substance of more knowledge of the
+  social progress, manners, and customs of our ancestors than many works of
+  far larger pretensions."--_The third review of the Athenæum._
+
+  "A great deal of information in a small compass, and the author has
+  availed himself of the latest authorities. We prefer the form of Outlines
+  to Catechisms. It contributes to the formation of more logical views,
+  both by the teacher and scholar. Catechisms are the school-books of
+  parrots."--_Spectator._
+
+  "Both the plan and style are perspicuous; it is admirably adapted for
+  what it is intended."--_The Times._
+
+  "Contains a vast amount of interesting and useful knowledge, and
+  admirably adapted as helps to parents and teachers of youth."--_Tait's
+  Magazine._
+
+  "A well-digested little book."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+  "A very useful book for the instruction of youth, being a complete
+  _resumé_ of the whole History of England."--_Metropolitan._
+
+  "Well adapted for the education of the young."--_New Monthly Magazine._
+
+  "The brief statements of the principal events of each Sovereign's reign
+  are neat and succinct."--_The Economist._
+
+  "An improved edition of Mr. Ince's very useful book."--_The Rambler._
+
+  "Ince's 'Outlines' is a very excellent book to put into the learner's
+  hands: it is clear and well-arranged."--_Author's Institute Circular._
+
+
+----
+
+
+_In 18mo, price 1s., 1s. 6d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra)_,
+
+THE SIXTH EDITION OF
+
+OUTLINES OF FRENCH HISTORY,
+
+WITH NOTICES OF
+
+THE MANNERS, CUSTOMS, ARTS, ETC., OF THE DIFFERENT PERIODS.
+
+BY HENRY INCE, M.A.
+
+  "It affords a very pleasing view of the whole History of France. The
+  author being gifted with a philosophical mind and a classical taste, the
+  subjects, though treated in a detached, are far from being treated in a
+  dry and unentertaining manner."--_The Times._
+
+  "It is embellished with some capital engravings, and abounds in the
+  narration of those romantic events which form the groundwork of so many
+  delightful works."--_The Mirror._
+
+  "Mr. Ince is not of those men who speak much without saying anything; he
+  says much in a few words."--_French Paper._
+
+  "A very useful educational work."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Price 1s. sewed, or 1s. 4d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra), the Eleventh
+Thousand of_
+
+OUTLINES
+
+OF
+
+GENERAL KNOWLEDGE.
+
+By Henry Ince, M.A.
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** This Edition has been very much extended and improved; by an
+enlargement of the size of the page, and careful arrangement of the type, a
+very great quantity of highly valuable information has been added.
+
+
+----
+
+
+  "The 'Outlines of General Knowledge' embrace a great variety of facts
+  connected with the natural sciences. Even the names of all the divisions
+  into which the moderns have classified knowledge fill no inconsiderable
+  space. Add to them the names and height of mountains, and names and
+  length of rivers, the names of constellations, the names of the chemical
+  elements, the amount of population of the different kingdoms of the
+  world, the amount of their respective taxation per head, &c. &c., and the
+  mere nomenclature seems calculated to fill a tolerably large book. All
+  this, and more than this, is collected in Mr. Ince's 'Outlines,' and
+  those not accustomed to the art of the author will wonder how one small
+  head could carry all he has brought together."--_The Economist._
+
+  "Well-digested 'Outlines,' which should be committed to everybody's
+  memory."--_Sharpe's Magazine._
+
+  "A capital book, deserving especial attention."--_Family Friend._
+
+  "Contains for its size a remarkable quantity of interesting and
+  well-arranged information. It would make a valuable present to Sunday
+  Schools and lending libraries."--_Athenæum._
+
+  "A vast amount of condensed information."--_The Rambler._
+
+  "Contains a considerable amount of information of a very valuable kind,
+  on a variety of subjects, that in ordinary routine of education are too
+  much overlooked, an acquaintance with which is every day becoming more
+  and more indispensable. They are germs which cannot fail to vegetate in
+  the mind, to fructify in the head, and eventually to produce a fourfold
+  reward to him who labours in the acquisition of them."--_Sunday School
+  Magazine._
+
+  "Calculated to instruct anyone of common intelligence on every known
+  topic of importance, and to start him with a mind stored with the
+  accumulated learning of 6000 years."--_The Mirror._
+
+  "A valuable little publication, full of information in a small compass,
+  creating an appetite for deeper investigation."--_Bell's Life._
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A NEW SERIES OF PENNY MAPS.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Now publishing in Monthly Parts, price only 4½d., or 8½d. coloured (each
+Part to contain four Maps)_,
+
+PHILIPS'
+
+PENNY ATLAS OF THE WORLD,
+
+IN A
+
+Series of fifty-two Imperial Quarto Maps, Engraved on Steel,
+
+INCLUDING
+
+FIVE ANCIENT MAPS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY,
+
+WITH A COPIOUS CONSULTING INDEX OF PLACES.
+
+
+----
+
+
+Geographical Knowledge was to a considerable extent an essential necessity
+even in the early periods of our world, cultivated indeed at first for
+almost purely social purposes, yet in the same proportion as our
+progenitors increased in numbers, so also did their extended range of
+observation instil into their minds the necessity of more practical
+observations on the relative bearings of the districts through which they
+passed, noting at the same time the numerous changes of hill and dale,
+rivulet and stream, and the countless varieties of the wonderful products
+with which it pleased Almighty God to bless its various regions. Hence
+progressively arose the Topographical and Geographical Delineations with
+which the Scriptures abound; to a similar cause may also be traced the
+contributions which the savage tribes have at various periods of our
+World's History added to the branches of Geographical science.
+
+Now, in the same proportion as any people forming a Nation develope their
+commercial and intellectual strength, in the same ratio has it pleased
+Providence to render it necessary that its inhabitants should not only
+become acquainted with the Topographical and Geographical features,
+relative distances and bearings, of their own and neighbouring nations, but
+of every portion of the known world, even extending their researches to
+unknown regions. Indeed, no member of a commercial nation, especially in
+one where education is much diffused, is qualified to act his part aright
+as one of its people, unless he is able to form a tolerably accurate notion
+of the names of Nations, Places, Seas, Rivers, Mountains, &c., their
+relative position and extent, as well as to learn how richly the Creator of
+the Earth has endowed them all with the means of ministering to those
+comforts and pleasures of which man in every state of society and climate
+so much stands in need.
+
+These reflections might be much extended, but the limits of a prospectus
+will not permit it. Suffice it to say that every Englishman, be he rich or
+poor, should have access to modern Maps of the various portions of the
+World, in order to possess the means of cultivating a knowledge of its
+divisions, the names of the chief Nations, Places, &c. &c., as well as to
+be able to form intellectual and commercial ideas of its numerous products,
+and the respective regions from whence come the countless varieties of
+foreign substances now in use among us as articles of ornament or
+necessity.
+
+Now, though a Modern Atlas of the World is so essential to every family in
+this kingdom, still it has been almost limited in its possession, on
+account of the high price at which all really good and practical works have
+hitherto been issued. To remove this difficulty has been the principal
+motive which has induced the Proprietors of "PHILIPS' PENNY MODERN ATLAS"
+to issue a work which they feel satisfied will be universally admitted to
+be surprisingly cheap, and not surpassed in usefulness by any attempt
+hitherto made to extend the knowledge of Geography.
+
+
+----
+
+
+LIST OF THE MAPS
+
+Which will appear in PHILIPS' PENNY ATLAS, any of which may now be had
+separately, price ONE PENNY each Plain, or TWOPENCE Coloured:--
+
+             MODERN MAPS.
+
+   1. Western Hemisphere.
+   2. Eastern Hemisphere.
+   3. World on Mercator's Projection--Double Map.
+   4. Arctic Regions.
+   5. Europe--General Map.
+   6. British Isles.
+   7. England and Wales.
+   8. Scotland.
+   9. Ireland.
+  10. France, in Provinces.
+  11. France, in Departments.
+  12. Belgium.
+  13. Holland.
+  14. Prussia.
+  15. Poland.
+  16. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.
+  17. Denmark.
+  18. Russia in Europe.
+  19. Germany.
+  20. Austria.
+  21. Switzerland.
+  22. Spain and Portugal.
+  23. Italy.
+  24. Turkey in Europe, and Greece.
+  25. Asia--General Map.
+  26. Turkey in Asia.
+  27. Russia in Asia.
+  28. Persia and Cabool.
+  29. Hindostan.
+  30. China.
+  31. East India Islands and Australia.
+  32. New South Wales.
+  33. Tasmania, or Van Dieman's Land.
+  34. New Zealand.
+  35. Africa--General Map.
+  36. Egypt.
+  37. America--General Map.
+  38. North America.
+  39. United States.
+  40. Canada.
+  41. Mexico, Guatimala, and Texas.
+  42. West Indies.
+  43. South America.
+
+             ANCIENT MAPS.
+
+  44. Palestine.
+  45. Orbis Veteribus Notus.
+  46. Orbis Romani Pars Occidentalis.
+  47. Orbis Romani Pars Orientalis.
+  48. Græcia Antiqua.
+  49. Table of the Comparative Height of Mountains.
+  50. Ditto        ditto       Length of Rivers.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CHEAPEST MAPS EVER ISSUED.
+
+
+----
+
+
+PHILIPS' SERIES
+
+OF
+
+LARGE SIXPENNY MAPS,
+
+Size--Full Sheet Imperial, 22 by 27 Inches, Full Coloured.
+
+_Engraved in the best style, and embracing all the recent Geographical
+Discoveries._
+
+
+----
+
+
+          LIST OF THE MAPS.
+
+   1. The World on Mercator's Projection.
+   2.   "  Northern Hemisphere.
+   3.   "  Southern ditto.
+   4.   "  Eastern ditto.
+   5.   "  Western ditto.
+   6. North Horizontal ditto.
+   7. South ditto.
+   8. Europe.
+   9. Asia.
+  10. Africa.
+  11. America--General Map.
+  12. North America.
+  13. South America.
+  14. England.
+  15. Scotland.
+  16. Ireland.
+  17. British Isles.
+  18. The Channel Islands, including Isle of Man and Isle of Wight.
+  19. Chart of the Baltic Sea.
+  20. Sweden and Norway.
+  21. Denmark.
+  22. Germany--Northern part.
+  23. Germany--Southern part.
+  24. Holland.
+  25. Belgium.
+  26. France, in Departments.
+  27. France, in Provinces.
+  28. Spain and Portugal.
+  29. Chart of the Mediterranean.
+  30. Turkey in Europe and Greece.
+  31. Italy.
+  32. Venetian States.
+  33. Milanese States.
+  34. Tuscany and the States of the Church.
+  35. Naples and Sicily.
+  36. Switzerland.
+  37. Austria.
+  38. Prussia.
+  39. Poland.
+  40. Russia in Europe.
+  41. Russian Empire.
+  42. Tartary.
+  43. Corea and Islands of Japan.
+  44. China.
+  45. East India Islands.
+  46. Hindostan.
+  47. British India--Northern part.
+  48. British India--Southern part.
+  49. Birman Empire.
+  50. Persia.
+  51. Turkey in Asia.
+  52. Arabia.
+  53. Egypt and Abyssinia.
+  54. Palestine.
+  55. North and South Africa.
+  56. Atlantic Islands.
+  57. Chart of the Atlantic.
+  58. Canada, Nova Scotia, &c.
+  59. United States.
+  60. California, Mexico, &c.
+  61. Panama, Guatimala, &c.
+  62. West Indies.
+  63. Isles of Bermuda, Bahama, and Cuba.
+  64. Jamaica.
+  65. St. Domingo and Virgin Isles.
+  66. St. Christopher's, with Nevis and St. Lucia.
+  67. Antigua, with Guadaloupe, &c.
+  68. Dominico, with Martinico, &c.
+  69. Barbadoes and St. Vincent.
+  70. Trinidad, Grenada, Tobago, and Caraçoa.
+  71. Peru, Chili, and La Plata.
+  72. Caraccas and Guiana.
+  73. Islands in the Pacific.
+  74. Australia.
+  75. New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land.
+  76. South Australia.
+  77. New Zealand.
+  78. Chart of the North-west Passage between Europe and America.
+  79. Chart of the Discoveries of Ross, Parry, and Franklin in the Arctic
+      Regions.
+  80. Table of the comparative Height of Mountains.
+  81. Ditto        ditto       Length of Rivers.
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** This series of Maps is by far the largest, best, and cheapest ever
+offered for separate sale. Persons desirous of having a specimen of the
+series, can order a single Map, through their booksellers, or remit 10d. in
+postage-stamps to the Publishers, who will send any Map named, postage
+free.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Just published, complete in 400 very large and full pages, Demy 8vo_,
+
+Containing matter equal in quantity to 1,500 pages of ordinary 8vo volumes,
+Price only 4s., or postage free, 5s., strongly and neatly bound in cloth,
+
+GILBERT'S COPIOUS SERIES OF PAMPHLETS
+
+ON THE
+
+ROMAN CATHOLIC QUESTION;
+
+CONTAINING
+
+Important Documents of Permanent Historical Interest having reference to
+the re-Establishment of the
+
+CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN ENGLAND,
+
+1850-1.
+
+The Editor of these Pamphlets deems it almost superfluous to dwell on the
+paramount importance of every respectable family possessing this volume of
+very special present and permanent interest. During the discussion of the
+exciting matters now at issue in this all-absorbing question, there can be
+no questioning the well-recognised fact that the possession of this copious
+and cheap volume is essential to every thoughtful and inquiring person in
+our beloved country. For those who are as yet unaware of the immense mass
+of interesting and important documents that are in its pages, AN INDEX OF
+ITS CONTENTS IS ISSUED FOR GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION--this will abundantly
+testify to the fact; and the Editor, thinks it only necessary to state
+that, with scarcely an exception, the whole of the documents are printed,
+verbatim, as they originally appeared, and in very numerous cases they have
+had the additional advantage of the direct and special revision of the
+authors.
+
+The Editor expresses his conviction that all the important facts and
+documents relative to the "Roman Catholic Question" have appeared in the
+pages of these pamphlets. Doubtless, during the progress of the
+Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill through the Houses of Parliament
+speeches of interest will be made; still the Editor thinks they will be
+merely elaborations of the materials already in these pages, devoid of
+original facts or documents.
+
+*** Any persons who may wish to possess the Series or sheet containing
+specific articles particularised in the Index, will be at liberty to
+purchase it separately, at One Penny or Three-halfpence each sheet
+respectively, or at Twopence each extra post-free, through the publisher.
+Series 1 to 17 sell at 1d., and 18 to 25 at 1½d. each; but it must be
+observed that each sheet or Series contains several documents.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Just Published, demy 18mo, sewed, Price 2s. 6d., or accompanied by a large
+and accurate Map, and bound in Cloth, Price 5s._
+
+THE TRAVELLER'S HAND-BOOK
+
+AND NEW GUIDE FOR
+
+EMIGRANTS THROUGH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+Containing a description of the States, Cities, Towns, Villages,
+Watering-places, Colleges, &c.; with the Railroad, Stage, and Steam-boat
+Routes; the distances from place to place; and the Fares on the great
+Travelling Routes.
+
+BY J. CALVIN SMITH.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Just Published, in a neat Cover_,
+
+PHILIPS'
+
+SHILLING ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY,
+
+CONTAINING NINE IMPERIAL QUARTO MAPS,
+
+ENGRAVED ON STEEL, & CONSTRUCTED FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITIES.
+
+  CONTENTS.
+
+  EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  EUROPE.
+  ASIA.
+  AFRICA.
+  AMERICA.
+  ENGLAND.
+  IRELAND.
+  SCOTLAND.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Lately Published, price 2s.; or 2s. 6d. bound in Cloth_,
+
+PHILIPS' YOUNG SCHOLAR'S ATLAS,
+
+CONTAINING
+
+Thirteen Large Quarto Maps, Full Coloured.
+
+  CONTENTS.
+
+  EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  ENGLAND.
+  SCOTLAND.
+  IRELAND.
+  FRANCE.
+  EUROPE.
+  ASIA.
+  AFRICA.
+  NORTH AMERICA.
+  SOUTH AMERICA.
+  PALESTINE.
+  UNITED STATES.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Just Published, Price 3s. 6d. in Sheets, carefully coloured; 4s. 6d. in
+case; or 7s. 6d. mounted on black rollers and varnished_,
+
+A NEW TRAVELLING
+
+MAP OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,
+
+AND COMPILED FROM THE MOST RECENT AMERICAN GOVERNMENT SURVEYS AND OTHER
+AUTHENTIC SOURCES,
+
+Showing the whole of the Railways, Canals, &c., to the present time, and
+the distances from place to place in hundreds of miles, taking the City of
+New York as the centre.
+
+_The Publishers can, with confidence, recommend this Map of the United
+States as the most authentic and elaborate Map that has ever been
+produced._
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** The works on this and the fifteen preceding pages are published by
+JAMES GILBERT, 49, Paternoster-row, London, wholesale and retail
+bookseller, publisher, and newsvendor.
+
+Foreign Orders will be executed by J. GILBERT on liberal terms; or they can
+be either sent to any wholesale bookseller or stationer; or to any of the
+numerous merchants and manufacturers who export to all parts of the world.
+
+It will be necessary, however, to order GILBERT'S Editions, Published at
+49, Paternoster-row, London.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SALISBURY, PRINTER. PRIMROSE HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE, FLEET-STREET.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Notes.
+
+[1] A complete list of the names of all the competitors, together with
+    those selected by the Committee, will be found in the Appendix; also a
+    description and views of the two designs specially referred to.
+
+[2] This "memorandum" will be found in the Appendix.
+
+[3] The figures quoted are not quite correct, as will be seen hereafter.
+
+[4] The surface covered by the Basilica of St. Peter's at Rome amounts to
+    223,900 square feet, the Cathedral at Milan occupies 124,100, and St.
+    Paul's, London, 114,900 square feet.
+
+[5] It is perhaps necessary to mention here, that the leakage of the roof
+    which was at first much complained of was owing to incomplete
+    construction, and not to any defect in the principle, or in the manner
+    in which it has been carried out.
+
+[6] About three hundred planks were passed through the machine in a
+    working-day of ten hours, allowing the necessary stoppages for
+    sharpening the cutters; and if only three widths of sash-bar were
+    produced out of each blank, the quantity finished per diem would amount
+    to about two miles and three quarters. This machinery, as well as that
+    for grooving and moulding the ridges, was worked at the Phoenix
+    Saw-mills, Cumberland-basin, Regent's Park, belonging to Mr. Birch.
+
+[7] A This piece of machinery is only novel in its application, as it is
+    similar to that used by brush-makers for drilling a number of small
+    holes in close and regular arrangement.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Crystal Palace, by 
+Peter Berlyn and Charles Fowler
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRYSTAL PALACE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 44192-8.txt or 44192-8.zip *****
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Crystal Palace, by Peter Berlyn and Charles Fowler
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Crystal Palace
+       Its Architectural History and Constructive Marvels
+
+Author: Peter Berlyn
+        Charles Fowler
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2013 [EBook #44192]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRYSTAL PALACE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+  <div id="front"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w100 fcenter sp4">
+    <a href="images/pa1.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa1.jpg"
+    alt="Transverse Section of the Building,
+    showing the Interior completed." title="Transverse Section of the Building,
+    showing the Interior completed."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Transverse Section of the Building, showing the Interior completed.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa2.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa2.jpg"
+    alt="Title Page in Gothic Type." title="Title Page in Gothic Type."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION
+  BY</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;">JAMES GILBERT, 49 PATERNOSTER ROW,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="x-smaller">(UNIFORM WITH THE PRESENT
+  VOLUME),</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa3.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa3.jpg"
+    alt="The Curiosities and Wonders contained
+    within The Crystal Palace." title="The Curiosities and Wonders contained
+    within The Crystal Palace."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="x-smaller">BY</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;">PETER BERLYN, ESQ.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa4.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa4.jpg"
+    alt="Illustrated by Several Hundred
+    Engravings." title="Illustrated by Several Hundred
+    Engravings."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa5.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa5.jpg"
+    alt="Prince Albert's Coat of Arms." title="Prince Albert's Coat of Arms."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="ac">TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa6.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa6.jpg" alt="The Following Pages,"
+    title="The Following Pages,"/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="ac">DESCRIPTIVE OF</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">THE ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE MARVELS OF</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pa7.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa7.jpg"
+    alt="THE STOREHOUSE OF THE WORLD'S WONDERS" title="THE STOREHOUSE OF THE WORLD'S WONDERS"/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="ac">OF ART, SCIENCE, AND MANUFACTURE,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">ARE, BY PERMISSION, MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">OF THE ADMIRATION AND GRATITUDE</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">WHICH, IN COMMON WITH THE WHOLE CIVILIZED WORLD,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">ARE AMPLY SHARED IN BY</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">MOST DEVOTED, FAITHFUL, AND OBEDIENT SERVANT,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="gap" style="width:10em">&nbsp;</span>THE PUBLISHER.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd1.png" alt="Contents."
+    title="Contents."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp5 mc w50" title="Index" summary="Index">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pb05"></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><span class="smaller">PAGE.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Introductory Remarks</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page1">1</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Committee for all Matters relating to the
+      Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page2">2</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Labours of the Building Committee</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page3">3</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Competition Designs</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page6">6</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Buildings used for Previous Exhibitions in France,
+      Germany, and England</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page15">15</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Description of the Building Committee's
+      Design</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page21">21</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Opposition to this Design</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page24">24</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Tenders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page24">24</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">History of Mr. Paxton's Design</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page27">27</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General Description of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page33">33</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Paxton's Gutters</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page40">40</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Sash-bars</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page44">44</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Ridges</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Glass</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Box Gutters</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page47">47</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Roof Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page47">47</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Iron Drilling Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page49">49</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Punching Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page50">50</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Adzing and Planing Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page51">51</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Columns and Connecting-pieces</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page52">52</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Base-pieces</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page53">53</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Cast-iron Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page54">54</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Galleries</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page55">55</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Testing the Cast-iron Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page55">55</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Roof of Transept</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page58">58</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Facework</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page59">59</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Diagonal Bracing</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page60">60</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05">
+        <p class="sp0"><span class="sc">The Staircases</span></p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page60">60</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Floor and Foundations</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page62">62</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">First Operations on the Ground</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page63">63</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Setting-out the Ground</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page64">64</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Fixing the Base-plates</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page65">65</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Henderson's Derrick Crane</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page67">67</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Raising and Fixing the Columns and Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page68">68</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the Roof Trusses</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page69">69</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Provision for Expansion of Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page70">70</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Glazing the Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page71">71</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Stage for Repairing the Glass, etc.</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page73">73</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page73">73</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Glazing the Transept Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page76">76</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Painting</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page76">76</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Hand-rail Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page78">78</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General View of the Works</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page79">79</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Paying the Workmen</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page80">80</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General Statistics</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page82">82</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Parti-coloured Painting</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page83">83</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Water Supply</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page87">87</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Stability of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page87">87</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Testing the Galleries</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page88">88</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General Advantages of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page89">89</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Conclusion</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page89">89</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05 pt05"><span class="sc">Appendix</span>:&mdash;</td>
+      <td class="pb05 pt05"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">List of Competitors for the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pagei">i</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">List A.&mdash;Competitors Entitled to Favourable
+      Mention</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pagevi">vi</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">List B.&mdash;Competitors Entitled to Further Higher
+      Honorary Distinction</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pageviii">viii</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Two Competition Designs Specially Mentioned by the
+      Building Committee</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Memorandum on The Site</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1"><span class="sc">Report of the Royal Commissioners, Presented to her Majesty
+      on the Opening of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp3">
+    <a href="images/hd2.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd2.png"
+    alt="List of Illustrations." title="List of Illustrations."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp5 mc w50" title="List of Illustrations." summary="List of Illustrations.">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pb05"></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><span class="smaller">PAGE.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Transverse Section of the Building, showing the Interior
+      completed</span>&mdash;</td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#front"><i>frontispiece</i></a>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Plan of the Building for the French Exposition in
+      1849</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page16">16</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Principal Entrance of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page17">17</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior View of the "Palace"</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page18">18</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior View of the Cattle-shed</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page19">19</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f19"><i>facing</i> 19</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Plan of Kroll's Wintergarten</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page20">20</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Birmingham Exposition Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page20">20</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Ground-plan of the Design of the Building
+      Committee</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f22"><i>facing</i> 22</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Exterior View of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f24"><i>facing</i> 24</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Common Mode of Glazing Roofs</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page28">28</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Method by Ridge and Furrow</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page29">29</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Cutters of Mr. Paxton's Sash-bar Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page30">30</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Victoria Regia House, Chatsworth </span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page32">32</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page33">33</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Ground-plan of the Building for the
+      Exhibition</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page34">34</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of one 24-feet square Bay of Roof partly
+      completed</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page36">36</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the Lower Storey of the Principal
+      Elevations</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page37">37</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Interior of the Transept</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f38"><i>facing</i> 38</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f39"><i>facing</i> 39</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General View of the Building from the
+      South-West</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f40"><i>facing</i> 40</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The External Railing</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page40">40</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Section of the Paxton's Gutter, with the Strong
+      Sash-bar</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page41">41</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Circular Planing Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page41">41</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same showing Detail</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page41">41</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Sections of the Paxton's Gutter, showing different
+      Stages in the Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page42">42</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Gutter-cutting Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page42">42</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Machine for finishing Ends of Gutters and
+      Ridges</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page43">43</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Machine for Cutting out Sash-bars</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page44">44</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Sash-bar Drilling Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page45">45</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same, Enlarged</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Section of the Ridges, etc</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Diagram of 48-feet Girder</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page48">48</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05">
+        <p class="sp0"><span class="sc">Diagram of 72-feet Girder</span></p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page48">48</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Iron Drilling Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page50">50</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Punching Machine and Shears</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page50">50</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Adzing-cutters</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page51">51</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Adzing and Planing Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page52">52</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Section of a Column</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page52">52</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">A Base-piece</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page54">54</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Interior from the level of
+      Galleries</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f55"><i>facing</i> 55</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Frame and Hydraulic Press for testing the
+      Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page56">56</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior View of the Central Avenue towards the
+      West</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f58"><i>facing</i> 58</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Louvre Frame</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page60">60</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Staircase</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page61">61</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Fixing Cast-iron Drain-pipe</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page62">62</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Crane and Proving-press</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page66">66</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Henderson's Derrick Crane</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page67">67</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portions of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page67">67</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Fixing the Girders</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page68">68</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General View of the Works in Progress</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f69"><i>facing</i> 69</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the 72-feet Trusses</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page70">70</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Glazing-waggon for Flat Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page72">72</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">A Pair of Ribs prepared for raising</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page74">74</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f75"><i>facing</i> 75</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Stage for Glazing Transept Roof</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page76">76</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Sash-bar Painting Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page77">77</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same in Detail</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page77">77</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Hand-rail Cutting Machine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page78">78</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page78">78</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Brass Tickets for Workmen</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page80">80</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Interior of the Pay-office</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page81">81</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Men taking their Wages</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page81">81</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Workmen waiting to be Paid</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page82">82</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Building from the North Bank of the
+      Serpentine</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f86"><i>facing</i> 86</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Testing an Experimental Bay of the Gallery
+      Floor</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f88"><i>facing</i> 88</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Boiler-house, etc.</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f88b"><i>facing</i> 88</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of South Front of the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page92">92</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05 pt05"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span><span
+      class="sc">Appendix</span><span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></td>
+      <td class="pb05 pt05"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Exterior View of Mons. Horeau's Design for the
+      Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#fix"><i>facing</i> ix</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior of the same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#fixb"><i>facing</i> ix</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Exterior from one end of Messrs. Turners' Design
+      for the Building</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#fx"><i>facing</i> <span class="hid">i</span>x</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1"><span class="sc">Transverse Section and View of the Interior of the
+      same</span></td>
+      <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#fxb"><i>facing</i> <span class="hid">i</span>x</a></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1">{1}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd3.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd3.png"
+    alt="INTRODUCTORY REMARKS." title="INTRODUCTORY REMARKS."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_s.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="S"/>O
+  much has already been said and written, both wisely and well, upon the marvellous edifice which
+  has just been reared with such magical rapidity to enshrine the results of the skill and industry
+  of all nations, that it would appear an almost hopeless task to present the subject in any new
+  point of view to the reader.</p>
+
+  <p>If, therefore, the authors cannot lay claim to novelty or originality in the execution of the
+  pleasurable work which they have undertaken, they are not without hopes that, from their having
+  been connected with this gigantic undertaking during the greater part of its progress, they will
+  be enabled to trace in a more detailed and consecutive manner than has yet been attempted the
+  history of the design and execution of the building up to the period of its completion.</p>
+
+  <p>A great deal has been lately said upon the want of distinctive character in almost all the
+  buildings of the present day; and it is certainly a striking fact that in scarcely any of our
+  important modern structures does the exterior appearance in any way lead the spectator to form an
+  idea of the purposes or arrangement of the interior, the former being apparently governed by
+  fancy, or the fashion for some particular style, while the latter only, is accommodated to the
+  peculiar requirements of the case. Thus we have porticos which do not shelter from the weather, or
+  in which no one is allowed to walk; Venetian palaces appear piled upon a substructure of
+  plate-glass; baronial castles prove to be model prisons; and richly-decorated mansions, from the
+  time of "Good Queen Bess," or fanciful Italian villas, are made to serve for the accommodation of
+  paupers.</p>
+
+  <p>The ancients appear to have been more careful in this respect, so that the form and external
+  arrangement afforded in most cases a ready key to the purposes of their structures. Their temples,
+  their fora, theatres and amphitheatres, baths, and other public edifices, seem each to have been
+  stamped with their own characteristic features, at the same time without in any way producing a
+  monotonous uniformity among the different examples of the same class of building.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page2">{2}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Now, if this criterion of excellence be applied to the remarkable building recently erected in
+  Hyde Park, it will be found that the constructive arrangement of the interior is plainly expressed
+  without, and it must be conceded that it possesses at least those elements of beauty arising from
+  consistency and simplicity which, in combination with its vast size, give it also that of
+  grandeur. That it is faultless it would be needless to assert, or to imagine that, from its
+  example, a new style of architecture will originate; but that it is admirably suited to its
+  purpose, that it is a remarkable specimen of the constructive skill of this country, and that it
+  will certainly form one of the most interesting objects of the Great Exhibition by which it has
+  been called into being, if not the most interesting of all, must, we think, be admitted by all
+  candid observers.</p>
+
+  <p>Although the building in its present form was designed, as well as carried out, in a singularly
+  short space of time, this could not have been accomplished but for the great amount of thought and
+  labour which had been previously bestowed upon the subject. In order, therefore, to trace the
+  whole of the progress of the design, it will be necessary briefly to advert to the early labours
+  bestowed upon the project.</p>
+
+  <p>On the 5th of January, 1850, the Royal Commission for carrying out this great scheme was
+  gazetted; its first and second meetings, which were respectively held on the 11th and 18th of the
+  same month, were entirely devoted to preliminary arrangements, and determining the mode of
+  conducting its proceedings.</p>
+
+  <p>Among the most urgent matters calling for the attention of the Commissioners, the subject of
+  the building early presented itself, as it was of the utmost importance that the longest possible
+  time should be allowed for its erection; and, accordingly, at the third meeting, held on the 24th
+  of January, the following noblemen and gentlemen were appointed to act as a</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd4.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd4.png"
+    alt="Committee for all Matters relating to
+    the Building." title="Committee for all Matters relating to
+    the Building."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+
+  <div class="poem pc23">
+    <p>His Grace the Duke of <span class="sc">Buccleuch</span>, K.G., F.R.S.</p>
+    <p>The Right Hon. the Earl of <span class="sc">Ellesmere</span>, F.S.A.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">Charles Barry</span>, Esq., R.A., F.R.S.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">William Cubitt</span>, Esq., F.R.S., Pr. of J.C.E.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">Robert Stephenson</span>, Esq., M.P., F.R.S.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">C. R. Cockerell</span>, Esq., R.A.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">I. K. Brunel</span>, Esq., F.R.S.</p>
+    <p><span class="sc">Thomas L. Donaldson</span>, Esq., M.I.B.A.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">From which list it will be seen that some of the very highest professional talent
+  in the country was enlisted on behalf of the undertaking.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page3">{3}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd5.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd5.png"
+    alt="Labours of the Building Committee." title="Labours of the Building Committee."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  first point to be ascertained by this Committee was where to find an eligible site; for although
+  they were not able at that early stage of their labours to determine the exact amount of space
+  that would be required, they appear to have been of opinion that, from the general data before
+  them, about sixteen acres would be necessary&mdash;an amount which has been subsequently
+  considerably exceeded, but which was already an enormous area to be covered by one building; and
+  in dealing with it the Committee must have felt that a very heavy amount of responsibility rested
+  upon them, as appears, indeed, from their recommendation to the Royal Commission given below.</p>
+
+  <p>After about a month of attentive deliberation, the Committee made a report upon this part of
+  their labours.</p>
+
+  <p>With regard to the site, it had appeared to the Committee that&mdash;firstly, the north-eastern
+  portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space between her Majesty's private road and the
+  Kensington road, in the southern part of Hyde Park; and thirdly, the north-western portion of
+  Regent's Park, were the only available spaces about the metropolis which would afford the
+  necessary accommodation; and it was believed that the order in which they were named represented
+  also their relative eligibility. As regarded the first, the Committee had been informed by the
+  Chief Commissioner of her Majesty's Woods and Forests that considerable objections would arise to
+  its occupation for such a purpose, and that no such objections would be raised to the use of the
+  second; and the Committee, therefore, recommended the adoption of this site, which, amongst other
+  advantages, is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the existing roads.</p>
+
+  <p>As regarded the extent of the building, the Committee were not yet in possession of sufficient
+  data to enable them to determine this accurately, but, from such information as they had before
+  them, they thought that it might be assumed, for the present, that about sixteen acres of covered
+  space would be required.</p>
+
+  <p>And finally, as regarded the mode of proceeding to determine the general interior arrangements
+  or ground-plan of the building, a subject to which they had given much consideration, they
+  resolved, "That, in their opinion, it was desirable to seek, by public competition, for
+  suggestions as to the general arrangements of the ground-plan of the building."</p>
+
+  <p>It was deemed by the Committee that the peculiar object for which the building was required,
+  namely, the encouragement of the widest and most liberal competition in all the branches of arts
+  and manufactures&mdash;the circumstance of the cost of the erection being defrayed by the
+  public&mdash;the <span class="pagenum" id="page4">{4}</span>peculiar character of the building,
+  for the designing of which were especially required judgment and contrivance in the detail of
+  arrangement, and experience in the management of large crowds, and for the construction of which
+  the mechanical skill and knowledge of the application and of the economical use of materials now
+  so generally possessed by builders and practical men were necessary&mdash;all seemed, in the
+  opinion of the Committee, to be reasons for recommending that the designs for the general
+  arrangements should, as far as practicable, be the result of public competition, and that the
+  actual construction should be so to the fullest extent. The Committee were, moreover, of opinion
+  that the general design or arrangement of such a building was one of those subjects, perhaps few
+  in number, on which many good ideas may be elicited by a general contribution of plans; and that a
+  mode might be adopted of obtaining such plans, and collecting useful suggestions from them, which
+  should not eventually lead to any loss of time, or be attended with those delays which too
+  frequently render ordinary competition inconvenient.</p>
+
+  <p>Great objections were made in some quarters to the proposed site in Hyde Park; but as they were
+  not raised on really public grounds, they were gradually overcome by the interest which the public
+  at large manifested in the success of the undertaking.</p>
+
+  <p>In consequence of the latter recommendation in the Report which was adopted by the Royal
+  Commissioners, the following document was published by them on March 13th, 1850, copies of which
+  appear to have found their way into almost every corner of Europe<span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"The Committee appointed by the Royal Commission to advise on 'all matters relating to the
+  building,' having received the sanction of the Commission, are desirous of obtaining from all
+  parties who are disposed to assist them suggestions for the general arrangement of the buildings
+  and premises required for this Exhibition. Upon the general form of the building in plan, the
+  distribution of its parts, the mode of access, and the internal arrangements and contrivances,
+  will depend the convenience and general fitness of such a building; and it is upon these points
+  that the Committee seek information and suggestions, and wish to encourage the most extended
+  competition in the preparation of plans. The Committee do not propose to offer any pecuniary
+  reward for such plans&mdash;they rely upon the desire which men of all countries will feel to
+  forward the objects of the proposed Exhibition. The Committee think it probable that, when the
+  plans are received, they may not be limited to the selection of any one plan, but may derive
+  useful ideas from many; and that the best plan may be determined upon by the help of this general
+  assistance. As the credit of any such plan will be due solely to the contributors, the Committee
+  propose to make a report, in which they will acknowledge by name those whose plans had been wholly
+  or partially adopted, or who had afforded the most useful <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page5">{5}</span>suggestions; and the Committee hope to be able to offer such other honorary
+  distinction to the successful contributors as the circumstances may appear to warrant. In order to
+  guide the contributors in the preparation of such plans and designs, and to facilitate the
+  examination and the comparison of them when received, the Committee have enumerated concisely the
+  principal 'desiderata' for such a building, and have laid down certain rules and conditions to
+  which they earnestly request the contributors to conform, as the Committee will be under the
+  necessity of abiding strictly by the regulation of not acknowledging any plans which may be sent
+  in a form inconsistent with these rules. Copies of the engraved plan of the ground referred to may
+  be had on application to the secretaries of the Commission, at the New Palace at Westminster."</p>
+
+  <p>An engraved plan of the site which had been fixed upon, together with the subjoined
+  regulations, which all competitors would be expected to observe, were subsequently issued to all
+  applicants<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"1. The communications from contributors must consist of a single sheet of paper, not larger
+  than the accompanying engraving, with a simple ground-plan upon a scale of 1·1000 of the full
+  size, with such elevations and sections only of the building, and on the same sheet, as may be
+  necessary to elucidate the system proposed&mdash;such elevations and sections not being intended
+  to convey more than a general idea of the building, and not entering into details of construction
+  or of architectural decoration&mdash;to be accompanied by a short, clear-written explanation of
+  the system recommended, on a separate sheet. Any contributor wishing to send two designs must send
+  separate and distinct communications, each conforming to the above conditions. No communications
+  made inconsistent with these conditions, or any plan prepared upon a different scale from that
+  prescribed, can be received. The plans, &amp;c., must be sent on or before the 8th of April next,
+  addressed to the Secretaries of the Exhibition, New Palace at Westminster, London. It is suggested
+  that the most convenient mode of preparing the plan, elevation, and section, would be to draw them
+  upon one of the engraved copies of the plan of the ground which accompany these
+  instructions.&mdash;2. The building is to be erected on the space marked A B C D, and must not
+  extend beyond the boundaries of the shaded portion. The groups of trees shown on the plan must be
+  preserved. The principal public approaches are by the roads E F and G H. The road K L will be
+  available only for foot-passengers. There will be no objection to the formation of cross-roads
+  between the two last, G H and K L, if the design of the building requires it.&mdash;3. The roofed
+  portion of the building is to cover a space of 700,000 square feet, or about 65,000 square metres;
+  and the whole building must not occupy, including open spaces, an area of more than 900,000 square
+  feet, or about 84,000 square metres. The building generally will be of one storey only.&mdash;4.
+  No space will be <span class="pagenum" id="page6">{6}</span>required for cattle, or for shrubs or
+  flowers.&mdash;5. It may be assumed, so far as it affects the ground-plan, that the light will be
+  obtained entirely from the roof, and the building will be constructed of fire-proof materials.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">"The general requirements are&mdash;simplicity of arrangement; economy of space;
+  capability of extending or curtailing the building without destroying its symmetry as a whole, or
+  interfering with the general arrangement, it being impossible to determine the exact extent of
+  roof required until a late period of construction. Adaptation for the erection of separate
+  portions of the building at different periods. Conveniences of ingress and egress, with facilities
+  of access to all parts of the Exhibition, either from the exterior or interior. Means of
+  classification of the various objects of different departments. Wall-space for the display of
+  articles requiring it. Means of affording private access and accommodation for exhibitors, with
+  counting-houses, if required. Committee-rooms, council-rooms, public refreshment-rooms, and all
+  other public and private accommodation. (This portion of the building may be in two or more
+  storeys if required.) Internal arrangements, by which, under proper regulations, large crowds of
+  visitors may circulate freely, and have convenient access to all parts of the Exhibition, and
+  uninterrupted means of examining the various objects exhibited."</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd6.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd6.png"
+    alt="The Competition Designs." title="The Competition Designs."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HOUGH the time allowed for the preparation of drawings was but short, being only about
+  one month, no less than 233 designs were sent in, many of them of an elaborate architectural
+  character. Of these, thirty-eight, or one-sixth of the whole, were received from the different
+  foreign countries of Europe (France, twenty-seven; Belgium, two; Holland, three; Hanover, one;
+  Naples, one; Switzerland, two; Rhine Prussia, one; Hamburgh, one); 138, or more than half the
+  entire number, from London and its vicinity, where the interest excited was naturally more
+  immediate; fifty-one from the provincial towns of England; six from Scotland, and three from
+  Ireland. Seven were sent anonymously. The small number contributed by the sister kingdoms seems
+  rather remarkable.</p>
+
+  <p>The greater part of these designs were, of course, contributed by members of the architectural
+  and engineering professions, but some were the productions of amateurs, and one among them
+  purported to be the suggestion of a lady. Here, then, was matter enough not only to assist, but
+  even, from its great variety, to perplex the Committee, since at once every possible variety of
+  style in decoration, material in construction, and system in arrangement, were strenuously
+  recommended by the authors of the respective designs as the great ultimatum sought for.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page7">{7}</span></div>
+
+  <p>To Mr. Digby Wyatt, whose services were to a great extent withdrawn from the Executive
+  Committee, in order that his professional knowledge of the subject might be placed at the disposal
+  of the Building Committee, was intrusted the arduous task of examining and classifying these
+  incongruous materials, and of eliminating from them such general principles of arrangement as
+  seemed most worthy of the attentive consideration of the Committee. The result of this gentleman's
+  minute examination was embodied in a Report, upon the basis of the recommendations contained in
+  which the subsequent utilitarian portions of the design of the Building Committee would appear to
+  have been founded.</p>
+
+  <p>After holding about fifteen protracted sittings, the Committee presented the following Report
+  to the Royal Commission on the 9th of May<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd7.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd7.png"
+    alt="&quot;May it please your Royal Highness," title="&quot;May it please your Royal Highness,"/></a>
+  </div>
+
+
+  <p class="ac">"<i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>"We have the honour to report that we have examined the numerous plans so liberally contributed
+  by native and foreign architects in accordance with the public invitation.</p>
+
+  <p>"Exhausting in their numerous projects and suggestions almost every conceivable variety of
+  building, the authors of those designs have materially assisted us in arriving at the conclusions
+  which we have now the honour to report.</p>
+
+  <p>"We have been aided in our analysis of this subject by a great amount of thought and
+  elaboration thus brought to bear upon it from various points of view.</p>
+
+  <p>"We have, however, arrived at the unanimous conclusion, that able and admirable as many of
+  these designs appeared to be, there was yet no single one so accordant with the peculiar objects
+  in view, either in the principle or detail of its arrangements, as to warrant us in recommending
+  it for adoption.</p>
+
+  <p>"In some of the least successful of the designs submitted, we find indicated errors and
+  difficulties to be avoided, whilst in the abler and more practicable of them, there are valuable
+  conceptions and suggestions which have greatly assisted us in framing the plan we have now the
+  honour to lay before you. In preparing this design we have been governed mainly by three
+  considerations<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"1. The provisional nature of the building.</p>
+
+  <p>"2. The advisability of constructing it as far as possible in such a form as to be available,
+  with the least sacrifice of labour and material, for other purposes, as soon as its original one
+  shall have been fulfilled, thus insuring a minimum ultimate cost.</p>
+
+  <p>"3. Extreme simplicity, demanded by the short time in which the work must be completed.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page8">{8}</span></div>
+
+  <p>"For the arrangements of the plan we rely for effect on honesty of construction, vastness of
+  dimension, and fitness of each part to its end.</p>
+
+  <p>"The principal points of excellence we have endeavoured to attain are&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"1. Economy of construction.</p>
+
+  <p>"2. Facilities for the reception, classification, and display of goods.</p>
+
+  <p>"3. Facilities for the circulation of visitors.</p>
+
+  <p>"4. Arrangement for grand points of view.</p>
+
+  <p>"5. Centralisation of supervision.</p>
+
+  <p>"6. Some striking feature to exemplify the present state of the science of construction in this
+  country.</p>
+
+  <p>"The first of these, <span class="smaller">ECONOMY</span>, is attained by doing away with any
+  internal walls (all divisions being made by the necessary stalls), by reducing the whole
+  construction, with the exception of the dome, to cast iron columns, supporting the lightest form
+  of iron roof in long unbroken lines, and by the whole of the work being done in the simplest
+  manner, and adapted in all respects to serve hereafter for other purposes.</p>
+
+  <p>"The second, facilities for the <span class="smaller">RECEPTION</span>, <span
+  class="smaller">CLASSIFICATION</span>, and <span class="smaller">DISPLAY</span> of goods. The main
+  central entrance for the reception of objects for exhibition will probably be that most
+  approachable from the public road. All cases accompanying goods will be examined, registered,
+  catalogued, &amp;c., in the offices of the Executive; the packing-cases will then be put upon a
+  truck running on a line of rails laid down temporarily, and conveyed to the centre turn-table,
+  from which they may be carried by a line of rails at right angles to the first, to the end of the
+  transverse gallery, in which they may be destined to be placed.</p>
+
+  <p>"The most important condition to insure successful <i>classification</i> is, that those to whom
+  the duty of arrangement may be confided should be hampered by no fixed limits of space, such as
+  would have been the case had the building been divided into a number of halls, sections, or
+  chambers. The plan submitted fulfils this condition perfectly; as objects can be arranged just as
+  they are received, and moved, if necessary, from gallery to gallery with great facility.</p>
+
+  <p>"The successful display of the goods would be best insured by leaving, under certain general
+  restrictions, the fitting up of each stall to the Exhibitor or his Agent, floor-space only being
+  allotted to each; and stands, frames, brackets, shelves, &amp;c., being put up by a contractor's
+  carpenter, at a fixed tariff.</p>
+
+  <p>"The best light is provided, and the most economical wall-space is proposed to be furnished by
+  connecting pillar to pillar transversely, on the extreme north and south sides of the building, by
+  rods, from which draperies, &amp;c., can be suspended.</p>
+
+  <p>"The third, <span class="smaller">FACILITIES FOR THE CIRCULATION OF VISITORS</span>, is thus
+  attained. The visitor, on arrival at the central hall, proceeds at choice to any one <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page9">{9}</span>of the four sections. He will, most probably, desire either
+  to follow the whole course of the section selected, or will wish to go at once to some particular
+  class or object. He will be enabled to do either the one or the other, without interfering with
+  the general current, by means of gates or other arrangements, which shall insure the current of
+  visitors passing in one direction. If he desire to proceed rapidly from one end of the building to
+  the other, and finds the great central gangway at all blocked up, he will, no doubt, be able to
+  get on by either the north or south corridors, fifteen feet wide. Numerous doors of egress in
+  these latter afford ready means of exit for a large number of persons. Seats are provided in the
+  middle of the great central gangway for those who may desire to rest.</p>
+
+  <p>"The fourth, <span class="smaller">ARRANGEMENT FOR GRAND POINTS OF VIEW</span>. The view from
+  or to the centre of the building will, from its extent, be necessarily imposing. The seats and
+  main avenues are arranged so that, on the occasion of the distribution of the prizes, an immense
+  number of persons may be accommodated. Most interesting views might be obtained from galleries
+  constructed at either end of the building and around the dome, for the admission of the public to
+  which some small charge might be made.</p>
+
+  <p>"The fifth, <span class="smaller">CENTRALISATION OF SUPERVISION</span>. All the business of the
+  Exhibition will be carried on in one spot, and be readily under control. The Royal Commission, the
+  principal Committees, Clerks, Accountants, Police, &amp;c., would be together, and in so large an
+  establishment it would be absolutely necessary, or much time would be wasted in walking from one
+  point to another. Passages running behind the money-takers' boxes, with glazed doors into them,
+  would enable each accountant to detect anything improper that might be going on, and to exchange
+  and balance checks, money, &amp;c., at any moment. Telegraphic communication with each of the four
+  pay-places will permit orders to be given, cash accounts, &amp;c., to be issued and returned, from
+  and to the head-accountant's office, as often as may be necessary.</p>
+
+  <p>"Four Committee-rooms, one for a Jury in each section, have been provided at the extreme east
+  and west ends. The duties of such Committees being deliberative, and not executive, it is not
+  necessary that they should be accommodated in the Central Establishment, where they would be more
+  liable to be disturbed than at the extremity of the building.</p>
+
+  <p>"A policeman stationed in each gallery would, from his elevated position, be enabled to observe
+  much which might escape detection if he mingled only with the crowd.</p>
+
+  <p>"The sixth, <span class="smaller">SOME STRIKING FEATURE TO EXEMPLIFY THE PRESENT STATE OF THE
+  SCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTION IN THIS COUNTRY</span>. In order that the building, in which England
+  invites the whole world to display their richest productions, may afford, at least in one point, a
+  grandeur not incommensurate with the occasion, we propose, by a dome of light sheet iron 200 feet
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page10">{10}</span>in diameter, to produce an effect at once striking
+  and admirable. From calculations which have been made of the cost of so grand a Hall, we have
+  reason to expect that it may be executed for a sum not greatly exceeding the cost of the simplest
+  form of roof likely to be adopted to cover the same area.</p>
+
+  <p>"It is to be borne in mind that a considerable amount of any such difference may be recovered,
+  should this portion of the building be converted hereafter to other purposes, which is more than
+  probable. This vast dome it is proposed to light mainly from one circle of light in its centre,
+  and thus the sculpture will be pleasingly and suitably lit.</p>
+
+  <p>"Six out of the eight openings in the cylinder of the dome would be well adapted for the
+  exhibition of stained glass windows of great extent, while the two remaining arches will open to
+  the main central gallery. The lower part of some of the voids will admit the eye to turf and
+  shrubs, and produce a great freshness of effect.</p>
+
+  <p>"The immense continuity of the Central Avenue will be broken and relieved by a variation in the
+  roof opposite the openings to the second and third sets of refreshment-rooms, and windows for the
+  reception of Stained Glass may be placed at the ends of each transverse gallery, thus terminating
+  the vista for each.</p>
+
+  <p>"It now only remains to explain the course of action we would recommend for adoption as soon as
+  the principles of the plan, &amp;c., shall be positively decided.</p>
+
+  <p>"We consider this to be an occasion upon which the greatest amount of intellectual and
+  commercial ingenuity and ability should be called out; and that a generous rivalry among those
+  best fitted to execute the principal portions of this vast structure may lead to results which no
+  amount of detailed study that we could possibly give to this matter would supply.</p>
+
+  <p>"We would therefore recommend that every advantage should be taken of the accumulated and
+  experimental knowledge and resources of intelligent and enterprising contractors, and that every
+  opportunity should be afforded to them of <span class="smaller">DISTINGUISHING THEMSELVES</span>.
+  We would therefore recommend as the best means of enlisting their services the following course of
+  action:</p>
+
+  <p>"Adopting the approved design as a basis, we would proceed immediately to prepare such
+  working-drawings and specifications as may be necessary, and to issue invitations for tenders to
+  execute Works in accordance with them, requesting from competitors, in addition, such suggestions
+  and modifications, accompanied with estimates of cost, as might possibly become the means of
+  effecting a considerable reduction upon the general expense.</p>
+
+  <p class="ar">"<span class="sc">W. Cubitt</span>, <i>Chairman</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>The following Report of the Committee on the competition plans submitted, and which was so
+  unfavourably received by the public, and more <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page11">{11}</span>particularly by the profession, was presented to the Royal Commission on
+  the 16th of May<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd8.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd8.png"
+    alt="&quot;May it please your Royal Highness," title="&quot;May it please your Royal Highness,"/></a>
+  </div>
+
+
+  <p class="ac">"<i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,</p>
+
+  <p>"Your Committee beg leave to report, that the invitation issued by the Commissioners,
+  requesting information and suggestions for the general arrangement of the Building and premises
+  required for the Exhibition of 1851, has been responded to in the most ample and satisfactory
+  manner, both as respects the variety of useful ideas presented to their consideration, and the
+  liberality with which many experienced and skilful men of foreign countries, no less than of our
+  own, have contributed their valuable time to this great undertaking, thereby evincing their entire
+  sympathy both with the great cause of Arts and Industry in which her Majesty's Commissioners have
+  embarked, and with the arduous labours of the Directors of the undertaking.</p>
+
+  <p>"The Designs and Specifications transmitted to the Committee amount to the surprising number of
+  233, offering an aggregate of professional sacrifice of very considerable importance; for, not
+  confining themselves to suggestions only, which were invited by the Programme, a large proportion
+  of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of execution.</p>
+
+  <p>"Penetrated with admiration and respect for these gratuitous and valuable contributions,
+  unexampled, they believe, in the history of competition, your Committee have devoted the most
+  careful attention to the collection of these projects, and hasten to offer those acknowledgments
+  which are due to their merits, and to the generous motives which have led to their execution; and
+  they trust that the public may shortly be witnesses of the effect of this very noble emulation of
+  the skill of all countries, by the public exhibition of these designs, offering the opportunity,
+  in the true spirit of the whole undertaking, of mutual improvement, respect, and friendship
+  amongst the cultivators of the liberal arts in the several countries of Europe.</p>
+
+  <p>"It is remarkable that, while many of these contributions may be attributed to the laudable
+  motive of professional reputation and advancement on the part of practitioners not yet
+  sufficiently known to the public, a great number are from Gentlemen whose position in the
+  confidence of their respective Governments or in the Republic of Arts and Letters is of the
+  highest eminence, and who can have been actuated by no such personal motives. Already entitled to
+  respect and admiration, they could have little to gain, while they have something to lose, in the
+  competition for glory. The kind and frank communication, therefore, of their thoughts and <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page12">{12}</span>experience towards this great work is to be the more highly
+  commended. Every possible mode of accomplishing the object in view has been displayed by the
+  respective contributors as regards economy of structure and distribution, and these qualities are
+  united with various degrees of architectural symmetry and features in many designs. Our
+  illustrious continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves by compositions of the
+  utmost taste and learning, worthy of enduring execution&mdash;examples of what might be done in
+  the architectural illustration of the subject, when viewed in its highest aspect, and, at all
+  events, exhibiting features of grandeur, arrangement, and grace which your Committee have not
+  failed to appreciate.</p>
+
+  <p>"Amongst these several classes of design, the practical character of our own countrymen, as
+  might have been expected, has been remarkably illustrated in some very striking and simple methods
+  suited to the temporary purposes of the Building, due attention having been paid to the pecuniary
+  means allotted to this part of the undertaking. The principle of suspension has been applied in a
+  single tent of iron sheeting, covering an area averaging 2,200 feet by 400 feet by a lengthened
+  ridge, or in separate tents on isolated supports. Others display the solution of this problem by
+  the chapter-house principle, and a few by the umbrella or circular locomotive-engine-house system
+  of railway-stations, either with a central column or groups of columns sustaining domes or roofs
+  to the extent of four hundred feet diameter.</p>
+
+  <p>"Grandeur and simplicity of distribution are carried out with great architectural effect in
+  other compositions, and the general arrangement by columnar supports has been also variously and
+  elegantly developed. The system of iron roofing, with all the architectural powers of which that
+  material is susceptible, has been adopted by some with signal enterprise, ingenuity, and
+  power.</p>
+
+  <p>"In another class of design the authors have viewed with enthusiasm the great occasion and
+  object of the proposed Exhibition, and have waived all considerations of expense. They have
+  indulged their imaginations, and employed the resources of their genius and learning, in the
+  composition of arrangements which present the utmost grandeur and beauty of architecture, suited
+  to a permanent Palace of Science and Art. These, as addressed to the architectural Student, are of
+  the highest value, reminding him of all the conditions of his art&mdash;the Egyptian hypostyle,
+  the Roman thermæ, or of the Arabian or Saracenic inventions. And though their expense has placed
+  them beyond reach, they cannot fail to inspire and elevate the treatment of the reality. They at
+  all events confer great obligations on the lovers of the Fine Arts, for the authors have evidently
+  felt that, if one of the results to be expected from the proposed Exhibition may be to prove that
+  the simplest object of ingenuity and skill should not be <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page13">{13}</span>devoid of some of the attractions of taste, the Building itself ought to be
+  an illustration of that important principle.</p>
+
+  <p>"The Committee, however, have been unable to select any one design as combining all the
+  requisites which various considerations render essential. But the judgment and taste evinced by a
+  large number of the contributors have enabled the Committee to arrive more promptly at their
+  conclusions, and they have freely availed themselves of most valuable suggestions in directing the
+  preparation of a fresh design for the proposed building.</p>
+
+  <p>"They have consequently been most earnest in the desire to fulfil the just expectations of the
+  various competitors, and feel assured that your Royal Highness and the Commission will be of
+  opinion that the most unreserved and handsome acknowledgments are due to those able men of science
+  and art who have in so disinterested a manner submitted such admirable projects for the
+  consideration and assistance of the Committee. They beg, therefore, to submit, as their opinion,
+  that the following gentlemen are entitled to honourable and favourable mention, on account of
+  architectural merit, ingenious construction or disposition, or for graceful arrangement of
+  plan.</p>
+
+  <p>"And they cannot conclude without calling attention to the designs, accompanied by models, of
+  M. Hector Horeau, Architect of Paris, and of Messrs. Turner, of Dublin, as evincing most daring
+  and ingenious disposition and construction.<a id="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p class="ar">"<span class="sc">W. Cubitt</span>, <i>Chairman</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>Some of the strongest objections to this Report are very fairly urged in a letter which
+  appeared in the <i>Builder</i> of the 15th of June, a part of which is subjoined<span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"Part II. of the Report contains what I suppose is to be taken as the best exposition of the
+  merits of contributors that the Committee can give, which commences by stating, in a tone of
+  commendation, that, 'not confining themselves to <span class="smaller">SUGGESTIONS ONLY</span>,
+  which were invited by the <span class="smaller">PROGRAMME</span>, a large proportion of them are
+  remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of execution.' This, I would contend, is
+  clearly a breach of the specified conditions, viz., that <span class="smaller">SUGGESTIONS
+  ONLY</span> were to be given&mdash;that the plan or drawing sent in was to be <span
+  class="smaller">A MERE OUTLINE SKETCH</span>, upon a <span class="smaller">SINGLE SHEET</span>;
+  and the Committee even recommended that it would be most convenient merely to trace it upon the
+  common paper on which the 'plan of site' was supplied to the public, a space being left upon the
+  sheet for <span class="smaller">SKETCHING</span> any sections or elevations that might be
+  necessary to illustrate the design; and that a written description, limited also to 'a single
+  sheet,' was all the exposition of their ideas that authors would be <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page14">{14}</span>allowed to give. The Report goes on to state, that 'our illustrious
+  continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves [in designing a temporary building
+  for an exhibition] by compositions of the utmost taste and learning, worthy of enduring
+  execution&mdash;examples of what might be done in the <span class="smaller">ARCHITECTURAL</span>
+  illustration of the subject [the conditions strictly enjoined contributors not to enter into
+  architectural detail] when viewed in its highest aspect, and, at all events, exhibiting features
+  of grandeur, arrangement, and grace which your Committee have not failed to appreciate.' It then
+  places in contradistinction to these no doubt admirable but out-of-place productions of
+  architectural genius, the 'practical character of the designs of our own countrymen,' which it
+  states, 'as might have been expected, has been remarkably illustrated in some very striking and
+  simple methods, suited to the temporary purposes of the building, due attention having been paid
+  by them to the pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking.' Yet, notwithstanding
+  this comparison, clearly and indisputably in favour of our own countrymen, as regards the object
+  sought and the conditions stipulated by the Committee, we find by the selected list of those
+  authors who are to receive 'the highest honorary distinction' the Commissioners can award, that
+  the Committee can only discover, out of 195 English and 38 foreign contributors, <span
+  class="smaller">THREE</span> Englishmen entitled to reward, the remaining <span
+  class="smaller">FIFTEEN</span> out of the eighteen selected being foreigners; or, as regards the
+  whole numbers, in proportion of 1 to 65 of 'our own countrymen,' the authors of the 'striking and
+  simple,' so admirably 'suited to the temporary purpose of the building,' and 1 to about 2½ of
+  foreigners, who, in designing for a temporary building, to be simple, cheap, and readily
+  constructed, have so overshot the mark as to produce 'compositions' commendable only for the
+  'utmost taste and learning, and worthy of enduring execution.' Surely something must be wrong
+  here, either the Report or the selected list&mdash;possibly both.</p>
+
+  <p>"In conclusion, I cannot help avowing the opinion that a wrong, though I believe
+  unintentionally, has been done to many of the 233 who so readily and 'generously' responded to the
+  call for their ideas; more particularly as I know, from personal inspection, that at least <span
+  class="smaller">ONE</span> of the plans altogether omitted from the Report contains <span
+  class="smaller">FIVE</span> of the leading features of the approved design."</p>
+
+  <p>But to judge of this matter fairly, it must be mentioned that, although the number of foreign
+  competitors was small, the majority of them were men already well known for their talents and
+  professional skill; in all cases their designs evinced considerable study of the subject (both
+  architecturally and in a practical point of view), and manifested a desire to exhibit to English
+  professional men the proficiency of their continental brethren. On the other hand, many of the
+  designs from the competitors at home were much slighter suggestions presented in a less elaborate
+  form. Under these <span class="pagenum" id="page15">{15}</span>circumstances, it is not to be
+  wondered at that those eminent men of the technical professions who, on this occasion, came
+  forward with practical suggestions for the assistance of the Committee, and designs calculated
+  rather to assist with thoughts than to charm by the graces of elegant drawing or symmetrical
+  disposition, should seem to have been found wanting in this first trial with all the world. It
+  should further be borne in mind, that the nature of competitions is not so well understood in some
+  foreign countries, where they are of less frequent occurrence, than with us. It must at the same
+  time be admitted that the practice of disregarding and exceeding the instructions in competitions
+  is too much a matter of general complaint in England to be brought forward as a new grievance
+  against our continental brethren.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">After the publication of the above Report, the competition designs were all
+  exhibited in the rooms of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in Great George-street, which were
+  liberally placed at the disposal of the Committee for this purpose; and of those who visited this
+  interesting exhibition, many, no doubt, must have sympathised with those feelings which dictated
+  the decision of the Committee. From an attentive examination of these designs, presenting the
+  subject in such exceedingly varied forms, one of the peculiar difficulties of the case becomes
+  apparent, namely, the total absence of any precedent to guide or afford suggestions to the
+  designer; for the small number of buildings erected or adapted for a similar purpose have been on
+  so limited a scale that their example could not afford much assistance in designing a structure to
+  meet all the requirements of the present case. This building differed from all previous ones in
+  being intended to accommodate the products of all nations, instead of being confined to those of
+  one only; in which case the arrangement would have been more certain and more readily provided
+  for.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd9.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd9.png"
+    alt="Buildings used for previous Exhibitions." title="Buildings used for previous Exhibitions."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>S
+  a comparison of some of these earlier buildings with the first erected in London for a similar
+  purpose cannot fail to be interesting, a short notice of them may not be deemed out of place. The
+  most important amongst them are those temporary structures which have been erected in Paris for
+  the periodical Industrial Expositions, with reference to the last of which we cannot do better
+  than quote, from Mr. Digby Wyatt's instructive and masterly Report, that part where the building
+  is treated of<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"The vast edifice which has been erected to contain the specimens of manufacture selected for
+  exhibition in the year 1849 is situated on the same site as that occupied by a similar building in
+  the year 1844. The Carré <span class="pagenum" id="page16">{16}</span>de Marigny, on which it has
+  been placed, is a large oblong piece of ground, abutting on the main avenue of the Champs Elysées,
+  and as a site offers every possible advantage, being of a gravelly soil, already efficiently
+  drained, and standing on the line of a continually moving series of public conveyances. The Champs
+  Elysées, though at some considerable distance from the great centre of Parisian population, are
+  still so universal a place of resort, that they may be fairly assumed to be "in the way" of even
+  the poorest classes of the community. The elevation may be admirably seen from all the approaches
+  to the building, and it has the advantage of being in immediate proximity to the residence of the
+  President of the Republic.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH EXPOSITION IN
+  1849.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w70 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p16.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p16.jpg"
+    alt="PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH
+    EXPOSITION IN 1849." title="PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH
+    EXPOSITION IN 1849."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption">
+        <tr>
+          <td class="br pr1">1. Cattle-shed.<br/>
+          2. Machinery.<br/>
+          3. Chemical Products.<br/>
+          4. Metal Works.</td>
+          <td class="br pl1 pr1">5. Productions of Parisian<br/>
+          <span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>Industry.<br/>
+          6. Horticulture.<br/>
+          7. Woven Goods.</td>
+          <td class="pl1"><span class="hid">0</span>8. Principal Entrance.<br/>
+          <span class="hid">0</span>9. Guard-house.<br/>
+          10. Fountain.<br/>
+          11. Reservoir of Rain Water.</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page17">{17}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p17.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p17.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE." title="VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"The whole plot of the present building (exclusive of the agricultural department) covers a
+  vast parallelogram of 206 metres by 100 (about 675 by 328 feet English), round the outline of
+  which runs a gallery about 90 feet wide, divided into two avenues by a double range of pilasters.
+  In the centre of each avenue is a set of stalls, placed back to back, for the exhibition of
+  merchandise; and both between the central pilasters, and round, and upon the walls, other objects
+  are placed, so that on traversing either of the four gangways (each about ten feet wide) the
+  public have upon their right and left hands objects for inspection. In the part of the building
+  appropriated to large machinery, of course this system cannot be carried out with the same
+  regularity. The vast parallelogram, inclosed by a somewhat similar gallery in the year 1844, was
+  left as one magnificent hall, within which were placed the most important objects; in the present
+  building we find it divided by two transverse galleries, similarly arranged to those we have
+  described, forming three court-yards; the central one being about 140 feet square, and the two
+  lateral ones 80 feet by 140. The central court-yard is open to the sky; in the middle rises an
+  elegant fountain placed on a platform of turf, and around are disposed sheds for the exhibition of
+  flowers and horticultural ornaments and implements. One of the lateral courts (inclosed) receives
+  a large collection of objects in metal-work, cast-iron, &amp;c., and the other contains an immense
+  reservoir, in which all the drainage from the roofs is collected, so as to form a supply of water
+  immediately serviceable in case of fire. In addition to this great building, which corresponds
+  with that previously erected, there is this year constructed a vast shed for the exhibition of
+  agricultural produce and stock. It extends to a length rather greater than the width of the great
+  parallelogram, and is about 100 feet (English) wide. Its construction is <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page18">{18}</span>ruder than that of the 'Palace,' but it is not on that account less
+  effective. It appears to have been originally contemplated to fill the whole of this gigantic hall
+  with cattle, &amp;c., and to place the agricultural implements in a long narrow gallery
+  intervening between it and the main building; but as the stock of animals forwarded for exhibition
+  has not proved so large as was anticipated, it has been half-filled with semi-agricultural
+  machines, and the whole of the long narrow gallery alluded to crammed with stoves, and
+  miscellaneous domestic mechanism.</p>
+
+  <p>"The whole of the building is constructed of wood, the roofs being covered with zinc: of the
+  latter material 400,000 kilogrammes, equal to nearly 4,000 tons, are stated to have been used; and
+  of the former, nearly 45,000  pieces of timber.</p>
+
+  <p>"It is hoped that the accompanying plan and views will convey a tolerably good idea both of the
+  exterior and interior arrangements of the Exhibition. They will serve to show, at least, that a
+  somewhat unnecessary expenditure has been gone into, and to manifest the possibility of
+  constructing a much more simple building, possessing all the advantages of this one, at a far less
+  cost.</p>
+
+  <p>"Both externally and internally there is a good deal of tasteless and unprofitable ornament;
+  all the pilasters are papered and painted in a species of graining to imitate light oak, and even
+  the ceiling is covered over with the same work. Large 'carton pierre' trusses apparently support
+  the timbers, and a painted bronze bas-relief fills the tympanum of the pediment, at the principal
+  entrance. The architecture of the whole is 'mesquin,' although the gigantic scale of the building
+  necessarily elevates the general effect into something of impressiveness; not, however, to nearly
+  the extent which the same outlay might have produced."</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p18.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p18.jpg"
+    alt="INTERIOR VIEW OF THE &quot;PALACE.&quot;" title="INTERIOR VIEW OF THE &quot;PALACE.&quot;"/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page19">{19}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p19.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p19.jpg"
+    alt="INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED." title="INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Mr. Wyatt further states that the total cost of this building was about 450,000  francs, or
+  about 18,000<i>l.</i>, which, however, he considers was an unnecessarily large outlay. He
+  mentions, also, that the building erected on the previous occasion, in 1844, was in some respects
+  more suitable for the purpose, especially from its greater simplicity of arrangement, a remark it
+  will be well to bear in mind in considering the various designs for the building in Hyde Park. The
+  accompanying plates will enable the reader readily to follow all the details of the
+  description.</p>
+
+  <p>The permanent building erected by the King of Bavaria at Munich, likewise for periodical
+  Exhibitions, is on a much smaller scale than those in Paris, and must be regarded rather as having
+  afforded an opportunity for that manifestation of architectural display in public buildings for
+  which its Royal projector was so well known, than as being peculiarly fitted for its purpose. It
+  is divided internally into various halls for the different classes of objects; but as the
+  proportion of these must necessarily vary at every Exhibition, such an arrangement cannot be
+  deemed the most suitable for the purpose.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">At Berlin, where several Industrial Exhibitions have taken place, no distinct
+  building has been provided, but some already existing one has been temporarily adapted and fitted
+  up for the purpose; thus, on the last occasion, Kroll's <span class="sc">Wintergarten</span>, a
+  large establishment for public amusement, which has been recently destroyed by fire, was made use
+  of. The large central saloon, with the smaller ones flanking it, forming, in fact, one space 310
+  feet long, and 82 feet broad at the widest point, afforded a very good opportunity for the
+  arrangement of the objects to be exhibited, some of which were placed in the gallery of the large
+  saloon.</p>
+
+  <div id="f19"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p19f.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p19f.jpg"
+    alt="View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin." title="View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page20">{20}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="ac w65 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p20a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p20a.jpg"
+    alt="PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN." title="PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption">
+        <tr>
+          <td class="br pr1">1. Electric Telegraph.<br/>
+          2. Chemical Products.<br/>
+          3. Porcelain and Bronzes.<br/>
+          4. Machinery.<br/>
+          5. Hardware.<br/>
+          6. Zinc Works.<br/>
+          7· Plate and Jewellery.<br/>
+          8. Lithography.<br/>
+          9. Watches, &amp;c.</td>
+          <td class="br pl1 pr1">10. Cutlery.<br/>
+          11. Scientific Instruments.<br/>
+          12. Bookbinding.<br/>
+          13. Embroidery.<br/>
+          14. Ornamental Blinds.<br/>
+          15. Silks and Velvets.<br/>
+          16. Furs.<br/>
+          17. Pianofortes.<br/>
+          18. Carriages.</td>
+          <td class="pl1">19. Furniture.<br/>
+          20. Lamps, &amp;c.<br/>
+          21. Turned Articles.<br/>
+          22. Woollen Fabrics.<br/>
+          23. Leather Articles.<br/>
+          24. Hats &amp; Felt Articles.<br/>
+          25. Machinery.<br/>
+          26. Carriages.</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>On a previous occasion a part of the Royal Arsenal building was appropriated, and the
+  Exhibition embraced two storeys.</p>
+
+  <p>In our own country, exhibitions of manufactures have taken place in several of the most
+  important towns, generally in spaces only temporarily adapted; but in 1849 the first building in
+  this country intended solely for the purpose of an exhibition of manufactures was erected at
+  Birmingham, on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association in that town.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w65 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p20b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p20b.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION
+    BUILDING." title="VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION
+    BUILDING."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION BUILDING.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page21">{21}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The building alluded to included a space extending to 10,000 square feet, and a corridor,
+  giving additional accommodation of 800 square feet, connected the temporary exhibition-room with
+  Bingley-house, within the grounds of which the building was erected; and including the rooms of
+  the old mansion, the total area covered by the Exhibition was equal to 12,800 feet, or only about
+  one-seventeenth of the area covered by the last building erected in the Champs Elysées. The cost
+  of this building was about 1,300<i>l.</i> It was opened to the public on the 3rd of September,
+  1849.</p>
+
+  <p>In most of the buildings alluded to above, the principal defect seemed to be that a definite
+  and fixed subdivision of space was made for a classification of objects which was necessarily
+  uncertain. This appears to have determined the Committee in the arrangement of the plan which they
+  presented in a general form to the Royal Commission at the same time with the Report already
+  quoted; and although the design was slightly modified during the progress of the working-drawings
+  subsequently made, this is, perhaps, the best place for introducing a description of it.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">It has been already mentioned that at the time the Committee received the
+  competition designs, they obtained the assistance of Mr. Digby Wyatt, the secretary to the
+  Executive Committee, to aid them in the preparation of drawings, although Mr. Scott Russell
+  officially filled the post of secretary to the Building Committee. At a somewhat later stage of
+  the Committee's proceedings, when the general design for the proposed building had been approved
+  by the Royal Commission, and it became necessary to prepare working drawings for the same with
+  extraordinary despatch, Mr. Charles Heard Wild, as engineer, and Mr. Owen Jones, as architect,
+  were appointed to co-operate with Mr. Wyatt in carrying out this object.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w40 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd10.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd10.png"
+    alt="Description of the Building Committee's
+    Design." title="Description of the Building Committee's
+    Design."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  site to have been occupied by the building designed by the Committee was the same as that on which
+  the building has been actually erected, namely between Rotten-row and the drive in Hyde Park, but
+  the area proposed to be covered was somewhat larger, the length of the building being about 2,200
+  feet, and the greatest width nearly 450 feet. The central space was occupied by an immense rotunda
+  200 feet in diameter, the cupola rising to a height of more than 160 feet, and exceeding the span
+  of that of St. Peter's at Rome by 61 feet, and of St. Paul's in London by 88 feet. The dome for
+  covering this rotunda consisted of wrought-iron ribs, supporting a covering of corrugated iron,
+  the whole resting on a wall or drum of brickwork, about 60 feet high; a large opening in the
+  centre was to be glazed for the admission of light.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page22">{22}</span></div>
+
+  <p>This large open area was intended for the exhibition of groups of sculpture, fountains, and
+  other objects requiring great space in order to be seen to advantage; at the same time the cupola
+  would have presented a striking instance of the constructive skill of this country.</p>
+
+  <p>The remaining area of the building was divided into avenues 48 feet wide, by iron columns 24
+  feet apart, this dimension having been determined on as that most likely to work in well for the
+  division of the counters and passages. One of the 48-feet avenues on the main axis of the building
+  was spanned by semicircular ribs of wrought iron supporting the roof, which rose here to a greater
+  height than the rest of the building; the other avenues were covered with roofing very similar to
+  that commonly seen in railway-sheds, the whole being rendered as light as possible, and
+  constructed in iron covered with slating; the light being in all cases admitted by a range of
+  sky-lights at the apex of the roof, which was also adapted for ventilation. The height of the main
+  avenue was 52 feet, and of the others 36 feet, from the floor throughout. A corridor of
+  communication 15 feet wide was carried round the whole of the building, interrupted only by the
+  open courts; this, with the main avenue, afforded the visitor to the Exhibition the means of
+  reaching any particular point without threading a maze of small passages. The inclosing walls were
+  to be of brick, relieved externally by panels in two colours; but there were to be no internal
+  division walls except those necessary to surround the various courts which were left on account of
+  the trees.</p>
+
+  <p>The executive offices were grouped on either side of the principal entrance, which was placed
+  immediately opposite Prince's Gate; and at this, as well as at the entrances at either end and on
+  the north front, large arched recesses were introduced which served as vestibules, and formed at
+  the same time prominent and striking features to relieve the necessarily monotonous aspect of the
+  building. Along the whole of the principal front and at the ends of the building a pent or
+  overhanging roof projected about 15 feet, to enable visitors in bad weather to be set down under
+  cover, and the exit-doors, of which there were altogether 24, were further protected by
+  porches.</p>
+
+  <p>The water was to be conveyed from the roof through the columns which supported it, and which
+  were for this purpose connected with the necessary drain-pipes, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">Very ample accommodation was provided for refreshments in the open courts which
+  were necessarily left for the preservation of the trees, particularly in that at the western end
+  of the building, where there was proposed to be placed a large establishment, comprising two
+  storeys, with somewhat the arrangement of the French cafés, including a fine saloon on the first
+  floor, upwards of thirty feet wide and nearly one hundred feet long; separate spaces were also
+  provided for the accommodation of exhibitors. This was the only part of the building, with the
+  exception of the executive offices, which was to have an upper storey.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S DESIGN.</span></p>
+
+  <div id="f22"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p22.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p22.jpg"
+    alt="GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S
+    DESIGN." title="GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S
+    DESIGN."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption">
+        <tr>
+          <td class="br pr1">1. Machinery in Motion.<br/>
+          2. Other Machinery.<br/>
+          3. Seats for Visitors.<br/>
+          4. Refreshment Courts.</td>
+          <td class="br pl1 pr1">5. Raw Materials.<br/>
+          6. Manufactures.<br/>
+          7. Sculpture and the Plastic Arts.<br/>
+          8. Small Court.</td>
+          <td class="br pl1 pr1"><span class="hid">0</span>9. The Rotunda.<br/>
+          10. Principal Entrance and<br/>
+          <span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>Executive Offices.<br/>
+          11. The Other Entrances.</td>
+          <td class="pl1">12. The Drive in the Park.<br/>
+          13. The Kensington Road.<br/>
+          14. The Queen's Private Road.</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page23">{23}</span></div>
+
+  <p>An objection might, perhaps, be raised to this part of the building, that it was too
+  commodious, and that there might be some danger of its being converted into a lounge, while it was
+  occupying too much of the space intended for the Exhibition, for a secondary, though certainly
+  necessary purpose; it was, however, considered by the Committee, that of the vast number of
+  visitors that might be expected to be in the building at one time, so many would avail themselves
+  of the accommodation provided as to render a less amount undesirable. The principal courts were
+  surrounded by a covered way, where refreshments were also to be served at long counters, in the
+  manner of the railway-stations.</p>
+
+  <p>All these arrangements will readily be understood by a reference to the plan of the design we
+  have been describing, which plan, together with a view taken from the south-east angle of the
+  building, will place before the reader the result of the labours of the Committee. The materials
+  proposed for the construction of this building were fire-proof throughout, with the exception of
+  the floor and its supporting timbers.</p>
+
+  <p>The above design, at least in all its leading features, for some of the details were
+  subsequently added, was laid before the Royal Commission, at the same time with the Report already
+  quoted, and was by them approved, and the Committee proceeded to prepare the necessary
+  working-drawings and specifications for the execution of the work. These proceedings of the
+  Committee occupied until the 24th of June, when large lithographed copies of the most important of
+  the drawings, together with printed copies of the specifications and other details, were issued
+  from the offices of the Executive, contractors having been some time previously invited by public
+  advertisement to send in tenders for the execution of either a part or the whole of the work. The
+  tenders were to be on two systems, one on the supposition that the Royal Commission were to become
+  the <i>bona fide</i> purchasers of the building; the other, that the contractors were to erect and
+  maintain the building during the time of the Exhibition, after which they were to remove it and
+  take back the materials at their own risk, receiving a proportionably diminished sum.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">It has been considered necessary to describe thus minutely the labours of the
+  Committee and the design in which they resulted, in order to show how far it paved the way for
+  that which was subsequently adopted, and to give them that credit which they undoubtedly deserve
+  for devoting so much of their valuable time for the furtherance of a great public undertaking.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page24">{24}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd11.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd11.png"
+    alt="Opposition to this Design." title="Opposition to this Design."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HE design of the Building Committee, when published to the world, met with anything but
+  public approbation; some of the objectors called in question the practicability of the execution
+  of the enormous dome, at least within the time assigned; others complained that the outlay would
+  be unnecessarily large for a purpose avowedly temporary, and expressed their fears that so costly
+  a structure once erected, there would be the less probability of its subsequent removal; but the
+  objection which appeared to have most weight with the public at large was, the great amount of
+  solid brick construction in the walls, &amp;c., which, it was urged, would require a longer time
+  than could be allowed for their erection, and that the carting of the materials would cause
+  serious injury in the Park and the surrounding neighbourhood. This strong current of objection
+  seemed to bid fair to overwhelm the much-abused design. To increase the difficulties which seemed
+  to gather round the progress of this noble undertaking, an exceedingly vexatious and factious
+  agitation was got up in opposition to the proposed site in Hyde Park, and petitions and
+  counter-petitions were presented to both Houses of Parliament, and much of the time of the
+  Legislature was wasted in fruitless discussion on the subject. The Building Committee thought it
+  desirable, under these circumstances, to lay before the public their reasons for recommending the
+  site in the Park, and therefore issued a memorandum of the grounds on which it had been
+  selected.<a id="NtA_2" href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The result was, that the opposition was
+  defeated in the Legislature, and finally crushed by the force of public opinion.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd12.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd12.png" alt="The Tenders."
+    title="The Tenders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="I"/>N the mean time the competing contractors had been obliged to strain every nerve to get
+  their tenders ready by the 10th of July, when, altogether, nineteen were sent in, but eight only
+  were for undertaking the whole of the work; the amounts of these are stated to have ranged between
+  150,000<i>l.</i> and 120,000<i>l.</i>, and this for the use only of the materials for the
+  building. But, at the same time, in accordance with the recommendation and invitation contained in
+  the last part of the Report already quoted, Messrs. Fox, Henderson and Co. presented a tender upon
+  a design entirely different in construction and appearance, though resembling that of the
+  Committee in the general arrangement of the plan.</p>
+
+  <div id="f24"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p24.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p24.jpg"
+    alt="Exterior View of the Building
+    Committee's Design" title="Exterior View of the Building
+    Committee's Design"/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Exterior View of the Building Committee's Design</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page25">{25}</span></div>
+
+  <p>This design was by Mr. Joseph Paxton, and resembled in its general form the building as it is
+  now executed, with the exception of the transept and semicircular roof, which were subsequently
+  added, and were suggested by Mr. Barry.</p>
+
+  <p>The result of the tenders appears to have been unfavourable to the Committee's design; and in
+  their Report to the Royal Commission on the subject, made a few days afterwards, they proposed to
+  omit the great dome and some portions of the design which were not essential, by which they
+  considered that the cost of its execution might be reduced below 100,000<i>l.</i>; at the same
+  time, they made special mention of Mr. Paxton's design, which, however, they considered would
+  prove more expensive.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Paxton's design had been brought before the public before this period; for, considering
+  that his best road to success would be to get a favourable verdict from that many-headed jury, he
+  published a view and description of it in the <i>Illustrated News</i>, and, through the influence
+  of Mr. Stephenson, he got his plans laid before the Royal Commission, in consequence of which he
+  obtained an interview with his Royal Highness the President. The encouragement given him by the
+  attention bestowed upon his design by the Royal Commission, and the favourable opinion of the
+  public, had determined him to procure a tender for the execution of the work, to be sent in with
+  those upon the Committee's design. This he was enabled to do by the great energy and promptitude
+  of the contractors, Messrs. Fox and Henderson, to whom he applied at the eleventh hour. The
+  difficulties that had to be overcome, owing to the shortness of the time remaining for the
+  estimates to be made up, can scarcely be better laid before the reader than they have been by an
+  able writer in "Household Words:"&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"It was now Saturday, and only a few days more were allowed for receiving tenders. Yet before
+  an approximate estimate of expense could be formed, the great glass-manufacturers and iron-masters
+  of the north had to be consulted. This happened to be <i>dies mirabilis</i> the third; for it was
+  the identical Saturday on which the Sunday postal question had reached its crisis, and there was
+  to be no delivery the next day! But in a country of electric telegraphs, and of indomitable
+  energy, time and difficulties are annihilated; and it is not the least of the marvels wrought in
+  connexion with the great edifice that, by aid of railway-parcels and the electric telegraph, not
+  only did all the gentlemen summoned out of Warwickshire and Staffordshire appear on Monday morning
+  at Messrs. Fox and Henderson's office, in Spring Gardens, London, to contribute their several
+  estimates to the tender for the whole, but within a week the contractors had prepared every
+  detailed working-drawing, and had calculated the cost of every pound of iron, of every inch of
+  wood, and of every pane of glass.</p>
+
+  <p>"There is no one circumstance in the history of the manufacturing enterprise of the English
+  nation which places in so strong a light as this <span class="pagenum" id="page26">{26}</span>its
+  boundless resources in materials, to say nothing of the arithmetical skill in computing at what
+  cost and in how short a time those materials could be converted to a special purpose. What was
+  done in those few days? Two parties in London, relying on the accuracy and good faith of certain
+  iron-masters, glass-workers in the provinces, and of one master-carpenter in London, bound
+  themselves for a certain sum of money, and in the course of some four months, to cover eighteen
+  acres of ground with a building upwards of a third of a mile long, and some four hundred and fifty
+  feet broad. In order to do this, the glass-maker promised to supply, in the required time, nine
+  hundred thousand square feet of glass (weighing more than four hundred tons), in separate panes,
+  and these the largest that ever were made of sheet glass; each being forty-nine inches long. The
+  iron-master passed his word in like manner to cast in due time three thousand three hundred iron
+  columns, varying from fourteen feet and a half to twenty feet in length: thirty-four miles of
+  guttering-tube, to join every individual column together under the ground; two thousand two
+  hundred and twenty-four girders (but some of these are of wrought iron); besides eleven hundred
+  and twenty-eight bearers for supporting galleries. The carpenter undertook to get ready within the
+  specified period two hundred and five <span class="smaller">MILES</span> of sash-bar, flooring for
+  an area of thirty-three millions of cubic feet, besides enormous quantities of wooden walling,
+  louvre-work, and partition.<a id="NtA_3" href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>"It is not till we reflect on the vast sums of money involved in transactions of this magnitude
+  that we can form even a slight notion of the great, almost ruinous loss, a trifling arithmetical
+  error would have occasioned, and of the boundless confidence the parties must have had in their
+  resources and in the correctness of their computations. Nevertheless, it was one great merit in
+  Mr. Paxton's original details of measurement that they were contrived to facilitate
+  calculation.</p>
+
+  <p>"There was little time for consideration, or for setting right a single mistake, were it ever
+  so disastrous. On the prescribed day the tender was presented, with whatever imperfections it
+  might have had, duly and irredeemably sealed. But after-checkings have divulged no material
+  error."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The Royal Commission appear from the first to have been favourably impressed with
+  Mr. Paxton's design, partly, no doubt, because its adoption would at once silence the great
+  bricks-and-mortar objection to the occupation of the site in Hyde Park; and the result was that,
+  on the 16th of July, Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender of 79,800<i>l.</i> for Mr. Paxton's design
+  was verbally accepted, and, as soon as the necessary arrangements could be made, the contract was
+  formally concluded.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page27">{27}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd13.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd13.png"
+    alt="History of Mr. Paxton's Design." title="History of Mr. Paxton's Design."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>S
+  Mr. Paxton himself has stated, the design for a building of such magnitude could not have been
+  produced in so short a space of time without the aid of the experience he had gained in
+  constructing other great buildings of a somewhat similar character; the progress of this
+  experience Mr. Paxton has described in the lecture he delivered to the Society of Arts on the 13th
+  of November, 1850, from which we have made the following extracts; and we hope to be excused by
+  the reader for their copiousness, on the ground that no man can so well relate his own doings as
+  the actor himself<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"The Great Industrial Building now in the course of erection, and which forms the subject of
+  the present paper, was not the production of a momentary consideration of the subject. Its
+  peculiar construction, in cast-iron and glass, together with the manner of forming the vast roof,
+  is the result of much experience in the erection of buildings of a similar kind, although on a
+  smaller scale, which has gradually developed itself through a series of years. It may not,
+  therefore, be uninteresting to give a brief account of the reasons which led me to investigate the
+  subject of glass roofs and glass structures generally, and which have resulted in the Exhibition
+  Building.</p>
+
+  <p>"In 1828, when I first turned my attention to the building and improvement of glass structures,
+  the various forcing-houses at Chatsworth, as at other places, were formed of coarse thick glass
+  and heavy woodwork, which rendered the roofs dark and gloomy, and, on this account, very ill
+  suited for the purposes they were intended to answer. My first object was to remove this evil,
+  and, in order to accomplish it, I lightened the rafters and sash-bars, by bevelling off their
+  sides; and some houses which were afterwards built in this manner proved very satisfactory. I also
+  at this time contrived a light sash-bar, having a groove for the reception of the glass; this
+  groove completely obviated a disadvantage connected with the old mode of glazing, namely, the
+  putty becoming continually displaced by sun, frost, and rain, after the sashes had been made for a
+  short time, and the wet by this means finding its way betwixt the glass and the wood, and
+  producing a continual drip in rainy weather.</p>
+
+  <p>"About this period the desire for metallic roofs began to extend in every direction; and as
+  such structures had a light and graceful appearance, it became a question of importance as to the
+  propriety of using metal sashes and rafters, instead of wooden ones, for horticultural purposes.
+  After carefully observing the effects of those built by various persons, it became apparent to me
+  that the expansion and contraction of metal would always militate against its general adoption, as
+  at no season of the year could the sashes and rafters be made to fit.</p>
+
+  <p>"The extra expense, also, of erecting metallic-roofed houses was a <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page28">{28}</span>consideration. In 1833 I contemplated building a new range of hot-houses;
+  and being desirous of knowing how much they would cost, if erected of metal, a plan of the range
+  was prepared and sent to Birmingham, and another to Sheffield, with a desire to be furnished with
+  estimates for that purpose. The estimate from Birmingham was 1,800<i>l.</i>; and the other, from
+  Sheffield, was 1,850<i>l.</i> These appeared to me such enormous sums, that I at once set about
+  calculating how much the range would cost if built of wood under my own inspection; and the result
+  was, that I was able to complete the whole range, including masonry (which was omitted in the
+  metal estimates), for less than 500<i>l.</i></p>
+
+  <p>"Besides the extra cost of metallic roofs, we must add the extreme heat of such houses in hot
+  weather, and their coldness in times of frost; the liability to breakage of glass from expansion
+  and contraction of the metal; the very limited duration of the smaller portions, as sash-bars,
+  from corrosion, by exposure to the alternations of heat, cold, and moisture, inseparable from
+  gardening operations, and which could only be prevented by making use of the expensive material,
+  <span class="smaller">COPPER</span>; and the difficulty, when compared with wood, of repairing any
+  damages, as a wooden roof could at any time be set to rights by a common carpenter. These
+  different items formed in my mind so many objections to its use, and the same disadvantages soon
+  became generally apparent.</p>
+
+  <p>"It was now thought advisable by some parties that, in order to obviate the many disadvantages
+  in the use of metal, the rafters and frame-work of the sashes ought to be made of wood, and the
+  sash-bars of metal. This plan certainly presented more advantages than the other, yet it was quite
+  obvious that materials so incongruous could never give satisfaction; and accordingly, in a few
+  years, as I had anticipated, the rage for these structures gradually subsided, and the use of wood
+  again became resorted to by most persons, as the best material for horticultural purposes.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p28.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p28.jpg"
+    alt="COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS." title="COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"In the construction of glass-houses requiring much light, there always appeared to me one
+  important objection, which no person seemed to have taken up or obviated; it was this. In plain
+  lean-to or shed roofs, the morning and evening sun, which is on many accounts of the greatest
+  importance in forcing fruits, presented its direct rays at a low angle, and, consequently, very
+  obliquely to the glass. At those periods most of <span class="pagenum" id="page29">{29}</span>the
+  rays of light and heat were obstructed by the position of the glass and heavy rafters, so that a
+  considerable portion of time was lost both morning and evening; it consequently became evident
+  that a system by which the glass would be more at right angles to the morning and evening rays of
+  the sun would obviate the difficulty, and remove the obstruction to rays of light entering the
+  house at an early and late hour of the day.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p29.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p29.jpg"
+    alt="METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW." title="METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"This led me to the adoption of the ridge-and-furrow principle for glass roofs, which places
+  the glass in such a position that the rays of light in the mornings and evenings enter the house
+  without obstruction, and present themselves more perpendicularly to the glass at those times when
+  they are the least powerful; whereas at mid-day, when they are most powerful, they present
+  themselves more obliquely to the glass. Having had this principle fixed in my mind, and being
+  convinced of its importance, I constructed a pine-house in 1833 as an experiment, which still
+  exists unimpaired, and has been found fully to answer the purpose.</p>
+
+  <p>"In 1834 I resolved to try a further experiment on a larger scale, on the ridge-and-furrow
+  principle, in the construction of a green-house of considerable dimensions, which also remains and
+  answers admirably. For this building I made a still lighter sash-bar than any I had previously
+  used; on which account the house, when completed (although possessing all the advantages of wood),
+  was as light as if constructed of metal. The whole length of this structure is 97½ feet, and its
+  breadth 26 feet; the height at the back is 16 feet 9 inches, and in the front 12 feet 3 inches. A
+  span so large as 26 feet could not be safely covered with a roof constructed in the ordinary way,
+  unless the sash-bars were stronger, and the assistance of heavy rafters and numerous supports was
+  afforded. The house presents a neat and light appearance, and consists of 15 bays, and pediments
+  in front, supported by 16 slender reeded cast-iron columns. Whilst it makes an admirable
+  green-house, it is also an economical building; for, at the period of its construction,
+  notwithstanding the heavy tax on glass (since removed), it only cost at the rate of twopence and a
+  fraction per cubic foot. At the present time, considering the change in the price of material, and
+  the removal of the glass-tax, it could be constructed at a considerably smaller amount.</p>
+
+  <p>"Having in contemplation the erection of the Great Conservatory in its present form, it was
+  determined, in 1836, to erect a new curvilinear <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page30">{30}</span>hot-house 60 feet in length and 26 feet in width, with the elliptical roof
+  on the ridge-and-furrow principle, to be constructed entirely of wood, for the purpose of
+  exhibiting how roofs of this kind could be supported. The plan adopted was this: the curved
+  rafters were composed of several boards securely nailed together on templets of wood cut to the
+  exact curve; by this means a strength and firmness were obtained sufficient to support an enormous
+  weight.</p>
+
+  <p>"In 1837 the foundations of the Great Conservatory were commenced; and in constructing so great
+  a building it was found desirable to contrive some means for abridging the great amount of manual
+  labour that would be required in making the immense number of sash-bars requisite for the purpose.
+  Accordingly, I visited all the great workshops in London, Manchester, and Birmingham, to see if
+  anything had been invented that would afford the facilities I required. The only apparatus met
+  with was a grooving-machine, which I had at once connected with a steam-engine at Chatsworth, and
+  which was subsequently so improved as to make the sash-bar complete.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w40 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p30.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p30.jpg"
+    alt="CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR
+    MACHINE." title="CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR
+    MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"For this apparatus the Society of Arts, in April, 1841, awarded me a medal; and this machine
+  is the type from which all the sash-bar machines found in use throughout the country at the
+  present time are taken. As the Conservatory was erected under my own immediate superintendence, I
+  am able to speak accurately as to the advantages of the machine: it has, in regard to that
+  building alone, saved in expenses 1,400<i>l.</i> The length of each of the bars of the
+  Conservatory is 48 inches; only one inch shorter than those of the Exhibition Building. The
+  machine was first used in its present form in August, 1838; and its original cost, including
+  table, wheels, and everything complete, was 20<i>l.</i> The motive power is from a steam-engine
+  employed on the premises for other purposes; and any well-seasoned timber may be used. The
+  attendants required are only a man and a boy, and the expense of the power required for it when in
+  use is comparatively trifling. The sash-bars may be made of any form, by changing the character of
+  the saws.</p>
+
+  <p>"There is one particular feature in working the machine, namely, the bar is presented to the
+  saws below the centre of motion, instead of above it (as is usual); and to the sides of the saw
+  which are ascending from the table, instead of those which are descending. These arrangements were
+  necessary to suit the direction of the teeth to the grain of the wood; for when the bars were
+  presented to the saws in the usual way, the wood was <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page31">{31}</span>crushed instead of being cut and cleaned. It is essential that the machine
+  should revolve 1,200 times in a minute to finish the work in a proper manner.</p>
+
+  <p>"The glass and glazing of the Chatsworth Conservatory caused me considerable thought and
+  anxiety, as I was very desirous to do away altogether with the numerous overlaps connected with
+  the old system of glazing with short lengths. This old method, even under the best of management,
+  is certain, in the course of a few years, to render unsightly any structure, however well
+  built.</p>
+
+  <p>"In the course of my inquiries, I heard that Messrs. Chance and Co., of Birmingham, had just
+  introduced from the Continent the manufacture of sheet glass. Accordingly, I went to see them make
+  this new article, and found they were able to manufacture it three feet in length. I was advised
+  to use this glass in two lengths, with one overlap; but to this I could not assent, as I observed,
+  that since they had so far advanced as to be able to produce sheets three feet in length, I saw no
+  reason why they could not accomplish another foot; and, if this could not be done, I would decline
+  giving the order, as, at that time, sheet glass was altogether an experiment for horticultural
+  purposes. These gentlemen, however, shortly afterwards informed me that they had one person who
+  could make it the desired length, and, if I would give the order, they would furnish me with all I
+  required.</p>
+
+  <p>"It may just be remarked here that the glass for the Exhibition Building is forty-nine inches
+  long&mdash;a size which no country except England is able to furnish in any large quantity, even
+  at the present day.</p>
+
+  <p>"In 1840 the Chatsworth Conservatory was completed and planted. The whole length of this
+  building is 277 feet; its breadth, 123 feet over the walls; and the height, from the floor to the
+  highest part, 67 feet.</p>
+
+  <p>"Notwithstanding the success which attended the erection of these buildings, it became to me a
+  question of importance how far an extensive structure might be covered in with <i>flat</i>
+  ridge-and-furrow roofs; that is, the ridge-and-valley rafters placed on a level, instead of at an
+  inclination, as in the green-house, or curvilinear, as in the Great Conservatory. I therefore
+  prepared some plans for an erection of the kind for the Earl of Burlington, somewhere about ten
+  years ago; but, on account of the lamented death of the Countess, the design of erection was
+  abandoned. However, from that time I felt assured, not only that it could be done satisfactorily,
+  but that the most appropriate manner to form and support level glass roofs, to a great extent, was
+  that adopted this year for the New Victoria House at Chatsworth, which may be considered a
+  miniature type of the Great Industrial Building.</p>
+
+  <p>"Before describing this house, however, it may be well to notice two <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page32">{32}</span>instances in which the flat roofs had been previously tried, and in both
+  cases with the most perfect success.</p>
+
+  <p>"The first of these was a conservatory attached to a villa in Darley Dale, only a short
+  distance from Chatsworth. This building is divided into five bays, with a glass door in the
+  centre, and glass pilasters separating the bays; the ridge-and-furrow roof covers an opening of
+  seventeen feet in the clear. The ventilation is simultaneously effected by a lever connected with
+  a rod, which is attached to all the ventilators....</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p32.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p32.jpg"
+    alt="THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH." title="THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"The second instance is this. In the spring of 1848, plans were prepared for the erection of an
+  ornamental glass structure, to cover the conservatory wall at Chatsworth. This wall was previously
+  a plain flued structure, devoted to the growth of rare and choice plants. The new erection is 331
+  feet in length, and 7 feet in width. It is divided into ten bays, with an ornamental centre
+  projecting beyond the general line of the building. Each bay is subdivided by smaller bays, which
+  are separated by glass pilasters; the glass sashes are so arranged that they can be removed in
+  summer, and the whole thrown open to the gardens, whilst in winter the building affords an
+  extensive promenade under cover. The ground on which this structure is built has a fall of 25 feet
+  6 inches in its whole length; consequently, there is a proportionate fall at each bay, which gives
+  great variety, and obviates the monotony that would be exhibited in a building of such length and
+  dimensions placed on a uniform level. The lower side of each bay is finished by a glass pilaster,
+  three feet in width, and surmounted by a vase on the wall behind. The roof is on the
+  ridge-and-furrow principle, with the rafters on a very slight inclination; and the ventilation is
+  effected in a similar but more perfect manner than that already described as in use at the
+  conservatory at Darley Dale.</p>
+
+  <p>"The new Victoria Regia House, which presents a light and novel appearance, is 60 feet 6 inches
+  in length, and 46 feet 9 inches in breadth. Although, when compared with the Great Industrial
+  Building, the Victoria House is a very diminutive structure, yet the principles on which it is
+  constructed are the same, and may be carried out to an almost unlimited extent. The form of the
+  roof, the general elevation, the supports, and the mode of construction, are all quite simple, and
+  yet fully answer the purposes for which they were intended.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page33">{33}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p33.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p33.jpg"
+    alt="INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE." title="INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"The Victoria House, however, was so built as to retain as much moisture and heat as possible,
+  and yet to afford a strong and bright light at all seasons; whilst, on the contrary, the
+  Industrial Building, being intended to accommodate a daily assemblage of many thousands of
+  individuals, and a vast number of natural and mechanical productions, many of which would be
+  destroyed by moisture and heat, is constructed so as fully to answer that end."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">This, then, was the experience which enabled Mr. Paxton to conceive his design for
+  the "Crystal Palace," a description of which as it has subsequently been carried out we must now
+  proceed with.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd14.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd14.png"
+    alt="General Description of the Building." title="General Description of the Building."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HE plan forms a parallelogram, 1,848 feet long and 408 feet wide, besides a projection on
+  the north side, 48 feet wide and 936 feet long. A main avenue, 72 feet wide and 66 feet high,
+  occupies the centre through the whole length of the building. Flanking this on either side are
+  smaller avenues alternately 24 feet and 48 feet wide; the two first on either side of the centre
+  are 43 feet, and the remainder 23 feet high. About the centre of the entire length, at a point
+  determined by the position of a row of large trees, which it was resolved to inclose, these
+  avenues are crossed by a transept of the same width as the main avenue, or 72 feet, and 108 feet
+  high; two other groups of trees on the ground give occasion for open courts, which are inclosed
+  within the building. The area thus inclosed and roofed over amounts to no less than 772,784 square
+  feet, or about 19 acres;<a id="NtA_4" href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> the building is, therefore,
+  about four times the size of St. Peter's at Rome, and more than six times that of St. Paul's,
+  London. Three entrances lead to this vast interior, one in the centre of the principal or south
+  front, and one at either end of the building. The number of these is necessarily small, in order
+  to facilitate the arrangements for the money-taking, and to avoid having too large a staff of
+  officers; on the other hand, it was equally desirable to afford the most ample opportunities of
+  egress for visitors, and accordingly fifteen exit doors are placed at frequent intervals.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page34">{34}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="ac">GROUND-PLAN OF THE BUILDING.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w100 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p34.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p34.jpg" alt="?01126"
+    title="?01126"/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption">
+        <tr>
+          <td class="br pr1">A.  Principal Entrance.<br/>
+          B.  West Entrance.<br/>
+          C.  East Entrance.<br/>
+          D.  Refreshment Courts.</td>
+          <td class="br pr1 pl1">E.  Entrance.<br/>
+          F.  Gentlemens' Ante-rooms.<br/>
+          G.  Ladies' Ante-rooms.<br/>
+          H.  Pay Place.</td>
+          <td class="br pr1 pl1">I.  Accountant.<br/>
+          K.  Exits.<br/>
+          L.  Ante-rooms.<br/>
+          M.  Committee Waiting-room.</td>
+          <td class="pl1">N.  Royal Commission.<br/>
+          O.  Clerks.<br/>
+          P.  Stairs.<br/>
+          Q.  Engine House.</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page35">{35}</span></div>
+
+  <p>It will be well to mention here that the horizontal measure of 24 feet, which we have seen as
+  the unit in the plan of the Building Committee, is also preserved in the present plan; every
+  horizontal dimension of which is either a certain number of times or divisions of twenty-four
+  feet.</p>
+
+  <p>The avenues into which the plan is divided are formed by hollow cast-iron columns twenty-four
+  feet apart, which rise in one, two, and three storeys respectively, to support the roof at the
+  different heights given above; in the lower storey these columns are nineteen feet high, and in
+  the two upper ones seventeen feet. Between the different lengths of the columns short pieces are
+  introduced, called "connecting-pieces," from the office they perform; these are three feet long,
+  and are so contrived that they serve to support girders in horizontal tiers, dividing the greatest
+  height into three storeys as already mentioned. The girders, of which some are of cast and some of
+  wrought iron, are all of the same depth, namely, three feet, with the exception of four, to be
+  specially named hereafter, and by this arrangement the same horizontal lines are preserved
+  throughout the whole of the building. They are also all similar in appearance, forming a kind of
+  lattice-work, by which construction they do not look too heavy for the slight supports; and large
+  solid masses are avoided, practically showing how great strength may be combined with elegance and
+  lightness. The first or lower tier of these girders, in parts of the building more than one storey
+  in height, forms the support for the floor of the galleries, which are twenty-four feet wide, and
+  extend the whole length of the building in four parallel lines, intercepted only by the transept,
+  round the ends of which they are continued. Numerous cross galleries connect each pair of
+  longitudinal lines on either side of the centre avenue, which remains uninterrupted from end to
+  end, and can only be crossed on the gallery-floor at the extremities.</p>
+
+  <p>These galleries are reached by eight double staircases, of easy ascent and ample width, which
+  are placed between the lines of gallery so as to communicate equally readily with either, and are
+  so distributed as to give two to each quarter of the building; in the eastern or foreign half two
+  supplementary staircases of smaller dimensions have been added.</p>
+
+  <p>In those parts of the building more than two storeys in height, the second horizontal tier of
+  girders does not support a gallery, but serves only to give stiffness to the columns. The upper
+  tier of girders, in all cases, supports the roof, which is one of the most peculiar features in
+  the structure. In its general form the roof is flat; but it is made up of a series of ridges and
+  furrows, the rise and fall of which is but small, and is thus arranged: the roof-girders or
+  trusses being twenty-four feet apart, and lying in the transverse direction of the building, the
+  space between them is spanned by light beams or rafters, which are cambered or bent upwards, and
+  are hollowed out in a groove on the top to form a gutter. The rafters are placed eight feet apart,
+  their ends resting on the roof-girders, and lying, therefore, in the opposite direction to them,
+  that is, in the direction <span class="pagenum" id="page36">{36}</span>of the length of the
+  building; these rafters are commonly called the Paxton's Gutters. Between the rafters so
+  described, <i>ridges</i> are supported by light sash-bars sloping up to them, at an inclination of
+  two-and-a-half to one, and the rafter itself forms the bottom of the <i>furrow</i>. The advantage
+  of this form of roofing is the facility it affords for the escape of the water, which runs from
+  the surface of the roof into the Paxton's gutters; from them it is discharged into the main
+  gutters resting on the roof-girders, by which it is conducted to the hollow columns, and passes
+  down through them into the drains. A drop of water falling on the most distant point from the
+  discharge would only have to traverse a distance of forty-eight feet; but in most cases the length
+  to be passed over before reaching the down pipe would be considerably less.<a id="NtA_5"
+  href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The covering of the roof is glass, fixed between the sash-bars,
+  which are grooved to receive it; and in order to carry off the moisture arising from condensation
+  on the inner surface of the glass, the rafters have a small groove on each side, which makes the
+  Paxton's gutter complete, and from which the moisture is also discharged into the main gutters.
+  The essential portions of the roof may therefore be considered as a network of gutters; one set,
+  the main gutters, lying in a transverse direction, and the others resting on them, and lying in
+  the direction of the length of the building; by which arrangement any amount of surface can always
+  be covered by roofing of a small span. The principle is precisely the same as that of subdividing
+  large fields of arable land into strips or "lands" with furrows between them, in order to
+  facilitate the surface-drainage.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p36.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p36.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF
+    PARTLY COMPLETED." title="VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF
+    PARTLY COMPLETED."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF PARTLY COMPLETED.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page37">{37}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The outer inclosure, on the ground-floor, is formed by dividing each 24-feet bay between the
+  columns into three 8-feet bays by half columns of wood, between which is placed boarding, held in
+  its place by iron clips and bolts; a plinth, four feet high, is formed immediately above the floor
+  by frames, filled with what are commonly called louvre-blades, which are hung on pivots, and of
+  which a large number can be moved simultaneously for the admission of air; similar
+  ventilating-frames, three feet deep, are introduced at the top of each storey round the entire
+  circuit of the building, and by this means a ventilating-surface of no less than 40,800 square
+  feet is obtained, or rather more than one acre.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p37.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p37.jpg"
+    alt="PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE
+    PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS." title="PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE
+    PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Externally some light arches are inserted, and open panels form the inclosure for the upper
+  louvre-frames. The details we have been describing may be readily traced in the engraving of a
+  portion of the lower storey as seen from the outside. The exit doors occupy one of the 8-feet bays
+  opening about six feet wide. The inclosure to the upper storeys closely resembles those of the
+  ground-floor, but glazed sashes are substituted for the close boarding, and the plinth is omitted.
+  Each storey is crowned externally with a cornice and cresting ornament, and over the columns posts
+  are carried up, to which flagstaffs will be fixed.</p>
+
+  <p>To return to the interior. The whole of the floor is boarded; that below is laid with an
+  interval of half an inch between the boards, to allow the passage of dust from the millions of
+  feet by which it will be trod; the gallery floor, on the contrary, has iron tongues between the
+  boards to prevent the dust from coming through on the heads of the visitors below.</p>
+
+  <p>The roof of the transept, which we have described as crossing the building about the centre of
+  its length, differs from that of the other parts, its general form being semicircular instead of
+  flat, and rising above the rest <span class="pagenum" id="page38">{38}</span>of the building so as
+  to show the whole of the semicircle externally. This roof is supported by arched timber ribs
+  placed twenty-four feet apart, or one over every column, which forms a socket, into which the foot
+  of the rib is fitted and secured by iron straps. Between the ribs, timbers are fixed which carry
+  minor ribs at a distance of eight feet apart, and upon these the ridge-and-furrow roofing is
+  constructed in the manner that has been described for the flat roofing, but following the curve of
+  the arched ribs. At the springing or foot of the arch on either side of the transept there is a
+  range of louvre-frames to assist in the ventilation of the building, and on the top of the arch
+  externally a narrow passage is formed to give access to the different parts of this roof. On the
+  inner side of the arch diagonal tie-rods are introduced between the main ribs, which, while they
+  serve to increase the strength of the construction by tying together all the parts from end to
+  end, produce an agreeable play of lines forming a kind of network over the whole of the
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>The ends of the transept are closed in with fan-like tracery, reminding the spectator of the
+  magnificent wheel windows of our Gothic cathedrals; this elegant feature is not visible in our
+  interior view, but will be seen in some of the exteriors.</p>
+
+  <p>There is, perhaps, no part of this interesting building in which the great size and singular
+  lightness, almost airiness, of the construction are so strikingly displayed as in the <span
+  class="smaller">TRANSEPT</span>, inclosing as it does a row of fine old elm-trees, as if to
+  protect them in their venerable age from the smoke of the thousands of chimneys that have been
+  gradually forming a destructive circle around them.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The only portion of solid untransparent roofing in the whole of this building is
+  formed on either side of the arched roof just described, where there is a lead flat twenty-four
+  feet wide. This was partly required for a platform to serve for carrying on the works for the
+  arched roof, and was also exceedingly useful in giving access to the other roofs on either side;
+  it likewise afforded the opportunity of giving some additional strength at the springing of the
+  arched ribs to resist any possible tendency they might have to spread outwards.</p>
+
+  <div id="f38"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp3">
+    <a href="images/p38.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p38.jpg"
+    alt="View of the Interior of the Transept." title="View of the Interior of the Transept."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of the Interior of the Transept.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="f39"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p39.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p39.jpg"
+    alt="View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat." title="View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page39">{39}</span></div>
+
+  <p>As the weight of such lead roofing considerably exceeds that of the glass ridge-and-furrow
+  covering, it was necessary at the point where it crosses the wide span of the main avenue to
+  introduce some stronger roof-girders than those used elsewhere; of these there are two on either
+  side of the transept, the inner one of which has also to sustain two of the large arched ribs with
+  their superincumbent roofing, and its strength is therefore increased in proportion to the
+  additional load placed upon it. The extra-strong roof-girders are six feet deep, or twice that of
+  the others; but their general construction is similar, the diagonal ties forming a kind of
+  latticework, and thus keeping up the same character. These, like all the roof-girders of large
+  span, are constructed principally of wrought-iron. Those who visited the building during its
+  erection, and were among the fortunate few who were enabled to ascend to the "lead-flat," must
+  have been very much struck with the singular appearance presented by the great expanse of acres of
+  glass stretching in long lines of "ridge-and-furrow" roofing on each side of the centre, while the
+  eye, penetrating the transparent covering, became lost in endeavouring to follow the apparently
+  intricate lines of the interior. Such a view might fairly be said to justify the title of "Crystal
+  Palace," by which this building is so commonly known; and it would require no great stretch of
+  imagination to believe that it had been reared by fairy hands, as a votive offering at the world's
+  jubilee of labour.</p>
+
+  <p>But we must descend again to the interior, to point out the arrangement of the offices for the
+  staff of the Executive. The principal of these are naturally placed in the centre, on either side
+  of the principal entrance, where they occupy in two storeys the space underneath the gallery,
+  which is continued uninterrupted over them. The entrances at the end are also flanked by offices
+  of less extent. The outer inclosure of these spaces is formed with glazed sashes, similar to those
+  which are placed on the exterior of the building, and boarded partitions divide the interior. The
+  rooms are arranged to be heated and lighted by gas when required, and ample means of ventilation
+  are provided.</p>
+
+  <p>The simplicity of the construction renders it very easy to extend or contract the accommodation
+  much more readily than would be possible under ordinary circumstances.</p>
+
+  <p>It now remains to notice the arrangements provided for refreshments, which are introduced in
+  connexion with the open courts left on account of the groups of trees. These happen to occur
+  towards the ends of the building, and on the north side of the main avenue; the space at the north
+  end of the transept, next to the inclosed trees, is also appropriated for this purpose. The
+  roofing over these parts is a continuation of that over the rest of the building; and the
+  partitions necessary for inclosing the different spaces are formed chiefly with glazed sashes,
+  avoiding as much as possible any solid construction, which would appear out of character. The open
+  courts are inclosed with sashes and doors, rendered necessary by the uncertain nature of our
+  climate.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">A small detached building which has not been mentioned serves for the boiler-house,
+  and is placed near the west end of the building. As it had been determined to afford the means of
+  exhibiting some of the machinery in actual motion, it was necessary to erect boilers to supply the
+  steam to the different machines, as it would clearly be inadmissible for each to generate steam
+  for its own use in the building. The house to contain the boilers is ninety-six feet long and
+  twenty-four feet wide, and is placed as near as practicable to the machinery-department; but at
+  the same time it is quite detached from the main building to avoid risk from the fires. In
+  appearance it resembles the one-storey portion of the main building, but it is constructed
+  entirely of fire-proof materials. It contains five boilers, each to supply steam for twenty-horse
+  power, which is distributed by a pipe to the different machinery.</p>
+
+  <div id="f40"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p40f.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p40f.jpg"
+    alt="General View of the Building from the
+    South-West." title="General View of the Building from the
+    South-West."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">General View of the Building from the South-West.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page40">{40}</span></div>
+
+  <p>An ornamental cast-iron railing designed by Mr. Owen Jones incloses the building, being placed
+  at a distance of about eight feet from it along the principal fronts, but carried much further off
+  at the ends, so as to inclose a considerable space, which will thus be available for exhibiting
+  any large objects that will bear exposure to the weather, if there should not be sufficient room
+  in the interior of the building. Gates are placed opposite all the entrances and exits, and these
+  are so arranged that when closed they are uniform in appearance with the rest of the railing.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p40.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p40.jpg" alt="EXTERNAL RAILING."
+    title="EXTERNAL RAILING."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">EXTERNAL RAILING.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">Having thus given a general sketch of the arrangement and appearance of the
+  building, we shall proceed to describe somewhat more minutely the various details of the
+  construction, of which the essential parts are few in number compared with the great repetition of
+  each individually. To assist in this multiplied reproduction of the same form, some exceedingly
+  ingenious machinery has been employed, which will therefore be described in connexion with the
+  parts it has been used to form; and thus these will be traced through their various stages, from
+  the raw material to their finished state as portions of the building. The greater part of this
+  machinery has been used in shaping out those parts which are of wood, and particularly the
+  different portions of the roof, with which we will therefore commence.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd15.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd15.png"
+    alt="The Paxton's Gutters." title="The Paxton's Gutters."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  has been mentioned that the rafters which span the space between the roof-girders serve, at the
+  same time, as gutters, for which purpose they are hollowed out on the upper face, besides having
+  smaller grooves at the sides to take the condensation-water. The bottom of the gutter is of a
+  circular form, which is universally considered the best for conveying liquids with the least
+  amount of friction, and therefore the least liable to obstruction from an accumulation of
+  dirt.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page41">{41}</span></div>
+
+  <table class="mc tlf sp2 w85" summary="Group of illustrations" title="Group of illustrations">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vbm ac" style="width:23%;"><a href="images/p41a.jpg"><img style="width:100%"
+      src="images/p41a.jpg" alt="SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE
+      STRONG SASH-BAR." title="SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE
+      STRONG SASH-BAR."/></a></td>
+      <td class="vbm ac" style="width:36%;"><a href="images/p41b.jpg"><img style="width:100%"
+      src="images/p41b.jpg" alt="THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE."
+      title="THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE."/></a></td>
+      <td class="vbm ac" style="width:28%;"><a href="images/p41c.jpg"><img style="width:100%"
+      src="images/p41c.jpg" alt="PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE
+      REVOLVING ARM AND CUTTERS." title="PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE
+      REVOLVING ARM AND CUTTERS."/></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <div class="smaller ac">
+          <p class="sp0">SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE STRONG SASH-BAR.</p>
+        </div>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <div class="smaller ac">
+          <p class="sp0">THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE.</p>
+        </div>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <div class="smaller ac">
+          <p class="sp0">PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE REVOLVING ARM AND CUTTERS.</p>
+        </div>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <p>A section of the gutter, as finished, is shown. To bring it into this form, after the timbers
+  had been sawn into the requisite general dimensions they were brought under the action of the
+  planing-machine, where they were planed on the four sides. This machine is patented by W. Furness,
+  of Liverpool, and was worked at the Chelsea Wharf Saw-mills. The operation was effected by cutters
+  (<i>a</i>) attached to the ends of an arm revolving with great rapidity in a horizontal plane; the
+  timbers to be planed were wedged up into a frame (<i>b</i>) traversing on rails, and as this was
+  passed under the revolving cutters the upper surface was removed by them, at the same time the
+  timbers were held down upon the frame by a large iron disc (<i>c</i>) pressing upon their upper
+  surface. The disc, together with the revolving arm carrying the cutters, was capable of being
+  adjusted vertically to the exact dimensions of the timber. The traversing-frame was slowly
+  propelled by the machinery, and three widths of timber were operated upon at one time. On leaving
+  the planing-machine these quarter baulks were passed on to the gutter-cutting machine. Four
+  different cutters were required to form the section, as shown above; they were placed one behind
+  the other, so that the piece of timber, which was presented to their action above the centre of
+  motion, passed over each of them in succession. The first set, which revolved in a vertical plane,
+  roughly hollowed out the larger groove to the section shown in Fig. 1; the two next were
+  counterparts, and formed the same <span class="pagenum" id="page42">{42}</span>section in opposite
+  directions; they were set at an inclination to the upright of about 45 degrees, the one to the
+  right, the other to the left; and each hollowed out one of the small side grooves, and one side of
+  the larger gutter, leaving the section of the timber respectively of the forms shown in Figs. 2
+  and 3. Fig. 4 shows the form of its section after it had passed both; the fourth set of cutters
+  again revolved vertically, and gave the gutter its finished form, as shown above. As the timber
+  passed over the cutters it was supported at the ends on revolving rollers, and was held in its
+  place by guiding grooves, being pressed gradually forwards against the cutters.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p42a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p42a.jpg"
+    alt="SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE
+    PAXTON'S GUTTERS." title="SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE
+    PAXTON'S GUTTERS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTERS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p42b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p42b.jpg"
+    alt="THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE." title="THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In this manner forty-two lengths of solid gutter, each twenty-four feet and a fraction long,
+  were completed in a day of ten hours; and as the machine was worked double time, a length of more
+  than 2,000 feet was turned out daily ready for use: this, it has been calculated, would have
+  required the labour of about three hundred men to be employed for the same length of time. The
+  absolute necessity for such rapid production will be evident when it is known that no less than
+  110,000 feet, or about twenty miles length, of such gutters were required&mdash;very nearly the
+  distance from Buckingham Palace to Windsor Castle.</p>
+
+  <p>Finished as described above, the Paxton's gutters arrived at the building, where the first
+  operation they underwent was that of cutting them to the exact length requisite. This was a nice
+  operation, as the smallest deviation would have caused a difficulty in fitting them into their
+  place, and to perform it a framework was constructed by which the solid gutter could <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page43">{43}</span>be bent to the same curve it would have when fixed; a
+  precaution that was necessary in order that the ends might be cut off quite vertically so as to
+  fit together when in their place. At one end of this frame-work was placed a circular saw, twenty
+  inches diameter, hung with a pulley and balance weight, so as to be moved up and down by means of
+  a lever. The gutter being fixed in the frame by means of hinged guage-plates, one end was cut by
+  the circular saw being brought down upon it; and at the same time another operation was performed:
+  two cutters, placed in the centre of the circular saw, were so arranged that when brought down
+  upon the end of the solid gutter they cut out a semi-circular notch, so that when the ends of two
+  gutters were afterwards placed together there was a circular hole left, through which the water
+  passed down into the main gutter. When these operations were completed at one end of the gutter,
+  the guage-plates were taken off, and the timber was swung round on a pivot or crutch in the
+  centre, and the same process gone through as before; the whole scarcely occupying two minutes. We
+  shall presently have to return to this piece of machinery, as it was also used in finishing the
+  ridge rafters.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p43.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p43.jpg"
+    alt="MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS
+    AND RIDGES." title="MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS
+    AND RIDGES."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS AND RIDGES.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The solid gutter was now transferred to the hands of the carpenter, who fixed at
+  each end, on the under-side, a small cast-iron shoe; and two struts, nine inches long, were placed
+  so as to divide the whole length into three equal parts&mdash;the struts spread out at the top in
+  order to present a large surface of pressure against the under-side of the gutter; and tenons
+  projected upwards, which were fitted into mortices cut into the timber. The lower end of the
+  struts were formed so as to give them a firm hold upon a wrought-iron rod, thirteen-sixteenths of
+  an inch diameter, which was passed under them and through the shoes, where it was screwed up with
+  nuts; and the struts pressing up against the timber produced the requisite bend or camber.
+  Twenty-seven notches, to receive the sash bars, were marked with a templet and cut out on each
+  edge of the upper-side of the gutter; and a small cast-iron plate having been fitted on the
+  under-side at each end, the Paxton's gutter was complete and ready for fixing. The under-trussing
+  of the rafters increased their strength considerably, so that a weight of one-and-a-half tons was
+  required to break one which was experimented upon.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page44">{44}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd16.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd16.png" alt="The Sash-bars."
+    title="The Sash-bars."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E
+  will next consider the sash-bars which support the ridge of the roof and receive the glass. The
+  total length which was required of these amounts to about two hundred miles; it will, therefore,
+  be easily understood that mechanical contrivance for cutting them out became an absolute
+  necessity; this Mr. Paxton appears to have discovered in his works at Chatsworth, as he mentions
+  in his lecture.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p44.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p44.jpg"
+    alt="MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS." title="MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The sash-bars are one inch thick and one-and-a-half inches deep, and are grooved on each side,
+  besides having all the four edges bevelled or chamfered; all which was done in one passage through
+  the machine. The plank which was to form the sash-bars was passed in at one end of the machine,
+  between pressure-rollers; it then passed between cutters placed both above and below it, which
+  made about twelve hundred revolutions per minute, and hollowed out the different grooves; and,
+  lastly, it passed between circular saws which divided it into separate sash-bars, after which they
+  had only to be cut into their proper lengths.<a id="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> The
+  exact length of each sash-bar when finished is four feet one inch.</p>
+
+  <p>In this state the skylight bars were sent to the building, where they underwent several
+  finishing operations, necessary to make the ends fit down into the notches prepared in the ridges
+  and gutters. Thirty of the bars <span class="pagenum" id="page45">{45}</span>were first placed
+  together in a horizontal traversing-frame on a saw-table, on each side of which circular saws were
+  fixed at the distance of the required length of the sash-bar; the frame was then moved forward
+  against the saws, so that both ends of the whole set of bars were cut off simultaneously, and at
+  the same time a cut was made at one end half-way through the bar, in order to form the shoulder
+  against the gutter. They were then removed to another bench, where the end of the bar was bevelled
+  and the shoulder formed by means of a small instrument having a handle with two projecting jaws
+  fitting into the ends of the glass grooves of the bars; between these there was a small blade
+  which, being pressed down, cut out the shoulder which had been sawn through in the other
+  direction, and another blade was placed at the proper angle to remove the bevelled piece at the
+  end of the bar.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p45.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p45.jpg"
+    alt="THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE." title="THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>One more process made the sash-bars complete for fixing&mdash;this was the drilling a hole at
+  each end to nail them down on the gutter and ridge; and this was also done by machinery, to insure
+  all the holes being drilled at the same angle. On one side of a horizontal bench were placed a set
+  of four-inch driving pulleys (<i>a a</i>), with as many horizontal drills projecting towards the
+  other side of the bench; a wooden traversing-plate (<i>c</i>) opposite each drill, and working
+  towards it, received one end of the sash-bar, while the other rested in an inclined position
+  against a wooden rail (<i>b</i>) placed longitudinally above the pulleys, having as many sinkings
+  thereon as there were drills. The traversing-plate being then pushed forward, the sash-bar was
+  perforated by the drill; the plate was then drawn back, and the same operation repeated with the
+  other end of the bar, which left it ready for fixing.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page46">{46}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The action of the traversing-plate (<i>c</i>) is shown more distinctly in the second
+  engraving.<a id="NtA_7" href="#Nt_7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> One out of every nine of the sash-bars of
+  the roof is stronger than the rest, to serve for fixing the ridge previous to glazing. These
+  extra-strong bars are two inches wide and one inch and a half deep, and were formed by the same
+  machinery already described, by an adjustment of the different cutters and saws.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p46a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p46a.jpg"
+    alt="PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE." title="PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w10 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd17.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd17.png" alt="The Ridges."
+    title="The Ridges."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  total length of these required was about sixteen miles. They are cut out of timber three inches
+  square, in section, and are of the form shown in the diagram, with a groove on each side to
+  receive the glass. This was also done by machinery which, with about five-horse power, turned out
+  one hundred lengths of twenty-four feet in a day of ten hours, allowing the time for the necessary
+  stoppages. After they had been delivered at the building, these ridge-pieces were cut to the exact
+  lengths by means of the same apparatus used for the solid gutters which has already been
+  described. At each end of the ridge-piece two holes were also drilled to receive dowells to
+  connect it with the adjoining length. By no other than mechanical means could the immense number
+  of holes thus drilled have been placed so exactly that those in the opposite ends of any two
+  ridge-pieces should correspond precisely.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p46b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p46b.jpg"
+    alt="SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR." title="SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The different essential component parts of the roof having thus been described, we
+  propose to take the different members of the construction in succession downwards.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w10 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd18.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd18.png" alt="The Glass."
+    title="The Glass."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_b.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="B"/>UT first it may be mentioned here that the glass used throughout the building is sheet,
+  on an average about one-sixteenth of an inch thick, and weighing one pound per foot superficial.
+  This gives an aggregate weight of about four hundred tons for the whole of the work, <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page47">{47}</span>the greater part of which was supplied by Messrs. Chance
+  and Co., of Birmingham. Each square is forty-nine inches long and ten wide, the greatest length of
+  sheet glass that has ever been made in this country. The manufacture of this kind of glass is of
+  comparatively recent introduction into England, though practised for some time on the Continent;
+  and the rapid progress made by the manufacturers alluded to must be in a great measure attributed
+  to the wise removal of the fiscal burden on the article, made by the late Sir Robert Peel. That
+  lamented statesman, with his usual foresight, doubtless contemplated that great social benefits
+  would follow from that enactment; and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that, but for Sir
+  Robert's enlightened measure, this "huge pile of transparency" would never have been reared.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd19.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd19.png" alt="The Box Gutters."
+    title="The Box Gutters."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="I"/>T has been mentioned that the triple gutters deliver the water into main gutters running
+  in the transverse direction of the building; these are formed of wood, with a bottom piece, into
+  which are grooved two upright sides, they are firmly bolted down upon the upper flange of the
+  roof-girders, and where these are quite horizontal the fall in the gutter is given by a false
+  bottom laid to a slope. Of these gutters there is a length of about five-and-a-half miles in the
+  building, which, added to the aggregate length of the Paxton's gutters, makes a total of about
+  twenty-five-and-a-half miles of gutter.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd20.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd20.png" alt="Roof Girders."
+    title="Roof Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HESE are of cast-iron, where not more than twenty-four feet long, and the rest of
+  wrought-iron. The cast-iron ones are precisely the same in appearance as those used for the
+  galleries, but lighter in metal; a separate description of them is not, therefore, necessary. The
+  weight of each of these girders is twelve cwt., and each was proved to nine tons previously to
+  being used; but it is calculated that the greatest weight they may have to bear will not exceed
+  five tons: the total number required was about 470.</p>
+
+  <p>The wrought-iron girders, or trusses, are partly forty-eight and partly seventy-two feet long,
+  to span the avenues of those respective widths; the principle of the construction is the same in
+  each. The top rail (if it may be so called) of the truss is formed with two pieces of <img
+  src="images/cs1.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="L section"/> iron placed back to back <img
+  src="images/cs2.png" style="width:2.0em;" alt="double L sections"/>, and the bottom rail with two
+  flat bars <img src="images/cs3.png" style="width:1.1em;" alt="parallel flat bars"/>, the total
+  depth being three feet; at the ends these bars are riveted on to cast-iron standards, and the
+  intermediate distance is divided into eight-feet lengths by other cast-iron standards, to which
+  the bars are also riveted, <span class="pagenum" id="page48">{48}</span>and thus a framework of
+  rectangles is formed. In the trusses forty-eight feet span there are, therefore, six such
+  divisions in the length, and nine in those of seventy-two feet span. These are then divided in the
+  direction of <span class="smaller">ONE</span> of the diagonals by a flat bar passing between and
+  riveted to those forming the top and bottom rails. This completes the constructional part of the
+  truss; but to render the appearance more uniform with that of the cast-iron girders, a flat bar of
+  wood (shown by the dotted lines) is made to form the other diagonal of the rectangles.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p48a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p48a.jpg"
+    alt="DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER." title="DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The trusses for a span of seventy-two feet are cambered or bent upwards about ten inches, which
+  both adds to their strength and improves the appearance. The form and arrangement of these
+  roof-trusses may be clearly traced in several of the views of the interior which are presented to
+  the reader. The weight, when completed, of each of the trusses of seventy-two feet span is about
+  thirty-five cwt., and of those of forty-eight feet span about thirteen cwt.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been already mentioned that four of the roof-trusses vary from the rest on account of
+  the greater load they have to sustain. The depth of these exceptional trusses is six feet, and
+  their length seventy-two feet, or the width of the main avenue, which they bridge over. The
+  principle of their construction is similar to that employed in the lighter trusses; but the
+  arrangement of the parts is somewhat modified. The top rail consists of two pieces of <img
+  src="images/cs1.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="L section"/> iron, placed, as before, back to back;
+  but they are further connected on the top by a flat piece <img src="images/cs4.png"
+  style="width:2.2em;" alt="double L sections with flat"/>. The lower rail is formed by two flat
+  bars placed upright <img src="images/cs3.png" style="width:1.1em;" alt="parallel flat bars"/>, and
+  these are riveted at the ends to standards of cast-iron, which, however, are considerably heavier
+  in construction than those before described; and they have also in the centre, at (<i>a</i>) two
+  slots, or sinkings, into which the ends of two of the diagonal bars are riveted. The whole length
+  is then divided into three equal parts, each 24 feet long, by strong <span
+  class="smaller">CAST</span>-iron standards at (<i>b</i>) the ends of which are riveted between the
+  rails, and these spaces are again subdivided into three eight-feet lengths by <span
+  class="smaller">WROUGHT</span>-iron standards at (<i>c c</i>). The top of each standard is next
+  connected with the foot of the next but one to it by diagonal flat bars, which, together with the
+  short pieces fastened into the slots at (<i>a</i>), complete the figure of the whole, forming a
+  kind of trellis-work, two diamonds in depth. In the diagram only half the length of the girder is
+  shown.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p48b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p48b.jpg"
+    alt="DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER." title="DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The dimensions of the different bars of iron in this piece of construction <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page49">{49}</span>are proportional to the amount of strain they have to bear.
+  The two heavier out of the four trusses just described weighed when completed eight tons each, and
+  the other two, which are of rather lighter construction, six tons each.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The riveting together of the wrought-iron trusses was performed on horizontal
+  supports, on which the curve that they were to be made to was marked out. The bars having been
+  previously cut to the requisite lengths, and punched and drilled with holes for the rivets, were
+  laid out on the stages in the proper forms with the cast-iron standards, which were temporarily
+  kept in place by bolts passed through some of the rivet-holes. The whole framework was then
+  riveted up with red-hot rivets supplied from small portable furnaces, several sets of men being
+  employed upon each truss, by which means as many as sixteen were completed in one day. The whole
+  of the trusses, three hundred and seventy-two in number, required for the building were put
+  together on the ground, and several ingenious mechanical contrivances were made use of to
+  facilitate and hasten the work. To form some idea of the amount of labour that had to be
+  performed, it may be mentioned that each of the trusses forty-eight feet in length, or the
+  smallest, is held together by more than fifty rivets, requiring more than twice that number of
+  holes to be made in bars of iron varying in thickness from a quarter of an inch upwards. About
+  25,000 rivets were thus required for the whole of the work.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd21.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd21.png"
+    alt="Iron Drilling Machine." title="Iron Drilling Machine."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  holes for the rivets were made partly by drilling and partly by punching. In the machine used for
+  the former the bar to be bored was laid upon a flat surface forming part of the solid cast-iron
+  stand of the machinery; the drilling-point worked vertically, and could be moved in that direction
+  to suit the different thicknesses of iron brought under its operation. It was suspended at one end
+  of a lever, with a counterpoise at the other. This lever was also connected by a rod and crank,
+  with another near the ground, one end of which was formed into a tread to be worked by the foot.
+  The workman, when he had arranged the iron in the right position under the drill, pressed his foot
+  upon the tread; thus raising the counterpoise end of the upper lever, and pressing the point of
+  the drill, which was of a spear-head form, down upon the iron. Underneath the iron to be drilled
+  was placed a piece of wood to protect the point of the drill when it had passed through the iron.
+  It was also necessary to moisten the iron during the operation, in order to keep the drill-point
+  cool. Three men were required to attend to this work, which was not so rapid as the other method
+  of making the holes by punching.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page50">{50}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p50a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p50a.jpg"
+    alt="THE DRILLING-MACHINE." title="THE DRILLING-MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE DRILLING-MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd22.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd22.png"
+    alt="The Punching Machine." title="The Punching Machine."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p50b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p50b.jpg"
+    alt="THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS." title="THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  enormous power exerted by this piece of machinery renders it necessary that the stand containing
+  the punch, &amp;c., should be exceedingly solid, and it is formed accordingly by a heavy mass of
+  cast-iron, in which there are two indentations, as seen by the engraving. In the lower of these
+  the punching operation is performed, and in the <span class="pagenum" id="page51">{51}</span>upper
+  there are shears for cutting off the ends of the bars when required. The motion is communicated to
+  each of these by means of a cogged wheel at the back; but both the punch and the shears work in a
+  vertical direction, slowly moving up and down with irresistible force. There is no sudden blow or
+  jerk, which makes the effect the more striking, as the unpractised eye has no means of discovering
+  the amount of the force which is being put in operation. It is, however, so great that, although
+  the punching of a hole scarcely occupies two or three seconds, the iron becomes quite hot from the
+  effect of the pressure. In using this machine, the workman arranges the iron bar on a solid rest,
+  placing it so that when the punch descends it makes the hole in the position required. As soon as
+  the punch has passed through the bar, the action of the machinery is reversed, and the instrument
+  ascends again; during which time the bar is re-arranged, and the operation is thus continually
+  repeated. This piece of machinery also requires three men to work it, if the bars to be punched
+  are of considerable length, so as to require the ends to be held up; otherwise, one alone is
+  sufficient; and in the course of a ten-hours day about three thousand holes can be punched
+  out&mdash;the number, of course, varying according to the thickness of the bars.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">Neither of the mechanical contrivances just described are novel inventions, though
+  they are thus, perhaps, brought for the first time under the notice of many of our readers, to
+  whom they may be so far rendered interesting from their being connected with the execution of
+  <span class="smaller">THE</span> building of the day.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd23.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd23.png"
+    alt="The Adzing and Planing Machine." title="The Adzing and Planing Machine."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p51.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p51.jpg" alt="THE ADZING-CUTTERS."
+    title="THE ADZING-CUTTERS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE ADZING-CUTTERS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>T
+  the Chelsea Saw-mills, where the reader has already seen the Paxton's gutters shaped out, another
+  interesting piece of machinery was in use for these works, for the purpose of finishing planks to
+  a certain size and thickness, called the adzing and planing machine. An adze is a tool used by
+  carpenters to remove any unevenness in the surface of a board in a particular spot. In this piece
+  of machinery two cutters are fixed to a revolving arm, under which the plank is made to pass; and
+  as it does so the cutters remove a certain thickness from the whole of the surface. The
+  arrangement of these cutters is very plainly shown in the annexed engraving. On the under-side of
+  the same bench to which this apparatus is fixed, three planes are set, each at an angle of about 5
+  degrees, by which the under-side of the plank <span class="pagenum" id="page52">{52}</span>is
+  brought to an even face, while the upper surface is operated on by the adzing-cutters, and in this
+  manner the plank is reduced to an even thickness throughout. As it passes on it is brought between
+  two circular saws, which are adjusted to the width which it is desired to give to the plank. It is
+  dragged forward towards the planes and cutters by means of an endless chain, composed of open
+  links; which chain passes over a wheel provided with projecting pegs, so arranged as to fit into
+  the links. The plank is kept down upon the planes, and otherwise held in position, by
+  pressure-rollers.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p52a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p52a.jpg"
+    alt="THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE." title="THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd24.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd24.png"
+    alt="The Columns and Connecting Pieces." title="The Columns and Connecting Pieces."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fright sp2">
+    <a href="images/p52b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p52b.jpg" alt="SECTION OF COLUMN."
+    title="SECTION OF COLUMN."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">SECTION OF COLUMN.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  columns in the building perform three important offices. They support the roof and the galleries,
+  and serve as pipes to convey the rain-water from the roofs. Their form, which is beautiful, both
+  mechanically and artistically, was suggested by Mr. Barry; it is a ring, eight inches in diameter
+  externally, the thickness varying in the different columns, according to the weights they have to
+  support respectively. Four flat faces, about three inches wide, are added on the outside of this
+  ring, so that when the column is in its place, they face nearly north, south, east, and west. The
+  column may therefore be considered as a hollow tube, of the section just described, and of the
+  same form at each end, having at its extremities horizontally projecting rings called <span
+  class="smaller">SNUGS</span>, through which the bolts are passed, to fasten the columns to the
+  connecting-pieces and base-pieces. That the hollow form adopted for the columns is that best
+  suited to obtain the greatest strength with the least amount of material has been <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page53">{53}</span>abundantly shown by experiments, as even two straws placed
+  in an upright position will bear a very considerable weight; it is that also seen in the structure
+  of the bones of animals. Of these columns there are 3,300 in the whole building.</p>
+
+  <p>Those portions of the height of the columns which correspond with the depth and position of the
+  girders form separate lengths, which are called connecting-pieces, as they unite the lengths of
+  columns of the different storeys. These connecting-pieces have the same sectional form as the
+  columns themselves, and, like them, are the same at each end, where there are projections cast on,
+  which serve to support the girders, and which are provided with holes through which the bolts pass
+  to connect them with the columns. These holes alternate with the projections to receive the
+  girders, which projections are so formed that they clip others cast on to the ends of the girders,
+  which will be hereafter described. In the centre of each projection there is formed a small notch
+  which receives the key or wedge for fixing the girders.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The meeting faces of the columns and connecting-pieces were all turned in a lathe,
+  in order that, when set up, they might fit so precisely as not to require any packing to adjust
+  them in an upright position; and only in the cases of those columns which serve as water-pipes is
+  any such packing introduced. In those a piece of canvass, with white lead, is put into the joint.
+  An enormous amount of additional labour was involved by this proceeding, as no less than twelve
+  hundred of such faces had to be operated on; but this did not deter the enterprising contractors,
+  who were fully alive to the importance of the object to be attained. When fixed, the projecting
+  "snugs," with the bolts passing through them, were covered by ornamental caps and bases of
+  cast-iron, fixed after the rest of the work was completed.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd25.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd25.png" alt="The Base Pieces."
+    title="The Base Pieces."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  lower storey of columns in every case stands upon base-pieces of which the upright portion is a
+  continuation of the column, with "snugs" at the top, to correspond with those of the column, and
+  standing on a horizontal bed-plate, from which "shoulders" rise to strengthen the upright portion.
+  These bed-plates vary in size from three feet by two feet to one foot six inches by one foot, in
+  proportion to the weight which the several superincumbent columns have to sustain. The longest
+  dimension of the bed-plate is in the transverse direction of the building, in which the greatest
+  overturning strain might be expected to act upon the columns. From the vertical portion of the
+  base-pieces, sockets six inches in diameter project, in the direction of the length of the
+  building, into which are fitted the <span class="pagenum" id="page54">{54}</span>cast-iron
+  drain-pipes, which convey away the water brought down by the columns from the roof. The height of
+  the base-pieces varies to suit the different levels at which the floor is supported above the
+  ground. These levels had therefore to be determined in every individual instance previous to the
+  castings being made. It was done, however, with such precision that, when they came to be used,
+  they were all found to be of the exact length required for their situation. Of these base-pieces,
+  1,074 were required for the building.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p54.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p54.jpg" alt="BASE-PIECE."
+    title="BASE-PIECE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">BASE-PIECE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd26.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd26.png" alt="Cast-iron Girders."
+    title="Cast-iron Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  has been mentioned that the columns supported girders at three different heights, dividing the
+  greatest altitude of the building into three storeys; and that the lower tier of girders, where
+  the building consisted of more than one storey, served to support a gallery.</p>
+
+  <p>These gallery girders are all twenty-four feet long and three feet deep, the upper and lower
+  "flanges" or rails having a <img src="images/cs5.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="T section"/>
+  formed section with standards at the ends of similar section. The rectangular space between them
+  is then divided into three equal parts, by uprights having a <img src="images/cs6.png"
+  style="width:1.4em;" alt="+ section"/> form of section, and the three smaller spaces thus obtained
+  have diagonal "struts" in each direction. The girder thus described forms a double truss, in which
+  the diagonal braces are subjected both to the strain of compression and tension. At the top and
+  bottom of the end-standards small projections are cast on, by which the connecting-pieces hold the
+  girders; and at each end of the flat portion of the top and bottom rails small sinkings are cast,
+  by means of which the girder is keyed up to its position. The flat portion of the upper and lower
+  "flanges" of the girder is swelled out in width from the ends towards the centre, in order to
+  increase the quantity of metal in that part where the strain is greatest.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The description just given of the gallery girders will apply to all the cast-iron
+  girders throughout the building, of which there are 2,150; the only difference between them being,
+  that those for the roofs or other internal portions, where no gallery is to be supported, are cast
+  with a less amount of metal. The form of girder just described, which is unusual, was the result
+  of several experiments performed under the superintendence of Messrs. W. Cubitt, C. H. Wild, C.
+  Fox, and other gentlemen, previous to the commencement of the building; and the thickness of metal
+  for the different parts of these, as well as for all the other cast-iron work in the building, was
+  minutely calculated and determined by Mr. C. H. Wild and Mr. C. Fox, under the supervision of Mr.
+  Cubitt, the President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, to whom the Royal Commission had
+  intrusted the responsible duty of the chief superintendence of the whole of the work.</p>
+
+  <div id="f55"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p55.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p55.jpg"
+    alt="View of Interior from the Level of
+    Galleries." title="View of Interior from the Level of
+    Galleries."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of Interior from the Level of Galleries.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page55">{55}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd27.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd27.png" alt="The Galleries."
+    title="The Galleries."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>O
+  proceed to the gallery itself, supported by the girders just described. The timbers supporting the
+  floor are so arranged that the weight of each bay of twenty-four feet square is distributed
+  equally to the four girders inclosing it, and in such a manner as to bear upon them at the points
+  immediately over the vertical standards.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">In the transverse direction of the building two pairs of joists, eight feet apart
+  in each bay, are formed into trusses by tie-rods, 1&#x215C; inches diameter, passed through a
+  cast-iron shoe at each end, and pressing up two "struts," which are made to bear against the
+  under-side of binding-timbers running longitudinally, or crossing the joists, and immediately
+  under them. The cast-iron shoes for the trusses are bolted down to the girders, and serve at the
+  same time to receive the standard supports of the gallery railing. The ends of the binding-timbers
+  are secured by bolts and oak suspension-pieces to the other two girders inclosing the square.
+  Joists about two feet six inches apart bear from girder to girder parallel to the trusses, and
+  resting on the binding-timbers. On these is laid the floor, 1¼ inches thick, grooved and
+  iron-tongued. A light cast-iron railing, forming a kind of trellis-work, is fixed between the
+  columns, and is capped with a round mahogany hand-rail. From the view at page 60 the arrangement
+  of the galleries will be readily understood.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd28.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd28.png"
+    alt="Testing the Cast-iron Girders." title="Testing the Cast-iron Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_f.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="F"/>ROM the very important office which the girders perform throughout the building, but more
+  particularly those supporting the galleries, it was of the utmost importance that, previously to
+  their being fixed in their places, the soundness of the casting should be proved; for it could
+  hardly be expected that so large a number of girders could be produced without some of them being
+  defective. The ordinary means of testing girders, by loading them with weights, would have
+  occupied far too much time; and therefore an ingenious apparatus was devised by Mr. C. H. Wild for
+  this purpose, by the use of which the testing of a girder occupied but a few minutes.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page56">{56}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p56.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p56.jpg"
+    alt="FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING
+    THE GIRDERS." title="FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING
+    THE GIRDERS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING THE GIRDERS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>It consisted of a very strong cast-iron frame rather longer than the girder, the bottom of
+  which was formed by two fixed beams placed eight inches apart, and supported a few inches above
+  the ground. At each end of these a cast-iron standard was firmly bolted between them and rose to a
+  height rather greater than the depth of the girder to be tested; on the inner faces of these
+  standards two "shoulders" were formed, which received the projections cast on the ends of the
+  girder, as before mentioned. Between the fixed beams below, at two points dividing the whole
+  length into three equal parts, were placed strong cylinders, with rising pistons connected with a
+  forcing-pump, together with which they formed a Bramah's hydraulic press. A girder being placed in
+  this frame, in an inverted position, the force applied by means of the pistons rising from the
+  cylinders acted upon it precisely at those points, and in the same manner, as the load from the
+  gallery or the roof would do when afterwards fixed in its place.</p>
+
+  <p>The essential parts of the Bramah's press may be thus briefly described. It consists of two
+  cylinders, the diameter of one being considerably larger than that of the other. The smaller
+  cylinder is fitted with a solid plunger or piston, by means of which water may be forced from it
+  into the larger; this being also fitted with a rising piston, the force is communicated by it to
+  the weight which it is desired to raise. The power obtained by means of this apparatus arises from
+  the distributive power of fluids and the practical incompressibility of water, and it is
+  proportioned to the difference of the diameters of the two cylinders; so that if a pressure of one
+  pound per square inch be applied on the surface of the piston in the smaller cylinder, and the
+  piston in the larger cylinder present a surface ten times greater, the power is multiplied by that
+  number; whilst, in addition, the lever power used in applying the pressure to the smaller piston
+  is obtained. The <span class="pagenum" id="page57">{57}</span>cylinders are fitted with valves, so
+  arranged as to prevent the return of the water from the larger to the smaller, while the apparatus
+  is in action, and thus the power is accumulated in the former.</p>
+
+  <p>In the instance before us, the two 3-inch cylinders already alluded to in the proving-frame
+  took the place of the larger cylinder of the ordinary apparatus; and they were connected with the
+  forcing-pump by a strong metal tube. When a girder had been fixed in the frame for proving, the
+  force-pump was worked till the pistons underneath the girder carried it off its lower bearings and
+  pressed it upwards against the "shoulders," by which it was firmly held, and the pressure was then
+  continued until the amount previously fixed upon as necessary for proof had been obtained. This
+  was ascertained by means of a self-adjusting apparatus attached to the hydraulic press.</p>
+
+  <p>An iron cylinder 1½ inches diameter was placed in communication with the pipe connecting the
+  pump and the press, so that the pressure obtained in it was, in proportion to its diameter, the
+  same as that in the large cylinder; and it was fitted with a piston-rod, working in a vertical
+  direction. This piston-rod was connected with a lever, from the end of which a scale-pan was
+  suspended, at a distance from the fulcrum ten times greater than that of the point of attachment
+  of the piston from the same. The weight of the scale-pan and lever were balanced by a large mass
+  of iron at the other end. In the scale-pan a certain weight was placed, proportioned to the proof
+  desired to be obtained; and the action of the pump was continued until the water, rising in the
+  iron cylinder just described, forced up the lever, and with it the weight attached; and thus
+  indicated that the pressure to which it was desired to subject the girder had been reached. The
+  weight to be placed in the scale-pan was thus determined: the diameter of the lever cylinder being
+  1½ inches, and that of each of those in the proving-frame three inches, the pistons or "rams" in
+  the latter presented together eight times the surface of that in the lever cylinder; which being
+  multiplied by the difference of length of the two parts of the lever, determines the weight for
+  the scale-pan to be one-eightieth of that to which it was desired to prove the girder.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The ordinary gallery girders were tested with a pressure equivalent to a weight of
+  fifteen tons; but it was calculated that, when fixed, the greatest weight they would have to
+  sustain would be seven-and-a-half tons. In one instance, for the sake of experiment, the pressure
+  was continued beyond the proof weight of fifteen tons, to see what amount of strain the girders
+  would bear without fracture, and it was found that a strain of thirty tons produced no injurious
+  effect; but the girder broke with an additional weight of half a ton.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page58">{58}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd29.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd29.png" alt="Roof of Transept."
+    title="Roof of Transept."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E
+  will now return to describe that portion of the roof which varies in form and arrangement from the
+  rest, namely, the semicircular covering of the transept. This is supported by arched ribs, placed
+  twenty-four feet apart, and constructed of Memel timber, in three thicknesses; the centre-piece
+  four inches thick, with a 2-inch piece on each side of it. They are formed in lengths of about
+  nine feet, placed so as to break joint; that is, the joints of the outer pieces fall upon the
+  centre of the inner one. The thicknesses are fastened together by bolts passing through them about
+  two feet six inches apart, besides being nailed at other points. On the inner circumference of the
+  rib thus constructed there is then placed a piece of timber moulded to correspond with the form of
+  the columns; and on the outer circumference two boards, each one inch thick, are bent round and
+  attached to the rib with strong nails. On both the outer and inner circumference a flat bar of
+  iron is secured by bolts passing through the whole depth of the rib, which, thus finished,
+  measures eighteen inches in depth by eight inches in thickness. The ends of the ribs are fitted
+  into sockets, formed by the upward continuation of the columns, to which they are attached by iron
+  straps.</p>
+
+  <p>The ribs, which are supported by the trusses over the main avenue, have their ends bolted down
+  upon a piece of timber secured on the upper portion of the truss; and they are further fixed in
+  their places by oak brackets, forming a spreading foot on each side upon the same piece of
+  timber.</p>
+
+  <p>Between these large ribs horizontal timbers, called "purlins," are fixed about nine feet apart,
+  by means of cast-iron shoes, bolted both to them and to the ribs. These serve to support the minor
+  or intermediate ribs, occurring at distances of eight feet apart; which consist of a single square
+  piece of timber, having the two thicknesses of 1-inch board bent round their outer circumference,
+  as on the main ribs. The boards form the gutters or furrows between which rise the ridges, in the
+  same manner as in that portion of the roof which is horizontal.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The ridges, in this case, instead of being cut out of solid pieces, are formed in
+  three thicknesses, bent round to the requisite curve, and so retained by small bolts tying them
+  down to the "purlins." The sash-bars which receive the glass form, as elsewhere, the sloping
+  rafters or supports of the ridge.</p>
+
+  <div id="f58"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p58.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p58.jpg"
+    alt="Interior View of the Central Avenue
+    towards the West." title="Interior View of the Central Avenue
+    towards the West."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Interior View of the Central Avenue towards the West.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page59">{59}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The space below the first "purlin" or plate at the springing of the arch, down to the level of
+  the lead-flat beneath it, is fitted with louvre-frames for ventilation. The diagonal bracing
+  between the main ribs has been already alluded to. Each set consists of four wrought-iron rods
+  three quarters of an inch in diameter, having eyes at one end, by means of which they are secured
+  with bolts, passing through the thickness of the ribs; in the centre they meet in a cast-iron
+  ring, on the inner side of which the ends are screwed up with nuts.</p>
+
+  <p>The semicircular ends of the transept are filled in with tracery, formed by radiating timbers,
+  strutted apart with short pieces placed in concentric rings. The circular heads of the openings
+  are formed by iron castings screwed into their places, and the eye from which the radiating lines
+  of the tracery proceed is also formed by solid iron castings bolted together. On the outer face
+  the ribs of the tracery are moulded, and on the inner side glazed sashes are fixed, filling in the
+  openings.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The lead-flat, twenty-four feet wide, extending the whole length of the transept,
+  on either side of the semicircular roof, is constructed in a similar manner to the floor of the
+  galleries, by under-trussing two pairs of joists in each bay. In the width of the lead-flat roof a
+  horizontal truss is formed by flat bars of iron fixed in the direction of the diagonal of the
+  24-feet square bays, to resist any possible thrust or tendency of the ends of the ribs to open
+  outwards at the springing.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd30.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd30.png" alt="The Facework."
+    title="The Facework."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  external inclosures of the building, on the levels of the different storeys, require but little
+  description in detail beyond that already given. The sash-bars dividing the sashes of the upper
+  tiers are grooved for glass similarly to those used in the roof, and were cut out by the same
+  machinery. The glass was put in after they were framed together, so that it was necessary to
+  arrange the ends of the bars that it could be slipped in at one end. As the bars of these sashes
+  were of slight dimensions and considerable length, they were strengthened by wrought-iron rods
+  passed through the sash-frame and the bars, and screwed up at the ends, causing the whole to work
+  together. The sashes are held in their position by small cast-iron clips, which are bolted on to
+  the columns; and as the surface presented to the wind by the upright sides of the building is of
+  such considerable extent, wooden bridges are fixed against the sashes on the inside, by small
+  cast-iron shoes bolted to the columns; and at the internal angles, where the wind would exert its
+  greatest force, these bridges are further strengthened by wrought-iron rods half an inch in
+  diameter, pressing against the back of them, which is grooved for the purpose, and screwed up at
+  each end in the cast-iron shoes. In this manner a connected chain of resistance to any external
+  pressure is established round the whole circuit of the building.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page60">{60}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p60.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p60.jpg" alt="THE LOUVRE-FRAME."
+    title="THE LOUVRE-FRAME."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE LOUVRE-FRAME.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The louvre-frames, which form part of the face-work in all the different storeys,
+  consist of a deal frame in which bent louvre-blades are hung on pivots at each end. These blades
+  are of galvanised iron of an <img src="images/cs7.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="S section"/>
+  form. On the back of each blade is fixed a loop of thin iron, to which a rack is fitted; and by
+  these means all the blades in each frame are moved simultaneously. A considerable number of these
+  racks may also be connected, so that a large area of ventilation may be regulated at once.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd31.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd31.png"
+    alt="The Diagonal Bracing." title="The Diagonal Bracing."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_f.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="F"/>ROM the total absence in this building of any internal division-walls, which in ordinary
+  structures considerably add to their stability, it was thought desirable to introduce into the
+  construction something to compensate for this deficiency. At several points in the length of the
+  building, where a continuous connexion could be established transversely, the squares formed by
+  the columns and girders on the different storeys have their four corners connected by diagonal
+  rods, seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, having eyes at the ends, by which they are secured to
+  the bolts connecting the different parts of the columns. In the centre of the square the four rods
+  meet in a cast-iron ring, and are screwed up with nuts; ornamental faces are fitted into the
+  rings, so that this addition to the construction is by no means detrimental to the general
+  effect.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">In a similar manner this diagonal bracing is introduced in a horizontal direction
+  immediately under the floor of some portions of the galleries; of these there are twenty-two sets,
+  and of those placed vertically there are, altogether, 220 sets in the building, and the manner of
+  their introduction will be readily understood from the views of the interior.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd32.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd32.png" alt="The Staircases."
+    title="The Staircases."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  double staircases, of which it has been mentioned there are eight in the building, consist each of
+  four flights, about eight feet wide; two parallel ones, leading from the ground-floor to a
+  landing, at the half-height, and the other two branching in opposite directions from the landing
+  to the two galleries. The treads of the steps are <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page61">{61}</span>made of a species of mahogany called sabicu, which is much harder than oak,
+  and therefore peculiarly suited to the purpose for which it is here employed. The risers, or faces
+  of the steps, are of deal. The stairs are supported by cast-iron girders, following the slope, the
+  lower ones being fixed at the foot to stout timbers under the flooring, and the upper ends bolted
+  to the cast-iron columns which support the landing. These columns are of the same pattern as the
+  rest throughout the building, but only five inches in diameter. They are supported on concrete,
+  and eight of them are required for each staircase. The floor of the landing is carried by lesser
+  cast-iron girders, with flooring-joists.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p61.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p61.jpg" alt="VIEW OF STAIRCASE."
+    title="VIEW OF STAIRCASE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF STAIRCASE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The girders carrying the upper flights spring from the landing girders, and have their upper
+  ends bolted on to the main girders supporting the galleries, which are varied in pattern for this
+  purpose. The railing of the staircase is formed in separate cast-iron standards, one to each step,
+  which are bolted on to the top flange of the girders; and the foot of the standard is so continued
+  that the ends of the treads are fitted into it, and are thus supported. The pattern of these
+  standards is assimilated to that of the gallery railing.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The hand-rail is formed of Honduras mahogany, with carved ends. On each side of the
+  upper flight, which occupies the centre of a 24-feet space, connecting-galleries about eight feet
+  wide are carried, establishing a communication between the two lines of gallery without descending
+  to the level of the landing and then re-ascending. The landing is sufficiently high above the
+  ground-floor to give ample headway for passing underneath it; so that the space occupied by the
+  staircases on the ground-floor is but small.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page62">{62}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd33.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd33.png"
+    alt="The Floor and Foundations." title="The Floor and Foundations."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  now only remains to mention briefly the construction of the floor of the building, and the
+  foundations for the base-pieces. The substratum of the site consists of gravel of an excellent
+  quality, and sufficiently dense to have sustained, perhaps without any preparation, the load
+  brought upon it by the bases of the columns. A thickness of concrete, proportioned in all cases to
+  the amount of the weight to be borne by the superincumbent columns, and of such a size as to be
+  two feet in each direction larger than the bed-plates, was placed upon the gravel, and the upper
+  surface was finished with a bed of fine mortar to receive the bed-plates. In this manner it was
+  calculated that in no case would a greater weight than two-and-a-half tons be borne by each foot
+  superficial of the gravel&mdash;previous experiments having shown that a considerably larger
+  weight could be placed upon it without any injurious effect.</p>
+
+  <p>The timbers supporting the joists for the floor are also placed upon small blocks of concrete,
+  about one foot cube, at a distance of eight feet apart. On these are fixed the flooring-joists,
+  and a deal floor an inch and a half thick is laid on them, as has been already mentioned, with
+  intervals of about half an inch between the boards.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p62.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p62.jpg"
+    alt="FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE." title="FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In order to carry off the water brought down from the roof by every alternate longitudinal row
+  of columns, 6-inch cast-iron pipes are fitted into the sockets described in the base-pieces, and
+  are carried in the lines of those columns through the whole length of the building, with
+  discharges into the <span class="pagenum" id="page63">{63}</span>larger drains at the centre and
+  at each end; the natural slope of the ground gives a sufficient fall to the pipes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">Having thus described in detail all the different portions of the construction of
+  the building, we must proceed to give some account of its actual erection, which will enable us to
+  mention many very ingenious mechanical contrivances which were employed in the course of its
+  progress.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd34.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd34.png"
+    alt="The First Operations on the Ground." title="The First Operations on the Ground."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_f.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="F"/>ROM the great extent of the area required for the building, it was not to be expected
+  that any site would be found of the necessary size, perfectly level. On the ground occupied by the
+  building there is a difference of level between the two extreme ends of about eight feet. In
+  consequence of this fall of the natural surface from west to east, and in order to avoid having a
+  considerable flight of steps at one end of the building to compensate for it, it was determined to
+  arrange the floor with an inclination following nearly that of the ground, such fall being at the
+  rate of one inch in twenty-four feet. All the lines of the building which would be called
+  horizontal in fact follow this line of the floor, and those which are supposed to be upright are
+  placed at right angles to the floor, and therefore slightly inclined from the perpendicular
+  towards the east. The deviation, however, is so exceedingly small as to be perfectly imperceptible
+  even to those who are aware of the fact; and no one who was not previously informed of it would be
+  able to detect it.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been mentioned that Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender for the building was verbally
+  accepted on the 16th of July, 1850, and on the 30th of that month they obtained possession of the
+  site from the Commissioners of Woods and Forests.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The first proceeding was to inclose the whole area (including a considerable space
+  at each end more than would be covered by the building) with a hoarding about eight feet high, put
+  together in a very simple manner, so that the boards were afterwards available for the flooring.
+  The supports for the hoarding consisted of pieces of timber fixed in the ground in pairs, at
+  intervals of the length of the boards, leaving a narrow space between them, into which the boards
+  were dropped, and thus held in their place without any nails. Temporary offices were then erected
+  in a convenient portion of the site, and were covered with a roofing which was a specimen of that
+  to be used in the building itself. Considerable ranges of carpenters' sheds were also put up, and
+  even stables for twenty or thirty horses, which were required in the progress of the works.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page64">{64}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd35.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd35.png"
+    alt="Setting out the Ground." title="Setting out the Ground."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  first thing to be done towards the building itself was to set out accurately all the points where
+  the columns would stand, as well as the general outline of the building. It will be readily
+  understood that this was an exceedingly important part of the work, as upon its accuracy depended
+  the fitting together of the various parts that had afterwards to be put in place.</p>
+
+  <p>This part of the work was executed with great precision by Mr. W. G. Brounger. He commenced by
+  determining the four extreme angles of the building, and the centre lines of the main avenues.
+  These formed fixed points from which were determined the whole of the centres for the columns.</p>
+
+  <p>Our readers will recollect that the dimension of twenty-four feet occurs horizontally
+  throughout the building, either in multiples or sub-multiples. In order to measure off the
+  different distances, rods of American pine were made, into which, near the ends, pieces of metal
+  were fixed, having corresponding notches at the exact distance of twenty-four feet apart. By these
+  means the lengths were measured off with great accuracy, as the wood used is not liable to
+  alteration in the length of its fibre; and by means of the metal notches the rods were sure to be
+  placed correctly together. It was necessary to make these sockets or notches of metal, from the
+  great amount of work the rods had to perform.</p>
+
+  <p>In determining the length of the rods, the standard of the Astronomical Society was used; and
+  this was referred to in all important measurements for the castings and other parts of the
+  building, to insure their precise eventual agreement in length. This will hardly be considered to
+  have been unnecessary when it is remembered that, from the great length of the building, a very
+  minute error in any of the parts would have been so multiplied as sensibly to throw out the
+  ends.</p>
+
+  <p>To those who are unacquainted with the fact, it may be well to mention that the standard of
+  length referred to is obtained from a pendulum, which oscillates seconds, in the latitude of
+  London, in a vacuum, at the level of the sea, at a certain fixed temperature. The length of this
+  pendulum is then divided into a certain registered number of feet and inches.</p>
+
+  <p>The rods above described were carried along the centre lines of the columns, and the position
+  of each column was marked by a small stake driven into the ground; and in order still more
+  accurately to fix the centre, a long nail was driven into the head of the stake. In this manner
+  the position of every column throughout the building was determined.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The level at which the floor was to be fixed was the next point <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page65">{65}</span>determined by the ordinary method of levelling, and stakes,
+  with a <img src="images/cs5.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="T section"/> piece at the top, called
+  boning-sticks, were fixed in different parts of the building; by the aid of which the tops of the
+  base-pieces for the columns were all afterwards fixed in one plane of the required slope.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd36.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd36.png"
+    alt="Fixing the Base Plates." title="Fixing the Base Plates."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  next proceeding was to excavate the holes for the concrete, on which the base-pieces were to
+  stand. To do this, the stakes marking the centres of the columns had to be removed, and it was
+  therefore necessary to adopt some method of finding those centres again with precision. For this
+  purpose a large carpenter's square, as it is called, was made. This instrument forms a
+  right-angled triangle, and in this instance was used in the following manner:&mdash;The centre of
+  its longest side, or hypothenuse, was marked by a line, which, if continued, would pass through
+  the right angle of the triangle, and at an equal distance along each of the other sides of the
+  triangle from the right angle an upright saw-cut or notch was made. The square was then placed
+  horizontally, so that the line marked on the hypothenuse coincided with that of the centres of a
+  row of columns, and so that the right-angled corner of the square touched the nail marking the
+  exact site of a column. Two small stakes were then driven under the notches in the short arms of
+  the square, and nails were driven into them through the notches. It will be seen that by these
+  means the site of the first stake could easily be again ascertained after its removal. The holes
+  for the concrete were then dug of an oval form and of the various sizes and depths required, and
+  the concrete filled in to the proper height. The gravel used for the concrete was raised in a pit
+  at one end of the ground.</p>
+
+  <p>Next to the setting out of the positions of the columns, perhaps the operation of fixing the
+  base-pieces was that in which the greatest accuracy was required; for as there were in some parts
+  three storeys of columns to be fixed over them, any inaccuracy as to their level or position would
+  be very much increased at the top of the building. To fix the base-pieces over the centres that
+  had been determined for the columns, another carpenter's square was made use of, like that already
+  described, but having the right-angled corner cut out to the form of the section of a column. This
+  square being placed with the notches in its short sides over the two stakes already described, the
+  upright portion of the base-piece was fitted into the notch at the angle; and as the reader will
+  at once see, if he has followed us in the description of the various processes, its correct
+  position was thus exactly found.</p>
+
+  <p>In order to determine the level of the top of the base-pieces, boning-sticks were placed in the
+  lines of the columns, and when the base-piece <span class="pagenum" id="page66">{66}</span>had
+  been approximately fixed, a piece of wood was placed on it edgeways, the top of which was to range
+  with the top of the boning-sticks. This was easily arranged by looking along them; and the workmen
+  drove down the base-piece with a wooden mallet till the desired level was obtained.</p>
+
+  <p>From what has been previously stated, it may be gathered that the base-pieces had to be fixed
+  truly upright in one direction, but slightly inclined in the other; and to effect this a
+  plumb-rule was made, on which the deviation from the perpendicular line was marked; and this, when
+  applied to those faces of the base-pieces which were to incline, served to show when the proper
+  inclination was arrived at, whilst an ordinary plumb-rule applied to the other upright faces
+  tested their vertical position.</p>
+
+  <p>The first column was raised on the ground on the 26th of September, but little more than two
+  months after the tender had been accepted. In the meantime, many of the different castings had
+  already arrived on the ground, and a considerable advance had been made in the carpenter's work
+  for the gutters and other parts. The semi-circular ribs for the transept roof were also being put
+  together, and stacked in such a manner as not to stand in the way of the other works.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p66.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p66.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS." title="VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">We may mention here that every casting, as it came on to the ground, was weighed
+  and registered, and every girder proved, as already described; in doing which considerable
+  assistance was derived from one of Mr. Henderson's patent Derrick cranes, which was erected near
+  the proving-apparatus. By its means a girder was raised from the waggon in which it arrived,
+  placed on the weighing-machine, weighed, removed to the proving-press, tested, raised again, and
+  deposited on the ground in a stack, in less than four minutes.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page67">{67}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd37.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd37.png"
+    alt="Henderson's Derrick Crane." title="Henderson's Derrick Crane."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp2 w100 tlf" title="Henderson's Derrick Crane" summary="Henderson's Derrick Crane">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac">(<span class="sc">Fig. 1.</span>)</td>
+      <td class="ac">(<span class="sc">Fig. 2.</span>)</td>
+      <td class="ac">(<span class="sc">Fig. 3.</span>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac w33 vbm"><span class="ac w30 fcenter"><a href="images/p67a.jpg"><img
+      style="width:100%" src="images/p67a.jpg" alt="HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."
+      title="HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."/></a></span></td>
+      <td class="ac w33 vbm"><span class="ac w30 fcenter"><a href="images/p67b.jpg"><img
+      style="width:100%" src="images/p67b.jpg" alt="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."
+      title="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."/></a></span></td>
+      <td class="ac w33 vbm"><span class="ac w30 fcenter"><a href="images/p67c.jpg"><img
+      style="width:100%" src="images/p67c.jpg" alt="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."
+      title="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."/></a></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac smaller">HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.</td>
+      <td class="ac smaller">PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.</td>
+      <td class="ac smaller">PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="A"/> BRIEF description of this useful engine may not be out of place here. It consists of an
+  upright mast (<span class="smaller">E</span>), steadied when the crane is in use by two sloping
+  stays (<span class="smaller">F F</span>). These stays are fixed into horizontal timbers (<span
+  class="smaller">G</span>) on the ground, connected with the foundation-plate (<span
+  class="smaller">H</span>) on which the mast turns. At the foot of the mast is fixed a combination
+  of wheels and working handles for raising the weight, technically called a crab. A beam (<span
+  class="smaller">A</span>) working at the bottom in a socket (<span class="smaller">B</span>, Fig.
+  3) fixed to the foot of the mast, but hanging out from it in a sloping direction, is called the
+  <span class="smaller">DERRICK</span>, and forms the principal peculiarity of the crane, as it can
+  be raised more to the upright line, or lowered to slope more outwards, as may be desired, by means
+  of the chain (<span class="smaller">C</span>). The advantage of this is obvious; for a weight may
+  thus be raised from or deposited at any point within a circle of a certain radius, depending on
+  the length of the derrick; whereas, in an ordinary crane, the weight can only be placed at points
+  upon the circumference of that circle. The whole engine revolves on a pivot (<span
+  class="smaller">H</span>, Fig. 2) at the <span class="pagenum" id="page68">{68}</span>foot of the
+  mast. Cranes of this description are made varying in power from one to forty tons, and with
+  derricks ranging from twenty to sixty feet radius.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w40 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd38.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd38.png"
+    alt="Raising and Fixing the Columns and
+    Girders." title="Raising and Fixing the Columns and
+    Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_m.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="M"/>ANY of the persons who visited the building during the progress of its erection were
+  heard to inquire "where was the scaffolding;" and others even imagined that the skeleton framework
+  they saw was, in fact, only the scaffolding for the building, and not parts of its actual
+  construction. This leads us to point out one of the most interesting peculiarities of the
+  structure; namely, that it formed, as it were, the scaffolding for its own erection. In order to
+  raise the columns upon the base-pieces, two poles were placed upright, connected by a horizontal
+  piece, forming what is called shear-legs; the whole being steadied in its position by ropes from
+  the summit fixed to the ground in various directions. A rope with pulleys fixed to the horizontal
+  piece served to hoist the column, and sustain it in a vertical position until the bolts were
+  passed through the projecting rings at the bottom of the column and the corresponding ones at the
+  top of the base-piece, and screwed up. When two columns had been thus fixed, a connecting-piece
+  was attached to each end of a girder, and the whole raised by the same apparatus, and fixed on the
+  top of the columns; bolts being passed through the holes in the projections of the
+  connecting-pieces, corresponding with those on the top of the columns. The shear-legs were then
+  moved on twenty-four feet to perform the same duties to another pair of columns; and two sides of
+  a 24-feet bay were thus formed. To complete the square, two more girders were raised in a similar
+  manner, and fixed between the connecting-pieces over the columns. The square bay then became a
+  firm structure, requiring no further support; and by repeating these operations all the smaller
+  avenues of the building were erected, of the different heights of one, two, or three storeys. The
+  greatest number of columns thus fixed in one week was 310.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp3">
+    <a href="images/p68.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p68.jpg" alt="FIXING THE GIRDERS."
+    title="FIXING THE GIRDERS."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">FIXING THE GIRDERS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="f69"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p69.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p69.jpg"
+    alt="General View of the Works in Progress." title="General View of the Works in Progress."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">General View of the Works in Progress.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page69">{69}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd39.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd39.png"
+    alt="Hoisting the Roof Trusses." title="Hoisting the Roof Trusses."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  wrought-iron roof-trusses over the 48-feet avenues were raised in a similar manner to the columns
+  and girders; and in all cases horses were employed to run out the end of the fall-rope, which was
+  passed through a pulley or catch-block at the foot of the shear-legs, in order to change its
+  direction from vertical to horizontal.</p>
+
+  <p>For raising the roof-trusses of seventy-two feet span over the main avenue a somewhat different
+  method was employed. A single mast or derrick, more than seventy feet high, was placed in the
+  centre of the avenue, and steadied in an upright position by guide-ropes spreading from the top in
+  various directions. Near its summit the hoisting-tackle was firmly lashed on. The trusses to be
+  hoisted were brought from the places where they had been put together, and placed across the main
+  avenue at the points where they were to be fixed. Two ends of a stout chain were passed round the
+  upper portion of the truss, at points dividing its length into about three equal parts. To this
+  chain the hoisting-tackle was attached, guide-ropes being further fastened to each end of the
+  truss to steady it in its ascent. In order to stiffen the truss horizontally, struts were attached
+  at the centre projecting on each side, and held in their place by tie-rods attached to the upper
+  part of the truss, and forming a triangle on each side. Before the truss, therefore, could bend in
+  a horizontal direction, the attachment of these tie-rods must have given way. Six horses drew out
+  the end of the fall-rope, and in the course of a very few minutes the truss was hoisted to its
+  giddy height, and each end slipped in between the projections made in the connecting-pieces to
+  receive it.</p>
+
+  <p>The animated scene presented by these operations was highly interesting from the number of men
+  employed, both on the ground and for fixing the trusses in their position aloft, and from the
+  rapid progress so many hands made. Each gang of men was managed by a foreman, who was obliged to
+  issue his orders through a speaking-trumpet, to enable his voice to be heard in the din caused by
+  the other works going on around. Besides the two large gangs of men engaged in the hoisting of the
+  trusses, other smaller gangs were at work at different points getting up the columns and girders.
+  In one part, the roofing of which was completed as early as practicable, a crowd of carpenters
+  were preparing the Paxton's gutters and other portions of the work. In another place, as soon as a
+  sufficient space could be roofed over and a temporary floor laid, various parts of the machinery
+  we have already described were fitted up and worked by portable steam-engines. Of these there were
+  three in different parts: one drove the machinery for finishing the sash-bars, gutters, ridges,
+  &amp;c.; another worked the drilling, punching, and other machinery connected with the iron-work;
+  and a third was used for working circular saws.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page70">{70}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Of the number of trusses that were hoisted as above described, in only one instance (and that
+  the first) was the result otherwise than perfectly successful. The first truss was raised by its
+  ends, instead of from the centre; but that method was afterwards abandoned, from the difficulty of
+  maintaining the truss in an upright position during its ascent; which was important, as, if it
+  turned on its side, its lateral strength was not sufficient to prevent it from bending, which
+  would have destroyed the joints of the work.</p>
+
+  <p>One of the tall masts was worked on each side of the transept, from the centre to the ends of
+  the building, being maintained constantly in an upright position, while traversing from point to
+  point, by alternate slackening and hauling up of the ropes which steadied it; and it was curious
+  to witness the motion of these tall giants, as they slowly progressed from one point to another,
+  in the performance of their important office. Stout planks were laid along the ground, upon which
+  the foot of the mast was forced forward by crowbars and levers; the planks served also to
+  distribute the weight, which would otherwise have sunk the end into the ground. As many as seven
+  trusses were hoisted in one day by each derrick, which had therefore to travel a distance of 168
+  feet.</p>
+
+  <p>So careful were the men, under the direction of the manager (to whom was intrusted the active
+  superintendence of the whole erection of the building), that no accident of importance occurred in
+  these difficult operations.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p70.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p70.jpg"
+    alt="HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES." title="HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd40.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd40.png"
+    alt="Provision for Expansion of Girders." title="Provision for Expansion of Girders."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>N
+  connexion with the fixing of the girders, it may be desirable to mention the provision that was
+  made for the expansion and contraction of the iron, which in so great a length as that of the
+  building might have otherwise produced results prejudicial to its stability.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page71">{71}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Between the projections cast on to the connecting-pieces and those projecting from the ends of
+  the girders which they were made to clip, sufficient space was left for the introduction of oak
+  keys, by driving in which the girder was fixed in its place, whilst the compressibility of the
+  wood left sufficient play for the expansion of the metal. In describing the girders, it was
+  mentioned that in the upper and lower flat flanges small sinkings were cast near the ends.
+  Corresponding with these sinkings, a notch was left in the projection which came out from the
+  connecting-piece; and when the girder was put into its place, iron wedges were driven in between
+  the notch and the sinking, by which means any lateral motion of the girder was prevented. It was a
+  great advantage to have the means of fixing the girders of so simple a nature, as any arrangement
+  presenting the least complication, or requiring great nicety, would have materially retarded the
+  progress of the work.</p>
+
+  <p>The wrought-iron trusses were held by the connecting-pieces in a similar manner to the
+  cast-iron girders; but, as an additional security, bolts were passed through holes provided in the
+  standards at the ends, and through the connecting-pieces, where they were screwed up with
+  nuts.</p>
+
+  <p>The raising and fixing of the extra-strong roof-trusses crossing the main avenue near the side
+  of the transept required particular care, from their great weight; the heaviest being, as we have
+  before mentioned, no less than eight tons. These trusses were the first that were fixed across the
+  central avenue, and about 150 men were engaged in the hoisting of each one. They are secured to
+  the columns by four strong bolts passing through the end-standards.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">In order to provide additional support for the great weight brought upon the
+  last-mentioned trusses by the transept roof, extra columns were introduced underneath them. These
+  were built up in storeys corresponding with those of the other columns, with which they were
+  connected, at the levels of the girders, by bolts and straps. A cast-iron shoe, fixed on the top
+  of the columns, provided a bearing for the ends of the truss. The columns just described project
+  slightly into the main avenue from the line of the other columns; and this is the only instance in
+  the interior of the building of the iron columns occurring at a less distance than twenty-four
+  feet apart.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd41.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd41.png" alt="Glazing the Roof."
+    title="Glazing the Roof."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E
+  have now traced the erection of the building up to the level of the roof, in which it will be
+  readily conceived the operation of glazing was one of extreme difficulty, there being no
+  scaffolding to aid the workmen in conducting their operations. When the glazing was first
+  commenced a light scaffolding was suspended from the rafters; but <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page72">{72}</span>this was found to be too tedious and troublesome a method of proceeding for
+  so large an extent of roofing. It was, moreover, of great importance that some means should be
+  devised for completing this part of the construction independently of the weather; a matter of
+  some moment, when it is remembered that the work had to be done in the winter, when in our climate
+  such operations are liable to be very much impeded by heavy rain. The arrangements made to meet
+  this difficulty, as well as some others for carrying on the works, are very clearly described in a
+  paper by Mr. Digby Wyatt, read at the Institution of Civil Engineers, on the 14th January, 1851,
+  from which we quote some passages, by permission, for the benefit of our readers.</p>
+
+  <p>With reference to the means employed for glazing the roof he says: "To effect this purpose, a
+  travelling stage was devised by Mr. Fox, which superseded the necessity of any scaffolding for
+  glazing, and by means of seventy-six of these machines nearly the whole of the work has been
+  executed. The stage was about eight feet square, and rested on four small wheels travelling in the
+  Paxton's gutters. It thus embraced a width of one bay of eight feet of the roof, with one ridge
+  and two sloping sides. Each bay in width required, therefore, a separate stage."</p>
+
+  <p>"Each stage was occupied by two workmen, and was covered by an awning of canvass stretched over
+  hoops, to protect them in bad weather, and was further provided with a box on each side to contain
+  a supply of glass. The sash-bars and other materials were piled upon the stage itself, the centre
+  of the platform being left open for the convenience of hoisting up materials, for which purpose
+  there was a small iron arm with a single block pulley."</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p72.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p72.jpg"
+    alt="GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF." title="GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"Whilst working, the men sat at one end of the platform (the ridge having been previously fixed
+  in position by means of the extra-strong sash-bars), and they fixed the glass in front of them,
+  pushing the stage backwards as they completed each pane. On coming to the strong sash-bars
+  previously fixed, they temporarily removed them to allow the stage to pass. In this manner each
+  stage travelled, uninterruptedly, from the transept to the east and west ends of the building, and
+  the glaziers were enabled to follow up the previously-fixed work very closely. The average amount
+  of glazing done by one man per day was fifty-eight squares, or about 200 superficial feet; and the
+  largest amount done by any one man in a working-day was 108 squares, or 367 superficial feet."</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page73">{73}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The mode of fixing the squares of glass was this: a sash-bar having been nailed
+  down between the ridge and the gutter, the workman inserted one long edge of a square of glass
+  into the groove in the sash-bar, he then placed a loose bar against the other long edge of the
+  glass and brought the whole down to bear upon the ridge and gutter, the second sash-bar fitting
+  into the notches prepared for it; the glass was then pressed up a little, in order to insert its
+  upper edge into the groove in the ridge, and the workman then filled in the grooves on the outside
+  of the glass with putty, the lower edge of the glass having been also bedded on putty where it
+  bears on the edge of the gutter. The ends of each sash-bar were fixed with a nail driven into the
+  holes previously drilled.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd42.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd42.png"
+    alt="Stage for Repairing Glass." title="Stage for Repairing Glass."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="A"/>S it might naturally be expected that out of the thousands of panes of glass employed,
+  particularly in the flat roof of the building, many would be broken in the course of the works,
+  subsequently to their being fixed, it was necessary that a ready means should be devised for
+  repairing any such damage, as the glazing-waggons used for the first execution of the work would
+  not be available for that purpose. A light stage was therefore constructed, travelling with wooden
+  wheels upon the ridges instead of in the gutters; and from this the men were able to perform their
+  work without walking along the narrow gutters, which would have been attended with much risk. This
+  stage was also used for fixing the canvass on the outside of the roofing, where it is nailed along
+  the ridges, and allowed to bag down slightly between them. The object of the canvass, which covers
+  externally the whole of the roof except the transept, is twofold: it preserves the glass from
+  damage, and also protects the objects exhibited from the direct rays of the sun, which would, of
+  course, in many instances, be very prejudicial; for the latter purpose the upright sashes on the
+  south side are also covered with canvass on the inside.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd43.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd43.png"
+    alt="Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof." title="Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_o.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="O"/>NE
+  of the most interesting operations which attracted the attention of the numerous visitors to the
+  works was the raising the ribs for the semicircular roof of the transept, the description of which
+  we give from Mr. Wyatt's paper<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"The operation about which most anxiety had been felt was the hoisting <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page74">{74}</span>of the arched ribs of the transept. These ribs were constructed on the
+  ground horizontally, and when completed with all their bolts, two of them were reared on end, and
+  maintained in a vertical position, at a distance of twenty-four feet from each other, by
+  guy-ropes. As the ribs singly possessed little lateral stiffness, they were framed together in
+  pairs with the purlins, intermediate small ribs and diagonal tie-rods, forming a complete bay of
+  the roof twenty-four feet long; two complete sets of temporary ties were also introduced to
+  provide for the strains incident to the variations in position of the ribs during the hoisting.
+  The feet of the ribs were bolted on to a stout piece of timber, and the lower purlins strutted up
+  from the same." In this state the framework is shown in the engraving.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p74.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p74.jpg"
+    alt="A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING." title="A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>"The whole framework was then moved on rollers to the centre of the square formed by the
+  intersection of the transept and the main avenue, where it was afterwards hoisted. All the ribs
+  were landed over this square, and were afterwards moved on a tramway formed of a half baulk of
+  timber constructed over the columns on either side of the transept, at a height of about four feet
+  above the lead-flat. The hoisting-tackle consisted of four crabs, each one being placed on the
+  side of the transept opposite to the part of the ribs to be lifted by it, so that the men at the
+  crabs might watch the effect of their exertions with greater convenience."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">"The hoisting-shears were placed on the lead-flat immediately over the deep trusses
+  of seventy-two feet span; each set consisted of three stout scaffold-poles, lashed together at the
+  top, and footed on planks laid across the flat, and secured by the necessary guy-ropes. The
+  hoisting-rope passed from each of the crabs across the transept horizontally, to a leading block
+  attached to the foot of the opposite angle column of the square; it then passed up to a treble
+  block fastened to the shears on the flat, and from thence down to a double block secured by chains
+  to the bottom part of the ribs."</p>
+
+  <div id="f75"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p75.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p75.jpg"
+    alt="Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof." title="Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page75">{75}</span></div>
+
+  <p>"There was a peculiar difficulty to be overcome in this operation, which arose from the
+  circumstance that the width of the framework was greater than that of the transept, the extreme
+  width of the framework to be hoisted being seventy-four feet, and the clear width apart of the
+  trusses above which it had to be hoisted being only seventy-one feet four inches. It was therefore
+  necessary to raise one side to a height of thirty-five feet before raising the other, so as to
+  diminish the horizontal width of the whole, the diameter of the semicircle being maintained at
+  this angle; the whole was then hoisted, until the highest end could clear the tramway."</p>
+
+  <p>This accounts for the slanting position in which the ribs are shown in the view given.</p>
+
+  <p>"The foot of the ribs on one side was then passed over the tramway sufficiently to allow the
+  other side to clear the opposite truss; after which the whole was hoisted to the full height, and
+  rested on rollers of hard wood placed between the sills attached to the framework and the tramway,
+  by means of which it was moved to its permanent position. There it was again raised by another set
+  of shears, while the sill and tramway were removed from under it; and the ribs were then lowered
+  into the sockets prepared for them, formed by the continuation of the columns above the level of
+  the lead-flat."</p>
+
+  <p>"Each successive pair of ribs was fixed at a distance of twenty-four feet, or one bay from the
+  preceding one; and the purlins, &amp;c., were fixed in the intervening space without any
+  scaffolding from the ground, by means of jointed ladders, which were adjusted to the form of the
+  roof."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The first pair of ribs was hoisted December 4th, and the eighth pair on December
+  12th. The operation, which was one of great excitement and considerable anxiety, was personally
+  superintended by the contractors, aided by their most able foremen and assistants; and a crowd of
+  visitors, including many of the illustrious promoters of the undertaking, watched with intense
+  interest the steady ascent of the apparently unwieldy piece of construction, and every spectator
+  seemed astonished at the mechanical regularity with which the whole operation proceeded. It took
+  about one hour to raise a pair from the ground to the level of the lead-flat, and the whole was
+  done without any accident whatever. About sixty men were employed in the hoisting, there being
+  eleven men to each crab, and the remainder on the lead-flats.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page76">{76}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd44.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd44.png"
+    alt="Glazing the Transept Roof." title="Glazing the Transept Roof."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  semicircular form of the transept roof rendered it necessary to adopt a different mode of
+  operation for glazing it to that used in the horizontal portion. A stage, thirty-two feet long and
+  about three feet wide, with a protecting rail at the side, was constructed, so that it rested upon
+  rollers, travelling on the ridges. It was slung by ropes from the crown of the arched roof, and
+  could be raised and lowered at pleasure. It accommodated eight workmen, with the necessary
+  quantity of materials in sash-bars and glass; and they thus performed, with ease and rapidity, an
+  operation which before the fitting-up of the stage appeared at least extremely difficult, and to
+  the uninitiated next to impossible.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p76.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p76.jpg"
+    alt="STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT." title="STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The men commenced fixing the glass at the bottom or springing of the arch, and as
+  they completed their work the stage was raised at intervals by labourers stationed on the
+  lead-flat. A portion of the glazing at the crown of the arch was effected by men working on a
+  light scaffold, suspended within from the temporary ties mentioned as having been attached to the
+  ribs; whilst those upon the stage worked upwards till they joined the portion done from the
+  top.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd45.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd45.png" alt="The Painting."
+    title="The Painting."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>
+  PORTION of the work which necessarily occupied a very large amount of time was the painting, which
+  was necessary for the preservation of all the parts, as well as for their appearance; and when it
+  is considered that every portion required to be gone over four times, it must be evident that it
+  was highly desirable to adopt some means <span class="pagenum" id="page77">{77}</span>for
+  facilitating the operation. It was found that the sash-bars of the roof, being in short lengths
+  and of small dimensions, could readily be operated upon by some mechanical contrivance.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p77a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p77a.jpg"
+    alt="THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE." title="THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>A wooden trough was made sufficiently long to receive the sash-bars, and this was filled with
+  paint; a number of the bars were then put into it, and upon being taken out separately, they were
+  passed through a frame into which a set of brushes were fixed in such a manner as to clear off all
+  the unnecessary paint. Two small brushes, placed where the bar first entered the frame, cleared
+  out the grooves. One workman pushed the bar in at one end of the frame, which was about two feet
+  six inches long, and another drew it out at the other end, where a trough was placed to receive
+  any droppings of paint. The bars were then stacked upright, until they were sufficiently dry for
+  the next coat. The first coat only was put on by this apparatus, the second being done in the
+  ordinary manner, and the last not till after the work was all fixed in its place. By means of this
+  apparatus a workman could perform at least ten times the amount of work done in the ordinary
+  way.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p77b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p77b.jpg"
+    alt="THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES." title="THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The finishing the painting of the various parts of the roof internally, after they
+  had been put together, was very ingeniously managed, so that while the workmen were able to work
+  with ease to themselves, the scaffolding on which they stood required no supports from the ground,
+  where they would have been much in the way of other operations; loops of <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page78">{78}</span>wrought-iron were hooked on to the roof-trusses, and by means of these a
+  perfect cloud of scaffold-boards was suspended, enabling between 400 and 500 men to be at work at
+  one time. The roof of the main avenue, particularly, presented a very singular appearance, as
+  nearly one half of the entire length was thus covered at one time, and a crowd of painters were at
+  work over the heads of many, perhaps unconscious exhibitors, who were arranging their goods
+  undisturbed below.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd46.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd46.png"
+    alt="The Hand-rail Machine." title="The Hand-rail Machine."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_o.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="O"/>NE
+  of the mechanical contrivances which were put up on the ground during the works, for saving labour
+  and increasing the rapidity of production, remains to be mentioned; it was contrived for turning
+  out the rounded mahogany hand-rail for the gallery railing as well as that for the staircases.</p>
+
+  <p>The mahogany being supplied in slabs of the requisite thickness, these were first cut up by
+  circular saws into pieces of a square section, and the angles of these were then bevelled off by
+  the same means; the lengths were afterwards transferred to the hand-rail cutting machine to be
+  rounded.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p78a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p78a.jpg"
+    alt="THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE." title="THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p78b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p78b.jpg"
+    alt="PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE." title="PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The principal portion of the machine consists of a hollow cast-iron cylinder, round
+  which a strap may be passed to drive it. At one end of this cylinder four cutters are fixed, so
+  that a piece of wood passing between them and through the cylinder, as it revolves, is rounded off
+  to a true circular form of section, and is turned out so smoothly <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page79">{79}</span>finished as to require scarcely any further work upon it before fixing. In
+  advance of the cutters pressure-rollers are placed, furnished with teeth; and these, as they are
+  turned round by a cranked handle, seize upon a piece of mahogany and force it forward against the
+  cutters, which form, as it were, the jaws of the hollow cylinder, which thus seems to be
+  constantly swallowing lengths of rough mahogany, which escape from it finished. The wooden rail is
+  passed up to the cutters along a groove, the end of which is shown in the small engraving; and
+  opposite each end of the revolving cylinder springs are fixed, which prevent the rail from
+  shifting its position. The hand-rail was all turned out in 21-feet lengths, of which about thirty
+  were completed in the day.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd47.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd47.png"
+    alt="General View of the Works." title="General View of the Works."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E
+  have mentioned that the actual commencement of the building was made by fixing one of the columns
+  on the 26th of September; and, within a few weeks, more than a thousand men were at work, though,
+  from the great extent of the ground they were spread over, it was difficult to estimate their
+  number, which was, however, made apparent by the rapidity with which the building began to grow.
+  The place presented an animated and interesting scene, which attracted a great number of visitors;
+  and crowds of the fair sex were not deterred by the rough state of the ground from endeavouring to
+  satisfy their proverbial thirst for knowledge. In one part of the ground might be seen the putting
+  together of the wrought-iron roof-girders to the deafening tune of more than a hundred hammers; in
+  another place gutters were being put together by the mile, for which some hundred or two of
+  sawyers were cutting up ship-loads of timber. Three portable steam-engines in various parts were
+  driving the different machinery already described, which, however, was mostly grouped in one place
+  near the transept. The central avenue formed, of course, the great thoroughfare, where teams of
+  horses were constantly passing, dragging the slender columns, or unwieldy-looking girders, to
+  their places, while other teams were engaged in running them up to their final position.
+  Over-head, too, the glaziers' waggons, dotted about the roof, seemed to be running on some new
+  aerial railways; in every direction that the eye turned the busy scene extended.</p>
+
+  <p>For carrying on these extensive works an immense number of men were necessarily employed on the
+  spot, besides those occupied in preparing the various parts at different places. The greatest
+  number of men on the ground in any one week was 2,260; and the season of the year frequently
+  rendered it necessary for the workmen to continue their labours after dark, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page80">{80}</span>which they did partly by the light of huge bonfires of shavings and odd
+  scraps of wood. The effect of these great fires, which were generally lighted in some part of the
+  main avenue, was exceedingly grand. The light of the tall flames was reflected from the glass of
+  the roof far away into the darkness which concealed all the other parts; whilst occasionally a
+  lantern carried by a workman engaged in fixing the upper columns, or some part of the roof,
+  glimmered like some new star.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">On one occasion, when the greatest efforts were being made to push on the progress
+  of the works, no less than twelve large bonfires lighted the men at their midnight toil; and had
+  the building been formed of combustible materials, a passing observer would have imagined that the
+  whole was in flames.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd48.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd48.png"
+    alt="Paying the Workmen." title="Paying the Workmen."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  process of distributing their wages among so large a number of men, on every recurring Saturday
+  evening, was one which could only be effected within a reasonable time by some systematic
+  arrangement; and to such perfection was this brought in the course of the works, that the whole
+  number of 2,000 men or upwards were sometimes paid in little more than an hour; though at first it
+  occupied a considerably longer time.</p>
+
+  <p>The mode in which this was effected was as follows:&mdash;When a workman was engaged his name
+  was entered in a book against a certain number, which was stamped on several brass tickets, three
+  of which were given to each workman before leaving the ground in the evening.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p80.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p80.jpg"
+    alt="THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX." title="THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Every man had to enter the premises three times in the course of the day; namely, the first
+  thing in the morning, after returning from breakfast, and after returning from dinner. On each
+  occasion he was required to deposit at the gate one of these tickets, which were afterwards sorted
+  by the clerks, and entered in the time-book. In this way, if a man failed to come to his work, his
+  ticket would be missing, and the time during which he was absent would not be entered; a
+  corresponding amount being deducted from his week's wages.</p>
+
+  <p>On the Saturday, each man's time was made up from the book; and his <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page81">{81}</span>wages calculated accordingly, and the amount entered against his name. The
+  money due to each man was then counted out and placed in a small tin box, with a ticket, on which
+  was written the man's name and number, and the amount of wages paid to him.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p81a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p81a.jpg"
+    alt="THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE." title="THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All this was done in the time-keeper's office, which was conveniently placed near the entrance
+  to the works. When all the preliminary arrangements had been completed, the workmen's bell was
+  rung, and they assembled (a motley and sometimes clamorous crowd) round the pay-office, which was
+  provided with two small openings through which the payments were made.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p81b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p81b.jpg"
+    alt="THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE
+    PAY-OFFICE." title="THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE
+    PAY-OFFICE."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE PAY-OFFICE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two men stationed outside the office then called over the numbers of the workmen, who presented
+  themselves, in the order in which they were called, at the pay-windows, where each man took the
+  small box passed out to him with the money, and left the box in passing out at the gate. If any
+  man considered the amount of wages paid to him not correct, he presented the ticket given to him
+  with the wages at the office on the Monday morning following, when the matter was arranged by the
+  time-keeper.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page82">{82}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p82.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p82.jpg"
+    alt="THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID." title="THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">Any person acquainted with the irregular habits of vast numbers of our workmen, who
+  will often be absent from their work a quarter of a day, and at other times a whole day, thus
+  varying the amount of wages due at the end of the week to almost every man, will at once see that,
+  without a well-arranged system, such as that described, the payment of so large a body of men
+  would have occupied as many days as it really did hours. The engravings annexed, in illustration
+  of this part of our subject, will convey to the reader some idea of the scene we have endeavoured
+  to describe, though it must fall far short of the picturesque reality.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd49.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd49.png"
+    alt="General Statistics." title="General Statistics."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  is with great pleasure that we are able to mention that, notwithstanding the difficult character
+  of some of the work, and the extreme rapidity with which it was carried on, very few accidents of
+  importance occurred; a circumstance which must be ascribed to the great care taken by the
+  contractors for the safety of the men while engaged in their work: and in the cases where the
+  accidents that occurred were of a serious or fatal kind, their origin was mostly to be traced to a
+  neglect of those precautions which the men were constantly urged and ordered to take.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page83">{83}</span></div>
+
+  <p>A few statistics of the quantities of different parts of the work not already mentioned will
+  complete this portion of our subject. The whole amount of iron-work in the building is stated at
+  about 4000 tons; and about 1,200 loads of timber were required for the wood-work. There are 2,941
+  trussed gutters in the roof, and 1,495 glazed sashes were required to inclose the sides of the
+  building. As many as 316 iron girders were cast, in one week, and 442 lengths of the Paxton's
+  gutters were cut out by the machinery in the same time. No less than 18,392 squares of glass,
+  containing 62,508 feet superficial, or about one-and-a-half acres, were also fixed in one
+  week.</p>
+
+  <p>It may be further mentioned that the weight of the different parts forming the flat
+  ridge-and-furrow roofing amounts to three-and-a-quarter pounds per foot superficial, on the whole
+  surface; the weight of the arched roof of the transept, including the ribs, amounts to
+  five-and-three-quarter pounds per superficial foot; and the timbers and boards of the gallery
+  floor weigh eight-and-a-half pounds to the superficial foot: from these data the actual weight on
+  the different girders may be calculated.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The light iron-work, with the exception of some of the gallery railing, was cast at
+  the works of the contractors near Birmingham; and the remainder, including the columns, girders,
+  &amp;c., was distributed between their own foundry, and those of the Messrs. Cochrane, of Wood
+  Side, and Mr. Jobson, of Holly Hall, both near Dudley. The wrought-iron was supplied by Messrs.
+  Fothergill, and the timber by Messrs. Dowson and Co.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd50.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd50.png"
+    alt="The Parti-coloured Painting." title="The Parti-coloured Painting."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  coloured decoration introduced in finishing the painting of the building is a subject which has
+  been much discussed, and many suggestions have been made by persons generally received as
+  authorities on the subject. The system adopted was proposed by Mr. Owen Jones, under whose active
+  superintendence it has been carried out. That gentleman explained his reasons for its adoption,
+  and the effect which he expected it to produce, in a lecture at the Institute of British
+  Architects, on the 16th of December, 1850, some portions of which are submitted to our
+  readers<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"It is not necessary for me to describe the building, the painting of which we are now about to
+  discuss, as it is well known to most of you by its marvellous dimensions, the simplicity of its
+  construction, and the advantage which has been taken of the power which the repetition of simple
+  forms will give in producing grandeur of effect; and I wish now to show that this grandeur may be
+  still further enhanced by a system of colouring which, by marking distinctly every line in the
+  building, will increase the height, the length, and the bulk.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page84">{84}</span></div>
+
+  <p>"The very nature of the material of which this building is mainly constructed, viz., iron,
+  requires that it should be painted. On what principle shall we do this? Should we be justified in
+  adopting a simple tint of white or stone colour, the usual method of painting iron? Now, it must
+  be borne in mind that this building will be covered on the south side, and over the whole of the
+  roof, with canvass, so that there can be but little light and shade. The myriads of similar lines,
+  therefore, of which the building is composed, falling one before the other, would lose all
+  distinctness, and form, in fact, one dull cloud overhanging the Exhibition.</p>
+
+  <p>"A line of columns (as it may be seen even now at the building) would present the effect of a
+  white wall, and it would be impossible, in the distance, to distinguish one column from another.
+  This mode of painting would have the further disadvantage of rendering the building totally
+  unconnected with the various objects it is to contain.</p>
+
+  <p>"May the building be painted of a dark colour, like the roofs of some of our railway-stations?
+  This, equally with the white method, would present one mass of indistinctness; the relief of the
+  cast-iron would disappear, and each column and girder would present to the eye but a flat
+  silhouette.</p>
+
+  <p>"Let us now consider the building as painted with some pale neutral tint, dull green or buff.
+  In doing this we should be perfectly safe, as, provided the colours were not too pale so as to be
+  indistinct, or too dark so as sensibly to affect the eye, we could hardly make a mistake. Yet how
+  tame and monotonous would be the result! It would be necessary that this tint, whichever we might
+  choose, should be of a very subdued neutral character, in order to avoid the difficulty well known
+  to mounters of drawings and painters of picture-galleries, viz., that in proportion as you incline
+  to any particular shade of colour, so in that exact proportion you injure or destroy those objects
+  it is intended to relieve which may have similar colour. To this, then, we should be
+  reduced&mdash;a dull monotonous colour without character. How unworthy this would be of the great
+  occasion!  How little would it impress the public! How little would it teach the artist! It would
+  be to cut instead of patiently to unravel the knot.</p>
+
+  <p>"We are now brought to the consideration of the only other well-defined system which presents
+  itself, namely, parti-colouring. This, I conceive, if successfully worked out, would bring the
+  building and its contents into perfect harmony, and it would fitly carry out one of the objects
+  for which this Exhibition was formed, namely, that of promoting the union of the fine-arts with
+  manufactures. It would be an experiment on an immense scale, which, if successful, would tend to
+  dispel the prejudices of those whose eyes are yet unformed to colour, to develope the imperfect
+  appreciations of others, and to save this country from the reproach which foreign visitors, more
+  educated in this particular than ourselves, would not fail to make were the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page85">{85}</span>building otherwise painted; it would everywhere bring out the construction
+  of the building, which, as I said before, would also appear higher, longer, and more solid."</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Jones then adduced the practice of the ancient and mediæval artists, and explained the kind
+  of colours they generally adopted, mentioning that in the best periods of art the primary colours
+  were chiefly or exclusively used.</p>
+
+  <p>"In the decoration of the Exhibition building I therefore propose to use the colours blue, red,
+  and yellow, in such relative quantities as to neutralise or destroy each other; thus no one colour
+  will be dominant or fatiguing to the eye, and all the objects exhibited will assist, and be
+  assisted by, the colours of the building itself.</p>
+
+  <p>"In house-decoration we occasionally find a run on one colour; thus we have a green room, a
+  pink room, and a red room; but it would obviously be unwise to adopt any one colour for this
+  building, whose contents will be of all imaginable hues from white to black. Discarding, on the
+  other hand, the perfect neutral white as unfit for the occasion, we naturally adopt the colours
+  blue, red, and yellow, in or near the neutral proportions of eight, five, and three; but to avoid
+  any harsh antagonism of the primary colours when in contact, or any undesired complementary
+  secondaries arising from the immediate proximity of the primaries, I propose, in all cases, to
+  interpose a line of white between them, which will soften them and give them their true value.</p>
+
+  <p>"As one of the objects of decorating a building is to increase the effect of light and shade,
+  the best means of using blue, red, and yellow is to place blue, which retires, on the concave
+  surfaces; yellow, which advances, on the convex; and red, the colour of the middle distance, on
+  the horizontal planes; and the neutral white on the vertical planes.</p>
+
+  <p>"Following out this principle on the building in question, we have red for the under-side of
+  the girders, yellow on the round portions of the columns, and blue in the hollow parts of the
+  capitals.</p>
+
+  <p>"Now, it is necessary not only to put the several colours in the right places, but also to use
+  them in their due proportions to each other.</p>
+
+  <p>"Mr. Field, in his admirable works on colour, has shown by direct experiment that white light
+  consists of blue, red, and yellow, neutralising each other in the proportions of eight, five, and
+  three. It will readily be seen, that the nearer we can arrive at this state of neutrality the more
+  harmonious and light-giving will a building become; and an examination of the most perfect
+  specimens of harmonious colouring of the ancients will show that this proportion has generally
+  obtained among them; that is to say, broadly, there has been as much blue as the yellow and red
+  put together, the light and the shade balancing each other.</p>
+
+  <p>"Of course, we cannot in decorating buildings always command the exact proportions of coloured
+  surface which we require; but the balance of <span class="pagenum" id="page86">{86}</span>colours
+  can always be obtained by a change in the colours themselves. Thus, if the surfaces to be coloured
+  should give too much yellow, we should make the red more crimson and the blue more purple; that
+  is, we should take the yellow out of them. So, if we had too much blue, we should make the yellow
+  more orange, and the red more scarlet.</p>
+
+  <p>"A practised eye will as readily do this as a musician can tune a musical instrument; it is
+  here that science abandons the artist, who must trust to his own perceptions, cultivated by
+  renewed trials and repeated failures."</p>
+
+  <p>In concluding, Mr. Jones said, with reference to some specimens of the proposed decoration
+  which had been executed, "I would ask you to banish from your minds the glare of light by which
+  this decoration is now seen&mdash;to forget the rough foreground, where men are engaged in every
+  variety of occupation for the completion of this great building; and I would ask you to fill it in
+  imagination with the gorgeous products of every clime. I would ask you to picture to yourselves in
+  the foreground the brilliant primaries, blue, red, and yellow&mdash;the rich secondaries, purple,
+  amber, and green, moulded in forms of every conceivable diversity; and, lastly, against them the
+  darker tertiaries fading into neutral perspective.</p>
+
+  <p>"The conception of such an effect, difficult even to the artist accustomed to abstract his
+  attention from present interruptions and to calculate future harmonies, is impossible to the
+  uninstructed spectator, who, from the experimental decoration of a single column, draws a
+  premature and, necessarily, a fallacious inference as to the collective effect of the whole.</p>
+
+  <p>"From my brother architects I hope for a more patient, a more comprehensive, and a fairer
+  appreciation; for myself, I have a confident hope, grounded on the experience of years devoted to
+  this particular branch of art, that the principles and plans I have had the honour to propose to
+  the Royal Commission, for the decoration of this magnificent structure, will be found, when
+  complete, not to disappoint the public expectations, or to prove wholly unworthy of the great
+  occasion."</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">In this lecture, Mr. Owen Jones asked his hearers, and the public generally, to
+  suspend their final judgment upon his system of colouring until the whole should be completed, and
+  the building filled with the objects to be exhibited, as he considered that many of the objections
+  which were raised to his proposition resulted from a want of consideration of the ultimate effect
+  to be produced by the whole, when completed and occupied; and so far as this effect has been
+  realised, we believe it has inclined the public opinion more in favour of the coloured decoration
+  than originally, when it was undoubtedly very strongly commented upon in various quarters. Without
+  venturing to express any opinion ourselves, we may trust that Mr. Owen Jones's fondest hopes will
+  be fully realised.</p>
+
+  <div id="f86"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p86.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p86.jpg"
+    alt="View of the Building from the North Bank
+    of the Serpentine." title="View of the Building from the North Bank
+    of the Serpentine."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of the Building from the North Bank of the Serpentine.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page87">{87}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd51.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd51.png" alt="The Water Supply."
+    title="The Water Supply."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="T"/>HE supply of water necessary both for the protection of this enormous building from fire,
+  and for the use of fountains and machinery to be exhibited, is furnished at a very liberal rate by
+  the Chelsea Waterworks' Company. It is brought into the building by a 9-inch main pipe, at about
+  the centre of its length, branching out into three 6-inch pipes, which extend throughout the whole
+  length of the building. Short pipes branch off from these, terminating in fire-cocks, placed at
+  such distances that a circle of 120-feet radius from any one of them will touch a similar circle
+  described round the adjacent ones; by which means the whole extent of the building may be brought
+  under the action of hose attached to each of the fire-cocks. The water is supplied at a pressure
+  equal to a column of about seventy feet, so as to work the fountains that will be exhibited, and
+  to play efficiently from hose in case of any accident by fire. The quantity which the Company have
+  undertaken to supply is 300,000 gallons a day.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd52.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd52.png"
+    alt="The Stability of the Building." title="The Stability of the Building."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE
+  subject of the strength and stability of the building is one on which considerable anxiety has
+  been felt, both by the public at large and by those professional bodies more capable of forming a
+  correct judgment upon it. In the prolonged discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Wyatt's
+  paper at the Institution of Civil Engineers, many points of objection were raised which seemed at
+  first sight of a very serious nature; but, in most cases, the answers that were given to them were
+  perfectly satisfactory. The two greatest difficulties raised were, firstly, the enormous surface
+  presented by the exterior to the pressure of the wind, with apparently but a slight power of
+  resistance; and, secondly, the construction of the galleries, which, it was thought, would not be
+  able to resist the vibratory motion likely to be produced by great numbers of people walking upon
+  them. The results of several calculations were adduced on the occasion alluded to in support of
+  the objections on the first point; but perhaps the best answer that could be given to them was the
+  circumstance mentioned by Mr. Fox&mdash;that on the 5th of that month (January) the pressure of
+  the wind, which blew a perfect gale, was not only much above the average, but very nearly reached
+  the greatest amount known within a considerable period in London&mdash;about 25lbs. per square
+  foot; and that as the building, although in an incomplete state, had resisted that pressure
+  without receiving any injury, it was fair to conclude that, when finished, it would <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page88">{88}</span>be able to sustain the greatest force which the wind could
+  be reasonably expected to exert upon it.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The question of the strength of the galleries was one of even greater importance
+  than the other, as, in case of any failure in that part of the building, human life must almost
+  inevitably have been sacrificed to a great extent. It was therefore deemed necessary to ascertain,
+  as far as was practicable, by experiment, that their strength was abundantly sufficient; and in
+  Mr. Wyatt's paper, as printed, the following description of the experiments instituted for this
+  purpose will be found.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd53.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd53.png"
+    alt="Testing the Galleries." title="Testing the Galleries."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>N
+  the interval between the reading of this paper and its going to press a series of experiments have
+  been tried to ascertain the action of these galleries under the strain of a moving load. A
+  complete bay, twenty-four feet square, was constructed, raised slightly from the ground,
+  consisting of the four cast-iron girders, with the connecting-pieces at the angles, and on this
+  the timbers and boards of the flooring. Rows of planks the full width of the platform led up to it
+  and down from it, so that a body of men as wide as the gallery might be able to march up and down
+  in close rank.</p>
+
+  <p>"The area of the platform was first covered over with labourers packed as closely together as
+  possible; but no action of walking, running, or jumping that 300 men could perform did any injury
+  whatever to it, and the greatest deflection of the girders did not exceed a quarter of an inch.
+  Soldiers of the corps of Royal Sappers and Miners were then substituted for the contractors' men;
+  and although the perfect regularity of their step in marking time sharply appeared a remarkably
+  severe test, a minute examination of the construction after the completion of the experiments
+  showed that no damage whatever had been done by their evolutions.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">"But as the Commissioners were deeply impressed with the necessity of thoroughly
+  convincing the public, who should visit the Exhibition, that they might feel perfectly secure in
+  every part of the building, it was deemed desirable to apply a still further test to the actual
+  galleries as they stand; as it might perhaps be said that the single bay which had been
+  experimented upon was not similarly circumstanced to those forming parts of the building.</p>
+
+  <div id="f88"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p88a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p88a.jpg"
+    alt="Testing the Gallery Floor." title="Testing the Gallery Floor."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Testing the Gallery Floor.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="f88b"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/p88b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p88b.jpg"
+    alt="View of the Boiler House." title="View of the Boiler House."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of the Boiler House.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page89">{89}</span></div>
+
+  <p>"For this purpose a very ingenious apparatus was devised by the late Mr. Field, President of
+  the Institution of Civil Engineers, for testing the stability of the galleries <i>in situ</i>, and
+  on being applied over the greater part of the building not a single bolt or girder gave way under
+  its action. This apparatus consisted of eight square wooden frames divided into thirty-six
+  compartments, each just capable of containing and allowing to rotate a 68-pounder shot. The
+  surfaces of the balls placed in each of these compartments came in contact with the gallery floor,
+  the frames themselves being attached to one another and running along the floor by means of
+  castors fixed at the angles; the whole apparatus being drawn along by a number of men. Two hundred
+  and eighty-eight 68-pound shot confined in a limited area were thus set rolling over more than
+  half the extent of the galleries; when, not the slightest mishap having occurred, the experiment
+  was considered decisive, and a persistence in it deemed unnecessary."</p>
+
+  <p>The pressure obtained in this experiment amounted to about a hundred pounds per square foot,
+  and it had been ascertained that the greatest pressure caused by packing men together as closely
+  as possible was equal to about ninety-five pounds per square foot; so that the testing force
+  applied was considered amply sufficient, as a considerable portion of the surface of the gallery
+  will be occupied by light articles exhibited in the cases and stalls which are placed along the
+  centre of the gallery, where a great weight would have most effect.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">This ingenious method of proving the strength of the galleries <i>in situ</i>,
+  without endangering those engaged in the experiment, is admirable; and the result of the proof
+  will no doubt allay all fear in the mind of the public as to the safety of this portion of the
+  building.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd54.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd54.png"
+    alt="General Advantages of the Building." title="General Advantages of the Building."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T
+  is always much easier to point out the defects of any work than its excellences; whilst we may,
+  therefore, safely leave the former, as regards our present subject, to be discovered and enlarged
+  upon by those who may be perhaps more competent than ourselves, we will attempt to point out what
+  we conceive to be some of the advantages obtained in the present building.</p>
+
+  <p>One of the principal of these, considering throughout the purpose of the structure, is,
+  perhaps, the uninterrupted view of the interior which the spectator may obtain from any point of
+  the building&mdash;a matter of great importance to the general grandeur of its effect. From the
+  galleries more particularly, which will be less obstructed by large objects, the eye of the
+  spectator will be able to range from end to end of the vast edifice; while the transparency of the
+  material used for the roof allows every object to be brilliantly illuminated. The slender lines of
+  the supports, though they serve to sustain a protecting covering, scarcely interrupt the view of
+  the objects protected, and the absence of any fixed divisions or partitions enables all the
+  articles exhibited to be so arranged as to suit the peculiar requirements of each particular
+  class; while the ample space between the <span class="pagenum" id="page90">{90}</span>supports has
+  admitted of the formation of large open avenues for the free passage of visitors, who may thus
+  reach as readily the remotest corners of the building as those situated near the entrances; and
+  whenever the visitor may find himself fatigued by the labour of sight-seeing, he will be sure to
+  find himself near one of the numerous exit-doors, whereby he may immediately free himself from the
+  crowd of spectators.</p>
+
+  <p>From the simplicity of the details of the construction, and their constant recurrence, it will
+  be seen that so long as the ends of the building were left incomplete, its size could easily be
+  limited or expanded, so as to include that precise amount of space which, up to the last moment
+  when the point could be kept open, appeared most likely to be required. This simplicity of
+  arrangement will also be found very advantageous in case the building is removed after the
+  termination of its present temporary purpose; as the parts may be easily separated without much
+  injury, and as readily re-erected, either as a whole, or even in many separate buildings, having
+  the same arrangement of parts, without the same general form or appearance.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been calculated that the passages remaining in the building, after deducting the space
+  appropriated to the objects exhibited, will hold more than 100,000 persons; though it is not to be
+  expected that half that number will be collected there at one time. The ventilation and supply of
+  fresh air for so vast a throng was therefore a matter of the first importance; and the means
+  already described for accomplishing this great object are so ample, that any inconvenience from
+  oppressive heat or foul air can hardly be expected. The canvass with which the roof is covered
+  will not only serve to modify the heat of the sun in the interior, but it is expected that if it
+  be watered by the hose of engines, it may even reduce the temperature within to considerably below
+  that of the external air. From his experience in glass-houses for horticultural purposes, Mr.
+  Paxton speaks confidently on this point.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The arrangement of the construction of the building resting on isolated instead of
+  continuous supports, will enable all traces of it to be readily effaced from the site if it is
+  removed; and, on the other hand, if it remains, it is evidently peculiarly suited to form a vast
+  winter-garden and public promenade.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w10 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/hd55.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd55.png" alt="Conclusion."
+    title="Conclusion."/></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><img src="images/initial_b.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;"
+  alt="B"/>EFORE taking leave of the reader who may have patiently followed us thus far, a few words
+  may be necessary on the general arrangement of the articles to be exhibited in the building whose
+  outline and details we have been endeavouring to trace. The first classification is geographical.
+  All the western half of the building is given to England, and the eastern, which is rather the
+  larger of the two, to foreign countries; <span class="pagenum" id="page91">{91}</span>the space
+  assigned to each country being distinctly defined, so as to avoid the possibility of any disputes.
+  As far as it was possible, the space for each country is so arranged as to have a frontage towards
+  the main central avenue, and in most cases occupies a strip the whole width of the building; the
+  visitor, therefore, passing up and down the length, will not miss out any country.</p>
+
+  <p>In the central avenue, and immediately on either side of it, are placed the most remarkable
+  specimens of objects coming under the class of fine-arts, or otherwise sufficiently remarkable to
+  entitle them to such a prominent place. Behind these, in the side avenues, will be found the
+  various specimens of manufactured articles; and along the outside longitudinal avenues are placed,
+  on the south side, those belonging to the class of raw products (a portion being devoted to
+  agricultural implements), and the projecting portion of the building on the north side forms the
+  hall of machinery, which is separated by a partition of glazed sashes from the rest of the
+  building. Many of the articles will be grouped in courts, an arrangement which the construction
+  particularly leads to; and these will probably form some of the greatest attractions in the
+  Exhibition, each being, as it were, complete in itself, and the inclosures preventing the eye from
+  being distracted by distant objects. To enter further into the detail of this part of the subject
+  would be foreign to the purpose of this work, the building itself being our text.</p>
+
+  <p>We have now, we believe, completed the pleasant task we proposed to ourselves at the outset,
+  and we hope that in doing so we may have been able to render interesting to our general readers
+  this description of operations, usually occupying the attention of the technical professions only.
+  With this intention, we have avoided as far as possible the use of technical terms, which would be
+  a dead letter to the uninitiated, at the risk, perhaps, of being considered inaccurate by those
+  acquainted with all the details of the subject.</p>
+
+  <p>So many men whose eminent talent is well known and appreciated by the public have been engaged
+  in perfecting the designs and carrying out the erection of this vast structure, that the critic
+  should be one of no mean reputation who would venture to raise even a small voice of individual
+  criticism on its merits. We have considered it, therefore, to be our part rather to record the
+  opinions of others on any points where a discussion has been raised than to trouble the reader
+  with any personal views, which would, perhaps, have only appeared impertinent.</p>
+
+  <p>The nature and extent of the difficulties which have been successfully surmounted in carrying
+  out this great work can only be fully appreciated by those intimately acquainted with all its
+  structural details and with its rapid progress; and its completion in so short a period must be
+  regarded as a striking instance of the productive power and spirit of commercial <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page92">{92}</span>enterprise of this country, while the fact of its being
+  defrayed by the voluntary contributions of the people will illustrate in an interesting manner to
+  our continental visitors that principle of self-government which forms the basis of all our
+  institutions, and the spirit of private enterprise which characterises most of our great
+  undertakings.</p>
+
+  <p>The illustrative engravings with which we have endeavoured to render more interesting the
+  descriptive details, necessarily somewhat dry to the general reader, are only intended to convey
+  general ideas, without attempting that minute accuracy which would be required in a more technical
+  work; and with reference to some of them we take this opportunity of acknowledging the assistance
+  our artists have derived from views already published elsewhere, others having been exclusively
+  drawn for the present work.</p>
+
+  <p>We have much pleasure in presenting our readers, in the Appendix, with views and descriptions
+  of two of the most striking designs sent in the first competition for the building, the materials
+  for which have been kindly afforded us by their respective authors; and we may remind the reader
+  that these two designs were specially mentioned by the Building Committee in their Report already
+  quoted. In the same place some interesting documents connected with the building will also be
+  found, which we were unable to insert in the text.</p>
+
+  <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/p92.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p92.jpg"
+    alt="VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING." title="VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagei">{i}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:5.2ex;"><span class="x-larger">APPENDIX.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">LIST OF COMPETITORS FOR THE BUILDING PROPOSED TO BE ERECTED IN
+  HYDE PARK.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem sp4">
+    <p>Mons. Acollas, Architecte, 33, Rue Lafayette, à Paris.</p>
+    <p>Messrs. Aickin and Capes, 1, Clarence-street, Islington.</p>
+    <p>W. Albon, Esq., 32, Abingdon-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>C. B. Allen, Architect, 9, Great College-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>F. C. Anderson, Esq., 9, Holles-street, Cavendish-square.</p>
+    <p><i>Architekton</i> (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).</p>
+    <p>Henry Ashton, Esq., 50<span class="smaller">A</span>, Lower Brooke-street.</p>
+    <p>John S. Austin, Architect, Bedford.</p>
+    <p>William Austin, Esq., High-street, East Dereham, Norfolk.</p>
+    <p>C. Badger, Esq., Architect, 40, Rue Blanche, Paris.</p>
+    <p>R. Baly, Esq., 14, Buckingham-street, Adelphi.</p>
+    <p>Alfred Beaumont, Architect, 5, Warwick Chambers, Beak-street.</p>
+    <p>Richard Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.</p>
+    <p>W. Bell, Esq., Clift Cottage, Coronation-road, Bristol.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Bellamy, Esq., 8, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Felix Belleflamme, Brussels.</p>
+    <p>J. S. Benest, Esq., 21, Rutland-street, Hampstead-road.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Bertram, M. Inst. C. E., Reading.</p>
+    <p>John Black, Esq., 33, Ernest-street, Regent's Park.</p>
+    <p>E. Blatchley, Esq., Jun., 362, Oxford-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Alphonse Botrel, Architecte, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.</p>
+    <p>A. W. Boulnois, Esq., Bazaar, King-street, Baker-street.</p>
+    <p>W. Boyle, Esq., 5, Little George-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>R. Brandon, Architect, 11, Beaufort-buildings, Strand.</p>
+    <p>R. Broad, Esq., Horseley Works, Tipton.</p>
+    <p>B. Broadbridge, Architect, 35, Ladbroke-square, Notting-hill.</p>
+    <p>F. Brown, Esq., Francis-street, Torrington-square.</p>
+    <p>R. Brown, Esq., 41, Lord-street, Liverpool.</p>
+    <p>J. B. Bunning, Esq., Guildhall.</p>
+    <p>George A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageii">{ii}</span>H. P. Burt, Esq., 238, Blackfriars-road.</p>
+    <p>John G. Grace, Esq., 14, Wigmore-street.</p>
+    <p>E. I. C., Alnwick.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. Cailloux, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.</p>
+    <p>A. F. Campbell, Esq., 104, Pall Mall, Reform Club.</p>
+    <p>Henry Case, Esq., 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.</p>
+    <p>James Catt, Esq., Blackheath Park.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. Charpentier, Architecte, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.</p>
+    <p>J. Claringbull, Esq., 95, Herbert-street, New North-road.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Henri van Cléemputte, Laon, France.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. P. Cluysenaar, Architecte, Bruxèlles.</p>
+    <p>J. Colshurst, Esq., 36, Jermyn-street, St. James's.</p>
+    <p>John Colson, Architect, Winchester.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, Holland.</p>
+    <p>C. E. Coote, Esq., Clifton.</p>
+    <p>W. R. Corson, Architect, 3, Albion-place, Leeds.</p>
+    <p>H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Awylne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.</p>
+    <p>David Cowan, Esq., 9, Hungerford-street, Strand.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Crémont, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.</p>
+    <p>W. Cruikshank, Esq., 24, Duke-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. E. Damas de Culture, 20, Rue Mazayran, Paris.</p>
+    <p>G. J. Darley, Esq., C.E., 7, Kildare-street, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>Mons. A. Delaage, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>W. Dennis, Esq., Church-street, Hackney.</p>
+    <p>Charles Downes, Esq., 29, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.</p>
+    <p>Francis Drake, Esq., 11, Calthorpe-street, Gray's-inn-road.</p>
+    <p>Henry Duesbury, Architect, Kensington Gore.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Duflocq, 96, Rue Rochechouart, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Dupuy, 9, Rue Duplessés, Versailles.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Dusillion, Architecte, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Mons. A. Durand, Moulins, France.</p>
+    <p>O. C. Edwards, Esq., Gloucester.</p>
+    <p>J. Eldudge, Esq., 16, Somerset-place, New Road, Commercial-rd. East.</p>
+    <p>J. Elliott, Architect, 28, Portland-terrace, Southampton.</p>
+    <p>M. G. Fétar van Elven, Architecte, Amsterdam.</p>
+    <p>D. Erskine, Esq., 58, Clerk-street, Edinburgh.</p>
+    <p>W. J. Everitt, Esq., 1, Garden-street, Stepney-green.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Théodore Faure, 2, Little Argyle-street, Regent-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. F. Desaint Félix, and E. E. White, Architects, Ipswich.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Henri Fevre, Architecte, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.</p>
+    <p>F. Finlay, Esq., 26, Duke-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>Charles Folkard, Esq., C.E., 56, King-street, Whitehall.</p>
+    <p>David Colin Forbes, Esq., Stirling.</p>
+    <p>James Forrest, Esq., C.E., 25, Great George-street.</p>
+    <p>W. Freebody, Esq., 9, Duke-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.</p>
+    <p>L. Fürges, Architecte, Crefeld.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageiii">{iii}</span>C. E. G., Warwick.</p>
+    <p>A. Garrard. Esq., Surveyor.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, à Calais.</p>
+    <p>Arthur Gearing, Esq., 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.</p>
+    <p>William Geggie, Esq., Knaresbro'.</p>
+    <p>J. Gibson, Esq., Great Western Railway, Paddington.</p>
+    <p>Robert Gilingham, Esq., 31, Clarence-road, Kentish Town.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Godeb&#x0153;uf, Architecte, 12, Place Breda, à Paris.</p>
+    <p>C. W. Gooch, Esq., 42, Connaught-terrace, Edgeware-road.</p>
+    <p>John Gould, Esq., Tottenham Park, Wiltshire.</p>
+    <p>Richard Greene, Esq., F.S.A., Sec. to Lichfield Architectural Society.</p>
+    <p>Edmund W. Grubb, Esq., Newnham, Gloucestershire.</p>
+    <p>Robert S. Grubb, Esq., Newham-on-Severn, Gloucestershire.</p>
+    <p>T. R. Guppy, Esq., Naples.</p>
+    <p>J. C. Haddan, Esq., 29, Bloomsbury-square.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Roberts Hannaford, Architect, 21, Trigon-terrace, Kennington.</p>
+    <p>O. Hansard, Architect, 2, Kensington-gardens-terrace, Hyde Park.</p>
+    <p>Robert Hardy, Carpenter, 32, North Conduit-street, Bethnal-green.</p>
+    <p>John Thornhill Harrison, Esq., East Bolden, near Gateshead.</p>
+    <p>J. P. Harrison, Esq., 11, Chancery-lane.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Haw, Esq., 27, Prospect-terrace, Globe-road, Mile-end.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Hayes, Esq., 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde Park.</p>
+    <p>Samuel Heilton, Esq., 54, Red Cross-street, City.</p>
+    <p>Mons. J. Henard, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>James Hendrey, Esq., 4, Pancras-lane, Cheapside.</p>
+    <p>J. Hewitt, Esq., Oxford.</p>
+    <p>W. S. Hollands, Esq., 37, King William-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Hector Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.</p>
+    <p>George Horton, Esq., 6, Green-street, Grosvenor-square.</p>
+    <p>Albert P. Howell, Architect, 2, Holywell-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>Mons. C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Benjamin Hurwitz, Esq., 1, Brydges-street, Strand.</p>
+    <p>John Imray, Esq., Engineer, 12, Howley-street, Lambeth.</p>
+    <p>A. Jackson, Esq., Barkhart House, Orpington, Kent.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Ch. Sch&#x0153;ch Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.</p>
+    <p>Charles Jayne, Architect, 7, Chancery-lane.</p>
+    <p>Adam Jizkowski, Architect to the Government, Warsaw.</p>
+    <p>Joseph Jopling, Esq., Felton Villa, Finchley-road.</p>
+    <p>H. J. Kaye, Esq., 63, Sloane-street, Knightsbridge.</p>
+    <p>G. P. Kennedy and R. Kennedy, Esqrs., Sussex Chambers, Duke-street, St. James's.</p>
+    <p>J. T. Knowles, Esq., 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.</p>
+    <p>Herr Friedrich Krahe, Brunswick.</p>
+    <p>Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.</p>
+    <p>A Lady with great diffidence submits this plan.</p>
+    <p>M. Laves, Architect to the King of Hanover, Hanover.</p>
+    <p>Mons. A. G. Ledrut, Claremont.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageiv">{iv}</span>S. W. Leonard, Assistant-Curator Micrological
+    Society, 11, Upper Stamford-street, Waterloo-road.</p>
+    <p>W. B. Lewis, Esq., Rainbow-hill, Worcester.</p>
+    <p>R. Lobb, Esq., 8, Goulden-terrace, Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p>
+    <p>Locke Brothers, New Peckham.</p>
+    <p>Henry Lockwood, F.S.A., and William Mawson, Architects, Bradford.</p>
+    <p>Henry Lote, Esq., 51, Brompton-row.</p>
+    <p>R. Lovely, Esq., C.E., 1, Victoria-terrace, Queen's-road, Nottingham.</p>
+    <p>George Mackenzie, Esq., 3, Claremont-row, Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p>
+    <p>Messrs. Magni and Thummeloup, 26, Boulevard du Temple, Paris.</p>
+    <p>R. Mallet, Esq., Victoria Foundry, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>Mansell and Elliott, Architects, Halkin-street West, Belgrave-square.</p>
+    <p>R. M. Marchant, Esq., 18, Great George-street.</p>
+    <p>P. J. Margary, Esq., Dawlish, Devonshire.</p>
+    <p>W. P. Marshall, Esq., Temple-buildings, New-street, Birmingham.</p>
+    <p>D. Mickle, Esq., 37, Queen-square, Bloomsbury.</p>
+    <p>Joseph Mitchell, Architect, St. James's-street, Sheffield.</p>
+    <p>J. Montheath, Esq., 10, Stanley-street, Paddington.</p>
+    <p>James Moon, Architect, 1, Millman-street, Bedford-row.</p>
+    <p>Captain W. S. Moorsom, 17½, Great George-street.</p>
+    <p>G. Morgan, Architect, 6, Charles-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Muller, Gaes, Holland.</p>
+    <p>Charles C. Nelson, Esq., 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.</p>
+    <p>Mons. C. Frédéric Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.</p>
+    <p>W. Nethersole, Esq., C.E., 73, Oakley-square, St. Pancras.</p>
+    <p>I. W. Newberry, Esq., Hook Norton, Chipping Norton, Oxon.</p>
+    <p>Francis B. Newman, Architect, 14, Heathcote-street, Mecklenburgh-sq.</p>
+    <p>C. H. Newton, Esq., 92, Camden-road Villas, Regent's Park.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Paliard, 23, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.</p>
+    <p>E. Paraire, Architect, 16, Woodstock-street, Bond-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Henri le Pâtre, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Peacock, Esq., High-street, Kensington.</p>
+    <p>J. D. Pemberton, Esq., Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.</p>
+    <p>G. Perry, Architect, 42, Newington-place, Kennington.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.</p>
+    <p>William Radley, Chemical Engineer, Regent-street, Lambeth.</p>
+    <p>W. Railton, Esq., 12, Regent-street.</p>
+    <p>W. Rankin, Esq., Stirling.</p>
+    <p>W. Reed, Esq., Cannon Cottage Hill, Southampton.</p>
+    <p>Messrs. Reid and Butcher, Architects and Surveyors, 38, Red Lion-square, London.</p>
+    <p>Stanley Reilly, Architect, 3, Upper Kennington-green, Kennington.</p>
+    <p>George Banks Rennie, Esq., Whitehall-place.</p>
+    <p>Harry Ralph Ricardo, Esq., Beaulieu Lodge, Norwood, Surrey.</p>
+    <p>W. Riddle, Esq., East Temple Chambers, Whitefriars, Fleet-street.</p>
+    <p>H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pagev">{v}</span>R. Roberta, Esq., Globe Works, Manchester.</p>
+    <p>Andrew John Robertson, Esq., C.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</p>
+    <p>William Robertson, Esq., 12, Gordon-street, City-road.</p>
+    <p>A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.</p>
+    <p>Alex. M. Ross, Esq., 3, Parliament-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>Rough Draught, 42, Stainford-street.</p>
+    <p>Henry Rouse, Esq.</p>
+    <p>H. H. Russell, Esq., C.E., M.R.S.A.</p>
+    <p>W. Russell, Esq., 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.</p>
+    <p>E. Ryde, Esq., 14, Upper Belgrave-place, Eaton-square.</p>
+    <p>George Sanderson, Esq., 136, Solly-street, Sheffield.</p>
+    <p>Charles Sanderson, Esq., Friar-street, Reading.</p>
+    <p>Robert Sandeman, Architect, Greenside, Edinburgh.</p>
+    <p>H. Savage, Esq., 22, Beaumont-street. Mary-le-bone.</p>
+    <p>W. Scurry, Esq., 7, Denbigh-place, Pimlico.</p>
+    <p>Sed quis custodiet Custodes.</p>
+    <p>J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.</p>
+    <p>J. R. Sewell, Esq., Carrington, near Nottingham.</p>
+    <p>Mons. A. Slater, Architecte, Elève de Mons. l'Architecte Cluysenaar.</p>
+    <p>E. Smallwood, Architect, 86, Park-street, Camden Town.</p>
+    <p>F. Smallman Smith, Esq., 18, Brunswick-st., Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p>
+    <p>C. H. Smith, Esq., 29, Clipstone-street.</p>
+    <p>J. M. Smith, Esq., 1, Chapel-place, Duke-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>W. J. Smith, Esq., 18, Bond-street, Commercial-road, Lambeth.</p>
+    <p>G. Campbell Smith, Esq., Banff.</p>
+    <p>Messrs. Soyer and Warrener, Reform Club.</p>
+    <p>Paul Sprenger, Esq., Architect to the Government, Vienna.</p>
+    <p>Herr Friederich Stammann, Hamburg.</p>
+    <p>Francis Sternitz, Esq., 10, Berner-street, Commercial-road East.</p>
+    <p>W. Stewart, Esq., Seacombe, Cheshire.</p>
+    <p>M. J. Stutely, Architect, 4, Doughty-street, Mecklenburgh-square.</p>
+    <p>H. Suckling, Esq., 1, Conduit-street, Regent-street.</p>
+    <p>George Tate, Esq., Bawtry, Yorkshire.</p>
+    <p>J. Taylor, Architect, 22, Parliament-street.</p>
+    <p>T. Taylor, Architect, 33, Clarendon-street, Oakley-square.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Taunton, Esq., 2, Gordon-place, Kensington.</p>
+    <p>D. W. Thomas, Esq., 20, St. Petersburg-place, Bayswater.</p>
+    <p>R. M. Thompson, Esq., 46, Leicester-square.</p>
+    <p>P. Thompson, Architect, 1, Osnaburgh-place, New-road.</p>
+    <p>F. Thompson, Esq., 15, Trafalgar-square, Peckham.</p>
+    <p>James Thrupp, Architect, 2, Park-place, Bath.</p>
+    <p>H. W. Todd and W. Allingham, 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.</p>
+    <p>Richard Turner and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>Henry Turner, Esq., Low Heaton, Haugh, Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p>
+    <p>F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Armes, Paris.</p>
+    <p>John Walker, Esq., Crooked-lane Chambers, King William-street.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pagevi">{vi}</span>George Wallis, Artist, and Henry Summers,
+    Architect, 14, College-place, Camden Town.</p>
+    <p>J. N. Warren, Esq., C.E., 18, Adam-street, Adelphi.</p>
+    <p>J. E. Watson, Esq., 74, Grey-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p>
+    <p>Henry Whitcombe, Esq., Slough.</p>
+    <p>George Wightwick, Architect, 3, Athenæum-terrace, Plymouth.</p>
+    <p>George Wilkie, Esq., C.E., 8, Powell-street West, King's-square.</p>
+    <p>George Wilkinson, Esq., Horsham.</p>
+    <p>S. J. Wilkinson, Esq., 7, Jeffry's-square, St. Mary Axe.</p>
+    <p>James Williams, Esq., 18, Westgate-buildings, Bath.</p>
+    <p>George Wilson, Esq., Knaresbro', Yorkshire.</p>
+    <p>Ralph Wilson, Architect, 16, Bridge-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>James G. Wilson, Esq., 18, Great George-street, Westminster,</p>
+    <p>Richard Winder, Esq., Fenchurch-street.</p>
+    <p>R. A. Withall, Architect, 80, Cheapside.</p>
+    <p>W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.</p>
+    <p>Frederick Wood, Esq., 6, Franklin-road, Queen's-road, East Chelsea.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Worthington, Architect, 54, King-street, Manchester.</p>
+    <p>James Wylson, Architect, 112, Fyfe-place, Glasgow.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="larger">LIST A.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">ENTITLED TO FAVOURABLE AND HONOURABLE MENTION.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem sp4">
+    <p>C. B. Allen, Architect, Great College-street, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>W. Allingham (and Todd), 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.</p>
+    <p><i>Architekton</i> (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).</p>
+    <p>H. Ashton, 50<span class="smaller">A</span>, Lower Brooke-street.</p>
+    <p>C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.</p>
+    <p>B. P. Baly (four designs).</p>
+    <p>R. Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.</p>
+    <p>A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.</p>
+    <p>R. Brandon, Architect, Little Beaufort-buildings, Strand.</p>
+    <p>F. Brown, Francis-street, Torrington-square.</p>
+    <p>J. B. Bunning, Architect, Guildhall, City of London.</p>
+    <p>G. A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.</p>
+    <p>J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. Case, 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.</p>
+    <p>J. Charpentier, Architect, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.</p>
+    <p>J. P. Cluysenaar, Architect of King of the Belgians, Brussels.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pagevii">{vii}</span>J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye,
+    Holland.</p>
+    <p>H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Alwyne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.</p>
+    <p>W. Cruikshank, 24, Duke-street.</p>
+    <p>A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>C. Downes, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.</p>
+    <p>A. Durand, Moulins, France.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Dusillion, Architect, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.</p>
+    <p>M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.</p>
+    <p>H. Fevre, Architect, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.</p>
+    <p>S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, Calais.</p>
+    <p>A. Gearing, 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.</p>
+    <p>Eugene Godeb&#x0153;uf, 12, Place Breda, Paris.</p>
+    <p>J. T. Harrison, East Bolden, near Gateshead.</p>
+    <p>T. Hayes, 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde-park.</p>
+    <p>J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.</p>
+    <p>C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.</p>
+    <p>J. Imray, C. E., Howley-street, Lambeth.</p>
+    <p>Ch. Sch&#x0153;ch Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.</p>
+    <p>Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.</p>
+    <p>J. T. Knowles, Architect, 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.</p>
+    <p>M. Laves, Architect of the King, Hanover.</p>
+    <p>A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.</p>
+    <p>W. B. Lewis, Rainbow-hill, Worcester.</p>
+    <p>C. C. Nelson, 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.</p>
+    <p>C. F. Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Paliard, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. le Pâtre, Architect, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.</p>
+    <p>J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.</p>
+    <p>A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.</p>
+    <p>H. Rouse, Esq.</p>
+    <p>W. Russell, 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.</p>
+    <p>H. Savage, 22, Beaumont-street, Marylebone.</p>
+    <p>J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.</p>
+    <p>A. Slater, Architect, Elève de Mons. Cluysenaar.</p>
+    <p>F. Smallman Smith, 18, Brunswick-street, Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p>
+    <p>C. H. Smith, Clipstone-street, London.</p>
+    <p>Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.</p>
+    <p>H. Sumners, Architect, 14, College-place, Camden Town.</p>
+    <p>Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.</p>
+    <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageviii">{viii}</span>J. Watson, 74, Grey-street,
+    Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</p>
+    <p>W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.</p>
+    <p>T. Worthington, Architect, King-street, Manchester.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="larger">LIST B.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">ENTITLED TO FURTHER HIGHER HONORARY
+  DISTINCTION.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem sp3">
+    <p>C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.</p>
+    <p>J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.</p>
+    <p>A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.</p>
+    <p>J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.</p>
+    <p>A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.</p>
+    <p>J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.</p>
+    <p>H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.</p>
+    <p>C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.</p>
+    <p>A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.</p>
+    <p>H. le Pâtre, Architect, 4<span class="smaller">K</span>, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St.
+    Denis, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.</p>
+    <p>Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.</p>
+    <p>Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.</p>
+    <p>Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="fix"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2">
+    <a href="images/pixa.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pixa.jpg"
+    alt="Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the
+    Building. Exterior" title="Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the
+    Building. Exterior"/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the Building. Exterior</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="fixb"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/pixb.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pixb.jpg"
+    alt="View of the Interior." title="View of the Interior."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">View of the Interior.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageix">{ix}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="larger">TWO OF THE COMPETITION
+  DESIGNS.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The following descriptions and plates of two of the designs sent in competition for
+  the Building, and specially mentioned by the Committee in their Report, are given from information
+  obligingly furnished to us by their respective authors.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">DESIGN BY M. HECTOR HOREAU, ARCHITECT, OF PARIS.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp2">
+    <p>This was one of the most striking of all that were submitted to the Commission; it formed one
+    immense hall, or shed, more than 2000 feet long, by about 270 feet wide throughout, with several
+    small detached buildings on the north side, for refreshments, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>The interior of the main building was divided into five avenues, the centre one about ninety
+    feet wide, those next adjoining rather more than fifty feet, and the outside ones about forty
+    feet wide. Iron columns, about twenty-three feet apart, formed these avenues and supported
+    arched ribs for the roof. One end of the building was semicircular, the other forming an
+    ornamental façade, and about the centre of the length a transept was formed.</p>
+    <p>M. Horeau says: "Simplicity, grandeur, ready means of construction, and of increasing or
+    diminishing the accommodation, and of removal if required, forming altogether a specimen of the
+    most recent improvements introduced into the art of building&mdash;these are the principal
+    objects which it has been sought to attain. The whole of the construction is of iron, without a
+    single piece of wood, the foundation being executed in brick; the façade to be in metal,
+    porcelain, and glass, the floor of asphalte, the roof to be principally covered with ornamental
+    thick glass, in large dimensions, or ground glass with patterns.</p>
+    <p>"Of the trusses or arched ribs supporting the roof there were to be but three varieties, each
+    in three pieces, with which the whole of the building could be erected. This subdivision of the
+    roof-trusses would have facilitated the conversion of the building for other purposes; for,
+    taken singly, or in various combinations, they would have formed many kinds of buildings for
+    ordinary purposes. The attached buildings placed on the north side would have shown several
+    modes of effecting this. The ornamental spandrils of the roof-trusses would be formed in
+    stamped-work out of copper, and gilt.</p>
+    <p>"The façade shows at a glance the purpose of the building, as well as its <span
+    class="pagenum" id="pagex">{x}</span>interior disposition, in which the different widths of
+    avenues would afford space for objects of all varieties of dimensions. The façade itself was to
+    be formed with tracery or trellis-work of cast-iron, the lower part being covered with
+    sheet-iron; the cornice and ornamental panels of porcelain; the medallions in coloured
+    stone-ware; the doors and inclosures of metal, silvered and gilt; the ornamental details to be
+    either cast or stamped; the scrolls in the panels being in coloured glass or mosaic.</p>
+    <p>"The pediment is crowned with a group of figures representing the Genius of Industry crowning
+    the Arts and Sciences; in the cornice are placed the names of all the principal cities of the
+    world, and the names of eminent men in panels. In the medallions are represented allegorical
+    figures of the different branches of science and industry. At the angles of the building are
+    placed trophies, the base of which would serve as guard-houses."</p>
+    <p class="sp0">The engravings will serve to show the general effect of this design in its
+    interior and exterior.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">DESIGN BY MESSRS. R. AND T. TURNER, OF DUBLIN.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>In this design also the interior was arranged as one uninterrupted space, about 1,940 feet
+    long, and 408 wide, the roof in one span rising about 120 feet above the floor; the supports,
+    consisting of semicircular ribs, forming the interior into three avenues, the centre one 200
+    feet wide and the full height, the side ones 104 feet wide and about sixty feet high. In the
+    centre of the length a transept was proposed, and the square area at the meeting of that with
+    the central avenue was to be covered with a glass dome.</p>
+    <p>The ends of the building, as well as those of the transept, were to be filled in with tracery
+    in the upper part, a colonnade below protecting the entrances. Galleries, if necessary, were to
+    be placed in the side avenues. The construction of this building was proposed to be principally
+    of wrought iron, which would have given to the circular ribs and other parts a great lightness
+    of effect; but, on the other hand, the difficulties of producing and putting together such an
+    enormous amount of wrought-iron work in so short a space of time as that required was considered
+    an almost insuperable objection to the design. Large portions of the roof were to be covered
+    with glass, so as to admit an abundance of light into the interior.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">The accompanying views of the exterior and interior of this design, from the
+    simplicity of the arrangement, consisting of a repetition of similar parts, require but little
+    description for their elucidation.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="fx"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp3">
+    <a href="images/pxa.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pxa.jpg"
+    alt="Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View
+    of Exterior from one end." title="Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View
+    of Exterior from one end."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View of Exterior from one end.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="fxb"></div>
+
+  <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp5">
+    <a href="images/pxb.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pxb.jpg"
+    alt="Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design.
+    Transverse Section, and View of the
+    Interior." title="Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design.
+    Transverse Section, and View of the
+    Interior."/></a>
+    <div class="smaller ac">
+      <p class="sp0">Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design. Transverse Section, and View of the
+      Interior.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexi">{xi}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">MEMORANDUM ON THE
+  SITE.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 1st July, 1850;
+  for</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">COPY of a <span class="sc">Letter</span> addressed by the Commissioners of the <span
+  class="sc">Exhibition</span> of 1851 to the Lords of the Treasury, inclosing Memorandum as to the
+  Site of the Exhibition Building in Hyde Park.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="ar"><i>Palace of Westminster, 1st July, 1850.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Sir</span>,&mdash;I am directed by her Majesty's Commissioners for the
+  Exhibition of 1851 to transmit to you herewith, for the information of the Lords Commissioners of
+  her Majesty's Treasury, a memorandum of the grounds on which the present site has been selected
+  for the Exhibition, and of the proceedings that have been taken in consequence of that
+  selection.&mdash;I have, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="ar">(Signed) <span class="sc">Stafford H. Northcote.</span><span class="gap"
+  style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span></p>
+
+  <p><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>The Right Honourable W. G. Hayter, M.P.,
+  &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="it1">Memorandum of the grounds on which the site has been selected for the Exhibition of
+  1851, and of the proceedings which have been taken in consequence of that selection, prepared for
+  the information of the Lords of the Treasury by the Royal Commissioners for promoting the
+  Exhibition.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp2">
+    <p>1.  It is within the knowledge of the Lords of the Treasury, that from the time of the
+    earliest announcement of the proposed Exhibition it has always been intended that it should take
+    place in the Metropolis. Not only was such an intention matter of notoriety at the time that the
+    question of issuing a Royal Commission was under consideration, but the Commission itself, when
+    issued formally recited that it was proposed "To establish an Enlarged Exhibition of the Works
+    of Industry of all Nations, to be holden in London, in the year 1851;" and it was to further the
+    holding of such an exhibition that the present Commissioners were specially appointed.</p>
+    <p>2.  Considering the importance of the undertaking, and the circumstances attending its
+    promulgation, the selection of the Metropolis as its intended locality appears to have been both
+    natural and proper. It will be borne in mind that the exhibitions which have from time to time
+    been held in foreign countries have generally, and, as the Commissioners believe, invariably,
+    been held in the capitals of the respective countries. In the present case it was peculiarly
+    important that an undertaking which required the constant superintendence of a body of
+    Commissioners, whose <span class="pagenum" id="pagexii">{xii}</span>occupations for the most
+    part confine them to London, should be carried on within their immediate cognisance, and not
+    removed to a distant situation.</p>
+    <p>3.  It being thus distinctly evident that the Exhibition ought to take place in London, it is
+    further obvious that the actual site which may be selected for it should be within the precincts
+    of, or in the closest vicinity to, the most central and accessible parts of the Metropolis
+    itself. It need hardly be pointed out that it would be objectionable to impose upon persons who
+    may have come to London from a great distance the necessity of an additional journey to visit
+    the Exhibition; a consideration which has already been urged upon the Commissioners by the
+    representatives of several of the most important provincial towns, who are apprehensive of the
+    inconvenience to which artizans in particular might thus be subjected. Moreover, the removal of
+    the Exhibition to any distance sufficient to diminish the number of visitors would not only
+    militate against its essential character of general accessibility, but might most seriously
+    affect the receipts upon which its self-supporting character must depend, a point upon which it
+    appears that much stress has been laid.</p>
+    <p>4.  Although Hyde Park, and even the particular space now in question, had been already
+    mentioned before the issue of the Commission, and indeed so far back as October, 1849, as a
+    probable site for the Exhibition, it is unnecessary to assure the Lords of the Treasury that the
+    Commissioners approached the question of the site after their appointment without having in any
+    degree prejudged the merits of particular localities. On the 14th of February, their attention
+    having been directed to the importance of determining the site by the Committee then recently
+    appointed for all matters relating to the building, they deputed two Commissioners, namely, Lord
+    Granville and Mr. Labouchere, to wait upon the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and to
+    confer with him upon the subject. The result of this conference is set forth in the Report
+    presented by the Building Committee at the next meeting of the Commissioners (Feb. 21), of which
+    the following is the portion which relates to the question of the site<span
+    class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+    <p>"With respect to the site, it has appeared to your Committee that, firstly, the north-eastern
+    portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space between her Majesty's private road and the
+    Kensington-road, in the southern part of Hyde Park; and, thirdly, the north-western portion of
+    Regent's Park, are the only available spaces about the Metropolis which would afford the
+    necessary accommodation; and it is believed that the order in which they have been named
+    represents also their relative eligibility. As regards the first, the Committee are informed by
+    the Chief Commissioner of her Majesty's Woods and Forests, that considerable objections would
+    arise to its occupation for such a purpose, and that no such objections would be raised to the
+    use of the second; the Committee, therefore, recommend the adoption of this site, which, amongst
+    other advantages, is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the existing roads. Upon
+    this occasion a letter was received from the Westminster Committee, stating that the local
+    Commissioners for Westminster had visited the site in Hyde Park, and a site suggested in the
+    Regent's Park, and that they were of opinion that the site in Hyde Park was the preferable
+    one."</p>
+    <p>The recommendation of the Building Committee having been agreed to, a form of advertisement,
+    requesting plans and suggestions for the building, was, at the next meeting (28th February),
+    submitted for approbation, and was ordered to be immediately issued in the English, French, and,
+    German languages. To this advertisement was appended a ground-plan of the site in Hyde Park for
+    the guidance of those to whom the advertisement was addressed. The details of this plan were
+    discussed in the presence of the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and were settled in
+    conformity with his lordship's wishes.</p>
+    <p>5.  In consequence of the advertisement thus issued, no less than 248 plans and suggestions,
+    many of them the productions of foreign artists, were sent in to the Commissioners. A large
+    number of these were of a very elaborate character, and bore evident marks of considerable
+    application and ability.</p>
+    <p>6.  Soon after the site had been selected, some other important arrangements having also by
+    this time been made, the Commissioners prepared and published a statement (21 February)
+    explanatory of the nature and objects of the Exhibition, which was widely circulated in this
+    country, was forwarded to our consuls abroad and to the foreign consuls in England, and was
+    officially transmitted by the Secretary of State to all Foreign Governments, and to all the
+    Governors of the British Colonies, as well as to India. In this statement it was announced that
+    "Her Majesty had <span class="pagenum" id="pagexiii">{xiii}</span>been graciously pleased to
+    grant a site for the purpose (of the Exhibition) on the south side of Hyde Park, lying between
+    the Kensington Drive and the ride commonly called Rotten Row."</p>
+    <p>7.  The site having been thus deliberately chosen and formally announced, all subsequent
+    proceedings connected with the building have been taken with direct reference to it. The plans
+    have been prepared with a view to its peculiarities, and the form of the building and its
+    internal as well as its external arrangements have been determined by them. The amount of space
+    available for the display of articles has been calculated upon the data afforded by the site,
+    and from a calculation of this amount the Commissioners have been able to assign to each foreign
+    country a definite space for the arrangement of its own productions. All the necessary
+    working-drawings and specifications have been prepared with very great labour and at
+    considerable expense, and have now been issued in a form which will insure to the Commissioners
+    the certainty of obtaining, within a few days, <i>bonâ fide</i> tenders for the execution of a
+    design presenting every facility for construction within the time prescribed. The mechanical
+    difficulties have been surmounted, and all the preliminary arrangements, even to the extent of
+    provision for an effective drainage and a sufficient water supply, have been entered into. The
+    whole of these preparations have reference to this particular site only, and are inapplicable or
+    unsuitable to any other.</p>
+    <p>8.  From what has been already stated, it will be seen that the present site was not selected
+    without consideration, and that the proceedings which have been taken with respect to it were
+    not commenced until the Commissioners had good ground for believing that there would be no
+    objection to its occupation. The attention, however, which has lately been directed to the
+    point, has caused them anxiously to reconsider the whole subject, and renders it now necessary
+    for them to enter into somewhat more of detail as to the grounds upon which they have come to
+    the conclusion which they have formed, that this is the only site in or about the Metropolis
+    which is at once suitable and practically available for the purposes of the Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>9.  Of the other sites which have been suggested, the following are the only ones deserving
+    of particular consideration<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <p>(<i>a</i>) The North-eastern portion of Hyde Park.</p>
+      <p>(<i>b</i>) The North-western portion of Regent's Park.</p>
+      <p>(<i>c</i>) Battersea Park.</p>
+      <p>(<i>d</i>) Victoria Park.</p>
+      <p>(<i>e</i>) Wormwood Scrubbs.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>10.  The north-eastern portion of Hyde Park would, in the opinion of many members of the
+    Building Committee, be a very eligible situation; but, as has been already mentioned, an
+    objection was taken to this locality on the part of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, on
+    the ground that the building would interfere with some important thoroughfares in that part of
+    the park, and on account of other considerations of public importance; and the idea was
+    abandoned in consequence.</p>
+    <p>11.  The site suggested in the Regent's Park has been found, since it was visited by the
+    Building Committee, not to be available, as the leases under which the houses in the
+    neighbourhood are held contain a clear and stringent provision that no new building of any kind
+    shall be erected within the limits of the park.</p>
+    <p>12.  With regard to the ground in the neighbourhood of Battersea proposed to be purchased by
+    the Government, and to be converted into a park to be called Battersea Park, the Lords of the
+    Treasury are of course aware that only a small proportion of the whole area has as yet been
+    purchased; and the Commissioners found on inquiry that this proportion consists of numerous
+    small detached pieces, utterly insufficient to accommodate a building of the contemplated size,
+    and separated from each other by intervening plots of ground, many of them in a state of high
+    cultivation, and belonging to a great number of different proprietors, with whom it would be
+    absolutely impossible to effect arrangements within any time which would afford the slightest
+    chance of the Commissioners being put in possession of a site in time to complete their building
+    by the spring of next year. It should be added that the site of this district is very low, a
+    great portion of it being some feet under high-water mark, and that the nature of the soil
+    presents serious objections to its use as a building-ground.</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexiv">{xiv}</span></div>
+    <p>13.  Victoria Park is situated in an inconvenient and not very accessible part of the town.
+    It would, moreover, be impossible to erect in it a building of the required size without most
+    seriously interfering with the plantations and ornamental water which have been recently laid
+    out there; thus inflicting on the classes for whose recreation that park has been opened an
+    inconvenience infinitely more serious than could be caused to the frequenters of the very much
+    larger area of Hyde Park by the proposed occupation of a comparatively small portion of it.</p>
+    <p>14.  Lastly, as regards Wormwood Scrubbs, besides that the distance is a very serious
+    objection, the rights of the commoners in that locality would prevent its appropriation; and the
+    Commissioners are advised that it would be impossible to erect the building there without risk,
+    as any single commoner would have it in his power to interrupt the proceedings, and to cause
+    them to be discontinued at any stage of the work, however advanced. Similar objections apply to
+    Wandsworth and some other commons in the neighbourhood of London, which have been occasionally
+    mentioned as possible sites.</p>
+    <p>14<i>a</i>. As regards Primrose Hill and the Isle of Dogs, the want of level space on the
+    former, and the objectionable situation and dampness of the latter, render them so obviously
+    unsuitable as to make any particular observations unnecessary.</p>
+    <p>15.  But even could the objections to any of these sites be removed, or could another and an
+    unobjectionable site be pointed out, the Commissioners feel hound to state, from their
+    experience of the time, thought, and labour necessarily consumed in the investigation,
+    arrangement, and preparation of the great mass of detail requisite to enable them to carry out
+    this extensive work, that they are fully convinced of the impossibility of now adapting their
+    plans to any other site, with any reasonable prospect of being able to complete the work within
+    the time to which they stand pledged in the face of the world; and they could only regard a
+    change of site, particularly if it should involve a change of plan, as tantamount to the
+    postponement of the Exhibition till another year. And the Commissioners cannot shut their eyes
+    to the fact, that a postponement of the Exhibition would, under the circumstances, certainly
+    lead to its entire abandonment.</p>
+    <p>16.  In order to give the Lords of the Treasury some idea of the consequences of an
+    abandonment of this scheme, the Commissioners would in the first place direct their attention to
+    the large amount of money already subscribed towards its completion (which is at present nearly
+    64,000<i>l</i>.), to the number of local committees (now about 240) which have been called into
+    existence throughout the country, to the funds now being raised by subscriptions out of their
+    wages among the working-classes in all parts of the country towards enabling them to visit an
+    Exhibition to which they are anxiously looking forward, and the abandonment of which would be a
+    great disappointment to numbers, and still more to the extensive preparations which are now
+    making for the supply of articles for exhibition. It is within the knowledge of the
+    Commissioners that several individuals in this country have incurred several thousand pounds'
+    expense in such preparations, besides the anxiety which they have occasioned.</p>
+    <p>17.  But the evils which would result from postponement, so far as this country is concerned,
+    are as nothing when compared with those which would arise in the case of foreign nations and the
+    colonies. The plan of the Exhibition has been widely circulated for several months, and the
+    following States have already signified, through their respective Governments, that they have
+    appointed Committees or Commissioners, consisting of the most distinguished individuals in those
+    countries, to co-operate with the Royal Commissioners in this country<span
+    class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+    <table class="sp2 mc" title="Co-operating States" summary="Co-operating States">
+      <tr>
+        <td class="w33">Russia,<br/>
+        Sweden,<br/>
+        Norway,<br/>
+        Denmark,<br/>
+        Prussia,<br/>
+        Saxony,<br/>
+        Austria,<br/>
+        Bavaria,</td>
+        <td class="w33">Hanover,<br/>
+        Oldenburg,<br/>
+        Mecklenburg,<br/>
+        Hanse Towns,<br/>
+        France,<br/>
+        Holland,<br/>
+        Belgium,<br/>
+        Spain,</td>
+        <td class="w33">The United States,<br/>
+        Turkey,<br/>
+        Sardinia,<br/>
+        Venezuela,<br/>
+        Switzerland,<br/>
+        Nassau,<br/>
+        Anhalt, Dessau, &amp;c.</td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>Besides which it may be mentioned that special Commissioners have been sent to this country
+    by France, Russia, and one or two other States; and that in most cases the Governments have
+    <span class="pagenum" id="pagexv">{xv}</span>undertaken the collection and the transmission to
+    this country, at their own expense, of the articles intended for exhibition, for which, of
+    course, their preparations are now made.</p>
+    <p>18.  In all the countries which have been mentioned active preparations for the Exhibition
+    are now going on, and in some considerable expense is known to have been incurred. The Russian
+    Government has announced that the goods intended for exhibition will be shipped from that
+    country in the autumn of this year, and questions pointing to a similar arrangement have
+    recently been put by the Government of Denmark. The Austrian Government have given notice, that
+    the Great Exhibition which was to have been held at Vienna in the year 1851 has been postponed
+    till the year 1852, in order not to clash with the Exhibition in London. All these circumstances
+    tend to show that the postponement of the Exhibition would be seriously inconvenient to many
+    countries, and would probably occasion considerable and natural irritation at what would appear
+    like national vacillation, besides the certainty of rendering these countries unwilling to run
+    the risk of a second disappointment, and of deterring them from continuing their preparations
+    for a later period.</p>
+    <p>19.  These inconveniences would be felt also by the British Colonies. Committees have been
+    announced as formed in Malta, Ceylon, Nova Scotia, Barbadoes, Guiana, and several of the West
+    India Islands, and it is probable that others have been appointed elsewhere. In India most
+    extensive preparations are being made, and the East India Company have incurred very great
+    expense by their exertions to contribute to the Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>20.  After what has been said, it is unnecessary that the Commissioners should enlarge any
+    further upon the consequences to be apprehended from the postponement which would be occasioned
+    by an alteration of the site of building. They will proceed to offer a few remarks upon some of
+    the objections which have been taken to that at present proposed.</p>
+    <p>21.  An idea appears to prevail in some quarters that the occupation of the Park is intended
+    to be of a permanent, and not, as has been repeatedly announced, of a merely temporary
+    character, and the Commissioners are given to understand that by proposing to construct a
+    building into which a good deal of brickwork is to enter, they have shown an intention at
+    variance with their professions. Upon this point they have to remark, in the first place, that,
+    although the eminent architects and engineers whom they have consulted, and to whom they have
+    uniformly given instructions to prepare plans suitable to a temporary structure, have agreed to
+    recommend the use of brick and other durable materials, they have left it perfectly open to
+    contractors to send in their tenders for the execution of the work in any material or materials
+    whatsoever, and have notified their readiness to entertain such tenders, on the single condition
+    of their being "accompanied by working-drawings and specifications, and fully priced bills of
+    quantities." It is probable that some such tenders will be made, and if made they will be
+    impartially considered; but the Commissioners must protest against the supposition that it is
+    necessarily more judicious to construct a temporary building of perishable than of enduring
+    materials. The first requisite of the building is, that it should be suitable for its purpose,
+    capable of protecting the valuable goods deposited in it from injury of every kind&mdash;as, for
+    instance, from the weather, from the effects of the dampness of the soil, from the danger of
+    fire, and so forth, and that it should be strong enough to avert all risk of accidental damage.
+    Its next requisite is, that it should be economical, and in estimating its cost regard must be
+    had not only to the expense of erection, but to the facility of removal and the value of the
+    materials when removed, as a building may easily be conceived to be cheaper which should cost
+    100,000<i>l.</i> to erect, but of which the materials could afterwards be sold for
+    50,000<i>l.</i>, than another would be which cost but 80,000<i>l.</i> in the first instance, but
+    of which the materials should become so far deteriorated as to produce only 20,000<i>l.</i> when
+    taken down. It is the opinion of those who have devised the plans in the present case, that a
+    building constructed of durable materials will in the end be cheaper than one constructed of
+    such as are more perishable; particularly as a considerable portion of the building, namely, the
+    iron roofing, will be of a kind which is generally used in the construction of railway-stations,
+    and will probably be disposed of for that purpose after the close of the Exhibition, as its
+    temporary application to the purposes of the Exhibition will be of no detriment to its being so.
+    An opportunity of testing the correctness of this opinion will be given when the tenders are
+    received, as, in addition to the customary form, it has been required that they should also be
+    sent upon the understanding that the materials shall <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pagexvi">{xvi}</span>remain the property of the contractor, and shall in fact only be hired
+    for the purposes of the Exhibition. The third requisite of the building is, that it should be at
+    least seemly, though it may not be necessary that it should be highly ornamental. The
+    Commissioners trust that it will fulfil this condition, while they would at the same time point
+    out that no expense is to be incurred for merely ornamental purposes, unless it should be
+    thought desirable to select a dome for covering in the large space which must necessarily be
+    left in the centre of the building to suit the internal arrangements. A cheaper mode of covering
+    in this space will probably be resorted to, and the Commissioners have directed that a special
+    estimate of the cost of the dome should be laid before them when the tenders are complete, in
+    order that they may judge of the propriety of sanctioning its erection.</p>
+    <p>Having offered this short explanation, they can only repeat once more the assurances they
+    have already given, that the building is not intended to be permanent, and that it will be
+    entirely removed, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the Lords of the Treasury on
+    yielding up the site, within seven months after the closing of the Exhibition, which cannot be
+    deferred after the 1st of November, and will probably take place at an earlier period in the
+    autumn of next year.</p>
+    <p>22.  Another ground of apprehension is stated to be, lest the Park should be injured by the
+    erection of the building, and the injury should continue after the structure is removed. This
+    apprehension is, however, groundless; a small clump of ten trees has been allowed to be removed,
+    in compensation for which, it is proposed by the Commissioners of Woods and Forests to plant
+    another clump elsewhere. It is not intended to cut down any more than that clump. As regards the
+    surface of the ground to be occupied, it will not only not be injured, but will ultimately be
+    materially improved by being drained and freshly sown with grass seed. It will be a strict
+    condition with the contractors for the building that they shall, on its removal, restore the
+    ground to its present condition.</p>
+    <p>23.  Some dissatisfaction has been expressed at the prospect of a furnace being erected to
+    heat the boiler and drive the steam-apparatus. It is however, intended to construct such furnace
+    on the principle of consuming its own smoke, or to burn coke instead of coal, should that, upon
+    the whole, appear the best mode of preventing annoyance. Care will also be taken not to erect
+    any chimney of an unsightly character.</p>
+    <p>24. As regards the amount of traffic which will be occasioned by the transport of materials
+    and goods to the site, the Commissioners have been furnished by the Building Committee with an
+    approximate estimate that it will not in the whole exceed the ordinary amount of three weeks'
+    general traffic of a single railway-station, and as this traffic will be spread over a period of
+    more than six months, it is manifest that its amount has been enormously exaggerated by public
+    estimation.</p>
+    <p>25.  The Queen's Ride, though in the immediate vicinity of the site, will not be in any
+    degree interfered with, except that it may be advisable to rail off a strip not exceeding ten
+    feet, or one-sixth of the whole in width, for foot-passengers, in order to prevent the
+    inconvenience of crowding the space open to riding parties. By this arrangement the riders will
+    be secured from annoyance.</p>
+    <p>25 <i>a.</i> It has been said that the effect of the erection of the building will be to
+    drive the inhabitants of London out of their Parks. The Commissioners think it right to draw the
+    attention of the Lords of the Treasury to the following statistics<span
+    class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+    <table class="sp2 mc" title="Areas of London Parks" summary="Areas of London Parks">
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs">The area of</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Hyde Park is</td>
+        <td class="prhs">387</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">acres.</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Kensington Gardens<span class="gap" style="width:5em">&nbsp;</span></td>
+        <td class="prhs">290</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Regent's Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">403</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">St. James's Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">83</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Green Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">71</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Victoria Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">160</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td class="prhs ac">"</td>
+        <td class="plhs">Greenwich Park</td>
+        <td class="prhs">174</td>
+        <td class="plhs ac">"</td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>making a total of 1,568 acres, while only twenty acres are proposed to be taken or the
+    purposes of this Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>26.  In conclusion, the Commissioners think it desirable to call attention to the fact, that
+    the three last Exhibitions of this nature which have taken place in Paris have been held on a
+    site (the Champs Elysées) very closely corresponding to our own Hyde Park in many respects, and
+    <span class="pagenum" id="pagexvii">{xvii}</span>particularly resembling it in being the most
+    fashionable and the most frequented promenade in Paris&mdash;more frequented, indeed, than the
+    particular spot selected on the present occasion has ever been, or is likely to be; and yet it
+    does not appear that the Parisians have had occasion to complain of those annoyances which are
+    now apprehended by some persons in this country. And the Commissioners are informed, that the
+    Exhibition in Vienna was held in the Prado, the principal public place in that city; and that
+    the Exhibition in Berlin was held in the Thiergarten, which is not only the principal public
+    place within the city, but is remarkable as being the only open Park of any sort within several
+    miles.</p>
+    <p>27.  In the foregoing observations the Commissioners have thought it right to confine
+    themselves strictly to a discussion of the practical difficulties which would attend a change of
+    site. They cannot, however, but express their decided opinion, that the renouncement of the
+    selection of the most beautiful park in London for the scene of the Exhibition may be looked
+    upon as indicating a diminution of interest in the undertaking, and would materially detract
+    from that appearance of hospitality on the part of England which has been one great cause for
+    the very favourable reception which this proposal has everywhere secured.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">They must add, that the possibility that the bringing the Exhibition into Hyde
+    Park should be considered as an interference with the enjoyment of that Park by the public has
+    never entered their minds. They have, on the contrary, always intended it as a means of
+    recreative and intellectual enjoyment for the greatest portion of her Majesty's subjects: and
+    they have hitherto had reason to believe that it has been so regarded by the country in
+    general.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="larger">REPORT OF THE ROYAL
+  COMMISSIONERS,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">PRESENTED TO HER MAJESTY ON THE OPENING OF THE BUILDING.</p>
+
+  <p>The following Report, together with her Majesty's Answer, on the occasion of the inauguration
+  of the building, cannot fail to be interesting as a brief record of the proceedings connected with
+  this noble undertaking up to that period<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp2">
+    <p>"May it please your Majesty,&mdash;We, the Commissioners appointed by your Majesty's royal
+    warrant of the 3rd of January, 1850, for the promotion of the Exhibition of the Works of
+    Industry of all Nations, and subsequently incorporated by your Majesty's Royal Charter of the
+    15th of August in the same year, humbly beg leave, on the occasion of your Majesty's auspicious
+    visit at the opening of the Exhibition, to lay before you a brief statement of our proceedings
+    to the present time.</p>
+    <p>"By virtue of the authority graciously committed to us by your Majesty, we have made diligent
+    inquiry into the matters which your Majesty was pleased to refer to us, namely, into the best
+    mode of introducing the productions of your Majesty's colonies and of foreign countries into
+    this kingdom, the selection of the most suitable site for the Exhibition, the general conduct of
+    the undertaking, and the proper method of determining the nature of the prizes and of securing
+    the most impartial distribution of them.</p>
+    <p>"In the prosecution of these inquiries, and in the discharge of the duties assigned to us by
+    your Majesty's Royal Charter of Incorporation, we have held constant meetings of our whole body,
+    and have, moreover, referred numerous questions connected with a great variety of subjects to
+    committees, composed partly of our own members and partly of individuals distinguished in the
+    several departments of science and the arts, who have cordially responded to our applications
+    for their assistance at a great sacrifice of their valuable time.</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexviii">{xviii}</span></div>
+    <p>"Among the earliest questions brought before us was the important one as to the terms upon
+    which articles offered for exhibition should be admitted into the building. We considered that
+    it was a main characteristic of the national undertaking in which we were engaged that it should
+    depend wholly upon the voluntary contributions of the people of this country for its success;
+    and we therefore decided, without hesitation, that no charge whatever should be made on the
+    admission of such goods. We considered, also, that the office of selecting the articles to be
+    sent should be intrusted in the first instance to local committees, to be established in every
+    foreign country, and in various districts of your Majesty's dominions; a general power of
+    control being reserved to the Commission.</p>
+    <p>"We have now the gratification of stating that our anticipations of support in this course
+    have in all respects been fully realised. Your Majesty's most gracious donation to the funds of
+    the Exhibition was the signal for voluntary contributions from all, even the humblest, classes
+    of your subjects, and the funds which have thus been placed at our disposal amount at present to
+    about 65,000<i>l.</i> Local committees, from which we have uniformly received the most zealous
+    co-operation, were formed in all parts of the United Kingdom, in many of your Majesty's
+    colonies, and in the territories of the Hon. East India Company. The most energetic support has
+    also been received from the Governments of nearly all the countries of the world, in most of
+    which Commissions have been appointed for the special purpose of promoting the objects of an
+    Exhibition justly characterised in your Majesty's royal warrant as an Exhibition of the Works of
+    Industry of all Nations.</p>
+    <p>"We have also to acknowledge the great readiness with which persons of all classes have come
+    forward as exhibitors. And here again it becomes our duty to return our humble thanks to your
+    Majesty for the most gracious manner in which your Majesty has condescended to associate
+    yourself with your subjects by yourself contributing some most valuable and interesting articles
+    to the Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>"The number of exhibitors whose productions it has been found possible to accommodate is
+    about 15,000, of whom nearly one-half are British. The remainder represent the productions of
+    more than forty foreign countries, comprising almost the whole of the civilised nations of the
+    globe. In arranging the space to be allotted to each, we have taken into consideration both the
+    nature of its productions and the facilities of access to this country afforded by its
+    geographical position. Your Majesty will find the productions of your Majesty's dominions
+    arranged in the western portion of the building, and those of foreign countries in the eastern.
+    The Exhibition is divided into the four great classes of&mdash;1, Raw Materials; 2, Machinery;
+    3, Manufactures; and 4, Sculpture and the Fine Arts. A further division has been made according
+    to the geographical position of the countries represented; those which lie within the warmer
+    latitudes being placed near the centre of the building, and the colder countries at the
+    extremities.</p>
+    <p>"Your Majesty having been graciously pleased to grant a site in this your royal Park for the
+    purposes of the Exhibition, the first column of the structure now honoured by your Majesty's
+    presence was fixed on the 26th of September last. Within the short period, therefore, of seven
+    months, owing to the energy of the contractors and the active industry of the workmen employed
+    by them, a building has been erected, entirely novel in its construction, covering a space of
+    more than eighteen acres, measuring 1,851 feet in length, and 456 feet in extreme breadth,
+    capable of containing 40,000 visitors, and affording a frontage for the exhibition of goods to
+    the extent of more than ten miles. For the original suggestion of the principle of this
+    structure the Commissioners are indebted to Mr. Joseph Paxton, to whom they feel their
+    acknowledgments to be justly due for this interesting feature of their undertaking.</p>
+    <p>"With regard to the distribution of rewards to deserving exhibitors, we have decided that
+    they should be given in the form of medals, not with reference to merely individual competition,
+    but as rewards for excellence in whatever shape it may present itself. The selection of the
+    persons to be so rewarded has been intrusted to juries equally composed of British subjects and
+    of foreigners, the former having been selected by the Commission from the recommendations made
+    by the local committees, and the latter by the Governments of the foreign nations the
+    productions of which are exhibited. The names of these jurors, comprising, as they do, many of
+    European celebrity, afford the best guarantee of the impartiality with which the rewards will be
+    assigned.</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexix">{xix}</span></div>
+    <p>"It affords much gratification that, notwithstanding the magnitude of this undertaking, and
+    the great distances from which many of the articles now exhibited have had to be collected, the
+    day on which your Majesty has been graciously pleased to be present at the inauguration of the
+    Exhibition is the same day that was originally named for its opening, thus affording a proof of
+    what may, under God's blessing, be accomplished by goodwill and cordial co-operation among
+    nations, aided by the means that modern science has placed at our command.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">"Having thus briefly laid before your Majesty the results of our labours, it now
+    only remains for us to convey to your Majesty our dutiful and loyal acknowledgments of the
+    support and encouragement which we have derived throughout this extensive and laborious task
+    from the gracious favour and countenance of your Majesty. It is our heartfelt prayer that this
+    undertaking, which has for its end the promotion of all branches of human industry and the
+    strengthening of the bonds of peace and friendship among all nations of the earth, may, by the
+    blessing of Divine Providence, conduce to the welfare of your Majesty's people, and be long
+    remembered among the brightest circumstances of your Majesty's peaceful and happy reign."</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Her Majesty returned the following gracious answer:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"I receive with the greatest satisfaction the address which you have presented to me on the
+    opening of this Exhibition.</p>
+    <p>"I have observed with a warm and increasing interest the progress of your proceedings in the
+    execution of the duties intrusted to you by the Royal Commission, and it affords me sincere
+    gratification to witness the successful result of your judicious and unremitting exertions in
+    the splendid spectacle by which I am this day surrounded.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">"I cordially concur with you in the prayer, that by God's blessing this
+    undertaking may conduce to the welfare of my people and to the common interest of the human
+    race, by encouraging the arts of peace and industry, strengthening the bonds of union among the
+    nations of the earth, and promoting a friendly and honourable rivalry in the useful exercise of
+    those faculties which have been conferred by a beneficent Providence for the good and the
+    happiness of mankind."</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">THE END.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">SALISBURY, PRINTER, PRIMROSE-HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE,
+  FLEET-STREET.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="smaller">THE FOLLOWING INTERESTING AND
+  IMPORTANT</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">NEW BOOKS AND MAPS</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="smaller">ARE PUBLISHED BY</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger">JAMES GILBERT, 49,
+  PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="smaller">Wholesale and Retail
+  Bookseller, Publisher, and Newsvendor.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac">NOW READY, in 200 pages, demy 18mo, with Illustrations, price, in fancy binding,
+  only 1s. 6d., or post free, 2s., the SECOND EDITION,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="smaller">DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
+  PRINCE ALBERT,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><span
+  class="gsp">GILBERT'S</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="smaller">POPULAR NARRATIVE OF THE ORIGIN,
+  HISTORY, PROGRESS, &amp; PROSPECTS</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:-0.2ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">GREAT INDUSTRIAL
+  EXHIBITION,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;">1851:</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="x-larger">With a Guide to the future Rules
+  and Arrangements.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller"><span class="sc">By PETER
+  BERLYN, Esq.</span></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac">OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p class="ac">ATHENÆUM.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A well-written volume. A useful record of the history and progressive
+    development of the marking incident of our age and nation. Mr. Berlyn was, we believe,
+    officially employed by the Executive Committee in the earlier stages of their labours; his
+    statements, therefore, are on good authority and may be relied on. The narrative is sufficiently
+    full in its details for the general public now and hereafter."</p>
+    <p class="ac">EXAMINER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This is a clever book, full of timely and interesting matter, and with
+    sufficient merit as a record of the origin and history of the Great Exhibition to outlive the
+    mere curiosity of the hour. Mr. Berlyn has had official opportunities of becoming well
+    acquainted with the subject, and has not neglected them. He puts his materials together with
+    spirit and intelligence, and indulges a hopeful strain of anticipation and prophecy very
+    properly befitting his theme."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LITERARY GAZETTE.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Within a small compass we have here gathered together all that is interesting in
+    connexion with the great undertaking of the present year&mdash;an undertaking which must form a
+    most important chapter in the world's history. We are bound to say that the work has been
+    judiciously done, and the result is a very satisfactory review of all that has been effected in
+    the way of Industrial Exhibitions up to the present time."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MORNING CHRONICLE.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"<span class="sc">Gilbert's Popular Narrative of the
+    Exhibition.</span>&mdash;With this title a small work has just been published, written by Mr.
+    Peter Berlyn, from authentic and official sources, tracing the origin, history, and progress,
+    and pointing to the prospects, of the Great Exhibition. The author has carefully avoided all
+    speculation and gossip on the subject, and has applied himself with very considerable ability to
+    the statement and elucidation of all those facts, derived from authentic records, which bear
+    upon the progress of this most important national movement. Many interesting facts are stated in
+    connexion with the previous expositions which have taken place on the Continent and in this
+    country, and the difficulties with which, upon its first announcement, the present undertaking
+    had to contend, and the means by which the Executive were enabled to overcome them, are clearly
+    and consecutively stated. The work also contains some valuable statistical and other information
+    connected with the building, and copies of the most recent of the regulations issued by the
+    Executive. We would cordially recommend this very interesting work."</p>
+    <p class="ac">EXPOSITOR.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"The volume before us has fair claim to its title of a Narrative of the
+    Exhibition. It commences with an account of such British and foreign exhibitions as may be
+    supposed to have led to the idea of the great international show of industry to be held in the
+    present year. The work also contains a complete account of how the world's industrial products
+    have come to be housed in the present building; gives all the rules and orders of the
+    Commissioners and Executive Committee; special instructions to colonial and foreign exhibitors
+    and Custom-house authorities; names of authorised agents for foreign countries; Custom-house
+    agents recommended by the Royal Commissioners; and such other information as renders it a really
+    useful volume of practical information to all exhibitors and visitors at the Exhibition."</p>
+    <p class="ac">SUN.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Within the compass of an elegant pocket-volume the author of the present
+    narrative has contrived to furnish his readers with a very copious history of the origin,
+    progress, and prospects of the Great Exhibition. Throughout the work he has written with an
+    especial regard at once to simplicity and perspicuity, so that we rest satisfied his labours
+    will prove eminently successful, the book being incontestibly <i>the</i> narrative of the Great
+    Industrial Exposition. Beginning with all the preliminary particulars, which are absolutely
+    essential for the comprehension of the entire scheme of the Prince Consort, the narrative
+    describes very lucidly the growth of the first crude idea to its present gigantic dimensions.
+    The share taken in the project by the Society of Arts is duly celebrated, and the influence of
+    the successive expositions of French industry especially notified. The volume is altogether a
+    very clever and most complete work."</p>
+    <p class="ac">WEEKLY DISPATCH.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Works upon the above subject will become highly popular from the very necessity
+    of the case; and consequently that which the public must chiefly look for amidst all the
+    competition that will ensue will be correctness and compactness combined with economy. Mr. Peter
+    Berlyn's book combines every requisite information regarding the Exhibition from first to last.
+    Its clever compilation, tasteful form, quantity and variety of information, and the dependance
+    that may be placed upon it for correctness, combine with its early appearance to render it one
+    of the most valuable hand-books that are likely to be generally used."</p>
+    <p class="ac">ART JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A very useful and sound history of the rise and progress of the Great
+    International Exhibition of 1851, in which the first movements towards it are carefully and ably
+    detailed; and a very good analysis is given of all preceding industrial exhibitions, at home and
+    abroad, as well as a large amount of information connected with the construction of the building
+    itself, and abstracts of official documents connected with the entire movement. The author has
+    done justice to the efforts which have been made to interest the English manufacturer, and
+    stimulate him in his artistic endeavours; and we feel bound to acknowledge his courteous notice
+    of the exertions made by 'The Art Journal' in helping forward its consummation in 1851."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEADER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"For those who wish to know all about the rise and progress of the Great
+    Exhibition and its Crystal Palace this neat hand-book is the very thing. Mr. Berlyn has
+    performed his task with laudable industry. He has drawn together and arranged a large amount of
+    scattered information regarding the Exhibition in a pleasant form. As an elegant and trustworthy
+    hand-book, the narrative deserves to be popular."</p>
+    <p class="ac">OBSERVER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This neat volume gives a history of previous Exhibitions&mdash;some on small,
+    some on large scales&mdash;that have taken place in divers parts of Europe of late years. It
+    then points out the precise origin of the Exhibition of all Nations, snowing the share his Royal
+    Highness Prince Albert had in it; its history and progress are thus minutely detailed, and its
+    prospects are foreshadowed without exaggeration. We cordially recommend it as a pocket-companion
+    necessary to all those who have not as yet mastered the chief facts connected with the erection
+    of the Palace of Industry."</p>
+    <p class="ac">JOHN BULL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"An able and complete history of the scheme, which we have all to accept as <i>un
+    fait accompli</i>, and a useful guide to the transparent mazes of the Crystal Palace."</p>
+    <p class="ac">WEEKLY NEWS.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Of the works already published, and professing to treat of this gigantic
+    undertaking in its national, social, scientific, and artistic light, we have not met with one so
+    completely pervaded by a spirit of universality as this book of Mr. Berlyn's. In matters of
+    detail and relation his narrative is explicit and lucid; where he has touched on the history of
+    an art or a manufacture he is correct in his data; and in tracing the Exhibition to its true
+    source he has displayed a highly philosophical insight into the spirit of the age. Within the
+    pages of his book will be found a faithful record of the most important meetings of the Royal
+    Commissioners, as well as those convened by the corporations of cities, by societies, or by
+    private individuals, for the furtherance of the great work in hand. To these is appended a
+    verbatim report of the speeches delivered at these meetings by the distinguished men who were
+    invited to preside over them; and the enlightened, liberal, and hopeful spirit which pervades
+    their addresses forms a cheerful contrast to the ominous predictions of certain political and
+    theological fanatics. After a full discussion of what may be termed the <i>business</i> portion
+    of the subject, Mr. Berlyn closes his excellent little book with a brief but eloquent and
+    comprehensive consideration of the beneficial results which are likely to accrue from this great
+    national undertaking, not only to ourselves but mankind in general. The entire absence of
+    partiality or prejudice throughout the book, and the very interesting information contained in
+    it for all matters directly or indirectly connected with the Exhibition, induce us to recommend
+    the author to publish editions of it in the French and German languages. By this means he would
+    be conferring a boon on our country's guests."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LADY'S NEWSPAPER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Peter Berlyn has produced a well arranged, clear, and concise hand book to
+    this wonder of the world, in which he traces its origin, progress, and prospects, in a pleasing
+    and interesting manner. This must have been a most difficult task, as the materials out of which
+    he has formed his narrative are so widely scattered that it requires some one who perfectly and
+    profoundly understands the subject (as we are convinced Mr. Berlyn does) to collect and arrange
+    them in so satisfactory a manner. The ladies also will hail this work with pleasure, because,
+    though containing every information on the subject, it is at the same time light, interesting,
+    and infinitely superior to the dry and prosy style usually adopted in similar works. It is
+    tastefully illustrated, has an elegant fancy binding, and forms a guide-book either for the
+    library or the pocket."</p>
+    <p class="ac">NOTES AND QUERIES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A volume carefully compiled from authentic sources of information upon the
+    several points set forth in its ample title page."</p>
+    <p class="ac">GARDENER AND FARMERS' JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"We do not go out of our province as horticultural journalists in noticing a work
+    recently issued by Mr. Gilbert, of Paternoster-row. Our friends in the provinces will do well to
+    study beforehand as many of the probable incidents of their trip as possible; and, though
+    innumerable prints and tabular descriptions of the Exhibition Building have been issued, we have
+    not had anything before like a connected history of the great project itself. The work before us
+    is called 'A Popular Narrative of the Origin, History, Progress, and Prospects of the Great
+    Exhibition of 1851; and we think the author, Mr. Berlyn, has treated his subject in perfect
+    accordance with the title. More than this it is quite unnecessary to say as to the merits of the
+    work; but we may just notice that the 'getting-up' has evidently been intrusted to careful
+    hands. The binding is neat and tasteful, and, besides a ground-plan, a perspective view of the
+    building is given."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MINING JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This volume, which unostentatiously treats on the highly interesting subjects
+    indicated in the title, is based on records of unimpeachable value. All speculation has been
+    wisely avoided, and its pages present an unvarnished history of one of the most extraordinary
+    undertakings of which the history of the world can boast; extraordinary in the fact of the
+    people of this little island challenging the people of the universe to meet on its shores with
+    specimens of their several productions of industry; and extraordinary in the magnitude,
+    decidedly novel, and inconceivably rapid erection of the building for their reception. The
+    history of every similar exhibition is traced back to its source; those of Manchester,
+    Birmingham, London, and France are minutely recorded; the growing interest which followed every
+    subsequent exposition statistically described, and every detail connected with the Royal
+    Commission, the arrangements, the building, future rules, throughout a space of 200 pages, and
+    finishing with a list of the local committees, conveys a vivid and correct picture of this vast
+    national undertaking."</p>
+    <p class="ac">CHURCH AND STATE GAZETTE.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A work that was wanted. It puts the public in full possession of every iota of
+    intelligence in connexion with the Great Exhibition worth having, and has some very sensible
+    remarks on the prospects of home exhibitors, especially at the forthcoming display. It is
+    indispensable to all interested in the subject."</p>
+    <p class="ac">GUARDIAN.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"'A Popular Narrative of the Great Exhibition' was really needed, explaining its
+    whole history from its first conception in the Prince Consort's brain, and Mr. Berlyn's book has
+    amply supplied the need. It is a very smart volume, and the writer is duly impressed with the
+    grandeur of his theme."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEIGH HUNT'S JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"We can hardly speak too highly of this elegant and useful volume. Mr. Berlyn has
+    done his part admirably, and the publisher has seconded him in the business department no less
+    satisfactorily. All the floating and disconnected accounts that have hitherto been brought
+    before the public from time to time are here collected and arranged in a very popular and lucid
+    manner, while a mass of fresh information, entirely new and authentic, renders this book the
+    only complete compendium of the Exhibition in all its bearings. The history of its origin is
+    written with a graphic power and a narrative vigour very surprising on such a subject. You are
+    carried along with as much interest as if reading a work of fiction. The contents fully justify
+    the ample title, and in that tact lies more of eulogy than columns of praise could say."</p>
+    <p class="ac">THE EVENING EXPRESS.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A neatly-printed volume on the History of the Exhibition; containing a careful
+    digest of all the documents which the Commissioners have issued."</p>
+    <p class="ac">THE TABLET.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn's book is an elegant volume by way of a guide to the Crystal Palace.
+    It contains a well-condensed summary on everything connected with the subject of the
+    Exhibition."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MORNING ADVERTISER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A gaily-boarded volume, nattily emblazoned on the outside with colours, with a
+    tinted frontispiece of the Glass House from the same familiar aspect. It is dedicated to Prince
+    Albert, and contains an elaborate introduction, in which the by-past expositions of Paris,
+    Birmingham, Manchester, Dublin, &amp;c. are duly noticed. It is as a whole a neat mode of
+    preserving all the 'printed gossip,' as well as weightier reports of Commissioners, relating to
+    the preparations of the shell of the Exhibition."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MARK-LANE EXPRESS.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A most interesting record of the history and opinions as to the probable results
+    of the World's Fair, to be held in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park. The author has condensed into
+    a most readable work every transaction which has given rise to this exhibition of the choice
+    products of the world."</p>
+    <p class="ac">THE BUILDER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This book gives, in a concise and agreeable manner, a narrative of the progress
+    of the scheme towards fruition, and an account of the building. The account is put together
+    pleasantly, and makes a pretty book."</p>
+    <p class="ac">CHRISTIAN TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A valuable and elegant introduction to the Great Industrial Exhibition. It
+    contains much useful information, lucidly and carefully arranged."</p>
+    <p class="ac">NORTHERN STAR.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn's book is all it professes to be. It contains an ample and popular
+    narrative of the circumstances connected with the conception and ultimate realisation or the
+    idea; and incidentally throws much light upon the progress and effects of similar exhibitions
+    abroad. The author deserves the greatest credit for the lively, interesting, and accurate manner
+    in which he has recorded all the leading events connected with the Exhibition. In doing this we
+    are happy to perceive also that he has the manliness to do justice to those who first introduced
+    the idea of such Exhibitions into this country, and who had to struggle with all the
+    difficulties which usually dog the footsteps of innovators and inventors. The first exhibitions
+    had to encounter prejudice and apathy, and the funds for carrying them out were comparatively
+    small, and difficult to be procured; they had not the <i>prestige</i> of princely and titled
+    names, to give them acceptance with the vulgar herd, who eagerly copy the fashion set by the
+    great. They were the production of a pure love of art, and science, and industry, and a desire
+    to promote the improvement of public taste and skill. One of the first promoters 'of the plan of
+    National Expositions, similar to those on the Continent,' was Mr. George Wallis, formerly master
+    of the Manchester School of Design; of whose exertions Mr. Berlyn makes honourable mention. It
+    is exceedingly interesting to have presented at one view the gradual expansion of the original
+    idea, through a succession of varied phases, to its ultimate development as an Exhibition of the
+    Industry of all Nations. It appears clear that Prince Albert is entitled to the merit of giving
+    it this cosmopolitan character; other exhibitions have always been either local, provincial, or
+    national. The idea of making that of 1851 universal is due to the Prince Consort alone. The
+    circumstances under which Mr. Paxton conceived the idea of the structure which now attracts the
+    admiration of every beholder, in Hyde Park, read more like a sketch of the imagination than a
+    sober reality; and the almost incredible rapidity with which the plan has been translated into a
+    great fact is one of the proudest testimonies that can be borne to the industrial resources,
+    skill and enterprise of this country. Of all the marvels that will be exhibited at the World's
+    Fair next May, none will be so marvellous as the structure in which they are collected; and we
+    confidently commend Mr. Berlyn's book as an agreeable companion and guide to every visitor, as
+    well as a record of the growth of the Exhibition, well deserving of preservation on account of
+    its intrinsic merits and historical value."</p>
+    <p class="ac">MANCHESTER EXAMINER AND TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn (whom many of our readers will remember as an active and earnest
+    promoter of the interests of our Athenæum, in his character of honorary secretary to that
+    institution), having held an official situation in connexion with the Royal Commission for
+    carrying out the business detail of the intended Exhibition, finds means to present us with an
+    extremely able and instructive volume. His narrative is cleverly written, and affords ample
+    information of the origin and progress of a movement which has already acquired a world-wide
+    fame. The gradual advance of public opinion and feeling in reference to the study of art, and to
+    the more general cultivation of a love for the ideal and the beautiful among the people, are
+    care fully traced, and we have every reason to believe that credit is justly given to the humble
+    but earnest workers in the cause."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEEDS MERCURY.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A popular narrative of the origin, history, progress, and prospects of the Great
+    Exhibition, with a guide to the future rules and arrangements, by Peter Berlyn, has just been
+    published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row. It is a very able and useful volume, beautifully got
+    up, and at a cheap rate."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEEDS TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn's book supplies a <i>desideratum</i>. It is the first attempt, so far
+    as we know, to give a consecutive narrative of the circumstances which have given birth to the
+    great design, whose realisation is to illustrate the history of the present year. He has done
+    his work well. The narrative is entirely derived from authentic and official sources, to which
+    Mr. Berlyn, from his connexion with the undertaking, had peculiar opportunities of access. The
+    author regards the Exhibition, not as a sudden individual thought, but as the natural result of
+    certain industrial ideas and tendencies which have been gradually developing themselves during
+    several years; and this view leads him to trace the history of various prior exhibitions on a
+    minor scale in this country, such as the polytechnic exhibitions in different towns, and the
+    exhibitions of art and manufactures which have taken place, many years, in Manchester,
+    Birmingham, and the metropolis. The proceedings more immediately connected with the great
+    World's Exhibition now in preparation are then related from the commencement, and in a manner at
+    once concise and complete. Finally, we have a full account of the rules and regulations
+    determined on for the conduct of this remarkable undertaking. The volume contains several
+    excellent illustrations, is tastefully bound, and in a portable form."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LIVERPOOL COURIER.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This is an exceedingly interesting and useful book. It has been got up as a
+    hand-book for the visitors to the Great Exhibition, but its object is more to give a condensed
+    account of the history of the event than to serve as a guide within the building. The writer,
+    who treats his subject most clearly and ably, enters into a brief narrative of all that has been
+    hitherto done, in this and other countries, to foster national taste in connexion with these
+    public displays. In our own countries he goes on, at length, into an investigation of what may
+    be termed the initiatory exhibition lately held at Birmingham, and which, in its results, far
+    exceeded the expectations of its founders. He also gives a concise history of the proceedings
+    relative to the 'Palace of Glass,' from the time that its erection was a dreamy idea until it
+    rose in its gigantic transparency to astonish the world."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LIVERPOOL ALBION.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This is a book for the times and to the purpose. Its title-page tells with what
+    object it has been written, and is well borne out by its contents. When we open it we find a
+    concise and faithful account of the causes and progress of the world's gathering which is just
+    upon us. In preparing his volume the author has taken care to avoid all 'culling of simples,'
+    and to give only such information as may be depended upon, and which possesses more than
+    ephemeral interest. It abounds also, in practical suggestions and philosophical observations. We
+    will only say further that the publisher, although he does not puff the work by talking of
+    giving it away, certainly comes as near as possible to that point in the price which he has
+    fixed upon it. We can safely recommend it."</p>
+    <p class="ac">BIRMINGHAM JOURNAL.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"A cleverly-written and carefully-condensed little volume, containing all that
+    has been done, and much that should be known, respecting the great event of the year. The author
+    culls with great judgment from the addresses delivered at various meetings held throughout the
+    country; the regulations issued by the Executive Committee are also introduced. Altogether, a
+    more complete record, within the same amount of space, it would be impossible to find; it
+    confers great credit upon the writer, who in addition is evidently an enthusiast in the work
+    about which he writes so well."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LEICESTERSHIRE MERCURY.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"This volume should be in the hands of all who take an interest in the great
+    event of this <i>annus mirabilis</i>, 1851. What it promises in the title-page it performs in
+    those which follow. It contains an accurate and deeply interesting record of the causes and
+    progress of the preparation for that gathering of the nations of the earth which we are about to
+    witness, and chronicles all the official information on the subject which is worth preserving.
+    The practical suggestions and observations to be found in it are greatly to the credit of the
+    writer. We must also give our praise to the publisher, Mr. Gilbert, for the manner in which he
+    has brought it out, and the low price at which he offers it to the buyer."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LIVERPOOL TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"Of course we are already deluged with hand-books, guide-books, &amp;c., to the
+    Exhibition. Such little works, properly compiled, will not only be interesting, but absolutely
+    serviceable, to the country visitor. We have had oceans sent to us, varying in price as in
+    truthfulness and English grammar. The best we have seen is a 'Popular Narrative of the
+    Exhibition,' by Peter Berlyn, published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row; a book distinguished not
+    only by correctness and labour, but also by very considerable literary merit."</p>
+    <p class="ac">LINCOLNSHIRE TIMES.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">"What the flower-garden is to the bees, attracting them to gather honey from its
+    sweets, the Grand Exhibition has been to many a candidate anxious to take his place in the ranks
+    of authorship. The book before us is one of the proofs of its stimulating powers. It fully and
+    ably accomplishes all which the title-page leads us to expect, setting forth the causes and
+    progress of that wondrous festival of industry at which the world is to meet in Britannia's
+    Crystal Palace. The information which it contains may be relied upon as derived from the best
+    sources; the practical suggestions are valuable; and the observations are penned in a highly
+    philosophical spirit. We can safely recommend the work to our readers, and we are quite certain
+    that everybody who buys it will be satisfied that his money has been well laid out. We speak not
+    from our own authority only, but have our verdict backed by the opinion of persons competent to
+    pronounce upon the merits of the volume before us."</p>
+    <p class="ac">INVERNESS COURIER.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">"This little volume has a merit which belongs to but few books published in the
+    present age. It is wanted. There has no doubt been a great deal written on the subject of which
+    it treats, as well as a great deal spoken; but till now we have had only scattered and almost
+    inaccessible information on the one hand, or mere catchpenny pamphlets on the other. Mr.
+    Berlyn's excellence is, that he is honest; that his work fulfils the promise of its title-page.
+    Officially connected from its outset with the great scheme which he describes, he has enjoyed
+    peculiar facilities for this task, has known where to look for materials, and been able to judge
+    of their relative usefulness and importance. Of these opportunities he has diligently availed
+    himself, and the result is to be seen in the elegant book before us. Simple and popular in
+    style, it is comprehensive and instructive in its contents; we therefore recommend it."</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Beautifully printed in 8vo, price only 7s. 6d., or postage free, 8s. 6d.,
+  Illustrated by Eighty very splendid Pictures, engraved by George Measom,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S DESCRIPTION</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">OF THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span class="gsp">CRYSTAL
+  PALAC</span>E,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">Its Architectural History and
+  Constructive Marvels.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="sc">By PETER BERLYN &amp; CHARLES FOWLER, Jun., Esqrs.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The Engravings will depict the various peculiarities and novelties of this
+  wonderful Building as well as the Machinery, &amp;c., used in its construction. The combined
+  efforts of the Proprietor, as well as the Authors and Artists, are to produce a work worthy to be
+  purchased and preserved by every visitor to the Great Exhibition.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP OF
+  LONDON,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b><span class="gsp">DRAWN ON A NEW PRINCIPL</span>E,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">HAVING IN VIEW THE DEPICTING OF THE PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS OF THE
+  METROPOLIS,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>With Illustrations of its most Important Buildings and Sights,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">Engraved on their exact Localities.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">This novel Map will be found an interesting, intellectual, and practical guide to
+  all Visitors who may wish to proceed readily to the more Important Sights and Attractions of
+  London. The price, in sheet, coloured, with Letter-press Keys and References, is 1s. 6d.; or in
+  Case for the pocket, 2s.; postage free, 3s.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">GUIDE TO THE STREETS OF
+  LONDON,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">AS A COMPANION TO THE "VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP."</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>WITH FIVE THOUSAND REFERENCES;</b></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">Frontispiece and Tables of Cab Fares; the Rules and Laws relative to Metropolitan
+  Conveyances; and Explanations in four Languages&mdash;to enable the Visitor to find his own way
+  throughout the length and breadth of the Metropolis.&mdash;Price 6d; or postage free, 1s.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Price 1s. 6d., or 2s. bound; postage free, 6d. extra,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">GILBERT'S GUIDE TO
+  LONDON,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>WITH MAP, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+  <p>This original work, which has long been in full preparation for publication, is especially
+  intended as a useful and indispensable pocket companion to every visitor to the Metropolis during
+  the Great Exhibition of 1851.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* Separate Editions of the
+  book issued in the French and German Languages, price 6d. each extra.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"Contains much useful information for residents as well as visitors. It has also a good Map,
+    and is very moderate in price."&mdash;<i>English Churchman.</i></p>
+    <p>"A very useful companion throughout the streets and sights of London."&mdash;<i>Lady's
+    News.</i></p>
+    <p>"The distinguishing excellences of this guide are, that it is cheap, and that it is written
+    especially for the benefit of the visitors to London during the Great
+    Exhibition."&mdash;<i>Standard of Freedom.</i></p>
+    <p>"A publication prompted by the Great Exhibition: it is a plain and business-like affair,
+    giving a good deal of information upon various subjects connected with the comfort of visitors,
+    as well as directions for sight-seeing."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p>
+    <p>"This hand-book contains the most complete information connected with the localities,
+    customs, public buildings, amusements, and resources of the capital city of this kingdom; and
+    for travellers or foreigners we say it is an indispensable work, if they desire to possess an
+    accurate knowledge of London during their visit to the Great Exhibition."&mdash;<i>Mark-lane
+    Express.</i></p>
+    <p class="sp0">"Unquestionably the most useful little work of its sort we have met with. It
+    abounds with accurate, ample, and valuable information respecting London and its suburbs. We
+    know of no more interesting or cheaper publication."&mdash;<i>Catholic Standard.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Price, on a large sheet, only 6d.; in case, 1s. 6d.; or on roller, varnished, 3s.
+  6d.,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span class="gsp">GILBERT'S KEY
+  TO LONDO</span>N,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>ON ONE LARGE SHEET;</b></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">Containing particulars of its Palaces, Public Buildings, Religious Edifices,
+  Hospitals, Inns of Court, Parks, Gardens, Bridges, Museums, Literary Institutions, Theatres,
+  Public Amusements, Exhibitions, Cab Fares, Railway Stations, Ambassadors, Bankers, Hotels, Docks,
+  Arcades, Private Galleries, Curiosities, Churches and Chapels, Cab, Omnibus, and Coach Rules and
+  Laws, Omnibus Routes, Environs, Post-offices, Steamers, Foreign Money Tables, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Price, coloured and mounted in cloth case for the pocket, only 1s.; or paper
+  case, 6d.; in sheet, 4d.</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span class="gsp">GILBERT'S MAP
+  OF LONDO</span>N,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">WITH A KEY TO THE STREETS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN 1851.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, size of the Engraving 18 inches by 10, printed on paper, size 21
+  inches by 14½,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">GILBERT'S NEW PICTORIAL VIEW</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.1ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="xxx-larger"><span class="gsp">CRYSTAL
+  PALAC</span>E,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="x-smaller">FOR THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.6ex;"><span class="larger">GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION,
+  1851.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">With several Hundred Scenic and Characteristic Figures, beautifully and accurately
+  Drawn from the Official Documents,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">BY JOSEPH PAXTON, ESQ., F.L.S.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><i>With Statistical Details in English, French, and German.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The exciting interest which the Exhibition creates throughout the world, has
+  prompted the production of this carefully-executed, large, and beautiful Illustration of the
+  Exhibition Building. It is got up in first-rate style, printed on the best paper, and published at
+  the low price of <span class="sc">Sixpence</span>; or coloured, <span class="sc">One
+  Shilling</span>. The special object of its combined beauty and cheapness is not only to command
+  sale in the United Kingdom, but to induce our Merchants, Manufacturers, and all interested in this
+  glorious Institution to send this Illustration of the Building to every part of the world. It may
+  also be had in a neat gilt frame and glazed, price only 5s.; or stretched on a frame and
+  varnished, price 3s. Either of these two can also be had packed in a deal box for transit by
+  railway, or other conveyance, at 1s. extra; or the 6d. and 1s. 6d. editions packed on roller, for
+  transit by post free, at 8d. each extra.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S EXHIBITION
+  LETTER-PAPER,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">4to post size, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the
+  Building printed in tints. Price 2s. per quire, or 34s. per ream.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">GILBERT'S
+  EXHIBITION NOTE-PAPE</span>R,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">8vo post, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the Building.
+  Price 1s. 6d. per quire, or 21s. per ream.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S EXHIBITION
+  CARD,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">With a View of the Building. Price One Penny. Size, 4½ inches by 3.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S LARGE EXHIBITION
+  CARD,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">With a View of the Building. Price Twopence. Size, 7 inches by 4½.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, in Thirty-Six Sheets, of different Subjects, at the extremely low
+  price affixed,</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="larger">JERRARD'S</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span class="gsp">COLOURED
+  PICTURES</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="smaller">GROUPS AND BOUQUETS OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="larger">FLOWERS, FRUITS, BIRDS,
+  LANDSCAPES,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="smaller">&amp;c. &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">These beautiful Pictures are on folio-sized drawing-paper, and produced in the
+  first-rate style, being most beautiful and successful imitations of Original Drawings. They are
+  admirably adapted for framing; would also form a tasteful ornament to Ladies' Portfolios, or as
+  patterns for Drawing in colours.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="poem sp4">
+    <p>Sheet 1, price only 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Peaches, Purple Grapes, Green Grapes.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Moss Rose, Campanula (Canterbury-bell), Wallflower, Convolvulus.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 2, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Poppy, Ranunculus, Pæonia, Hollyhock, Convolvulus, Anagallis,
+    Rosebud.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 3, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;White Rose, Red Rose, Anemone, Single Dahlia, Cineraria,
+    Nastertium, Auricula, Veronica.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 4, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Passion Flower, Rose, Tulip, Geranium, Pinks, Convolvulus.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 5, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Anemone, Petunia, Mountain Aster, Heartsease, Viola Tricolor,
+    Anagallis.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 6, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;White Lilies, Tiger Lily, Tulip, White Fuschia.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">Sheet 7, price 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pineapple, Purple Grapes, Green
+    Grapes, Egg Plum, Red Currants, White Currants.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Rose, Convolvulus.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 8, price 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pear, Plums, Red Grapes, Green Grapes.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Lilium Lancifolium, Picotee, Fuschia, Scarlet Geranium, Marigold Sonicera.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 9, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Ipomæa Horsfallii, Ipomæa Rubro-cærulea.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 10, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Hibiscus Splendens.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 11, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Ipomæa.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 12, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Yellow Hibiscus.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">Sheet 13, price 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Peaches, Plums, Red Grapes, White
+    Currants.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Convolvulus Major, White Rose, Heartsease, Fumaria Anagallis.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 14, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Noisette Rose.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 15, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Orange Lily, Geranium, White Pink, Mule Pink, Petunia, China
+    Aster, Yellow Mallow, Anagallis, Malvi, Primula, Mouse-ear, Tropæolum.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 16, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Anemones, Tulip, Jonquil, Aster, Marigold, Semi-double Rose,
+    Yellow Rose, Convolvulus Minor, Auricula, Nastertium, White Rose.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 17, price 2s.&mdash;Fruit: Melon, Pomegranate.</p>
+    <p>Flowers: Tulip, Honeysuckle, Lily of the Valley.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 18, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;Pinks, Carnations.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">Sheet 19, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Bullfinches, Nest, Eggs, and
+    Flowers.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 20, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Greenfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 21, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Goldfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 22, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Titmouse on the Stump of a Tree.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 23, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Redstarts, with Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 24, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A pair of Chaffinches, with Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">Sheet 25, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A View of the Castle of Chillon, Lake of
+    Geneva.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 26, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;A View of Tintern Abbey.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 27, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;View of Caerphilli Castle and Vale.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 28, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;View of Snowdon from the Valley of Dolydellan.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 29, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;View of Llangollen, Castle Dinas-Bran.</p>
+    <p>Sheet 30, price 1s. 6d.&mdash;View of Fountain, St. Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">It must be distinctly observed that the whole of the above are in full colours, and
+  most successful imitations of original drawings, the price of each sheet being also fixed at
+  extremely low prices. A variety of other sheets are in active preparation.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>STEREOTYPED EDITION.</b></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>The 53rd Thousand, price only 1s. sewed, or 1s. 6d. bound (postage free, 4d.
+  extra)</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">With a very useful steel-plate Genealogical Chart of the Sovereigns of England,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">OUTLINES OF ENGLISH
+  HISTORY,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">WITH INTERESTING</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.4ex;"><span class="x-larger">Remarks on Manners, Customs,
+  Arts, Dresses, &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.6ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">BY HENRY
+  INC</span>E, M.A.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p>*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* In consequence of the rapidly extended
+  sale and approval of this Work, every page of the present Edition has been carefully enlarged and
+  much improved. By a judicious enlargement of the width and length of the page, one-third more
+  letter-press is introduced without any increase of price.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"In the system of Education sufficient regard is not always paid to impressing on the pupil's
+    mind the leading points in a branch of study. His memory is confused with a too great variety of
+    details. This manual of Mr. Ince's is well calculated to counteract this defective method, by
+    affording a well-digested outline, which should be carefully committed to memory, and afterwards
+    filled up by means of oral instruction or reference to larger works. Lively chapters of
+    historical memoranda, and brief sketches of manners and customs, are appropriately introduced.
+    We can cordially recommend this well-digested manual."&mdash;<i>Sharpe's Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"A neat and accurate compendium, and written with perspicuity. The events of each reign are
+    arranged under different heads, so as to give at a glance a comprehensive view of the
+    whole."&mdash;<i>Athenæum.</i></p>
+    <p>"A new edition, with improvements. It is a little 'Rapin' in its way, a history condensed
+    into a nutshell; and we feel assured will, with its companion works, form the future text-books
+    of the young of both sexes. Works intended for the mental culture of the young are sure to meet
+    our approval when properly deserving it; and in the present instance we feel inclined to extend
+    the usual limit of our remarks in favour of the lucid and well-arranged books which Mr. Ince has
+    issued for the rising generation. We could not forbear a smile, on glancing over their contents,
+    at the recollection of the sundry fat quartos and huge folios through which in boyhood we were
+    obliged to wade for the acquirement of a less amount of information than is here presented
+    within the space of one hundred pages."&mdash;<i>The Mirror.</i></p>
+    <p>"Well-digested and useful outlines of our History, and deserves to be a standard educational
+    work."&mdash;<i>Eclectic Review.</i></p>
+    <p>"Superior to anything of the kind; here is a clear and comprehensive outline of the whole
+    History of England. We cordially recommend it."&mdash;<i>Wesley Banner.</i></p>
+    <p>"The leading points are clearly traced, and adapted for easy transmission to the
+    mind."&mdash;<i>Mark-lane Express.</i></p>
+    <p>"A valuable addition to those books specially designed for education."&mdash;<i>Bell's
+    Messenger.</i></p>
+    <p>"These 'Outlines' are particularly well done."&mdash;<i>Bankers Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"A good compendium; it contains the essence of very many volumes, serving not only as helps
+    for the education of youth, but as refreshers to the memory to those who are
+    old."&mdash;<i>Sunday School Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"This book is not undeserving of the popularity it has obtained: it is full of information,
+    and contains the substance of more knowledge of the social progress, manners, and customs of our
+    ancestors than many works of far larger pretensions."&mdash;<i>The third review of the
+    Athenæum.</i></p>
+    <p>"A great deal of information in a small compass, and the author has availed himself of the
+    latest authorities. We prefer the form of Outlines to Catechisms. It contributes to the
+    formation of more logical views, both by the teacher and scholar. Catechisms are the
+    school-books of parrots."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p>
+    <p>"Both the plan and style are perspicuous; it is admirably adapted for what it is
+    intended."&mdash;<i>The Times.</i></p>
+    <p>"Contains a vast amount of interesting and useful knowledge, and admirably adapted as helps
+    to parents and teachers of youth."&mdash;<i>Tait's Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"A well-digested little book."&mdash;<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
+    <p>"A very useful book for the instruction of youth, being a complete <i>resumé</i> of the whole
+    History of England."&mdash;<i>Metropolitan.</i></p>
+    <p>"Well adapted for the education of the young."&mdash;<i>New Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"The brief statements of the principal events of each Sovereign's reign are neat and
+    succinct."&mdash;<i>The Economist.</i></p>
+    <p>"An improved edition of Mr. Ince's very useful book."&mdash;<i>The Rambler.</i></p>
+    <p class="sp0">"Ince's 'Outlines' is a very excellent book to put into the learner's hands: it
+    is clear and well-arranged."&mdash;<i>Author's Institute Circular.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>In 18mo, price 1s., 1s. 6d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra)</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="gsp">THE SIXTH EDITION OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">OUTLINES OF FRENCH
+  HISTORY,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.3ex;"><span class="x-smaller">WITH NOTICES OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.4ex;"><span class="smaller">THE MANNERS, CUSTOMS, ARTS, ETC.,
+  OF THE DIFFERENT PERIODS.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.4ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">BY HENRY
+  INC</span>E, M.A.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"It affords a very pleasing view of the whole History of France. The author being gifted with
+    a philosophical mind and a classical taste, the subjects, though treated in a detached, are far
+    from being treated in a dry and unentertaining manner."&mdash;<i>The Times.</i></p>
+    <p>"It is embellished with some capital engravings, and abounds in the narration of those
+    romantic events which form the groundwork of so many delightful works."&mdash;<i>The
+    Mirror.</i></p>
+    <p>"Mr. Ince is not of those men who speak much without saying anything; he says much in a few
+    words."&mdash;<i>French Paper.</i></p>
+    <p class="sp0">"A very useful educational work."&mdash;<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Price 1s. sewed, or 1s. 4d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra), the Eleventh
+  Thousand of</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.2ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span
+  class="gsp">OUTLINES</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger"><span class="gsp">GENERAL
+  KNOWLEDG</span>E.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.6ex;"><span class="x-larger">By Henry Ince,
+  M.A.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* This Edition has been very
+  much extended and improved; by an enlargement of the size of the page, and careful arrangement of
+  the type, a very great quantity of highly valuable information has been added.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller sp3">
+    <p>"The 'Outlines of General Knowledge' embrace a great variety of facts connected with the
+    natural sciences. Even the names of all the divisions into which the moderns have classified
+    knowledge fill no inconsiderable space. Add to them the names and height of mountains, and names
+    and length of rivers, the names of constellations, the names of the chemical elements, the
+    amount of population of the different kingdoms of the world, the amount of their respective
+    taxation per head, &amp;c. &amp;c., and the mere nomenclature seems calculated to fill a
+    tolerably large book. All this, and more than this, is collected in Mr. Ince's 'Outlines,' and
+    those not accustomed to the art of the author will wonder how one small head could carry all he
+    has brought together."&mdash;<i>The Economist.</i></p>
+    <p>"Well-digested 'Outlines,' which should be committed to everybody's
+    memory."&mdash;<i>Sharpe's Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"A capital book, deserving especial attention."&mdash;<i>Family Friend.</i></p>
+    <p>"Contains for its size a remarkable quantity of interesting and well-arranged information. It
+    would make a valuable present to Sunday Schools and lending
+    libraries."&mdash;<i>Athenæum.</i></p>
+    <p>"A vast amount of condensed information."&mdash;<i>The Rambler.</i></p>
+    <p>"Contains a considerable amount of information of a very valuable kind, on a variety of
+    subjects, that in ordinary routine of education are too much overlooked, an acquaintance with
+    which is every day becoming more and more indispensable. They are germs which cannot fail to
+    vegetate in the mind, to fructify in the head, and eventually to produce a fourfold reward to
+    him who labours in the acquisition of them."&mdash;<i>Sunday School Magazine.</i></p>
+    <p>"Calculated to instruct anyone of common intelligence on every known topic of importance, and
+    to start him with a mind stored with the accumulated learning of 6000 years."&mdash;<i>The
+    Mirror.</i></p>
+    <p class="sp0">"A valuable little publication, full of information in a small compass, creating
+    an appetite for deeper investigation."&mdash;<i>Bell's Life.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">A NEW SERIES
+  OF PENNY MAPS.</span></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Now publishing in Monthly Parts, price only 4½d., or 8½d. coloured (each Part to
+  contain four Maps)</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span
+  class="gsp">PHILIPS'</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">PENNY ATLAS OF THE
+  WORLD,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">IN A</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">Series of fifty-two Imperial
+  Quarto Maps, Engraved on Steel,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">INCLUDING</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>FIVE ANCIENT MAPS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN ANCIENT
+  HISTORY,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">WITH A COPIOUS CONSULTING INDEX OF PLACES.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p>Geographical Knowledge was to a considerable extent an essential necessity even in the early
+  periods of our world, cultivated indeed at first for almost purely social purposes, yet in the
+  same proportion as our progenitors increased in numbers, so also did their extended range of
+  observation instil into their minds the necessity of more practical observations on the relative
+  bearings of the districts through which they passed, noting at the same time the numerous changes
+  of hill and dale, rivulet and stream, and the countless varieties of the wonderful products with
+  which it pleased Almighty God to bless its various regions. Hence progressively arose the
+  Topographical and Geographical Delineations with which the Scriptures abound; to a similar cause
+  may also be traced the contributions which the savage tribes have at various periods of our
+  World's History added to the branches of Geographical science.</p>
+
+  <p>Now, in the same proportion as any people forming a Nation develope their commercial and
+  intellectual strength, in the same ratio has it pleased Providence to render it necessary that its
+  inhabitants should not only become acquainted with the Topographical and Geographical features,
+  relative distances and bearings, of their own and neighbouring nations, but of every portion of
+  the known world, even extending their researches to unknown regions. Indeed, no member of a
+  commercial nation, especially in one where education is much diffused, is qualified to act his
+  part aright as one of its people, unless he is able to form a tolerably accurate notion of the
+  names of Nations, Places, Seas, Rivers, Mountains, &amp;c., their relative position and extent, as
+  well as to learn how richly the Creator of the Earth has endowed them all with the means of
+  ministering to those comforts and pleasures of which man in every state of society and climate so
+  much stands in need.</p>
+
+  <p>These reflections might be much extended, but the limits of a prospectus will not permit it.
+  Suffice it to say that every Englishman, be he rich or poor, should have access to modern Maps of
+  the various portions of the World, in order to possess the means of cultivating a knowledge of its
+  divisions, the names of the chief Nations, Places, &amp;c. &amp;c., as well as to be able to form
+  intellectual and commercial ideas of its numerous products, and the respective regions from whence
+  come the countless varieties of foreign substances now in use among us as articles of ornament or
+  necessity.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">Now, though a Modern Atlas of the World is so essential to every family in this
+  kingdom, still it has been almost limited in its possession, on account of the high price at which
+  all really good and practical works have hitherto been issued. To remove this difficulty has been
+  the principal motive which has induced the Proprietors of "<span class="sc">Philips' Penny Modern
+  Atlas</span>" to issue a work which they feel satisfied will be universally admitted to be
+  surprisingly cheap, and not surpassed in usefulness by any attempt hitherto made to extend the
+  knowledge of Geography.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">LIST OF THE MAPS</span></p>
+
+  <p>Which will appear in <span class="sc">Philips' Penny Atlas</span>, any of which may now be had
+  separately, price <span class="sc">One Penny</span> each Plain, or <span
+  class="sc">Twopence</span> Coloured<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem sp3">
+    <p style="margin-left:3.85em">MODERN MAPS.</p>
+    <p class="stanza"><span class="hid">0</span>1. Western Hemisphere.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>2. Eastern Hemisphere.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>3. World on Mercator's Projection&mdash;Double Map.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>4. Arctic Regions.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>5. Europe&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>6. British Isles.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>7. England and Wales.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>8. Scotland.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>9. Ireland.</p>
+    <p>10. France, in Provinces.</p>
+    <p>11. France, in Departments.</p>
+    <p>12. Belgium.</p>
+    <p>13. Holland.</p>
+    <p>14. Prussia.</p>
+    <p>15. Poland.</p>
+    <p>16. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.</p>
+    <p>17. Denmark.</p>
+    <p>18. Russia in Europe.</p>
+    <p>19. Germany.</p>
+    <p>20. Austria.</p>
+    <p>21. Switzerland.</p>
+    <p>22. Spain and Portugal.</p>
+    <p>23. Italy.</p>
+    <p>24. Turkey in Europe, and Greece.</p>
+    <p>25. Asia&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p>26. Turkey in Asia.</p>
+    <p>27. Russia in Asia.</p>
+    <p>28. Persia and Cabool.</p>
+    <p>29. Hindostan.</p>
+    <p>30. China.</p>
+    <p>31. East India Islands and Australia.</p>
+    <p>32. New South Wales.</p>
+    <p>33. Tasmania, or Van Dieman's Land.</p>
+    <p>34. New Zealand.</p>
+    <p>35. Africa&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p>36. Egypt.</p>
+    <p>37. America&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p>38. North America.</p>
+    <p>39. United States.</p>
+    <p>40. Canada.</p>
+    <p>41. Mexico, Guatimala, and Texas.</p>
+    <p>42. West Indies.</p>
+    <p>43. South America.</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:3.85em" class="stanza">ANCIENT MAPS.</p>
+    <p class="stanza">44. Palestine.</p>
+    <p>45. Orbis Veteribus Notus.</p>
+    <p>46. Orbis Romani Pars Occidentalis.</p>
+    <p>47. Orbis Romani Pars Orientalis.</p>
+    <p>48. Græcia Antiqua.</p>
+    <p>49. Table of the Comparative Height of Mountains.</p>
+    <p>50. Ditto <span class="hid">of bhe</span> ditto<span class="hid">Compar</span> Length of
+    Rivers.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">THE CHEAPEST
+  MAPS EVER ISSUE</span>D.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">PHILIPS'
+  SERIES</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span class="gsp">LARGE SIXPENNY
+  MAP</span>S,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">Size&mdash;Full Sheet Imperial, 22 by 27 Inches, Full Coloured.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><i>Engraved in the best style, and embracing all the recent Geographical
+  Discoveries.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <div class="poem sp3">
+    <p style="margin-left:2.80em">LIST OF THE MAPS.</p>
+    <p class="stanza"><span class="hid">0</span>1. The World on Mercator's Projection.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Northern
+    Hemisphere.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>3. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Southern
+    ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>4. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Eastern
+    ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>5. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Western
+    ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>6. North Horizontal ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>7. South ditto.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>8. Europe.</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">0</span>9. Asia.</p>
+    <p>10. Africa.</p>
+    <p>11. America&mdash;General Map.</p>
+    <p>12. North America.</p>
+    <p>13. South America.</p>
+    <p>14. England.</p>
+    <p>15. Scotland.</p>
+    <p>16. Ireland.</p>
+    <p>17. British Isles.</p>
+    <p>18. The Channel Islands, including Isle of Man and Isle of Wight.</p>
+    <p>19. Chart of the Baltic Sea.</p>
+    <p>20. Sweden and Norway.</p>
+    <p>21. Denmark.</p>
+    <p>22. Germany&mdash;Northern part.</p>
+    <p>23. Germany&mdash;Southern part.</p>
+    <p>24. Holland.</p>
+    <p>25. Belgium.</p>
+    <p>26. France, in Departments.</p>
+    <p>27. France, in Provinces.</p>
+    <p>28. Spain and Portugal.</p>
+    <p>29. Chart of the Mediterranean.</p>
+    <p>30. Turkey in Europe and Greece.</p>
+    <p>31. Italy.</p>
+    <p>32. Venetian States.</p>
+    <p>33. Milanese States.</p>
+    <p>34. Tuscany and the States of the Church.</p>
+    <p>35. Naples and Sicily.</p>
+    <p>36. Switzerland.</p>
+    <p>37. Austria.</p>
+    <p>38. Prussia.</p>
+    <p>39. Poland.</p>
+    <p>40. Russia in Europe.</p>
+    <p>41. Russian Empire.</p>
+    <p>42. Tartary.</p>
+    <p>43. Corea and Islands of Japan.</p>
+    <p>44. China.</p>
+    <p>45. East India Islands.</p>
+    <p>46. Hindostan.</p>
+    <p>47. British India&mdash;Northern part.</p>
+    <p>48. British India&mdash;Southern part.</p>
+    <p>49. Birman Empire.</p>
+    <p>50. Persia.</p>
+    <p>51. Turkey in Asia.</p>
+    <p>52. Arabia.</p>
+    <p>53. Egypt and Abyssinia.</p>
+    <p>54. Palestine.</p>
+    <p>55. North and South Africa.</p>
+    <p>56. Atlantic Islands.</p>
+    <p>57. Chart of the Atlantic.</p>
+    <p>58. Canada, Nova Scotia, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>59. United States.</p>
+    <p>60. California, Mexico, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>61. Panama, Guatimala, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>62. West Indies.</p>
+    <p>63. Isles of Bermuda, Bahama, and Cuba.</p>
+    <p>64. Jamaica.</p>
+    <p>65. St. Domingo and Virgin Isles.</p>
+    <p>66. St. Christopher's, with Nevis and St. Lucia.</p>
+    <p>67. Antigua, with Guadaloupe, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>68. Dominico, with Martinico, &amp;c.</p>
+    <p>69. Barbadoes and St. Vincent.</p>
+    <p>70. Trinidad, Grenada, Tobago, and Caraçoa.</p>
+    <p>71. Peru, Chili, and La Plata.</p>
+    <p>72. Caraccas and Guiana.</p>
+    <p>73. Islands in the Pacific.</p>
+    <p>74. Australia.</p>
+    <p>75. New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land.</p>
+    <p>76. South Australia.</p>
+    <p>77. New Zealand.</p>
+    <p>78. Chart of the North-west Passage between Europe and America.</p>
+    <p>79. Chart of the Discoveries of Ross, Parry, and Franklin in the Arctic Regions.</p>
+    <p>80. Table of the comparative Height of Mountains.</p>
+    <p>81. Ditto <span class="hid">of bhe</span> ditto<span class="hid">Compar</span> Length of
+    Rivers.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* This series of Maps is by
+  far the largest, best, and cheapest ever offered for separate sale. Persons desirous of having a
+  specimen of the series, can order a single Map, through their booksellers, or remit 10d. in
+  postage-stamps to the Publishers, who will send any Map named, postage free.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just published, complete in 400 very large and full pages, Demy 8vo</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">Containing matter equal in quantity to 1,500 pages of ordinary 8vo volumes, Price
+  only 4s., or postage free, 5s., strongly and neatly bound in cloth,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.6ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S COPIOUS SERIES OF
+  PAMPHLETS</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">ON THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">ROMAN CATHOLIC
+  QUESTION;</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">CONTAINING</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="smaller">Important Documents of Permanent
+  Historical Interest having reference to the re-Establishment of the</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="x-larger">CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN
+  ENGLAND,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;">1850-1.</p>
+
+  <p>The Editor of these Pamphlets deems it almost superfluous to dwell on the paramount importance
+  of every respectable family possessing this volume of very special present and permanent interest.
+  During the discussion of the exciting matters now at issue in this all-absorbing question, there
+  can be no questioning the well-recognised fact that the possession of this copious and cheap
+  volume is essential to every thoughtful and inquiring person in our beloved country. For those who
+  are as yet unaware of the immense mass of interesting and important documents that are in its
+  pages, <span class="smaller">AN INDEX OF ITS CONTENTS IS ISSUED FOR GRATUITOUS
+  DISTRIBUTION</span>&mdash;this will abundantly testify to the fact; and the Editor, thinks it only
+  necessary to state that, with scarcely an exception, the whole of the documents are printed,
+  verbatim, as they originally appeared, and in very numerous cases they have had the additional
+  advantage of the direct and special revision of the authors.</p>
+
+  <p>The Editor expresses his conviction that all the important facts and documents relative to the
+  "Roman Catholic Question" have appeared in the pages of these pamphlets. Doubtless, during the
+  progress of the Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill through the Houses of Parliament speeches of
+  interest will be made; still the Editor thinks they will be merely elaborations of the materials
+  already in these pages, devoid of original facts or documents.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* Any persons who may wish to
+  possess the Series or sheet containing specific articles particularised in the Index, will be at
+  liberty to purchase it separately, at One Penny or Three-halfpence each sheet respectively, or at
+  Twopence each extra post-free, through the publisher. Series 1 to 17 sell at 1d., and 18 to 25 at
+  1½d. each; but it must be observed that each sheet or Series contains several documents.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, demy 18mo, sewed, Price 2s. 6d., or accompanied by a large and
+  accurate Map, and bound in Cloth, Price 5s.</i></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">THE TRAVELLER'S
+  HAND-BOOK</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="x-smaller">AND NEW GUIDE FOR</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger">EMIGRANTS THROUGH THE UNITED
+  STATES OF AMERICA.</span></p>
+
+  <p>Containing a description of the States, Cities, Towns, Villages, Watering-places, Colleges,
+  &amp;c.; with the Railroad, Stage, and Steam-boat Routes; the distances from place to place; and
+  the Fares on the great Travelling Routes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="sc">By J. CALVIN SMITH.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, in a neat Cover</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span
+  class="gsp">PHILIPS'</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">SHILLING ATLAS OF MODERN
+  GEOGRAPHY,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>CONTAINING NINE IMPERIAL QUARTO MAPS,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">ENGRAVED ON STEEL, &amp; CONSTRUCTED FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITIES.</p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc" title="Contents." summary="Contents.">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac pb1" colspan="3">CONTENTS.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br w33">EASTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/>
+      WESTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/>
+      EUROPE.</td>
+      <td class="br w33 pl2">ASIA.<br/>
+      AFRICA.<br/>
+      AMERICA.</td>
+      <td class="w33 pl2">ENGLAND.<br/>
+      IRELAND.<br/>
+      SCOTLAND.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Lately Published, price 2s.; or 2s. 6d. bound in Cloth</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span class="gsp">PHILIPS'
+  YOUNG SCHOLAR'S ATLAS,</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;">CONTAINING</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">Thirteen Large Quarto Maps, Full
+  Coloured.</span></p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc" title="Contents." summary="Contents.">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac pb1" colspan="3">CONTENTS.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br w33">EASTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/>
+      WESTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/>
+      ENGLAND.<br/>
+      SCOTLAND.<br/>
+      IRELAND.</td>
+      <td class="br w33 pl2">FRANCE.<br/>
+      EUROPE.<br/>
+      ASIA.<br/>
+      AFRICA.<br/>
+      NORTH AMERICA.</td>
+      <td class="w33 pl2">SOUTH AMERICA.<br/>
+      PALESTINE.<br/>
+      UNITED STATES.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, Price 3s. 6d. in Sheets, carefully coloured; 4s. 6d. in case; or
+  7s. 6d. mounted on black rollers and varnished</i>,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">A NEW
+  TRAVELLING</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="xx-larger">MAP OF THE UNITED STATES OF
+  AMERICA,</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,</b></p>
+
+  <p class="ac">AND COMPILED FROM THE MOST RECENT AMERICAN GOVERNMENT SURVEYS AND OTHER AUTHENTIC
+  SOURCES,</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">Showing the whole of the Railways, Canals, &amp;c., to the present time, and the
+  distances from place to place in hundreds of miles, taking the City of New York as the centre.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><i>The Publishers can, with confidence, recommend this Map of the United States
+  as the most authentic and elaborate Map that has ever been produced.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p>*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* The works on this and the fifteen
+  preceding pages are published by JAMES GILBERT, 49, Paternoster-row, London, wholesale and retail
+  bookseller, publisher, and newsvendor.</p>
+
+  <p>Foreign Orders will be executed by J. GILBERT on liberal terms; or they can be either sent to
+  any wholesale bookseller or stationer; or to any of the numerous merchants and manufacturers who
+  export to all parts of the world.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">It will be necessary, however, to order GILBERT'S Editions, Published at 49,
+  Paternoster-row, London.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">SALISBURY, PRINTER. PRIMROSE HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE,
+  FLEET-STREET.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:20em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="xx-larger">Notes.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a>
+    <p>A complete list of the names of all the competitors, together with those selected by the
+    Committee, will be found in the Appendix; also a description and views of the two designs
+    specially referred to.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a>
+    <p>This "memorandum" will be found in the Appendix.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a>
+    <p>The figures quoted are not quite correct, as will be seen hereafter.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a>
+    <p>The surface covered by the Basilica of St. Peter's at Rome amounts to 223,900 square feet,
+    the Cathedral at Milan occupies 124,100, and St. Paul's, London, 114,900 square feet.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a>
+    <p>It is perhaps necessary to mention here, that the leakage of the roof which was at first much
+    complained of was owing to incomplete construction, and not to any defect in the principle, or
+    in the manner in which it has been carried out.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a>
+    <p>About three hundred planks were passed through the machine in a working-day of ten hours,
+    allowing the necessary stoppages for sharpening the cutters; and if only three widths of
+    sash-bar were produced out of each blank, the quantity finished per diem would amount to about
+    two miles and three quarters. This machinery, as well as that for grooving and moulding the
+    ridges, was worked at the Phoenix Saw-mills, Cumberland-basin, Regent's Park, belonging to Mr.
+    Birch.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_7" href="#NtA_7">[7]</a>
+    <p>A This piece of machinery is only novel in its application, as it is similar to that used by
+    brush-makers for drilling a number of small holes in close and regular arrangement.</p>
+  </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Crystal Palace, by 
+Peter Berlyn and Charles Fowler
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRYSTAL PALACE ***
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@@ -0,0 +1,7219 @@
+Project Gutenberg's The Crystal Palace, by Peter Berlyn and Charles Fowler
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Crystal Palace
+       Its Architectural History and Constructive Marvels
+
+Author: Peter Berlyn
+        Charles Fowler
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2013 [EBook #44192]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRYSTAL PALACE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: Transverse Section of the Building, showing the Interior
+completed.]
+
+
+
+
+The
+
+Crystal Palace:
+
+Its
+
+Architectural History
+
+and
+
+Constructive Marvels.
+
+By
+
+Peter Berlyn, and Charles Fowler, Junr.
+
+London:
+
+James Gilbert, Paternoster Row.
+
+mdcccli.
+
+
+----
+
+
+
+
+PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION BY
+
+JAMES GILBERT, 49 PATERNOSTER ROW,
+
+(UNIFORM WITH THE PRESENT VOLUME),
+
+The Curiosities and Wonders
+
+contained within
+
+The Crystal Palace.
+
+BY
+
+PETER BERLYN, ESQ.
+
+Illustrated by Several Hundred Engravings.
+
+----
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,
+
+The Following Pages,
+
+DESCRIPTIVE OF
+
+THE ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE MARVELS OF
+
+THE STOREHOUSE OF THE WORLD'S WONDERS
+
+OF ART, SCIENCE, AND MANUFACTURE,
+
+ARE, BY PERMISSION, MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED,
+
+AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE
+
+OF THE ADMIRATION AND GRATITUDE
+
+WHICH, IN COMMON WITH THE WHOLE CIVILIZED WORLD,
+
+ARE AMPLY SHARED IN BY
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S
+
+MOST DEVOTED, FAITHFUL, AND OBEDIENT SERVANT,
+
+                    THE PUBLISHER.
+
+----
+
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+                                                                      PAGE.
+  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS                                                    1
+  COMMITTEE FOR ALL MATTERS RELATING TO THE BUILDING                      2
+  LABOURS OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE                                       3
+  THE COMPETITION DESIGNS                                                 6
+  BUILDINGS USED FOR PREVIOUS EXHIBITIONS IN FRANCE, GERMANY, AND
+      ENGLAND                                                            15
+  DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S DESIGN                         21
+  OPPOSITION TO THIS DESIGN                                              24
+  THE TENDERS                                                            24
+  HISTORY OF MR. PAXTON'S DESIGN                                         27
+  GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING                                    33
+  THE PAXTON'S GUTTERS                                                   40
+  THE SASH-BARS                                                          44
+  THE RIDGES                                                             46
+  THE GLASS                                                              46
+  THE BOX GUTTERS                                                        47
+  THE ROOF GIRDERS                                                       47
+  THE IRON DRILLING MACHINE                                              49
+  THE PUNCHING MACHINE                                                   50
+  THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE                                         51
+  THE COLUMNS AND CONNECTING-PIECES                                      52
+  THE BASE-PIECES                                                        53
+  THE CAST-IRON GIRDERS                                                  54
+  THE GALLERIES                                                          55
+  TESTING THE CAST-IRON GIRDERS                                          55
+  ROOF OF TRANSEPT                                                       58
+  THE FACEWORK                                                           59
+  THE DIAGONAL BRACING                                                   60
+  THE STAIRCASES                                                         60
+  THE FLOOR AND FOUNDATIONS                                              62
+  FIRST OPERATIONS ON THE GROUND                                         63
+  SETTING-OUT THE GROUND                                                 64
+  FIXING THE BASE-PLATES                                                 65
+  HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE                                              67
+  RAISING AND FIXING THE COLUMNS AND GIRDERS                             68
+  HOISTING THE ROOF TRUSSES                                              69
+  PROVISION FOR EXPANSION OF GIRDERS                                     70
+  GLAZING THE ROOF                                                       71
+  STAGE FOR REPAIRING THE GLASS, ETC.                                    73
+  HOISTING THE RIBS FOR TRANSEPT ROOF                                    73
+  GLAZING THE TRANSEPT ROOF                                              76
+  THE PAINTING                                                           76
+  THE HAND-RAIL MACHINE                                                  78
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS                                              79
+  PAYING THE WORKMEN                                                     80
+  GENERAL STATISTICS                                                     82
+  THE PARTI-COLOURED PAINTING                                            83
+  THE WATER SUPPLY                                                       87
+  THE STABILITY OF THE BUILDING                                          87
+  TESTING THE GALLERIES                                                  88
+  GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF THE BUILDING                                     89
+  CONCLUSION                                                             89
+
+  APPENDIX:--
+  LIST OF COMPETITORS FOR THE BUILDING                                    i
+  LIST A.--COMPETITORS ENTITLED TO FAVOURABLE MENTION                    vi
+  LIST B.--COMPETITORS ENTITLED TO FURTHER HIGHER HONORARY
+      DISTINCTION                                                      viii
+  THE TWO COMPETITION DESIGNS SPECIALLY MENTIONED BY THE BUILDING
+      COMMITTEE                                                          ix
+  MEMORANDUM ON THE SITE                                                 xi
+  REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSIONERS, PRESENTED TO HER MAJESTY ON THE
+      OPENING OF THE BUILDING                                          xvii
+
+
+
+
+List of Illustrations.
+
+
+
+                                                                      PAGE.
+  TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE BUILDING, SHOWING THE
+      INTERIOR COMPLETED--                                  _frontispiece_.
+  PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH EXPOSITION IN 1849                 16
+  VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE OF THE SAME                             17
+  INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE"                                          18
+  INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CATTLE-SHED                                       19
+  VIEW OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN AT BERLIN                        _facing_ 19
+  PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN                                           20
+  VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION BUILDING                             20
+  GROUND-PLAN OF THE DESIGN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE           _facing_ 22
+  EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE SAME                                     _facing_ 24
+  COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS                                           28
+  METHOD BY RIDGE AND FURROW                                             29
+  CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR MACHINE                               30
+  THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH                                   32
+  INTERIOR OF THE SAME                                                   33
+  GROUND-PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE EXHIBITION                         34
+  VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF PARTLY COMPLETED                36
+  PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS                37
+  VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE TRANSEPT                          _facing_ 38
+  VIEW OF GLASS ROOF FROM THE LEAD FLAT                         _facing_ 39
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE BUILDING FROM THE SOUTH-WEST              _facing_ 40
+  THE EXTERNAL RAILING                                                   40
+  SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE STRONG SASH-BAR               41
+  THE CIRCULAR PLANING MACHINE                                           41
+  PORTION OF THE SAME SHOWING DETAIL                                     41
+  SECTIONS OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, SHOWING DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE
+      MACHINE                                                            42
+  THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE                                             42
+  MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS AND RIDGES                       43
+  MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS                                      44
+  THE SASH-BAR DRILLING MACHINE                                          45
+  PORTION OF THE SAME, ENLARGED                                          46
+  SECTION OF THE RIDGES, ETC                                             46
+  DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER                                              48
+  DIAGRAM OF 72-FEET GIRDER                                              48
+  THE IRON DRILLING MACHINE                                              50
+  THE PUNCHING MACHINE AND SHEARS                                        50
+  THE ADZING-CUTTERS                                                     51
+  THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE                                         52
+  SECTION OF A COLUMN                                                    52
+  A BASE-PIECE                                                           54
+  VIEW OF THE INTERIOR FROM THE LEVEL OF GALLERIES              _facing_ 55
+  FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING THE GIRDERS                      56
+  INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CENTRAL AVENUE TOWARDS THE WEST          _facing_ 58
+  LOUVRE FRAME                                                           60
+  VIEW OF STAIRCASE                                                      61
+  FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE                                            62
+  VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS                                        66
+  HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE                                              67
+  PORTIONS OF THE SAME                                                   67
+  FIXING THE GIRDERS                                                     68
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS IN PROGRESS                         _facing_ 69
+  HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES                                           70
+  GLAZING-WAGGON FOR FLAT ROOF                                           72
+  A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING                                    74
+  HOISTING THE RIBS FOR THE TRANSEPT ROOF                       _facing_ 75
+  STAGE FOR GLAZING TRANSEPT ROOF                                        76
+  THE SASH-BAR PAINTING MACHINE                                          77
+  PORTION OF THE SAME IN DETAIL                                          77
+  THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE                                          78
+  PORTION OF THE SAME                                                    78
+  THE BRASS TICKETS FOR WORKMEN                                          80
+  THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE                                         81
+  THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES                                             81
+  THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID                                         82
+  VIEW OF THE BUILDING FROM THE NORTH BANK OF THE SERPENTINE    _facing_ 86
+  TESTING AN EXPERIMENTAL BAY OF THE GALLERY FLOOR              _facing_ 88
+  VIEW OF THE BOILER-HOUSE, ETC.                                _facing_ 88
+  VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING                                    92
+
+      APPENDIX:--
+  EXTERIOR VIEW OF MONS. HOREAU'S DESIGN FOR THE BUILDING       _facing_ ix
+  INTERIOR OF THE SAME                                          _facing_ ix
+  VIEW OF EXTERIOR FROM ONE END OF MESSRS. TURNERS' DESIGN
+      FOR THE BUILDING                                          _facing_  x
+  TRANSVERSE SECTION AND VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE SAME       _facing_  x
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
+
+
+So much has already been said and written, both wisely and well, upon the
+marvellous edifice which has just been reared with such magical rapidity to
+enshrine the results of the skill and industry of all nations, that it
+would appear an almost hopeless task to present the subject in any new
+point of view to the reader.
+
+If, therefore, the authors cannot lay claim to novelty or originality in
+the execution of the pleasurable work which they have undertaken, they are
+not without hopes that, from their having been connected with this gigantic
+undertaking during the greater part of its progress, they will be enabled
+to trace in a more detailed and consecutive manner than has yet been
+attempted the history of the design and execution of the building up to the
+period of its completion.
+
+A great deal has been lately said upon the want of distinctive character in
+almost all the buildings of the present day; and it is certainly a striking
+fact that in scarcely any of our important modern structures does the
+exterior appearance in any way lead the spectator to form an idea of the
+purposes or arrangement of the interior, the former being apparently
+governed by fancy, or the fashion for some particular style, while the
+latter only, is accommodated to the peculiar requirements of the case. Thus
+we have porticos which do not shelter from the weather, or in which no one
+is allowed to walk; Venetian palaces appear piled upon a substructure of
+plate-glass; baronial castles prove to be model prisons; and
+richly-decorated mansions, from the time of "Good Queen Bess," or fanciful
+Italian villas, are made to serve for the accommodation of paupers.
+
+The ancients appear to have been more careful in this respect, so that the
+form and external arrangement afforded in most cases a ready key to the
+purposes of their structures. Their temples, their fora, theatres and
+amphitheatres, baths, and other public edifices, seem each to have been
+stamped with their own characteristic features, at the same time without in
+any way producing a monotonous uniformity among the different examples of
+the same class of building.
+
+Now, if this criterion of excellence be applied to the remarkable building
+recently erected in Hyde Park, it will be found that the constructive
+arrangement of the interior is plainly expressed without, and it must be
+conceded that it possesses at least those elements of beauty arising from
+consistency and simplicity which, in combination with its vast size, give
+it also that of grandeur. That it is faultless it would be needless to
+assert, or to imagine that, from its example, a new style of architecture
+will originate; but that it is admirably suited to its purpose, that it is
+a remarkable specimen of the constructive skill of this country, and that
+it will certainly form one of the most interesting objects of the Great
+Exhibition by which it has been called into being, if not the most
+interesting of all, must, we think, be admitted by all candid observers.
+
+Although the building in its present form was designed, as well as carried
+out, in a singularly short space of time, this could not have been
+accomplished but for the great amount of thought and labour which had been
+previously bestowed upon the subject. In order, therefore, to trace the
+whole of the progress of the design, it will be necessary briefly to advert
+to the early labours bestowed upon the project.
+
+On the 5th of January, 1850, the Royal Commission for carrying out this
+great scheme was gazetted; its first and second meetings, which were
+respectively held on the 11th and 18th of the same month, were entirely
+devoted to preliminary arrangements, and determining the mode of conducting
+its proceedings.
+
+Among the most urgent matters calling for the attention of the
+Commissioners, the subject of the building early presented itself, as it
+was of the utmost importance that the longest possible time should be
+allowed for its erection; and, accordingly, at the third meeting, held on
+the 24th of January, the following noblemen and gentlemen were appointed to
+act as a
+
+Committee for all Matters relating to the Building.
+
+  His Grace the Duke of BUCCLEUCH, K.G., F.R.S.
+  The Right Hon. the Earl of ELLESMERE, F.S.A.
+  CHARLES BARRY, Esq., R.A., F.R.S.
+  WILLIAM CUBITT, Esq., F.R.S., Pr. of J.C.E.
+  ROBERT STEPHENSON, Esq., M.P., F.R.S.
+  C. R. COCKERELL, Esq., R.A.
+  I. K. BRUNEL, Esq., F.R.S.
+  THOMAS L. DONALDSON, Esq., M.I.B.A.
+
+From which list it will be seen that some of the very highest professional
+talent in the country was enlisted on behalf of the undertaking.
+
+
+
+
+Labours of the Building Committee.
+
+
+The first point to be ascertained by this Committee was where to find an
+eligible site; for although they were not able at that early stage of their
+labours to determine the exact amount of space that would be required, they
+appear to have been of opinion that, from the general data before them,
+about sixteen acres would be necessary--an amount which has been
+subsequently considerably exceeded, but which was already an enormous area
+to be covered by one building; and in dealing with it the Committee must
+have felt that a very heavy amount of responsibility rested upon them, as
+appears, indeed, from their recommendation to the Royal Commission given
+below.
+
+After about a month of attentive deliberation, the Committee made a report
+upon this part of their labours.
+
+With regard to the site, it had appeared to the Committee that--firstly,
+the north-eastern portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space between
+her Majesty's private road and the Kensington road, in the southern part of
+Hyde Park; and thirdly, the north-western portion of Regent's Park, were
+the only available spaces about the metropolis which would afford the
+necessary accommodation; and it was believed that the order in which they
+were named represented also their relative eligibility. As regarded the
+first, the Committee had been informed by the Chief Commissioner of her
+Majesty's Woods and Forests that considerable objections would arise to its
+occupation for such a purpose, and that no such objections would be raised
+to the use of the second; and the Committee, therefore, recommended the
+adoption of this site, which, amongst other advantages, is remarkable for
+the facility of access afforded by the existing roads.
+
+As regarded the extent of the building, the Committee were not yet in
+possession of sufficient data to enable them to determine this accurately,
+but, from such information as they had before them, they thought that it
+might be assumed, for the present, that about sixteen acres of covered
+space would be required.
+
+And finally, as regarded the mode of proceeding to determine the general
+interior arrangements or ground-plan of the building, a subject to which
+they had given much consideration, they resolved, "That, in their opinion,
+it was desirable to seek, by public competition, for suggestions as to the
+general arrangements of the ground-plan of the building."
+
+It was deemed by the Committee that the peculiar object for which the
+building was required, namely, the encouragement of the widest and most
+liberal competition in all the branches of arts and manufactures--the
+circumstance of the cost of the erection being defrayed by the public--the
+peculiar character of the building, for the designing of which were
+especially required judgment and contrivance in the detail of arrangement,
+and experience in the management of large crowds, and for the construction
+of which the mechanical skill and knowledge of the application and of the
+economical use of materials now so generally possessed by builders and
+practical men were necessary--all seemed, in the opinion of the Committee,
+to be reasons for recommending that the designs for the general
+arrangements should, as far as practicable, be the result of public
+competition, and that the actual construction should be so to the fullest
+extent. The Committee were, moreover, of opinion that the general design or
+arrangement of such a building was one of those subjects, perhaps few in
+number, on which many good ideas may be elicited by a general contribution
+of plans; and that a mode might be adopted of obtaining such plans, and
+collecting useful suggestions from them, which should not eventually lead
+to any loss of time, or be attended with those delays which too frequently
+render ordinary competition inconvenient.
+
+Great objections were made in some quarters to the proposed site in Hyde
+Park; but as they were not raised on really public grounds, they were
+gradually overcome by the interest which the public at large manifested in
+the success of the undertaking.
+
+In consequence of the latter recommendation in the Report which was adopted
+by the Royal Commissioners, the following document was published by them on
+March 13th, 1850, copies of which appear to have found their way into
+almost every corner of Europe:--
+
+"The Committee appointed by the Royal Commission to advise on 'all matters
+relating to the building,' having received the sanction of the Commission,
+are desirous of obtaining from all parties who are disposed to assist them
+suggestions for the general arrangement of the buildings and premises
+required for this Exhibition. Upon the general form of the building in
+plan, the distribution of its parts, the mode of access, and the internal
+arrangements and contrivances, will depend the convenience and general
+fitness of such a building; and it is upon these points that the Committee
+seek information and suggestions, and wish to encourage the most extended
+competition in the preparation of plans. The Committee do not propose to
+offer any pecuniary reward for such plans--they rely upon the desire which
+men of all countries will feel to forward the objects of the proposed
+Exhibition. The Committee think it probable that, when the plans are
+received, they may not be limited to the selection of any one plan, but may
+derive useful ideas from many; and that the best plan may be determined
+upon by the help of this general assistance. As the credit of any such plan
+will be due solely to the contributors, the Committee propose to make a
+report, in which they will acknowledge by name those whose plans had been
+wholly or partially adopted, or who had afforded the most useful
+suggestions; and the Committee hope to be able to offer such other honorary
+distinction to the successful contributors as the circumstances may appear
+to warrant. In order to guide the contributors in the preparation of such
+plans and designs, and to facilitate the examination and the comparison of
+them when received, the Committee have enumerated concisely the principal
+'desiderata' for such a building, and have laid down certain rules and
+conditions to which they earnestly request the contributors to conform, as
+the Committee will be under the necessity of abiding strictly by the
+regulation of not acknowledging any plans which may be sent in a form
+inconsistent with these rules. Copies of the engraved plan of the ground
+referred to may be had on application to the secretaries of the Commission,
+at the New Palace at Westminster."
+
+An engraved plan of the site which had been fixed upon, together with the
+subjoined regulations, which all competitors would be expected to observe,
+were subsequently issued to all applicants:--
+
+"1. The communications from contributors must consist of a single sheet of
+paper, not larger than the accompanying engraving, with a simple
+ground-plan upon a scale of 1.1000 of the full size, with such elevations
+and sections only of the building, and on the same sheet, as may be
+necessary to elucidate the system proposed--such elevations and sections
+not being intended to convey more than a general idea of the building, and
+not entering into details of construction or of architectural
+decoration--to be accompanied by a short, clear-written explanation of the
+system recommended, on a separate sheet. Any contributor wishing to send
+two designs must send separate and distinct communications, each conforming
+to the above conditions. No communications made inconsistent with these
+conditions, or any plan prepared upon a different scale from that
+prescribed, can be received. The plans, &c., must be sent on or before the
+8th of April next, addressed to the Secretaries of the Exhibition, New
+Palace at Westminster, London. It is suggested that the most convenient
+mode of preparing the plan, elevation, and section, would be to draw them
+upon one of the engraved copies of the plan of the ground which accompany
+these instructions.--2. The building is to be erected on the space marked A
+B C D, and must not extend beyond the boundaries of the shaded portion. The
+groups of trees shown on the plan must be preserved. The principal public
+approaches are by the roads E F and G H. The road K L will be available
+only for foot-passengers. There will be no objection to the formation of
+cross-roads between the two last, G H and K L, if the design of the
+building requires it.--3. The roofed portion of the building is to cover a
+space of 700,000 square feet, or about 65,000 square metres; and the whole
+building must not occupy, including open spaces, an area of more than
+900,000 square feet, or about 84,000 square metres. The building generally
+will be of one storey only.--4. No space will be required for cattle, or
+for shrubs or flowers.--5. It may be assumed, so far as it affects the
+ground-plan, that the light will be obtained entirely from the roof, and
+the building will be constructed of fire-proof materials.
+
+"The general requirements are--simplicity of arrangement; economy of space;
+capability of extending or curtailing the building without destroying its
+symmetry as a whole, or interfering with the general arrangement, it being
+impossible to determine the exact extent of roof required until a late
+period of construction. Adaptation for the erection of separate portions of
+the building at different periods. Conveniences of ingress and egress, with
+facilities of access to all parts of the Exhibition, either from the
+exterior or interior. Means of classification of the various objects of
+different departments. Wall-space for the display of articles requiring it.
+Means of affording private access and accommodation for exhibitors, with
+counting-houses, if required. Committee-rooms, council-rooms, public
+refreshment-rooms, and all other public and private accommodation. (This
+portion of the building may be in two or more storeys if required.)
+Internal arrangements, by which, under proper regulations, large crowds of
+visitors may circulate freely, and have convenient access to all parts of
+the Exhibition, and uninterrupted means of examining the various objects
+exhibited."
+
+
+
+
+The Competition Designs.
+
+
+Though the time allowed for the preparation of drawings was but short,
+being only about one month, no less than 233 designs were sent in, many of
+them of an elaborate architectural character. Of these, thirty-eight, or
+one-sixth of the whole, were received from the different foreign countries
+of Europe (France, twenty-seven; Belgium, two; Holland, three; Hanover,
+one; Naples, one; Switzerland, two; Rhine Prussia, one; Hamburgh, one);
+138, or more than half the entire number, from London and its vicinity,
+where the interest excited was naturally more immediate; fifty-one from the
+provincial towns of England; six from Scotland, and three from Ireland.
+Seven were sent anonymously. The small number contributed by the sister
+kingdoms seems rather remarkable.
+
+The greater part of these designs were, of course, contributed by members
+of the architectural and engineering professions, but some were the
+productions of amateurs, and one among them purported to be the suggestion
+of a lady. Here, then, was matter enough not only to assist, but even, from
+its great variety, to perplex the Committee, since at once every possible
+variety of style in decoration, material in construction, and system in
+arrangement, were strenuously recommended by the authors of the respective
+designs as the great ultimatum sought for.
+
+To Mr. Digby Wyatt, whose services were to a great extent withdrawn from
+the Executive Committee, in order that his professional knowledge of the
+subject might be placed at the disposal of the Building Committee, was
+intrusted the arduous task of examining and classifying these incongruous
+materials, and of eliminating from them such general principles of
+arrangement as seemed most worthy of the attentive consideration of the
+Committee. The result of this gentleman's minute examination was embodied
+in a Report, upon the basis of the recommendations contained in which the
+subsequent utilitarian portions of the design of the Building Committee
+would appear to have been founded.
+
+After holding about fifteen protracted sittings, the Committee presented
+the following Report to the Royal Commission on the 9th of May:--
+
+"May it please your Royal Highness,
+
+"_My Lords and Gentlemen_,
+
+"We have the honour to report that we have examined the numerous plans so
+liberally contributed by native and foreign architects in accordance with
+the public invitation.
+
+"Exhausting in their numerous projects and suggestions almost every
+conceivable variety of building, the authors of those designs have
+materially assisted us in arriving at the conclusions which we have now the
+honour to report.
+
+"We have been aided in our analysis of this subject by a great amount of
+thought and elaboration thus brought to bear upon it from various points of
+view.
+
+"We have, however, arrived at the unanimous conclusion, that able and
+admirable as many of these designs appeared to be, there was yet no single
+one so accordant with the peculiar objects in view, either in the principle
+or detail of its arrangements, as to warrant us in recommending it for
+adoption.
+
+"In some of the least successful of the designs submitted, we find
+indicated errors and difficulties to be avoided, whilst in the abler and
+more practicable of them, there are valuable conceptions and suggestions
+which have greatly assisted us in framing the plan we have now the honour
+to lay before you. In preparing this design we have been governed mainly by
+three considerations:--
+
+"1. The provisional nature of the building.
+
+"2. The advisability of constructing it as far as possible in such a form
+as to be available, with the least sacrifice of labour and material, for
+other purposes, as soon as its original one shall have been fulfilled, thus
+insuring a minimum ultimate cost.
+
+"3. Extreme simplicity, demanded by the short time in which the work must
+be completed.
+
+"For the arrangements of the plan we rely for effect on honesty of
+construction, vastness of dimension, and fitness of each part to its end.
+
+"The principal points of excellence we have endeavoured to attain are--
+
+"1. Economy of construction.
+
+"2. Facilities for the reception, classification, and display of goods.
+
+"3. Facilities for the circulation of visitors.
+
+"4. Arrangement for grand points of view.
+
+"5. Centralisation of supervision.
+
+"6. Some striking feature to exemplify the present state of the science of
+construction in this country.
+
+"The first of these, ECONOMY, is attained by doing away with any internal
+walls (all divisions being made by the necessary stalls), by reducing the
+whole construction, with the exception of the dome, to cast iron columns,
+supporting the lightest form of iron roof in long unbroken lines, and by
+the whole of the work being done in the simplest manner, and adapted in all
+respects to serve hereafter for other purposes.
+
+"The second, facilities for the RECEPTION, CLASSIFICATION, and DISPLAY of
+goods. The main central entrance for the reception of objects for
+exhibition will probably be that most approachable from the public road.
+All cases accompanying goods will be examined, registered, catalogued, &c.,
+in the offices of the Executive; the packing-cases will then be put upon a
+truck running on a line of rails laid down temporarily, and conveyed to the
+centre turn-table, from which they may be carried by a line of rails at
+right angles to the first, to the end of the transverse gallery, in which
+they may be destined to be placed.
+
+"The most important condition to insure successful _classification_ is,
+that those to whom the duty of arrangement may be confided should be
+hampered by no fixed limits of space, such as would have been the case had
+the building been divided into a number of halls, sections, or chambers.
+The plan submitted fulfils this condition perfectly; as objects can be
+arranged just as they are received, and moved, if necessary, from gallery
+to gallery with great facility.
+
+"The successful display of the goods would be best insured by leaving,
+under certain general restrictions, the fitting up of each stall to the
+Exhibitor or his Agent, floor-space only being allotted to each; and
+stands, frames, brackets, shelves, &c., being put up by a contractor's
+carpenter, at a fixed tariff.
+
+"The best light is provided, and the most economical wall-space is proposed
+to be furnished by connecting pillar to pillar transversely, on the extreme
+north and south sides of the building, by rods, from which draperies, &c.,
+can be suspended.
+
+"The third, FACILITIES FOR THE CIRCULATION OF VISITORS, is thus attained.
+The visitor, on arrival at the central hall, proceeds at choice to any one
+of the four sections. He will, most probably, desire either to follow the
+whole course of the section selected, or will wish to go at once to some
+particular class or object. He will be enabled to do either the one or the
+other, without interfering with the general current, by means of gates or
+other arrangements, which shall insure the current of visitors passing in
+one direction. If he desire to proceed rapidly from one end of the building
+to the other, and finds the great central gangway at all blocked up, he
+will, no doubt, be able to get on by either the north or south corridors,
+fifteen feet wide. Numerous doors of egress in these latter afford ready
+means of exit for a large number of persons. Seats are provided in the
+middle of the great central gangway for those who may desire to rest.
+
+"The fourth, ARRANGEMENT FOR GRAND POINTS OF VIEW. The view from or to the
+centre of the building will, from its extent, be necessarily imposing. The
+seats and main avenues are arranged so that, on the occasion of the
+distribution of the prizes, an immense number of persons may be
+accommodated. Most interesting views might be obtained from galleries
+constructed at either end of the building and around the dome, for the
+admission of the public to which some small charge might be made.
+
+"The fifth, CENTRALISATION OF SUPERVISION. All the business of the
+Exhibition will be carried on in one spot, and be readily under control.
+The Royal Commission, the principal Committees, Clerks, Accountants,
+Police, &c., would be together, and in so large an establishment it would
+be absolutely necessary, or much time would be wasted in walking from one
+point to another. Passages running behind the money-takers' boxes, with
+glazed doors into them, would enable each accountant to detect anything
+improper that might be going on, and to exchange and balance checks, money,
+&c., at any moment. Telegraphic communication with each of the four
+pay-places will permit orders to be given, cash accounts, &c., to be issued
+and returned, from and to the head-accountant's office, as often as may be
+necessary.
+
+"Four Committee-rooms, one for a Jury in each section, have been provided
+at the extreme east and west ends. The duties of such Committees being
+deliberative, and not executive, it is not necessary that they should be
+accommodated in the Central Establishment, where they would be more liable
+to be disturbed than at the extremity of the building.
+
+"A policeman stationed in each gallery would, from his elevated position,
+be enabled to observe much which might escape detection if he mingled only
+with the crowd.
+
+"The sixth, SOME STRIKING FEATURE TO EXEMPLIFY THE PRESENT STATE OF THE
+SCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTION IN THIS COUNTRY. In order that the building, in
+which England invites the whole world to display their richest productions,
+may afford, at least in one point, a grandeur not incommensurate with the
+occasion, we propose, by a dome of light sheet iron 200 feet in diameter,
+to produce an effect at once striking and admirable. From calculations
+which have been made of the cost of so grand a Hall, we have reason to
+expect that it may be executed for a sum not greatly exceeding the cost of
+the simplest form of roof likely to be adopted to cover the same area.
+
+"It is to be borne in mind that a considerable amount of any such
+difference may be recovered, should this portion of the building be
+converted hereafter to other purposes, which is more than probable. This
+vast dome it is proposed to light mainly from one circle of light in its
+centre, and thus the sculpture will be pleasingly and suitably lit.
+
+"Six out of the eight openings in the cylinder of the dome would be well
+adapted for the exhibition of stained glass windows of great extent, while
+the two remaining arches will open to the main central gallery. The lower
+part of some of the voids will admit the eye to turf and shrubs, and
+produce a great freshness of effect.
+
+"The immense continuity of the Central Avenue will be broken and relieved
+by a variation in the roof opposite the openings to the second and third
+sets of refreshment-rooms, and windows for the reception of Stained Glass
+may be placed at the ends of each transverse gallery, thus terminating the
+vista for each.
+
+"It now only remains to explain the course of action we would recommend for
+adoption as soon as the principles of the plan, &c., shall be positively
+decided.
+
+"We consider this to be an occasion upon which the greatest amount of
+intellectual and commercial ingenuity and ability should be called out; and
+that a generous rivalry among those best fitted to execute the principal
+portions of this vast structure may lead to results which no amount of
+detailed study that we could possibly give to this matter would supply.
+
+"We would therefore recommend that every advantage should be taken of the
+accumulated and experimental knowledge and resources of intelligent and
+enterprising contractors, and that every opportunity should be afforded to
+them of DISTINGUISHING THEMSELVES. We would therefore recommend as the best
+means of enlisting their services the following course of action:
+
+"Adopting the approved design as a basis, we would proceed immediately to
+prepare such working-drawings and specifications as may be necessary, and
+to issue invitations for tenders to execute Works in accordance with them,
+requesting from competitors, in addition, such suggestions and
+modifications, accompanied with estimates of cost, as might possibly become
+the means of effecting a considerable reduction upon the general expense.
+
+
+
+The following Report of the Committee on the competition plans submitted,
+and which was so unfavourably received by the public, and more particularly
+by the profession, was presented to the Royal Commission on the 16th of
+May:--
+
+"May it please your Royal Highness,
+
+"_My Lords and Gentlemen_,
+
+"Your Committee beg leave to report, that the invitation issued by the
+Commissioners, requesting information and suggestions for the general
+arrangement of the Building and premises required for the Exhibition of
+1851, has been responded to in the most ample and satisfactory manner, both
+as respects the variety of useful ideas presented to their consideration,
+and the liberality with which many experienced and skilful men of foreign
+countries, no less than of our own, have contributed their valuable time to
+this great undertaking, thereby evincing their entire sympathy both with
+the great cause of Arts and Industry in which her Majesty's Commissioners
+have embarked, and with the arduous labours of the Directors of the
+undertaking.
+
+"The Designs and Specifications transmitted to the Committee amount to the
+surprising number of 233, offering an aggregate of professional sacrifice
+of very considerable importance; for, not confining themselves to
+suggestions only, which were invited by the Programme, a large proportion
+of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of
+execution.
+
+"Penetrated with admiration and respect for these gratuitous and valuable
+contributions, unexampled, they believe, in the history of competition,
+your Committee have devoted the most careful attention to the collection of
+these projects, and hasten to offer those acknowledgments which are due to
+their merits, and to the generous motives which have led to their
+execution; and they trust that the public may shortly be witnesses of the
+effect of this very noble emulation of the skill of all countries, by the
+public exhibition of these designs, offering the opportunity, in the true
+spirit of the whole undertaking, of mutual improvement, respect, and
+friendship amongst the cultivators of the liberal arts in the several
+countries of Europe.
+
+"It is remarkable that, while many of these contributions may be attributed
+to the laudable motive of professional reputation and advancement on the
+part of practitioners not yet sufficiently known to the public, a great
+number are from Gentlemen whose position in the confidence of their
+respective Governments or in the Republic of Arts and Letters is of the
+highest eminence, and who can have been actuated by no such personal
+motives. Already entitled to respect and admiration, they could have little
+to gain, while they have something to lose, in the competition for glory.
+The kind and frank communication, therefore, of their thoughts and
+experience towards this great work is to be the more highly commended.
+Every possible mode of accomplishing the object in view has been displayed
+by the respective contributors as regards economy of structure and
+distribution, and these qualities are united with various degrees of
+architectural symmetry and features in many designs. Our illustrious
+continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves by
+compositions of the utmost taste and learning, worthy of enduring
+execution--examples of what might be done in the architectural illustration
+of the subject, when viewed in its highest aspect, and, at all events,
+exhibiting features of grandeur, arrangement, and grace which your
+Committee have not failed to appreciate.
+
+"Amongst these several classes of design, the practical character of our
+own countrymen, as might have been expected, has been remarkably
+illustrated in some very striking and simple methods suited to the
+temporary purposes of the Building, due attention having been paid to the
+pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking. The principle of
+suspension has been applied in a single tent of iron sheeting, covering an
+area averaging 2,200 feet by 400 feet by a lengthened ridge, or in separate
+tents on isolated supports. Others display the solution of this problem by
+the chapter-house principle, and a few by the umbrella or circular
+locomotive-engine-house system of railway-stations, either with a central
+column or groups of columns sustaining domes or roofs to the extent of four
+hundred feet diameter.
+
+"Grandeur and simplicity of distribution are carried out with great
+architectural effect in other compositions, and the general arrangement by
+columnar supports has been also variously and elegantly developed. The
+system of iron roofing, with all the architectural powers of which that
+material is susceptible, has been adopted by some with signal enterprise,
+ingenuity, and power.
+
+"In another class of design the authors have viewed with enthusiasm the
+great occasion and object of the proposed Exhibition, and have waived all
+considerations of expense. They have indulged their imaginations, and
+employed the resources of their genius and learning, in the composition of
+arrangements which present the utmost grandeur and beauty of architecture,
+suited to a permanent Palace of Science and Art. These, as addressed to the
+architectural Student, are of the highest value, reminding him of all the
+conditions of his art--the Egyptian hypostyle, the Roman thermae, or of the
+Arabian or Saracenic inventions. And though their expense has placed them
+beyond reach, they cannot fail to inspire and elevate the treatment of the
+reality. They at all events confer great obligations on the lovers of the
+Fine Arts, for the authors have evidently felt that, if one of the results
+to be expected from the proposed Exhibition may be to prove that the
+simplest object of ingenuity and skill should not be devoid of some of the
+attractions of taste, the Building itself ought to be an illustration of
+that important principle.
+
+"The Committee, however, have been unable to select any one design as
+combining all the requisites which various considerations render essential.
+But the judgment and taste evinced by a large number of the contributors
+have enabled the Committee to arrive more promptly at their conclusions,
+and they have freely availed themselves of most valuable suggestions in
+directing the preparation of a fresh design for the proposed building.
+
+"They have consequently been most earnest in the desire to fulfil the just
+expectations of the various competitors, and feel assured that your Royal
+Highness and the Commission will be of opinion that the most unreserved and
+handsome acknowledgments are due to those able men of science and art who
+have in so disinterested a manner submitted such admirable projects for the
+consideration and assistance of the Committee. They beg, therefore, to
+submit, as their opinion, that the following gentlemen are entitled to
+honourable and favourable mention, on account of architectural merit,
+ingenious construction or disposition, or for graceful arrangement of plan.
+
+"And they cannot conclude without calling attention to the designs,
+accompanied by models, of M. Hector Horeau, Architect of Paris, and of
+Messrs. Turner, of Dublin, as evincing most daring and ingenious
+disposition and construction.[1]
+
+
+
+Some of the strongest objections to this Report are very fairly urged in a
+letter which appeared in the _Builder_ of the 15th of June, a part of which
+is subjoined:--
+
+"Part II. of the Report contains what I suppose is to be taken as the best
+exposition of the merits of contributors that the Committee can give, which
+commences by stating, in a tone of commendation, that, 'not confining
+themselves to SUGGESTIONS ONLY, which were invited by the PROGRAMME, a
+large proportion of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and
+elegance of execution.' This, I would contend, is clearly a breach of the
+specified conditions, viz., that SUGGESTIONS ONLY were to be given--that
+the plan or drawing sent in was to be A MERE OUTLINE SKETCH, upon a SINGLE
+SHEET; and the Committee even recommended that it would be most convenient
+merely to trace it upon the common paper on which the 'plan of site' was
+supplied to the public, a space being left upon the sheet for SKETCHING any
+sections or elevations that might be necessary to illustrate the design;
+and that a written description, limited also to 'a single sheet,' was all
+the exposition of their ideas that authors would be allowed to give. The
+Report goes on to state, that 'our illustrious continental neighbours have
+especially distinguished themselves [in designing a temporary building for
+an exhibition] by compositions of the utmost taste and learning, worthy of
+enduring execution--examples of what might be done in the ARCHITECTURAL
+illustration of the subject [the conditions strictly enjoined contributors
+not to enter into architectural detail] when viewed in its highest aspect,
+and, at all events, exhibiting features of grandeur, arrangement, and grace
+which your Committee have not failed to appreciate.' It then places in
+contradistinction to these no doubt admirable but out-of-place productions
+of architectural genius, the 'practical character of the designs of our own
+countrymen,' which it states, 'as might have been expected, has been
+remarkably illustrated in some very striking and simple methods, suited to
+the temporary purposes of the building, due attention having been paid by
+them to the pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking.' Yet,
+notwithstanding this comparison, clearly and indisputably in favour of our
+own countrymen, as regards the object sought and the conditions stipulated
+by the Committee, we find by the selected list of those authors who are to
+receive 'the highest honorary distinction' the Commissioners can award,
+that the Committee can only discover, out of 195 English and 38 foreign
+contributors, THREE Englishmen entitled to reward, the remaining FIFTEEN
+out of the eighteen selected being foreigners; or, as regards the whole
+numbers, in proportion of 1 to 65 of 'our own countrymen,' the authors of
+the 'striking and simple,' so admirably 'suited to the temporary purpose of
+the building,' and 1 to about 2-1/2 of foreigners, who, in designing for a
+temporary building, to be simple, cheap, and readily constructed, have so
+overshot the mark as to produce 'compositions' commendable only for the
+'utmost taste and learning, and worthy of enduring execution.' Surely
+something must be wrong here, either the Report or the selected
+list--possibly both.
+
+"In conclusion, I cannot help avowing the opinion that a wrong, though I
+believe unintentionally, has been done to many of the 233 who so readily
+and 'generously' responded to the call for their ideas; more particularly
+as I know, from personal inspection, that at least ONE of the plans
+altogether omitted from the Report contains FIVE of the leading features of
+the approved design."
+
+But to judge of this matter fairly, it must be mentioned that, although the
+number of foreign competitors was small, the majority of them were men
+already well known for their talents and professional skill; in all cases
+their designs evinced considerable study of the subject (both
+architecturally and in a practical point of view), and manifested a desire
+to exhibit to English professional men the proficiency of their continental
+brethren. On the other hand, many of the designs from the competitors at
+home were much slighter suggestions presented in a less elaborate form.
+Under these circumstances, it is not to be wondered at that those eminent
+men of the technical professions who, on this occasion, came forward with
+practical suggestions for the assistance of the Committee, and designs
+calculated rather to assist with thoughts than to charm by the graces of
+elegant drawing or symmetrical disposition, should seem to have been found
+wanting in this first trial with all the world. It should further be borne
+in mind, that the nature of competitions is not so well understood in some
+foreign countries, where they are of less frequent occurrence, than with
+us. It must at the same time be admitted that the practice of disregarding
+and exceeding the instructions in competitions is too much a matter of
+general complaint in England to be brought forward as a new grievance
+against our continental brethren.
+
+After the publication of the above Report, the competition designs were all
+exhibited in the rooms of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in Great
+George-street, which were liberally placed at the disposal of the Committee
+for this purpose; and of those who visited this interesting exhibition,
+many, no doubt, must have sympathised with those feelings which dictated
+the decision of the Committee. From an attentive examination of these
+designs, presenting the subject in such exceedingly varied forms, one of
+the peculiar difficulties of the case becomes apparent, namely, the total
+absence of any precedent to guide or afford suggestions to the designer;
+for the small number of buildings erected or adapted for a similar purpose
+have been on so limited a scale that their example could not afford much
+assistance in designing a structure to meet all the requirements of the
+present case. This building differed from all previous ones in being
+intended to accommodate the products of all nations, instead of being
+confined to those of one only; in which case the arrangement would have
+been more certain and more readily provided for.
+
+
+
+
+Buildings used for previous Exhibitions.
+
+
+As a comparison of some of these earlier buildings with the first erected
+in London for a similar purpose cannot fail to be interesting, a short
+notice of them may not be deemed out of place. The most important amongst
+them are those temporary structures which have been erected in Paris for
+the periodical Industrial Expositions, with reference to the last of which
+we cannot do better than quote, from Mr. Digby Wyatt's instructive and
+masterly Report, that part where the building is treated of:--
+
+"The vast edifice which has been erected to contain the specimens of
+manufacture selected for exhibition in the year 1849 is situated on the
+same site as that occupied by a similar building in the year 1844. The
+Carre de Marigny, on which it has been placed, is a large oblong piece of
+ground, abutting on the main avenue of the Champs Elysees, and as a site
+offers every possible advantage, being of a gravelly soil, already
+efficiently drained, and standing on the line of a continually moving
+series of public conveyances. The Champs Elysees, though at some
+considerable distance from the great centre of Parisian population, are
+still so universal a place of resort, that they may be fairly assumed to be
+"in the way" of even the poorest classes of the community. The elevation
+may be admirably seen from all the approaches to the building, and it has
+the advantage of being in immediate proximity to the residence of the
+President of the Republic.
+
+PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH EXPOSITION IN 1849.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  1. Cattle-shed.
+  2. Machinery.
+  3. Chemical Products.
+  4. Metal Works.
+  5. Productions of Parisian Industry.
+  6. Horticulture.
+  7. Woven Goods.
+  8. Principal Entrance.
+  9. Guard-house.
+  10. Fountain.
+  11. Reservoir of Rain Water.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE.]
+
+"The whole plot of the present building (exclusive of the agricultural
+department) covers a vast parallelogram of 206 metres by 100 (about 675 by
+328 feet English), round the outline of which runs a gallery about 90 feet
+wide, divided into two avenues by a double range of pilasters. In the
+centre of each avenue is a set of stalls, placed back to back, for the
+exhibition of merchandise; and both between the central pilasters, and
+round, and upon the walls, other objects are placed, so that on traversing
+either of the four gangways (each about ten feet wide) the public have upon
+their right and left hands objects for inspection. In the part of the
+building appropriated to large machinery, of course this system cannot be
+carried out with the same regularity. The vast parallelogram, inclosed by a
+somewhat similar gallery in the year 1844, was left as one magnificent
+hall, within which were placed the most important objects; in the present
+building we find it divided by two transverse galleries, similarly arranged
+to those we have described, forming three court-yards; the central one
+being about 140 feet square, and the two lateral ones 80 feet by 140. The
+central court-yard is open to the sky; in the middle rises an elegant
+fountain placed on a platform of turf, and around are disposed sheds for
+the exhibition of flowers and horticultural ornaments and implements. One
+of the lateral courts (inclosed) receives a large collection of objects in
+metal-work, cast-iron, &c., and the other contains an immense reservoir, in
+which all the drainage from the roofs is collected, so as to form a supply
+of water immediately serviceable in case of fire. In addition to this great
+building, which corresponds with that previously erected, there is this
+year constructed a vast shed for the exhibition of agricultural produce and
+stock. It extends to a length rather greater than the width of the great
+parallelogram, and is about 100 feet (English) wide. Its construction is
+ruder than that of the 'Palace,' but it is not on that account less
+effective. It appears to have been originally contemplated to fill the
+whole of this gigantic hall with cattle, &c., and to place the agricultural
+implements in a long narrow gallery intervening between it and the main
+building; but as the stock of animals forwarded for exhibition has not
+proved so large as was anticipated, it has been half-filled with
+semi-agricultural machines, and the whole of the long narrow gallery
+alluded to crammed with stoves, and miscellaneous domestic mechanism.
+
+"The whole of the building is constructed of wood, the roofs being covered
+with zinc: of the latter material 400,000 kilogrammes, equal to nearly
+4,000 tons, are stated to have been used; and of the former, nearly 45,000
+pieces of timber.
+
+"It is hoped that the accompanying plan and views will convey a tolerably
+good idea both of the exterior and interior arrangements of the Exhibition.
+They will serve to show, at least, that a somewhat unnecessary expenditure
+has been gone into, and to manifest the possibility of constructing a much
+more simple building, possessing all the advantages of this one, at a far
+less cost.
+
+"Both externally and internally there is a good deal of tasteless and
+unprofitable ornament; all the pilasters are papered and painted in a
+species of graining to imitate light oak, and even the ceiling is covered
+over with the same work. Large 'carton pierre' trusses apparently support
+the timbers, and a painted bronze bas-relief fills the tympanum of the
+pediment, at the principal entrance. The architecture of the whole is
+'mesquin,' although the gigantic scale of the building necessarily elevates
+the general effect into something of impressiveness; not, however, to
+nearly the extent which the same outlay might have produced."
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE."]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED.]
+
+Mr. Wyatt further states that the total cost of this building was about
+450,000  francs, or about 18,000_l._, which, however, he considers was an
+unnecessarily large outlay. He mentions, also, that the building erected on
+the previous occasion, in 1844, was in some respects more suitable for the
+purpose, especially from its greater simplicity of arrangement, a remark it
+will be well to bear in mind in considering the various designs for the
+building in Hyde Park. The accompanying plates will enable the reader
+readily to follow all the details of the description.
+
+The permanent building erected by the King of Bavaria at Munich, likewise
+for periodical Exhibitions, is on a much smaller scale than those in Paris,
+and must be regarded rather as having afforded an opportunity for that
+manifestation of architectural display in public buildings for which its
+Royal projector was so well known, than as being peculiarly fitted for its
+purpose. It is divided internally into various halls for the different
+classes of objects; but as the proportion of these must necessarily vary at
+every Exhibition, such an arrangement cannot be deemed the most suitable
+for the purpose.
+
+At Berlin, where several Industrial Exhibitions have taken place, no
+distinct building has been provided, but some already existing one has been
+temporarily adapted and fitted up for the purpose; thus, on the last
+occasion, Kroll's WINTERGARTEN, a large establishment for public amusement,
+which has been recently destroyed by fire, was made use of. The large
+central saloon, with the smaller ones flanking it, forming, in fact, one
+space 310 feet long, and 82 feet broad at the widest point, afforded a very
+good opportunity for the arrangement of the objects to be exhibited, some
+of which were placed in the gallery of the large saloon.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin.]
+
+PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   1. Electric Telegraph.
+   2. Chemical Products.
+   3. Porcelain and Bronzes.
+   4. Machinery.
+   5. Hardware.
+   6. Zinc Works.
+   7. Plate and Jewellery.
+   8. Lithography.
+   9. Watches, &c.
+  10. Cutlery.
+  11. Scientific Instruments.
+  12. Bookbinding.
+  13. Embroidery.
+  14. Ornamental Blinds.
+  15. Silks and Velvets.
+  16. Furs.
+  17. Pianofortes.
+  18. Carriages.
+  19. Furniture.
+  20. Lamps, &c.
+  21. Turned Articles.
+  22. Woollen Fabrics.
+  23. Leather Articles.
+  24. Hats & Felt Articles.
+  25. Machinery.
+  26. Carriages.
+
+On a previous occasion a part of the Royal Arsenal building was
+appropriated, and the Exhibition embraced two storeys.
+
+In our own country, exhibitions of manufactures have taken place in several
+of the most important towns, generally in spaces only temporarily adapted;
+but in 1849 the first building in this country intended solely for the
+purpose of an exhibition of manufactures was erected at Birmingham, on the
+occasion of the meeting of the British Association in that town.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION BUILDING.]
+
+The building alluded to included a space extending to 10,000 square feet,
+and a corridor, giving additional accommodation of 800 square feet,
+connected the temporary exhibition-room with Bingley-house, within the
+grounds of which the building was erected; and including the rooms of the
+old mansion, the total area covered by the Exhibition was equal to 12,800
+feet, or only about one-seventeenth of the area covered by the last
+building erected in the Champs Elysees. The cost of this building was about
+1,300_l._ It was opened to the public on the 3rd of September, 1849.
+
+In most of the buildings alluded to above, the principal defect seemed to
+be that a definite and fixed subdivision of space was made for a
+classification of objects which was necessarily uncertain. This appears to
+have determined the Committee in the arrangement of the plan which they
+presented in a general form to the Royal Commission at the same time with
+the Report already quoted; and although the design was slightly modified
+during the progress of the working-drawings subsequently made, this is,
+perhaps, the best place for introducing a description of it.
+
+It has been already mentioned that at the time the Committee received the
+competition designs, they obtained the assistance of Mr. Digby Wyatt, the
+secretary to the Executive Committee, to aid them in the preparation of
+drawings, although Mr. Scott Russell officially filled the post of
+secretary to the Building Committee. At a somewhat later stage of the
+Committee's proceedings, when the general design for the proposed building
+had been approved by the Royal Commission, and it became necessary to
+prepare working drawings for the same with extraordinary despatch, Mr.
+Charles Heard Wild, as engineer, and Mr. Owen Jones, as architect, were
+appointed to co-operate with Mr. Wyatt in carrying out this object.
+
+
+
+
+Description of the Building Committee's Design.
+
+
+The site to have been occupied by the building designed by the Committee
+was the same as that on which the building has been actually erected,
+namely between Rotten-row and the drive in Hyde Park, but the area proposed
+to be covered was somewhat larger, the length of the building being about
+2,200 feet, and the greatest width nearly 450 feet. The central space was
+occupied by an immense rotunda 200 feet in diameter, the cupola rising to a
+height of more than 160 feet, and exceeding the span of that of St. Peter's
+at Rome by 61 feet, and of St. Paul's in London by 88 feet. The dome for
+covering this rotunda consisted of wrought-iron ribs, supporting a covering
+of corrugated iron, the whole resting on a wall or drum of brickwork, about
+60 feet high; a large opening in the centre was to be glazed for the
+admission of light.
+
+This large open area was intended for the exhibition of groups of
+sculpture, fountains, and other objects requiring great space in order to
+be seen to advantage; at the same time the cupola would have presented a
+striking instance of the constructive skill of this country.
+
+The remaining area of the building was divided into avenues 48 feet wide,
+by iron columns 24 feet apart, this dimension having been determined on as
+that most likely to work in well for the division of the counters and
+passages. One of the 48-feet avenues on the main axis of the building was
+spanned by semicircular ribs of wrought iron supporting the roof, which
+rose here to a greater height than the rest of the building; the other
+avenues were covered with roofing very similar to that commonly seen in
+railway-sheds, the whole being rendered as light as possible, and
+constructed in iron covered with slating; the light being in all cases
+admitted by a range of sky-lights at the apex of the roof, which was also
+adapted for ventilation. The height of the main avenue was 52 feet, and of
+the others 36 feet, from the floor throughout. A corridor of communication
+15 feet wide was carried round the whole of the building, interrupted only
+by the open courts; this, with the main avenue, afforded the visitor to the
+Exhibition the means of reaching any particular point without threading a
+maze of small passages. The inclosing walls were to be of brick, relieved
+externally by panels in two colours; but there were to be no internal
+division walls except those necessary to surround the various courts which
+were left on account of the trees.
+
+The executive offices were grouped on either side of the principal
+entrance, which was placed immediately opposite Prince's Gate; and at this,
+as well as at the entrances at either end and on the north front, large
+arched recesses were introduced which served as vestibules, and formed at
+the same time prominent and striking features to relieve the necessarily
+monotonous aspect of the building. Along the whole of the principal front
+and at the ends of the building a pent or overhanging roof projected about
+15 feet, to enable visitors in bad weather to be set down under cover, and
+the exit-doors, of which there were altogether 24, were further protected
+by porches.
+
+The water was to be conveyed from the roof through the columns which
+supported it, and which were for this purpose connected with the necessary
+drain-pipes, &c.
+
+Very ample accommodation was provided for refreshments in the open courts
+which were necessarily left for the preservation of the trees, particularly
+in that at the western end of the building, where there was proposed to be
+placed a large establishment, comprising two storeys, with somewhat the
+arrangement of the French cafes, including a fine saloon on the first
+floor, upwards of thirty feet wide and nearly one hundred feet long;
+separate spaces were also provided for the accommodation of exhibitors.
+This was the only part of the building, with the exception of the executive
+offices, which was to have an upper storey.
+
+
+GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S DESIGN.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+   1. Machinery in Motion.
+   2. Other Machinery.
+   3. Seats for Visitors.
+   4. Refreshment Courts.
+   5. Raw Materials.
+   6. Manufactures.
+   7. Sculpture and the Plastic Arts.
+   8. Small Court.
+   9. The Rotunda.
+  10. Principal Entrance and Executive Offices.
+  11. The Other Entrances.
+  12. The Drive in the Park.
+  13. The Kensington Road.
+  14. The Queen's Private Road.
+
+An objection might, perhaps, be raised to this part of the building, that
+it was too commodious, and that there might be some danger of its being
+converted into a lounge, while it was occupying too much of the space
+intended for the Exhibition, for a secondary, though certainly necessary
+purpose; it was, however, considered by the Committee, that of the vast
+number of visitors that might be expected to be in the building at one
+time, so many would avail themselves of the accommodation provided as to
+render a less amount undesirable. The principal courts were surrounded by a
+covered way, where refreshments were also to be served at long counters, in
+the manner of the railway-stations.
+
+All these arrangements will readily be understood by a reference to the
+plan of the design we have been describing, which plan, together with a
+view taken from the south-east angle of the building, will place before the
+reader the result of the labours of the Committee. The materials proposed
+for the construction of this building were fire-proof throughout, with the
+exception of the floor and its supporting timbers.
+
+The above design, at least in all its leading features, for some of the
+details were subsequently added, was laid before the Royal Commission, at
+the same time with the Report already quoted, and was by them approved, and
+the Committee proceeded to prepare the necessary working-drawings and
+specifications for the execution of the work. These proceedings of the
+Committee occupied until the 24th of June, when large lithographed copies
+of the most important of the drawings, together with printed copies of the
+specifications and other details, were issued from the offices of the
+Executive, contractors having been some time previously invited by public
+advertisement to send in tenders for the execution of either a part or the
+whole of the work. The tenders were to be on two systems, one on the
+supposition that the Royal Commission were to become the _bona fide_
+purchasers of the building; the other, that the contractors were to erect
+and maintain the building during the time of the Exhibition, after which
+they were to remove it and take back the materials at their own risk,
+receiving a proportionably diminished sum.
+
+It has been considered necessary to describe thus minutely the labours of
+the Committee and the design in which they resulted, in order to show how
+far it paved the way for that which was subsequently adopted, and to give
+them that credit which they undoubtedly deserve for devoting so much of
+their valuable time for the furtherance of a great public undertaking.
+
+
+
+
+Opposition to this Design.
+
+
+The design of the Building Committee, when published to the world, met with
+anything but public approbation; some of the objectors called in question
+the practicability of the execution of the enormous dome, at least within
+the time assigned; others complained that the outlay would be unnecessarily
+large for a purpose avowedly temporary, and expressed their fears that so
+costly a structure once erected, there would be the less probability of its
+subsequent removal; but the objection which appeared to have most weight
+with the public at large was, the great amount of solid brick construction
+in the walls, &c., which, it was urged, would require a longer time than
+could be allowed for their erection, and that the carting of the materials
+would cause serious injury in the Park and the surrounding neighbourhood.
+This strong current of objection seemed to bid fair to overwhelm the
+much-abused design. To increase the difficulties which seemed to gather
+round the progress of this noble undertaking, an exceedingly vexatious and
+factious agitation was got up in opposition to the proposed site in Hyde
+Park, and petitions and counter-petitions were presented to both Houses of
+Parliament, and much of the time of the Legislature was wasted in fruitless
+discussion on the subject. The Building Committee thought it desirable,
+under these circumstances, to lay before the public their reasons for
+recommending the site in the Park, and therefore issued a memorandum of the
+grounds on which it had been selected.[2] The result was, that the
+opposition was defeated in the Legislature, and finally crushed by the
+force of public opinion.
+
+
+
+
+The Tenders.
+
+
+In the mean time the competing contractors had been obliged to strain every
+nerve to get their tenders ready by the 10th of July, when, altogether,
+nineteen were sent in, but eight only were for undertaking the whole of the
+work; the amounts of these are stated to have ranged between 150,000_l._
+and 120,000_l._, and this for the use only of the materials for the
+building. But, at the same time, in accordance with the recommendation and
+invitation contained in the last part of the Report already quoted, Messrs.
+Fox, Henderson and Co. presented a tender upon a design entirely different
+in construction and appearance, though resembling that of the Committee in
+the general arrangement of the plan.
+
+
+[Illustration: Exterior View of the Building Committee's Design]
+
+This design was by Mr. Joseph Paxton, and resembled in its general form the
+building as it is now executed, with the exception of the transept and
+semicircular roof, which were subsequently added, and were suggested by Mr.
+Barry.
+
+The result of the tenders appears to have been unfavourable to the
+Committee's design; and in their Report to the Royal Commission on the
+subject, made a few days afterwards, they proposed to omit the great dome
+and some portions of the design which were not essential, by which they
+considered that the cost of its execution might be reduced below
+100,000_l._; at the same time, they made special mention of Mr. Paxton's
+design, which, however, they considered would prove more expensive.
+
+Mr. Paxton's design had been brought before the public before this period;
+for, considering that his best road to success would be to get a favourable
+verdict from that many-headed jury, he published a view and description of
+it in the _Illustrated News_, and, through the influence of Mr. Stephenson,
+he got his plans laid before the Royal Commission, in consequence of which
+he obtained an interview with his Royal Highness the President. The
+encouragement given him by the attention bestowed upon his design by the
+Royal Commission, and the favourable opinion of the public, had determined
+him to procure a tender for the execution of the work, to be sent in with
+those upon the Committee's design. This he was enabled to do by the great
+energy and promptitude of the contractors, Messrs. Fox and Henderson, to
+whom he applied at the eleventh hour. The difficulties that had to be
+overcome, owing to the shortness of the time remaining for the estimates to
+be made up, can scarcely be better laid before the reader than they have
+been by an able writer in "Household Words:"--
+
+"It was now Saturday, and only a few days more were allowed for receiving
+tenders. Yet before an approximate estimate of expense could be formed, the
+great glass-manufacturers and iron-masters of the north had to be
+consulted. This happened to be _dies mirabilis_ the third; for it was the
+identical Saturday on which the Sunday postal question had reached its
+crisis, and there was to be no delivery the next day! But in a country of
+electric telegraphs, and of indomitable energy, time and difficulties are
+annihilated; and it is not the least of the marvels wrought in connexion
+with the great edifice that, by aid of railway-parcels and the electric
+telegraph, not only did all the gentlemen summoned out of Warwickshire and
+Staffordshire appear on Monday morning at Messrs. Fox and Henderson's
+office, in Spring Gardens, London, to contribute their several estimates to
+the tender for the whole, but within a week the contractors had prepared
+every detailed working-drawing, and had calculated the cost of every pound
+of iron, of every inch of wood, and of every pane of glass.
+
+"There is no one circumstance in the history of the manufacturing
+enterprise of the English nation which places in so strong a light as this
+its boundless resources in materials, to say nothing of the arithmetical
+skill in computing at what cost and in how short a time those materials
+could be converted to a special purpose. What was done in those few days?
+Two parties in London, relying on the accuracy and good faith of certain
+iron-masters, glass-workers in the provinces, and of one master-carpenter
+in London, bound themselves for a certain sum of money, and in the course
+of some four months, to cover eighteen acres of ground with a building
+upwards of a third of a mile long, and some four hundred and fifty feet
+broad. In order to do this, the glass-maker promised to supply, in the
+required time, nine hundred thousand square feet of glass (weighing more
+than four hundred tons), in separate panes, and these the largest that ever
+were made of sheet glass; each being forty-nine inches long. The
+iron-master passed his word in like manner to cast in due time three
+thousand three hundred iron columns, varying from fourteen feet and a half
+to twenty feet in length: thirty-four miles of guttering-tube, to join
+every individual column together under the ground; two thousand two hundred
+and twenty-four girders (but some of these are of wrought iron); besides
+eleven hundred and twenty-eight bearers for supporting galleries. The
+carpenter undertook to get ready within the specified period two hundred
+and five MILES of sash-bar, flooring for an area of thirty-three millions
+of cubic feet, besides enormous quantities of wooden walling, louvre-work,
+and partition.[3]
+
+"It is not till we reflect on the vast sums of money involved in
+transactions of this magnitude that we can form even a slight notion of the
+great, almost ruinous loss, a trifling arithmetical error would have
+occasioned, and of the boundless confidence the parties must have had in
+their resources and in the correctness of their computations. Nevertheless,
+it was one great merit in Mr. Paxton's original details of measurement that
+they were contrived to facilitate calculation.
+
+"There was little time for consideration, or for setting right a single
+mistake, were it ever so disastrous. On the prescribed day the tender was
+presented, with whatever imperfections it might have had, duly and
+irredeemably sealed. But after-checkings have divulged no material error."
+
+The Royal Commission appear from the first to have been favourably
+impressed with Mr. Paxton's design, partly, no doubt, because its adoption
+would at once silence the great bricks-and-mortar objection to the
+occupation of the site in Hyde Park; and the result was that, on the 16th
+of July, Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender of 79,800_l._ for Mr. Paxton's
+design was verbally accepted, and, as soon as the necessary arrangements
+could be made, the contract was formally concluded.
+
+
+
+
+History of Mr. Paxton's Design.
+
+
+As Mr. Paxton himself has stated, the design for a building of such
+magnitude could not have been produced in so short a space of time without
+the aid of the experience he had gained in constructing other great
+buildings of a somewhat similar character; the progress of this experience
+Mr. Paxton has described in the lecture he delivered to the Society of Arts
+on the 13th of November, 1850, from which we have made the following
+extracts; and we hope to be excused by the reader for their copiousness, on
+the ground that no man can so well relate his own doings as the actor
+himself:--
+
+"The Great Industrial Building now in the course of erection, and which
+forms the subject of the present paper, was not the production of a
+momentary consideration of the subject. Its peculiar construction, in
+cast-iron and glass, together with the manner of forming the vast roof, is
+the result of much experience in the erection of buildings of a similar
+kind, although on a smaller scale, which has gradually developed itself
+through a series of years. It may not, therefore, be uninteresting to give
+a brief account of the reasons which led me to investigate the subject of
+glass roofs and glass structures generally, and which have resulted in the
+Exhibition Building.
+
+"In 1828, when I first turned my attention to the building and improvement
+of glass structures, the various forcing-houses at Chatsworth, as at other
+places, were formed of coarse thick glass and heavy woodwork, which
+rendered the roofs dark and gloomy, and, on this account, very ill suited
+for the purposes they were intended to answer. My first object was to
+remove this evil, and, in order to accomplish it, I lightened the rafters
+and sash-bars, by bevelling off their sides; and some houses which were
+afterwards built in this manner proved very satisfactory. I also at this
+time contrived a light sash-bar, having a groove for the reception of the
+glass; this groove completely obviated a disadvantage connected with the
+old mode of glazing, namely, the putty becoming continually displaced by
+sun, frost, and rain, after the sashes had been made for a short time, and
+the wet by this means finding its way betwixt the glass and the wood, and
+producing a continual drip in rainy weather.
+
+"About this period the desire for metallic roofs began to extend in every
+direction; and as such structures had a light and graceful appearance, it
+became a question of importance as to the propriety of using metal sashes
+and rafters, instead of wooden ones, for horticultural purposes. After
+carefully observing the effects of those built by various persons, it
+became apparent to me that the expansion and contraction of metal would
+always militate against its general adoption, as at no season of the year
+could the sashes and rafters be made to fit.
+
+"The extra expense, also, of erecting metallic-roofed houses was a
+consideration. In 1833 I contemplated building a new range of hot-houses;
+and being desirous of knowing how much they would cost, if erected of
+metal, a plan of the range was prepared and sent to Birmingham, and another
+to Sheffield, with a desire to be furnished with estimates for that
+purpose. The estimate from Birmingham was 1,800_l._; and the other, from
+Sheffield, was 1,850_l._ These appeared to me such enormous sums, that I at
+once set about calculating how much the range would cost if built of wood
+under my own inspection; and the result was, that I was able to complete
+the whole range, including masonry (which was omitted in the metal
+estimates), for less than 500_l._
+
+"Besides the extra cost of metallic roofs, we must add the extreme heat of
+such houses in hot weather, and their coldness in times of frost; the
+liability to breakage of glass from expansion and contraction of the metal;
+the very limited duration of the smaller portions, as sash-bars, from
+corrosion, by exposure to the alternations of heat, cold, and moisture,
+inseparable from gardening operations, and which could only be prevented by
+making use of the expensive material, COPPER; and the difficulty, when
+compared with wood, of repairing any damages, as a wooden roof could at any
+time be set to rights by a common carpenter. These different items formed
+in my mind so many objections to its use, and the same disadvantages soon
+became generally apparent.
+
+"It was now thought advisable by some parties that, in order to obviate the
+many disadvantages in the use of metal, the rafters and frame-work of the
+sashes ought to be made of wood, and the sash-bars of metal. This plan
+certainly presented more advantages than the other, yet it was quite
+obvious that materials so incongruous could never give satisfaction; and
+accordingly, in a few years, as I had anticipated, the rage for these
+structures gradually subsided, and the use of wood again became resorted to
+by most persons, as the best material for horticultural purposes.
+
+[Illustration: COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS.]
+
+"In the construction of glass-houses requiring much light, there always
+appeared to me one important objection, which no person seemed to have
+taken up or obviated; it was this. In plain lean-to or shed roofs, the
+morning and evening sun, which is on many accounts of the greatest
+importance in forcing fruits, presented its direct rays at a low angle,
+and, consequently, very obliquely to the glass. At those periods most of
+the rays of light and heat were obstructed by the position of the glass and
+heavy rafters, so that a considerable portion of time was lost both morning
+and evening; it consequently became evident that a system by which the
+glass would be more at right angles to the morning and evening rays of the
+sun would obviate the difficulty, and remove the obstruction to rays of
+light entering the house at an early and late hour of the day.
+
+[Illustration: METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW.]
+
+"This led me to the adoption of the ridge-and-furrow principle for glass
+roofs, which places the glass in such a position that the rays of light in
+the mornings and evenings enter the house without obstruction, and present
+themselves more perpendicularly to the glass at those times when they are
+the least powerful; whereas at mid-day, when they are most powerful, they
+present themselves more obliquely to the glass. Having had this principle
+fixed in my mind, and being convinced of its importance, I constructed a
+pine-house in 1833 as an experiment, which still exists unimpaired, and has
+been found fully to answer the purpose.
+
+"In 1834 I resolved to try a further experiment on a larger scale, on the
+ridge-and-furrow principle, in the construction of a green-house of
+considerable dimensions, which also remains and answers admirably. For this
+building I made a still lighter sash-bar than any I had previously used; on
+which account the house, when completed (although possessing all the
+advantages of wood), was as light as if constructed of metal. The whole
+length of this structure is 97-1/2 feet, and its breadth 26 feet; the
+height at the back is 16 feet 9 inches, and in the front 12 feet 3 inches.
+A span so large as 26 feet could not be safely covered with a roof
+constructed in the ordinary way, unless the sash-bars were stronger, and
+the assistance of heavy rafters and numerous supports was afforded. The
+house presents a neat and light appearance, and consists of 15 bays, and
+pediments in front, supported by 16 slender reeded cast-iron columns.
+Whilst it makes an admirable green-house, it is also an economical
+building; for, at the period of its construction, notwithstanding the heavy
+tax on glass (since removed), it only cost at the rate of twopence and a
+fraction per cubic foot. At the present time, considering the change in the
+price of material, and the removal of the glass-tax, it could be
+constructed at a considerably smaller amount.
+
+"Having in contemplation the erection of the Great Conservatory in its
+present form, it was determined, in 1836, to erect a new curvilinear
+hot-house 60 feet in length and 26 feet in width, with the elliptical roof
+on the ridge-and-furrow principle, to be constructed entirely of wood, for
+the purpose of exhibiting how roofs of this kind could be supported. The
+plan adopted was this: the curved rafters were composed of several boards
+securely nailed together on templets of wood cut to the exact curve; by
+this means a strength and firmness were obtained sufficient to support an
+enormous weight.
+
+"In 1837 the foundations of the Great Conservatory were commenced; and in
+constructing so great a building it was found desirable to contrive some
+means for abridging the great amount of manual labour that would be
+required in making the immense number of sash-bars requisite for the
+purpose. Accordingly, I visited all the great workshops in London,
+Manchester, and Birmingham, to see if anything had been invented that would
+afford the facilities I required. The only apparatus met with was a
+grooving-machine, which I had at once connected with a steam-engine at
+Chatsworth, and which was subsequently so improved as to make the sash-bar
+complete.
+
+[Illustration: CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR MACHINE.]
+
+"For this apparatus the Society of Arts, in April, 1841, awarded me a
+medal; and this machine is the type from which all the sash-bar machines
+found in use throughout the country at the present time are taken. As the
+Conservatory was erected under my own immediate superintendence, I am able
+to speak accurately as to the advantages of the machine: it has, in regard
+to that building alone, saved in expenses 1,400_l._ The length of each of
+the bars of the Conservatory is 48 inches; only one inch shorter than those
+of the Exhibition Building. The machine was first used in its present form
+in August, 1838; and its original cost, including table, wheels, and
+everything complete, was 20_l._ The motive power is from a steam-engine
+employed on the premises for other purposes; and any well-seasoned timber
+may be used. The attendants required are only a man and a boy, and the
+expense of the power required for it when in use is comparatively trifling.
+The sash-bars may be made of any form, by changing the character of the
+saws.
+
+"There is one particular feature in working the machine, namely, the bar is
+presented to the saws below the centre of motion, instead of above it (as
+is usual); and to the sides of the saw which are ascending from the table,
+instead of those which are descending. These arrangements were necessary to
+suit the direction of the teeth to the grain of the wood; for when the bars
+were presented to the saws in the usual way, the wood was crushed instead
+of being cut and cleaned. It is essential that the machine should revolve
+1,200 times in a minute to finish the work in a proper manner.
+
+"The glass and glazing of the Chatsworth Conservatory caused me
+considerable thought and anxiety, as I was very desirous to do away
+altogether with the numerous overlaps connected with the old system of
+glazing with short lengths. This old method, even under the best of
+management, is certain, in the course of a few years, to render unsightly
+any structure, however well built.
+
+"In the course of my inquiries, I heard that Messrs. Chance and Co., of
+Birmingham, had just introduced from the Continent the manufacture of sheet
+glass. Accordingly, I went to see them make this new article, and found
+they were able to manufacture it three feet in length. I was advised to use
+this glass in two lengths, with one overlap; but to this I could not
+assent, as I observed, that since they had so far advanced as to be able to
+produce sheets three feet in length, I saw no reason why they could not
+accomplish another foot; and, if this could not be done, I would decline
+giving the order, as, at that time, sheet glass was altogether an
+experiment for horticultural purposes. These gentlemen, however, shortly
+afterwards informed me that they had one person who could make it the
+desired length, and, if I would give the order, they would furnish me with
+all I required.
+
+"It may just be remarked here that the glass for the Exhibition Building is
+forty-nine inches long--a size which no country except England is able to
+furnish in any large quantity, even at the present day.
+
+"In 1840 the Chatsworth Conservatory was completed and planted. The whole
+length of this building is 277 feet; its breadth, 123 feet over the walls;
+and the height, from the floor to the highest part, 67 feet.
+
+"Notwithstanding the success which attended the erection of these
+buildings, it became to me a question of importance how far an extensive
+structure might be covered in with _flat_ ridge-and-furrow roofs; that is,
+the ridge-and-valley rafters placed on a level, instead of at an
+inclination, as in the green-house, or curvilinear, as in the Great
+Conservatory. I therefore prepared some plans for an erection of the kind
+for the Earl of Burlington, somewhere about ten years ago; but, on account
+of the lamented death of the Countess, the design of erection was
+abandoned. However, from that time I felt assured, not only that it could
+be done satisfactorily, but that the most appropriate manner to form and
+support level glass roofs, to a great extent, was that adopted this year
+for the New Victoria House at Chatsworth, which may be considered a
+miniature type of the Great Industrial Building.
+
+"Before describing this house, however, it may be well to notice two
+instances in which the flat roofs had been previously tried, and in both
+cases with the most perfect success.
+
+"The first of these was a conservatory attached to a villa in Darley Dale,
+only a short distance from Chatsworth. This building is divided into five
+bays, with a glass door in the centre, and glass pilasters separating the
+bays; the ridge-and-furrow roof covers an opening of seventeen feet in the
+clear. The ventilation is simultaneously effected by a lever connected with
+a rod, which is attached to all the ventilators....
+
+[Illustration: THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH.]
+
+"The second instance is this. In the spring of 1848, plans were prepared
+for the erection of an ornamental glass structure, to cover the
+conservatory wall at Chatsworth. This wall was previously a plain flued
+structure, devoted to the growth of rare and choice plants. The new
+erection is 331 feet in length, and 7 feet in width. It is divided into ten
+bays, with an ornamental centre projecting beyond the general line of the
+building. Each bay is subdivided by smaller bays, which are separated by
+glass pilasters; the glass sashes are so arranged that they can be removed
+in summer, and the whole thrown open to the gardens, whilst in winter the
+building affords an extensive promenade under cover. The ground on which
+this structure is built has a fall of 25 feet 6 inches in its whole length;
+consequently, there is a proportionate fall at each bay, which gives great
+variety, and obviates the monotony that would be exhibited in a building of
+such length and dimensions placed on a uniform level. The lower side of
+each bay is finished by a glass pilaster, three feet in width, and
+surmounted by a vase on the wall behind. The roof is on the
+ridge-and-furrow principle, with the rafters on a very slight inclination;
+and the ventilation is effected in a similar but more perfect manner than
+that already described as in use at the conservatory at Darley Dale.
+
+"The new Victoria Regia House, which presents a light and novel appearance,
+is 60 feet 6 inches in length, and 46 feet 9 inches in breadth. Although,
+when compared with the Great Industrial Building, the Victoria House is a
+very diminutive structure, yet the principles on which it is constructed
+are the same, and may be carried out to an almost unlimited extent. The
+form of the roof, the general elevation, the supports, and the mode of
+construction, are all quite simple, and yet fully answer the purposes for
+which they were intended.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE.]
+
+"The Victoria House, however, was so built as to retain as much moisture
+and heat as possible, and yet to afford a strong and bright light at all
+seasons; whilst, on the contrary, the Industrial Building, being intended
+to accommodate a daily assemblage of many thousands of individuals, and a
+vast number of natural and mechanical productions, many of which would be
+destroyed by moisture and heat, is constructed so as fully to answer that
+end."
+
+This, then, was the experience which enabled Mr. Paxton to conceive his
+design for the "Crystal Palace," a description of which as it has
+subsequently been carried out we must now proceed with.
+
+
+
+
+General Description of the Building.
+
+
+The plan forms a parallelogram, 1,848 feet long and 408 feet wide, besides
+a projection on the north side, 48 feet wide and 936 feet long. A main
+avenue, 72 feet wide and 66 feet high, occupies the centre through the
+whole length of the building. Flanking this on either side are smaller
+avenues alternately 24 feet and 48 feet wide; the two first on either side
+of the centre are 43 feet, and the remainder 23 feet high. About the centre
+of the entire length, at a point determined by the position of a row of
+large trees, which it was resolved to inclose, these avenues are crossed by
+a transept of the same width as the main avenue, or 72 feet, and 108 feet
+high; two other groups of trees on the ground give occasion for open
+courts, which are inclosed within the building. The area thus inclosed and
+roofed over amounts to no less than 772,784 square feet, or about 19
+acres;[4] the building is, therefore, about four times the size of St.
+Peter's at Rome, and more than six times that of St. Paul's, London. Three
+entrances lead to this vast interior, one in the centre of the principal or
+south front, and one at either end of the building. The number of these is
+necessarily small, in order to facilitate the arrangements for the
+money-taking, and to avoid having too large a staff of officers; on the
+other hand, it was equally desirable to afford the most ample opportunities
+of egress for visitors, and accordingly fifteen exit doors are placed at
+frequent intervals.
+
+
+
+GROUND-PLAN OF THE BUILDING.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  A.  Principal Entrance.
+  B.  West Entrance.
+  C.  East Entrance.
+  D.  Refreshment Courts.
+  E.  Entrance.
+  F.  Gentlemens' Ante-rooms.
+  G.  Ladies' Ante-rooms.
+  H.  Pay Place.
+  I.  Accountant.
+  K.  Exits.
+  L.  Ante-rooms.
+  M.  Committee Waiting-room.
+  N.  Royal Commission.
+  O.  Clerks.
+  P.  Stairs.
+  Q.  Engine House.
+
+It will be well to mention here that the horizontal measure of 24 feet,
+which we have seen as the unit in the plan of the Building Committee, is
+also preserved in the present plan; every horizontal dimension of which is
+either a certain number of times or divisions of twenty-four feet.
+
+The avenues into which the plan is divided are formed by hollow cast-iron
+columns twenty-four feet apart, which rise in one, two, and three storeys
+respectively, to support the roof at the different heights given above; in
+the lower storey these columns are nineteen feet high, and in the two upper
+ones seventeen feet. Between the different lengths of the columns short
+pieces are introduced, called "connecting-pieces," from the office they
+perform; these are three feet long, and are so contrived that they serve to
+support girders in horizontal tiers, dividing the greatest height into
+three storeys as already mentioned. The girders, of which some are of cast
+and some of wrought iron, are all of the same depth, namely, three feet,
+with the exception of four, to be specially named hereafter, and by this
+arrangement the same horizontal lines are preserved throughout the whole of
+the building. They are also all similar in appearance, forming a kind of
+lattice-work, by which construction they do not look too heavy for the
+slight supports; and large solid masses are avoided, practically showing
+how great strength may be combined with elegance and lightness. The first
+or lower tier of these girders, in parts of the building more than one
+storey in height, forms the support for the floor of the galleries, which
+are twenty-four feet wide, and extend the whole length of the building in
+four parallel lines, intercepted only by the transept, round the ends of
+which they are continued. Numerous cross galleries connect each pair of
+longitudinal lines on either side of the centre avenue, which remains
+uninterrupted from end to end, and can only be crossed on the gallery-floor
+at the extremities.
+
+These galleries are reached by eight double staircases, of easy ascent and
+ample width, which are placed between the lines of gallery so as to
+communicate equally readily with either, and are so distributed as to give
+two to each quarter of the building; in the eastern or foreign half two
+supplementary staircases of smaller dimensions have been added.
+
+In those parts of the building more than two storeys in height, the second
+horizontal tier of girders does not support a gallery, but serves only to
+give stiffness to the columns. The upper tier of girders, in all cases,
+supports the roof, which is one of the most peculiar features in the
+structure. In its general form the roof is flat; but it is made up of a
+series of ridges and furrows, the rise and fall of which is but small, and
+is thus arranged: the roof-girders or trusses being twenty-four feet apart,
+and lying in the transverse direction of the building, the space between
+them is spanned by light beams or rafters, which are cambered or bent
+upwards, and are hollowed out in a groove on the top to form a gutter. The
+rafters are placed eight feet apart, their ends resting on the
+roof-girders, and lying, therefore, in the opposite direction to them, that
+is, in the direction of the length of the building; these rafters are
+commonly called the Paxton's Gutters. Between the rafters so described,
+_ridges_ are supported by light sash-bars sloping up to them, at an
+inclination of two-and-a-half to one, and the rafter itself forms the
+bottom of the _furrow_. The advantage of this form of roofing is the
+facility it affords for the escape of the water, which runs from the
+surface of the roof into the Paxton's gutters; from them it is discharged
+into the main gutters resting on the roof-girders, by which it is conducted
+to the hollow columns, and passes down through them into the drains. A drop
+of water falling on the most distant point from the discharge would only
+have to traverse a distance of forty-eight feet; but in most cases the
+length to be passed over before reaching the down pipe would be
+considerably less.[5] The covering of the roof is glass, fixed between the
+sash-bars, which are grooved to receive it; and in order to carry off the
+moisture arising from condensation on the inner surface of the glass, the
+rafters have a small groove on each side, which makes the Paxton's gutter
+complete, and from which the moisture is also discharged into the main
+gutters. The essential portions of the roof may therefore be considered as
+a network of gutters; one set, the main gutters, lying in a transverse
+direction, and the others resting on them, and lying in the direction of
+the length of the building; by which arrangement any amount of surface can
+always be covered by roofing of a small span. The principle is precisely
+the same as that of subdividing large fields of arable land into strips or
+"lands" with furrows between them, in order to facilitate the
+surface-drainage.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF PARTLY COMPLETED.]
+
+The outer inclosure, on the ground-floor, is formed by dividing each
+24-feet bay between the columns into three 8-feet bays by half columns of
+wood, between which is placed boarding, held in its place by iron clips and
+bolts; a plinth, four feet high, is formed immediately above the floor by
+frames, filled with what are commonly called louvre-blades, which are hung
+on pivots, and of which a large number can be moved simultaneously for the
+admission of air; similar ventilating-frames, three feet deep, are
+introduced at the top of each storey round the entire circuit of the
+building, and by this means a ventilating-surface of no less than 40,800
+square feet is obtained, or rather more than one acre.
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS.]
+
+Externally some light arches are inserted, and open panels form the
+inclosure for the upper louvre-frames. The details we have been describing
+may be readily traced in the engraving of a portion of the lower storey as
+seen from the outside. The exit doors occupy one of the 8-feet bays opening
+about six feet wide. The inclosure to the upper storeys closely resembles
+those of the ground-floor, but glazed sashes are substituted for the close
+boarding, and the plinth is omitted. Each storey is crowned externally with
+a cornice and cresting ornament, and over the columns posts are carried up,
+to which flagstaffs will be fixed.
+
+To return to the interior. The whole of the floor is boarded; that below is
+laid with an interval of half an inch between the boards, to allow the
+passage of dust from the millions of feet by which it will be trod; the
+gallery floor, on the contrary, has iron tongues between the boards to
+prevent the dust from coming through on the heads of the visitors below.
+
+The roof of the transept, which we have described as crossing the building
+about the centre of its length, differs from that of the other parts, its
+general form being semicircular instead of flat, and rising above the rest
+of the building so as to show the whole of the semicircle externally. This
+roof is supported by arched timber ribs placed twenty-four feet apart, or
+one over every column, which forms a socket, into which the foot of the rib
+is fitted and secured by iron straps. Between the ribs, timbers are fixed
+which carry minor ribs at a distance of eight feet apart, and upon these
+the ridge-and-furrow roofing is constructed in the manner that has been
+described for the flat roofing, but following the curve of the arched ribs.
+At the springing or foot of the arch on either side of the transept there
+is a range of louvre-frames to assist in the ventilation of the building,
+and on the top of the arch externally a narrow passage is formed to give
+access to the different parts of this roof. On the inner side of the arch
+diagonal tie-rods are introduced between the main ribs, which, while they
+serve to increase the strength of the construction by tying together all
+the parts from end to end, produce an agreeable play of lines forming a
+kind of network over the whole of the surface.
+
+The ends of the transept are closed in with fan-like tracery, reminding the
+spectator of the magnificent wheel windows of our Gothic cathedrals; this
+elegant feature is not visible in our interior view, but will be seen in
+some of the exteriors.
+
+There is, perhaps, no part of this interesting building in which the great
+size and singular lightness, almost airiness, of the construction are so
+strikingly displayed as in the TRANSEPT, inclosing as it does a row of fine
+old elm-trees, as if to protect them in their venerable age from the smoke
+of the thousands of chimneys that have been gradually forming a destructive
+circle around them.
+
+The only portion of solid untransparent roofing in the whole of this
+building is formed on either side of the arched roof just described, where
+there is a lead flat twenty-four feet wide. This was partly required for a
+platform to serve for carrying on the works for the arched roof, and was
+also exceedingly useful in giving access to the other roofs on either side;
+it likewise afforded the opportunity of giving some additional strength at
+the springing of the arched ribs to resist any possible tendency they might
+have to spread outwards.
+
+
+
+[Illustration: View of the Interior of the Transept.]
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat.]
+
+As the weight of such lead roofing considerably exceeds that of the glass
+ridge-and-furrow covering, it was necessary at the point where it crosses
+the wide span of the main avenue to introduce some stronger roof-girders
+than those used elsewhere; of these there are two on either side of the
+transept, the inner one of which has also to sustain two of the large
+arched ribs with their superincumbent roofing, and its strength is
+therefore increased in proportion to the additional load placed upon it.
+The extra-strong roof-girders are six feet deep, or twice that of the
+others; but their general construction is similar, the diagonal ties
+forming a kind of latticework, and thus keeping up the same character.
+These, like all the roof-girders of large span, are constructed principally
+of wrought-iron. Those who visited the building during its erection, and
+were among the fortunate few who were enabled to ascend to the "lead-flat,"
+must have been very much struck with the singular appearance presented by
+the great expanse of acres of glass stretching in long lines of
+"ridge-and-furrow" roofing on each side of the centre, while the eye,
+penetrating the transparent covering, became lost in endeavouring to follow
+the apparently intricate lines of the interior. Such a view might fairly be
+said to justify the title of "Crystal Palace," by which this building is so
+commonly known; and it would require no great stretch of imagination to
+believe that it had been reared by fairy hands, as a votive offering at the
+world's jubilee of labour.
+
+But we must descend again to the interior, to point out the arrangement of
+the offices for the staff of the Executive. The principal of these are
+naturally placed in the centre, on either side of the principal entrance,
+where they occupy in two storeys the space underneath the gallery, which is
+continued uninterrupted over them. The entrances at the end are also
+flanked by offices of less extent. The outer inclosure of these spaces is
+formed with glazed sashes, similar to those which are placed on the
+exterior of the building, and boarded partitions divide the interior. The
+rooms are arranged to be heated and lighted by gas when required, and ample
+means of ventilation are provided.
+
+The simplicity of the construction renders it very easy to extend or
+contract the accommodation much more readily than would be possible under
+ordinary circumstances.
+
+It now remains to notice the arrangements provided for refreshments, which
+are introduced in connexion with the open courts left on account of the
+groups of trees. These happen to occur towards the ends of the building,
+and on the north side of the main avenue; the space at the north end of the
+transept, next to the inclosed trees, is also appropriated for this
+purpose. The roofing over these parts is a continuation of that over the
+rest of the building; and the partitions necessary for inclosing the
+different spaces are formed chiefly with glazed sashes, avoiding as much as
+possible any solid construction, which would appear out of character. The
+open courts are inclosed with sashes and doors, rendered necessary by the
+uncertain nature of our climate.
+
+A small detached building which has not been mentioned serves for the
+boiler-house, and is placed near the west end of the building. As it had
+been determined to afford the means of exhibiting some of the machinery in
+actual motion, it was necessary to erect boilers to supply the steam to the
+different machines, as it would clearly be inadmissible for each to
+generate steam for its own use in the building. The house to contain the
+boilers is ninety-six feet long and twenty-four feet wide, and is placed as
+near as practicable to the machinery-department; but at the same time it is
+quite detached from the main building to avoid risk from the fires. In
+appearance it resembles the one-storey portion of the main building, but it
+is constructed entirely of fire-proof materials. It contains five boilers,
+each to supply steam for twenty-horse power, which is distributed by a pipe
+to the different machinery.
+
+
+[Illustration: General View of the Building from the South-West.]
+
+An ornamental cast-iron railing designed by Mr. Owen Jones incloses the
+building, being placed at a distance of about eight feet from it along the
+principal fronts, but carried much further off at the ends, so as to
+inclose a considerable space, which will thus be available for exhibiting
+any large objects that will bear exposure to the weather, if there should
+not be sufficient room in the interior of the building. Gates are placed
+opposite all the entrances and exits, and these are so arranged that when
+closed they are uniform in appearance with the rest of the railing.
+
+[Illustration: EXTERNAL RAILING.]
+
+Having thus given a general sketch of the arrangement and appearance of the
+building, we shall proceed to describe somewhat more minutely the various
+details of the construction, of which the essential parts are few in number
+compared with the great repetition of each individually. To assist in this
+multiplied reproduction of the same form, some exceedingly ingenious
+machinery has been employed, which will therefore be described in connexion
+with the parts it has been used to form; and thus these will be traced
+through their various stages, from the raw material to their finished state
+as portions of the building. The greater part of this machinery has been
+used in shaping out those parts which are of wood, and particularly the
+different portions of the roof, with which we will therefore commence.
+
+
+
+
+The Paxton's Gutters.
+
+
+It has been mentioned that the rafters which span the space between the
+roof-girders serve, at the same time, as gutters, for which purpose they
+are hollowed out on the upper face, besides having smaller grooves at the
+sides to take the condensation-water. The bottom of the gutter is of a
+circular form, which is universally considered the best for conveying
+liquids with the least amount of friction, and therefore the least liable
+to obstruction from an accumulation of dirt.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE STRONG SASH-BAR.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE.]
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE REVOLVING ARM AND
+CUTTERS.]
+
+A section of the gutter, as finished, is shown. To bring it into this form,
+after the timbers had been sawn into the requisite general dimensions they
+were brought under the action of the planing-machine, where they were
+planed on the four sides. This machine is patented by W. Furness, of
+Liverpool, and was worked at the Chelsea Wharf Saw-mills. The operation was
+effected by cutters (_a_) attached to the ends of an arm revolving with
+great rapidity in a horizontal plane; the timbers to be planed were wedged
+up into a frame (_b_) traversing on rails, and as this was passed under the
+revolving cutters the upper surface was removed by them, at the same time
+the timbers were held down upon the frame by a large iron disc (_c_)
+pressing upon their upper surface. The disc, together with the revolving
+arm carrying the cutters, was capable of being adjusted vertically to the
+exact dimensions of the timber. The traversing-frame was slowly propelled
+by the machinery, and three widths of timber were operated upon at one
+time. On leaving the planing-machine these quarter baulks were passed on to
+the gutter-cutting machine. Four different cutters were required to form
+the section, as shown above; they were placed one behind the other, so that
+the piece of timber, which was presented to their action above the centre
+of motion, passed over each of them in succession. The first set, which
+revolved in a vertical plane, roughly hollowed out the larger groove to the
+section shown in Fig. 1; the two next were counterparts, and formed the
+same section in opposite directions; they were set at an inclination to the
+upright of about 45 degrees, the one to the right, the other to the left;
+and each hollowed out one of the small side grooves, and one side of the
+larger gutter, leaving the section of the timber respectively of the forms
+shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 4 shows the form of its section after it had
+passed both; the fourth set of cutters again revolved vertically, and gave
+the gutter its finished form, as shown above. As the timber passed over the
+cutters it was supported at the ends on revolving rollers, and was held in
+its place by guiding grooves, being pressed gradually forwards against the
+cutters.
+
+[Illustration: SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTERS.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE.]
+
+In this manner forty-two lengths of solid gutter, each twenty-four feet and
+a fraction long, were completed in a day of ten hours; and as the machine
+was worked double time, a length of more than 2,000 feet was turned out
+daily ready for use: this, it has been calculated, would have required the
+labour of about three hundred men to be employed for the same length of
+time. The absolute necessity for such rapid production will be evident when
+it is known that no less than 110,000 feet, or about twenty miles length,
+of such gutters were required--very nearly the distance from Buckingham
+Palace to Windsor Castle.
+
+Finished as described above, the Paxton's gutters arrived at the building,
+where the first operation they underwent was that of cutting them to the
+exact length requisite. This was a nice operation, as the smallest
+deviation would have caused a difficulty in fitting them into their place,
+and to perform it a framework was constructed by which the solid gutter
+could be bent to the same curve it would have when fixed; a precaution that
+was necessary in order that the ends might be cut off quite vertically so
+as to fit together when in their place. At one end of this frame-work was
+placed a circular saw, twenty inches diameter, hung with a pulley and
+balance weight, so as to be moved up and down by means of a lever. The
+gutter being fixed in the frame by means of hinged guage-plates, one end
+was cut by the circular saw being brought down upon it; and at the same
+time another operation was performed: two cutters, placed in the centre of
+the circular saw, were so arranged that when brought down upon the end of
+the solid gutter they cut out a semi-circular notch, so that when the ends
+of two gutters were afterwards placed together there was a circular hole
+left, through which the water passed down into the main gutter. When these
+operations were completed at one end of the gutter, the guage-plates were
+taken off, and the timber was swung round on a pivot or crutch in the
+centre, and the same process gone through as before; the whole scarcely
+occupying two minutes. We shall presently have to return to this piece of
+machinery, as it was also used in finishing the ridge rafters.
+
+[Illustration: MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS AND RIDGES.]
+
+The solid gutter was now transferred to the hands of the carpenter, who
+fixed at each end, on the under-side, a small cast-iron shoe; and two
+struts, nine inches long, were placed so as to divide the whole length into
+three equal parts--the struts spread out at the top in order to present a
+large surface of pressure against the under-side of the gutter; and tenons
+projected upwards, which were fitted into mortices cut into the timber. The
+lower end of the struts were formed so as to give them a firm hold upon a
+wrought-iron rod, thirteen-sixteenths of an inch diameter, which was passed
+under them and through the shoes, where it was screwed up with nuts; and
+the struts pressing up against the timber produced the requisite bend or
+camber. Twenty-seven notches, to receive the sash bars, were marked with a
+templet and cut out on each edge of the upper-side of the gutter; and a
+small cast-iron plate having been fitted on the under-side at each end, the
+Paxton's gutter was complete and ready for fixing. The under-trussing of
+the rafters increased their strength considerably, so that a weight of
+one-and-a-half tons was required to break one which was experimented upon.
+
+
+
+
+The Sash-bars.
+
+
+We will next consider the sash-bars which support the ridge of the roof and
+receive the glass. The total length which was required of these amounts to
+about two hundred miles; it will, therefore, be easily understood that
+mechanical contrivance for cutting them out became an absolute necessity;
+this Mr. Paxton appears to have discovered in his works at Chatsworth, as
+he mentions in his lecture.
+
+[Illustration: MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS.]
+
+The sash-bars are one inch thick and one-and-a-half inches deep, and are
+grooved on each side, besides having all the four edges bevelled or
+chamfered; all which was done in one passage through the machine. The plank
+which was to form the sash-bars was passed in at one end of the machine,
+between pressure-rollers; it then passed between cutters placed both above
+and below it, which made about twelve hundred revolutions per minute, and
+hollowed out the different grooves; and, lastly, it passed between circular
+saws which divided it into separate sash-bars, after which they had only to
+be cut into their proper lengths.[6] The exact length of each sash-bar when
+finished is four feet one inch.
+
+In this state the skylight bars were sent to the building, where they
+underwent several finishing operations, necessary to make the ends fit down
+into the notches prepared in the ridges and gutters. Thirty of the bars
+were first placed together in a horizontal traversing-frame on a saw-table,
+on each side of which circular saws were fixed at the distance of the
+required length of the sash-bar; the frame was then moved forward against
+the saws, so that both ends of the whole set of bars were cut off
+simultaneously, and at the same time a cut was made at one end half-way
+through the bar, in order to form the shoulder against the gutter. They
+were then removed to another bench, where the end of the bar was bevelled
+and the shoulder formed by means of a small instrument having a handle with
+two projecting jaws fitting into the ends of the glass grooves of the bars;
+between these there was a small blade which, being pressed down, cut out
+the shoulder which had been sawn through in the other direction, and
+another blade was placed at the proper angle to remove the bevelled piece
+at the end of the bar.
+
+[Illustration: THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.]
+
+One more process made the sash-bars complete for fixing--this was the
+drilling a hole at each end to nail them down on the gutter and ridge; and
+this was also done by machinery, to insure all the holes being drilled at
+the same angle. On one side of a horizontal bench were placed a set of
+four-inch driving pulleys (_a a_), with as many horizontal drills
+projecting towards the other side of the bench; a wooden traversing-plate
+(_c_) opposite each drill, and working towards it, received one end of the
+sash-bar, while the other rested in an inclined position against a wooden
+rail (_b_) placed longitudinally above the pulleys, having as many sinkings
+thereon as there were drills. The traversing-plate being then pushed
+forward, the sash-bar was perforated by the drill; the plate was then drawn
+back, and the same operation repeated with the other end of the bar, which
+left it ready for fixing.
+
+The action of the traversing-plate (_c_) is shown more distinctly in the
+second engraving.[7] One out of every nine of the sash-bars of the roof is
+stronger than the rest, to serve for fixing the ridge previous to glazing.
+These extra-strong bars are two inches wide and one inch and a half deep,
+and were formed by the same machinery already described, by an adjustment
+of the different cutters and saws.
+
+[Illustration: PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.]
+
+
+
+
+The Ridges.
+
+
+The total length of these required was about sixteen miles. They are cut
+out of timber three inches square, in section, and are of the form shown in
+the diagram, with a groove on each side to receive the glass. This was also
+done by machinery which, with about five-horse power, turned out one
+hundred lengths of twenty-four feet in a day of ten hours, allowing the
+time for the necessary stoppages. After they had been delivered at the
+building, these ridge-pieces were cut to the exact lengths by means of the
+same apparatus used for the solid gutters which has already been described.
+At each end of the ridge-piece two holes were also drilled to receive
+dowells to connect it with the adjoining length. By no other than
+mechanical means could the immense number of holes thus drilled have been
+placed so exactly that those in the opposite ends of any two ridge-pieces
+should correspond precisely.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR.]
+
+The different essential component parts of the roof having thus been
+described, we propose to take the different members of the construction in
+succession downwards.
+
+
+
+
+The Glass.
+
+
+But first it may be mentioned here that the glass used throughout the
+building is sheet, on an average about one-sixteenth of an inch thick, and
+weighing one pound per foot superficial. This gives an aggregate weight of
+about four hundred tons for the whole of the work, the greater part of
+which was supplied by Messrs. Chance and Co., of Birmingham. Each square is
+forty-nine inches long and ten wide, the greatest length of sheet glass
+that has ever been made in this country. The manufacture of this kind of
+glass is of comparatively recent introduction into England, though
+practised for some time on the Continent; and the rapid progress made by
+the manufacturers alluded to must be in a great measure attributed to the
+wise removal of the fiscal burden on the article, made by the late Sir
+Robert Peel. That lamented statesman, with his usual foresight, doubtless
+contemplated that great social benefits would follow from that enactment;
+and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that, but for Sir Robert's
+enlightened measure, this "huge pile of transparency" would never have been
+reared.
+
+
+
+
+The Box Gutters.
+
+
+It has been mentioned that the triple gutters deliver the water into main
+gutters running in the transverse direction of the building; these are
+formed of wood, with a bottom piece, into which are grooved two upright
+sides, they are firmly bolted down upon the upper flange of the
+roof-girders, and where these are quite horizontal the fall in the gutter
+is given by a false bottom laid to a slope. Of these gutters there is a
+length of about five-and-a-half miles in the building, which, added to the
+aggregate length of the Paxton's gutters, makes a total of about
+twenty-five-and-a-half miles of gutter.
+
+
+
+
+Roof Girders.
+
+
+These are of cast-iron, where not more than twenty-four feet long, and the
+rest of wrought-iron. The cast-iron ones are precisely the same in
+appearance as those used for the galleries, but lighter in metal; a
+separate description of them is not, therefore, necessary. The weight of
+each of these girders is twelve cwt., and each was proved to nine tons
+previously to being used; but it is calculated that the greatest weight
+they may have to bear will not exceed five tons: the total number required
+was about 470.
+
+The wrought-iron girders, or trusses, are partly forty-eight and partly
+seventy-two feet long, to span the avenues of those respective widths; the
+principle of the construction is the same in each. The top rail (if it may
+be so called) of the truss is formed with two pieces of [L section] iron
+placed back to back [double L sections], and the bottom rail with two flat
+bars [parallel flat bars], the total depth being three feet; at the ends
+these bars are riveted on to cast-iron standards, and the intermediate
+distance is divided into eight-feet lengths by other cast-iron standards,
+to which the bars are also riveted, and thus a framework of rectangles is
+formed. In the trusses forty-eight feet span there are, therefore, six such
+divisions in the length, and nine in those of seventy-two feet span. These
+are then divided in the direction of ONE of the diagonals by a flat bar
+passing between and riveted to those forming the top and bottom rails. This
+completes the constructional part of the truss; but to render the
+appearance more uniform with that of the cast-iron girders, a flat bar of
+wood (shown by the dotted lines) is made to form the other diagonal of the
+rectangles.
+
+[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER.]
+
+The trusses for a span of seventy-two feet are cambered or bent upwards
+about ten inches, which both adds to their strength and improves the
+appearance. The form and arrangement of these roof-trusses may be clearly
+traced in several of the views of the interior which are presented to the
+reader. The weight, when completed, of each of the trusses of seventy-two
+feet span is about thirty-five cwt., and of those of forty-eight feet span
+about thirteen cwt.
+
+It has been already mentioned that four of the roof-trusses vary from the
+rest on account of the greater load they have to sustain. The depth of
+these exceptional trusses is six feet, and their length seventy-two feet,
+or the width of the main avenue, which they bridge over. The principle of
+their construction is similar to that employed in the lighter trusses; but
+the arrangement of the parts is somewhat modified. The top rail consists of
+two pieces of [L section] iron, placed, as before, back to back; but they
+are further connected on the top by a flat piece [double L sections with
+flat]. The lower rail is formed by two flat bars placed upright [parallel
+flat bars], and these are riveted at the ends to standards of cast-iron,
+which, however, are considerably heavier in construction than those before
+described; and they have also in the centre, at (_a_) two slots, or
+sinkings, into which the ends of two of the diagonal bars are riveted. The
+whole length is then divided into three equal parts, each 24 feet long, by
+strong CAST-iron standards at (_b_) the ends of which are riveted between
+the rails, and these spaces are again subdivided into three eight-feet
+lengths by WROUGHT-iron standards at (_c c_). The top of each standard is
+next connected with the foot of the next but one to it by diagonal flat
+bars, which, together with the short pieces fastened into the slots at
+(_a_), complete the figure of the whole, forming a kind of trellis-work,
+two diamonds in depth. In the diagram only half the length of the girder is
+shown.
+
+[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER.]
+
+The dimensions of the different bars of iron in this piece of construction
+are proportional to the amount of strain they have to bear. The two heavier
+out of the four trusses just described weighed when completed eight tons
+each, and the other two, which are of rather lighter construction, six tons
+each.
+
+The riveting together of the wrought-iron trusses was performed on
+horizontal supports, on which the curve that they were to be made to was
+marked out. The bars having been previously cut to the requisite lengths,
+and punched and drilled with holes for the rivets, were laid out on the
+stages in the proper forms with the cast-iron standards, which were
+temporarily kept in place by bolts passed through some of the rivet-holes.
+The whole framework was then riveted up with red-hot rivets supplied from
+small portable furnaces, several sets of men being employed upon each
+truss, by which means as many as sixteen were completed in one day. The
+whole of the trusses, three hundred and seventy-two in number, required for
+the building were put together on the ground, and several ingenious
+mechanical contrivances were made use of to facilitate and hasten the work.
+To form some idea of the amount of labour that had to be performed, it may
+be mentioned that each of the trusses forty-eight feet in length, or the
+smallest, is held together by more than fifty rivets, requiring more than
+twice that number of holes to be made in bars of iron varying in thickness
+from a quarter of an inch upwards. About 25,000 rivets were thus required
+for the whole of the work.
+
+
+
+
+Iron Drilling Machine.
+
+
+The holes for the rivets were made partly by drilling and partly by
+punching. In the machine used for the former the bar to be bored was laid
+upon a flat surface forming part of the solid cast-iron stand of the
+machinery; the drilling-point worked vertically, and could be moved in that
+direction to suit the different thicknesses of iron brought under its
+operation. It was suspended at one end of a lever, with a counterpoise at
+the other. This lever was also connected by a rod and crank, with another
+near the ground, one end of which was formed into a tread to be worked by
+the foot. The workman, when he had arranged the iron in the right position
+under the drill, pressed his foot upon the tread; thus raising the
+counterpoise end of the upper lever, and pressing the point of the drill,
+which was of a spear-head form, down upon the iron. Underneath the iron to
+be drilled was placed a piece of wood to protect the point of the drill
+when it had passed through the iron. It was also necessary to moisten the
+iron during the operation, in order to keep the drill-point cool. Three men
+were required to attend to this work, which was not so rapid as the other
+method of making the holes by punching.
+
+[Illustration: THE DRILLING-MACHINE.]
+
+
+
+
+The Punching Machine.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS.]
+
+The enormous power exerted by this piece of machinery renders it necessary
+that the stand containing the punch, &c., should be exceedingly solid, and
+it is formed accordingly by a heavy mass of cast-iron, in which there are
+two indentations, as seen by the engraving. In the lower of these the
+punching operation is performed, and in the upper there are shears for
+cutting off the ends of the bars when required. The motion is communicated
+to each of these by means of a cogged wheel at the back; but both the punch
+and the shears work in a vertical direction, slowly moving up and down with
+irresistible force. There is no sudden blow or jerk, which makes the effect
+the more striking, as the unpractised eye has no means of discovering the
+amount of the force which is being put in operation. It is, however, so
+great that, although the punching of a hole scarcely occupies two or three
+seconds, the iron becomes quite hot from the effect of the pressure. In
+using this machine, the workman arranges the iron bar on a solid rest,
+placing it so that when the punch descends it makes the hole in the
+position required. As soon as the punch has passed through the bar, the
+action of the machinery is reversed, and the instrument ascends again;
+during which time the bar is re-arranged, and the operation is thus
+continually repeated. This piece of machinery also requires three men to
+work it, if the bars to be punched are of considerable length, so as to
+require the ends to be held up; otherwise, one alone is sufficient; and in
+the course of a ten-hours day about three thousand holes can be punched
+out--the number, of course, varying according to the thickness of the bars.
+
+Neither of the mechanical contrivances just described are novel inventions,
+though they are thus, perhaps, brought for the first time under the notice
+of many of our readers, to whom they may be so far rendered interesting
+from their being connected with the execution of THE building of the day.
+
+
+
+
+The Adzing and Planing Machine.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE ADZING-CUTTERS.]
+
+At the Chelsea Saw-mills, where the reader has already seen the Paxton's
+gutters shaped out, another interesting piece of machinery was in use for
+these works, for the purpose of finishing planks to a certain size and
+thickness, called the adzing and planing machine. An adze is a tool used by
+carpenters to remove any unevenness in the surface of a board in a
+particular spot. In this piece of machinery two cutters are fixed to a
+revolving arm, under which the plank is made to pass; and as it does so the
+cutters remove a certain thickness from the whole of the surface. The
+arrangement of these cutters is very plainly shown in the annexed
+engraving. On the under-side of the same bench to which this apparatus is
+fixed, three planes are set, each at an angle of about 5 degrees, by which
+the under-side of the plank is brought to an even face, while the upper
+surface is operated on by the adzing-cutters, and in this manner the plank
+is reduced to an even thickness throughout. As it passes on it is brought
+between two circular saws, which are adjusted to the width which it is
+desired to give to the plank. It is dragged forward towards the planes and
+cutters by means of an endless chain, composed of open links; which chain
+passes over a wheel provided with projecting pegs, so arranged as to fit
+into the links. The plank is kept down upon the planes, and otherwise held
+in position, by pressure-rollers.
+
+[Illustration: THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE.]
+
+
+
+
+The Columns and Connecting Pieces.
+
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF COLUMN.]
+
+The columns in the building perform three important offices. They support
+the roof and the galleries, and serve as pipes to convey the rain-water
+from the roofs. Their form, which is beautiful, both mechanically and
+artistically, was suggested by Mr. Barry; it is a ring, eight inches in
+diameter externally, the thickness varying in the different columns,
+according to the weights they have to support respectively. Four flat
+faces, about three inches wide, are added on the outside of this ring, so
+that when the column is in its place, they face nearly north, south, east,
+and west. The column may therefore be considered as a hollow tube, of the
+section just described, and of the same form at each end, having at its
+extremities horizontally projecting rings called SNUGS, through which the
+bolts are passed, to fasten the columns to the connecting-pieces and
+base-pieces. That the hollow form adopted for the columns is that best
+suited to obtain the greatest strength with the least amount of material
+has been abundantly shown by experiments, as even two straws placed in an
+upright position will bear a very considerable weight; it is that also seen
+in the structure of the bones of animals. Of these columns there are 3,300
+in the whole building.
+
+Those portions of the height of the columns which correspond with the depth
+and position of the girders form separate lengths, which are called
+connecting-pieces, as they unite the lengths of columns of the different
+storeys. These connecting-pieces have the same sectional form as the
+columns themselves, and, like them, are the same at each end, where there
+are projections cast on, which serve to support the girders, and which are
+provided with holes through which the bolts pass to connect them with the
+columns. These holes alternate with the projections to receive the girders,
+which projections are so formed that they clip others cast on to the ends
+of the girders, which will be hereafter described. In the centre of each
+projection there is formed a small notch which receives the key or wedge
+for fixing the girders.
+
+The meeting faces of the columns and connecting-pieces were all turned in a
+lathe, in order that, when set up, they might fit so precisely as not to
+require any packing to adjust them in an upright position; and only in the
+cases of those columns which serve as water-pipes is any such packing
+introduced. In those a piece of canvass, with white lead, is put into the
+joint. An enormous amount of additional labour was involved by this
+proceeding, as no less than twelve hundred of such faces had to be operated
+on; but this did not deter the enterprising contractors, who were fully
+alive to the importance of the object to be attained. When fixed, the
+projecting "snugs," with the bolts passing through them, were covered by
+ornamental caps and bases of cast-iron, fixed after the rest of the work
+was completed.
+
+
+
+
+The Base Pieces.
+
+
+The lower storey of columns in every case stands upon base-pieces of which
+the upright portion is a continuation of the column, with "snugs" at the
+top, to correspond with those of the column, and standing on a horizontal
+bed-plate, from which "shoulders" rise to strengthen the upright portion.
+These bed-plates vary in size from three feet by two feet to one foot six
+inches by one foot, in proportion to the weight which the several
+superincumbent columns have to sustain. The longest dimension of the
+bed-plate is in the transverse direction of the building, in which the
+greatest overturning strain might be expected to act upon the columns. From
+the vertical portion of the base-pieces, sockets six inches in diameter
+project, in the direction of the length of the building, into which are
+fitted the cast-iron drain-pipes, which convey away the water brought down
+by the columns from the roof. The height of the base-pieces varies to suit
+the different levels at which the floor is supported above the ground.
+These levels had therefore to be determined in every individual instance
+previous to the castings being made. It was done, however, with such
+precision that, when they came to be used, they were all found to be of the
+exact length required for their situation. Of these base-pieces, 1,074 were
+required for the building.
+
+[Illustration: BASE-PIECE.]
+
+
+
+
+Cast-iron Girders.
+
+
+It has been mentioned that the columns supported girders at three different
+heights, dividing the greatest altitude of the building into three storeys;
+and that the lower tier of girders, where the building consisted of more
+than one storey, served to support a gallery.
+
+These gallery girders are all twenty-four feet long and three feet deep,
+the upper and lower "flanges" or rails having a [T section] formed section
+with standards at the ends of similar section. The rectangular space
+between them is then divided into three equal parts, by uprights having a
+[+ section] form of section, and the three smaller spaces thus obtained
+have diagonal "struts" in each direction. The girder thus described forms a
+double truss, in which the diagonal braces are subjected both to the strain
+of compression and tension. At the top and bottom of the end-standards
+small projections are cast on, by which the connecting-pieces hold the
+girders; and at each end of the flat portion of the top and bottom rails
+small sinkings are cast, by means of which the girder is keyed up to its
+position. The flat portion of the upper and lower "flanges" of the girder
+is swelled out in width from the ends towards the centre, in order to
+increase the quantity of metal in that part where the strain is greatest.
+
+The description just given of the gallery girders will apply to all the
+cast-iron girders throughout the building, of which there are 2,150; the
+only difference between them being, that those for the roofs or other
+internal portions, where no gallery is to be supported, are cast with a
+less amount of metal. The form of girder just described, which is unusual,
+was the result of several experiments performed under the superintendence
+of Messrs. W. Cubitt, C. H. Wild, C. Fox, and other gentlemen, previous to
+the commencement of the building; and the thickness of metal for the
+different parts of these, as well as for all the other cast-iron work in
+the building, was minutely calculated and determined by Mr. C. H. Wild and
+Mr. C. Fox, under the supervision of Mr. Cubitt, the President of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers, to whom the Royal Commission had intrusted
+the responsible duty of the chief superintendence of the whole of the work.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Interior from the Level of Galleries.]
+
+
+
+
+The Galleries.
+
+
+To proceed to the gallery itself, supported by the girders just described.
+The timbers supporting the floor are so arranged that the weight of each
+bay of twenty-four feet square is distributed equally to the four girders
+inclosing it, and in such a manner as to bear upon them at the points
+immediately over the vertical standards.
+
+In the transverse direction of the building two pairs of joists, eight feet
+apart in each bay, are formed into trusses by tie-rods, 1-3/8 inches
+diameter, passed through a cast-iron shoe at each end, and pressing up two
+"struts," which are made to bear against the under-side of binding-timbers
+running longitudinally, or crossing the joists, and immediately under them.
+The cast-iron shoes for the trusses are bolted down to the girders, and
+serve at the same time to receive the standard supports of the gallery
+railing. The ends of the binding-timbers are secured by bolts and oak
+suspension-pieces to the other two girders inclosing the square. Joists
+about two feet six inches apart bear from girder to girder parallel to the
+trusses, and resting on the binding-timbers. On these is laid the floor,
+1-1/4 inches thick, grooved and iron-tongued. A light cast-iron railing,
+forming a kind of trellis-work, is fixed between the columns, and is capped
+with a round mahogany hand-rail. From the view at page 60 the arrangement
+of the galleries will be readily understood.
+
+
+
+
+Testing the Cast-iron Girders.
+
+
+From the very important office which the girders perform throughout the
+building, but more particularly those supporting the galleries, it was of
+the utmost importance that, previously to their being fixed in their
+places, the soundness of the casting should be proved; for it could hardly
+be expected that so large a number of girders could be produced without
+some of them being defective. The ordinary means of testing girders, by
+loading them with weights, would have occupied far too much time; and
+therefore an ingenious apparatus was devised by Mr. C. H. Wild for this
+purpose, by the use of which the testing of a girder occupied but a few
+minutes.
+
+[Illustration: FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING THE GIRDERS.]
+
+It consisted of a very strong cast-iron frame rather longer than the
+girder, the bottom of which was formed by two fixed beams placed eight
+inches apart, and supported a few inches above the ground. At each end of
+these a cast-iron standard was firmly bolted between them and rose to a
+height rather greater than the depth of the girder to be tested; on the
+inner faces of these standards two "shoulders" were formed, which received
+the projections cast on the ends of the girder, as before mentioned.
+Between the fixed beams below, at two points dividing the whole length into
+three equal parts, were placed strong cylinders, with rising pistons
+connected with a forcing-pump, together with which they formed a Bramah's
+hydraulic press. A girder being placed in this frame, in an inverted
+position, the force applied by means of the pistons rising from the
+cylinders acted upon it precisely at those points, and in the same manner,
+as the load from the gallery or the roof would do when afterwards fixed in
+its place.
+
+The essential parts of the Bramah's press may be thus briefly described. It
+consists of two cylinders, the diameter of one being considerably larger
+than that of the other. The smaller cylinder is fitted with a solid plunger
+or piston, by means of which water may be forced from it into the larger;
+this being also fitted with a rising piston, the force is communicated by
+it to the weight which it is desired to raise. The power obtained by means
+of this apparatus arises from the distributive power of fluids and the
+practical incompressibility of water, and it is proportioned to the
+difference of the diameters of the two cylinders; so that if a pressure of
+one pound per square inch be applied on the surface of the piston in the
+smaller cylinder, and the piston in the larger cylinder present a surface
+ten times greater, the power is multiplied by that number; whilst, in
+addition, the lever power used in applying the pressure to the smaller
+piston is obtained. The cylinders are fitted with valves, so arranged as to
+prevent the return of the water from the larger to the smaller, while the
+apparatus is in action, and thus the power is accumulated in the former.
+
+In the instance before us, the two 3-inch cylinders already alluded to in
+the proving-frame took the place of the larger cylinder of the ordinary
+apparatus; and they were connected with the forcing-pump by a strong metal
+tube. When a girder had been fixed in the frame for proving, the force-pump
+was worked till the pistons underneath the girder carried it off its lower
+bearings and pressed it upwards against the "shoulders," by which it was
+firmly held, and the pressure was then continued until the amount
+previously fixed upon as necessary for proof had been obtained. This was
+ascertained by means of a self-adjusting apparatus attached to the
+hydraulic press.
+
+An iron cylinder 1-1/2 inches diameter was placed in communication with the
+pipe connecting the pump and the press, so that the pressure obtained in it
+was, in proportion to its diameter, the same as that in the large cylinder;
+and it was fitted with a piston-rod, working in a vertical direction. This
+piston-rod was connected with a lever, from the end of which a scale-pan
+was suspended, at a distance from the fulcrum ten times greater than that
+of the point of attachment of the piston from the same. The weight of the
+scale-pan and lever were balanced by a large mass of iron at the other end.
+In the scale-pan a certain weight was placed, proportioned to the proof
+desired to be obtained; and the action of the pump was continued until the
+water, rising in the iron cylinder just described, forced up the lever, and
+with it the weight attached; and thus indicated that the pressure to which
+it was desired to subject the girder had been reached. The weight to be
+placed in the scale-pan was thus determined: the diameter of the lever
+cylinder being 1-1/2 inches, and that of each of those in the proving-frame
+three inches, the pistons or "rams" in the latter presented together eight
+times the surface of that in the lever cylinder; which being multiplied by
+the difference of length of the two parts of the lever, determines the
+weight for the scale-pan to be one-eightieth of that to which it was
+desired to prove the girder.
+
+The ordinary gallery girders were tested with a pressure equivalent to a
+weight of fifteen tons; but it was calculated that, when fixed, the
+greatest weight they would have to sustain would be seven-and-a-half tons.
+In one instance, for the sake of experiment, the pressure was continued
+beyond the proof weight of fifteen tons, to see what amount of strain the
+girders would bear without fracture, and it was found that a strain of
+thirty tons produced no injurious effect; but the girder broke with an
+additional weight of half a ton.
+
+
+
+
+Roof of Transept.
+
+
+We will now return to describe that portion of the roof which varies in
+form and arrangement from the rest, namely, the semicircular covering of
+the transept. This is supported by arched ribs, placed twenty-four feet
+apart, and constructed of Memel timber, in three thicknesses; the
+centre-piece four inches thick, with a 2-inch piece on each side of it.
+They are formed in lengths of about nine feet, placed so as to break joint;
+that is, the joints of the outer pieces fall upon the centre of the inner
+one. The thicknesses are fastened together by bolts passing through them
+about two feet six inches apart, besides being nailed at other points. On
+the inner circumference of the rib thus constructed there is then placed a
+piece of timber moulded to correspond with the form of the columns; and on
+the outer circumference two boards, each one inch thick, are bent round and
+attached to the rib with strong nails. On both the outer and inner
+circumference a flat bar of iron is secured by bolts passing through the
+whole depth of the rib, which, thus finished, measures eighteen inches in
+depth by eight inches in thickness. The ends of the ribs are fitted into
+sockets, formed by the upward continuation of the columns, to which they
+are attached by iron straps.
+
+The ribs, which are supported by the trusses over the main avenue, have
+their ends bolted down upon a piece of timber secured on the upper portion
+of the truss; and they are further fixed in their places by oak brackets,
+forming a spreading foot on each side upon the same piece of timber.
+
+Between these large ribs horizontal timbers, called "purlins," are fixed
+about nine feet apart, by means of cast-iron shoes, bolted both to them and
+to the ribs. These serve to support the minor or intermediate ribs,
+occurring at distances of eight feet apart; which consist of a single
+square piece of timber, having the two thicknesses of 1-inch board bent
+round their outer circumference, as on the main ribs. The boards form the
+gutters or furrows between which rise the ridges, in the same manner as in
+that portion of the roof which is horizontal.
+
+The ridges, in this case, instead of being cut out of solid pieces, are
+formed in three thicknesses, bent round to the requisite curve, and so
+retained by small bolts tying them down to the "purlins." The sash-bars
+which receive the glass form, as elsewhere, the sloping rafters or supports
+of the ridge.
+
+
+[Illustration: Interior View of the Central Avenue towards the West.]
+
+The space below the first "purlin" or plate at the springing of the arch,
+down to the level of the lead-flat beneath it, is fitted with louvre-frames
+for ventilation. The diagonal bracing between the main ribs has been
+already alluded to. Each set consists of four wrought-iron rods three
+quarters of an inch in diameter, having eyes at one end, by means of which
+they are secured with bolts, passing through the thickness of the ribs; in
+the centre they meet in a cast-iron ring, on the inner side of which the
+ends are screwed up with nuts.
+
+The semicircular ends of the transept are filled in with tracery, formed by
+radiating timbers, strutted apart with short pieces placed in concentric
+rings. The circular heads of the openings are formed by iron castings
+screwed into their places, and the eye from which the radiating lines of
+the tracery proceed is also formed by solid iron castings bolted together.
+On the outer face the ribs of the tracery are moulded, and on the inner
+side glazed sashes are fixed, filling in the openings.
+
+The lead-flat, twenty-four feet wide, extending the whole length of the
+transept, on either side of the semicircular roof, is constructed in a
+similar manner to the floor of the galleries, by under-trussing two pairs
+of joists in each bay. In the width of the lead-flat roof a horizontal
+truss is formed by flat bars of iron fixed in the direction of the diagonal
+of the 24-feet square bays, to resist any possible thrust or tendency of
+the ends of the ribs to open outwards at the springing.
+
+
+
+
+The Facework.
+
+
+The external inclosures of the building, on the levels of the different
+storeys, require but little description in detail beyond that already
+given. The sash-bars dividing the sashes of the upper tiers are grooved for
+glass similarly to those used in the roof, and were cut out by the same
+machinery. The glass was put in after they were framed together, so that it
+was necessary to arrange the ends of the bars that it could be slipped in
+at one end. As the bars of these sashes were of slight dimensions and
+considerable length, they were strengthened by wrought-iron rods passed
+through the sash-frame and the bars, and screwed up at the ends, causing
+the whole to work together. The sashes are held in their position by small
+cast-iron clips, which are bolted on to the columns; and as the surface
+presented to the wind by the upright sides of the building is of such
+considerable extent, wooden bridges are fixed against the sashes on the
+inside, by small cast-iron shoes bolted to the columns; and at the internal
+angles, where the wind would exert its greatest force, these bridges are
+further strengthened by wrought-iron rods half an inch in diameter,
+pressing against the back of them, which is grooved for the purpose, and
+screwed up at each end in the cast-iron shoes. In this manner a connected
+chain of resistance to any external pressure is established round the whole
+circuit of the building.
+
+[Illustration: THE LOUVRE-FRAME.]
+
+The louvre-frames, which form part of the face-work in all the different
+storeys, consist of a deal frame in which bent louvre-blades are hung on
+pivots at each end. These blades are of galvanised iron of an [S section]
+form. On the back of each blade is fixed a loop of thin iron, to which a
+rack is fitted; and by these means all the blades in each frame are moved
+simultaneously. A considerable number of these racks may also be connected,
+so that a large area of ventilation may be regulated at once.
+
+
+
+
+The Diagonal Bracing.
+
+
+From the total absence in this building of any internal division-walls,
+which in ordinary structures considerably add to their stability, it was
+thought desirable to introduce into the construction something to
+compensate for this deficiency. At several points in the length of the
+building, where a continuous connexion could be established transversely,
+the squares formed by the columns and girders on the different storeys have
+their four corners connected by diagonal rods, seven-eighths of an inch in
+diameter, having eyes at the ends, by which they are secured to the bolts
+connecting the different parts of the columns. In the centre of the square
+the four rods meet in a cast-iron ring, and are screwed up with nuts;
+ornamental faces are fitted into the rings, so that this addition to the
+construction is by no means detrimental to the general effect.
+
+In a similar manner this diagonal bracing is introduced in a horizontal
+direction immediately under the floor of some portions of the galleries; of
+these there are twenty-two sets, and of those placed vertically there are,
+altogether, 220 sets in the building, and the manner of their introduction
+will be readily understood from the views of the interior.
+
+
+
+
+The Staircases.
+
+
+The double staircases, of which it has been mentioned there are eight in
+the building, consist each of four flights, about eight feet wide; two
+parallel ones, leading from the ground-floor to a landing, at the
+half-height, and the other two branching in opposite directions from the
+landing to the two galleries. The treads of the steps are made of a species
+of mahogany called sabicu, which is much harder than oak, and therefore
+peculiarly suited to the purpose for which it is here employed. The risers,
+or faces of the steps, are of deal. The stairs are supported by cast-iron
+girders, following the slope, the lower ones being fixed at the foot to
+stout timbers under the flooring, and the upper ends bolted to the
+cast-iron columns which support the landing. These columns are of the same
+pattern as the rest throughout the building, but only five inches in
+diameter. They are supported on concrete, and eight of them are required
+for each staircase. The floor of the landing is carried by lesser cast-iron
+girders, with flooring-joists.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF STAIRCASE.]
+
+The girders carrying the upper flights spring from the landing girders, and
+have their upper ends bolted on to the main girders supporting the
+galleries, which are varied in pattern for this purpose. The railing of the
+staircase is formed in separate cast-iron standards, one to each step,
+which are bolted on to the top flange of the girders; and the foot of the
+standard is so continued that the ends of the treads are fitted into it,
+and are thus supported. The pattern of these standards is assimilated to
+that of the gallery railing.
+
+The hand-rail is formed of Honduras mahogany, with carved ends. On each
+side of the upper flight, which occupies the centre of a 24-feet space,
+connecting-galleries about eight feet wide are carried, establishing a
+communication between the two lines of gallery without descending to the
+level of the landing and then re-ascending. The landing is sufficiently
+high above the ground-floor to give ample headway for passing underneath
+it; so that the space occupied by the staircases on the ground-floor is but
+small.
+
+
+
+
+The Floor and Foundations.
+
+
+It now only remains to mention briefly the construction of the floor of the
+building, and the foundations for the base-pieces. The substratum of the
+site consists of gravel of an excellent quality, and sufficiently dense to
+have sustained, perhaps without any preparation, the load brought upon it
+by the bases of the columns. A thickness of concrete, proportioned in all
+cases to the amount of the weight to be borne by the superincumbent
+columns, and of such a size as to be two feet in each direction larger than
+the bed-plates, was placed upon the gravel, and the upper surface was
+finished with a bed of fine mortar to receive the bed-plates. In this
+manner it was calculated that in no case would a greater weight than
+two-and-a-half tons be borne by each foot superficial of the
+gravel--previous experiments having shown that a considerably larger weight
+could be placed upon it without any injurious effect.
+
+The timbers supporting the joists for the floor are also placed upon small
+blocks of concrete, about one foot cube, at a distance of eight feet apart.
+On these are fixed the flooring-joists, and a deal floor an inch and a half
+thick is laid on them, as has been already mentioned, with intervals of
+about half an inch between the boards.
+
+[Illustration: FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE.]
+
+In order to carry off the water brought down from the roof by every
+alternate longitudinal row of columns, 6-inch cast-iron pipes are fitted
+into the sockets described in the base-pieces, and are carried in the lines
+of those columns through the whole length of the building, with discharges
+into the larger drains at the centre and at each end; the natural slope of
+the ground gives a sufficient fall to the pipes.
+
+Having thus described in detail all the different portions of the
+construction of the building, we must proceed to give some account of its
+actual erection, which will enable us to mention many very ingenious
+mechanical contrivances which were employed in the course of its progress.
+
+
+
+
+The First Operations on the Ground.
+
+
+From the great extent of the area required for the building, it was not to
+be expected that any site would be found of the necessary size, perfectly
+level. On the ground occupied by the building there is a difference of
+level between the two extreme ends of about eight feet. In consequence of
+this fall of the natural surface from west to east, and in order to avoid
+having a considerable flight of steps at one end of the building to
+compensate for it, it was determined to arrange the floor with an
+inclination following nearly that of the ground, such fall being at the
+rate of one inch in twenty-four feet. All the lines of the building which
+would be called horizontal in fact follow this line of the floor, and those
+which are supposed to be upright are placed at right angles to the floor,
+and therefore slightly inclined from the perpendicular towards the east.
+The deviation, however, is so exceedingly small as to be perfectly
+imperceptible even to those who are aware of the fact; and no one who was
+not previously informed of it would be able to detect it.
+
+It has been mentioned that Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender for the
+building was verbally accepted on the 16th of July, 1850, and on the 30th
+of that month they obtained possession of the site from the Commissioners
+of Woods and Forests.
+
+The first proceeding was to inclose the whole area (including a
+considerable space at each end more than would be covered by the building)
+with a hoarding about eight feet high, put together in a very simple
+manner, so that the boards were afterwards available for the flooring. The
+supports for the hoarding consisted of pieces of timber fixed in the ground
+in pairs, at intervals of the length of the boards, leaving a narrow space
+between them, into which the boards were dropped, and thus held in their
+place without any nails. Temporary offices were then erected in a
+convenient portion of the site, and were covered with a roofing which was a
+specimen of that to be used in the building itself. Considerable ranges of
+carpenters' sheds were also put up, and even stables for twenty or thirty
+horses, which were required in the progress of the works.
+
+
+
+
+Setting out the Ground.
+
+
+The first thing to be done towards the building itself was to set out
+accurately all the points where the columns would stand, as well as the
+general outline of the building. It will be readily understood that this
+was an exceedingly important part of the work, as upon its accuracy
+depended the fitting together of the various parts that had afterwards to
+be put in place.
+
+This part of the work was executed with great precision by Mr. W. G.
+Brounger. He commenced by determining the four extreme angles of the
+building, and the centre lines of the main avenues. These formed fixed
+points from which were determined the whole of the centres for the columns.
+
+Our readers will recollect that the dimension of twenty-four feet occurs
+horizontally throughout the building, either in multiples or sub-multiples.
+In order to measure off the different distances, rods of American pine were
+made, into which, near the ends, pieces of metal were fixed, having
+corresponding notches at the exact distance of twenty-four feet apart. By
+these means the lengths were measured off with great accuracy, as the wood
+used is not liable to alteration in the length of its fibre; and by means
+of the metal notches the rods were sure to be placed correctly together. It
+was necessary to make these sockets or notches of metal, from the great
+amount of work the rods had to perform.
+
+In determining the length of the rods, the standard of the Astronomical
+Society was used; and this was referred to in all important measurements
+for the castings and other parts of the building, to insure their precise
+eventual agreement in length. This will hardly be considered to have been
+unnecessary when it is remembered that, from the great length of the
+building, a very minute error in any of the parts would have been so
+multiplied as sensibly to throw out the ends.
+
+To those who are unacquainted with the fact, it may be well to mention that
+the standard of length referred to is obtained from a pendulum, which
+oscillates seconds, in the latitude of London, in a vacuum, at the level of
+the sea, at a certain fixed temperature. The length of this pendulum is
+then divided into a certain registered number of feet and inches.
+
+The rods above described were carried along the centre lines of the
+columns, and the position of each column was marked by a small stake driven
+into the ground; and in order still more accurately to fix the centre, a
+long nail was driven into the head of the stake. In this manner the
+position of every column throughout the building was determined.
+
+The level at which the floor was to be fixed was the next point determined
+by the ordinary method of levelling, and stakes, with a [T section] piece
+at the top, called boning-sticks, were fixed in different parts of the
+building; by the aid of which the tops of the base-pieces for the columns
+were all afterwards fixed in one plane of the required slope.
+
+
+
+
+Fixing the Base Plates.
+
+
+The next proceeding was to excavate the holes for the concrete, on which
+the base-pieces were to stand. To do this, the stakes marking the centres
+of the columns had to be removed, and it was therefore necessary to adopt
+some method of finding those centres again with precision. For this purpose
+a large carpenter's square, as it is called, was made. This instrument
+forms a right-angled triangle, and in this instance was used in the
+following manner:--The centre of its longest side, or hypothenuse, was
+marked by a line, which, if continued, would pass through the right angle
+of the triangle, and at an equal distance along each of the other sides of
+the triangle from the right angle an upright saw-cut or notch was made. The
+square was then placed horizontally, so that the line marked on the
+hypothenuse coincided with that of the centres of a row of columns, and so
+that the right-angled corner of the square touched the nail marking the
+exact site of a column. Two small stakes were then driven under the notches
+in the short arms of the square, and nails were driven into them through
+the notches. It will be seen that by these means the site of the first
+stake could easily be again ascertained after its removal. The holes for
+the concrete were then dug of an oval form and of the various sizes and
+depths required, and the concrete filled in to the proper height. The
+gravel used for the concrete was raised in a pit at one end of the ground.
+
+Next to the setting out of the positions of the columns, perhaps the
+operation of fixing the base-pieces was that in which the greatest accuracy
+was required; for as there were in some parts three storeys of columns to
+be fixed over them, any inaccuracy as to their level or position would be
+very much increased at the top of the building. To fix the base-pieces over
+the centres that had been determined for the columns, another carpenter's
+square was made use of, like that already described, but having the
+right-angled corner cut out to the form of the section of a column. This
+square being placed with the notches in its short sides over the two stakes
+already described, the upright portion of the base-piece was fitted into
+the notch at the angle; and as the reader will at once see, if he has
+followed us in the description of the various processes, its correct
+position was thus exactly found.
+
+In order to determine the level of the top of the base-pieces,
+boning-sticks were placed in the lines of the columns, and when the
+base-piece had been approximately fixed, a piece of wood was placed on it
+edgeways, the top of which was to range with the top of the boning-sticks.
+This was easily arranged by looking along them; and the workmen drove down
+the base-piece with a wooden mallet till the desired level was obtained.
+
+From what has been previously stated, it may be gathered that the
+base-pieces had to be fixed truly upright in one direction, but slightly
+inclined in the other; and to effect this a plumb-rule was made, on which
+the deviation from the perpendicular line was marked; and this, when
+applied to those faces of the base-pieces which were to incline, served to
+show when the proper inclination was arrived at, whilst an ordinary
+plumb-rule applied to the other upright faces tested their vertical
+position.
+
+The first column was raised on the ground on the 26th of September, but
+little more than two months after the tender had been accepted. In the
+meantime, many of the different castings had already arrived on the ground,
+and a considerable advance had been made in the carpenter's work for the
+gutters and other parts. The semi-circular ribs for the transept roof were
+also being put together, and stacked in such a manner as not to stand in
+the way of the other works.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS.]
+
+We may mention here that every casting, as it came on to the ground, was
+weighed and registered, and every girder proved, as already described; in
+doing which considerable assistance was derived from one of Mr. Henderson's
+patent Derrick cranes, which was erected near the proving-apparatus. By its
+means a girder was raised from the waggon in which it arrived, placed on
+the weighing-machine, weighed, removed to the proving-press, tested, raised
+again, and deposited on the ground in a stack, in less than four minutes.
+
+
+
+
+Henderson's Derrick Crane.
+
+
+[Illustration: (FIG. 1.) HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.]
+
+[Illustration: (FIG. 2.) PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.]
+
+[Illustration: (FIG. 3.) PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.]
+
+A brief description of this useful engine may not be out of place here. It
+consists of an upright mast (E), steadied when the crane is in use by two
+sloping stays (F F). These stays are fixed into horizontal timbers (G) on
+the ground, connected with the foundation-plate (H) on which the mast
+turns. At the foot of the mast is fixed a combination of wheels and working
+handles for raising the weight, technically called a crab. A beam (A)
+working at the bottom in a socket (B, Fig. 3) fixed to the foot of the
+mast, but hanging out from it in a sloping direction, is called the
+DERRICK, and forms the principal peculiarity of the crane, as it can be
+raised more to the upright line, or lowered to slope more outwards, as may
+be desired, by means of the chain (C). The advantage of this is obvious;
+for a weight may thus be raised from or deposited at any point within a
+circle of a certain radius, depending on the length of the derrick;
+whereas, in an ordinary crane, the weight can only be placed at points upon
+the circumference of that circle. The whole engine revolves on a pivot (H,
+Fig. 2) at the foot of the mast. Cranes of this description are made
+varying in power from one to forty tons, and with derricks ranging from
+twenty to sixty feet radius.
+
+
+
+
+Raising and Fixing the Columns and Girders.
+
+
+Many of the persons who visited the building during the progress of its
+erection were heard to inquire "where was the scaffolding;" and others even
+imagined that the skeleton framework they saw was, in fact, only the
+scaffolding for the building, and not parts of its actual construction.
+This leads us to point out one of the most interesting peculiarities of the
+structure; namely, that it formed, as it were, the scaffolding for its own
+erection. In order to raise the columns upon the base-pieces, two poles
+were placed upright, connected by a horizontal piece, forming what is
+called shear-legs; the whole being steadied in its position by ropes from
+the summit fixed to the ground in various directions. A rope with pulleys
+fixed to the horizontal piece served to hoist the column, and sustain it in
+a vertical position until the bolts were passed through the projecting
+rings at the bottom of the column and the corresponding ones at the top of
+the base-piece, and screwed up. When two columns had been thus fixed, a
+connecting-piece was attached to each end of a girder, and the whole raised
+by the same apparatus, and fixed on the top of the columns; bolts being
+passed through the holes in the projections of the connecting-pieces,
+corresponding with those on the top of the columns. The shear-legs were
+then moved on twenty-four feet to perform the same duties to another pair
+of columns; and two sides of a 24-feet bay were thus formed. To complete
+the square, two more girders were raised in a similar manner, and fixed
+between the connecting-pieces over the columns. The square bay then became
+a firm structure, requiring no further support; and by repeating these
+operations all the smaller avenues of the building were erected, of the
+different heights of one, two, or three storeys. The greatest number of
+columns thus fixed in one week was 310.
+
+[Illustration: FIXING THE GIRDERS.]
+
+
+[Illustration: General View of the Works in Progress.]
+
+
+
+
+Hoisting the Roof Trusses.
+
+
+The wrought-iron roof-trusses over the 48-feet avenues were raised in a
+similar manner to the columns and girders; and in all cases horses were
+employed to run out the end of the fall-rope, which was passed through a
+pulley or catch-block at the foot of the shear-legs, in order to change its
+direction from vertical to horizontal.
+
+For raising the roof-trusses of seventy-two feet span over the main avenue
+a somewhat different method was employed. A single mast or derrick, more
+than seventy feet high, was placed in the centre of the avenue, and
+steadied in an upright position by guide-ropes spreading from the top in
+various directions. Near its summit the hoisting-tackle was firmly lashed
+on. The trusses to be hoisted were brought from the places where they had
+been put together, and placed across the main avenue at the points where
+they were to be fixed. Two ends of a stout chain were passed round the
+upper portion of the truss, at points dividing its length into about three
+equal parts. To this chain the hoisting-tackle was attached, guide-ropes
+being further fastened to each end of the truss to steady it in its ascent.
+In order to stiffen the truss horizontally, struts were attached at the
+centre projecting on each side, and held in their place by tie-rods
+attached to the upper part of the truss, and forming a triangle on each
+side. Before the truss, therefore, could bend in a horizontal direction,
+the attachment of these tie-rods must have given way. Six horses drew out
+the end of the fall-rope, and in the course of a very few minutes the truss
+was hoisted to its giddy height, and each end slipped in between the
+projections made in the connecting-pieces to receive it.
+
+The animated scene presented by these operations was highly interesting
+from the number of men employed, both on the ground and for fixing the
+trusses in their position aloft, and from the rapid progress so many hands
+made. Each gang of men was managed by a foreman, who was obliged to issue
+his orders through a speaking-trumpet, to enable his voice to be heard in
+the din caused by the other works going on around. Besides the two large
+gangs of men engaged in the hoisting of the trusses, other smaller gangs
+were at work at different points getting up the columns and girders. In one
+part, the roofing of which was completed as early as practicable, a crowd
+of carpenters were preparing the Paxton's gutters and other portions of the
+work. In another place, as soon as a sufficient space could be roofed over
+and a temporary floor laid, various parts of the machinery we have already
+described were fitted up and worked by portable steam-engines. Of these
+there were three in different parts: one drove the machinery for finishing
+the sash-bars, gutters, ridges, &c.; another worked the drilling, punching,
+and other machinery connected with the iron-work; and a third was used for
+working circular saws.
+
+Of the number of trusses that were hoisted as above described, in only one
+instance (and that the first) was the result otherwise than perfectly
+successful. The first truss was raised by its ends, instead of from the
+centre; but that method was afterwards abandoned, from the difficulty of
+maintaining the truss in an upright position during its ascent; which was
+important, as, if it turned on its side, its lateral strength was not
+sufficient to prevent it from bending, which would have destroyed the
+joints of the work.
+
+One of the tall masts was worked on each side of the transept, from the
+centre to the ends of the building, being maintained constantly in an
+upright position, while traversing from point to point, by alternate
+slackening and hauling up of the ropes which steadied it; and it was
+curious to witness the motion of these tall giants, as they slowly
+progressed from one point to another, in the performance of their important
+office. Stout planks were laid along the ground, upon which the foot of the
+mast was forced forward by crowbars and levers; the planks served also to
+distribute the weight, which would otherwise have sunk the end into the
+ground. As many as seven trusses were hoisted in one day by each derrick,
+which had therefore to travel a distance of 168 feet.
+
+So careful were the men, under the direction of the manager (to whom was
+intrusted the active superintendence of the whole erection of the
+building), that no accident of importance occurred in these difficult
+operations.
+
+[Illustration: HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES.]
+
+
+
+
+Provision for Expansion of Girders.
+
+
+In connexion with the fixing of the girders, it may be desirable to mention
+the provision that was made for the expansion and contraction of the iron,
+which in so great a length as that of the building might have otherwise
+produced results prejudicial to its stability.
+
+Between the projections cast on to the connecting-pieces and those
+projecting from the ends of the girders which they were made to clip,
+sufficient space was left for the introduction of oak keys, by driving in
+which the girder was fixed in its place, whilst the compressibility of the
+wood left sufficient play for the expansion of the metal. In describing the
+girders, it was mentioned that in the upper and lower flat flanges small
+sinkings were cast near the ends. Corresponding with these sinkings, a
+notch was left in the projection which came out from the connecting-piece;
+and when the girder was put into its place, iron wedges were driven in
+between the notch and the sinking, by which means any lateral motion of the
+girder was prevented. It was a great advantage to have the means of fixing
+the girders of so simple a nature, as any arrangement presenting the least
+complication, or requiring great nicety, would have materially retarded the
+progress of the work.
+
+The wrought-iron trusses were held by the connecting-pieces in a similar
+manner to the cast-iron girders; but, as an additional security, bolts were
+passed through holes provided in the standards at the ends, and through the
+connecting-pieces, where they were screwed up with nuts.
+
+The raising and fixing of the extra-strong roof-trusses crossing the main
+avenue near the side of the transept required particular care, from their
+great weight; the heaviest being, as we have before mentioned, no less than
+eight tons. These trusses were the first that were fixed across the central
+avenue, and about 150 men were engaged in the hoisting of each one. They
+are secured to the columns by four strong bolts passing through the
+end-standards.
+
+In order to provide additional support for the great weight brought upon
+the last-mentioned trusses by the transept roof, extra columns were
+introduced underneath them. These were built up in storeys corresponding
+with those of the other columns, with which they were connected, at the
+levels of the girders, by bolts and straps. A cast-iron shoe, fixed on the
+top of the columns, provided a bearing for the ends of the truss. The
+columns just described project slightly into the main avenue from the line
+of the other columns; and this is the only instance in the interior of the
+building of the iron columns occurring at a less distance than twenty-four
+feet apart.
+
+
+
+
+Glazing the Roof.
+
+
+We have now traced the erection of the building up to the level of the
+roof, in which it will be readily conceived the operation of glazing was
+one of extreme difficulty, there being no scaffolding to aid the workmen in
+conducting their operations. When the glazing was first commenced a light
+scaffolding was suspended from the rafters; but this was found to be too
+tedious and troublesome a method of proceeding for so large an extent of
+roofing. It was, moreover, of great importance that some means should be
+devised for completing this part of the construction independently of the
+weather; a matter of some moment, when it is remembered that the work had
+to be done in the winter, when in our climate such operations are liable to
+be very much impeded by heavy rain. The arrangements made to meet this
+difficulty, as well as some others for carrying on the works, are very
+clearly described in a paper by Mr. Digby Wyatt, read at the Institution of
+Civil Engineers, on the 14th January, 1851, from which we quote some
+passages, by permission, for the benefit of our readers.
+
+With reference to the means employed for glazing the roof he says: "To
+effect this purpose, a travelling stage was devised by Mr. Fox, which
+superseded the necessity of any scaffolding for glazing, and by means of
+seventy-six of these machines nearly the whole of the work has been
+executed. The stage was about eight feet square, and rested on four small
+wheels travelling in the Paxton's gutters. It thus embraced a width of one
+bay of eight feet of the roof, with one ridge and two sloping sides. Each
+bay in width required, therefore, a separate stage."
+
+"Each stage was occupied by two workmen, and was covered by an awning of
+canvass stretched over hoops, to protect them in bad weather, and was
+further provided with a box on each side to contain a supply of glass. The
+sash-bars and other materials were piled upon the stage itself, the centre
+of the platform being left open for the convenience of hoisting up
+materials, for which purpose there was a small iron arm with a single block
+pulley."
+
+[Illustration: GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF.]
+
+"Whilst working, the men sat at one end of the platform (the ridge having
+been previously fixed in position by means of the extra-strong sash-bars),
+and they fixed the glass in front of them, pushing the stage backwards as
+they completed each pane. On coming to the strong sash-bars previously
+fixed, they temporarily removed them to allow the stage to pass. In this
+manner each stage travelled, uninterruptedly, from the transept to the east
+and west ends of the building, and the glaziers were enabled to follow up
+the previously-fixed work very closely. The average amount of glazing done
+by one man per day was fifty-eight squares, or about 200 superficial feet;
+and the largest amount done by any one man in a working-day was 108
+squares, or 367 superficial feet."
+
+The mode of fixing the squares of glass was this: a sash-bar having been
+nailed down between the ridge and the gutter, the workman inserted one long
+edge of a square of glass into the groove in the sash-bar, he then placed a
+loose bar against the other long edge of the glass and brought the whole
+down to bear upon the ridge and gutter, the second sash-bar fitting into
+the notches prepared for it; the glass was then pressed up a little, in
+order to insert its upper edge into the groove in the ridge, and the
+workman then filled in the grooves on the outside of the glass with putty,
+the lower edge of the glass having been also bedded on putty where it bears
+on the edge of the gutter. The ends of each sash-bar were fixed with a nail
+driven into the holes previously drilled.
+
+
+
+
+Stage for Repairing Glass.
+
+
+As it might naturally be expected that out of the thousands of panes of
+glass employed, particularly in the flat roof of the building, many would
+be broken in the course of the works, subsequently to their being fixed, it
+was necessary that a ready means should be devised for repairing any such
+damage, as the glazing-waggons used for the first execution of the work
+would not be available for that purpose. A light stage was therefore
+constructed, travelling with wooden wheels upon the ridges instead of in
+the gutters; and from this the men were able to perform their work without
+walking along the narrow gutters, which would have been attended with much
+risk. This stage was also used for fixing the canvass on the outside of the
+roofing, where it is nailed along the ridges, and allowed to bag down
+slightly between them. The object of the canvass, which covers externally
+the whole of the roof except the transept, is twofold: it preserves the
+glass from damage, and also protects the objects exhibited from the direct
+rays of the sun, which would, of course, in many instances, be very
+prejudicial; for the latter purpose the upright sashes on the south side
+are also covered with canvass on the inside.
+
+
+
+
+Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof.
+
+
+One of the most interesting operations which attracted the attention of the
+numerous visitors to the works was the raising the ribs for the
+semicircular roof of the transept, the description of which we give from
+Mr. Wyatt's paper:--
+
+"The operation about which most anxiety had been felt was the hoisting of
+the arched ribs of the transept. These ribs were constructed on the ground
+horizontally, and when completed with all their bolts, two of them were
+reared on end, and maintained in a vertical position, at a distance of
+twenty-four feet from each other, by guy-ropes. As the ribs singly
+possessed little lateral stiffness, they were framed together in pairs with
+the purlins, intermediate small ribs and diagonal tie-rods, forming a
+complete bay of the roof twenty-four feet long; two complete sets of
+temporary ties were also introduced to provide for the strains incident to
+the variations in position of the ribs during the hoisting. The feet of the
+ribs were bolted on to a stout piece of timber, and the lower purlins
+strutted up from the same." In this state the framework is shown in the
+engraving.
+
+[Illustration: A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING.]
+
+"The whole framework was then moved on rollers to the centre of the square
+formed by the intersection of the transept and the main avenue, where it
+was afterwards hoisted. All the ribs were landed over this square, and were
+afterwards moved on a tramway formed of a half baulk of timber constructed
+over the columns on either side of the transept, at a height of about four
+feet above the lead-flat. The hoisting-tackle consisted of four crabs, each
+one being placed on the side of the transept opposite to the part of the
+ribs to be lifted by it, so that the men at the crabs might watch the
+effect of their exertions with greater convenience."
+
+"The hoisting-shears were placed on the lead-flat immediately over the deep
+trusses of seventy-two feet span; each set consisted of three stout
+scaffold-poles, lashed together at the top, and footed on planks laid
+across the flat, and secured by the necessary guy-ropes. The hoisting-rope
+passed from each of the crabs across the transept horizontally, to a
+leading block attached to the foot of the opposite angle column of the
+square; it then passed up to a treble block fastened to the shears on the
+flat, and from thence down to a double block secured by chains to the
+bottom part of the ribs."
+
+
+[Illustration: Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof.]
+
+"There was a peculiar difficulty to be overcome in this operation, which
+arose from the circumstance that the width of the framework was greater
+than that of the transept, the extreme width of the framework to be hoisted
+being seventy-four feet, and the clear width apart of the trusses above
+which it had to be hoisted being only seventy-one feet four inches. It was
+therefore necessary to raise one side to a height of thirty-five feet
+before raising the other, so as to diminish the horizontal width of the
+whole, the diameter of the semicircle being maintained at this angle; the
+whole was then hoisted, until the highest end could clear the tramway."
+
+This accounts for the slanting position in which the ribs are shown in the
+view given.
+
+"The foot of the ribs on one side was then passed over the tramway
+sufficiently to allow the other side to clear the opposite truss; after
+which the whole was hoisted to the full height, and rested on rollers of
+hard wood placed between the sills attached to the framework and the
+tramway, by means of which it was moved to its permanent position. There it
+was again raised by another set of shears, while the sill and tramway were
+removed from under it; and the ribs were then lowered into the sockets
+prepared for them, formed by the continuation of the columns above the
+level of the lead-flat."
+
+"Each successive pair of ribs was fixed at a distance of twenty-four feet,
+or one bay from the preceding one; and the purlins, &c., were fixed in the
+intervening space without any scaffolding from the ground, by means of
+jointed ladders, which were adjusted to the form of the roof."
+
+The first pair of ribs was hoisted December 4th, and the eighth pair on
+December 12th. The operation, which was one of great excitement and
+considerable anxiety, was personally superintended by the contractors,
+aided by their most able foremen and assistants; and a crowd of visitors,
+including many of the illustrious promoters of the undertaking, watched
+with intense interest the steady ascent of the apparently unwieldy piece of
+construction, and every spectator seemed astonished at the mechanical
+regularity with which the whole operation proceeded. It took about one hour
+to raise a pair from the ground to the level of the lead-flat, and the
+whole was done without any accident whatever. About sixty men were employed
+in the hoisting, there being eleven men to each crab, and the remainder on
+the lead-flats.
+
+
+
+
+Glazing the Transept Roof.
+
+
+The semicircular form of the transept roof rendered it necessary to adopt a
+different mode of operation for glazing it to that used in the horizontal
+portion. A stage, thirty-two feet long and about three feet wide, with a
+protecting rail at the side, was constructed, so that it rested upon
+rollers, travelling on the ridges. It was slung by ropes from the crown of
+the arched roof, and could be raised and lowered at pleasure. It
+accommodated eight workmen, with the necessary quantity of materials in
+sash-bars and glass; and they thus performed, with ease and rapidity, an
+operation which before the fitting-up of the stage appeared at least
+extremely difficult, and to the uninitiated next to impossible.
+
+[Illustration: STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT.]
+
+The men commenced fixing the glass at the bottom or springing of the arch,
+and as they completed their work the stage was raised at intervals by
+labourers stationed on the lead-flat. A portion of the glazing at the crown
+of the arch was effected by men working on a light scaffold, suspended
+within from the temporary ties mentioned as having been attached to the
+ribs; whilst those upon the stage worked upwards till they joined the
+portion done from the top.
+
+
+
+
+The Painting.
+
+
+A portion of the work which necessarily occupied a very large amount of
+time was the painting, which was necessary for the preservation of all the
+parts, as well as for their appearance; and when it is considered that
+every portion required to be gone over four times, it must be evident that
+it was highly desirable to adopt some means for facilitating the operation.
+It was found that the sash-bars of the roof, being in short lengths and of
+small dimensions, could readily be operated upon by some mechanical
+contrivance.
+
+[Illustration: THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE.]
+
+A wooden trough was made sufficiently long to receive the sash-bars, and
+this was filled with paint; a number of the bars were then put into it, and
+upon being taken out separately, they were passed through a frame into
+which a set of brushes were fixed in such a manner as to clear off all the
+unnecessary paint. Two small brushes, placed where the bar first entered
+the frame, cleared out the grooves. One workman pushed the bar in at one
+end of the frame, which was about two feet six inches long, and another
+drew it out at the other end, where a trough was placed to receive any
+droppings of paint. The bars were then stacked upright, until they were
+sufficiently dry for the next coat. The first coat only was put on by this
+apparatus, the second being done in the ordinary manner, and the last not
+till after the work was all fixed in its place. By means of this apparatus
+a workman could perform at least ten times the amount of work done in the
+ordinary way.
+
+[Illustration: THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES.]
+
+The finishing the painting of the various parts of the roof internally,
+after they had been put together, was very ingeniously managed, so that
+while the workmen were able to work with ease to themselves, the
+scaffolding on which they stood required no supports from the ground, where
+they would have been much in the way of other operations; loops of
+wrought-iron were hooked on to the roof-trusses, and by means of these a
+perfect cloud of scaffold-boards was suspended, enabling between 400 and
+500 men to be at work at one time. The roof of the main avenue,
+particularly, presented a very singular appearance, as nearly one half of
+the entire length was thus covered at one time, and a crowd of painters
+were at work over the heads of many, perhaps unconscious exhibitors, who
+were arranging their goods undisturbed below.
+
+
+
+
+The Hand-rail Machine.
+
+
+One of the mechanical contrivances which were put up on the ground during
+the works, for saving labour and increasing the rapidity of production,
+remains to be mentioned; it was contrived for turning out the rounded
+mahogany hand-rail for the gallery railing as well as that for the
+staircases.
+
+The mahogany being supplied in slabs of the requisite thickness, these were
+first cut up by circular saws into pieces of a square section, and the
+angles of these were then bevelled off by the same means; the lengths were
+afterwards transferred to the hand-rail cutting machine to be rounded.
+
+[Illustration: THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE.]
+
+[Illustration: PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE.]
+
+The principal portion of the machine consists of a hollow cast-iron
+cylinder, round which a strap may be passed to drive it. At one end of this
+cylinder four cutters are fixed, so that a piece of wood passing between
+them and through the cylinder, as it revolves, is rounded off to a true
+circular form of section, and is turned out so smoothly finished as to
+require scarcely any further work upon it before fixing. In advance of the
+cutters pressure-rollers are placed, furnished with teeth; and these, as
+they are turned round by a cranked handle, seize upon a piece of mahogany
+and force it forward against the cutters, which form, as it were, the jaws
+of the hollow cylinder, which thus seems to be constantly swallowing
+lengths of rough mahogany, which escape from it finished. The wooden rail
+is passed up to the cutters along a groove, the end of which is shown in
+the small engraving; and opposite each end of the revolving cylinder
+springs are fixed, which prevent the rail from shifting its position. The
+hand-rail was all turned out in 21-feet lengths, of which about thirty were
+completed in the day.
+
+
+
+
+General View of the Works.
+
+
+We have mentioned that the actual commencement of the building was made by
+fixing one of the columns on the 26th of September; and, within a few
+weeks, more than a thousand men were at work, though, from the great extent
+of the ground they were spread over, it was difficult to estimate their
+number, which was, however, made apparent by the rapidity with which the
+building began to grow. The place presented an animated and interesting
+scene, which attracted a great number of visitors; and crowds of the fair
+sex were not deterred by the rough state of the ground from endeavouring to
+satisfy their proverbial thirst for knowledge. In one part of the ground
+might be seen the putting together of the wrought-iron roof-girders to the
+deafening tune of more than a hundred hammers; in another place gutters
+were being put together by the mile, for which some hundred or two of
+sawyers were cutting up ship-loads of timber. Three portable steam-engines
+in various parts were driving the different machinery already described,
+which, however, was mostly grouped in one place near the transept. The
+central avenue formed, of course, the great thoroughfare, where teams of
+horses were constantly passing, dragging the slender columns, or
+unwieldy-looking girders, to their places, while other teams were engaged
+in running them up to their final position. Over-head, too, the glaziers'
+waggons, dotted about the roof, seemed to be running on some new aerial
+railways; in every direction that the eye turned the busy scene extended.
+
+For carrying on these extensive works an immense number of men were
+necessarily employed on the spot, besides those occupied in preparing the
+various parts at different places. The greatest number of men on the ground
+in any one week was 2,260; and the season of the year frequently rendered
+it necessary for the workmen to continue their labours after dark, which
+they did partly by the light of huge bonfires of shavings and odd scraps of
+wood. The effect of these great fires, which were generally lighted in some
+part of the main avenue, was exceedingly grand. The light of the tall
+flames was reflected from the glass of the roof far away into the darkness
+which concealed all the other parts; whilst occasionally a lantern carried
+by a workman engaged in fixing the upper columns, or some part of the roof,
+glimmered like some new star.
+
+On one occasion, when the greatest efforts were being made to push on the
+progress of the works, no less than twelve large bonfires lighted the men
+at their midnight toil; and had the building been formed of combustible
+materials, a passing observer would have imagined that the whole was in
+flames.
+
+
+
+
+Paying the Workmen.
+
+
+The process of distributing their wages among so large a number of men, on
+every recurring Saturday evening, was one which could only be effected
+within a reasonable time by some systematic arrangement; and to such
+perfection was this brought in the course of the works, that the whole
+number of 2,000 men or upwards were sometimes paid in little more than an
+hour; though at first it occupied a considerably longer time.
+
+The mode in which this was effected was as follows:--When a workman was
+engaged his name was entered in a book against a certain number, which was
+stamped on several brass tickets, three of which were given to each workman
+before leaving the ground in the evening.
+
+[Illustration: THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX.]
+
+Every man had to enter the premises three times in the course of the day;
+namely, the first thing in the morning, after returning from breakfast, and
+after returning from dinner. On each occasion he was required to deposit at
+the gate one of these tickets, which were afterwards sorted by the clerks,
+and entered in the time-book. In this way, if a man failed to come to his
+work, his ticket would be missing, and the time during which he was absent
+would not be entered; a corresponding amount being deducted from his week's
+wages.
+
+On the Saturday, each man's time was made up from the book; and his wages
+calculated accordingly, and the amount entered against his name. The money
+due to each man was then counted out and placed in a small tin box, with a
+ticket, on which was written the man's name and number, and the amount of
+wages paid to him.
+
+[Illustration: THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE.]
+
+All this was done in the time-keeper's office, which was conveniently
+placed near the entrance to the works. When all the preliminary
+arrangements had been completed, the workmen's bell was rung, and they
+assembled (a motley and sometimes clamorous crowd) round the pay-office,
+which was provided with two small openings through which the payments were
+made.
+
+[Illustration: THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE PAY-OFFICE.]
+
+Two men stationed outside the office then called over the numbers of the
+workmen, who presented themselves, in the order in which they were called,
+at the pay-windows, where each man took the small box passed out to him
+with the money, and left the box in passing out at the gate. If any man
+considered the amount of wages paid to him not correct, he presented the
+ticket given to him with the wages at the office on the Monday morning
+following, when the matter was arranged by the time-keeper.
+
+[Illustration: THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID.]
+
+Any person acquainted with the irregular habits of vast numbers of our
+workmen, who will often be absent from their work a quarter of a day, and
+at other times a whole day, thus varying the amount of wages due at the end
+of the week to almost every man, will at once see that, without a
+well-arranged system, such as that described, the payment of so large a
+body of men would have occupied as many days as it really did hours. The
+engravings annexed, in illustration of this part of our subject, will
+convey to the reader some idea of the scene we have endeavoured to
+describe, though it must fall far short of the picturesque reality.
+
+
+
+
+General Statistics.
+
+
+It is with great pleasure that we are able to mention that, notwithstanding
+the difficult character of some of the work, and the extreme rapidity with
+which it was carried on, very few accidents of importance occurred; a
+circumstance which must be ascribed to the great care taken by the
+contractors for the safety of the men while engaged in their work: and in
+the cases where the accidents that occurred were of a serious or fatal
+kind, their origin was mostly to be traced to a neglect of those
+precautions which the men were constantly urged and ordered to take.
+
+A few statistics of the quantities of different parts of the work not
+already mentioned will complete this portion of our subject. The whole
+amount of iron-work in the building is stated at about 4000 tons; and about
+1,200 loads of timber were required for the wood-work. There are 2,941
+trussed gutters in the roof, and 1,495 glazed sashes were required to
+inclose the sides of the building. As many as 316 iron girders were cast,
+in one week, and 442 lengths of the Paxton's gutters were cut out by the
+machinery in the same time. No less than 18,392 squares of glass,
+containing 62,508 feet superficial, or about one-and-a-half acres, were
+also fixed in one week.
+
+It may be further mentioned that the weight of the different parts forming
+the flat ridge-and-furrow roofing amounts to three-and-a-quarter pounds per
+foot superficial, on the whole surface; the weight of the arched roof of
+the transept, including the ribs, amounts to five-and-three-quarter pounds
+per superficial foot; and the timbers and boards of the gallery floor weigh
+eight-and-a-half pounds to the superficial foot: from these data the actual
+weight on the different girders may be calculated.
+
+The light iron-work, with the exception of some of the gallery railing, was
+cast at the works of the contractors near Birmingham; and the remainder,
+including the columns, girders, &c., was distributed between their own
+foundry, and those of the Messrs. Cochrane, of Wood Side, and Mr. Jobson,
+of Holly Hall, both near Dudley. The wrought-iron was supplied by Messrs.
+Fothergill, and the timber by Messrs. Dowson and Co.
+
+
+
+
+The Parti-coloured Painting.
+
+
+The coloured decoration introduced in finishing the painting of the
+building is a subject which has been much discussed, and many suggestions
+have been made by persons generally received as authorities on the subject.
+The system adopted was proposed by Mr. Owen Jones, under whose active
+superintendence it has been carried out. That gentleman explained his
+reasons for its adoption, and the effect which he expected it to produce,
+in a lecture at the Institute of British Architects, on the 16th of
+December, 1850, some portions of which are submitted to our readers:--
+
+"It is not necessary for me to describe the building, the painting of which
+we are now about to discuss, as it is well known to most of you by its
+marvellous dimensions, the simplicity of its construction, and the
+advantage which has been taken of the power which the repetition of simple
+forms will give in producing grandeur of effect; and I wish now to show
+that this grandeur may be still further enhanced by a system of colouring
+which, by marking distinctly every line in the building, will increase the
+height, the length, and the bulk.
+
+"The very nature of the material of which this building is mainly
+constructed, viz., iron, requires that it should be painted. On what
+principle shall we do this? Should we be justified in adopting a simple
+tint of white or stone colour, the usual method of painting iron? Now, it
+must be borne in mind that this building will be covered on the south side,
+and over the whole of the roof, with canvass, so that there can be but
+little light and shade. The myriads of similar lines, therefore, of which
+the building is composed, falling one before the other, would lose all
+distinctness, and form, in fact, one dull cloud overhanging the Exhibition.
+
+"A line of columns (as it may be seen even now at the building) would
+present the effect of a white wall, and it would be impossible, in the
+distance, to distinguish one column from another. This mode of painting
+would have the further disadvantage of rendering the building totally
+unconnected with the various objects it is to contain.
+
+"May the building be painted of a dark colour, like the roofs of some of
+our railway-stations? This, equally with the white method, would present
+one mass of indistinctness; the relief of the cast-iron would disappear,
+and each column and girder would present to the eye but a flat silhouette.
+
+"Let us now consider the building as painted with some pale neutral tint,
+dull green or buff. In doing this we should be perfectly safe, as, provided
+the colours were not too pale so as to be indistinct, or too dark so as
+sensibly to affect the eye, we could hardly make a mistake. Yet how tame
+and monotonous would be the result! It would be necessary that this tint,
+whichever we might choose, should be of a very subdued neutral character,
+in order to avoid the difficulty well known to mounters of drawings and
+painters of picture-galleries, viz., that in proportion as you incline to
+any particular shade of colour, so in that exact proportion you injure or
+destroy those objects it is intended to relieve which may have similar
+colour. To this, then, we should be reduced--a dull monotonous colour
+without character. How unworthy this would be of the great occasion!  How
+little would it impress the public! How little would it teach the artist!
+It would be to cut instead of patiently to unravel the knot.
+
+"We are now brought to the consideration of the only other well-defined
+system which presents itself, namely, parti-colouring. This, I conceive, if
+successfully worked out, would bring the building and its contents into
+perfect harmony, and it would fitly carry out one of the objects for which
+this Exhibition was formed, namely, that of promoting the union of the
+fine-arts with manufactures. It would be an experiment on an immense scale,
+which, if successful, would tend to dispel the prejudices of those whose
+eyes are yet unformed to colour, to develope the imperfect appreciations of
+others, and to save this country from the reproach which foreign visitors,
+more educated in this particular than ourselves, would not fail to make
+were the building otherwise painted; it would everywhere bring out the
+construction of the building, which, as I said before, would also appear
+higher, longer, and more solid."
+
+Mr. Jones then adduced the practice of the ancient and mediaeval artists,
+and explained the kind of colours they generally adopted, mentioning that
+in the best periods of art the primary colours were chiefly or exclusively
+used.
+
+"In the decoration of the Exhibition building I therefore propose to use
+the colours blue, red, and yellow, in such relative quantities as to
+neutralise or destroy each other; thus no one colour will be dominant or
+fatiguing to the eye, and all the objects exhibited will assist, and be
+assisted by, the colours of the building itself.
+
+"In house-decoration we occasionally find a run on one colour; thus we have
+a green room, a pink room, and a red room; but it would obviously be unwise
+to adopt any one colour for this building, whose contents will be of all
+imaginable hues from white to black. Discarding, on the other hand, the
+perfect neutral white as unfit for the occasion, we naturally adopt the
+colours blue, red, and yellow, in or near the neutral proportions of eight,
+five, and three; but to avoid any harsh antagonism of the primary colours
+when in contact, or any undesired complementary secondaries arising from
+the immediate proximity of the primaries, I propose, in all cases, to
+interpose a line of white between them, which will soften them and give
+them their true value.
+
+"As one of the objects of decorating a building is to increase the effect
+of light and shade, the best means of using blue, red, and yellow is to
+place blue, which retires, on the concave surfaces; yellow, which advances,
+on the convex; and red, the colour of the middle distance, on the
+horizontal planes; and the neutral white on the vertical planes.
+
+"Following out this principle on the building in question, we have red for
+the under-side of the girders, yellow on the round portions of the columns,
+and blue in the hollow parts of the capitals.
+
+"Now, it is necessary not only to put the several colours in the right
+places, but also to use them in their due proportions to each other.
+
+"Mr. Field, in his admirable works on colour, has shown by direct
+experiment that white light consists of blue, red, and yellow, neutralising
+each other in the proportions of eight, five, and three. It will readily be
+seen, that the nearer we can arrive at this state of neutrality the more
+harmonious and light-giving will a building become; and an examination of
+the most perfect specimens of harmonious colouring of the ancients will
+show that this proportion has generally obtained among them; that is to
+say, broadly, there has been as much blue as the yellow and red put
+together, the light and the shade balancing each other.
+
+"Of course, we cannot in decorating buildings always command the exact
+proportions of coloured surface which we require; but the balance of
+colours can always be obtained by a change in the colours themselves. Thus,
+if the surfaces to be coloured should give too much yellow, we should make
+the red more crimson and the blue more purple; that is, we should take the
+yellow out of them. So, if we had too much blue, we should make the yellow
+more orange, and the red more scarlet.
+
+"A practised eye will as readily do this as a musician can tune a musical
+instrument; it is here that science abandons the artist, who must trust to
+his own perceptions, cultivated by renewed trials and repeated failures."
+
+In concluding, Mr. Jones said, with reference to some specimens of the
+proposed decoration which had been executed, "I would ask you to banish
+from your minds the glare of light by which this decoration is now seen--to
+forget the rough foreground, where men are engaged in every variety of
+occupation for the completion of this great building; and I would ask you
+to fill it in imagination with the gorgeous products of every clime. I
+would ask you to picture to yourselves in the foreground the brilliant
+primaries, blue, red, and yellow--the rich secondaries, purple, amber, and
+green, moulded in forms of every conceivable diversity; and, lastly,
+against them the darker tertiaries fading into neutral perspective.
+
+"The conception of such an effect, difficult even to the artist accustomed
+to abstract his attention from present interruptions and to calculate
+future harmonies, is impossible to the uninstructed spectator, who, from
+the experimental decoration of a single column, draws a premature and,
+necessarily, a fallacious inference as to the collective effect of the
+whole.
+
+"From my brother architects I hope for a more patient, a more
+comprehensive, and a fairer appreciation; for myself, I have a confident
+hope, grounded on the experience of years devoted to this particular branch
+of art, that the principles and plans I have had the honour to propose to
+the Royal Commission, for the decoration of this magnificent structure,
+will be found, when complete, not to disappoint the public expectations, or
+to prove wholly unworthy of the great occasion."
+
+In this lecture, Mr. Owen Jones asked his hearers, and the public
+generally, to suspend their final judgment upon his system of colouring
+until the whole should be completed, and the building filled with the
+objects to be exhibited, as he considered that many of the objections which
+were raised to his proposition resulted from a want of consideration of the
+ultimate effect to be produced by the whole, when completed and occupied;
+and so far as this effect has been realised, we believe it has inclined the
+public opinion more in favour of the coloured decoration than originally,
+when it was undoubtedly very strongly commented upon in various quarters.
+Without venturing to express any opinion ourselves, we may trust that Mr.
+Owen Jones's fondest hopes will be fully realised.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of the Building from the North Bank of the Serpentine.]
+
+
+
+
+The Water Supply.
+
+
+The supply of water necessary both for the protection of this enormous
+building from fire, and for the use of fountains and machinery to be
+exhibited, is furnished at a very liberal rate by the Chelsea Waterworks'
+Company. It is brought into the building by a 9-inch main pipe, at about
+the centre of its length, branching out into three 6-inch pipes, which
+extend throughout the whole length of the building. Short pipes branch off
+from these, terminating in fire-cocks, placed at such distances that a
+circle of 120-feet radius from any one of them will touch a similar circle
+described round the adjacent ones; by which means the whole extent of the
+building may be brought under the action of hose attached to each of the
+fire-cocks. The water is supplied at a pressure equal to a column of about
+seventy feet, so as to work the fountains that will be exhibited, and to
+play efficiently from hose in case of any accident by fire. The quantity
+which the Company have undertaken to supply is 300,000 gallons a day.
+
+
+
+
+The Stability of the Building.
+
+
+The subject of the strength and stability of the building is one on which
+considerable anxiety has been felt, both by the public at large and by
+those professional bodies more capable of forming a correct judgment upon
+it. In the prolonged discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Wyatt's
+paper at the Institution of Civil Engineers, many points of objection were
+raised which seemed at first sight of a very serious nature; but, in most
+cases, the answers that were given to them were perfectly satisfactory. The
+two greatest difficulties raised were, firstly, the enormous surface
+presented by the exterior to the pressure of the wind, with apparently but
+a slight power of resistance; and, secondly, the construction of the
+galleries, which, it was thought, would not be able to resist the vibratory
+motion likely to be produced by great numbers of people walking upon them.
+The results of several calculations were adduced on the occasion alluded to
+in support of the objections on the first point; but perhaps the best
+answer that could be given to them was the circumstance mentioned by Mr.
+Fox--that on the 5th of that month (January) the pressure of the wind,
+which blew a perfect gale, was not only much above the average, but very
+nearly reached the greatest amount known within a considerable period in
+London--about 25lbs. per square foot; and that as the building, although in
+an incomplete state, had resisted that pressure without receiving any
+injury, it was fair to conclude that, when finished, it would be able to
+sustain the greatest force which the wind could be reasonably expected to
+exert upon it.
+
+The question of the strength of the galleries was one of even greater
+importance than the other, as, in case of any failure in that part of the
+building, human life must almost inevitably have been sacrificed to a great
+extent. It was therefore deemed necessary to ascertain, as far as was
+practicable, by experiment, that their strength was abundantly sufficient;
+and in Mr. Wyatt's paper, as printed, the following description of the
+experiments instituted for this purpose will be found.
+
+
+
+
+Testing the Galleries.
+
+
+In the interval between the reading of this paper and its going to press a
+series of experiments have been tried to ascertain the action of these
+galleries under the strain of a moving load. A complete bay, twenty-four
+feet square, was constructed, raised slightly from the ground, consisting
+of the four cast-iron girders, with the connecting-pieces at the angles,
+and on this the timbers and boards of the flooring. Rows of planks the full
+width of the platform led up to it and down from it, so that a body of men
+as wide as the gallery might be able to march up and down in close rank.
+
+"The area of the platform was first covered over with labourers packed as
+closely together as possible; but no action of walking, running, or jumping
+that 300 men could perform did any injury whatever to it, and the greatest
+deflection of the girders did not exceed a quarter of an inch. Soldiers of
+the corps of Royal Sappers and Miners were then substituted for the
+contractors' men; and although the perfect regularity of their step in
+marking time sharply appeared a remarkably severe test, a minute
+examination of the construction after the completion of the experiments
+showed that no damage whatever had been done by their evolutions.
+
+"But as the Commissioners were deeply impressed with the necessity of
+thoroughly convincing the public, who should visit the Exhibition, that
+they might feel perfectly secure in every part of the building, it was
+deemed desirable to apply a still further test to the actual galleries as
+they stand; as it might perhaps be said that the single bay which had been
+experimented upon was not similarly circumstanced to those forming parts of
+the building.
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Testing the Gallery Floor.]
+
+[Illustration: View of the Boiler House.]
+
+"For this purpose a very ingenious apparatus was devised by the late Mr.
+Field, President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, for testing the
+stability of the galleries _in situ_, and on being applied over the greater
+part of the building not a single bolt or girder gave way under its action.
+This apparatus consisted of eight square wooden frames divided into
+thirty-six compartments, each just capable of containing and allowing to
+rotate a 68-pounder shot. The surfaces of the balls placed in each of these
+compartments came in contact with the gallery floor, the frames themselves
+being attached to one another and running along the floor by means of
+castors fixed at the angles; the whole apparatus being drawn along by a
+number of men. Two hundred and eighty-eight 68-pound shot confined in a
+limited area were thus set rolling over more than half the extent of the
+galleries; when, not the slightest mishap having occurred, the experiment
+was considered decisive, and a persistence in it deemed unnecessary."
+
+The pressure obtained in this experiment amounted to about a hundred pounds
+per square foot, and it had been ascertained that the greatest pressure
+caused by packing men together as closely as possible was equal to about
+ninety-five pounds per square foot; so that the testing force applied was
+considered amply sufficient, as a considerable portion of the surface of
+the gallery will be occupied by light articles exhibited in the cases and
+stalls which are placed along the centre of the gallery, where a great
+weight would have most effect.
+
+This ingenious method of proving the strength of the galleries _in situ_,
+without endangering those engaged in the experiment, is admirable; and the
+result of the proof will no doubt allay all fear in the mind of the public
+as to the safety of this portion of the building.
+
+
+
+
+General Advantages of the Building.
+
+
+It is always much easier to point out the defects of any work than its
+excellences; whilst we may, therefore, safely leave the former, as regards
+our present subject, to be discovered and enlarged upon by those who may be
+perhaps more competent than ourselves, we will attempt to point out what we
+conceive to be some of the advantages obtained in the present building.
+
+One of the principal of these, considering throughout the purpose of the
+structure, is, perhaps, the uninterrupted view of the interior which the
+spectator may obtain from any point of the building--a matter of great
+importance to the general grandeur of its effect. From the galleries more
+particularly, which will be less obstructed by large objects, the eye of
+the spectator will be able to range from end to end of the vast edifice;
+while the transparency of the material used for the roof allows every
+object to be brilliantly illuminated. The slender lines of the supports,
+though they serve to sustain a protecting covering, scarcely interrupt the
+view of the objects protected, and the absence of any fixed divisions or
+partitions enables all the articles exhibited to be so arranged as to suit
+the peculiar requirements of each particular class; while the ample space
+between the supports has admitted of the formation of large open avenues
+for the free passage of visitors, who may thus reach as readily the
+remotest corners of the building as those situated near the entrances; and
+whenever the visitor may find himself fatigued by the labour of
+sight-seeing, he will be sure to find himself near one of the numerous
+exit-doors, whereby he may immediately free himself from the crowd of
+spectators.
+
+From the simplicity of the details of the construction, and their constant
+recurrence, it will be seen that so long as the ends of the building were
+left incomplete, its size could easily be limited or expanded, so as to
+include that precise amount of space which, up to the last moment when the
+point could be kept open, appeared most likely to be required. This
+simplicity of arrangement will also be found very advantageous in case the
+building is removed after the termination of its present temporary purpose;
+as the parts may be easily separated without much injury, and as readily
+re-erected, either as a whole, or even in many separate buildings, having
+the same arrangement of parts, without the same general form or appearance.
+
+It has been calculated that the passages remaining in the building, after
+deducting the space appropriated to the objects exhibited, will hold more
+than 100,000 persons; though it is not to be expected that half that number
+will be collected there at one time. The ventilation and supply of fresh
+air for so vast a throng was therefore a matter of the first importance;
+and the means already described for accomplishing this great object are so
+ample, that any inconvenience from oppressive heat or foul air can hardly
+be expected. The canvass with which the roof is covered will not only serve
+to modify the heat of the sun in the interior, but it is expected that if
+it be watered by the hose of engines, it may even reduce the temperature
+within to considerably below that of the external air. From his experience
+in glass-houses for horticultural purposes, Mr. Paxton speaks confidently
+on this point.
+
+The arrangement of the construction of the building resting on isolated
+instead of continuous supports, will enable all traces of it to be readily
+effaced from the site if it is removed; and, on the other hand, if it
+remains, it is evidently peculiarly suited to form a vast winter-garden and
+public promenade.
+
+
+
+
+Conclusion.
+
+
+Before taking leave of the reader who may have patiently followed us thus
+far, a few words may be necessary on the general arrangement of the
+articles to be exhibited in the building whose outline and details we have
+been endeavouring to trace. The first classification is geographical. All
+the western half of the building is given to England, and the eastern,
+which is rather the larger of the two, to foreign countries; the space
+assigned to each country being distinctly defined, so as to avoid the
+possibility of any disputes. As far as it was possible, the space for each
+country is so arranged as to have a frontage towards the main central
+avenue, and in most cases occupies a strip the whole width of the building;
+the visitor, therefore, passing up and down the length, will not miss out
+any country.
+
+In the central avenue, and immediately on either side of it, are placed the
+most remarkable specimens of objects coming under the class of fine-arts,
+or otherwise sufficiently remarkable to entitle them to such a prominent
+place. Behind these, in the side avenues, will be found the various
+specimens of manufactured articles; and along the outside longitudinal
+avenues are placed, on the south side, those belonging to the class of raw
+products (a portion being devoted to agricultural implements), and the
+projecting portion of the building on the north side forms the hall of
+machinery, which is separated by a partition of glazed sashes from the rest
+of the building. Many of the articles will be grouped in courts, an
+arrangement which the construction particularly leads to; and these will
+probably form some of the greatest attractions in the Exhibition, each
+being, as it were, complete in itself, and the inclosures preventing the
+eye from being distracted by distant objects. To enter further into the
+detail of this part of the subject would be foreign to the purpose of this
+work, the building itself being our text.
+
+We have now, we believe, completed the pleasant task we proposed to
+ourselves at the outset, and we hope that in doing so we may have been able
+to render interesting to our general readers this description of
+operations, usually occupying the attention of the technical professions
+only. With this intention, we have avoided as far as possible the use of
+technical terms, which would be a dead letter to the uninitiated, at the
+risk, perhaps, of being considered inaccurate by those acquainted with all
+the details of the subject.
+
+So many men whose eminent talent is well known and appreciated by the
+public have been engaged in perfecting the designs and carrying out the
+erection of this vast structure, that the critic should be one of no mean
+reputation who would venture to raise even a small voice of individual
+criticism on its merits. We have considered it, therefore, to be our part
+rather to record the opinions of others on any points where a discussion
+has been raised than to trouble the reader with any personal views, which
+would, perhaps, have only appeared impertinent.
+
+The nature and extent of the difficulties which have been successfully
+surmounted in carrying out this great work can only be fully appreciated by
+those intimately acquainted with all its structural details and with its
+rapid progress; and its completion in so short a period must be regarded as
+a striking instance of the productive power and spirit of commercial
+enterprise of this country, while the fact of its being defrayed by the
+voluntary contributions of the people will illustrate in an interesting
+manner to our continental visitors that principle of self-government which
+forms the basis of all our institutions, and the spirit of private
+enterprise which characterises most of our great undertakings.
+
+The illustrative engravings with which we have endeavoured to render more
+interesting the descriptive details, necessarily somewhat dry to the
+general reader, are only intended to convey general ideas, without
+attempting that minute accuracy which would be required in a more technical
+work; and with reference to some of them we take this opportunity of
+acknowledging the assistance our artists have derived from views already
+published elsewhere, others having been exclusively drawn for the present
+work.
+
+We have much pleasure in presenting our readers, in the Appendix, with
+views and descriptions of two of the most striking designs sent in the
+first competition for the building, the materials for which have been
+kindly afforded us by their respective authors; and we may remind the
+reader that these two designs were specially mentioned by the Building
+Committee in their Report already quoted. In the same place some
+interesting documents connected with the building will also be found, which
+we were unable to insert in the text.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+LIST OF COMPETITORS FOR THE BUILDING PROPOSED TO BE ERECTED IN HYDE PARK.
+
+  Mons. Acollas, Architecte, 33, Rue Lafayette, a Paris.
+  Messrs. Aickin and Capes, 1, Clarence-street, Islington.
+  W. Albon, Esq., 32, Abingdon-street, Westminster.
+  C. B. Allen, Architect, 9, Great College-street, Westminster.
+  F. C. Anderson, Esq., 9, Holles-street, Cavendish-square.
+  _Architekton_ (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).
+  Henry Ashton, Esq., 50A, Lower Brooke-street.
+  John S. Austin, Architect, Bedford.
+  William Austin, Esq., High-street, East Dereham, Norfolk.
+  C. Badger, Esq., Architect, 40, Rue Blanche, Paris.
+  R. Baly, Esq., 14, Buckingham-street, Adelphi.
+  Alfred Beaumont, Architect, 5, Warwick Chambers, Beak-street.
+  Richard Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.
+  W. Bell, Esq., Clift Cottage, Coronation-road, Bristol.
+  Thomas Bellamy, Esq., 8, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.
+  Mons. Felix Belleflamme, Brussels.
+  J. S. Benest, Esq., 21, Rutland-street, Hampstead-road.
+  J. H. Bertram, M. Inst. C. E., Reading.
+  John Black, Esq., 33, Ernest-street, Regent's Park.
+  E. Blatchley, Esq., Jun., 362, Oxford-street.
+  Mons. Alphonse Botrel, Architecte, 121, Rue Poissonniere, Paris.
+  A. W. Boulnois, Esq., Bazaar, King-street, Baker-street.
+  W. Boyle, Esq., 5, Little George-street, Westminster.
+  R. Brandon, Architect, 11, Beaufort-buildings, Strand.
+  R. Broad, Esq., Horseley Works, Tipton.
+  B. Broadbridge, Architect, 35, Ladbroke-square, Notting-hill.
+  F. Brown, Esq., Francis-street, Torrington-square.
+  R. Brown, Esq., 41, Lord-street, Liverpool.
+  J. B. Bunning, Esq., Guildhall.
+  George A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.
+  H. P. Burt, Esq., 238, Blackfriars-road.
+  John G. Grace, Esq., 14, Wigmore-street.
+  E. I. C., Alnwick.
+  Mons. J. Cailloux, 25, Marche St. Honore, Paris.
+  A. F. Campbell, Esq., 104, Pall Mall, Reform Club.
+  Henry Case, Esq., 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.
+  James Catt, Esq., Blackheath Park.
+  Mons. J. Charpentier, Architecte, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.
+  J. Claringbull, Esq., 95, Herbert-street, New North-road.
+  Mons. Henri van Cleemputte, Laon, France.
+  Mons. J. P. Cluysenaar, Architecte, Bruxelles.
+  J. Colshurst, Esq., 36, Jermyn-street, St. James's.
+  John Colson, Architect, Winchester.
+  Mons. J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, Holland.
+  C. E. Coote, Esq., Clifton.
+  W. R. Corson, Architect, 3, Albion-place, Leeds.
+  H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Awylne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.
+  David Cowan, Esq., 9, Hungerford-street, Strand.
+  Mons. Cremont, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.
+  W. Cruikshank, Esq., 24, Duke-street.
+  Mons. E. Damas de Culture, 20, Rue Mazayran, Paris.
+  G. J. Darley, Esq., C.E., 7, Kildare-street, Dublin.
+  Mons. A. Delaage, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.
+  W. Dennis, Esq., Church-street, Hackney.
+  Charles Downes, Esq., 29, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.
+  Francis Drake, Esq., 11, Calthorpe-street, Gray's-inn-road.
+  Henry Duesbury, Architect, Kensington Gore.
+  Mons. Duflocq, 96, Rue Rochechouart, Paris.
+  Mons. Dupuy, 9, Rue Duplesses, Versailles.
+  Mons. Dusillion, Architecte, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.
+  Mons. A. Durand, Moulins, France.
+  O. C. Edwards, Esq., Gloucester.
+  J. Eldudge, Esq., 16, Somerset-place, New Road, Commercial-rd. East.
+  J. Elliott, Architect, 28, Portland-terrace, Southampton.
+  M. G. Fetar van Elven, Architecte, Amsterdam.
+  D. Erskine, Esq., 58, Clerk-street, Edinburgh.
+  W. J. Everitt, Esq., 1, Garden-street, Stepney-green.
+  Mons. Theodore Faure, 2, Little Argyle-street, Regent-street.
+  Mons. F. Desaint Felix, and E. E. White, Architects, Ipswich.
+  Mons. Henri Fevre, Architecte, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, a Paris.
+  F. Finlay, Esq., 26, Duke-street, Westminster.
+  Charles Folkard, Esq., C.E., 56, King-street, Whitehall.
+  David Colin Forbes, Esq., Stirling.
+  James Forrest, Esq., C.E., 25, Great George-street.
+  W. Freebody, Esq., 9, Duke-street, Westminster.
+  S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.
+  L. Fuerges, Architecte, Crefeld.
+  C. E. G., Warwick.
+  A. Garrard. Esq., Surveyor.
+  Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Francaise, a Calais.
+  Arthur Gearing, Esq., 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.
+  William Geggie, Esq., Knaresbro'.
+  J. Gibson, Esq., Great Western Railway, Paddington.
+  Robert Gilingham, Esq., 31, Clarence-road, Kentish Town.
+  Mons. Godeboeuf, Architecte, 12, Place Breda, a Paris.
+  C. W. Gooch, Esq., 42, Connaught-terrace, Edgeware-road.
+  John Gould, Esq., Tottenham Park, Wiltshire.
+  Richard Greene, Esq., F.S.A., Sec. to Lichfield Architectural Society.
+  Edmund W. Grubb, Esq., Newnham, Gloucestershire.
+  Robert S. Grubb, Esq., Newham-on-Severn, Gloucestershire.
+  T. R. Guppy, Esq., Naples.
+  J. C. Haddan, Esq., 29, Bloomsbury-square.
+  Thomas Roberts Hannaford, Architect, 21, Trigon-terrace, Kennington.
+  O. Hansard, Architect, 2, Kensington-gardens-terrace, Hyde Park.
+  Robert Hardy, Carpenter, 32, North Conduit-street, Bethnal-green.
+  John Thornhill Harrison, Esq., East Bolden, near Gateshead.
+  J. P. Harrison, Esq., 11, Chancery-lane.
+  Thomas Haw, Esq., 27, Prospect-terrace, Globe-road, Mile-end.
+  Thomas Hayes, Esq., 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde Park.
+  Samuel Heilton, Esq., 54, Red Cross-street, City.
+  Mons. J. Henard, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.
+  James Hendrey, Esq., 4, Pancras-lane, Cheapside.
+  J. Hewitt, Esq., Oxford.
+  W. S. Hollands, Esq., 37, King William-street.
+  Mons. Hector Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.
+  George Horton, Esq., 6, Green-street, Grosvenor-square.
+  Albert P. Howell, Architect, 2, Holywell-street, Westminster.
+  Mons. C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.
+  Benjamin Hurwitz, Esq., 1, Brydges-street, Strand.
+  John Imray, Esq., Engineer, 12, Howley-street, Lambeth.
+  A. Jackson, Esq., Barkhart House, Orpington, Kent.
+  Mons. Ch. Schoech Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.
+  Charles Jayne, Architect, 7, Chancery-lane.
+  Adam Jizkowski, Architect to the Government, Warsaw.
+  Joseph Jopling, Esq., Felton Villa, Finchley-road.
+  H. J. Kaye, Esq., 63, Sloane-street, Knightsbridge.
+  G. P. Kennedy and R. Kennedy, Esqrs., Sussex Chambers, Duke-street, St.
+      James's.
+  J. T. Knowles, Esq., 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.
+  Herr Friedrich Krahe, Brunswick.
+  Louis Kuhne, Brunswick.
+  A Lady with great diffidence submits this plan.
+  M. Laves, Architect to the King of Hanover, Hanover.
+  Mons. A. G. Ledrut, Claremont.
+  S. W. Leonard, Assistant-Curator Micrological Society, 11, Upper
+      Stamford-street, Waterloo-road.
+  W. B. Lewis, Esq., Rainbow-hill, Worcester.
+  R. Lobb, Esq., 8, Goulden-terrace, Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  Locke Brothers, New Peckham.
+  Henry Lockwood, F.S.A., and William Mawson, Architects, Bradford.
+  Henry Lote, Esq., 51, Brompton-row.
+  R. Lovely, Esq., C.E., 1, Victoria-terrace, Queen's-road, Nottingham.
+  George Mackenzie, Esq., 3, Claremont-row, Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  Messrs. Magni and Thummeloup, 26, Boulevard du Temple, Paris.
+  R. Mallet, Esq., Victoria Foundry, Dublin.
+  Mansell and Elliott, Architects, Halkin-street West, Belgrave-square.
+  R. M. Marchant, Esq., 18, Great George-street.
+  P. J. Margary, Esq., Dawlish, Devonshire.
+  W. P. Marshall, Esq., Temple-buildings, New-street, Birmingham.
+  D. Mickle, Esq., 37, Queen-square, Bloomsbury.
+  Joseph Mitchell, Architect, St. James's-street, Sheffield.
+  J. Montheath, Esq., 10, Stanley-street, Paddington.
+  James Moon, Architect, 1, Millman-street, Bedford-row.
+  Captain W. S. Moorsom, 17-1/2, Great George-street.
+  G. Morgan, Architect, 6, Charles-street, Westminster.
+  J. H. Muller, Gaes, Holland.
+  Charles C. Nelson, Esq., 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.
+  Mons. C. Frederic Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.
+  W. Nethersole, Esq., C.E., 73, Oakley-square, St. Pancras.
+  I. W. Newberry, Esq., Hook Norton, Chipping Norton, Oxon.
+  Francis B. Newman, Architect, 14, Heathcote-street, Mecklenburgh-sq.
+  C. H. Newton, Esq., 92, Camden-road Villas, Regent's Park.
+  Mons. Paliard, 23, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.
+  E. Paraire, Architect, 16, Woodstock-street, Bond-street.
+  Mons. Henri le Patre, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.
+  Thomas Peacock, Esq., High-street, Kensington.
+  J. D. Pemberton, Esq., Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.
+  G. Perry, Architect, 42, Newington-place, Kennington.
+  Mons. Casimir Petiaux, Paris.
+  William Radley, Chemical Engineer, Regent-street, Lambeth.
+  W. Railton, Esq., 12, Regent-street.
+  W. Rankin, Esq., Stirling.
+  W. Reed, Esq., Cannon Cottage Hill, Southampton.
+  Messrs. Reid and Butcher, Architects and Surveyors, 38, Red Lion-square,
+      London.
+  Stanley Reilly, Architect, 3, Upper Kennington-green, Kennington.
+  George Banks Rennie, Esq., Whitehall-place.
+  Harry Ralph Ricardo, Esq., Beaulieu Lodge, Norwood, Surrey.
+  W. Riddle, Esq., East Temple Chambers, Whitefriars, Fleet-street.
+  H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.
+  J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.
+  R. Roberta, Esq., Globe Works, Manchester.
+  Andrew John Robertson, Esq., C.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
+  William Robertson, Esq., 12, Gordon-street, City-road.
+  A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.
+  Alex. M. Ross, Esq., 3, Parliament-street, Westminster.
+  Rough Draught, 42, Stainford-street.
+  Henry Rouse, Esq.
+  H. H. Russell, Esq., C.E., M.R.S.A.
+  W. Russell, Esq., 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.
+  E. Ryde, Esq., 14, Upper Belgrave-place, Eaton-square.
+  George Sanderson, Esq., 136, Solly-street, Sheffield.
+  Charles Sanderson, Esq., Friar-street, Reading.
+  Robert Sandeman, Architect, Greenside, Edinburgh.
+  H. Savage, Esq., 22, Beaumont-street. Mary-le-bone.
+  W. Scurry, Esq., 7, Denbigh-place, Pimlico.
+  Sed quis custodiet Custodes.
+  J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.
+  J. R. Sewell, Esq., Carrington, near Nottingham.
+  Mons. A. Slater, Architecte, Eleve de Mons. l'Architecte Cluysenaar.
+  E. Smallwood, Architect, 86, Park-street, Camden Town.
+  F. Smallman Smith, Esq., 18, Brunswick-st., Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  C. H. Smith, Esq., 29, Clipstone-street.
+  J. M. Smith, Esq., 1, Chapel-place, Duke-street, Westminster.
+  W. J. Smith, Esq., 18, Bond-street, Commercial-road, Lambeth.
+  G. Campbell Smith, Esq., Banff.
+  Messrs. Soyer and Warrener, Reform Club.
+  Paul Sprenger, Esq., Architect to the Government, Vienna.
+  Herr Friederich Stammann, Hamburg.
+  Francis Sternitz, Esq., 10, Berner-street, Commercial-road East.
+  W. Stewart, Esq., Seacombe, Cheshire.
+  M. J. Stutely, Architect, 4, Doughty-street, Mecklenburgh-square.
+  H. Suckling, Esq., 1, Conduit-street, Regent-street.
+  George Tate, Esq., Bawtry, Yorkshire.
+  J. Taylor, Architect, 22, Parliament-street.
+  T. Taylor, Architect, 33, Clarendon-street, Oakley-square.
+  J. H. Taunton, Esq., 2, Gordon-place, Kensington.
+  D. W. Thomas, Esq., 20, St. Petersburg-place, Bayswater.
+  R. M. Thompson, Esq., 46, Leicester-square.
+  P. Thompson, Architect, 1, Osnaburgh-place, New-road.
+  F. Thompson, Esq., 15, Trafalgar-square, Peckham.
+  James Thrupp, Architect, 2, Park-place, Bath.
+  H. W. Todd and W. Allingham, 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.
+  Richard Turner and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.
+  Henry Turner, Esq., Low Heaton, Haugh, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
+  F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.
+  Mons. Veron, 2, Quai des Armes, Paris.
+  John Walker, Esq., Crooked-lane Chambers, King William-street.
+  George Wallis, Artist, and Henry Summers, Architect, 14, College-place,
+      Camden Town.
+  J. N. Warren, Esq., C.E., 18, Adam-street, Adelphi.
+  J. E. Watson, Esq., 74, Grey-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
+  Henry Whitcombe, Esq., Slough.
+  George Wightwick, Architect, 3, Athenaeum-terrace, Plymouth.
+  George Wilkie, Esq., C.E., 8, Powell-street West, King's-square.
+  George Wilkinson, Esq., Horsham.
+  S. J. Wilkinson, Esq., 7, Jeffry's-square, St. Mary Axe.
+  James Williams, Esq., 18, Westgate-buildings, Bath.
+  George Wilson, Esq., Knaresbro', Yorkshire.
+  Ralph Wilson, Architect, 16, Bridge-street, Westminster.
+  James G. Wilson, Esq., 18, Great George-street, Westminster,
+  Richard Winder, Esq., Fenchurch-street.
+  R. A. Withall, Architect, 80, Cheapside.
+  W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.
+  Frederick Wood, Esq., 6, Franklin-road, Queen's-road, East Chelsea.
+  Thomas Worthington, Architect, 54, King-street, Manchester.
+  James Wylson, Architect, 112, Fyfe-place, Glasgow.
+
+
+
+----
+
+LIST A.
+
+ENTITLED TO FAVOURABLE AND HONOURABLE MENTION.
+
+
+  C. B. Allen, Architect, Great College-street, Westminster.
+  W. Allingham (and Todd), 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.
+  _Architekton_ (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).
+  H. Ashton, 50A, Lower Brooke-street.
+  C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.
+  B. P. Baly (four designs).
+  R. Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.
+  Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.
+  J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.
+  A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonniere, Paris.
+  R. Brandon, Architect, Little Beaufort-buildings, Strand.
+  F. Brown, Francis-street, Torrington-square.
+  J. B. Bunning, Architect, Guildhall, City of London.
+  G. A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.
+  J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marche St. Honore, Paris.
+  H. Case, 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.
+  J. Charpentier, Architect, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.
+  Henri Van Cleemputte, Architect, Laon, France.
+  J. P. Cluysenaar, Architect of King of the Belgians, Brussels.
+  J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, Holland.
+  H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Alwyne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.
+  Mons. Cremont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.
+  W. Cruikshank, 24, Duke-street.
+  A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.
+  C. Downes, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.
+  A. Durand, Moulins, France.
+  Mons. Dusillion, Architect, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.
+  M. G. Fetar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.
+  H. Fevre, Architect, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, a Paris.
+  S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.
+  Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Francaise, Calais.
+  A. Gearing, 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.
+  Eugene Godeboeuf, 12, Place Breda, Paris.
+  J. T. Harrison, East Bolden, near Gateshead.
+  T. Hayes, 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde-park.
+  J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.
+  H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.
+  C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.
+  J. Imray, C. E., Howley-street, Lambeth.
+  Ch. Schoech Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.
+  Louis Kuhne, Brunswick.
+  J. T. Knowles, Architect, 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.
+  M. Laves, Architect of the King, Hanover.
+  A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.
+  W. B. Lewis, Rainbow-hill, Worcester.
+  C. C. Nelson, 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.
+  C. F. Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.
+  Mons. Paliard, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.
+  H. le Patre, Architect, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.
+  Casimir Petiaux, Paris.
+  H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.
+  J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.
+  A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.
+  H. Rouse, Esq.
+  W. Russell, 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.
+  H. Savage, 22, Beaumont-street, Marylebone.
+  J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.
+  A. Slater, Architect, Eleve de Mons. Cluysenaar.
+  F. Smallman Smith, 18, Brunswick-street, Barnsbury-road, Islington.
+  C. H. Smith, Clipstone-street, London.
+  Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.
+  H. Sumners, Architect, 14, College-place, Camden Town.
+  Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.
+  F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.
+  Mons. Veron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.
+  J. Watson, 74, Grey-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
+  W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.
+  T. Worthington, Architect, King-street, Manchester.
+
+
+
+----
+
+LIST B.
+
+ENTITLED TO FURTHER HIGHER HONORARY DISTINCTION.
+
+
+  C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.
+  Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.
+  J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.
+  A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonniere, Paris.
+  J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marche St. Honore, Paris.
+  Henri Van Cleemputte, Architect, Laon, France.
+  Mons. Cremont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.
+  A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.
+  M. G. Fetar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.
+  J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.
+  H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.
+  C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.
+  A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.
+  H. le Patre, Architect, 4K, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.
+  Casimir Petiaux, Paris.
+  Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.
+  Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.
+  Mons. Veron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.
+
+
+[Illustration: Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the Building. Exterior]
+
+[Illustration: View of the Interior.]
+
+
+
+
+TWO OF THE COMPETITION DESIGNS.
+
+----
+
+The following descriptions and plates of two of the designs sent in
+competition for the Building, and specially mentioned by the Committee in
+their Report, are given from information obligingly furnished to us by
+their respective authors.
+
+
+DESIGN BY M. HECTOR HOREAU, ARCHITECT, OF PARIS.
+
+  This was one of the most striking of all that were submitted to the
+  Commission; it formed one immense hall, or shed, more than 2000 feet
+  long, by about 270 feet wide throughout, with several small detached
+  buildings on the north side, for refreshments, &c.
+
+  The interior of the main building was divided into five avenues, the
+  centre one about ninety feet wide, those next adjoining rather more than
+  fifty feet, and the outside ones about forty feet wide. Iron columns,
+  about twenty-three feet apart, formed these avenues and supported arched
+  ribs for the roof. One end of the building was semicircular, the other
+  forming an ornamental facade, and about the centre of the length a
+  transept was formed.
+
+  M. Horeau says: "Simplicity, grandeur, ready means of construction, and
+  of increasing or diminishing the accommodation, and of removal if
+  required, forming altogether a specimen of the most recent improvements
+  introduced into the art of building--these are the principal objects
+  which it has been sought to attain. The whole of the construction is of
+  iron, without a single piece of wood, the foundation being executed in
+  brick; the facade to be in metal, porcelain, and glass, the floor of
+  asphalte, the roof to be principally covered with ornamental thick glass,
+  in large dimensions, or ground glass with patterns.
+
+  "Of the trusses or arched ribs supporting the roof there were to be but
+  three varieties, each in three pieces, with which the whole of the
+  building could be erected. This subdivision of the roof-trusses would
+  have facilitated the conversion of the building for other purposes; for,
+  taken singly, or in various combinations, they would have formed many
+  kinds of buildings for ordinary purposes. The attached buildings placed
+  on the north side would have shown several modes of effecting this. The
+  ornamental spandrils of the roof-trusses would be formed in stamped-work
+  out of copper, and gilt.
+
+  "The facade shows at a glance the purpose of the building, as well as its
+  interior disposition, in which the different widths of avenues would
+  afford space for objects of all varieties of dimensions. The facade
+  itself was to be formed with tracery or trellis-work of cast-iron, the
+  lower part being covered with sheet-iron; the cornice and ornamental
+  panels of porcelain; the medallions in coloured stone-ware; the doors and
+  inclosures of metal, silvered and gilt; the ornamental details to be
+  either cast or stamped; the scrolls in the panels being in coloured glass
+  or mosaic.
+
+  "The pediment is crowned with a group of figures representing the Genius
+  of Industry crowning the Arts and Sciences; in the cornice are placed the
+  names of all the principal cities of the world, and the names of eminent
+  men in panels. In the medallions are represented allegorical figures of
+  the different branches of science and industry. At the angles of the
+  building are placed trophies, the base of which would serve as
+  guard-houses."
+
+  The engravings will serve to show the general effect of this design in
+  its interior and exterior.
+
+----
+
+DESIGN BY MESSRS. R. AND T. TURNER, OF DUBLIN.
+
+  In this design also the interior was arranged as one uninterrupted space,
+  about 1,940 feet long, and 408 wide, the roof in one span rising about
+  120 feet above the floor; the supports, consisting of semicircular ribs,
+  forming the interior into three avenues, the centre one 200 feet wide and
+  the full height, the side ones 104 feet wide and about sixty feet high.
+  In the centre of the length a transept was proposed, and the square area
+  at the meeting of that with the central avenue was to be covered with a
+  glass dome.
+
+  The ends of the building, as well as those of the transept, were to be
+  filled in with tracery in the upper part, a colonnade below protecting
+  the entrances. Galleries, if necessary, were to be placed in the side
+  avenues. The construction of this building was proposed to be principally
+  of wrought iron, which would have given to the circular ribs and other
+  parts a great lightness of effect; but, on the other hand, the
+  difficulties of producing and putting together such an enormous amount of
+  wrought-iron work in so short a space of time as that required was
+  considered an almost insuperable objection to the design. Large portions
+  of the roof were to be covered with glass, so as to admit an abundance of
+  light into the interior.
+
+  The accompanying views of the exterior and interior of this design, from
+  the simplicity of the arrangement, consisting of a repetition of similar
+  parts, require but little description for their elucidation.
+
+
+[Illustration: Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View of Exterior from one
+end.]
+
+
+[Illustration: Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design. Transverse Section, and
+View of the Interior.]
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDUM ON THE SITE.
+
+
+_Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 1st July,
+1850; for_
+
+COPY of a LETTER addressed by the Commissioners of the EXHIBITION of 1851
+to the Lords of the Treasury, inclosing Memorandum as to the Site of the
+Exhibition Building in Hyde Park.
+
+----
+
+
+
+SIR,--I am directed by her Majesty's Commissioners for the Exhibition of
+1851 to transmit to you herewith, for the information of the Lords
+Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury, a memorandum of the grounds on
+which the present site has been selected for the Exhibition, and of the
+proceedings that have been taken in consequence of that selection.--I have,
+&c.
+
+
+
+    The Right Honourable W. G. Hayter, M.P., &c. &c. &c.
+
+----
+
+Memorandum of the grounds on which the site has been selected for the
+Exhibition of 1851, and of the proceedings which have been taken in
+consequence of that selection, prepared for the information of the Lords of
+the Treasury by the Royal Commissioners for promoting the Exhibition.
+
+  1.  It is within the knowledge of the Lords of the Treasury, that from
+  the time of the earliest announcement of the proposed Exhibition it has
+  always been intended that it should take place in the Metropolis. Not
+  only was such an intention matter of notoriety at the time that the
+  question of issuing a Royal Commission was under consideration, but the
+  Commission itself, when issued formally recited that it was proposed "To
+  establish an Enlarged Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations,
+  to be holden in London, in the year 1851;" and it was to further the
+  holding of such an exhibition that the present Commissioners were
+  specially appointed.
+
+  2.  Considering the importance of the undertaking, and the circumstances
+  attending its promulgation, the selection of the Metropolis as its
+  intended locality appears to have been both natural and proper. It will
+  be borne in mind that the exhibitions which have from time to time been
+  held in foreign countries have generally, and, as the Commissioners
+  believe, invariably, been held in the capitals of the respective
+  countries. In the present case it was peculiarly important that an
+  undertaking which required the constant superintendence of a body of
+  Commissioners, whose occupations for the most part confine them to
+  London, should be carried on within their immediate cognisance, and not
+  removed to a distant situation.
+
+  3.  It being thus distinctly evident that the Exhibition ought to take
+  place in London, it is further obvious that the actual site which may be
+  selected for it should be within the precincts of, or in the closest
+  vicinity to, the most central and accessible parts of the Metropolis
+  itself. It need hardly be pointed out that it would be objectionable to
+  impose upon persons who may have come to London from a great distance the
+  necessity of an additional journey to visit the Exhibition; a
+  consideration which has already been urged upon the Commissioners by the
+  representatives of several of the most important provincial towns, who
+  are apprehensive of the inconvenience to which artizans in particular
+  might thus be subjected. Moreover, the removal of the Exhibition to any
+  distance sufficient to diminish the number of visitors would not only
+  militate against its essential character of general accessibility, but
+  might most seriously affect the receipts upon which its self-supporting
+  character must depend, a point upon which it appears that much stress has
+  been laid.
+
+  4.  Although Hyde Park, and even the particular space now in question,
+  had been already mentioned before the issue of the Commission, and indeed
+  so far back as October, 1849, as a probable site for the Exhibition, it
+  is unnecessary to assure the Lords of the Treasury that the Commissioners
+  approached the question of the site after their appointment without
+  having in any degree prejudged the merits of particular localities. On
+  the 14th of February, their attention having been directed to the
+  importance of determining the site by the Committee then recently
+  appointed for all matters relating to the building, they deputed two
+  Commissioners, namely, Lord Granville and Mr. Labouchere, to wait upon
+  the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and to confer with him upon
+  the subject. The result of this conference is set forth in the Report
+  presented by the Building Committee at the next meeting of the
+  Commissioners (Feb. 21), of which the following is the portion which
+  relates to the question of the site:--
+
+  "With respect to the site, it has appeared to your Committee that,
+  firstly, the north-eastern portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space
+  between her Majesty's private road and the Kensington-road, in the
+  southern part of Hyde Park; and, thirdly, the north-western portion of
+  Regent's Park, are the only available spaces about the Metropolis which
+  would afford the necessary accommodation; and it is believed that the
+  order in which they have been named represents also their relative
+  eligibility. As regards the first, the Committee are informed by the
+  Chief Commissioner of her Majesty's Woods and Forests, that considerable
+  objections would arise to its occupation for such a purpose, and that no
+  such objections would be raised to the use of the second; the Committee,
+  therefore, recommend the adoption of this site, which, amongst other
+  advantages, is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the
+  existing roads. Upon this occasion a letter was received from the
+  Westminster Committee, stating that the local Commissioners for
+  Westminster had visited the site in Hyde Park, and a site suggested in
+  the Regent's Park, and that they were of opinion that the site in Hyde
+  Park was the preferable one."
+
+  The recommendation of the Building Committee having been agreed to, a
+  form of advertisement, requesting plans and suggestions for the building,
+  was, at the next meeting (28th February), submitted for approbation, and
+  was ordered to be immediately issued in the English, French, and, German
+  languages. To this advertisement was appended a ground-plan of the site
+  in Hyde Park for the guidance of those to whom the advertisement was
+  addressed. The details of this plan were discussed in the presence of the
+  Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and were settled in conformity
+  with his lordship's wishes.
+
+  5.  In consequence of the advertisement thus issued, no less than 248
+  plans and suggestions, many of them the productions of foreign artists,
+  were sent in to the Commissioners. A large number of these were of a very
+  elaborate character, and bore evident marks of considerable application
+  and ability.
+
+  6.  Soon after the site had been selected, some other important
+  arrangements having also by this time been made, the Commissioners
+  prepared and published a statement (21 February) explanatory of the
+  nature and objects of the Exhibition, which was widely circulated in this
+  country, was forwarded to our consuls abroad and to the foreign consuls
+  in England, and was officially transmitted by the Secretary of State to
+  all Foreign Governments, and to all the Governors of the British
+  Colonies, as well as to India. In this statement it was announced that
+  "Her Majesty had been graciously pleased to grant a site for the purpose
+  (of the Exhibition) on the south side of Hyde Park, lying between the
+  Kensington Drive and the ride commonly called Rotten Row."
+
+  7.  The site having been thus deliberately chosen and formally announced,
+  all subsequent proceedings connected with the building have been taken
+  with direct reference to it. The plans have been prepared with a view to
+  its peculiarities, and the form of the building and its internal as well
+  as its external arrangements have been determined by them. The amount of
+  space available for the display of articles has been calculated upon the
+  data afforded by the site, and from a calculation of this amount the
+  Commissioners have been able to assign to each foreign country a definite
+  space for the arrangement of its own productions. All the necessary
+  working-drawings and specifications have been prepared with very great
+  labour and at considerable expense, and have now been issued in a form
+  which will insure to the Commissioners the certainty of obtaining, within
+  a few days, _bona fide_ tenders for the execution of a design presenting
+  every facility for construction within the time prescribed. The
+  mechanical difficulties have been surmounted, and all the preliminary
+  arrangements, even to the extent of provision for an effective drainage
+  and a sufficient water supply, have been entered into. The whole of these
+  preparations have reference to this particular site only, and are
+  inapplicable or unsuitable to any other.
+
+  8.  From what has been already stated, it will be seen that the present
+  site was not selected without consideration, and that the proceedings
+  which have been taken with respect to it were not commenced until the
+  Commissioners had good ground for believing that there would be no
+  objection to its occupation. The attention, however, which has lately
+  been directed to the point, has caused them anxiously to reconsider the
+  whole subject, and renders it now necessary for them to enter into
+  somewhat more of detail as to the grounds upon which they have come to
+  the conclusion which they have formed, that this is the only site in or
+  about the Metropolis which is at once suitable and practically available
+  for the purposes of the Exhibition.
+
+  9.  Of the other sites which have been suggested, the following are the
+  only ones deserving of particular consideration:--
+
+    (_a_) The North-eastern portion of Hyde Park.
+    (_b_) The North-western portion of Regent's Park.
+    (_c_) Battersea Park.
+    (_d_) Victoria Park.
+    (_e_) Wormwood Scrubbs.
+
+  10.  The north-eastern portion of Hyde Park would, in the opinion of many
+  members of the Building Committee, be a very eligible situation; but, as
+  has been already mentioned, an objection was taken to this locality on
+  the part of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, on the ground that
+  the building would interfere with some important thoroughfares in that
+  part of the park, and on account of other considerations of public
+  importance; and the idea was abandoned in consequence.
+
+  11.  The site suggested in the Regent's Park has been found, since it was
+  visited by the Building Committee, not to be available, as the leases
+  under which the houses in the neighbourhood are held contain a clear and
+  stringent provision that no new building of any kind shall be erected
+  within the limits of the park.
+
+  12.  With regard to the ground in the neighbourhood of Battersea proposed
+  to be purchased by the Government, and to be converted into a park to be
+  called Battersea Park, the Lords of the Treasury are of course aware that
+  only a small proportion of the whole area has as yet been purchased; and
+  the Commissioners found on inquiry that this proportion consists of
+  numerous small detached pieces, utterly insufficient to accommodate a
+  building of the contemplated size, and separated from each other by
+  intervening plots of ground, many of them in a state of high cultivation,
+  and belonging to a great number of different proprietors, with whom it
+  would be absolutely impossible to effect arrangements within any time
+  which would afford the slightest chance of the Commissioners being put in
+  possession of a site in time to complete their building by the spring of
+  next year. It should be added that the site of this district is very low,
+  a great portion of it being some feet under high-water mark, and that the
+  nature of the soil presents serious objections to its use as a
+  building-ground.
+
+  13.  Victoria Park is situated in an inconvenient and not very accessible
+  part of the town. It would, moreover, be impossible to erect in it a
+  building of the required size without most seriously interfering with the
+  plantations and ornamental water which have been recently laid out there;
+  thus inflicting on the classes for whose recreation that park has been
+  opened an inconvenience infinitely more serious than could be caused to
+  the frequenters of the very much larger area of Hyde Park by the proposed
+  occupation of a comparatively small portion of it.
+
+  14.  Lastly, as regards Wormwood Scrubbs, besides that the distance is a
+  very serious objection, the rights of the commoners in that locality
+  would prevent its appropriation; and the Commissioners are advised that
+  it would be impossible to erect the building there without risk, as any
+  single commoner would have it in his power to interrupt the proceedings,
+  and to cause them to be discontinued at any stage of the work, however
+  advanced. Similar objections apply to Wandsworth and some other commons
+  in the neighbourhood of London, which have been occasionally mentioned as
+  possible sites.
+
+  14_a_. As regards Primrose Hill and the Isle of Dogs, the want of level
+  space on the former, and the objectionable situation and dampness of the
+  latter, render them so obviously unsuitable as to make any particular
+  observations unnecessary.
+
+  15.  But even could the objections to any of these sites be removed, or
+  could another and an unobjectionable site be pointed out, the
+  Commissioners feel hound to state, from their experience of the time,
+  thought, and labour necessarily consumed in the investigation,
+  arrangement, and preparation of the great mass of detail requisite to
+  enable them to carry out this extensive work, that they are fully
+  convinced of the impossibility of now adapting their plans to any other
+  site, with any reasonable prospect of being able to complete the work
+  within the time to which they stand pledged in the face of the world; and
+  they could only regard a change of site, particularly if it should
+  involve a change of plan, as tantamount to the postponement of the
+  Exhibition till another year. And the Commissioners cannot shut their
+  eyes to the fact, that a postponement of the Exhibition would, under the
+  circumstances, certainly lead to its entire abandonment.
+
+  16.  In order to give the Lords of the Treasury some idea of the
+  consequences of an abandonment of this scheme, the Commissioners would in
+  the first place direct their attention to the large amount of money
+  already subscribed towards its completion (which is at present nearly
+  64,000_l_.), to the number of local committees (now about 240) which have
+  been called into existence throughout the country, to the funds now being
+  raised by subscriptions out of their wages among the working-classes in
+  all parts of the country towards enabling them to visit an Exhibition to
+  which they are anxiously looking forward, and the abandonment of which
+  would be a great disappointment to numbers, and still more to the
+  extensive preparations which are now making for the supply of articles
+  for exhibition. It is within the knowledge of the Commissioners that
+  several individuals in this country have incurred several thousand
+  pounds' expense in such preparations, besides the anxiety which they have
+  occasioned.
+
+  17.  But the evils which would result from postponement, so far as this
+  country is concerned, are as nothing when compared with those which would
+  arise in the case of foreign nations and the colonies. The plan of the
+  Exhibition has been widely circulated for several months, and the
+  following States have already signified, through their respective
+  Governments, that they have appointed Committees or Commissioners,
+  consisting of the most distinguished individuals in those countries, to
+  co-operate with the Royal Commissioners in this country:--
+
+    Russia,
+    Sweden,
+    Norway,
+    Denmark,
+    Prussia,
+    Saxony,
+    Austria,
+    Bavaria,
+    Hanover,
+    Oldenburg,
+    Mecklenburg,
+    Hanse Towns,
+    France,
+    Holland,
+    Belgium,
+    Spain,
+    The United States,
+    Turkey,
+    Sardinia,
+    Venezuela,
+    Switzerland,
+    Nassau,
+    Anhalt, Dessau, &c.
+
+  Besides which it may be mentioned that special Commissioners have been
+  sent to this country by France, Russia, and one or two other States; and
+  that in most cases the Governments have undertaken the collection and the
+  transmission to this country, at their own expense, of the articles
+  intended for exhibition, for which, of course, their preparations are now
+  made.
+
+  18.  In all the countries which have been mentioned active preparations
+  for the Exhibition are now going on, and in some considerable expense is
+  known to have been incurred. The Russian Government has announced that
+  the goods intended for exhibition will be shipped from that country in
+  the autumn of this year, and questions pointing to a similar arrangement
+  have recently been put by the Government of Denmark. The Austrian
+  Government have given notice, that the Great Exhibition which was to have
+  been held at Vienna in the year 1851 has been postponed till the year
+  1852, in order not to clash with the Exhibition in London. All these
+  circumstances tend to show that the postponement of the Exhibition would
+  be seriously inconvenient to many countries, and would probably occasion
+  considerable and natural irritation at what would appear like national
+  vacillation, besides the certainty of rendering these countries unwilling
+  to run the risk of a second disappointment, and of deterring them from
+  continuing their preparations for a later period.
+
+  19.  These inconveniences would be felt also by the British Colonies.
+  Committees have been announced as formed in Malta, Ceylon, Nova Scotia,
+  Barbadoes, Guiana, and several of the West India Islands, and it is
+  probable that others have been appointed elsewhere. In India most
+  extensive preparations are being made, and the East India Company have
+  incurred very great expense by their exertions to contribute to the
+  Exhibition.
+
+  20.  After what has been said, it is unnecessary that the Commissioners
+  should enlarge any further upon the consequences to be apprehended from
+  the postponement which would be occasioned by an alteration of the site
+  of building. They will proceed to offer a few remarks upon some of the
+  objections which have been taken to that at present proposed.
+
+  21.  An idea appears to prevail in some quarters that the occupation of
+  the Park is intended to be of a permanent, and not, as has been
+  repeatedly announced, of a merely temporary character, and the
+  Commissioners are given to understand that by proposing to construct a
+  building into which a good deal of brickwork is to enter, they have shown
+  an intention at variance with their professions. Upon this point they
+  have to remark, in the first place, that, although the eminent architects
+  and engineers whom they have consulted, and to whom they have uniformly
+  given instructions to prepare plans suitable to a temporary structure,
+  have agreed to recommend the use of brick and other durable materials,
+  they have left it perfectly open to contractors to send in their tenders
+  for the execution of the work in any material or materials whatsoever,
+  and have notified their readiness to entertain such tenders, on the
+  single condition of their being "accompanied by working-drawings and
+  specifications, and fully priced bills of quantities." It is probable
+  that some such tenders will be made, and if made they will be impartially
+  considered; but the Commissioners must protest against the supposition
+  that it is necessarily more judicious to construct a temporary building
+  of perishable than of enduring materials. The first requisite of the
+  building is, that it should be suitable for its purpose, capable of
+  protecting the valuable goods deposited in it from injury of every
+  kind--as, for instance, from the weather, from the effects of the
+  dampness of the soil, from the danger of fire, and so forth, and that it
+  should be strong enough to avert all risk of accidental damage. Its next
+  requisite is, that it should be economical, and in estimating its cost
+  regard must be had not only to the expense of erection, but to the
+  facility of removal and the value of the materials when removed, as a
+  building may easily be conceived to be cheaper which should cost
+  100,000_l._ to erect, but of which the materials could afterwards be sold
+  for 50,000_l._, than another would be which cost but 80,000_l._ in the
+  first instance, but of which the materials should become so far
+  deteriorated as to produce only 20,000_l._ when taken down. It is the
+  opinion of those who have devised the plans in the present case, that a
+  building constructed of durable materials will in the end be cheaper than
+  one constructed of such as are more perishable; particularly as a
+  considerable portion of the building, namely, the iron roofing, will be
+  of a kind which is generally used in the construction of
+  railway-stations, and will probably be disposed of for that purpose after
+  the close of the Exhibition, as its temporary application to the purposes
+  of the Exhibition will be of no detriment to its being so. An opportunity
+  of testing the correctness of this opinion will be given when the tenders
+  are received, as, in addition to the customary form, it has been required
+  that they should also be sent upon the understanding that the materials
+  shall remain the property of the contractor, and shall in fact only be
+  hired for the purposes of the Exhibition. The third requisite of the
+  building is, that it should be at least seemly, though it may not be
+  necessary that it should be highly ornamental. The Commissioners trust
+  that it will fulfil this condition, while they would at the same time
+  point out that no expense is to be incurred for merely ornamental
+  purposes, unless it should be thought desirable to select a dome for
+  covering in the large space which must necessarily be left in the centre
+  of the building to suit the internal arrangements. A cheaper mode of
+  covering in this space will probably be resorted to, and the
+  Commissioners have directed that a special estimate of the cost of the
+  dome should be laid before them when the tenders are complete, in order
+  that they may judge of the propriety of sanctioning its erection.
+
+  Having offered this short explanation, they can only repeat once more the
+  assurances they have already given, that the building is not intended to
+  be permanent, and that it will be entirely removed, in accordance with
+  the conditions prescribed by the Lords of the Treasury on yielding up the
+  site, within seven months after the closing of the Exhibition, which
+  cannot be deferred after the 1st of November, and will probably take
+  place at an earlier period in the autumn of next year.
+
+  22.  Another ground of apprehension is stated to be, lest the Park should
+  be injured by the erection of the building, and the injury should
+  continue after the structure is removed. This apprehension is, however,
+  groundless; a small clump of ten trees has been allowed to be removed, in
+  compensation for which, it is proposed by the Commissioners of Woods and
+  Forests to plant another clump elsewhere. It is not intended to cut down
+  any more than that clump. As regards the surface of the ground to be
+  occupied, it will not only not be injured, but will ultimately be
+  materially improved by being drained and freshly sown with grass seed. It
+  will be a strict condition with the contractors for the building that
+  they shall, on its removal, restore the ground to its present condition.
+
+  23.  Some dissatisfaction has been expressed at the prospect of a furnace
+  being erected to heat the boiler and drive the steam-apparatus. It is
+  however, intended to construct such furnace on the principle of consuming
+  its own smoke, or to burn coke instead of coal, should that, upon the
+  whole, appear the best mode of preventing annoyance. Care will also be
+  taken not to erect any chimney of an unsightly character.
+
+  24. As regards the amount of traffic which will be occasioned by the
+  transport of materials and goods to the site, the Commissioners have been
+  furnished by the Building Committee with an approximate estimate that it
+  will not in the whole exceed the ordinary amount of three weeks' general
+  traffic of a single railway-station, and as this traffic will be spread
+  over a period of more than six months, it is manifest that its amount has
+  been enormously exaggerated by public estimation.
+
+  25.  The Queen's Ride, though in the immediate vicinity of the site, will
+  not be in any degree interfered with, except that it may be advisable to
+  rail off a strip not exceeding ten feet, or one-sixth of the whole in
+  width, for foot-passengers, in order to prevent the inconvenience of
+  crowding the space open to riding parties. By this arrangement the riders
+  will be secured from annoyance.
+
+  25 _a._ It has been said that the effect of the erection of the building
+  will be to drive the inhabitants of London out of their Parks. The
+  Commissioners think it right to draw the attention of the Lords of the
+  Treasury to the following statistics:--
+
+    The area of Hyde Park is        387 acres.
+          "     Kensington Gardens  290   "
+          "     Regent's Park       403   "
+          "     St. James's Park     83   "
+          "     Green Park           71   "
+          "     Victoria Park       160   "
+          "     Greenwich Park      174   "
+
+  making a total of 1,568 acres, while only twenty acres are proposed to be
+  taken or the purposes of this Exhibition.
+
+  26.  In conclusion, the Commissioners think it desirable to call
+  attention to the fact, that the three last Exhibitions of this nature
+  which have taken place in Paris have been held on a site (the Champs
+  Elysees) very closely corresponding to our own Hyde Park in many
+  respects, and particularly resembling it in being the most fashionable
+  and the most frequented promenade in Paris--more frequented, indeed, than
+  the particular spot selected on the present occasion has ever been, or is
+  likely to be; and yet it does not appear that the Parisians have had
+  occasion to complain of those annoyances which are now apprehended by
+  some persons in this country. And the Commissioners are informed, that
+  the Exhibition in Vienna was held in the Prado, the principal public
+  place in that city; and that the Exhibition in Berlin was held in the
+  Thiergarten, which is not only the principal public place within the
+  city, but is remarkable as being the only open Park of any sort within
+  several miles.
+
+  27.  In the foregoing observations the Commissioners have thought it
+  right to confine themselves strictly to a discussion of the practical
+  difficulties which would attend a change of site. They cannot, however,
+  but express their decided opinion, that the renouncement of the selection
+  of the most beautiful park in London for the scene of the Exhibition may
+  be looked upon as indicating a diminution of interest in the undertaking,
+  and would materially detract from that appearance of hospitality on the
+  part of England which has been one great cause for the very favourable
+  reception which this proposal has everywhere secured.
+
+  They must add, that the possibility that the bringing the Exhibition into
+  Hyde Park should be considered as an interference with the enjoyment of
+  that Park by the public has never entered their minds. They have, on the
+  contrary, always intended it as a means of recreative and intellectual
+  enjoyment for the greatest portion of her Majesty's subjects: and they
+  have hitherto had reason to believe that it has been so regarded by the
+  country in general.
+
+----
+
+
+REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSIONERS,
+
+PRESENTED TO HER MAJESTY ON THE OPENING OF THE BUILDING.
+
+The following Report, together with her Majesty's Answer, on the occasion
+of the inauguration of the building, cannot fail to be interesting as a
+brief record of the proceedings connected with this noble undertaking up to
+that period:--
+
+  "May it please your Majesty,--We, the Commissioners appointed by your
+  Majesty's royal warrant of the 3rd of January, 1850, for the promotion of
+  the Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, and subsequently
+  incorporated by your Majesty's Royal Charter of the 15th of August in the
+  same year, humbly beg leave, on the occasion of your Majesty's auspicious
+  visit at the opening of the Exhibition, to lay before you a brief
+  statement of our proceedings to the present time.
+
+  "By virtue of the authority graciously committed to us by your Majesty,
+  we have made diligent inquiry into the matters which your Majesty was
+  pleased to refer to us, namely, into the best mode of introducing the
+  productions of your Majesty's colonies and of foreign countries into this
+  kingdom, the selection of the most suitable site for the Exhibition, the
+  general conduct of the undertaking, and the proper method of determining
+  the nature of the prizes and of securing the most impartial distribution
+  of them.
+
+  "In the prosecution of these inquiries, and in the discharge of the
+  duties assigned to us by your Majesty's Royal Charter of Incorporation,
+  we have held constant meetings of our whole body, and have, moreover,
+  referred numerous questions connected with a great variety of subjects to
+  committees, composed partly of our own members and partly of individuals
+  distinguished in the several departments of science and the arts, who
+  have cordially responded to our applications for their assistance at a
+  great sacrifice of their valuable time.
+
+  "Among the earliest questions brought before us was the important one as
+  to the terms upon which articles offered for exhibition should be
+  admitted into the building. We considered that it was a main
+  characteristic of the national undertaking in which we were engaged that
+  it should depend wholly upon the voluntary contributions of the people of
+  this country for its success; and we therefore decided, without
+  hesitation, that no charge whatever should be made on the admission of
+  such goods. We considered, also, that the office of selecting the
+  articles to be sent should be intrusted in the first instance to local
+  committees, to be established in every foreign country, and in various
+  districts of your Majesty's dominions; a general power of control being
+  reserved to the Commission.
+
+  "We have now the gratification of stating that our anticipations of
+  support in this course have in all respects been fully realised. Your
+  Majesty's most gracious donation to the funds of the Exhibition was the
+  signal for voluntary contributions from all, even the humblest, classes
+  of your subjects, and the funds which have thus been placed at our
+  disposal amount at present to about 65,000_l._ Local committees, from
+  which we have uniformly received the most zealous co-operation, were
+  formed in all parts of the United Kingdom, in many of your Majesty's
+  colonies, and in the territories of the Hon. East India Company. The most
+  energetic support has also been received from the Governments of nearly
+  all the countries of the world, in most of which Commissions have been
+  appointed for the special purpose of promoting the objects of an
+  Exhibition justly characterised in your Majesty's royal warrant as an
+  Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations.
+
+  "We have also to acknowledge the great readiness with which persons of
+  all classes have come forward as exhibitors. And here again it becomes
+  our duty to return our humble thanks to your Majesty for the most
+  gracious manner in which your Majesty has condescended to associate
+  yourself with your subjects by yourself contributing some most valuable
+  and interesting articles to the Exhibition.
+
+  "The number of exhibitors whose productions it has been found possible to
+  accommodate is about 15,000, of whom nearly one-half are British. The
+  remainder represent the productions of more than forty foreign countries,
+  comprising almost the whole of the civilised nations of the globe. In
+  arranging the space to be allotted to each, we have taken into
+  consideration both the nature of its productions and the facilities of
+  access to this country afforded by its geographical position. Your
+  Majesty will find the productions of your Majesty's dominions arranged in
+  the western portion of the building, and those of foreign countries in
+  the eastern. The Exhibition is divided into the four great classes of--1,
+  Raw Materials; 2, Machinery; 3, Manufactures; and 4, Sculpture and the
+  Fine Arts. A further division has been made according to the geographical
+  position of the countries represented; those which lie within the warmer
+  latitudes being placed near the centre of the building, and the colder
+  countries at the extremities.
+
+  "Your Majesty having been graciously pleased to grant a site in this your
+  royal Park for the purposes of the Exhibition, the first column of the
+  structure now honoured by your Majesty's presence was fixed on the 26th
+  of September last. Within the short period, therefore, of seven months,
+  owing to the energy of the contractors and the active industry of the
+  workmen employed by them, a building has been erected, entirely novel in
+  its construction, covering a space of more than eighteen acres, measuring
+  1,851 feet in length, and 456 feet in extreme breadth, capable of
+  containing 40,000 visitors, and affording a frontage for the exhibition
+  of goods to the extent of more than ten miles. For the original
+  suggestion of the principle of this structure the Commissioners are
+  indebted to Mr. Joseph Paxton, to whom they feel their acknowledgments to
+  be justly due for this interesting feature of their undertaking.
+
+  "With regard to the distribution of rewards to deserving exhibitors, we
+  have decided that they should be given in the form of medals, not with
+  reference to merely individual competition, but as rewards for excellence
+  in whatever shape it may present itself. The selection of the persons to
+  be so rewarded has been intrusted to juries equally composed of British
+  subjects and of foreigners, the former having been selected by the
+  Commission from the recommendations made by the local committees, and the
+  latter by the Governments of the foreign nations the productions of which
+  are exhibited. The names of these jurors, comprising, as they do, many of
+  European celebrity, afford the best guarantee of the impartiality with
+  which the rewards will be assigned.
+
+  "It affords much gratification that, notwithstanding the magnitude of
+  this undertaking, and the great distances from which many of the articles
+  now exhibited have had to be collected, the day on which your Majesty has
+  been graciously pleased to be present at the inauguration of the
+  Exhibition is the same day that was originally named for its opening,
+  thus affording a proof of what may, under God's blessing, be accomplished
+  by goodwill and cordial co-operation among nations, aided by the means
+  that modern science has placed at our command.
+
+  "Having thus briefly laid before your Majesty the results of our labours,
+  it now only remains for us to convey to your Majesty our dutiful and
+  loyal acknowledgments of the support and encouragement which we have
+  derived throughout this extensive and laborious task from the gracious
+  favour and countenance of your Majesty. It is our heartfelt prayer that
+  this undertaking, which has for its end the promotion of all branches of
+  human industry and the strengthening of the bonds of peace and friendship
+  among all nations of the earth, may, by the blessing of Divine
+  Providence, conduce to the welfare of your Majesty's people, and be long
+  remembered among the brightest circumstances of your Majesty's peaceful
+  and happy reign."
+
+Her Majesty returned the following gracious answer:--
+
+  "I receive with the greatest satisfaction the address which you have
+  presented to me on the opening of this Exhibition.
+
+  "I have observed with a warm and increasing interest the progress of your
+  proceedings in the execution of the duties intrusted to you by the Royal
+  Commission, and it affords me sincere gratification to witness the
+  successful result of your judicious and unremitting exertions in the
+  splendid spectacle by which I am this day surrounded.
+
+  "I cordially concur with you in the prayer, that by God's blessing this
+  undertaking may conduce to the welfare of my people and to the common
+  interest of the human race, by encouraging the arts of peace and
+  industry, strengthening the bonds of union among the nations of the
+  earth, and promoting a friendly and honourable rivalry in the useful
+  exercise of those faculties which have been conferred by a beneficent
+  Providence for the good and the happiness of mankind."
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+SALISBURY, PRINTER, PRIMROSE-HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE, FLEET-STREET.
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE FOLLOWING INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT
+
+NEW BOOKS AND MAPS
+
+ARE PUBLISHED BY
+
+JAMES GILBERT, 49, PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON,
+
+Wholesale and Retail Bookseller, Publisher, and Newsvendor.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOW READY, in 200 pages, demy 18mo, with Illustrations, price, in fancy
+binding, only 1s. 6d., or post free, 2s., the SECOND EDITION,
+
+DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,
+
+GILBERT'S
+
+POPULAR NARRATIVE OF THE ORIGIN, HISTORY, PROGRESS, & PROSPECTS
+
+OF THE
+
+GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION,
+
+1851:
+
+With a Guide to the future Rules and Arrangements.
+
+BY PETER BERLYN, ESQ.
+
+
+----
+
+
+
+OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
+
+  ATHENAEUM.
+
+  "A well-written volume. A useful record of the history and progressive
+  development of the marking incident of our age and nation. Mr. Berlyn
+  was, we believe, officially employed by the Executive Committee in the
+  earlier stages of their labours; his statements, therefore, are on good
+  authority and may be relied on. The narrative is sufficiently full in its
+  details for the general public now and hereafter."
+
+
+  EXAMINER.
+
+  "This is a clever book, full of timely and interesting matter, and with
+  sufficient merit as a record of the origin and history of the Great
+  Exhibition to outlive the mere curiosity of the hour. Mr. Berlyn has had
+  official opportunities of becoming well acquainted with the subject, and
+  has not neglected them. He puts his materials together with spirit and
+  intelligence, and indulges a hopeful strain of anticipation and prophecy
+  very properly befitting his theme."
+
+
+  LITERARY GAZETTE.
+
+  "Within a small compass we have here gathered together all that is
+  interesting in connexion with the great undertaking of the present
+  year--an undertaking which must form a most important chapter in the
+  world's history. We are bound to say that the work has been judiciously
+  done, and the result is a very satisfactory review of all that has been
+  effected in the way of Industrial Exhibitions up to the present time."
+
+
+  MORNING CHRONICLE.
+
+  "GILBERT'S POPULAR NARRATIVE OF THE EXHIBITION.--With this title a small
+  work has just been published, written by Mr. Peter Berlyn, from authentic
+  and official sources, tracing the origin, history, and progress, and
+  pointing to the prospects, of the Great Exhibition. The author has
+  carefully avoided all speculation and gossip on the subject, and has
+  applied himself with very considerable ability to the statement and
+  elucidation of all those facts, derived from authentic records, which
+  bear upon the progress of this most important national movement. Many
+  interesting facts are stated in connexion with the previous expositions
+  which have taken place on the Continent and in this country, and the
+  difficulties with which, upon its first announcement, the present
+  undertaking had to contend, and the means by which the Executive were
+  enabled to overcome them, are clearly and consecutively stated. The work
+  also contains some valuable statistical and other information connected
+  with the building, and copies of the most recent of the regulations
+  issued by the Executive. We would cordially recommend this very
+  interesting work."
+
+
+  EXPOSITOR.
+
+  "The volume before us has fair claim to its title of a Narrative of the
+  Exhibition. It commences with an account of such British and foreign
+  exhibitions as may be supposed to have led to the idea of the great
+  international show of industry to be held in the present year. The work
+  also contains a complete account of how the world's industrial products
+  have come to be housed in the present building; gives all the rules and
+  orders of the Commissioners and Executive Committee; special instructions
+  to colonial and foreign exhibitors and Custom-house authorities; names of
+  authorised agents for foreign countries; Custom-house agents recommended
+  by the Royal Commissioners; and such other information as renders it a
+  really useful volume of practical information to all exhibitors and
+  visitors at the Exhibition."
+
+
+  SUN.
+
+  "Within the compass of an elegant pocket-volume the author of the present
+  narrative has contrived to furnish his readers with a very copious
+  history of the origin, progress, and prospects of the Great Exhibition.
+  Throughout the work he has written with an especial regard at once to
+  simplicity and perspicuity, so that we rest satisfied his labours will
+  prove eminently successful, the book being incontestibly _the_ narrative
+  of the Great Industrial Exposition. Beginning with all the preliminary
+  particulars, which are absolutely essential for the comprehension of the
+  entire scheme of the Prince Consort, the narrative describes very lucidly
+  the growth of the first crude idea to its present gigantic dimensions.
+  The share taken in the project by the Society of Arts is duly celebrated,
+  and the influence of the successive expositions of French industry
+  especially notified. The volume is altogether a very clever and most
+  complete work."
+
+
+  WEEKLY DISPATCH.
+
+  "Works upon the above subject will become highly popular from the very
+  necessity of the case; and consequently that which the public must
+  chiefly look for amidst all the competition that will ensue will be
+  correctness and compactness combined with economy. Mr. Peter Berlyn's
+  book combines every requisite information regarding the Exhibition from
+  first to last. Its clever compilation, tasteful form, quantity and
+  variety of information, and the dependance that may be placed upon it for
+  correctness, combine with its early appearance to render it one of the
+  most valuable hand-books that are likely to be generally used."
+
+
+  ART JOURNAL.
+
+  "A very useful and sound history of the rise and progress of the Great
+  International Exhibition of 1851, in which the first movements towards it
+  are carefully and ably detailed; and a very good analysis is given of all
+  preceding industrial exhibitions, at home and abroad, as well as a large
+  amount of information connected with the construction of the building
+  itself, and abstracts of official documents connected with the entire
+  movement. The author has done justice to the efforts which have been made
+  to interest the English manufacturer, and stimulate him in his artistic
+  endeavours; and we feel bound to acknowledge his courteous notice of the
+  exertions made by 'The Art Journal' in helping forward its consummation
+  in 1851."
+
+
+  LEADER.
+
+  "For those who wish to know all about the rise and progress of the Great
+  Exhibition and its Crystal Palace this neat hand-book is the very thing.
+  Mr. Berlyn has performed his task with laudable industry. He has drawn
+  together and arranged a large amount of scattered information regarding
+  the Exhibition in a pleasant form. As an elegant and trustworthy
+  hand-book, the narrative deserves to be popular."
+
+
+  OBSERVER.
+
+  "This neat volume gives a history of previous Exhibitions--some on small,
+  some on large scales--that have taken place in divers parts of Europe of
+  late years. It then points out the precise origin of the Exhibition of
+  all Nations, snowing the share his Royal Highness Prince Albert had in
+  it; its history and progress are thus minutely detailed, and its
+  prospects are foreshadowed without exaggeration. We cordially recommend
+  it as a pocket-companion necessary to all those who have not as yet
+  mastered the chief facts connected with the erection of the Palace of
+  Industry."
+
+
+  JOHN BULL.
+
+  "An able and complete history of the scheme, which we have all to accept
+  as _un fait accompli_, and a useful guide to the transparent mazes of the
+  Crystal Palace."
+
+
+  WEEKLY NEWS.
+
+  "Of the works already published, and professing to treat of this gigantic
+  undertaking in its national, social, scientific, and artistic light, we
+  have not met with one so completely pervaded by a spirit of universality
+  as this book of Mr. Berlyn's. In matters of detail and relation his
+  narrative is explicit and lucid; where he has touched on the history of
+  an art or a manufacture he is correct in his data; and in tracing the
+  Exhibition to its true source he has displayed a highly philosophical
+  insight into the spirit of the age. Within the pages of his book will be
+  found a faithful record of the most important meetings of the Royal
+  Commissioners, as well as those convened by the corporations of cities,
+  by societies, or by private individuals, for the furtherance of the great
+  work in hand. To these is appended a verbatim report of the speeches
+  delivered at these meetings by the distinguished men who were invited to
+  preside over them; and the enlightened, liberal, and hopeful spirit which
+  pervades their addresses forms a cheerful contrast to the ominous
+  predictions of certain political and theological fanatics. After a full
+  discussion of what may be termed the _business_ portion of the subject,
+  Mr. Berlyn closes his excellent little book with a brief but eloquent and
+  comprehensive consideration of the beneficial results which are likely to
+  accrue from this great national undertaking, not only to ourselves but
+  mankind in general. The entire absence of partiality or prejudice
+  throughout the book, and the very interesting information contained in it
+  for all matters directly or indirectly connected with the Exhibition,
+  induce us to recommend the author to publish editions of it in the French
+  and German languages. By this means he would be conferring a boon on our
+  country's guests."
+
+
+  LADY'S NEWSPAPER.
+
+  "Mr. Peter Berlyn has produced a well arranged, clear, and concise hand
+  book to this wonder of the world, in which he traces its origin,
+  progress, and prospects, in a pleasing and interesting manner. This must
+  have been a most difficult task, as the materials out of which he has
+  formed his narrative are so widely scattered that it requires some one
+  who perfectly and profoundly understands the subject (as we are convinced
+  Mr. Berlyn does) to collect and arrange them in so satisfactory a manner.
+  The ladies also will hail this work with pleasure, because, though
+  containing every information on the subject, it is at the same time
+  light, interesting, and infinitely superior to the dry and prosy style
+  usually adopted in similar works. It is tastefully illustrated, has an
+  elegant fancy binding, and forms a guide-book either for the library or
+  the pocket."
+
+
+  NOTES AND QUERIES.
+
+  "A volume carefully compiled from authentic sources of information upon
+  the several points set forth in its ample title page."
+
+
+  GARDENER AND FARMERS' JOURNAL.
+
+  "We do not go out of our province as horticultural journalists in
+  noticing a work recently issued by Mr. Gilbert, of Paternoster-row. Our
+  friends in the provinces will do well to study beforehand as many of the
+  probable incidents of their trip as possible; and, though innumerable
+  prints and tabular descriptions of the Exhibition Building have been
+  issued, we have not had anything before like a connected history of the
+  great project itself. The work before us is called 'A Popular Narrative
+  of the Origin, History, Progress, and Prospects of the Great Exhibition
+  of 1851; and we think the author, Mr. Berlyn, has treated his subject in
+  perfect accordance with the title. More than this it is quite unnecessary
+  to say as to the merits of the work; but we may just notice that the
+  'getting-up' has evidently been intrusted to careful hands. The binding
+  is neat and tasteful, and, besides a ground-plan, a perspective view of
+  the building is given."
+
+
+  MINING JOURNAL.
+
+  "This volume, which unostentatiously treats on the highly interesting
+  subjects indicated in the title, is based on records of unimpeachable
+  value. All speculation has been wisely avoided, and its pages present an
+  unvarnished history of one of the most extraordinary undertakings of
+  which the history of the world can boast; extraordinary in the fact of
+  the people of this little island challenging the people of the universe
+  to meet on its shores with specimens of their several productions of
+  industry; and extraordinary in the magnitude, decidedly novel, and
+  inconceivably rapid erection of the building for their reception. The
+  history of every similar exhibition is traced back to its source; those
+  of Manchester, Birmingham, London, and France are minutely recorded; the
+  growing interest which followed every subsequent exposition statistically
+  described, and every detail connected with the Royal Commission, the
+  arrangements, the building, future rules, throughout a space of 200
+  pages, and finishing with a list of the local committees, conveys a vivid
+  and correct picture of this vast national undertaking."
+
+
+  CHURCH AND STATE GAZETTE.
+
+  "A work that was wanted. It puts the public in full possession of every
+  iota of intelligence in connexion with the Great Exhibition worth having,
+  and has some very sensible remarks on the prospects of home exhibitors,
+  especially at the forthcoming display. It is indispensable to all
+  interested in the subject."
+
+
+  GUARDIAN.
+
+  "'A Popular Narrative of the Great Exhibition' was really needed,
+  explaining its whole history from its first conception in the Prince
+  Consort's brain, and Mr. Berlyn's book has amply supplied the need. It is
+  a very smart volume, and the writer is duly impressed with the grandeur
+  of his theme."
+
+
+  LEIGH HUNT'S JOURNAL.
+
+  "We can hardly speak too highly of this elegant and useful volume. Mr.
+  Berlyn has done his part admirably, and the publisher has seconded him in
+  the business department no less satisfactorily. All the floating and
+  disconnected accounts that have hitherto been brought before the public
+  from time to time are here collected and arranged in a very popular and
+  lucid manner, while a mass of fresh information, entirely new and
+  authentic, renders this book the only complete compendium of the
+  Exhibition in all its bearings. The history of its origin is written with
+  a graphic power and a narrative vigour very surprising on such a subject.
+  You are carried along with as much interest as if reading a work of
+  fiction. The contents fully justify the ample title, and in that tact
+  lies more of eulogy than columns of praise could say."
+
+
+  THE EVENING EXPRESS.
+
+  "A neatly-printed volume on the History of the Exhibition; containing a
+  careful digest of all the documents which the Commissioners have issued."
+
+
+  THE TABLET.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn's book is an elegant volume by way of a guide to the Crystal
+  Palace. It contains a well-condensed summary on everything connected with
+  the subject of the Exhibition."
+
+
+  MORNING ADVERTISER.
+
+  "A gaily-boarded volume, nattily emblazoned on the outside with colours,
+  with a tinted frontispiece of the Glass House from the same familiar
+  aspect. It is dedicated to Prince Albert, and contains an elaborate
+  introduction, in which the by-past expositions of Paris, Birmingham,
+  Manchester, Dublin, &c. are duly noticed. It is as a whole a neat mode of
+  preserving all the 'printed gossip,' as well as weightier reports of
+  Commissioners, relating to the preparations of the shell of the
+  Exhibition."
+
+
+  MARK-LANE EXPRESS.
+
+  "A most interesting record of the history and opinions as to the probable
+  results of the World's Fair, to be held in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park.
+  The author has condensed into a most readable work every transaction
+  which has given rise to this exhibition of the choice products of the
+  world."
+
+
+  THE BUILDER.
+
+  "This book gives, in a concise and agreeable manner, a narrative of the
+  progress of the scheme towards fruition, and an account of the building.
+  The account is put together pleasantly, and makes a pretty book."
+
+
+  CHRISTIAN TIMES.
+
+  "A valuable and elegant introduction to the Great Industrial Exhibition.
+  It contains much useful information, lucidly and carefully arranged."
+
+
+  NORTHERN STAR.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn's book is all it professes to be. It contains an ample and
+  popular narrative of the circumstances connected with the conception and
+  ultimate realisation or the idea; and incidentally throws much light upon
+  the progress and effects of similar exhibitions abroad. The author
+  deserves the greatest credit for the lively, interesting, and accurate
+  manner in which he has recorded all the leading events connected with the
+  Exhibition. In doing this we are happy to perceive also that he has the
+  manliness to do justice to those who first introduced the idea of such
+  Exhibitions into this country, and who had to struggle with all the
+  difficulties which usually dog the footsteps of innovators and inventors.
+  The first exhibitions had to encounter prejudice and apathy, and the
+  funds for carrying them out were comparatively small, and difficult to be
+  procured; they had not the _prestige_ of princely and titled names, to
+  give them acceptance with the vulgar herd, who eagerly copy the fashion
+  set by the great. They were the production of a pure love of art, and
+  science, and industry, and a desire to promote the improvement of public
+  taste and skill. One of the first promoters 'of the plan of National
+  Expositions, similar to those on the Continent,' was Mr. George Wallis,
+  formerly master of the Manchester School of Design; of whose exertions
+  Mr. Berlyn makes honourable mention. It is exceedingly interesting to
+  have presented at one view the gradual expansion of the original idea,
+  through a succession of varied phases, to its ultimate development as an
+  Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations. It appears clear that Prince
+  Albert is entitled to the merit of giving it this cosmopolitan character;
+  other exhibitions have always been either local, provincial, or national.
+  The idea of making that of 1851 universal is due to the Prince Consort
+  alone. The circumstances under which Mr. Paxton conceived the idea of the
+  structure which now attracts the admiration of every beholder, in Hyde
+  Park, read more like a sketch of the imagination than a sober reality;
+  and the almost incredible rapidity with which the plan has been
+  translated into a great fact is one of the proudest testimonies that can
+  be borne to the industrial resources, skill and enterprise of this
+  country. Of all the marvels that will be exhibited at the World's Fair
+  next May, none will be so marvellous as the structure in which they are
+  collected; and we confidently commend Mr. Berlyn's book as an agreeable
+  companion and guide to every visitor, as well as a record of the growth
+  of the Exhibition, well deserving of preservation on account of its
+  intrinsic merits and historical value."
+
+
+  MANCHESTER EXAMINER AND TIMES.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn (whom many of our readers will remember as an active and
+  earnest promoter of the interests of our Athenaeum, in his character of
+  honorary secretary to that institution), having held an official
+  situation in connexion with the Royal Commission for carrying out the
+  business detail of the intended Exhibition, finds means to present us
+  with an extremely able and instructive volume. His narrative is cleverly
+  written, and affords ample information of the origin and progress of a
+  movement which has already acquired a world-wide fame. The gradual
+  advance of public opinion and feeling in reference to the study of art,
+  and to the more general cultivation of a love for the ideal and the
+  beautiful among the people, are care fully traced, and we have every
+  reason to believe that credit is justly given to the humble but earnest
+  workers in the cause."
+
+
+  LEEDS MERCURY.
+
+  "A popular narrative of the origin, history, progress, and prospects of
+  the Great Exhibition, with a guide to the future rules and arrangements,
+  by Peter Berlyn, has just been published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row.
+  It is a very able and useful volume, beautifully got up, and at a cheap
+  rate."
+
+
+  LEEDS TIMES.
+
+  "Mr. Berlyn's book supplies a _desideratum_. It is the first attempt, so
+  far as we know, to give a consecutive narrative of the circumstances
+  which have given birth to the great design, whose realisation is to
+  illustrate the history of the present year. He has done his work well.
+  The narrative is entirely derived from authentic and official sources, to
+  which Mr. Berlyn, from his connexion with the undertaking, had peculiar
+  opportunities of access. The author regards the Exhibition, not as a
+  sudden individual thought, but as the natural result of certain
+  industrial ideas and tendencies which have been gradually developing
+  themselves during several years; and this view leads him to trace the
+  history of various prior exhibitions on a minor scale in this country,
+  such as the polytechnic exhibitions in different towns, and the
+  exhibitions of art and manufactures which have taken place, many years,
+  in Manchester, Birmingham, and the metropolis. The proceedings more
+  immediately connected with the great World's Exhibition now in
+  preparation are then related from the commencement, and in a manner at
+  once concise and complete. Finally, we have a full account of the rules
+  and regulations determined on for the conduct of this remarkable
+  undertaking. The volume contains several excellent illustrations, is
+  tastefully bound, and in a portable form."
+
+
+  LIVERPOOL COURIER.
+
+  "This is an exceedingly interesting and useful book. It has been got up
+  as a hand-book for the visitors to the Great Exhibition, but its object
+  is more to give a condensed account of the history of the event than to
+  serve as a guide within the building. The writer, who treats his subject
+  most clearly and ably, enters into a brief narrative of all that has been
+  hitherto done, in this and other countries, to foster national taste in
+  connexion with these public displays. In our own countries he goes on, at
+  length, into an investigation of what may be termed the initiatory
+  exhibition lately held at Birmingham, and which, in its results, far
+  exceeded the expectations of its founders. He also gives a concise
+  history of the proceedings relative to the 'Palace of Glass,' from the
+  time that its erection was a dreamy idea until it rose in its gigantic
+  transparency to astonish the world."
+
+
+  LIVERPOOL ALBION.
+
+  "This is a book for the times and to the purpose. Its title-page tells
+  with what object it has been written, and is well borne out by its
+  contents. When we open it we find a concise and faithful account of the
+  causes and progress of the world's gathering which is just upon us. In
+  preparing his volume the author has taken care to avoid all 'culling of
+  simples,' and to give only such information as may be depended upon, and
+  which possesses more than ephemeral interest. It abounds also, in
+  practical suggestions and philosophical observations. We will only say
+  further that the publisher, although he does not puff the work by talking
+  of giving it away, certainly comes as near as possible to that point in
+  the price which he has fixed upon it. We can safely recommend it."
+
+
+  BIRMINGHAM JOURNAL.
+
+  "A cleverly-written and carefully-condensed little volume, containing all
+  that has been done, and much that should be known, respecting the great
+  event of the year. The author culls with great judgment from the
+  addresses delivered at various meetings held throughout the country; the
+  regulations issued by the Executive Committee are also introduced.
+  Altogether, a more complete record, within the same amount of space, it
+  would be impossible to find; it confers great credit upon the writer, who
+  in addition is evidently an enthusiast in the work about which he writes
+  so well."
+
+
+  LEICESTERSHIRE MERCURY.
+
+  "This volume should be in the hands of all who take an interest in the
+  great event of this _annus mirabilis_, 1851. What it promises in the
+  title-page it performs in those which follow. It contains an accurate and
+  deeply interesting record of the causes and progress of the preparation
+  for that gathering of the nations of the earth which we are about to
+  witness, and chronicles all the official information on the subject which
+  is worth preserving. The practical suggestions and observations to be
+  found in it are greatly to the credit of the writer. We must also give
+  our praise to the publisher, Mr. Gilbert, for the manner in which he has
+  brought it out, and the low price at which he offers it to the buyer."
+
+
+  LIVERPOOL TIMES.
+
+  "Of course we are already deluged with hand-books, guide-books, &c., to
+  the Exhibition. Such little works, properly compiled, will not only be
+  interesting, but absolutely serviceable, to the country visitor. We have
+  had oceans sent to us, varying in price as in truthfulness and English
+  grammar. The best we have seen is a 'Popular Narrative of the
+  Exhibition,' by Peter Berlyn, published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row; a
+  book distinguished not only by correctness and labour, but also by very
+  considerable literary merit."
+
+
+  LINCOLNSHIRE TIMES.
+
+  "What the flower-garden is to the bees, attracting them to gather honey
+  from its sweets, the Grand Exhibition has been to many a candidate
+  anxious to take his place in the ranks of authorship. The book before us
+  is one of the proofs of its stimulating powers. It fully and ably
+  accomplishes all which the title-page leads us to expect, setting forth
+  the causes and progress of that wondrous festival of industry at which
+  the world is to meet in Britannia's Crystal Palace. The information which
+  it contains may be relied upon as derived from the best sources; the
+  practical suggestions are valuable; and the observations are penned in a
+  highly philosophical spirit. We can safely recommend the work to our
+  readers, and we are quite certain that everybody who buys it will be
+  satisfied that his money has been well laid out. We speak not from our
+  own authority only, but have our verdict backed by the opinion of persons
+  competent to pronounce upon the merits of the volume before us."
+
+
+  INVERNESS COURIER.
+
+  "This little volume has a merit which belongs to but few books published
+  in the present age. It is wanted. There has no doubt been a great deal
+  written on the subject of which it treats, as well as a great deal
+  spoken; but till now we have had only scattered and almost inaccessible
+  information on the one hand, or mere catchpenny pamphlets on the other.
+  Mr. Berlyn's excellence is, that he is honest; that his work fulfils the
+  promise of its title-page. Officially connected from its outset with the
+  great scheme which he describes, he has enjoyed peculiar facilities for
+  this task, has known where to look for materials, and been able to judge
+  of their relative usefulness and importance. Of these opportunities he
+  has diligently availed himself, and the result is to be seen in the
+  elegant book before us. Simple and popular in style, it is comprehensive
+  and instructive in its contents; we therefore recommend it."
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Beautifully printed in 8vo, price only 7s. 6d., or postage free, 8s. 6d.,
+Illustrated by Eighty very splendid Pictures, engraved by George Measom,_
+
+DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,
+
+GILBERT'S DESCRIPTION
+
+OF THE
+
+CRYSTAL PALACE,
+
+Its Architectural History and Constructive Marvels.
+
+BY PETER BERLYN & CHARLES FOWLER, JUN., ESQRS.
+
+The Engravings will depict the various peculiarities and novelties of this
+wonderful Building as well as the Machinery, &c., used in its construction.
+The combined efforts of the Proprietor, as well as the Authors and Artists,
+are to produce a work worthy to be purchased and preserved by every visitor
+to the Great Exhibition.
+
+
+----
+
+
+GILBERT'S
+
+VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP OF LONDON,
+
+DRAWN ON A NEW PRINCIPLE,
+
+HAVING IN VIEW THE DEPICTING OF THE PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS OF THE
+METROPOLIS,
+
+_With Illustrations of its most Important Buildings and Sights,_
+
+Engraved on their exact Localities.
+
+This novel Map will be found an interesting, intellectual, and practical
+guide to all Visitors who may wish to proceed readily to the more Important
+Sights and Attractions of London. The price, in sheet, coloured, with
+Letter-press Keys and References, is 1s. 6d.; or in Case for the pocket,
+2s.; postage free, 3s.
+
+
+----
+
+
+GILBERT'S
+
+GUIDE TO THE STREETS OF LONDON,
+
+AS A COMPANION TO THE "VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP."
+
+WITH FIVE THOUSAND REFERENCES;
+
+Frontispiece and Tables of Cab Fares; the Rules and Laws relative to
+Metropolitan Conveyances; and Explanations in four Languages--to enable the
+Visitor to find his own way throughout the length and breadth of the
+Metropolis.--Price 6d; or postage free, 1s.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Price 1s. 6d., or 2s. bound; postage free, 6d. extra,_
+
+GILBERT'S GUIDE TO LONDON,
+
+WITH MAP, &C.
+
+This original work, which has long been in full preparation for
+publication, is especially intended as a useful and indispensable pocket
+companion to every visitor to the Metropolis during the Great Exhibition of
+1851.
+
+*** Separate Editions of the book issued in the French and German
+Languages, price 6d. each extra.
+
+
+----
+
+
+  "Contains much useful information for residents as well as visitors. It
+  has also a good Map, and is very moderate in price."--_English
+  Churchman._
+
+  "A very useful companion throughout the streets and sights of
+  London."--_Lady's News._
+
+  "The distinguishing excellences of this guide are, that it is cheap, and
+  that it is written especially for the benefit of the visitors to London
+  during the Great Exhibition."--_Standard of Freedom._
+
+  "A publication prompted by the Great Exhibition: it is a plain and
+  business-like affair, giving a good deal of information upon various
+  subjects connected with the comfort of visitors, as well as directions
+  for sight-seeing."--_Spectator._
+
+  "This hand-book contains the most complete information connected with the
+  localities, customs, public buildings, amusements, and resources of the
+  capital city of this kingdom; and for travellers or foreigners we say it
+  is an indispensable work, if they desire to possess an accurate knowledge
+  of London during their visit to the Great Exhibition."--_Mark-lane
+  Express._
+
+  "Unquestionably the most useful little work of its sort we have met with.
+  It abounds with accurate, ample, and valuable information respecting
+  London and its suburbs. We know of no more interesting or cheaper
+  publication."--_Catholic Standard._
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Price, on a large sheet, only 6d.; in case, 1s. 6d.; or on roller,
+varnished, 3s. 6d.,_
+
+GILBERT'S KEY TO LONDON,
+
+ON ONE LARGE SHEET;
+
+Containing particulars of its Palaces, Public Buildings, Religious
+Edifices, Hospitals, Inns of Court, Parks, Gardens, Bridges, Museums,
+Literary Institutions, Theatres, Public Amusements, Exhibitions, Cab Fares,
+Railway Stations, Ambassadors, Bankers, Hotels, Docks, Arcades, Private
+Galleries, Curiosities, Churches and Chapels, Cab, Omnibus, and Coach Rules
+and Laws, Omnibus Routes, Environs, Post-offices, Steamers, Foreign Money
+Tables, &c.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Price, coloured and mounted in cloth case for the pocket, only 1s.; or
+paper case, 6d.; in sheet, 4d._
+
+GILBERT'S MAP OF LONDON,
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,
+
+WITH A KEY TO THE STREETS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN 1851.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Just Published, size of the Engraving 18 inches by 10, printed on paper,
+size 21 inches by 14-1/2,_
+
+GILBERT'S NEW PICTORIAL VIEW
+
+OF THE
+
+CRYSTAL PALACE,
+
+FOR THE
+
+GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION, 1851.
+
+With several Hundred Scenic and Characteristic Figures, beautifully and
+accurately Drawn from the Official Documents,
+
+BY JOSEPH PAXTON, ESQ., F.L.S.
+
+_With Statistical Details in English, French, and German._
+
+
+----
+
+
+The exciting interest which the Exhibition creates throughout the world,
+has prompted the production of this carefully-executed, large, and
+beautiful Illustration of the Exhibition Building. It is got up in
+first-rate style, printed on the best paper, and published at the low price
+of SIXPENCE; or coloured, ONE SHILLING. The special object of its combined
+beauty and cheapness is not only to command sale in the United Kingdom, but
+to induce our Merchants, Manufacturers, and all interested in this glorious
+Institution to send this Illustration of the Building to every part of the
+world. It may also be had in a neat gilt frame and glazed, price only 5s.;
+or stretched on a frame and varnished, price 3s. Either of these two can
+also be had packed in a deal box for transit by railway, or other
+conveyance, at 1s. extra; or the 6d. and 1s. 6d. editions packed on roller,
+for transit by post free, at 8d. each extra.
+
+
+----
+
+
+GILBERT'S EXHIBITION LETTER-PAPER,
+
+4to post size, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the
+Building printed in tints. Price 2s. per quire, or 34s. per ream.
+
+
+GILBERT'S EXHIBITION NOTE-PAPER,
+
+8vo post, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the
+Building. Price 1s. 6d. per quire, or 21s. per ream.
+
+
+GILBERT'S EXHIBITION CARD,
+
+With a View of the Building. Price One Penny. Size, 4-1/2 inches by 3.
+
+
+GILBERT'S LARGE EXHIBITION CARD,
+
+With a View of the Building. Price Twopence. Size, 7 inches by 4-1/2.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Just Published, in Thirty-Six Sheets, of different Subjects, at the
+extremely low price affixed,_
+
+JERRARD'S
+
+COLOURED PICTURES
+
+OF
+
+GROUPS AND BOUQUETS OF
+
+FLOWERS, FRUITS, BIRDS, LANDSCAPES,
+
+&c. &c.
+
+
+----
+
+
+These beautiful Pictures are on folio-sized drawing-paper, and produced in
+the first-rate style, being most beautiful and successful imitations of
+Original Drawings. They are admirably adapted for framing; would also form
+a tasteful ornament to Ladies' Portfolios, or as patterns for Drawing in
+colours.
+
+
+----
+
+
+  Sheet 1, price only 2s.--Fruit: Peaches, Purple Grapes, Green Grapes.
+  Flowers: Moss Rose, Campanula (Canterbury-bell), Wallflower, Convolvulus.
+  Sheet 2, price 1s. 6d.--Poppy, Ranunculus, Paeonia, Hollyhock,
+      Convolvulus, Anagallis, Rosebud.
+  Sheet 3, price 1s. 6d.--White Rose, Red Rose, Anemone, Single Dahlia,
+      Cineraria, Nastertium, Auricula, Veronica.
+  Sheet 4, price 1s. 6d.--Passion Flower, Rose, Tulip, Geranium, Pinks,
+      Convolvulus.
+  Sheet 5, price 1s. 6d.--Anemone, Petunia, Mountain Aster, Heartsease,
+      Viola Tricolor, Anagallis.
+  Sheet 6, price 1s. 6d.--White Lilies, Tiger Lily, Tulip, White Fuschia.
+
+  Sheet 7, price 2s.--Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pineapple, Purple Grapes, Green
+      Grapes, Egg Plum, Red Currants, White Currants.
+  Flowers: Rose, Convolvulus.
+  Sheet 8, price 2s.--Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pear, Plums, Red Grapes, Green
+      Grapes.
+  Flowers: Lilium Lancifolium, Picotee, Fuschia, Scarlet Geranium, Marigold
+      Sonicera.
+  Sheet 9, price 1s. 6d.--Ipomaea Horsfallii, Ipomaea Rubro-caerulea.
+  Sheet 10, price 1s. 6d.--Hibiscus Splendens.
+  Sheet 11, price 1s. 6d.--Ipomaea.
+  Sheet 12, price 1s. 6d.--Yellow Hibiscus.
+
+  Sheet 13, price 2s.--Fruit: Peaches, Plums, Red Grapes, White Currants.
+  Flowers: Convolvulus Major, White Rose, Heartsease, Fumaria Anagallis.
+  Sheet 14, price 1s. 6d.--Noisette Rose.
+  Sheet 15, price 1s. 6d.--Orange Lily, Geranium, White Pink, Mule Pink,
+      Petunia, China Aster, Yellow Mallow, Anagallis, Malvi, Primula,
+      Mouse-ear, Tropaeolum.
+  Sheet 16, price 1s. 6d.--Anemones, Tulip, Jonquil, Aster, Marigold,
+      Semi-double Rose, Yellow Rose, Convolvulus Minor, Auricula,
+      Nastertium, White Rose.
+  Sheet 17, price 2s.--Fruit: Melon, Pomegranate.
+  Flowers: Tulip, Honeysuckle, Lily of the Valley.
+  Sheet 18, price 1s. 6d.--Pinks, Carnations.
+
+  Sheet 19, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Bullfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.
+  Sheet 20, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Greenfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.
+  Sheet 21, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Goldfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.
+  Sheet 22, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Titmouse on the Stump of a Tree.
+  Sheet 23, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Redstarts, with Nest, Eggs, and
+      Flowers.
+  Sheet 24, price 1s. 6d.--A pair of Chaffinches, with Nest, Eggs, and
+      Flowers.
+
+  Sheet 25, price 1s. 6d.--A View of the Castle of Chillon, Lake of Geneva.
+  Sheet 26, price 1s. 6d.--A View of Tintern Abbey.
+  Sheet 27, price 1s. 6d.--View of Caerphilli Castle and Vale.
+  Sheet 28, price 1s. 6d.--View of Snowdon from the Valley of Dolydellan.
+  Sheet 29, price 1s. 6d.--View of Llangollen, Castle Dinas-Bran.
+  Sheet 30, price 1s. 6d.--View of Fountain, St. Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln.
+
+
+
+----
+
+
+It must be distinctly observed that the whole of the above are in full
+colours, and most successful imitations of original drawings, the price of
+each sheet being also fixed at extremely low prices. A variety of other
+sheets are in active preparation.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STEREOTYPED EDITION.
+
+_The 53rd Thousand, price only 1s. sewed, or 1s. 6d. bound (postage free,
+4d. extra)_,
+
+With a very useful steel-plate Genealogical Chart of the Sovereigns of
+England,
+
+OUTLINES OF ENGLISH HISTORY,
+
+WITH INTERESTING
+
+Remarks on Manners, Customs, Arts, Dresses, &c.
+
+BY HENRY INCE, M.A.
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** In consequence of the rapidly extended sale and approval of this Work,
+every page of the present Edition has been carefully enlarged and much
+improved. By a judicious enlargement of the width and length of the page,
+one-third more letter-press is introduced without any increase of price.
+
+----
+
+
+  "In the system of Education sufficient regard is not always paid to
+  impressing on the pupil's mind the leading points in a branch of study.
+  His memory is confused with a too great variety of details. This manual
+  of Mr. Ince's is well calculated to counteract this defective method, by
+  affording a well-digested outline, which should be carefully committed to
+  memory, and afterwards filled up by means of oral instruction or
+  reference to larger works. Lively chapters of historical memoranda, and
+  brief sketches of manners and customs, are appropriately introduced. We
+  can cordially recommend this well-digested manual."--_Sharpe's Magazine._
+
+  "A neat and accurate compendium, and written with perspicuity. The events
+  of each reign are arranged under different heads, so as to give at a
+  glance a comprehensive view of the whole."--_Athenaeum._
+
+  "A new edition, with improvements. It is a little 'Rapin' in its way, a
+  history condensed into a nutshell; and we feel assured will, with its
+  companion works, form the future text-books of the young of both sexes.
+  Works intended for the mental culture of the young are sure to meet our
+  approval when properly deserving it; and in the present instance we feel
+  inclined to extend the usual limit of our remarks in favour of the lucid
+  and well-arranged books which Mr. Ince has issued for the rising
+  generation. We could not forbear a smile, on glancing over their
+  contents, at the recollection of the sundry fat quartos and huge folios
+  through which in boyhood we were obliged to wade for the acquirement of a
+  less amount of information than is here presented within the space of one
+  hundred pages."--_The Mirror._
+
+  "Well-digested and useful outlines of our History, and deserves to be a
+  standard educational work."--_Eclectic Review._
+
+  "Superior to anything of the kind; here is a clear and comprehensive
+  outline of the whole History of England. We cordially recommend
+  it."--_Wesley Banner._
+
+  "The leading points are clearly traced, and adapted for easy transmission
+  to the mind."--_Mark-lane Express._
+
+  "A valuable addition to those books specially designed for
+  education."--_Bell's Messenger._
+
+  "These 'Outlines' are particularly well done."--_Bankers Magazine._
+
+  "A good compendium; it contains the essence of very many volumes, serving
+  not only as helps for the education of youth, but as refreshers to the
+  memory to those who are old."--_Sunday School Magazine._
+
+  "This book is not undeserving of the popularity it has obtained: it is
+  full of information, and contains the substance of more knowledge of the
+  social progress, manners, and customs of our ancestors than many works of
+  far larger pretensions."--_The third review of the Athenaeum._
+
+  "A great deal of information in a small compass, and the author has
+  availed himself of the latest authorities. We prefer the form of Outlines
+  to Catechisms. It contributes to the formation of more logical views,
+  both by the teacher and scholar. Catechisms are the school-books of
+  parrots."--_Spectator._
+
+  "Both the plan and style are perspicuous; it is admirably adapted for
+  what it is intended."--_The Times._
+
+  "Contains a vast amount of interesting and useful knowledge, and
+  admirably adapted as helps to parents and teachers of youth."--_Tait's
+  Magazine._
+
+  "A well-digested little book."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+  "A very useful book for the instruction of youth, being a complete
+  _resume_ of the whole History of England."--_Metropolitan._
+
+  "Well adapted for the education of the young."--_New Monthly Magazine._
+
+  "The brief statements of the principal events of each Sovereign's reign
+  are neat and succinct."--_The Economist._
+
+  "An improved edition of Mr. Ince's very useful book."--_The Rambler._
+
+  "Ince's 'Outlines' is a very excellent book to put into the learner's
+  hands: it is clear and well-arranged."--_Author's Institute Circular._
+
+
+----
+
+
+_In 18mo, price 1s., 1s. 6d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra)_,
+
+THE SIXTH EDITION OF
+
+OUTLINES OF FRENCH HISTORY,
+
+WITH NOTICES OF
+
+THE MANNERS, CUSTOMS, ARTS, ETC., OF THE DIFFERENT PERIODS.
+
+BY HENRY INCE, M.A.
+
+  "It affords a very pleasing view of the whole History of France. The
+  author being gifted with a philosophical mind and a classical taste, the
+  subjects, though treated in a detached, are far from being treated in a
+  dry and unentertaining manner."--_The Times._
+
+  "It is embellished with some capital engravings, and abounds in the
+  narration of those romantic events which form the groundwork of so many
+  delightful works."--_The Mirror._
+
+  "Mr. Ince is not of those men who speak much without saying anything; he
+  says much in a few words."--_French Paper._
+
+  "A very useful educational work."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Price 1s. sewed, or 1s. 4d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra), the Eleventh
+Thousand of_
+
+OUTLINES
+
+OF
+
+GENERAL KNOWLEDGE.
+
+By Henry Ince, M.A.
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** This Edition has been very much extended and improved; by an
+enlargement of the size of the page, and careful arrangement of the type, a
+very great quantity of highly valuable information has been added.
+
+
+----
+
+
+  "The 'Outlines of General Knowledge' embrace a great variety of facts
+  connected with the natural sciences. Even the names of all the divisions
+  into which the moderns have classified knowledge fill no inconsiderable
+  space. Add to them the names and height of mountains, and names and
+  length of rivers, the names of constellations, the names of the chemical
+  elements, the amount of population of the different kingdoms of the
+  world, the amount of their respective taxation per head, &c. &c., and the
+  mere nomenclature seems calculated to fill a tolerably large book. All
+  this, and more than this, is collected in Mr. Ince's 'Outlines,' and
+  those not accustomed to the art of the author will wonder how one small
+  head could carry all he has brought together."--_The Economist._
+
+  "Well-digested 'Outlines,' which should be committed to everybody's
+  memory."--_Sharpe's Magazine._
+
+  "A capital book, deserving especial attention."--_Family Friend._
+
+  "Contains for its size a remarkable quantity of interesting and
+  well-arranged information. It would make a valuable present to Sunday
+  Schools and lending libraries."--_Athenaeum._
+
+  "A vast amount of condensed information."--_The Rambler._
+
+  "Contains a considerable amount of information of a very valuable kind,
+  on a variety of subjects, that in ordinary routine of education are too
+  much overlooked, an acquaintance with which is every day becoming more
+  and more indispensable. They are germs which cannot fail to vegetate in
+  the mind, to fructify in the head, and eventually to produce a fourfold
+  reward to him who labours in the acquisition of them."--_Sunday School
+  Magazine._
+
+  "Calculated to instruct anyone of common intelligence on every known
+  topic of importance, and to start him with a mind stored with the
+  accumulated learning of 6000 years."--_The Mirror._
+
+  "A valuable little publication, full of information in a small compass,
+  creating an appetite for deeper investigation."--_Bell's Life._
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A NEW SERIES OF PENNY MAPS.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Now publishing in Monthly Parts, price only 4-1/2d., or 8-1/2d. coloured
+(each Part to contain four Maps)_,
+
+PHILIPS'
+
+PENNY ATLAS OF THE WORLD,
+
+IN A
+
+Series of fifty-two Imperial Quarto Maps, Engraved on Steel,
+
+INCLUDING
+
+FIVE ANCIENT MAPS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY,
+
+WITH A COPIOUS CONSULTING INDEX OF PLACES.
+
+
+----
+
+
+Geographical Knowledge was to a considerable extent an essential necessity
+even in the early periods of our world, cultivated indeed at first for
+almost purely social purposes, yet in the same proportion as our
+progenitors increased in numbers, so also did their extended range of
+observation instil into their minds the necessity of more practical
+observations on the relative bearings of the districts through which they
+passed, noting at the same time the numerous changes of hill and dale,
+rivulet and stream, and the countless varieties of the wonderful products
+with which it pleased Almighty God to bless its various regions. Hence
+progressively arose the Topographical and Geographical Delineations with
+which the Scriptures abound; to a similar cause may also be traced the
+contributions which the savage tribes have at various periods of our
+World's History added to the branches of Geographical science.
+
+Now, in the same proportion as any people forming a Nation develope their
+commercial and intellectual strength, in the same ratio has it pleased
+Providence to render it necessary that its inhabitants should not only
+become acquainted with the Topographical and Geographical features,
+relative distances and bearings, of their own and neighbouring nations, but
+of every portion of the known world, even extending their researches to
+unknown regions. Indeed, no member of a commercial nation, especially in
+one where education is much diffused, is qualified to act his part aright
+as one of its people, unless he is able to form a tolerably accurate notion
+of the names of Nations, Places, Seas, Rivers, Mountains, &c., their
+relative position and extent, as well as to learn how richly the Creator of
+the Earth has endowed them all with the means of ministering to those
+comforts and pleasures of which man in every state of society and climate
+so much stands in need.
+
+These reflections might be much extended, but the limits of a prospectus
+will not permit it. Suffice it to say that every Englishman, be he rich or
+poor, should have access to modern Maps of the various portions of the
+World, in order to possess the means of cultivating a knowledge of its
+divisions, the names of the chief Nations, Places, &c. &c., as well as to
+be able to form intellectual and commercial ideas of its numerous products,
+and the respective regions from whence come the countless varieties of
+foreign substances now in use among us as articles of ornament or
+necessity.
+
+Now, though a Modern Atlas of the World is so essential to every family in
+this kingdom, still it has been almost limited in its possession, on
+account of the high price at which all really good and practical works have
+hitherto been issued. To remove this difficulty has been the principal
+motive which has induced the Proprietors of "PHILIPS' PENNY MODERN ATLAS"
+to issue a work which they feel satisfied will be universally admitted to
+be surprisingly cheap, and not surpassed in usefulness by any attempt
+hitherto made to extend the knowledge of Geography.
+
+
+----
+
+
+LIST OF THE MAPS
+
+Which will appear in PHILIPS' PENNY ATLAS, any of which may now be had
+separately, price ONE PENNY each Plain, or TWOPENCE Coloured:--
+
+             MODERN MAPS.
+
+   1. Western Hemisphere.
+   2. Eastern Hemisphere.
+   3. World on Mercator's Projection--Double Map.
+   4. Arctic Regions.
+   5. Europe--General Map.
+   6. British Isles.
+   7. England and Wales.
+   8. Scotland.
+   9. Ireland.
+  10. France, in Provinces.
+  11. France, in Departments.
+  12. Belgium.
+  13. Holland.
+  14. Prussia.
+  15. Poland.
+  16. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.
+  17. Denmark.
+  18. Russia in Europe.
+  19. Germany.
+  20. Austria.
+  21. Switzerland.
+  22. Spain and Portugal.
+  23. Italy.
+  24. Turkey in Europe, and Greece.
+  25. Asia--General Map.
+  26. Turkey in Asia.
+  27. Russia in Asia.
+  28. Persia and Cabool.
+  29. Hindostan.
+  30. China.
+  31. East India Islands and Australia.
+  32. New South Wales.
+  33. Tasmania, or Van Dieman's Land.
+  34. New Zealand.
+  35. Africa--General Map.
+  36. Egypt.
+  37. America--General Map.
+  38. North America.
+  39. United States.
+  40. Canada.
+  41. Mexico, Guatimala, and Texas.
+  42. West Indies.
+  43. South America.
+
+             ANCIENT MAPS.
+
+  44. Palestine.
+  45. Orbis Veteribus Notus.
+  46. Orbis Romani Pars Occidentalis.
+  47. Orbis Romani Pars Orientalis.
+  48. Graecia Antiqua.
+  49. Table of the Comparative Height of Mountains.
+  50. Ditto        ditto       Length of Rivers.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CHEAPEST MAPS EVER ISSUED.
+
+
+----
+
+
+PHILIPS' SERIES
+
+OF
+
+LARGE SIXPENNY MAPS,
+
+Size--Full Sheet Imperial, 22 by 27 Inches, Full Coloured.
+
+_Engraved in the best style, and embracing all the recent Geographical
+Discoveries._
+
+
+----
+
+
+          LIST OF THE MAPS.
+
+   1. The World on Mercator's Projection.
+   2.   "  Northern Hemisphere.
+   3.   "  Southern ditto.
+   4.   "  Eastern ditto.
+   5.   "  Western ditto.
+   6. North Horizontal ditto.
+   7. South ditto.
+   8. Europe.
+   9. Asia.
+  10. Africa.
+  11. America--General Map.
+  12. North America.
+  13. South America.
+  14. England.
+  15. Scotland.
+  16. Ireland.
+  17. British Isles.
+  18. The Channel Islands, including Isle of Man and Isle of Wight.
+  19. Chart of the Baltic Sea.
+  20. Sweden and Norway.
+  21. Denmark.
+  22. Germany--Northern part.
+  23. Germany--Southern part.
+  24. Holland.
+  25. Belgium.
+  26. France, in Departments.
+  27. France, in Provinces.
+  28. Spain and Portugal.
+  29. Chart of the Mediterranean.
+  30. Turkey in Europe and Greece.
+  31. Italy.
+  32. Venetian States.
+  33. Milanese States.
+  34. Tuscany and the States of the Church.
+  35. Naples and Sicily.
+  36. Switzerland.
+  37. Austria.
+  38. Prussia.
+  39. Poland.
+  40. Russia in Europe.
+  41. Russian Empire.
+  42. Tartary.
+  43. Corea and Islands of Japan.
+  44. China.
+  45. East India Islands.
+  46. Hindostan.
+  47. British India--Northern part.
+  48. British India--Southern part.
+  49. Birman Empire.
+  50. Persia.
+  51. Turkey in Asia.
+  52. Arabia.
+  53. Egypt and Abyssinia.
+  54. Palestine.
+  55. North and South Africa.
+  56. Atlantic Islands.
+  57. Chart of the Atlantic.
+  58. Canada, Nova Scotia, &c.
+  59. United States.
+  60. California, Mexico, &c.
+  61. Panama, Guatimala, &c.
+  62. West Indies.
+  63. Isles of Bermuda, Bahama, and Cuba.
+  64. Jamaica.
+  65. St. Domingo and Virgin Isles.
+  66. St. Christopher's, with Nevis and St. Lucia.
+  67. Antigua, with Guadaloupe, &c.
+  68. Dominico, with Martinico, &c.
+  69. Barbadoes and St. Vincent.
+  70. Trinidad, Grenada, Tobago, and Caracoa.
+  71. Peru, Chili, and La Plata.
+  72. Caraccas and Guiana.
+  73. Islands in the Pacific.
+  74. Australia.
+  75. New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land.
+  76. South Australia.
+  77. New Zealand.
+  78. Chart of the North-west Passage between Europe and America.
+  79. Chart of the Discoveries of Ross, Parry, and Franklin in the Arctic
+      Regions.
+  80. Table of the comparative Height of Mountains.
+  81. Ditto        ditto       Length of Rivers.
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** This series of Maps is by far the largest, best, and cheapest ever
+offered for separate sale. Persons desirous of having a specimen of the
+series, can order a single Map, through their booksellers, or remit 10d. in
+postage-stamps to the Publishers, who will send any Map named, postage
+free.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Just published, complete in 400 very large and full pages, Demy 8vo_,
+
+Containing matter equal in quantity to 1,500 pages of ordinary 8vo volumes,
+Price only 4s., or postage free, 5s., strongly and neatly bound in cloth,
+
+GILBERT'S COPIOUS SERIES OF PAMPHLETS
+
+ON THE
+
+ROMAN CATHOLIC QUESTION;
+
+CONTAINING
+
+Important Documents of Permanent Historical Interest having reference to
+the re-Establishment of the
+
+CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN ENGLAND,
+
+1850-1.
+
+The Editor of these Pamphlets deems it almost superfluous to dwell on the
+paramount importance of every respectable family possessing this volume of
+very special present and permanent interest. During the discussion of the
+exciting matters now at issue in this all-absorbing question, there can be
+no questioning the well-recognised fact that the possession of this copious
+and cheap volume is essential to every thoughtful and inquiring person in
+our beloved country. For those who are as yet unaware of the immense mass
+of interesting and important documents that are in its pages, AN INDEX OF
+ITS CONTENTS IS ISSUED FOR GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION--this will abundantly
+testify to the fact; and the Editor, thinks it only necessary to state
+that, with scarcely an exception, the whole of the documents are printed,
+verbatim, as they originally appeared, and in very numerous cases they have
+had the additional advantage of the direct and special revision of the
+authors.
+
+The Editor expresses his conviction that all the important facts and
+documents relative to the "Roman Catholic Question" have appeared in the
+pages of these pamphlets. Doubtless, during the progress of the
+Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill through the Houses of Parliament
+speeches of interest will be made; still the Editor thinks they will be
+merely elaborations of the materials already in these pages, devoid of
+original facts or documents.
+
+*** Any persons who may wish to possess the Series or sheet containing
+specific articles particularised in the Index, will be at liberty to
+purchase it separately, at One Penny or Three-halfpence each sheet
+respectively, or at Twopence each extra post-free, through the publisher.
+Series 1 to 17 sell at 1d., and 18 to 25 at 1-1/2d. each; but it must be
+observed that each sheet or Series contains several documents.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Just Published, demy 18mo, sewed, Price 2s. 6d., or accompanied by a large
+and accurate Map, and bound in Cloth, Price 5s._
+
+THE TRAVELLER'S HAND-BOOK
+
+AND NEW GUIDE FOR
+
+EMIGRANTS THROUGH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+Containing a description of the States, Cities, Towns, Villages,
+Watering-places, Colleges, &c.; with the Railroad, Stage, and Steam-boat
+Routes; the distances from place to place; and the Fares on the great
+Travelling Routes.
+
+BY J. CALVIN SMITH.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Just Published, in a neat Cover_,
+
+PHILIPS'
+
+SHILLING ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY,
+
+CONTAINING NINE IMPERIAL QUARTO MAPS,
+
+ENGRAVED ON STEEL, & CONSTRUCTED FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITIES.
+
+  CONTENTS.
+
+  EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  EUROPE.
+  ASIA.
+  AFRICA.
+  AMERICA.
+  ENGLAND.
+  IRELAND.
+  SCOTLAND.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Lately Published, price 2s.; or 2s. 6d. bound in Cloth_,
+
+PHILIPS' YOUNG SCHOLAR'S ATLAS,
+
+CONTAINING
+
+Thirteen Large Quarto Maps, Full Coloured.
+
+  CONTENTS.
+
+  EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
+  ENGLAND.
+  SCOTLAND.
+  IRELAND.
+  FRANCE.
+  EUROPE.
+  ASIA.
+  AFRICA.
+  NORTH AMERICA.
+  SOUTH AMERICA.
+  PALESTINE.
+  UNITED STATES.
+
+
+----
+
+
+_Just Published, Price 3s. 6d. in Sheets, carefully coloured; 4s. 6d. in
+case; or 7s. 6d. mounted on black rollers and varnished_,
+
+A NEW TRAVELLING
+
+MAP OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,
+
+AND COMPILED FROM THE MOST RECENT AMERICAN GOVERNMENT SURVEYS AND OTHER
+AUTHENTIC SOURCES,
+
+Showing the whole of the Railways, Canals, &c., to the present time, and
+the distances from place to place in hundreds of miles, taking the City of
+New York as the centre.
+
+_The Publishers can, with confidence, recommend this Map of the United
+States as the most authentic and elaborate Map that has ever been
+produced._
+
+
+----
+
+
+*** The works on this and the fifteen preceding pages are published by
+JAMES GILBERT, 49, Paternoster-row, London, wholesale and retail
+bookseller, publisher, and newsvendor.
+
+Foreign Orders will be executed by J. GILBERT on liberal terms; or they can
+be either sent to any wholesale bookseller or stationer; or to any of the
+numerous merchants and manufacturers who export to all parts of the world.
+
+It will be necessary, however, to order GILBERT'S Editions, Published at
+49, Paternoster-row, London.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SALISBURY, PRINTER. PRIMROSE HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE, FLEET-STREET.
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Notes.
+
+[1] A complete list of the names of all the competitors, together with
+    those selected by the Committee, will be found in the Appendix; also a
+    description and views of the two designs specially referred to.
+
+[2] This "memorandum" will be found in the Appendix.
+
+[3] The figures quoted are not quite correct, as will be seen hereafter.
+
+[4] The surface covered by the Basilica of St. Peter's at Rome amounts to
+    223,900 square feet, the Cathedral at Milan occupies 124,100, and St.
+    Paul's, London, 114,900 square feet.
+
+[5] It is perhaps necessary to mention here, that the leakage of the roof
+    which was at first much complained of was owing to incomplete
+    construction, and not to any defect in the principle, or in the manner
+    in which it has been carried out.
+
+[6] About three hundred planks were passed through the machine in a
+    working-day of ten hours, allowing the necessary stoppages for
+    sharpening the cutters; and if only three widths of sash-bar were
+    produced out of each blank, the quantity finished per diem would amount
+    to about two miles and three quarters. This machinery, as well as that
+    for grooving and moulding the ridges, was worked at the Phoenix
+    Saw-mills, Cumberland-basin, Regent's Park, belonging to Mr. Birch.
+
+[7] A This piece of machinery is only novel in its application, as it is
+    similar to that used by brush-makers for drilling a number of small
+    holes in close and regular arrangement.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Crystal Palace, by 
+Peter Berlyn and Charles Fowler
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRYSTAL PALACE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 44192.txt or 44192.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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