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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 18:37:01 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 18:37:01 -0700 |
| commit | 1cfcc3a519e447441a945bd13f571d0bc919c2fd (patch) | |
| tree | 9edfaf992d1b6bf10cc3ec7670eb8d7ba9363026 /44192-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '44192-h')
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diff --git a/44192-h/44192-h.htm b/44192-h/44192-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..45eda79 --- /dev/null +++ b/44192-h/44192-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6950 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> + <title> + The Crystal Palace + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + /*---------------------------------------- Default settings for tags -------------------------------------*/ + a:hover { color:red } + a:link { color:blue;text-decoration:none; } + a:visited { color:blue;text-decoration:none; } + body { margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align:justify; } + img { border:0; } + hr { margin-bottom:3ex; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:block; } + p { margin-bottom:3ex; margin-top:0ex; } + sup { font-style:normal; font-size:80%; } + table { border-collapse:collapse; } + td { padding:0 0.5em; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border:0;} + /*------------------------------------------- Paragraph spacings -----------------------------------------*/ + p.sp0 { margin-bottom:0ex; } + p.stanza { margin-top:2ex; } + .poem>p { margin-bottom:0ex; padding-left:3em; text-indent:-3em; text-align:left; } + .smaller>p { margin-bottom:1.5ex; } + .sp2, div.sp2, table.sp2 { margin-bottom:3ex; } + .sp3, div.sp3, table.sp3 { margin-bottom:4.5ex; } + .sp4, div.sp4 { margin-bottom:6ex; } + .sp5, div.sp5, table.sp5 { margin-bottom:7.5ex; } + /*---------------------------------------------- Font sizing ---------------------------------------------*/ + .sc { font-variant:small-caps; } + .xx-smaller { font-size:58%; } + .x-smaller { font-size:69%; } + .smaller { font-size:83%; } + .larger { font-size:120%; } + .x-larger { font-size:144%; } + .xx-larger { font-size:182%; } + .xxx-larger { font-size:207%; } + /*-------------------------------------------- Text Decoration -------------------------------------------*/ + .gsp { letter-spacing:0.2em } + .gap { display:inline-block; width:2em; } + .hid { visibility:hidden; } + .wnw { white-space:nowrap; } + /*-------------------------------------- Non-Table Text Positioning --------------------------------------*/ + .bq1 { margin-left:3%; margin-right:3%; } + .fcenter { margin:auto; } + .fnote { position:absolute; top:auto; right:88%; vertical-align:super; font-size:66%; text-align:right; } + .foot { margin-left:3%; } + .pagenum { position:absolute; right:5%; font-size:83%; text-align:right; font-style:normal; } + div.pc23 { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width:23em; } + /*---------------------------------------- Table Text Positioning ----------------------------------------*/ + table.tlf { table-layout: fixed; } + .ac, .ac>p { text-align:center; } + .ar { text-align:right; } + .it1 { padding-left:1.0em; text-indent:-1.0em; } + .mc { margin:0 auto; } + .vbm { vertical-align:bottom; } + /*----------------------------------------------- Borders ------------------------------------------------*/ + td.br { border-right:1px solid black; } + /*------------------------------------------- Padding and width ------------------------------------------*/ + .plhs { padding-left: 0.125em; } + .pl1 { padding-left: 1em; } + .pl2 { padding-left: 2em; } + .prhs { padding-right: 0.125em; } + .pr1 { padding-right: 1em; } + .pt05 { padding-top:0.5em; } + .pb05 { padding-bottom:0.5em; } + .pb1 { padding-bottom:1.0em; } + .w10 { width:10%; } + .w15 { width:15%; } + .w20 { width:20%; } + .w25 { width:25%; } + .w30 { width:30%; } + .w33 { width:33%; } + .w35 { width:35%; } + .w40 { width:40%; } + .w45 { width:45%; } + .w50 { width:50%; } + .w55 { width:55%; } + .w60 { width:60%; } + .w65 { width:65%; } + .w70 { width:70%; } + .w85 { width:85%; } + .w90 { width:90%; } + .w95 { width:95%; } + .w100 { width:100%; } + /*-------------------------------------- Media-selective formatting --------------------------------------*/ + @media screen,print { + .poem { margin-left:8em; margin-right:8em; margin-bottom:3ex; text-align:left; } + .fright { float:right; margin-left:1em; } + } + @media handheld { + .poem { margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:3ex; text-align:left; } + .fright { margin:auto; } + div.w10 { width:20%; } + div.w15 { width:30%; } + div.w20 { width:40%; } + div.w25 { width:50%; } + div.w30 { width:60%; } + div.w35 { width:70%; } + div.w40 { width:80%; } + div.w45 { width:90%; } + div.w50, table.w50 { width:100%; } + div.w55 { width:100%; } + div.w60 { width:100%; } + div.w65 { width:100%; } + div.w70 { width:100%; } + table.w85 { width:100%; } + div.w90 { width:100%; } + div.w95 { width:100%; } + } + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44192 ***</div> + + <div id="front"></div> + + <div class="ac w100 fcenter sp4"> + <a href="images/pa1.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa1.jpg" + alt="Transverse Section of the Building, + showing the Interior completed." title="Transverse Section of the Building, + showing the Interior completed."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">Transverse Section of the Building, showing the Interior completed.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/pa2.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa2.jpg" + alt="Title Page in Gothic Type." title="Title Page in Gothic Type."/></a> + </div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION + BY</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;">JAMES GILBERT, 49 PATERNOSTER ROW,</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="x-smaller">(UNIFORM WITH THE PRESENT + VOLUME),</span></p> + + <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/pa3.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa3.jpg" + alt="The Curiosities and Wonders contained + within The Crystal Palace." title="The Curiosities and Wonders contained + within The Crystal Palace."/></a> + </div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="x-smaller">BY</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;">PETER BERLYN, ESQ.</p> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/pa4.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa4.jpg" + alt="Illustrated by Several Hundred + Engravings." title="Illustrated by Several Hundred + Engravings."/></a> + </div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/pa5.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa5.jpg" + alt="Prince Albert's Coat of Arms." title="Prince Albert's Coat of Arms."/></a> + </div> + + <p class="ac">TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,</p> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/pa6.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa6.jpg" alt="The Following Pages," + title="The Following Pages,"/></a> + </div> + + <p class="ac">DESCRIPTIVE OF</p> + + <p class="ac">THE ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE MARVELS OF</p> + + <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/pa7.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pa7.jpg" + alt="THE STOREHOUSE OF THE WORLD'S WONDERS" title="THE STOREHOUSE OF THE WORLD'S WONDERS"/></a> + </div> + + <p class="ac">OF ART, SCIENCE, AND MANUFACTURE,</p> + + <p class="ac">ARE, BY PERMISSION, MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED,</p> + + <p class="ac">AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE</p> + + <p class="ac">OF THE ADMIRATION AND GRATITUDE</p> + + <p class="ac">WHICH, IN COMMON WITH THE WHOLE CIVILIZED WORLD,</p> + + <p class="ac">ARE AMPLY SHARED IN BY</p> + + <p class="ac">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S</p> + + <p class="ac">MOST DEVOTED, FAITHFUL, AND OBEDIENT SERVANT,</p> + + <p class="ac"><span class="gap" style="width:10em"> </span>THE PUBLISHER.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd1.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd1.png" alt="Contents." + title="Contents."/></a> + </div> + + <table class="sp5 mc w50" title="Index" summary="Index"> + <tr> + <td class="pb05"></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><span class="smaller">PAGE.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Introductory Remarks</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page1">1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Committee for all Matters relating to the + Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Labours of the Building Committee</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Competition Designs</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Buildings used for Previous Exhibitions in France, + Germany, and England</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Description of the Building Committee's + Design</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Opposition to this Design</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Tenders</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">History of Mr. Paxton's Design</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General Description of the Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Paxton's Gutters</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Sash-bars</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Ridges</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Glass</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Box Gutters</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Roof Girders</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Iron Drilling Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Punching Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Adzing and Planing Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Columns and Connecting-pieces</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Base-pieces</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Cast-iron Girders</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Galleries</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Testing the Cast-iron Girders</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Roof of Transept</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page58">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Facework</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Diagonal Bracing</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"> + <p class="sp0"><span class="sc">The Staircases</span></p> + </td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Floor and Foundations</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">First Operations on the Ground</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Setting-out the Ground</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Fixing the Base-plates</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Henderson's Derrick Crane</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Raising and Fixing the Columns and Girders</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the Roof Trusses</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Provision for Expansion of Girders</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Glazing the Roof</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Stage for Repairing the Glass, etc.</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Glazing the Transept Roof</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Painting</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Hand-rail Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General View of the Works</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Paying the Workmen</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General Statistics</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Parti-coloured Painting</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Water Supply</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Stability of the Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Testing the Galleries</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General Advantages of the Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Conclusion</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05 pt05"><span class="sc">Appendix</span>:—</td> + <td class="pb05 pt05"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">List of Competitors for the Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pagei">i</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">List A.—Competitors Entitled to Favourable + Mention</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pagevi">vi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">List B.—Competitors Entitled to Further Higher + Honorary Distinction</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pageviii">viii</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Two Competition Designs Specially Mentioned by the + Building Committee</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Memorandum on The Site</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#pagexi">xi</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1"><span class="sc">Report of the Royal Commissioners, Presented to her Majesty + on the Opening of the Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp3"> + <a href="images/hd2.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd2.png" + alt="List of Illustrations." title="List of Illustrations."/></a> + </div> + + <table class="sp5 mc w50" title="List of Illustrations." summary="List of Illustrations."> + <tr> + <td class="pb05"></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><span class="smaller">PAGE.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Transverse Section of the Building, showing the Interior + completed</span>—</td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#front"><i>frontispiece</i></a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Plan of the Building for the French Exposition in + 1849</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page16">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Principal Entrance of the same</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior View of the "Palace"</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior View of the Cattle-shed</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f19"><i>facing</i> 19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Plan of Kroll's Wintergarten</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Birmingham Exposition Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Ground-plan of the Design of the Building + Committee</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f22"><i>facing</i> 22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Exterior View of the same</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f24"><i>facing</i> 24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Common Mode of Glazing Roofs</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Method by Ridge and Furrow</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Cutters of Mr. Paxton's Sash-bar Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Victoria Regia House, Chatsworth </span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior of the same</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Ground-plan of the Building for the + Exhibition</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of one 24-feet square Bay of Roof partly + completed</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the Lower Storey of the Principal + Elevations</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page37">37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Interior of the Transept</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f38"><i>facing</i> 38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f39"><i>facing</i> 39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General View of the Building from the + South-West</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f40"><i>facing</i> 40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The External Railing</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Section of the Paxton's Gutter, with the Strong + Sash-bar</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Circular Planing Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same showing Detail</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Sections of the Paxton's Gutter, showing different + Stages in the Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Gutter-cutting Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Machine for finishing Ends of Gutters and + Ridges</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Machine for Cutting out Sash-bars</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Sash-bar Drilling Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same, Enlarged</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Section of the Ridges, etc</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Diagram of 48-feet Girder</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"> + <p class="sp0"><span class="sc">Diagram of 72-feet Girder</span></p> + </td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Iron Drilling Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Punching Machine and Shears</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Adzing-cutters</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Adzing and Planing Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Section of a Column</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">A Base-piece</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Interior from the level of + Galleries</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f55"><i>facing</i> 55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Frame and Hydraulic Press for testing the + Girders</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior View of the Central Avenue towards the + West</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f58"><i>facing</i> 58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Louvre Frame</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Staircase</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Fixing Cast-iron Drain-pipe</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Crane and Proving-press</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Henderson's Derrick Crane</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portions of the same</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Fixing the Girders</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">General View of the Works in Progress</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f69"><i>facing</i> 69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the 72-feet Trusses</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Glazing-waggon for Flat Roof</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">A Pair of Ribs prepared for raising</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f75"><i>facing</i> 75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Stage for Glazing Transept Roof</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Sash-bar Painting Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same in Detail</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Hand-rail Cutting Machine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Portion of the same</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Brass Tickets for Workmen</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Interior of the Pay-office</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Men taking their Wages</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">The Workmen waiting to be Paid</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Building from the North Bank of the + Serpentine</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f86"><i>facing</i> 86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Testing an Experimental Bay of the Gallery + Floor</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f88"><i>facing</i> 88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of the Boiler-house, etc.</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#f88b"><i>facing</i> 88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of South Front of the Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#page92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05 pt05"><span class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span><span + class="sc">Appendix</span><span class="wnw">:—</span></td> + <td class="pb05 pt05"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Exterior View of Mons. Horeau's Design for the + Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#fix"><i>facing</i> ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">Interior of the same</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#fixb"><i>facing</i> ix</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1 pb05"><span class="sc">View of Exterior from one end of Messrs. Turners' Design + for the Building</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm pb05"><a href="#fx"><i>facing</i> <span class="hid">i</span>x</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="it1"><span class="sc">Transverse Section and View of the Interior of the + same</span></td> + <td class="ar vbm"><a href="#fxb"><i>facing</i> <span class="hid">i</span>x</a></td> + </tr> + </table> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1">{1}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd3.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd3.png" + alt="INTRODUCTORY REMARKS." title="INTRODUCTORY REMARKS."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_s.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="S"/>O + much has already been said and written, both wisely and well, upon the marvellous edifice which + has just been reared with such magical rapidity to enshrine the results of the skill and industry + of all nations, that it would appear an almost hopeless task to present the subject in any new + point of view to the reader.</p> + + <p>If, therefore, the authors cannot lay claim to novelty or originality in the execution of the + pleasurable work which they have undertaken, they are not without hopes that, from their having + been connected with this gigantic undertaking during the greater part of its progress, they will + be enabled to trace in a more detailed and consecutive manner than has yet been attempted the + history of the design and execution of the building up to the period of its completion.</p> + + <p>A great deal has been lately said upon the want of distinctive character in almost all the + buildings of the present day; and it is certainly a striking fact that in scarcely any of our + important modern structures does the exterior appearance in any way lead the spectator to form an + idea of the purposes or arrangement of the interior, the former being apparently governed by + fancy, or the fashion for some particular style, while the latter only, is accommodated to the + peculiar requirements of the case. Thus we have porticos which do not shelter from the weather, or + in which no one is allowed to walk; Venetian palaces appear piled upon a substructure of + plate-glass; baronial castles prove to be model prisons; and richly-decorated mansions, from the + time of "Good Queen Bess," or fanciful Italian villas, are made to serve for the accommodation of + paupers.</p> + + <p>The ancients appear to have been more careful in this respect, so that the form and external + arrangement afforded in most cases a ready key to the purposes of their structures. Their temples, + their fora, theatres and amphitheatres, baths, and other public edifices, seem each to have been + stamped with their own characteristic features, at the same time without in any way producing a + monotonous uniformity among the different examples of the same class of building.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page2">{2}</span></div> + + <p>Now, if this criterion of excellence be applied to the remarkable building recently erected in + Hyde Park, it will be found that the constructive arrangement of the interior is plainly expressed + without, and it must be conceded that it possesses at least those elements of beauty arising from + consistency and simplicity which, in combination with its vast size, give it also that of + grandeur. That it is faultless it would be needless to assert, or to imagine that, from its + example, a new style of architecture will originate; but that it is admirably suited to its + purpose, that it is a remarkable specimen of the constructive skill of this country, and that it + will certainly form one of the most interesting objects of the Great Exhibition by which it has + been called into being, if not the most interesting of all, must, we think, be admitted by all + candid observers.</p> + + <p>Although the building in its present form was designed, as well as carried out, in a singularly + short space of time, this could not have been accomplished but for the great amount of thought and + labour which had been previously bestowed upon the subject. In order, therefore, to trace the + whole of the progress of the design, it will be necessary briefly to advert to the early labours + bestowed upon the project.</p> + + <p>On the 5th of January, 1850, the Royal Commission for carrying out this great scheme was + gazetted; its first and second meetings, which were respectively held on the 11th and 18th of the + same month, were entirely devoted to preliminary arrangements, and determining the mode of + conducting its proceedings.</p> + + <p>Among the most urgent matters calling for the attention of the Commissioners, the subject of + the building early presented itself, as it was of the utmost importance that the longest possible + time should be allowed for its erection; and, accordingly, at the third meeting, held on the 24th + of January, the following noblemen and gentlemen were appointed to act as a</p> + + <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd4.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd4.png" + alt="Committee for all Matters relating to + the Building." title="Committee for all Matters relating to + the Building."/></a> + </div> + + + <div class="poem pc23"> + <p>His Grace the Duke of <span class="sc">Buccleuch</span>, K.G., F.R.S.</p> + <p>The Right Hon. the Earl of <span class="sc">Ellesmere</span>, F.S.A.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Charles Barry</span>, Esq., R.A., F.R.S.</p> + <p><span class="sc">William Cubitt</span>, Esq., F.R.S., Pr. of J.C.E.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Robert Stephenson</span>, Esq., M.P., F.R.S.</p> + <p><span class="sc">C. R. Cockerell</span>, Esq., R.A.</p> + <p><span class="sc">I. K. Brunel</span>, Esq., F.R.S.</p> + <p><span class="sc">Thomas L. Donaldson</span>, Esq., M.I.B.A.</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">From which list it will be seen that some of the very highest professional talent + in the country was enlisted on behalf of the undertaking.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page3">{3}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd5.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd5.png" + alt="Labours of the Building Committee." title="Labours of the Building Committee."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + first point to be ascertained by this Committee was where to find an eligible site; for although + they were not able at that early stage of their labours to determine the exact amount of space + that would be required, they appear to have been of opinion that, from the general data before + them, about sixteen acres would be necessary—an amount which has been subsequently + considerably exceeded, but which was already an enormous area to be covered by one building; and + in dealing with it the Committee must have felt that a very heavy amount of responsibility rested + upon them, as appears, indeed, from their recommendation to the Royal Commission given below.</p> + + <p>After about a month of attentive deliberation, the Committee made a report upon this part of + their labours.</p> + + <p>With regard to the site, it had appeared to the Committee that—firstly, the north-eastern + portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space between her Majesty's private road and the + Kensington road, in the southern part of Hyde Park; and thirdly, the north-western portion of + Regent's Park, were the only available spaces about the metropolis which would afford the + necessary accommodation; and it was believed that the order in which they were named represented + also their relative eligibility. As regarded the first, the Committee had been informed by the + Chief Commissioner of her Majesty's Woods and Forests that considerable objections would arise to + its occupation for such a purpose, and that no such objections would be raised to the use of the + second; and the Committee, therefore, recommended the adoption of this site, which, amongst other + advantages, is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the existing roads.</p> + + <p>As regarded the extent of the building, the Committee were not yet in possession of sufficient + data to enable them to determine this accurately, but, from such information as they had before + them, they thought that it might be assumed, for the present, that about sixteen acres of covered + space would be required.</p> + + <p>And finally, as regarded the mode of proceeding to determine the general interior arrangements + or ground-plan of the building, a subject to which they had given much consideration, they + resolved, "That, in their opinion, it was desirable to seek, by public competition, for + suggestions as to the general arrangements of the ground-plan of the building."</p> + + <p>It was deemed by the Committee that the peculiar object for which the building was required, + namely, the encouragement of the widest and most liberal competition in all the branches of arts + and manufactures—the circumstance of the cost of the erection being defrayed by the + public—the <span class="pagenum" id="page4">{4}</span>peculiar character of the building, + for the designing of which were especially required judgment and contrivance in the detail of + arrangement, and experience in the management of large crowds, and for the construction of which + the mechanical skill and knowledge of the application and of the economical use of materials now + so generally possessed by builders and practical men were necessary—all seemed, in the + opinion of the Committee, to be reasons for recommending that the designs for the general + arrangements should, as far as practicable, be the result of public competition, and that the + actual construction should be so to the fullest extent. The Committee were, moreover, of opinion + that the general design or arrangement of such a building was one of those subjects, perhaps few + in number, on which many good ideas may be elicited by a general contribution of plans; and that a + mode might be adopted of obtaining such plans, and collecting useful suggestions from them, which + should not eventually lead to any loss of time, or be attended with those delays which too + frequently render ordinary competition inconvenient.</p> + + <p>Great objections were made in some quarters to the proposed site in Hyde Park; but as they were + not raised on really public grounds, they were gradually overcome by the interest which the public + at large manifested in the success of the undertaking.</p> + + <p>In consequence of the latter recommendation in the Report which was adopted by the Royal + Commissioners, the following document was published by them on March 13th, 1850, copies of which + appear to have found their way into almost every corner of Europe<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"The Committee appointed by the Royal Commission to advise on 'all matters relating to the + building,' having received the sanction of the Commission, are desirous of obtaining from all + parties who are disposed to assist them suggestions for the general arrangement of the buildings + and premises required for this Exhibition. Upon the general form of the building in plan, the + distribution of its parts, the mode of access, and the internal arrangements and contrivances, + will depend the convenience and general fitness of such a building; and it is upon these points + that the Committee seek information and suggestions, and wish to encourage the most extended + competition in the preparation of plans. The Committee do not propose to offer any pecuniary + reward for such plans—they rely upon the desire which men of all countries will feel to + forward the objects of the proposed Exhibition. The Committee think it probable that, when the + plans are received, they may not be limited to the selection of any one plan, but may derive + useful ideas from many; and that the best plan may be determined upon by the help of this general + assistance. As the credit of any such plan will be due solely to the contributors, the Committee + propose to make a report, in which they will acknowledge by name those whose plans had been wholly + or partially adopted, or who had afforded the most useful <span class="pagenum" + id="page5">{5}</span>suggestions; and the Committee hope to be able to offer such other honorary + distinction to the successful contributors as the circumstances may appear to warrant. In order to + guide the contributors in the preparation of such plans and designs, and to facilitate the + examination and the comparison of them when received, the Committee have enumerated concisely the + principal 'desiderata' for such a building, and have laid down certain rules and conditions to + which they earnestly request the contributors to conform, as the Committee will be under the + necessity of abiding strictly by the regulation of not acknowledging any plans which may be sent + in a form inconsistent with these rules. Copies of the engraved plan of the ground referred to may + be had on application to the secretaries of the Commission, at the New Palace at Westminster."</p> + + <p>An engraved plan of the site which had been fixed upon, together with the subjoined + regulations, which all competitors would be expected to observe, were subsequently issued to all + applicants<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"1. The communications from contributors must consist of a single sheet of paper, not larger + than the accompanying engraving, with a simple ground-plan upon a scale of 1·1000 of the full + size, with such elevations and sections only of the building, and on the same sheet, as may be + necessary to elucidate the system proposed—such elevations and sections not being intended + to convey more than a general idea of the building, and not entering into details of construction + or of architectural decoration—to be accompanied by a short, clear-written explanation of + the system recommended, on a separate sheet. Any contributor wishing to send two designs must send + separate and distinct communications, each conforming to the above conditions. No communications + made inconsistent with these conditions, or any plan prepared upon a different scale from that + prescribed, can be received. The plans, &c., must be sent on or before the 8th of April next, + addressed to the Secretaries of the Exhibition, New Palace at Westminster, London. It is suggested + that the most convenient mode of preparing the plan, elevation, and section, would be to draw them + upon one of the engraved copies of the plan of the ground which accompany these + instructions.—2. The building is to be erected on the space marked A B C D, and must not + extend beyond the boundaries of the shaded portion. The groups of trees shown on the plan must be + preserved. The principal public approaches are by the roads E F and G H. The road K L will be + available only for foot-passengers. There will be no objection to the formation of cross-roads + between the two last, G H and K L, if the design of the building requires it.—3. The roofed + portion of the building is to cover a space of 700,000 square feet, or about 65,000 square metres; + and the whole building must not occupy, including open spaces, an area of more than 900,000 square + feet, or about 84,000 square metres. The building generally will be of one storey only.—4. + No space will be <span class="pagenum" id="page6">{6}</span>required for cattle, or for shrubs or + flowers.—5. It may be assumed, so far as it affects the ground-plan, that the light will be + obtained entirely from the roof, and the building will be constructed of fire-proof materials.</p> + + <p class="sp5">"The general requirements are—simplicity of arrangement; economy of space; + capability of extending or curtailing the building without destroying its symmetry as a whole, or + interfering with the general arrangement, it being impossible to determine the exact extent of + roof required until a late period of construction. Adaptation for the erection of separate + portions of the building at different periods. Conveniences of ingress and egress, with facilities + of access to all parts of the Exhibition, either from the exterior or interior. Means of + classification of the various objects of different departments. Wall-space for the display of + articles requiring it. Means of affording private access and accommodation for exhibitors, with + counting-houses, if required. Committee-rooms, council-rooms, public refreshment-rooms, and all + other public and private accommodation. (This portion of the building may be in two or more + storeys if required.) Internal arrangements, by which, under proper regulations, large crowds of + visitors may circulate freely, and have convenient access to all parts of the Exhibition, and + uninterrupted means of examining the various objects exhibited."</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd6.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd6.png" + alt="The Competition Designs." title="The Competition Designs."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="T"/>HOUGH the time allowed for the preparation of drawings was but short, being only about + one month, no less than 233 designs were sent in, many of them of an elaborate architectural + character. Of these, thirty-eight, or one-sixth of the whole, were received from the different + foreign countries of Europe (France, twenty-seven; Belgium, two; Holland, three; Hanover, one; + Naples, one; Switzerland, two; Rhine Prussia, one; Hamburgh, one); 138, or more than half the + entire number, from London and its vicinity, where the interest excited was naturally more + immediate; fifty-one from the provincial towns of England; six from Scotland, and three from + Ireland. Seven were sent anonymously. The small number contributed by the sister kingdoms seems + rather remarkable.</p> + + <p>The greater part of these designs were, of course, contributed by members of the architectural + and engineering professions, but some were the productions of amateurs, and one among them + purported to be the suggestion of a lady. Here, then, was matter enough not only to assist, but + even, from its great variety, to perplex the Committee, since at once every possible variety of + style in decoration, material in construction, and system in arrangement, were strenuously + recommended by the authors of the respective designs as the great ultimatum sought for.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page7">{7}</span></div> + + <p>To Mr. Digby Wyatt, whose services were to a great extent withdrawn from the Executive + Committee, in order that his professional knowledge of the subject might be placed at the disposal + of the Building Committee, was intrusted the arduous task of examining and classifying these + incongruous materials, and of eliminating from them such general principles of arrangement as + seemed most worthy of the attentive consideration of the Committee. The result of this gentleman's + minute examination was embodied in a Report, upon the basis of the recommendations contained in + which the subsequent utilitarian portions of the design of the Building Committee would appear to + have been founded.</p> + + <p>After holding about fifteen protracted sittings, the Committee presented the following Report + to the Royal Commission on the 9th of May<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd7.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd7.png" + alt=""May it please your Royal Highness," title=""May it please your Royal Highness,"/></a> + </div> + + + <p class="ac">"<i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,</p> + + <p>"We have the honour to report that we have examined the numerous plans so liberally contributed + by native and foreign architects in accordance with the public invitation.</p> + + <p>"Exhausting in their numerous projects and suggestions almost every conceivable variety of + building, the authors of those designs have materially assisted us in arriving at the conclusions + which we have now the honour to report.</p> + + <p>"We have been aided in our analysis of this subject by a great amount of thought and + elaboration thus brought to bear upon it from various points of view.</p> + + <p>"We have, however, arrived at the unanimous conclusion, that able and admirable as many of + these designs appeared to be, there was yet no single one so accordant with the peculiar objects + in view, either in the principle or detail of its arrangements, as to warrant us in recommending + it for adoption.</p> + + <p>"In some of the least successful of the designs submitted, we find indicated errors and + difficulties to be avoided, whilst in the abler and more practicable of them, there are valuable + conceptions and suggestions which have greatly assisted us in framing the plan we have now the + honour to lay before you. In preparing this design we have been governed mainly by three + considerations<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"1. The provisional nature of the building.</p> + + <p>"2. The advisability of constructing it as far as possible in such a form as to be available, + with the least sacrifice of labour and material, for other purposes, as soon as its original one + shall have been fulfilled, thus insuring a minimum ultimate cost.</p> + + <p>"3. Extreme simplicity, demanded by the short time in which the work must be completed.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page8">{8}</span></div> + + <p>"For the arrangements of the plan we rely for effect on honesty of construction, vastness of + dimension, and fitness of each part to its end.</p> + + <p>"The principal points of excellence we have endeavoured to attain are—</p> + + <p>"1. Economy of construction.</p> + + <p>"2. Facilities for the reception, classification, and display of goods.</p> + + <p>"3. Facilities for the circulation of visitors.</p> + + <p>"4. Arrangement for grand points of view.</p> + + <p>"5. Centralisation of supervision.</p> + + <p>"6. Some striking feature to exemplify the present state of the science of construction in this + country.</p> + + <p>"The first of these, <span class="smaller">ECONOMY</span>, is attained by doing away with any + internal walls (all divisions being made by the necessary stalls), by reducing the whole + construction, with the exception of the dome, to cast iron columns, supporting the lightest form + of iron roof in long unbroken lines, and by the whole of the work being done in the simplest + manner, and adapted in all respects to serve hereafter for other purposes.</p> + + <p>"The second, facilities for the <span class="smaller">RECEPTION</span>, <span + class="smaller">CLASSIFICATION</span>, and <span class="smaller">DISPLAY</span> of goods. The main + central entrance for the reception of objects for exhibition will probably be that most + approachable from the public road. All cases accompanying goods will be examined, registered, + catalogued, &c., in the offices of the Executive; the packing-cases will then be put upon a + truck running on a line of rails laid down temporarily, and conveyed to the centre turn-table, + from which they may be carried by a line of rails at right angles to the first, to the end of the + transverse gallery, in which they may be destined to be placed.</p> + + <p>"The most important condition to insure successful <i>classification</i> is, that those to whom + the duty of arrangement may be confided should be hampered by no fixed limits of space, such as + would have been the case had the building been divided into a number of halls, sections, or + chambers. The plan submitted fulfils this condition perfectly; as objects can be arranged just as + they are received, and moved, if necessary, from gallery to gallery with great facility.</p> + + <p>"The successful display of the goods would be best insured by leaving, under certain general + restrictions, the fitting up of each stall to the Exhibitor or his Agent, floor-space only being + allotted to each; and stands, frames, brackets, shelves, &c., being put up by a contractor's + carpenter, at a fixed tariff.</p> + + <p>"The best light is provided, and the most economical wall-space is proposed to be furnished by + connecting pillar to pillar transversely, on the extreme north and south sides of the building, by + rods, from which draperies, &c., can be suspended.</p> + + <p>"The third, <span class="smaller">FACILITIES FOR THE CIRCULATION OF VISITORS</span>, is thus + attained. The visitor, on arrival at the central hall, proceeds at choice to any one <span + class="pagenum" id="page9">{9}</span>of the four sections. He will, most probably, desire either + to follow the whole course of the section selected, or will wish to go at once to some particular + class or object. He will be enabled to do either the one or the other, without interfering with + the general current, by means of gates or other arrangements, which shall insure the current of + visitors passing in one direction. If he desire to proceed rapidly from one end of the building to + the other, and finds the great central gangway at all blocked up, he will, no doubt, be able to + get on by either the north or south corridors, fifteen feet wide. Numerous doors of egress in + these latter afford ready means of exit for a large number of persons. Seats are provided in the + middle of the great central gangway for those who may desire to rest.</p> + + <p>"The fourth, <span class="smaller">ARRANGEMENT FOR GRAND POINTS OF VIEW</span>. The view from + or to the centre of the building will, from its extent, be necessarily imposing. The seats and + main avenues are arranged so that, on the occasion of the distribution of the prizes, an immense + number of persons may be accommodated. Most interesting views might be obtained from galleries + constructed at either end of the building and around the dome, for the admission of the public to + which some small charge might be made.</p> + + <p>"The fifth, <span class="smaller">CENTRALISATION OF SUPERVISION</span>. All the business of the + Exhibition will be carried on in one spot, and be readily under control. The Royal Commission, the + principal Committees, Clerks, Accountants, Police, &c., would be together, and in so large an + establishment it would be absolutely necessary, or much time would be wasted in walking from one + point to another. Passages running behind the money-takers' boxes, with glazed doors into them, + would enable each accountant to detect anything improper that might be going on, and to exchange + and balance checks, money, &c., at any moment. Telegraphic communication with each of the four + pay-places will permit orders to be given, cash accounts, &c., to be issued and returned, from + and to the head-accountant's office, as often as may be necessary.</p> + + <p>"Four Committee-rooms, one for a Jury in each section, have been provided at the extreme east + and west ends. The duties of such Committees being deliberative, and not executive, it is not + necessary that they should be accommodated in the Central Establishment, where they would be more + liable to be disturbed than at the extremity of the building.</p> + + <p>"A policeman stationed in each gallery would, from his elevated position, be enabled to observe + much which might escape detection if he mingled only with the crowd.</p> + + <p>"The sixth, <span class="smaller">SOME STRIKING FEATURE TO EXEMPLIFY THE PRESENT STATE OF THE + SCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTION IN THIS COUNTRY</span>. In order that the building, in which England + invites the whole world to display their richest productions, may afford, at least in one point, a + grandeur not incommensurate with the occasion, we propose, by a dome of light sheet iron 200 feet + <span class="pagenum" id="page10">{10}</span>in diameter, to produce an effect at once striking + and admirable. From calculations which have been made of the cost of so grand a Hall, we have + reason to expect that it may be executed for a sum not greatly exceeding the cost of the simplest + form of roof likely to be adopted to cover the same area.</p> + + <p>"It is to be borne in mind that a considerable amount of any such difference may be recovered, + should this portion of the building be converted hereafter to other purposes, which is more than + probable. This vast dome it is proposed to light mainly from one circle of light in its centre, + and thus the sculpture will be pleasingly and suitably lit.</p> + + <p>"Six out of the eight openings in the cylinder of the dome would be well adapted for the + exhibition of stained glass windows of great extent, while the two remaining arches will open to + the main central gallery. The lower part of some of the voids will admit the eye to turf and + shrubs, and produce a great freshness of effect.</p> + + <p>"The immense continuity of the Central Avenue will be broken and relieved by a variation in the + roof opposite the openings to the second and third sets of refreshment-rooms, and windows for the + reception of Stained Glass may be placed at the ends of each transverse gallery, thus terminating + the vista for each.</p> + + <p>"It now only remains to explain the course of action we would recommend for adoption as soon as + the principles of the plan, &c., shall be positively decided.</p> + + <p>"We consider this to be an occasion upon which the greatest amount of intellectual and + commercial ingenuity and ability should be called out; and that a generous rivalry among those + best fitted to execute the principal portions of this vast structure may lead to results which no + amount of detailed study that we could possibly give to this matter would supply.</p> + + <p>"We would therefore recommend that every advantage should be taken of the accumulated and + experimental knowledge and resources of intelligent and enterprising contractors, and that every + opportunity should be afforded to them of <span class="smaller">DISTINGUISHING THEMSELVES</span>. + We would therefore recommend as the best means of enlisting their services the following course of + action:</p> + + <p>"Adopting the approved design as a basis, we would proceed immediately to prepare such + working-drawings and specifications as may be necessary, and to issue invitations for tenders to + execute Works in accordance with them, requesting from competitors, in addition, such suggestions + and modifications, accompanied with estimates of cost, as might possibly become the means of + effecting a considerable reduction upon the general expense.</p> + + <p class="ar">"<span class="sc">W. Cubitt</span>, <i>Chairman</i>."</p> + + <p>The following Report of the Committee on the competition plans submitted, and which was so + unfavourably received by the public, and more <span class="pagenum" + id="page11">{11}</span>particularly by the profession, was presented to the Royal Commission on + the 16th of May<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd8.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd8.png" + alt=""May it please your Royal Highness," title=""May it please your Royal Highness,"/></a> + </div> + + + <p class="ac">"<i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,</p> + + <p>"Your Committee beg leave to report, that the invitation issued by the Commissioners, + requesting information and suggestions for the general arrangement of the Building and premises + required for the Exhibition of 1851, has been responded to in the most ample and satisfactory + manner, both as respects the variety of useful ideas presented to their consideration, and the + liberality with which many experienced and skilful men of foreign countries, no less than of our + own, have contributed their valuable time to this great undertaking, thereby evincing their entire + sympathy both with the great cause of Arts and Industry in which her Majesty's Commissioners have + embarked, and with the arduous labours of the Directors of the undertaking.</p> + + <p>"The Designs and Specifications transmitted to the Committee amount to the surprising number of + 233, offering an aggregate of professional sacrifice of very considerable importance; for, not + confining themselves to suggestions only, which were invited by the Programme, a large proportion + of them are remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of execution.</p> + + <p>"Penetrated with admiration and respect for these gratuitous and valuable contributions, + unexampled, they believe, in the history of competition, your Committee have devoted the most + careful attention to the collection of these projects, and hasten to offer those acknowledgments + which are due to their merits, and to the generous motives which have led to their execution; and + they trust that the public may shortly be witnesses of the effect of this very noble emulation of + the skill of all countries, by the public exhibition of these designs, offering the opportunity, + in the true spirit of the whole undertaking, of mutual improvement, respect, and friendship + amongst the cultivators of the liberal arts in the several countries of Europe.</p> + + <p>"It is remarkable that, while many of these contributions may be attributed to the laudable + motive of professional reputation and advancement on the part of practitioners not yet + sufficiently known to the public, a great number are from Gentlemen whose position in the + confidence of their respective Governments or in the Republic of Arts and Letters is of the + highest eminence, and who can have been actuated by no such personal motives. Already entitled to + respect and admiration, they could have little to gain, while they have something to lose, in the + competition for glory. The kind and frank communication, therefore, of their thoughts and <span + class="pagenum" id="page12">{12}</span>experience towards this great work is to be the more highly + commended. Every possible mode of accomplishing the object in view has been displayed by the + respective contributors as regards economy of structure and distribution, and these qualities are + united with various degrees of architectural symmetry and features in many designs. Our + illustrious continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves by compositions of the + utmost taste and learning, worthy of enduring execution—examples of what might be done in + the architectural illustration of the subject, when viewed in its highest aspect, and, at all + events, exhibiting features of grandeur, arrangement, and grace which your Committee have not + failed to appreciate.</p> + + <p>"Amongst these several classes of design, the practical character of our own countrymen, as + might have been expected, has been remarkably illustrated in some very striking and simple methods + suited to the temporary purposes of the Building, due attention having been paid to the pecuniary + means allotted to this part of the undertaking. The principle of suspension has been applied in a + single tent of iron sheeting, covering an area averaging 2,200 feet by 400 feet by a lengthened + ridge, or in separate tents on isolated supports. Others display the solution of this problem by + the chapter-house principle, and a few by the umbrella or circular locomotive-engine-house system + of railway-stations, either with a central column or groups of columns sustaining domes or roofs + to the extent of four hundred feet diameter.</p> + + <p>"Grandeur and simplicity of distribution are carried out with great architectural effect in + other compositions, and the general arrangement by columnar supports has been also variously and + elegantly developed. The system of iron roofing, with all the architectural powers of which that + material is susceptible, has been adopted by some with signal enterprise, ingenuity, and + power.</p> + + <p>"In another class of design the authors have viewed with enthusiasm the great occasion and + object of the proposed Exhibition, and have waived all considerations of expense. They have + indulged their imaginations, and employed the resources of their genius and learning, in the + composition of arrangements which present the utmost grandeur and beauty of architecture, suited + to a permanent Palace of Science and Art. These, as addressed to the architectural Student, are of + the highest value, reminding him of all the conditions of his art—the Egyptian hypostyle, + the Roman thermæ, or of the Arabian or Saracenic inventions. And though their expense has placed + them beyond reach, they cannot fail to inspire and elevate the treatment of the reality. They at + all events confer great obligations on the lovers of the Fine Arts, for the authors have evidently + felt that, if one of the results to be expected from the proposed Exhibition may be to prove that + the simplest object of ingenuity and skill should not be <span class="pagenum" + id="page13">{13}</span>devoid of some of the attractions of taste, the Building itself ought to be + an illustration of that important principle.</p> + + <p>"The Committee, however, have been unable to select any one design as combining all the + requisites which various considerations render essential. But the judgment and taste evinced by a + large number of the contributors have enabled the Committee to arrive more promptly at their + conclusions, and they have freely availed themselves of most valuable suggestions in directing the + preparation of a fresh design for the proposed building.</p> + + <p>"They have consequently been most earnest in the desire to fulfil the just expectations of the + various competitors, and feel assured that your Royal Highness and the Commission will be of + opinion that the most unreserved and handsome acknowledgments are due to those able men of science + and art who have in so disinterested a manner submitted such admirable projects for the + consideration and assistance of the Committee. They beg, therefore, to submit, as their opinion, + that the following gentlemen are entitled to honourable and favourable mention, on account of + architectural merit, ingenious construction or disposition, or for graceful arrangement of + plan.</p> + + <p>"And they cannot conclude without calling attention to the designs, accompanied by models, of + M. Hector Horeau, Architect of Paris, and of Messrs. Turner, of Dublin, as evincing most daring + and ingenious disposition and construction.<a id="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p> + + <p class="ar">"<span class="sc">W. Cubitt</span>, <i>Chairman</i>."</p> + + <p>Some of the strongest objections to this Report are very fairly urged in a letter which + appeared in the <i>Builder</i> of the 15th of June, a part of which is subjoined<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"Part II. of the Report contains what I suppose is to be taken as the best exposition of the + merits of contributors that the Committee can give, which commences by stating, in a tone of + commendation, that, 'not confining themselves to <span class="smaller">SUGGESTIONS ONLY</span>, + which were invited by the <span class="smaller">PROGRAMME</span>, a large proportion of them are + remarkable for elaboration of thought and elegance of execution.' This, I would contend, is + clearly a breach of the specified conditions, viz., that <span class="smaller">SUGGESTIONS + ONLY</span> were to be given—that the plan or drawing sent in was to be <span + class="smaller">A MERE OUTLINE SKETCH</span>, upon a <span class="smaller">SINGLE SHEET</span>; + and the Committee even recommended that it would be most convenient merely to trace it upon the + common paper on which the 'plan of site' was supplied to the public, a space being left upon the + sheet for <span class="smaller">SKETCHING</span> any sections or elevations that might be + necessary to illustrate the design; and that a written description, limited also to 'a single + sheet,' was all the exposition of their ideas that authors would be <span class="pagenum" + id="page14">{14}</span>allowed to give. The Report goes on to state, that 'our illustrious + continental neighbours have especially distinguished themselves [in designing a temporary building + for an exhibition] by compositions of the utmost taste and learning, worthy of enduring + execution—examples of what might be done in the <span class="smaller">ARCHITECTURAL</span> + illustration of the subject [the conditions strictly enjoined contributors not to enter into + architectural detail] when viewed in its highest aspect, and, at all events, exhibiting features + of grandeur, arrangement, and grace which your Committee have not failed to appreciate.' It then + places in contradistinction to these no doubt admirable but out-of-place productions of + architectural genius, the 'practical character of the designs of our own countrymen,' which it + states, 'as might have been expected, has been remarkably illustrated in some very striking and + simple methods, suited to the temporary purposes of the building, due attention having been paid + by them to the pecuniary means allotted to this part of the undertaking.' Yet, notwithstanding + this comparison, clearly and indisputably in favour of our own countrymen, as regards the object + sought and the conditions stipulated by the Committee, we find by the selected list of those + authors who are to receive 'the highest honorary distinction' the Commissioners can award, that + the Committee can only discover, out of 195 English and 38 foreign contributors, <span + class="smaller">THREE</span> Englishmen entitled to reward, the remaining <span + class="smaller">FIFTEEN</span> out of the eighteen selected being foreigners; or, as regards the + whole numbers, in proportion of 1 to 65 of 'our own countrymen,' the authors of the 'striking and + simple,' so admirably 'suited to the temporary purpose of the building,' and 1 to about 2½ of + foreigners, who, in designing for a temporary building, to be simple, cheap, and readily + constructed, have so overshot the mark as to produce 'compositions' commendable only for the + 'utmost taste and learning, and worthy of enduring execution.' Surely something must be wrong + here, either the Report or the selected list—possibly both.</p> + + <p>"In conclusion, I cannot help avowing the opinion that a wrong, though I believe + unintentionally, has been done to many of the 233 who so readily and 'generously' responded to the + call for their ideas; more particularly as I know, from personal inspection, that at least <span + class="smaller">ONE</span> of the plans altogether omitted from the Report contains <span + class="smaller">FIVE</span> of the leading features of the approved design."</p> + + <p>But to judge of this matter fairly, it must be mentioned that, although the number of foreign + competitors was small, the majority of them were men already well known for their talents and + professional skill; in all cases their designs evinced considerable study of the subject (both + architecturally and in a practical point of view), and manifested a desire to exhibit to English + professional men the proficiency of their continental brethren. On the other hand, many of the + designs from the competitors at home were much slighter suggestions presented in a less elaborate + form. Under these <span class="pagenum" id="page15">{15}</span>circumstances, it is not to be + wondered at that those eminent men of the technical professions who, on this occasion, came + forward with practical suggestions for the assistance of the Committee, and designs calculated + rather to assist with thoughts than to charm by the graces of elegant drawing or symmetrical + disposition, should seem to have been found wanting in this first trial with all the world. It + should further be borne in mind, that the nature of competitions is not so well understood in some + foreign countries, where they are of less frequent occurrence, than with us. It must at the same + time be admitted that the practice of disregarding and exceeding the instructions in competitions + is too much a matter of general complaint in England to be brought forward as a new grievance + against our continental brethren.</p> + + <p class="sp5">After the publication of the above Report, the competition designs were all + exhibited in the rooms of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in Great George-street, which were + liberally placed at the disposal of the Committee for this purpose; and of those who visited this + interesting exhibition, many, no doubt, must have sympathised with those feelings which dictated + the decision of the Committee. From an attentive examination of these designs, presenting the + subject in such exceedingly varied forms, one of the peculiar difficulties of the case becomes + apparent, namely, the total absence of any precedent to guide or afford suggestions to the + designer; for the small number of buildings erected or adapted for a similar purpose have been on + so limited a scale that their example could not afford much assistance in designing a structure to + meet all the requirements of the present case. This building differed from all previous ones in + being intended to accommodate the products of all nations, instead of being confined to those of + one only; in which case the arrangement would have been more certain and more readily provided + for.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd9.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd9.png" + alt="Buildings used for previous Exhibitions." title="Buildings used for previous Exhibitions."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>S + a comparison of some of these earlier buildings with the first erected in London for a similar + purpose cannot fail to be interesting, a short notice of them may not be deemed out of place. The + most important amongst them are those temporary structures which have been erected in Paris for + the periodical Industrial Expositions, with reference to the last of which we cannot do better + than quote, from Mr. Digby Wyatt's instructive and masterly Report, that part where the building + is treated of<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"The vast edifice which has been erected to contain the specimens of manufacture selected for + exhibition in the year 1849 is situated on the same site as that occupied by a similar building in + the year 1844. The Carré <span class="pagenum" id="page16">{16}</span>de Marigny, on which it has + been placed, is a large oblong piece of ground, abutting on the main avenue of the Champs Elysées, + and as a site offers every possible advantage, being of a gravelly soil, already efficiently + drained, and standing on the line of a continually moving series of public conveyances. The Champs + Elysées, though at some considerable distance from the great centre of Parisian population, are + still so universal a place of resort, that they may be fairly assumed to be "in the way" of even + the poorest classes of the community. The elevation may be admirably seen from all the approaches + to the building, and it has the advantage of being in immediate proximity to the residence of the + President of the Republic.</p> + + <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH EXPOSITION IN + 1849.</span></p> + + <div class="ac w70 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p16.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p16.jpg" + alt="PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH + EXPOSITION IN 1849." title="PLAN OF THE BUILDING FOR THE FRENCH + EXPOSITION IN 1849."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption"> + <tr> + <td class="br pr1">1. Cattle-shed.<br/> + 2. Machinery.<br/> + 3. Chemical Products.<br/> + 4. Metal Works.</td> + <td class="br pl1 pr1">5. Productions of Parisian<br/> + <span class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>Industry.<br/> + 6. Horticulture.<br/> + 7. Woven Goods.</td> + <td class="pl1"><span class="hid">0</span>8. Principal Entrance.<br/> + <span class="hid">0</span>9. Guard-house.<br/> + 10. Fountain.<br/> + 11. Reservoir of Rain Water.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page17">{17}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p17.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p17.jpg" + alt="VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE." title="VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"The whole plot of the present building (exclusive of the agricultural department) covers a + vast parallelogram of 206 metres by 100 (about 675 by 328 feet English), round the outline of + which runs a gallery about 90 feet wide, divided into two avenues by a double range of pilasters. + In the centre of each avenue is a set of stalls, placed back to back, for the exhibition of + merchandise; and both between the central pilasters, and round, and upon the walls, other objects + are placed, so that on traversing either of the four gangways (each about ten feet wide) the + public have upon their right and left hands objects for inspection. In the part of the building + appropriated to large machinery, of course this system cannot be carried out with the same + regularity. The vast parallelogram, inclosed by a somewhat similar gallery in the year 1844, was + left as one magnificent hall, within which were placed the most important objects; in the present + building we find it divided by two transverse galleries, similarly arranged to those we have + described, forming three court-yards; the central one being about 140 feet square, and the two + lateral ones 80 feet by 140. The central court-yard is open to the sky; in the middle rises an + elegant fountain placed on a platform of turf, and around are disposed sheds for the exhibition of + flowers and horticultural ornaments and implements. One of the lateral courts (inclosed) receives + a large collection of objects in metal-work, cast-iron, &c., and the other contains an immense + reservoir, in which all the drainage from the roofs is collected, so as to form a supply of water + immediately serviceable in case of fire. In addition to this great building, which corresponds + with that previously erected, there is this year constructed a vast shed for the exhibition of + agricultural produce and stock. It extends to a length rather greater than the width of the great + parallelogram, and is about 100 feet (English) wide. Its construction is <span class="pagenum" + id="page18">{18}</span>ruder than that of the 'Palace,' but it is not on that account less + effective. It appears to have been originally contemplated to fill the whole of this gigantic hall + with cattle, &c., and to place the agricultural implements in a long narrow gallery + intervening between it and the main building; but as the stock of animals forwarded for exhibition + has not proved so large as was anticipated, it has been half-filled with semi-agricultural + machines, and the whole of the long narrow gallery alluded to crammed with stoves, and + miscellaneous domestic mechanism.</p> + + <p>"The whole of the building is constructed of wood, the roofs being covered with zinc: of the + latter material 400,000 kilogrammes, equal to nearly 4,000 tons, are stated to have been used; and + of the former, nearly 45,000 pieces of timber.</p> + + <p>"It is hoped that the accompanying plan and views will convey a tolerably good idea both of the + exterior and interior arrangements of the Exhibition. They will serve to show, at least, that a + somewhat unnecessary expenditure has been gone into, and to manifest the possibility of + constructing a much more simple building, possessing all the advantages of this one, at a far less + cost.</p> + + <p>"Both externally and internally there is a good deal of tasteless and unprofitable ornament; + all the pilasters are papered and painted in a species of graining to imitate light oak, and even + the ceiling is covered over with the same work. Large 'carton pierre' trusses apparently support + the timbers, and a painted bronze bas-relief fills the tympanum of the pediment, at the principal + entrance. The architecture of the whole is 'mesquin,' although the gigantic scale of the building + necessarily elevates the general effect into something of impressiveness; not, however, to nearly + the extent which the same outlay might have produced."</p> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p18.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p18.jpg" + alt="INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE."" title="INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE.""/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">INTERIOR VIEW OF THE "PALACE."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page19">{19}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p19.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p19.jpg" + alt="INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED." title="INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">INTERIOR OF THE CATTLE-SHED.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Mr. Wyatt further states that the total cost of this building was about 450,000 francs, or + about 18,000<i>l.</i>, which, however, he considers was an unnecessarily large outlay. He + mentions, also, that the building erected on the previous occasion, in 1844, was in some respects + more suitable for the purpose, especially from its greater simplicity of arrangement, a remark it + will be well to bear in mind in considering the various designs for the building in Hyde Park. The + accompanying plates will enable the reader readily to follow all the details of the + description.</p> + + <p>The permanent building erected by the King of Bavaria at Munich, likewise for periodical + Exhibitions, is on a much smaller scale than those in Paris, and must be regarded rather as having + afforded an opportunity for that manifestation of architectural display in public buildings for + which its Royal projector was so well known, than as being peculiarly fitted for its purpose. It + is divided internally into various halls for the different classes of objects; but as the + proportion of these must necessarily vary at every Exhibition, such an arrangement cannot be + deemed the most suitable for the purpose.</p> + + <p class="sp3">At Berlin, where several Industrial Exhibitions have taken place, no distinct + building has been provided, but some already existing one has been temporarily adapted and fitted + up for the purpose; thus, on the last occasion, Kroll's <span class="sc">Wintergarten</span>, a + large establishment for public amusement, which has been recently destroyed by fire, was made use + of. The large central saloon, with the smaller ones flanking it, forming, in fact, one space 310 + feet long, and 82 feet broad at the widest point, afforded a very good opportunity for the + arrangement of the objects to be exhibited, some of which were placed in the gallery of the large + saloon.</p> + + <div id="f19"></div> + + <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p19f.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p19f.jpg" + alt="View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin." title="View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">View of Kroll's Wintergarten at Berlin.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page20">{20}</span></div> + + <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN.</span></p> + + <div class="ac w65 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p20a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p20a.jpg" + alt="PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN." title="PLAN OF KROLL'S WINTERGARTEN, BERLIN."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption"> + <tr> + <td class="br pr1">1. Electric Telegraph.<br/> + 2. Chemical Products.<br/> + 3. Porcelain and Bronzes.<br/> + 4. Machinery.<br/> + 5. Hardware.<br/> + 6. Zinc Works.<br/> + 7· Plate and Jewellery.<br/> + 8. Lithography.<br/> + 9. Watches, &c.</td> + <td class="br pl1 pr1">10. Cutlery.<br/> + 11. Scientific Instruments.<br/> + 12. Bookbinding.<br/> + 13. Embroidery.<br/> + 14. Ornamental Blinds.<br/> + 15. Silks and Velvets.<br/> + 16. Furs.<br/> + 17. Pianofortes.<br/> + 18. Carriages.</td> + <td class="pl1">19. Furniture.<br/> + 20. Lamps, &c.<br/> + 21. Turned Articles.<br/> + 22. Woollen Fabrics.<br/> + 23. Leather Articles.<br/> + 24. Hats & Felt Articles.<br/> + 25. Machinery.<br/> + 26. Carriages.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + </div> + + <p>On a previous occasion a part of the Royal Arsenal building was appropriated, and the + Exhibition embraced two storeys.</p> + + <p>In our own country, exhibitions of manufactures have taken place in several of the most + important towns, generally in spaces only temporarily adapted; but in 1849 the first building in + this country intended solely for the purpose of an exhibition of manufactures was erected at + Birmingham, on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association in that town.</p> + + <div class="ac w65 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p20b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p20b.jpg" + alt="VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION + BUILDING." title="VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION + BUILDING."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION BUILDING.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page21">{21}</span></div> + + <p>The building alluded to included a space extending to 10,000 square feet, and a corridor, + giving additional accommodation of 800 square feet, connected the temporary exhibition-room with + Bingley-house, within the grounds of which the building was erected; and including the rooms of + the old mansion, the total area covered by the Exhibition was equal to 12,800 feet, or only about + one-seventeenth of the area covered by the last building erected in the Champs Elysées. The cost + of this building was about 1,300<i>l.</i> It was opened to the public on the 3rd of September, + 1849.</p> + + <p>In most of the buildings alluded to above, the principal defect seemed to be that a definite + and fixed subdivision of space was made for a classification of objects which was necessarily + uncertain. This appears to have determined the Committee in the arrangement of the plan which they + presented in a general form to the Royal Commission at the same time with the Report already + quoted; and although the design was slightly modified during the progress of the working-drawings + subsequently made, this is, perhaps, the best place for introducing a description of it.</p> + + <p class="sp5">It has been already mentioned that at the time the Committee received the + competition designs, they obtained the assistance of Mr. Digby Wyatt, the secretary to the + Executive Committee, to aid them in the preparation of drawings, although Mr. Scott Russell + officially filled the post of secretary to the Building Committee. At a somewhat later stage of + the Committee's proceedings, when the general design for the proposed building had been approved + by the Royal Commission, and it became necessary to prepare working drawings for the same with + extraordinary despatch, Mr. Charles Heard Wild, as engineer, and Mr. Owen Jones, as architect, + were appointed to co-operate with Mr. Wyatt in carrying out this object.</p> + + <div class="ac w40 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd10.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd10.png" + alt="Description of the Building Committee's + Design." title="Description of the Building Committee's + Design."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + site to have been occupied by the building designed by the Committee was the same as that on which + the building has been actually erected, namely between Rotten-row and the drive in Hyde Park, but + the area proposed to be covered was somewhat larger, the length of the building being about 2,200 + feet, and the greatest width nearly 450 feet. The central space was occupied by an immense rotunda + 200 feet in diameter, the cupola rising to a height of more than 160 feet, and exceeding the span + of that of St. Peter's at Rome by 61 feet, and of St. Paul's in London by 88 feet. The dome for + covering this rotunda consisted of wrought-iron ribs, supporting a covering of corrugated iron, + the whole resting on a wall or drum of brickwork, about 60 feet high; a large opening in the + centre was to be glazed for the admission of light.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page22">{22}</span></div> + + <p>This large open area was intended for the exhibition of groups of sculpture, fountains, and + other objects requiring great space in order to be seen to advantage; at the same time the cupola + would have presented a striking instance of the constructive skill of this country.</p> + + <p>The remaining area of the building was divided into avenues 48 feet wide, by iron columns 24 + feet apart, this dimension having been determined on as that most likely to work in well for the + division of the counters and passages. One of the 48-feet avenues on the main axis of the building + was spanned by semicircular ribs of wrought iron supporting the roof, which rose here to a greater + height than the rest of the building; the other avenues were covered with roofing very similar to + that commonly seen in railway-sheds, the whole being rendered as light as possible, and + constructed in iron covered with slating; the light being in all cases admitted by a range of + sky-lights at the apex of the roof, which was also adapted for ventilation. The height of the main + avenue was 52 feet, and of the others 36 feet, from the floor throughout. A corridor of + communication 15 feet wide was carried round the whole of the building, interrupted only by the + open courts; this, with the main avenue, afforded the visitor to the Exhibition the means of + reaching any particular point without threading a maze of small passages. The inclosing walls were + to be of brick, relieved externally by panels in two colours; but there were to be no internal + division walls except those necessary to surround the various courts which were left on account of + the trees.</p> + + <p>The executive offices were grouped on either side of the principal entrance, which was placed + immediately opposite Prince's Gate; and at this, as well as at the entrances at either end and on + the north front, large arched recesses were introduced which served as vestibules, and formed at + the same time prominent and striking features to relieve the necessarily monotonous aspect of the + building. Along the whole of the principal front and at the ends of the building a pent or + overhanging roof projected about 15 feet, to enable visitors in bad weather to be set down under + cover, and the exit-doors, of which there were altogether 24, were further protected by + porches.</p> + + <p>The water was to be conveyed from the roof through the columns which supported it, and which + were for this purpose connected with the necessary drain-pipes, &c.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Very ample accommodation was provided for refreshments in the open courts which + were necessarily left for the preservation of the trees, particularly in that at the western end + of the building, where there was proposed to be placed a large establishment, comprising two + storeys, with somewhat the arrangement of the French cafés, including a fine saloon on the first + floor, upwards of thirty feet wide and nearly one hundred feet long; separate spaces were also + provided for the accommodation of exhibitors. This was the only part of the building, with the + exception of the executive offices, which was to have an upper storey.</p> + + <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S DESIGN.</span></p> + + <div id="f22"></div> + + <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p22.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p22.jpg" + alt="GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S + DESIGN." title="GROUND PLAN OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE'S + DESIGN."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption"> + <tr> + <td class="br pr1">1. Machinery in Motion.<br/> + 2. Other Machinery.<br/> + 3. Seats for Visitors.<br/> + 4. Refreshment Courts.</td> + <td class="br pl1 pr1">5. Raw Materials.<br/> + 6. Manufactures.<br/> + 7. Sculpture and the Plastic Arts.<br/> + 8. Small Court.</td> + <td class="br pl1 pr1"><span class="hid">0</span>9. The Rotunda.<br/> + 10. Principal Entrance and<br/> + <span class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>Executive Offices.<br/> + 11. The Other Entrances.</td> + <td class="pl1">12. The Drive in the Park.<br/> + 13. The Kensington Road.<br/> + 14. The Queen's Private Road.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page23">{23}</span></div> + + <p>An objection might, perhaps, be raised to this part of the building, that it was too + commodious, and that there might be some danger of its being converted into a lounge, while it was + occupying too much of the space intended for the Exhibition, for a secondary, though certainly + necessary purpose; it was, however, considered by the Committee, that of the vast number of + visitors that might be expected to be in the building at one time, so many would avail themselves + of the accommodation provided as to render a less amount undesirable. The principal courts were + surrounded by a covered way, where refreshments were also to be served at long counters, in the + manner of the railway-stations.</p> + + <p>All these arrangements will readily be understood by a reference to the plan of the design we + have been describing, which plan, together with a view taken from the south-east angle of the + building, will place before the reader the result of the labours of the Committee. The materials + proposed for the construction of this building were fire-proof throughout, with the exception of + the floor and its supporting timbers.</p> + + <p>The above design, at least in all its leading features, for some of the details were + subsequently added, was laid before the Royal Commission, at the same time with the Report already + quoted, and was by them approved, and the Committee proceeded to prepare the necessary + working-drawings and specifications for the execution of the work. These proceedings of the + Committee occupied until the 24th of June, when large lithographed copies of the most important of + the drawings, together with printed copies of the specifications and other details, were issued + from the offices of the Executive, contractors having been some time previously invited by public + advertisement to send in tenders for the execution of either a part or the whole of the work. The + tenders were to be on two systems, one on the supposition that the Royal Commission were to become + the <i>bona fide</i> purchasers of the building; the other, that the contractors were to erect and + maintain the building during the time of the Exhibition, after which they were to remove it and + take back the materials at their own risk, receiving a proportionably diminished sum.</p> + + <p class="sp5">It has been considered necessary to describe thus minutely the labours of the + Committee and the design in which they resulted, in order to show how far it paved the way for + that which was subsequently adopted, and to give them that credit which they undoubtedly deserve + for devoting so much of their valuable time for the furtherance of a great public undertaking.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page24">{24}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd11.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd11.png" + alt="Opposition to this Design." title="Opposition to this Design."/></a> + </div> + + <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="T"/>HE design of the Building Committee, when published to the world, met with anything but + public approbation; some of the objectors called in question the practicability of the execution + of the enormous dome, at least within the time assigned; others complained that the outlay would + be unnecessarily large for a purpose avowedly temporary, and expressed their fears that so costly + a structure once erected, there would be the less probability of its subsequent removal; but the + objection which appeared to have most weight with the public at large was, the great amount of + solid brick construction in the walls, &c., which, it was urged, would require a longer time + than could be allowed for their erection, and that the carting of the materials would cause + serious injury in the Park and the surrounding neighbourhood. This strong current of objection + seemed to bid fair to overwhelm the much-abused design. To increase the difficulties which seemed + to gather round the progress of this noble undertaking, an exceedingly vexatious and factious + agitation was got up in opposition to the proposed site in Hyde Park, and petitions and + counter-petitions were presented to both Houses of Parliament, and much of the time of the + Legislature was wasted in fruitless discussion on the subject. The Building Committee thought it + desirable, under these circumstances, to lay before the public their reasons for recommending the + site in the Park, and therefore issued a memorandum of the grounds on which it had been + selected.<a id="NtA_2" href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The result was, that the opposition was + defeated in the Legislature, and finally crushed by the force of public opinion.</p> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd12.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd12.png" alt="The Tenders." + title="The Tenders."/></a> + </div> + + <p class="sp3"><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="I"/>N the mean time the competing contractors had been obliged to strain every nerve to get + their tenders ready by the 10th of July, when, altogether, nineteen were sent in, but eight only + were for undertaking the whole of the work; the amounts of these are stated to have ranged between + 150,000<i>l.</i> and 120,000<i>l.</i>, and this for the use only of the materials for the + building. But, at the same time, in accordance with the recommendation and invitation contained in + the last part of the Report already quoted, Messrs. Fox, Henderson and Co. presented a tender upon + a design entirely different in construction and appearance, though resembling that of the + Committee in the general arrangement of the plan.</p> + + <div id="f24"></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p24.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p24.jpg" + alt="Exterior View of the Building + Committee's Design" title="Exterior View of the Building + Committee's Design"/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">Exterior View of the Building Committee's Design</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page25">{25}</span></div> + + <p>This design was by Mr. Joseph Paxton, and resembled in its general form the building as it is + now executed, with the exception of the transept and semicircular roof, which were subsequently + added, and were suggested by Mr. Barry.</p> + + <p>The result of the tenders appears to have been unfavourable to the Committee's design; and in + their Report to the Royal Commission on the subject, made a few days afterwards, they proposed to + omit the great dome and some portions of the design which were not essential, by which they + considered that the cost of its execution might be reduced below 100,000<i>l.</i>; at the same + time, they made special mention of Mr. Paxton's design, which, however, they considered would + prove more expensive.</p> + + <p>Mr. Paxton's design had been brought before the public before this period; for, considering + that his best road to success would be to get a favourable verdict from that many-headed jury, he + published a view and description of it in the <i>Illustrated News</i>, and, through the influence + of Mr. Stephenson, he got his plans laid before the Royal Commission, in consequence of which he + obtained an interview with his Royal Highness the President. The encouragement given him by the + attention bestowed upon his design by the Royal Commission, and the favourable opinion of the + public, had determined him to procure a tender for the execution of the work, to be sent in with + those upon the Committee's design. This he was enabled to do by the great energy and promptitude + of the contractors, Messrs. Fox and Henderson, to whom he applied at the eleventh hour. The + difficulties that had to be overcome, owing to the shortness of the time remaining for the + estimates to be made up, can scarcely be better laid before the reader than they have been by an + able writer in "Household Words:"—</p> + + <p>"It was now Saturday, and only a few days more were allowed for receiving tenders. Yet before + an approximate estimate of expense could be formed, the great glass-manufacturers and iron-masters + of the north had to be consulted. This happened to be <i>dies mirabilis</i> the third; for it was + the identical Saturday on which the Sunday postal question had reached its crisis, and there was + to be no delivery the next day! But in a country of electric telegraphs, and of indomitable + energy, time and difficulties are annihilated; and it is not the least of the marvels wrought in + connexion with the great edifice that, by aid of railway-parcels and the electric telegraph, not + only did all the gentlemen summoned out of Warwickshire and Staffordshire appear on Monday morning + at Messrs. Fox and Henderson's office, in Spring Gardens, London, to contribute their several + estimates to the tender for the whole, but within a week the contractors had prepared every + detailed working-drawing, and had calculated the cost of every pound of iron, of every inch of + wood, and of every pane of glass.</p> + + <p>"There is no one circumstance in the history of the manufacturing enterprise of the English + nation which places in so strong a light as this <span class="pagenum" id="page26">{26}</span>its + boundless resources in materials, to say nothing of the arithmetical skill in computing at what + cost and in how short a time those materials could be converted to a special purpose. What was + done in those few days? Two parties in London, relying on the accuracy and good faith of certain + iron-masters, glass-workers in the provinces, and of one master-carpenter in London, bound + themselves for a certain sum of money, and in the course of some four months, to cover eighteen + acres of ground with a building upwards of a third of a mile long, and some four hundred and fifty + feet broad. In order to do this, the glass-maker promised to supply, in the required time, nine + hundred thousand square feet of glass (weighing more than four hundred tons), in separate panes, + and these the largest that ever were made of sheet glass; each being forty-nine inches long. The + iron-master passed his word in like manner to cast in due time three thousand three hundred iron + columns, varying from fourteen feet and a half to twenty feet in length: thirty-four miles of + guttering-tube, to join every individual column together under the ground; two thousand two + hundred and twenty-four girders (but some of these are of wrought iron); besides eleven hundred + and twenty-eight bearers for supporting galleries. The carpenter undertook to get ready within the + specified period two hundred and five <span class="smaller">MILES</span> of sash-bar, flooring for + an area of thirty-three millions of cubic feet, besides enormous quantities of wooden walling, + louvre-work, and partition.<a id="NtA_3" href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p> + + <p>"It is not till we reflect on the vast sums of money involved in transactions of this magnitude + that we can form even a slight notion of the great, almost ruinous loss, a trifling arithmetical + error would have occasioned, and of the boundless confidence the parties must have had in their + resources and in the correctness of their computations. Nevertheless, it was one great merit in + Mr. Paxton's original details of measurement that they were contrived to facilitate + calculation.</p> + + <p>"There was little time for consideration, or for setting right a single mistake, were it ever + so disastrous. On the prescribed day the tender was presented, with whatever imperfections it + might have had, duly and irredeemably sealed. But after-checkings have divulged no material + error."</p> + + <p class="sp5">The Royal Commission appear from the first to have been favourably impressed with + Mr. Paxton's design, partly, no doubt, because its adoption would at once silence the great + bricks-and-mortar objection to the occupation of the site in Hyde Park; and the result was that, + on the 16th of July, Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender of 79,800<i>l.</i> for Mr. Paxton's design + was verbally accepted, and, as soon as the necessary arrangements could be made, the contract was + formally concluded.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page27">{27}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd13.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd13.png" + alt="History of Mr. Paxton's Design." title="History of Mr. Paxton's Design."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>S + Mr. Paxton himself has stated, the design for a building of such magnitude could not have been + produced in so short a space of time without the aid of the experience he had gained in + constructing other great buildings of a somewhat similar character; the progress of this + experience Mr. Paxton has described in the lecture he delivered to the Society of Arts on the 13th + of November, 1850, from which we have made the following extracts; and we hope to be excused by + the reader for their copiousness, on the ground that no man can so well relate his own doings as + the actor himself<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"The Great Industrial Building now in the course of erection, and which forms the subject of + the present paper, was not the production of a momentary consideration of the subject. Its + peculiar construction, in cast-iron and glass, together with the manner of forming the vast roof, + is the result of much experience in the erection of buildings of a similar kind, although on a + smaller scale, which has gradually developed itself through a series of years. It may not, + therefore, be uninteresting to give a brief account of the reasons which led me to investigate the + subject of glass roofs and glass structures generally, and which have resulted in the Exhibition + Building.</p> + + <p>"In 1828, when I first turned my attention to the building and improvement of glass structures, + the various forcing-houses at Chatsworth, as at other places, were formed of coarse thick glass + and heavy woodwork, which rendered the roofs dark and gloomy, and, on this account, very ill + suited for the purposes they were intended to answer. My first object was to remove this evil, + and, in order to accomplish it, I lightened the rafters and sash-bars, by bevelling off their + sides; and some houses which were afterwards built in this manner proved very satisfactory. I also + at this time contrived a light sash-bar, having a groove for the reception of the glass; this + groove completely obviated a disadvantage connected with the old mode of glazing, namely, the + putty becoming continually displaced by sun, frost, and rain, after the sashes had been made for a + short time, and the wet by this means finding its way betwixt the glass and the wood, and + producing a continual drip in rainy weather.</p> + + <p>"About this period the desire for metallic roofs began to extend in every direction; and as + such structures had a light and graceful appearance, it became a question of importance as to the + propriety of using metal sashes and rafters, instead of wooden ones, for horticultural purposes. + After carefully observing the effects of those built by various persons, it became apparent to me + that the expansion and contraction of metal would always militate against its general adoption, as + at no season of the year could the sashes and rafters be made to fit.</p> + + <p>"The extra expense, also, of erecting metallic-roofed houses was a <span class="pagenum" + id="page28">{28}</span>consideration. In 1833 I contemplated building a new range of hot-houses; + and being desirous of knowing how much they would cost, if erected of metal, a plan of the range + was prepared and sent to Birmingham, and another to Sheffield, with a desire to be furnished with + estimates for that purpose. The estimate from Birmingham was 1,800<i>l.</i>; and the other, from + Sheffield, was 1,850<i>l.</i> These appeared to me such enormous sums, that I at once set about + calculating how much the range would cost if built of wood under my own inspection; and the result + was, that I was able to complete the whole range, including masonry (which was omitted in the + metal estimates), for less than 500<i>l.</i></p> + + <p>"Besides the extra cost of metallic roofs, we must add the extreme heat of such houses in hot + weather, and their coldness in times of frost; the liability to breakage of glass from expansion + and contraction of the metal; the very limited duration of the smaller portions, as sash-bars, + from corrosion, by exposure to the alternations of heat, cold, and moisture, inseparable from + gardening operations, and which could only be prevented by making use of the expensive material, + <span class="smaller">COPPER</span>; and the difficulty, when compared with wood, of repairing any + damages, as a wooden roof could at any time be set to rights by a common carpenter. These + different items formed in my mind so many objections to its use, and the same disadvantages soon + became generally apparent.</p> + + <p>"It was now thought advisable by some parties that, in order to obviate the many disadvantages + in the use of metal, the rafters and frame-work of the sashes ought to be made of wood, and the + sash-bars of metal. This plan certainly presented more advantages than the other, yet it was quite + obvious that materials so incongruous could never give satisfaction; and accordingly, in a few + years, as I had anticipated, the rage for these structures gradually subsided, and the use of wood + again became resorted to by most persons, as the best material for horticultural purposes.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p28.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p28.jpg" + alt="COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS." title="COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">COMMON MODE OF GLAZING ROOFS.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"In the construction of glass-houses requiring much light, there always appeared to me one + important objection, which no person seemed to have taken up or obviated; it was this. In plain + lean-to or shed roofs, the morning and evening sun, which is on many accounts of the greatest + importance in forcing fruits, presented its direct rays at a low angle, and, consequently, very + obliquely to the glass. At those periods most of <span class="pagenum" id="page29">{29}</span>the + rays of light and heat were obstructed by the position of the glass and heavy rafters, so that a + considerable portion of time was lost both morning and evening; it consequently became evident + that a system by which the glass would be more at right angles to the morning and evening rays of + the sun would obviate the difficulty, and remove the obstruction to rays of light entering the + house at an early and late hour of the day.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p29.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p29.jpg" + alt="METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW." title="METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">METHOD BY RIDGE-AND-FURROW.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"This led me to the adoption of the ridge-and-furrow principle for glass roofs, which places + the glass in such a position that the rays of light in the mornings and evenings enter the house + without obstruction, and present themselves more perpendicularly to the glass at those times when + they are the least powerful; whereas at mid-day, when they are most powerful, they present + themselves more obliquely to the glass. Having had this principle fixed in my mind, and being + convinced of its importance, I constructed a pine-house in 1833 as an experiment, which still + exists unimpaired, and has been found fully to answer the purpose.</p> + + <p>"In 1834 I resolved to try a further experiment on a larger scale, on the ridge-and-furrow + principle, in the construction of a green-house of considerable dimensions, which also remains and + answers admirably. For this building I made a still lighter sash-bar than any I had previously + used; on which account the house, when completed (although possessing all the advantages of wood), + was as light as if constructed of metal. The whole length of this structure is 97½ feet, and its + breadth 26 feet; the height at the back is 16 feet 9 inches, and in the front 12 feet 3 inches. A + span so large as 26 feet could not be safely covered with a roof constructed in the ordinary way, + unless the sash-bars were stronger, and the assistance of heavy rafters and numerous supports was + afforded. The house presents a neat and light appearance, and consists of 15 bays, and pediments + in front, supported by 16 slender reeded cast-iron columns. Whilst it makes an admirable + green-house, it is also an economical building; for, at the period of its construction, + notwithstanding the heavy tax on glass (since removed), it only cost at the rate of twopence and a + fraction per cubic foot. At the present time, considering the change in the price of material, and + the removal of the glass-tax, it could be constructed at a considerably smaller amount.</p> + + <p>"Having in contemplation the erection of the Great Conservatory in its present form, it was + determined, in 1836, to erect a new curvilinear <span class="pagenum" + id="page30">{30}</span>hot-house 60 feet in length and 26 feet in width, with the elliptical roof + on the ridge-and-furrow principle, to be constructed entirely of wood, for the purpose of + exhibiting how roofs of this kind could be supported. The plan adopted was this: the curved + rafters were composed of several boards securely nailed together on templets of wood cut to the + exact curve; by this means a strength and firmness were obtained sufficient to support an enormous + weight.</p> + + <p>"In 1837 the foundations of the Great Conservatory were commenced; and in constructing so great + a building it was found desirable to contrive some means for abridging the great amount of manual + labour that would be required in making the immense number of sash-bars requisite for the purpose. + Accordingly, I visited all the great workshops in London, Manchester, and Birmingham, to see if + anything had been invented that would afford the facilities I required. The only apparatus met + with was a grooving-machine, which I had at once connected with a steam-engine at Chatsworth, and + which was subsequently so improved as to make the sash-bar complete.</p> + + <div class="ac w40 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p30.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p30.jpg" + alt="CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR + MACHINE." title="CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR + MACHINE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">CUTTERS OF MR. PAXTON'S SASH-BAR MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"For this apparatus the Society of Arts, in April, 1841, awarded me a medal; and this machine + is the type from which all the sash-bar machines found in use throughout the country at the + present time are taken. As the Conservatory was erected under my own immediate superintendence, I + am able to speak accurately as to the advantages of the machine: it has, in regard to that + building alone, saved in expenses 1,400<i>l.</i> The length of each of the bars of the + Conservatory is 48 inches; only one inch shorter than those of the Exhibition Building. The + machine was first used in its present form in August, 1838; and its original cost, including + table, wheels, and everything complete, was 20<i>l.</i> The motive power is from a steam-engine + employed on the premises for other purposes; and any well-seasoned timber may be used. The + attendants required are only a man and a boy, and the expense of the power required for it when in + use is comparatively trifling. The sash-bars may be made of any form, by changing the character of + the saws.</p> + + <p>"There is one particular feature in working the machine, namely, the bar is presented to the + saws below the centre of motion, instead of above it (as is usual); and to the sides of the saw + which are ascending from the table, instead of those which are descending. These arrangements were + necessary to suit the direction of the teeth to the grain of the wood; for when the bars were + presented to the saws in the usual way, the wood was <span class="pagenum" + id="page31">{31}</span>crushed instead of being cut and cleaned. It is essential that the machine + should revolve 1,200 times in a minute to finish the work in a proper manner.</p> + + <p>"The glass and glazing of the Chatsworth Conservatory caused me considerable thought and + anxiety, as I was very desirous to do away altogether with the numerous overlaps connected with + the old system of glazing with short lengths. This old method, even under the best of management, + is certain, in the course of a few years, to render unsightly any structure, however well + built.</p> + + <p>"In the course of my inquiries, I heard that Messrs. Chance and Co., of Birmingham, had just + introduced from the Continent the manufacture of sheet glass. Accordingly, I went to see them make + this new article, and found they were able to manufacture it three feet in length. I was advised + to use this glass in two lengths, with one overlap; but to this I could not assent, as I observed, + that since they had so far advanced as to be able to produce sheets three feet in length, I saw no + reason why they could not accomplish another foot; and, if this could not be done, I would decline + giving the order, as, at that time, sheet glass was altogether an experiment for horticultural + purposes. These gentlemen, however, shortly afterwards informed me that they had one person who + could make it the desired length, and, if I would give the order, they would furnish me with all I + required.</p> + + <p>"It may just be remarked here that the glass for the Exhibition Building is forty-nine inches + long—a size which no country except England is able to furnish in any large quantity, even + at the present day.</p> + + <p>"In 1840 the Chatsworth Conservatory was completed and planted. The whole length of this + building is 277 feet; its breadth, 123 feet over the walls; and the height, from the floor to the + highest part, 67 feet.</p> + + <p>"Notwithstanding the success which attended the erection of these buildings, it became to me a + question of importance how far an extensive structure might be covered in with <i>flat</i> + ridge-and-furrow roofs; that is, the ridge-and-valley rafters placed on a level, instead of at an + inclination, as in the green-house, or curvilinear, as in the Great Conservatory. I therefore + prepared some plans for an erection of the kind for the Earl of Burlington, somewhere about ten + years ago; but, on account of the lamented death of the Countess, the design of erection was + abandoned. However, from that time I felt assured, not only that it could be done satisfactorily, + but that the most appropriate manner to form and support level glass roofs, to a great extent, was + that adopted this year for the New Victoria House at Chatsworth, which may be considered a + miniature type of the Great Industrial Building.</p> + + <p>"Before describing this house, however, it may be well to notice two <span class="pagenum" + id="page32">{32}</span>instances in which the flat roofs had been previously tried, and in both + cases with the most perfect success.</p> + + <p>"The first of these was a conservatory attached to a villa in Darley Dale, only a short + distance from Chatsworth. This building is divided into five bays, with a glass door in the + centre, and glass pilasters separating the bays; the ridge-and-furrow roof covers an opening of + seventeen feet in the clear. The ventilation is simultaneously effected by a lever connected with + a rod, which is attached to all the ventilators....</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p32.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p32.jpg" + alt="THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH." title="THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE, CHATSWORTH.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"The second instance is this. In the spring of 1848, plans were prepared for the erection of an + ornamental glass structure, to cover the conservatory wall at Chatsworth. This wall was previously + a plain flued structure, devoted to the growth of rare and choice plants. The new erection is 331 + feet in length, and 7 feet in width. It is divided into ten bays, with an ornamental centre + projecting beyond the general line of the building. Each bay is subdivided by smaller bays, which + are separated by glass pilasters; the glass sashes are so arranged that they can be removed in + summer, and the whole thrown open to the gardens, whilst in winter the building affords an + extensive promenade under cover. The ground on which this structure is built has a fall of 25 feet + 6 inches in its whole length; consequently, there is a proportionate fall at each bay, which gives + great variety, and obviates the monotony that would be exhibited in a building of such length and + dimensions placed on a uniform level. The lower side of each bay is finished by a glass pilaster, + three feet in width, and surmounted by a vase on the wall behind. The roof is on the + ridge-and-furrow principle, with the rafters on a very slight inclination; and the ventilation is + effected in a similar but more perfect manner than that already described as in use at the + conservatory at Darley Dale.</p> + + <p>"The new Victoria Regia House, which presents a light and novel appearance, is 60 feet 6 inches + in length, and 46 feet 9 inches in breadth. Although, when compared with the Great Industrial + Building, the Victoria House is a very diminutive structure, yet the principles on which it is + constructed are the same, and may be carried out to an almost unlimited extent. The form of the + roof, the general elevation, the supports, and the mode of construction, are all quite simple, and + yet fully answer the purposes for which they were intended.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page33">{33}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p33.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p33.jpg" + alt="INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE." title="INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">INTERIOR OF VICTORIA REGIA HOUSE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"The Victoria House, however, was so built as to retain as much moisture and heat as possible, + and yet to afford a strong and bright light at all seasons; whilst, on the contrary, the + Industrial Building, being intended to accommodate a daily assemblage of many thousands of + individuals, and a vast number of natural and mechanical productions, many of which would be + destroyed by moisture and heat, is constructed so as fully to answer that end."</p> + + <p class="sp5">This, then, was the experience which enabled Mr. Paxton to conceive his design for + the "Crystal Palace," a description of which as it has subsequently been carried out we must now + proceed with.</p> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd14.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd14.png" + alt="General Description of the Building." title="General Description of the Building."/></a> + </div> + + <p class="sp4"><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="T"/>HE plan forms a parallelogram, 1,848 feet long and 408 feet wide, besides a projection on + the north side, 48 feet wide and 936 feet long. A main avenue, 72 feet wide and 66 feet high, + occupies the centre through the whole length of the building. Flanking this on either side are + smaller avenues alternately 24 feet and 48 feet wide; the two first on either side of the centre + are 43 feet, and the remainder 23 feet high. About the centre of the entire length, at a point + determined by the position of a row of large trees, which it was resolved to inclose, these + avenues are crossed by a transept of the same width as the main avenue, or 72 feet, and 108 feet + high; two other groups of trees on the ground give occasion for open courts, which are inclosed + within the building. The area thus inclosed and roofed over amounts to no less than 772,784 square + feet, or about 19 acres;<a id="NtA_4" href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> the building is, therefore, + about four times the size of St. Peter's at Rome, and more than six times that of St. Paul's, + London. Three entrances lead to this vast interior, one in the centre of the principal or south + front, and one at either end of the building. The number of these is necessarily small, in order + to facilitate the arrangements for the money-taking, and to avoid having too large a staff of + officers; on the other hand, it was equally desirable to afford the most ample opportunities of + egress for visitors, and accordingly fifteen exit doors are placed at frequent intervals.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page34">{34}</span></div> + + <p class="ac">GROUND-PLAN OF THE BUILDING.</p> + + <div class="ac w100 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p34.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p34.jpg" alt="?01126" + title="?01126"/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <table class="mc" title="Caption" summary="Caption"> + <tr> + <td class="br pr1">A. Principal Entrance.<br/> + B. West Entrance.<br/> + C. East Entrance.<br/> + D. Refreshment Courts.</td> + <td class="br pr1 pl1">E. Entrance.<br/> + F. Gentlemens' Ante-rooms.<br/> + G. Ladies' Ante-rooms.<br/> + H. Pay Place.</td> + <td class="br pr1 pl1">I. Accountant.<br/> + K. Exits.<br/> + L. Ante-rooms.<br/> + M. Committee Waiting-room.</td> + <td class="pl1">N. Royal Commission.<br/> + O. Clerks.<br/> + P. Stairs.<br/> + Q. Engine House.</td> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page35">{35}</span></div> + + <p>It will be well to mention here that the horizontal measure of 24 feet, which we have seen as + the unit in the plan of the Building Committee, is also preserved in the present plan; every + horizontal dimension of which is either a certain number of times or divisions of twenty-four + feet.</p> + + <p>The avenues into which the plan is divided are formed by hollow cast-iron columns twenty-four + feet apart, which rise in one, two, and three storeys respectively, to support the roof at the + different heights given above; in the lower storey these columns are nineteen feet high, and in + the two upper ones seventeen feet. Between the different lengths of the columns short pieces are + introduced, called "connecting-pieces," from the office they perform; these are three feet long, + and are so contrived that they serve to support girders in horizontal tiers, dividing the greatest + height into three storeys as already mentioned. The girders, of which some are of cast and some of + wrought iron, are all of the same depth, namely, three feet, with the exception of four, to be + specially named hereafter, and by this arrangement the same horizontal lines are preserved + throughout the whole of the building. They are also all similar in appearance, forming a kind of + lattice-work, by which construction they do not look too heavy for the slight supports; and large + solid masses are avoided, practically showing how great strength may be combined with elegance and + lightness. The first or lower tier of these girders, in parts of the building more than one storey + in height, forms the support for the floor of the galleries, which are twenty-four feet wide, and + extend the whole length of the building in four parallel lines, intercepted only by the transept, + round the ends of which they are continued. Numerous cross galleries connect each pair of + longitudinal lines on either side of the centre avenue, which remains uninterrupted from end to + end, and can only be crossed on the gallery-floor at the extremities.</p> + + <p>These galleries are reached by eight double staircases, of easy ascent and ample width, which + are placed between the lines of gallery so as to communicate equally readily with either, and are + so distributed as to give two to each quarter of the building; in the eastern or foreign half two + supplementary staircases of smaller dimensions have been added.</p> + + <p>In those parts of the building more than two storeys in height, the second horizontal tier of + girders does not support a gallery, but serves only to give stiffness to the columns. The upper + tier of girders, in all cases, supports the roof, which is one of the most peculiar features in + the structure. In its general form the roof is flat; but it is made up of a series of ridges and + furrows, the rise and fall of which is but small, and is thus arranged: the roof-girders or + trusses being twenty-four feet apart, and lying in the transverse direction of the building, the + space between them is spanned by light beams or rafters, which are cambered or bent upwards, and + are hollowed out in a groove on the top to form a gutter. The rafters are placed eight feet apart, + their ends resting on the roof-girders, and lying, therefore, in the opposite direction to them, + that is, in the direction <span class="pagenum" id="page36">{36}</span>of the length of the + building; these rafters are commonly called the Paxton's Gutters. Between the rafters so + described, <i>ridges</i> are supported by light sash-bars sloping up to them, at an inclination of + two-and-a-half to one, and the rafter itself forms the bottom of the <i>furrow</i>. The advantage + of this form of roofing is the facility it affords for the escape of the water, which runs from + the surface of the roof into the Paxton's gutters; from them it is discharged into the main + gutters resting on the roof-girders, by which it is conducted to the hollow columns, and passes + down through them into the drains. A drop of water falling on the most distant point from the + discharge would only have to traverse a distance of forty-eight feet; but in most cases the length + to be passed over before reaching the down pipe would be considerably less.<a id="NtA_5" + href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The covering of the roof is glass, fixed between the sash-bars, + which are grooved to receive it; and in order to carry off the moisture arising from condensation + on the inner surface of the glass, the rafters have a small groove on each side, which makes the + Paxton's gutter complete, and from which the moisture is also discharged into the main gutters. + The essential portions of the roof may therefore be considered as a network of gutters; one set, + the main gutters, lying in a transverse direction, and the others resting on them, and lying in + the direction of the length of the building; by which arrangement any amount of surface can always + be covered by roofing of a small span. The principle is precisely the same as that of subdividing + large fields of arable land into strips or "lands" with furrows between them, in order to + facilitate the surface-drainage.</p> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p36.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p36.jpg" + alt="VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF + PARTLY COMPLETED." title="VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF + PARTLY COMPLETED."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">VIEW OF ONE 24-FEET SQUARE BAY OF ROOF PARTLY COMPLETED.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page37">{37}</span></div> + + <p>The outer inclosure, on the ground-floor, is formed by dividing each 24-feet bay between the + columns into three 8-feet bays by half columns of wood, between which is placed boarding, held in + its place by iron clips and bolts; a plinth, four feet high, is formed immediately above the floor + by frames, filled with what are commonly called louvre-blades, which are hung on pivots, and of + which a large number can be moved simultaneously for the admission of air; similar + ventilating-frames, three feet deep, are introduced at the top of each storey round the entire + circuit of the building, and by this means a ventilating-surface of no less than 40,800 square + feet is obtained, or rather more than one acre.</p> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p37.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p37.jpg" + alt="PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE + PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS." title="PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE + PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">PORTION OF THE LOWER STOREY OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Externally some light arches are inserted, and open panels form the inclosure for the upper + louvre-frames. The details we have been describing may be readily traced in the engraving of a + portion of the lower storey as seen from the outside. The exit doors occupy one of the 8-feet bays + opening about six feet wide. The inclosure to the upper storeys closely resembles those of the + ground-floor, but glazed sashes are substituted for the close boarding, and the plinth is omitted. + Each storey is crowned externally with a cornice and cresting ornament, and over the columns posts + are carried up, to which flagstaffs will be fixed.</p> + + <p>To return to the interior. The whole of the floor is boarded; that below is laid with an + interval of half an inch between the boards, to allow the passage of dust from the millions of + feet by which it will be trod; the gallery floor, on the contrary, has iron tongues between the + boards to prevent the dust from coming through on the heads of the visitors below.</p> + + <p>The roof of the transept, which we have described as crossing the building about the centre of + its length, differs from that of the other parts, its general form being semicircular instead of + flat, and rising above the rest <span class="pagenum" id="page38">{38}</span>of the building so as + to show the whole of the semicircle externally. This roof is supported by arched timber ribs + placed twenty-four feet apart, or one over every column, which forms a socket, into which the foot + of the rib is fitted and secured by iron straps. Between the ribs, timbers are fixed which carry + minor ribs at a distance of eight feet apart, and upon these the ridge-and-furrow roofing is + constructed in the manner that has been described for the flat roofing, but following the curve of + the arched ribs. At the springing or foot of the arch on either side of the transept there is a + range of louvre-frames to assist in the ventilation of the building, and on the top of the arch + externally a narrow passage is formed to give access to the different parts of this roof. On the + inner side of the arch diagonal tie-rods are introduced between the main ribs, which, while they + serve to increase the strength of the construction by tying together all the parts from end to + end, produce an agreeable play of lines forming a kind of network over the whole of the + surface.</p> + + <p>The ends of the transept are closed in with fan-like tracery, reminding the spectator of the + magnificent wheel windows of our Gothic cathedrals; this elegant feature is not visible in our + interior view, but will be seen in some of the exteriors.</p> + + <p>There is, perhaps, no part of this interesting building in which the great size and singular + lightness, almost airiness, of the construction are so strikingly displayed as in the <span + class="smaller">TRANSEPT</span>, inclosing as it does a row of fine old elm-trees, as if to + protect them in their venerable age from the smoke of the thousands of chimneys that have been + gradually forming a destructive circle around them.</p> + + <p class="sp4">The only portion of solid untransparent roofing in the whole of this building is + formed on either side of the arched roof just described, where there is a lead flat twenty-four + feet wide. This was partly required for a platform to serve for carrying on the works for the + arched roof, and was also exceedingly useful in giving access to the other roofs on either side; + it likewise afforded the opportunity of giving some additional strength at the springing of the + arched ribs to resist any possible tendency they might have to spread outwards.</p> + + <div id="f38"></div> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp3"> + <a href="images/p38.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p38.jpg" + alt="View of the Interior of the Transept." title="View of the Interior of the Transept."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">View of the Interior of the Transept.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="f39"></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p39.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p39.jpg" + alt="View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat." title="View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">View of Glass Roof from the Lead Flat.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page39">{39}</span></div> + + <p>As the weight of such lead roofing considerably exceeds that of the glass ridge-and-furrow + covering, it was necessary at the point where it crosses the wide span of the main avenue to + introduce some stronger roof-girders than those used elsewhere; of these there are two on either + side of the transept, the inner one of which has also to sustain two of the large arched ribs with + their superincumbent roofing, and its strength is therefore increased in proportion to the + additional load placed upon it. The extra-strong roof-girders are six feet deep, or twice that of + the others; but their general construction is similar, the diagonal ties forming a kind of + latticework, and thus keeping up the same character. These, like all the roof-girders of large + span, are constructed principally of wrought-iron. Those who visited the building during its + erection, and were among the fortunate few who were enabled to ascend to the "lead-flat," must + have been very much struck with the singular appearance presented by the great expanse of acres of + glass stretching in long lines of "ridge-and-furrow" roofing on each side of the centre, while the + eye, penetrating the transparent covering, became lost in endeavouring to follow the apparently + intricate lines of the interior. Such a view might fairly be said to justify the title of "Crystal + Palace," by which this building is so commonly known; and it would require no great stretch of + imagination to believe that it had been reared by fairy hands, as a votive offering at the world's + jubilee of labour.</p> + + <p>But we must descend again to the interior, to point out the arrangement of the offices for the + staff of the Executive. The principal of these are naturally placed in the centre, on either side + of the principal entrance, where they occupy in two storeys the space underneath the gallery, + which is continued uninterrupted over them. The entrances at the end are also flanked by offices + of less extent. The outer inclosure of these spaces is formed with glazed sashes, similar to those + which are placed on the exterior of the building, and boarded partitions divide the interior. The + rooms are arranged to be heated and lighted by gas when required, and ample means of ventilation + are provided.</p> + + <p>The simplicity of the construction renders it very easy to extend or contract the accommodation + much more readily than would be possible under ordinary circumstances.</p> + + <p>It now remains to notice the arrangements provided for refreshments, which are introduced in + connexion with the open courts left on account of the groups of trees. These happen to occur + towards the ends of the building, and on the north side of the main avenue; the space at the north + end of the transept, next to the inclosed trees, is also appropriated for this purpose. The + roofing over these parts is a continuation of that over the rest of the building; and the + partitions necessary for inclosing the different spaces are formed chiefly with glazed sashes, + avoiding as much as possible any solid construction, which would appear out of character. The open + courts are inclosed with sashes and doors, rendered necessary by the uncertain nature of our + climate.</p> + + <p class="sp3">A small detached building which has not been mentioned serves for the boiler-house, + and is placed near the west end of the building. As it had been determined to afford the means of + exhibiting some of the machinery in actual motion, it was necessary to erect boilers to supply the + steam to the different machines, as it would clearly be inadmissible for each to generate steam + for its own use in the building. The house to contain the boilers is ninety-six feet long and + twenty-four feet wide, and is placed as near as practicable to the machinery-department; but at + the same time it is quite detached from the main building to avoid risk from the fires. In + appearance it resembles the one-storey portion of the main building, but it is constructed + entirely of fire-proof materials. It contains five boilers, each to supply steam for twenty-horse + power, which is distributed by a pipe to the different machinery.</p> + + <div id="f40"></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p40f.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p40f.jpg" + alt="General View of the Building from the + South-West." title="General View of the Building from the + South-West."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">General View of the Building from the South-West.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page40">{40}</span></div> + + <p>An ornamental cast-iron railing designed by Mr. Owen Jones incloses the building, being placed + at a distance of about eight feet from it along the principal fronts, but carried much further off + at the ends, so as to inclose a considerable space, which will thus be available for exhibiting + any large objects that will bear exposure to the weather, if there should not be sufficient room + in the interior of the building. Gates are placed opposite all the entrances and exits, and these + are so arranged that when closed they are uniform in appearance with the rest of the railing.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p40.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p40.jpg" alt="EXTERNAL RAILING." + title="EXTERNAL RAILING."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">EXTERNAL RAILING.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">Having thus given a general sketch of the arrangement and appearance of the + building, we shall proceed to describe somewhat more minutely the various details of the + construction, of which the essential parts are few in number compared with the great repetition of + each individually. To assist in this multiplied reproduction of the same form, some exceedingly + ingenious machinery has been employed, which will therefore be described in connexion with the + parts it has been used to form; and thus these will be traced through their various stages, from + the raw material to their finished state as portions of the building. The greater part of this + machinery has been used in shaping out those parts which are of wood, and particularly the + different portions of the roof, with which we will therefore commence.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd15.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd15.png" + alt="The Paxton's Gutters." title="The Paxton's Gutters."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T + has been mentioned that the rafters which span the space between the roof-girders serve, at the + same time, as gutters, for which purpose they are hollowed out on the upper face, besides having + smaller grooves at the sides to take the condensation-water. The bottom of the gutter is of a + circular form, which is universally considered the best for conveying liquids with the least + amount of friction, and therefore the least liable to obstruction from an accumulation of + dirt.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page41">{41}</span></div> + + <table class="mc tlf sp2 w85" summary="Group of illustrations" title="Group of illustrations"> + <tr> + <td class="vbm ac" style="width:23%;"><a href="images/p41a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" + src="images/p41a.jpg" alt="SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE + STRONG SASH-BAR." title="SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE + STRONG SASH-BAR."/></a></td> + <td class="vbm ac" style="width:36%;"><a href="images/p41b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" + src="images/p41b.jpg" alt="THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE." + title="THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE."/></a></td> + <td class="vbm ac" style="width:28%;"><a href="images/p41c.jpg"><img style="width:100%" + src="images/p41c.jpg" alt="PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE + REVOLVING ARM AND CUTTERS." title="PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE + REVOLVING ARM AND CUTTERS."/></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">SECTION OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTER, WITH THE STRONG SASH-BAR.</p> + </div> + </td> + <td> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE CIRCULAR PLANING-MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </td> + <td> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">PORTION OF PLANING-MACHINE, WITH THE REVOLVING ARM AND CUTTERS.</p> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>A section of the gutter, as finished, is shown. To bring it into this form, after the timbers + had been sawn into the requisite general dimensions they were brought under the action of the + planing-machine, where they were planed on the four sides. This machine is patented by W. Furness, + of Liverpool, and was worked at the Chelsea Wharf Saw-mills. The operation was effected by cutters + (<i>a</i>) attached to the ends of an arm revolving with great rapidity in a horizontal plane; the + timbers to be planed were wedged up into a frame (<i>b</i>) traversing on rails, and as this was + passed under the revolving cutters the upper surface was removed by them, at the same time the + timbers were held down upon the frame by a large iron disc (<i>c</i>) pressing upon their upper + surface. The disc, together with the revolving arm carrying the cutters, was capable of being + adjusted vertically to the exact dimensions of the timber. The traversing-frame was slowly + propelled by the machinery, and three widths of timber were operated upon at one time. On leaving + the planing-machine these quarter baulks were passed on to the gutter-cutting machine. Four + different cutters were required to form the section, as shown above; they were placed one behind + the other, so that the piece of timber, which was presented to their action above the centre of + motion, passed over each of them in succession. The first set, which revolved in a vertical plane, + roughly hollowed out the larger groove to the section shown in Fig. 1; the two next were + counterparts, and formed the same <span class="pagenum" id="page42">{42}</span>section in opposite + directions; they were set at an inclination to the upright of about 45 degrees, the one to the + right, the other to the left; and each hollowed out one of the small side grooves, and one side of + the larger gutter, leaving the section of the timber respectively of the forms shown in Figs. 2 + and 3. Fig. 4 shows the form of its section after it had passed both; the fourth set of cutters + again revolved vertically, and gave the gutter its finished form, as shown above. As the timber + passed over the cutters it was supported at the ends on revolving rollers, and was held in its + place by guiding grooves, being pressed gradually forwards against the cutters.</p> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p42a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p42a.jpg" + alt="SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE + PAXTON'S GUTTERS." title="SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE + PAXTON'S GUTTERS."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">SECTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE PAXTON'S GUTTERS.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p42b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p42b.jpg" + alt="THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE." title="THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE GUTTER-CUTTING MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In this manner forty-two lengths of solid gutter, each twenty-four feet and a fraction long, + were completed in a day of ten hours; and as the machine was worked double time, a length of more + than 2,000 feet was turned out daily ready for use: this, it has been calculated, would have + required the labour of about three hundred men to be employed for the same length of time. The + absolute necessity for such rapid production will be evident when it is known that no less than + 110,000 feet, or about twenty miles length, of such gutters were required—very nearly the + distance from Buckingham Palace to Windsor Castle.</p> + + <p>Finished as described above, the Paxton's gutters arrived at the building, where the first + operation they underwent was that of cutting them to the exact length requisite. This was a nice + operation, as the smallest deviation would have caused a difficulty in fitting them into their + place, and to perform it a framework was constructed by which the solid gutter could <span + class="pagenum" id="page43">{43}</span>be bent to the same curve it would have when fixed; a + precaution that was necessary in order that the ends might be cut off quite vertically so as to + fit together when in their place. At one end of this frame-work was placed a circular saw, twenty + inches diameter, hung with a pulley and balance weight, so as to be moved up and down by means of + a lever. The gutter being fixed in the frame by means of hinged guage-plates, one end was cut by + the circular saw being brought down upon it; and at the same time another operation was performed: + two cutters, placed in the centre of the circular saw, were so arranged that when brought down + upon the end of the solid gutter they cut out a semi-circular notch, so that when the ends of two + gutters were afterwards placed together there was a circular hole left, through which the water + passed down into the main gutter. When these operations were completed at one end of the gutter, + the guage-plates were taken off, and the timber was swung round on a pivot or crutch in the + centre, and the same process gone through as before; the whole scarcely occupying two minutes. We + shall presently have to return to this piece of machinery, as it was also used in finishing the + ridge rafters.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p43.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p43.jpg" + alt="MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS + AND RIDGES." title="MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS + AND RIDGES."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">MACHINE FOR FINISHING ENDS OF GUTTERS AND RIDGES.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">The solid gutter was now transferred to the hands of the carpenter, who fixed at + each end, on the under-side, a small cast-iron shoe; and two struts, nine inches long, were placed + so as to divide the whole length into three equal parts—the struts spread out at the top in + order to present a large surface of pressure against the under-side of the gutter; and tenons + projected upwards, which were fitted into mortices cut into the timber. The lower end of the + struts were formed so as to give them a firm hold upon a wrought-iron rod, thirteen-sixteenths of + an inch diameter, which was passed under them and through the shoes, where it was screwed up with + nuts; and the struts pressing up against the timber produced the requisite bend or camber. + Twenty-seven notches, to receive the sash bars, were marked with a templet and cut out on each + edge of the upper-side of the gutter; and a small cast-iron plate having been fitted on the + under-side at each end, the Paxton's gutter was complete and ready for fixing. The under-trussing + of the rafters increased their strength considerably, so that a weight of one-and-a-half tons was + required to break one which was experimented upon.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page44">{44}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd16.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd16.png" alt="The Sash-bars." + title="The Sash-bars."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E + will next consider the sash-bars which support the ridge of the roof and receive the glass. The + total length which was required of these amounts to about two hundred miles; it will, therefore, + be easily understood that mechanical contrivance for cutting them out became an absolute + necessity; this Mr. Paxton appears to have discovered in his works at Chatsworth, as he mentions + in his lecture.</p> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p44.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p44.jpg" + alt="MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS." title="MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">MACHINE FOR CUTTING OUT SASH-BARS.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The sash-bars are one inch thick and one-and-a-half inches deep, and are grooved on each side, + besides having all the four edges bevelled or chamfered; all which was done in one passage through + the machine. The plank which was to form the sash-bars was passed in at one end of the machine, + between pressure-rollers; it then passed between cutters placed both above and below it, which + made about twelve hundred revolutions per minute, and hollowed out the different grooves; and, + lastly, it passed between circular saws which divided it into separate sash-bars, after which they + had only to be cut into their proper lengths.<a id="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> The + exact length of each sash-bar when finished is four feet one inch.</p> + + <p>In this state the skylight bars were sent to the building, where they underwent several + finishing operations, necessary to make the ends fit down into the notches prepared in the ridges + and gutters. Thirty of the bars <span class="pagenum" id="page45">{45}</span>were first placed + together in a horizontal traversing-frame on a saw-table, on each side of which circular saws were + fixed at the distance of the required length of the sash-bar; the frame was then moved forward + against the saws, so that both ends of the whole set of bars were cut off simultaneously, and at + the same time a cut was made at one end half-way through the bar, in order to form the shoulder + against the gutter. They were then removed to another bench, where the end of the bar was bevelled + and the shoulder formed by means of a small instrument having a handle with two projecting jaws + fitting into the ends of the glass grooves of the bars; between these there was a small blade + which, being pressed down, cut out the shoulder which had been sawn through in the other + direction, and another blade was placed at the proper angle to remove the bevelled piece at the + end of the bar.</p> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p45.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p45.jpg" + alt="THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE." title="THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>One more process made the sash-bars complete for fixing—this was the drilling a hole at + each end to nail them down on the gutter and ridge; and this was also done by machinery, to insure + all the holes being drilled at the same angle. On one side of a horizontal bench were placed a set + of four-inch driving pulleys (<i>a a</i>), with as many horizontal drills projecting towards the + other side of the bench; a wooden traversing-plate (<i>c</i>) opposite each drill, and working + towards it, received one end of the sash-bar, while the other rested in an inclined position + against a wooden rail (<i>b</i>) placed longitudinally above the pulleys, having as many sinkings + thereon as there were drills. The traversing-plate being then pushed forward, the sash-bar was + perforated by the drill; the plate was then drawn back, and the same operation repeated with the + other end of the bar, which left it ready for fixing.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page46">{46}</span></div> + + <p>The action of the traversing-plate (<i>c</i>) is shown more distinctly in the second + engraving.<a id="NtA_7" href="#Nt_7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> One out of every nine of the sash-bars of + the roof is stronger than the rest, to serve for fixing the ridge previous to glazing. These + extra-strong bars are two inches wide and one inch and a half deep, and were formed by the same + machinery already described, by an adjustment of the different cutters and saws.</p> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/p46a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p46a.jpg" + alt="PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE." title="PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">PORTION OF SASH-BAR DRILLING-MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="ac w10 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd17.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd17.png" alt="The Ridges." + title="The Ridges."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + total length of these required was about sixteen miles. They are cut out of timber three inches + square, in section, and are of the form shown in the diagram, with a groove on each side to + receive the glass. This was also done by machinery which, with about five-horse power, turned out + one hundred lengths of twenty-four feet in a day of ten hours, allowing the time for the necessary + stoppages. After they had been delivered at the building, these ridge-pieces were cut to the exact + lengths by means of the same apparatus used for the solid gutters which has already been + described. At each end of the ridge-piece two holes were also drilled to receive dowells to + connect it with the adjoining length. By no other than mechanical means could the immense number + of holes thus drilled have been placed so exactly that those in the opposite ends of any two + ridge-pieces should correspond precisely.</p> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p46b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p46b.jpg" + alt="SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR." title="SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">SECTION OF RIDGE AND ORDINARY SASH-BAR.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">The different essential component parts of the roof having thus been described, we + propose to take the different members of the construction in succession downwards.</p> + + <div class="ac w10 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd18.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd18.png" alt="The Glass." + title="The Glass."/></a> + </div> + + <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_b.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="B"/>UT first it may be mentioned here that the glass used throughout the building is sheet, + on an average about one-sixteenth of an inch thick, and weighing one pound per foot superficial. + This gives an aggregate weight of about four hundred tons for the whole of the work, <span + class="pagenum" id="page47">{47}</span>the greater part of which was supplied by Messrs. Chance + and Co., of Birmingham. Each square is forty-nine inches long and ten wide, the greatest length of + sheet glass that has ever been made in this country. The manufacture of this kind of glass is of + comparatively recent introduction into England, though practised for some time on the Continent; + and the rapid progress made by the manufacturers alluded to must be in a great measure attributed + to the wise removal of the fiscal burden on the article, made by the late Sir Robert Peel. That + lamented statesman, with his usual foresight, doubtless contemplated that great social benefits + would follow from that enactment; and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that, but for Sir + Robert's enlightened measure, this "huge pile of transparency" would never have been reared.</p> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd19.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd19.png" alt="The Box Gutters." + title="The Box Gutters."/></a> + </div> + + <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="I"/>T has been mentioned that the triple gutters deliver the water into main gutters running + in the transverse direction of the building; these are formed of wood, with a bottom piece, into + which are grooved two upright sides, they are firmly bolted down upon the upper flange of the + roof-girders, and where these are quite horizontal the fall in the gutter is given by a false + bottom laid to a slope. Of these gutters there is a length of about five-and-a-half miles in the + building, which, added to the aggregate length of the Paxton's gutters, makes a total of about + twenty-five-and-a-half miles of gutter.</p> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd20.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd20.png" alt="Roof Girders." + title="Roof Girders."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="T"/>HESE are of cast-iron, where not more than twenty-four feet long, and the rest of + wrought-iron. The cast-iron ones are precisely the same in appearance as those used for the + galleries, but lighter in metal; a separate description of them is not, therefore, necessary. The + weight of each of these girders is twelve cwt., and each was proved to nine tons previously to + being used; but it is calculated that the greatest weight they may have to bear will not exceed + five tons: the total number required was about 470.</p> + + <p>The wrought-iron girders, or trusses, are partly forty-eight and partly seventy-two feet long, + to span the avenues of those respective widths; the principle of the construction is the same in + each. The top rail (if it may be so called) of the truss is formed with two pieces of <img + src="images/cs1.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="L section"/> iron placed back to back <img + src="images/cs2.png" style="width:2.0em;" alt="double L sections"/>, and the bottom rail with two + flat bars <img src="images/cs3.png" style="width:1.1em;" alt="parallel flat bars"/>, the total + depth being three feet; at the ends these bars are riveted on to cast-iron standards, and the + intermediate distance is divided into eight-feet lengths by other cast-iron standards, to which + the bars are also riveted, <span class="pagenum" id="page48">{48}</span>and thus a framework of + rectangles is formed. In the trusses forty-eight feet span there are, therefore, six such + divisions in the length, and nine in those of seventy-two feet span. These are then divided in the + direction of <span class="smaller">ONE</span> of the diagonals by a flat bar passing between and + riveted to those forming the top and bottom rails. This completes the constructional part of the + truss; but to render the appearance more uniform with that of the cast-iron girders, a flat bar of + wood (shown by the dotted lines) is made to form the other diagonal of the rectangles.</p> + + <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p48a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p48a.jpg" + alt="DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER." title="DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">DIAGRAM OF 48-FEET GIRDER.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The trusses for a span of seventy-two feet are cambered or bent upwards about ten inches, which + both adds to their strength and improves the appearance. The form and arrangement of these + roof-trusses may be clearly traced in several of the views of the interior which are presented to + the reader. The weight, when completed, of each of the trusses of seventy-two feet span is about + thirty-five cwt., and of those of forty-eight feet span about thirteen cwt.</p> + + <p>It has been already mentioned that four of the roof-trusses vary from the rest on account of + the greater load they have to sustain. The depth of these exceptional trusses is six feet, and + their length seventy-two feet, or the width of the main avenue, which they bridge over. The + principle of their construction is similar to that employed in the lighter trusses; but the + arrangement of the parts is somewhat modified. The top rail consists of two pieces of <img + src="images/cs1.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="L section"/> iron, placed, as before, back to back; + but they are further connected on the top by a flat piece <img src="images/cs4.png" + style="width:2.2em;" alt="double L sections with flat"/>. The lower rail is formed by two flat + bars placed upright <img src="images/cs3.png" style="width:1.1em;" alt="parallel flat bars"/>, and + these are riveted at the ends to standards of cast-iron, which, however, are considerably heavier + in construction than those before described; and they have also in the centre, at (<i>a</i>) two + slots, or sinkings, into which the ends of two of the diagonal bars are riveted. The whole length + is then divided into three equal parts, each 24 feet long, by strong <span + class="smaller">CAST</span>-iron standards at (<i>b</i>) the ends of which are riveted between the + rails, and these spaces are again subdivided into three eight-feet lengths by <span + class="smaller">WROUGHT</span>-iron standards at (<i>c c</i>). The top of each standard is next + connected with the foot of the next but one to it by diagonal flat bars, which, together with the + short pieces fastened into the slots at (<i>a</i>), complete the figure of the whole, forming a + kind of trellis-work, two diamonds in depth. In the diagram only half the length of the girder is + shown.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p48b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p48b.jpg" + alt="DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER." title="DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">DIAGRAM OF ONE-HALF OF 72-FEET GIRDER.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The dimensions of the different bars of iron in this piece of construction <span + class="pagenum" id="page49">{49}</span>are proportional to the amount of strain they have to bear. + The two heavier out of the four trusses just described weighed when completed eight tons each, and + the other two, which are of rather lighter construction, six tons each.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The riveting together of the wrought-iron trusses was performed on horizontal + supports, on which the curve that they were to be made to was marked out. The bars having been + previously cut to the requisite lengths, and punched and drilled with holes for the rivets, were + laid out on the stages in the proper forms with the cast-iron standards, which were temporarily + kept in place by bolts passed through some of the rivet-holes. The whole framework was then + riveted up with red-hot rivets supplied from small portable furnaces, several sets of men being + employed upon each truss, by which means as many as sixteen were completed in one day. The whole + of the trusses, three hundred and seventy-two in number, required for the building were put + together on the ground, and several ingenious mechanical contrivances were made use of to + facilitate and hasten the work. To form some idea of the amount of labour that had to be + performed, it may be mentioned that each of the trusses forty-eight feet in length, or the + smallest, is held together by more than fifty rivets, requiring more than twice that number of + holes to be made in bars of iron varying in thickness from a quarter of an inch upwards. About + 25,000 rivets were thus required for the whole of the work.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd21.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd21.png" + alt="Iron Drilling Machine." title="Iron Drilling Machine."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + holes for the rivets were made partly by drilling and partly by punching. In the machine used for + the former the bar to be bored was laid upon a flat surface forming part of the solid cast-iron + stand of the machinery; the drilling-point worked vertically, and could be moved in that direction + to suit the different thicknesses of iron brought under its operation. It was suspended at one end + of a lever, with a counterpoise at the other. This lever was also connected by a rod and crank, + with another near the ground, one end of which was formed into a tread to be worked by the foot. + The workman, when he had arranged the iron in the right position under the drill, pressed his foot + upon the tread; thus raising the counterpoise end of the upper lever, and pressing the point of + the drill, which was of a spear-head form, down upon the iron. Underneath the iron to be drilled + was placed a piece of wood to protect the point of the drill when it had passed through the iron. + It was also necessary to moisten the iron during the operation, in order to keep the drill-point + cool. Three men were required to attend to this work, which was not so rapid as the other method + of making the holes by punching.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page50">{50}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/p50a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p50a.jpg" + alt="THE DRILLING-MACHINE." title="THE DRILLING-MACHINE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE DRILLING-MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd22.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd22.png" + alt="The Punching Machine." title="The Punching Machine."/></a> + </div> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p50b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p50b.jpg" + alt="THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS." title="THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE PUNCHING-MACHINE AND SHEARS.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + enormous power exerted by this piece of machinery renders it necessary that the stand containing + the punch, &c., should be exceedingly solid, and it is formed accordingly by a heavy mass of + cast-iron, in which there are two indentations, as seen by the engraving. In the lower of these + the punching operation is performed, and in the <span class="pagenum" id="page51">{51}</span>upper + there are shears for cutting off the ends of the bars when required. The motion is communicated to + each of these by means of a cogged wheel at the back; but both the punch and the shears work in a + vertical direction, slowly moving up and down with irresistible force. There is no sudden blow or + jerk, which makes the effect the more striking, as the unpractised eye has no means of discovering + the amount of the force which is being put in operation. It is, however, so great that, although + the punching of a hole scarcely occupies two or three seconds, the iron becomes quite hot from the + effect of the pressure. In using this machine, the workman arranges the iron bar on a solid rest, + placing it so that when the punch descends it makes the hole in the position required. As soon as + the punch has passed through the bar, the action of the machinery is reversed, and the instrument + ascends again; during which time the bar is re-arranged, and the operation is thus continually + repeated. This piece of machinery also requires three men to work it, if the bars to be punched + are of considerable length, so as to require the ends to be held up; otherwise, one alone is + sufficient; and in the course of a ten-hours day about three thousand holes can be punched + out—the number, of course, varying according to the thickness of the bars.</p> + + <p class="sp5">Neither of the mechanical contrivances just described are novel inventions, though + they are thus, perhaps, brought for the first time under the notice of many of our readers, to + whom they may be so far rendered interesting from their being connected with the execution of + <span class="smaller">THE</span> building of the day.</p> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd23.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd23.png" + alt="The Adzing and Planing Machine." title="The Adzing and Planing Machine."/></a> + </div> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p51.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p51.jpg" alt="THE ADZING-CUTTERS." + title="THE ADZING-CUTTERS."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE ADZING-CUTTERS.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/>T + the Chelsea Saw-mills, where the reader has already seen the Paxton's gutters shaped out, another + interesting piece of machinery was in use for these works, for the purpose of finishing planks to + a certain size and thickness, called the adzing and planing machine. An adze is a tool used by + carpenters to remove any unevenness in the surface of a board in a particular spot. In this piece + of machinery two cutters are fixed to a revolving arm, under which the plank is made to pass; and + as it does so the cutters remove a certain thickness from the whole of the surface. The + arrangement of these cutters is very plainly shown in the annexed engraving. On the under-side of + the same bench to which this apparatus is fixed, three planes are set, each at an angle of about 5 + degrees, by which the under-side of the plank <span class="pagenum" id="page52">{52}</span>is + brought to an even face, while the upper surface is operated on by the adzing-cutters, and in this + manner the plank is reduced to an even thickness throughout. As it passes on it is brought between + two circular saws, which are adjusted to the width which it is desired to give to the plank. It is + dragged forward towards the planes and cutters by means of an endless chain, composed of open + links; which chain passes over a wheel provided with projecting pegs, so arranged as to fit into + the links. The plank is kept down upon the planes, and otherwise held in position, by + pressure-rollers.</p> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/p52a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p52a.jpg" + alt="THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE." title="THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE ADZING AND PLANING MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd24.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd24.png" + alt="The Columns and Connecting Pieces." title="The Columns and Connecting Pieces."/></a> + </div> + + <div class="ac w15 fright sp2"> + <a href="images/p52b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p52b.jpg" alt="SECTION OF COLUMN." + title="SECTION OF COLUMN."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">SECTION OF COLUMN.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + columns in the building perform three important offices. They support the roof and the galleries, + and serve as pipes to convey the rain-water from the roofs. Their form, which is beautiful, both + mechanically and artistically, was suggested by Mr. Barry; it is a ring, eight inches in diameter + externally, the thickness varying in the different columns, according to the weights they have to + support respectively. Four flat faces, about three inches wide, are added on the outside of this + ring, so that when the column is in its place, they face nearly north, south, east, and west. The + column may therefore be considered as a hollow tube, of the section just described, and of the + same form at each end, having at its extremities horizontally projecting rings called <span + class="smaller">SNUGS</span>, through which the bolts are passed, to fasten the columns to the + connecting-pieces and base-pieces. That the hollow form adopted for the columns is that best + suited to obtain the greatest strength with the least amount of material has been <span + class="pagenum" id="page53">{53}</span>abundantly shown by experiments, as even two straws placed + in an upright position will bear a very considerable weight; it is that also seen in the structure + of the bones of animals. Of these columns there are 3,300 in the whole building.</p> + + <p>Those portions of the height of the columns which correspond with the depth and position of the + girders form separate lengths, which are called connecting-pieces, as they unite the lengths of + columns of the different storeys. These connecting-pieces have the same sectional form as the + columns themselves, and, like them, are the same at each end, where there are projections cast on, + which serve to support the girders, and which are provided with holes through which the bolts pass + to connect them with the columns. These holes alternate with the projections to receive the + girders, which projections are so formed that they clip others cast on to the ends of the girders, + which will be hereafter described. In the centre of each projection there is formed a small notch + which receives the key or wedge for fixing the girders.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The meeting faces of the columns and connecting-pieces were all turned in a lathe, + in order that, when set up, they might fit so precisely as not to require any packing to adjust + them in an upright position; and only in the cases of those columns which serve as water-pipes is + any such packing introduced. In those a piece of canvass, with white lead, is put into the joint. + An enormous amount of additional labour was involved by this proceeding, as no less than twelve + hundred of such faces had to be operated on; but this did not deter the enterprising contractors, + who were fully alive to the importance of the object to be attained. When fixed, the projecting + "snugs," with the bolts passing through them, were covered by ornamental caps and bases of + cast-iron, fixed after the rest of the work was completed.</p> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd25.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd25.png" alt="The Base Pieces." + title="The Base Pieces."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + lower storey of columns in every case stands upon base-pieces of which the upright portion is a + continuation of the column, with "snugs" at the top, to correspond with those of the column, and + standing on a horizontal bed-plate, from which "shoulders" rise to strengthen the upright portion. + These bed-plates vary in size from three feet by two feet to one foot six inches by one foot, in + proportion to the weight which the several superincumbent columns have to sustain. The longest + dimension of the bed-plate is in the transverse direction of the building, in which the greatest + overturning strain might be expected to act upon the columns. From the vertical portion of the + base-pieces, sockets six inches in diameter project, in the direction of the length of the + building, into which are fitted the <span class="pagenum" id="page54">{54}</span>cast-iron + drain-pipes, which convey away the water brought down by the columns from the roof. The height of + the base-pieces varies to suit the different levels at which the floor is supported above the + ground. These levels had therefore to be determined in every individual instance previous to the + castings being made. It was done, however, with such precision that, when they came to be used, + they were all found to be of the exact length required for their situation. Of these base-pieces, + 1,074 were required for the building.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/p54.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p54.jpg" alt="BASE-PIECE." + title="BASE-PIECE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">BASE-PIECE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd26.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd26.png" alt="Cast-iron Girders." + title="Cast-iron Girders."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T + has been mentioned that the columns supported girders at three different heights, dividing the + greatest altitude of the building into three storeys; and that the lower tier of girders, where + the building consisted of more than one storey, served to support a gallery.</p> + + <p>These gallery girders are all twenty-four feet long and three feet deep, the upper and lower + "flanges" or rails having a <img src="images/cs5.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="T section"/> + formed section with standards at the ends of similar section. The rectangular space between them + is then divided into three equal parts, by uprights having a <img src="images/cs6.png" + style="width:1.4em;" alt="+ section"/> form of section, and the three smaller spaces thus obtained + have diagonal "struts" in each direction. The girder thus described forms a double truss, in which + the diagonal braces are subjected both to the strain of compression and tension. At the top and + bottom of the end-standards small projections are cast on, by which the connecting-pieces hold the + girders; and at each end of the flat portion of the top and bottom rails small sinkings are cast, + by means of which the girder is keyed up to its position. The flat portion of the upper and lower + "flanges" of the girder is swelled out in width from the ends towards the centre, in order to + increase the quantity of metal in that part where the strain is greatest.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The description just given of the gallery girders will apply to all the cast-iron + girders throughout the building, of which there are 2,150; the only difference between them being, + that those for the roofs or other internal portions, where no gallery is to be supported, are cast + with a less amount of metal. The form of girder just described, which is unusual, was the result + of several experiments performed under the superintendence of Messrs. W. Cubitt, C. H. Wild, C. + Fox, and other gentlemen, previous to the commencement of the building; and the thickness of metal + for the different parts of these, as well as for all the other cast-iron work in the building, was + minutely calculated and determined by Mr. C. H. Wild and Mr. C. Fox, under the supervision of Mr. + Cubitt, the President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, to whom the Royal Commission had + intrusted the responsible duty of the chief superintendence of the whole of the work.</p> + + <div id="f55"></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/p55.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p55.jpg" + alt="View of Interior from the Level of + Galleries." title="View of Interior from the Level of + Galleries."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">View of Interior from the Level of Galleries.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page55">{55}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd27.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd27.png" alt="The Galleries." + title="The Galleries."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>O + proceed to the gallery itself, supported by the girders just described. The timbers supporting the + floor are so arranged that the weight of each bay of twenty-four feet square is distributed + equally to the four girders inclosing it, and in such a manner as to bear upon them at the points + immediately over the vertical standards.</p> + + <p class="sp5">In the transverse direction of the building two pairs of joists, eight feet apart + in each bay, are formed into trusses by tie-rods, 1⅜ inches diameter, passed through a + cast-iron shoe at each end, and pressing up two "struts," which are made to bear against the + under-side of binding-timbers running longitudinally, or crossing the joists, and immediately + under them. The cast-iron shoes for the trusses are bolted down to the girders, and serve at the + same time to receive the standard supports of the gallery railing. The ends of the binding-timbers + are secured by bolts and oak suspension-pieces to the other two girders inclosing the square. + Joists about two feet six inches apart bear from girder to girder parallel to the trusses, and + resting on the binding-timbers. On these is laid the floor, 1¼ inches thick, grooved and + iron-tongued. A light cast-iron railing, forming a kind of trellis-work, is fixed between the + columns, and is capped with a round mahogany hand-rail. From the view at page 60 the arrangement + of the galleries will be readily understood.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd28.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd28.png" + alt="Testing the Cast-iron Girders." title="Testing the Cast-iron Girders."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_f.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="F"/>ROM the very important office which the girders perform throughout the building, but more + particularly those supporting the galleries, it was of the utmost importance that, previously to + their being fixed in their places, the soundness of the casting should be proved; for it could + hardly be expected that so large a number of girders could be produced without some of them being + defective. The ordinary means of testing girders, by loading them with weights, would have + occupied far too much time; and therefore an ingenious apparatus was devised by Mr. C. H. Wild for + this purpose, by the use of which the testing of a girder occupied but a few minutes.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page56">{56}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p56.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p56.jpg" + alt="FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING + THE GIRDERS." title="FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING + THE GIRDERS."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">FRAME AND HYDRAULIC PRESS FOR TESTING THE GIRDERS.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>It consisted of a very strong cast-iron frame rather longer than the girder, the bottom of + which was formed by two fixed beams placed eight inches apart, and supported a few inches above + the ground. At each end of these a cast-iron standard was firmly bolted between them and rose to a + height rather greater than the depth of the girder to be tested; on the inner faces of these + standards two "shoulders" were formed, which received the projections cast on the ends of the + girder, as before mentioned. Between the fixed beams below, at two points dividing the whole + length into three equal parts, were placed strong cylinders, with rising pistons connected with a + forcing-pump, together with which they formed a Bramah's hydraulic press. A girder being placed in + this frame, in an inverted position, the force applied by means of the pistons rising from the + cylinders acted upon it precisely at those points, and in the same manner, as the load from the + gallery or the roof would do when afterwards fixed in its place.</p> + + <p>The essential parts of the Bramah's press may be thus briefly described. It consists of two + cylinders, the diameter of one being considerably larger than that of the other. The smaller + cylinder is fitted with a solid plunger or piston, by means of which water may be forced from it + into the larger; this being also fitted with a rising piston, the force is communicated by it to + the weight which it is desired to raise. The power obtained by means of this apparatus arises from + the distributive power of fluids and the practical incompressibility of water, and it is + proportioned to the difference of the diameters of the two cylinders; so that if a pressure of one + pound per square inch be applied on the surface of the piston in the smaller cylinder, and the + piston in the larger cylinder present a surface ten times greater, the power is multiplied by that + number; whilst, in addition, the lever power used in applying the pressure to the smaller piston + is obtained. The <span class="pagenum" id="page57">{57}</span>cylinders are fitted with valves, so + arranged as to prevent the return of the water from the larger to the smaller, while the apparatus + is in action, and thus the power is accumulated in the former.</p> + + <p>In the instance before us, the two 3-inch cylinders already alluded to in the proving-frame + took the place of the larger cylinder of the ordinary apparatus; and they were connected with the + forcing-pump by a strong metal tube. When a girder had been fixed in the frame for proving, the + force-pump was worked till the pistons underneath the girder carried it off its lower bearings and + pressed it upwards against the "shoulders," by which it was firmly held, and the pressure was then + continued until the amount previously fixed upon as necessary for proof had been obtained. This + was ascertained by means of a self-adjusting apparatus attached to the hydraulic press.</p> + + <p>An iron cylinder 1½ inches diameter was placed in communication with the pipe connecting the + pump and the press, so that the pressure obtained in it was, in proportion to its diameter, the + same as that in the large cylinder; and it was fitted with a piston-rod, working in a vertical + direction. This piston-rod was connected with a lever, from the end of which a scale-pan was + suspended, at a distance from the fulcrum ten times greater than that of the point of attachment + of the piston from the same. The weight of the scale-pan and lever were balanced by a large mass + of iron at the other end. In the scale-pan a certain weight was placed, proportioned to the proof + desired to be obtained; and the action of the pump was continued until the water, rising in the + iron cylinder just described, forced up the lever, and with it the weight attached; and thus + indicated that the pressure to which it was desired to subject the girder had been reached. The + weight to be placed in the scale-pan was thus determined: the diameter of the lever cylinder being + 1½ inches, and that of each of those in the proving-frame three inches, the pistons or "rams" in + the latter presented together eight times the surface of that in the lever cylinder; which being + multiplied by the difference of length of the two parts of the lever, determines the weight for + the scale-pan to be one-eightieth of that to which it was desired to prove the girder.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The ordinary gallery girders were tested with a pressure equivalent to a weight of + fifteen tons; but it was calculated that, when fixed, the greatest weight they would have to + sustain would be seven-and-a-half tons. In one instance, for the sake of experiment, the pressure + was continued beyond the proof weight of fifteen tons, to see what amount of strain the girders + would bear without fracture, and it was found that a strain of thirty tons produced no injurious + effect; but the girder broke with an additional weight of half a ton.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page58">{58}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd29.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd29.png" alt="Roof of Transept." + title="Roof of Transept."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E + will now return to describe that portion of the roof which varies in form and arrangement from the + rest, namely, the semicircular covering of the transept. This is supported by arched ribs, placed + twenty-four feet apart, and constructed of Memel timber, in three thicknesses; the centre-piece + four inches thick, with a 2-inch piece on each side of it. They are formed in lengths of about + nine feet, placed so as to break joint; that is, the joints of the outer pieces fall upon the + centre of the inner one. The thicknesses are fastened together by bolts passing through them about + two feet six inches apart, besides being nailed at other points. On the inner circumference of the + rib thus constructed there is then placed a piece of timber moulded to correspond with the form of + the columns; and on the outer circumference two boards, each one inch thick, are bent round and + attached to the rib with strong nails. On both the outer and inner circumference a flat bar of + iron is secured by bolts passing through the whole depth of the rib, which, thus finished, + measures eighteen inches in depth by eight inches in thickness. The ends of the ribs are fitted + into sockets, formed by the upward continuation of the columns, to which they are attached by iron + straps.</p> + + <p>The ribs, which are supported by the trusses over the main avenue, have their ends bolted down + upon a piece of timber secured on the upper portion of the truss; and they are further fixed in + their places by oak brackets, forming a spreading foot on each side upon the same piece of + timber.</p> + + <p>Between these large ribs horizontal timbers, called "purlins," are fixed about nine feet apart, + by means of cast-iron shoes, bolted both to them and to the ribs. These serve to support the minor + or intermediate ribs, occurring at distances of eight feet apart; which consist of a single square + piece of timber, having the two thicknesses of 1-inch board bent round their outer circumference, + as on the main ribs. The boards form the gutters or furrows between which rise the ridges, in the + same manner as in that portion of the roof which is horizontal.</p> + + <p class="sp3">The ridges, in this case, instead of being cut out of solid pieces, are formed in + three thicknesses, bent round to the requisite curve, and so retained by small bolts tying them + down to the "purlins." The sash-bars which receive the glass form, as elsewhere, the sloping + rafters or supports of the ridge.</p> + + <div id="f58"></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p58.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p58.jpg" + alt="Interior View of the Central Avenue + towards the West." title="Interior View of the Central Avenue + towards the West."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">Interior View of the Central Avenue towards the West.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page59">{59}</span></div> + + <p>The space below the first "purlin" or plate at the springing of the arch, down to the level of + the lead-flat beneath it, is fitted with louvre-frames for ventilation. The diagonal bracing + between the main ribs has been already alluded to. Each set consists of four wrought-iron rods + three quarters of an inch in diameter, having eyes at one end, by means of which they are secured + with bolts, passing through the thickness of the ribs; in the centre they meet in a cast-iron + ring, on the inner side of which the ends are screwed up with nuts.</p> + + <p>The semicircular ends of the transept are filled in with tracery, formed by radiating timbers, + strutted apart with short pieces placed in concentric rings. The circular heads of the openings + are formed by iron castings screwed into their places, and the eye from which the radiating lines + of the tracery proceed is also formed by solid iron castings bolted together. On the outer face + the ribs of the tracery are moulded, and on the inner side glazed sashes are fixed, filling in the + openings.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The lead-flat, twenty-four feet wide, extending the whole length of the transept, + on either side of the semicircular roof, is constructed in a similar manner to the floor of the + galleries, by under-trussing two pairs of joists in each bay. In the width of the lead-flat roof a + horizontal truss is formed by flat bars of iron fixed in the direction of the diagonal of the + 24-feet square bays, to resist any possible thrust or tendency of the ends of the ribs to open + outwards at the springing.</p> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd30.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd30.png" alt="The Facework." + title="The Facework."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + external inclosures of the building, on the levels of the different storeys, require but little + description in detail beyond that already given. The sash-bars dividing the sashes of the upper + tiers are grooved for glass similarly to those used in the roof, and were cut out by the same + machinery. The glass was put in after they were framed together, so that it was necessary to + arrange the ends of the bars that it could be slipped in at one end. As the bars of these sashes + were of slight dimensions and considerable length, they were strengthened by wrought-iron rods + passed through the sash-frame and the bars, and screwed up at the ends, causing the whole to work + together. The sashes are held in their position by small cast-iron clips, which are bolted on to + the columns; and as the surface presented to the wind by the upright sides of the building is of + such considerable extent, wooden bridges are fixed against the sashes on the inside, by small + cast-iron shoes bolted to the columns; and at the internal angles, where the wind would exert its + greatest force, these bridges are further strengthened by wrought-iron rods half an inch in + diameter, pressing against the back of them, which is grooved for the purpose, and screwed up at + each end in the cast-iron shoes. In this manner a connected chain of resistance to any external + pressure is established round the whole circuit of the building.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page60">{60}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p60.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p60.jpg" alt="THE LOUVRE-FRAME." + title="THE LOUVRE-FRAME."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE LOUVRE-FRAME.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">The louvre-frames, which form part of the face-work in all the different storeys, + consist of a deal frame in which bent louvre-blades are hung on pivots at each end. These blades + are of galvanised iron of an <img src="images/cs7.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="S section"/> + form. On the back of each blade is fixed a loop of thin iron, to which a rack is fitted; and by + these means all the blades in each frame are moved simultaneously. A considerable number of these + racks may also be connected, so that a large area of ventilation may be regulated at once.</p> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd31.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd31.png" + alt="The Diagonal Bracing." title="The Diagonal Bracing."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_f.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="F"/>ROM the total absence in this building of any internal division-walls, which in ordinary + structures considerably add to their stability, it was thought desirable to introduce into the + construction something to compensate for this deficiency. At several points in the length of the + building, where a continuous connexion could be established transversely, the squares formed by + the columns and girders on the different storeys have their four corners connected by diagonal + rods, seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, having eyes at the ends, by which they are secured to + the bolts connecting the different parts of the columns. In the centre of the square the four rods + meet in a cast-iron ring, and are screwed up with nuts; ornamental faces are fitted into the + rings, so that this addition to the construction is by no means detrimental to the general + effect.</p> + + <p class="sp5">In a similar manner this diagonal bracing is introduced in a horizontal direction + immediately under the floor of some portions of the galleries; of these there are twenty-two sets, + and of those placed vertically there are, altogether, 220 sets in the building, and the manner of + their introduction will be readily understood from the views of the interior.</p> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd32.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd32.png" alt="The Staircases." + title="The Staircases."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + double staircases, of which it has been mentioned there are eight in the building, consist each of + four flights, about eight feet wide; two parallel ones, leading from the ground-floor to a + landing, at the half-height, and the other two branching in opposite directions from the landing + to the two galleries. The treads of the steps are <span class="pagenum" + id="page61">{61}</span>made of a species of mahogany called sabicu, which is much harder than oak, + and therefore peculiarly suited to the purpose for which it is here employed. The risers, or faces + of the steps, are of deal. The stairs are supported by cast-iron girders, following the slope, the + lower ones being fixed at the foot to stout timbers under the flooring, and the upper ends bolted + to the cast-iron columns which support the landing. These columns are of the same pattern as the + rest throughout the building, but only five inches in diameter. They are supported on concrete, + and eight of them are required for each staircase. The floor of the landing is carried by lesser + cast-iron girders, with flooring-joists.</p> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p61.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p61.jpg" alt="VIEW OF STAIRCASE." + title="VIEW OF STAIRCASE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">VIEW OF STAIRCASE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The girders carrying the upper flights spring from the landing girders, and have their upper + ends bolted on to the main girders supporting the galleries, which are varied in pattern for this + purpose. The railing of the staircase is formed in separate cast-iron standards, one to each step, + which are bolted on to the top flange of the girders; and the foot of the standard is so continued + that the ends of the treads are fitted into it, and are thus supported. The pattern of these + standards is assimilated to that of the gallery railing.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The hand-rail is formed of Honduras mahogany, with carved ends. On each side of the + upper flight, which occupies the centre of a 24-feet space, connecting-galleries about eight feet + wide are carried, establishing a communication between the two lines of gallery without descending + to the level of the landing and then re-ascending. The landing is sufficiently high above the + ground-floor to give ample headway for passing underneath it; so that the space occupied by the + staircases on the ground-floor is but small.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page62">{62}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd33.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd33.png" + alt="The Floor and Foundations." title="The Floor and Foundations."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T + now only remains to mention briefly the construction of the floor of the building, and the + foundations for the base-pieces. The substratum of the site consists of gravel of an excellent + quality, and sufficiently dense to have sustained, perhaps without any preparation, the load + brought upon it by the bases of the columns. A thickness of concrete, proportioned in all cases to + the amount of the weight to be borne by the superincumbent columns, and of such a size as to be + two feet in each direction larger than the bed-plates, was placed upon the gravel, and the upper + surface was finished with a bed of fine mortar to receive the bed-plates. In this manner it was + calculated that in no case would a greater weight than two-and-a-half tons be borne by each foot + superficial of the gravel—previous experiments having shown that a considerably larger + weight could be placed upon it without any injurious effect.</p> + + <p>The timbers supporting the joists for the floor are also placed upon small blocks of concrete, + about one foot cube, at a distance of eight feet apart. On these are fixed the flooring-joists, + and a deal floor an inch and a half thick is laid on them, as has been already mentioned, with + intervals of about half an inch between the boards.</p> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p62.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p62.jpg" + alt="FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE." title="FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">FIXING CAST-IRON DRAIN-PIPE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In order to carry off the water brought down from the roof by every alternate longitudinal row + of columns, 6-inch cast-iron pipes are fitted into the sockets described in the base-pieces, and + are carried in the lines of those columns through the whole length of the building, with + discharges into the <span class="pagenum" id="page63">{63}</span>larger drains at the centre and + at each end; the natural slope of the ground gives a sufficient fall to the pipes.</p> + + <p class="sp5">Having thus described in detail all the different portions of the construction of + the building, we must proceed to give some account of its actual erection, which will enable us to + mention many very ingenious mechanical contrivances which were employed in the course of its + progress.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd34.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd34.png" + alt="The First Operations on the Ground." title="The First Operations on the Ground."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_f.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="F"/>ROM the great extent of the area required for the building, it was not to be expected + that any site would be found of the necessary size, perfectly level. On the ground occupied by the + building there is a difference of level between the two extreme ends of about eight feet. In + consequence of this fall of the natural surface from west to east, and in order to avoid having a + considerable flight of steps at one end of the building to compensate for it, it was determined to + arrange the floor with an inclination following nearly that of the ground, such fall being at the + rate of one inch in twenty-four feet. All the lines of the building which would be called + horizontal in fact follow this line of the floor, and those which are supposed to be upright are + placed at right angles to the floor, and therefore slightly inclined from the perpendicular + towards the east. The deviation, however, is so exceedingly small as to be perfectly imperceptible + even to those who are aware of the fact; and no one who was not previously informed of it would be + able to detect it.</p> + + <p>It has been mentioned that Messrs. Fox and Henderson's tender for the building was verbally + accepted on the 16th of July, 1850, and on the 30th of that month they obtained possession of the + site from the Commissioners of Woods and Forests.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The first proceeding was to inclose the whole area (including a considerable space + at each end more than would be covered by the building) with a hoarding about eight feet high, put + together in a very simple manner, so that the boards were afterwards available for the flooring. + The supports for the hoarding consisted of pieces of timber fixed in the ground in pairs, at + intervals of the length of the boards, leaving a narrow space between them, into which the boards + were dropped, and thus held in their place without any nails. Temporary offices were then erected + in a convenient portion of the site, and were covered with a roofing which was a specimen of that + to be used in the building itself. Considerable ranges of carpenters' sheds were also put up, and + even stables for twenty or thirty horses, which were required in the progress of the works.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page64">{64}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd35.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd35.png" + alt="Setting out the Ground." title="Setting out the Ground."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + first thing to be done towards the building itself was to set out accurately all the points where + the columns would stand, as well as the general outline of the building. It will be readily + understood that this was an exceedingly important part of the work, as upon its accuracy depended + the fitting together of the various parts that had afterwards to be put in place.</p> + + <p>This part of the work was executed with great precision by Mr. W. G. Brounger. He commenced by + determining the four extreme angles of the building, and the centre lines of the main avenues. + These formed fixed points from which were determined the whole of the centres for the columns.</p> + + <p>Our readers will recollect that the dimension of twenty-four feet occurs horizontally + throughout the building, either in multiples or sub-multiples. In order to measure off the + different distances, rods of American pine were made, into which, near the ends, pieces of metal + were fixed, having corresponding notches at the exact distance of twenty-four feet apart. By these + means the lengths were measured off with great accuracy, as the wood used is not liable to + alteration in the length of its fibre; and by means of the metal notches the rods were sure to be + placed correctly together. It was necessary to make these sockets or notches of metal, from the + great amount of work the rods had to perform.</p> + + <p>In determining the length of the rods, the standard of the Astronomical Society was used; and + this was referred to in all important measurements for the castings and other parts of the + building, to insure their precise eventual agreement in length. This will hardly be considered to + have been unnecessary when it is remembered that, from the great length of the building, a very + minute error in any of the parts would have been so multiplied as sensibly to throw out the + ends.</p> + + <p>To those who are unacquainted with the fact, it may be well to mention that the standard of + length referred to is obtained from a pendulum, which oscillates seconds, in the latitude of + London, in a vacuum, at the level of the sea, at a certain fixed temperature. The length of this + pendulum is then divided into a certain registered number of feet and inches.</p> + + <p>The rods above described were carried along the centre lines of the columns, and the position + of each column was marked by a small stake driven into the ground; and in order still more + accurately to fix the centre, a long nail was driven into the head of the stake. In this manner + the position of every column throughout the building was determined.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The level at which the floor was to be fixed was the next point <span + class="pagenum" id="page65">{65}</span>determined by the ordinary method of levelling, and stakes, + with a <img src="images/cs5.png" style="width:0.9em;" alt="T section"/> piece at the top, called + boning-sticks, were fixed in different parts of the building; by the aid of which the tops of the + base-pieces for the columns were all afterwards fixed in one plane of the required slope.</p> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd36.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd36.png" + alt="Fixing the Base Plates." title="Fixing the Base Plates."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + next proceeding was to excavate the holes for the concrete, on which the base-pieces were to + stand. To do this, the stakes marking the centres of the columns had to be removed, and it was + therefore necessary to adopt some method of finding those centres again with precision. For this + purpose a large carpenter's square, as it is called, was made. This instrument forms a + right-angled triangle, and in this instance was used in the following manner:—The centre of + its longest side, or hypothenuse, was marked by a line, which, if continued, would pass through + the right angle of the triangle, and at an equal distance along each of the other sides of the + triangle from the right angle an upright saw-cut or notch was made. The square was then placed + horizontally, so that the line marked on the hypothenuse coincided with that of the centres of a + row of columns, and so that the right-angled corner of the square touched the nail marking the + exact site of a column. Two small stakes were then driven under the notches in the short arms of + the square, and nails were driven into them through the notches. It will be seen that by these + means the site of the first stake could easily be again ascertained after its removal. The holes + for the concrete were then dug of an oval form and of the various sizes and depths required, and + the concrete filled in to the proper height. The gravel used for the concrete was raised in a pit + at one end of the ground.</p> + + <p>Next to the setting out of the positions of the columns, perhaps the operation of fixing the + base-pieces was that in which the greatest accuracy was required; for as there were in some parts + three storeys of columns to be fixed over them, any inaccuracy as to their level or position would + be very much increased at the top of the building. To fix the base-pieces over the centres that + had been determined for the columns, another carpenter's square was made use of, like that already + described, but having the right-angled corner cut out to the form of the section of a column. This + square being placed with the notches in its short sides over the two stakes already described, the + upright portion of the base-piece was fitted into the notch at the angle; and as the reader will + at once see, if he has followed us in the description of the various processes, its correct + position was thus exactly found.</p> + + <p>In order to determine the level of the top of the base-pieces, boning-sticks were placed in the + lines of the columns, and when the base-piece <span class="pagenum" id="page66">{66}</span>had + been approximately fixed, a piece of wood was placed on it edgeways, the top of which was to range + with the top of the boning-sticks. This was easily arranged by looking along them; and the workmen + drove down the base-piece with a wooden mallet till the desired level was obtained.</p> + + <p>From what has been previously stated, it may be gathered that the base-pieces had to be fixed + truly upright in one direction, but slightly inclined in the other; and to effect this a + plumb-rule was made, on which the deviation from the perpendicular line was marked; and this, when + applied to those faces of the base-pieces which were to incline, served to show when the proper + inclination was arrived at, whilst an ordinary plumb-rule applied to the other upright faces + tested their vertical position.</p> + + <p>The first column was raised on the ground on the 26th of September, but little more than two + months after the tender had been accepted. In the meantime, many of the different castings had + already arrived on the ground, and a considerable advance had been made in the carpenter's work + for the gutters and other parts. The semi-circular ribs for the transept roof were also being put + together, and stacked in such a manner as not to stand in the way of the other works.</p> + + <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p66.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p66.jpg" + alt="VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS." title="VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">VIEW OF CRANE AND PROVING-PRESS.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">We may mention here that every casting, as it came on to the ground, was weighed + and registered, and every girder proved, as already described; in doing which considerable + assistance was derived from one of Mr. Henderson's patent Derrick cranes, which was erected near + the proving-apparatus. By its means a girder was raised from the waggon in which it arrived, + placed on the weighing-machine, weighed, removed to the proving-press, tested, raised again, and + deposited on the ground in a stack, in less than four minutes.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page67">{67}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd37.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd37.png" + alt="Henderson's Derrick Crane." title="Henderson's Derrick Crane."/></a> + </div> + + <table class="sp2 w100 tlf" title="Henderson's Derrick Crane" summary="Henderson's Derrick Crane"> + <tr> + <td class="ac">(<span class="sc">Fig. 1.</span>)</td> + <td class="ac">(<span class="sc">Fig. 2.</span>)</td> + <td class="ac">(<span class="sc">Fig. 3.</span>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac w33 vbm"><span class="ac w30 fcenter"><a href="images/p67a.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/p67a.jpg" alt="HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE." + title="HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."/></a></span></td> + <td class="ac w33 vbm"><span class="ac w30 fcenter"><a href="images/p67b.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/p67b.jpg" alt="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE." + title="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."/></a></span></td> + <td class="ac w33 vbm"><span class="ac w30 fcenter"><a href="images/p67c.jpg"><img + style="width:100%" src="images/p67c.jpg" alt="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE." + title="PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE."/></a></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="ac smaller">HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.</td> + <td class="ac smaller">PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.</td> + <td class="ac smaller">PART OF HENDERSON'S DERRICK CRANE.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="A"/> BRIEF description of this useful engine may not be out of place here. It consists of an + upright mast (<span class="smaller">E</span>), steadied when the crane is in use by two sloping + stays (<span class="smaller">F F</span>). These stays are fixed into horizontal timbers (<span + class="smaller">G</span>) on the ground, connected with the foundation-plate (<span + class="smaller">H</span>) on which the mast turns. At the foot of the mast is fixed a combination + of wheels and working handles for raising the weight, technically called a crab. A beam (<span + class="smaller">A</span>) working at the bottom in a socket (<span class="smaller">B</span>, Fig. + 3) fixed to the foot of the mast, but hanging out from it in a sloping direction, is called the + <span class="smaller">DERRICK</span>, and forms the principal peculiarity of the crane, as it can + be raised more to the upright line, or lowered to slope more outwards, as may be desired, by means + of the chain (<span class="smaller">C</span>). The advantage of this is obvious; for a weight may + thus be raised from or deposited at any point within a circle of a certain radius, depending on + the length of the derrick; whereas, in an ordinary crane, the weight can only be placed at points + upon the circumference of that circle. The whole engine revolves on a pivot (<span + class="smaller">H</span>, Fig. 2) at the <span class="pagenum" id="page68">{68}</span>foot of the + mast. Cranes of this description are made varying in power from one to forty tons, and with + derricks ranging from twenty to sixty feet radius.</p> + + <div class="ac w40 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd38.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd38.png" + alt="Raising and Fixing the Columns and + Girders." title="Raising and Fixing the Columns and + Girders."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_m.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="M"/>ANY of the persons who visited the building during the progress of its erection were + heard to inquire "where was the scaffolding;" and others even imagined that the skeleton framework + they saw was, in fact, only the scaffolding for the building, and not parts of its actual + construction. This leads us to point out one of the most interesting peculiarities of the + structure; namely, that it formed, as it were, the scaffolding for its own erection. In order to + raise the columns upon the base-pieces, two poles were placed upright, connected by a horizontal + piece, forming what is called shear-legs; the whole being steadied in its position by ropes from + the summit fixed to the ground in various directions. A rope with pulleys fixed to the horizontal + piece served to hoist the column, and sustain it in a vertical position until the bolts were + passed through the projecting rings at the bottom of the column and the corresponding ones at the + top of the base-piece, and screwed up. When two columns had been thus fixed, a connecting-piece + was attached to each end of a girder, and the whole raised by the same apparatus, and fixed on the + top of the columns; bolts being passed through the holes in the projections of the + connecting-pieces, corresponding with those on the top of the columns. The shear-legs were then + moved on twenty-four feet to perform the same duties to another pair of columns; and two sides of + a 24-feet bay were thus formed. To complete the square, two more girders were raised in a similar + manner, and fixed between the connecting-pieces over the columns. The square bay then became a + firm structure, requiring no further support; and by repeating these operations all the smaller + avenues of the building were erected, of the different heights of one, two, or three storeys. The + greatest number of columns thus fixed in one week was 310.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp3"> + <a href="images/p68.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p68.jpg" alt="FIXING THE GIRDERS." + title="FIXING THE GIRDERS."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">FIXING THE GIRDERS.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="f69"></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/p69.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p69.jpg" + alt="General View of the Works in Progress." title="General View of the Works in Progress."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">General View of the Works in Progress.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page69">{69}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd39.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd39.png" + alt="Hoisting the Roof Trusses." title="Hoisting the Roof Trusses."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + wrought-iron roof-trusses over the 48-feet avenues were raised in a similar manner to the columns + and girders; and in all cases horses were employed to run out the end of the fall-rope, which was + passed through a pulley or catch-block at the foot of the shear-legs, in order to change its + direction from vertical to horizontal.</p> + + <p>For raising the roof-trusses of seventy-two feet span over the main avenue a somewhat different + method was employed. A single mast or derrick, more than seventy feet high, was placed in the + centre of the avenue, and steadied in an upright position by guide-ropes spreading from the top in + various directions. Near its summit the hoisting-tackle was firmly lashed on. The trusses to be + hoisted were brought from the places where they had been put together, and placed across the main + avenue at the points where they were to be fixed. Two ends of a stout chain were passed round the + upper portion of the truss, at points dividing its length into about three equal parts. To this + chain the hoisting-tackle was attached, guide-ropes being further fastened to each end of the + truss to steady it in its ascent. In order to stiffen the truss horizontally, struts were attached + at the centre projecting on each side, and held in their place by tie-rods attached to the upper + part of the truss, and forming a triangle on each side. Before the truss, therefore, could bend in + a horizontal direction, the attachment of these tie-rods must have given way. Six horses drew out + the end of the fall-rope, and in the course of a very few minutes the truss was hoisted to its + giddy height, and each end slipped in between the projections made in the connecting-pieces to + receive it.</p> + + <p>The animated scene presented by these operations was highly interesting from the number of men + employed, both on the ground and for fixing the trusses in their position aloft, and from the + rapid progress so many hands made. Each gang of men was managed by a foreman, who was obliged to + issue his orders through a speaking-trumpet, to enable his voice to be heard in the din caused by + the other works going on around. Besides the two large gangs of men engaged in the hoisting of the + trusses, other smaller gangs were at work at different points getting up the columns and girders. + In one part, the roofing of which was completed as early as practicable, a crowd of carpenters + were preparing the Paxton's gutters and other portions of the work. In another place, as soon as a + sufficient space could be roofed over and a temporary floor laid, various parts of the machinery + we have already described were fitted up and worked by portable steam-engines. Of these there were + three in different parts: one drove the machinery for finishing the sash-bars, gutters, ridges, + &c.; another worked the drilling, punching, and other machinery connected with the iron-work; + and a third was used for working circular saws.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page70">{70}</span></div> + + <p>Of the number of trusses that were hoisted as above described, in only one instance (and that + the first) was the result otherwise than perfectly successful. The first truss was raised by its + ends, instead of from the centre; but that method was afterwards abandoned, from the difficulty of + maintaining the truss in an upright position during its ascent; which was important, as, if it + turned on its side, its lateral strength was not sufficient to prevent it from bending, which + would have destroyed the joints of the work.</p> + + <p>One of the tall masts was worked on each side of the transept, from the centre to the ends of + the building, being maintained constantly in an upright position, while traversing from point to + point, by alternate slackening and hauling up of the ropes which steadied it; and it was curious + to witness the motion of these tall giants, as they slowly progressed from one point to another, + in the performance of their important office. Stout planks were laid along the ground, upon which + the foot of the mast was forced forward by crowbars and levers; the planks served also to + distribute the weight, which would otherwise have sunk the end into the ground. As many as seven + trusses were hoisted in one day by each derrick, which had therefore to travel a distance of 168 + feet.</p> + + <p>So careful were the men, under the direction of the manager (to whom was intrusted the active + superintendence of the whole erection of the building), that no accident of importance occurred in + these difficult operations.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/p70.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p70.jpg" + alt="HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES." title="HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">HOISTING THE 72-FEET TRUSSES.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd40.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd40.png" + alt="Provision for Expansion of Girders." title="Provision for Expansion of Girders."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>N + connexion with the fixing of the girders, it may be desirable to mention the provision that was + made for the expansion and contraction of the iron, which in so great a length as that of the + building might have otherwise produced results prejudicial to its stability.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page71">{71}</span></div> + + <p>Between the projections cast on to the connecting-pieces and those projecting from the ends of + the girders which they were made to clip, sufficient space was left for the introduction of oak + keys, by driving in which the girder was fixed in its place, whilst the compressibility of the + wood left sufficient play for the expansion of the metal. In describing the girders, it was + mentioned that in the upper and lower flat flanges small sinkings were cast near the ends. + Corresponding with these sinkings, a notch was left in the projection which came out from the + connecting-piece; and when the girder was put into its place, iron wedges were driven in between + the notch and the sinking, by which means any lateral motion of the girder was prevented. It was a + great advantage to have the means of fixing the girders of so simple a nature, as any arrangement + presenting the least complication, or requiring great nicety, would have materially retarded the + progress of the work.</p> + + <p>The wrought-iron trusses were held by the connecting-pieces in a similar manner to the + cast-iron girders; but, as an additional security, bolts were passed through holes provided in the + standards at the ends, and through the connecting-pieces, where they were screwed up with + nuts.</p> + + <p>The raising and fixing of the extra-strong roof-trusses crossing the main avenue near the side + of the transept required particular care, from their great weight; the heaviest being, as we have + before mentioned, no less than eight tons. These trusses were the first that were fixed across the + central avenue, and about 150 men were engaged in the hoisting of each one. They are secured to + the columns by four strong bolts passing through the end-standards.</p> + + <p class="sp5">In order to provide additional support for the great weight brought upon the + last-mentioned trusses by the transept roof, extra columns were introduced underneath them. These + were built up in storeys corresponding with those of the other columns, with which they were + connected, at the levels of the girders, by bolts and straps. A cast-iron shoe, fixed on the top + of the columns, provided a bearing for the ends of the truss. The columns just described project + slightly into the main avenue from the line of the other columns; and this is the only instance in + the interior of the building of the iron columns occurring at a less distance than twenty-four + feet apart.</p> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd41.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd41.png" alt="Glazing the Roof." + title="Glazing the Roof."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E + have now traced the erection of the building up to the level of the roof, in which it will be + readily conceived the operation of glazing was one of extreme difficulty, there being no + scaffolding to aid the workmen in conducting their operations. When the glazing was first + commenced a light scaffolding was suspended from the rafters; but <span class="pagenum" + id="page72">{72}</span>this was found to be too tedious and troublesome a method of proceeding for + so large an extent of roofing. It was, moreover, of great importance that some means should be + devised for completing this part of the construction independently of the weather; a matter of + some moment, when it is remembered that the work had to be done in the winter, when in our climate + such operations are liable to be very much impeded by heavy rain. The arrangements made to meet + this difficulty, as well as some others for carrying on the works, are very clearly described in a + paper by Mr. Digby Wyatt, read at the Institution of Civil Engineers, on the 14th January, 1851, + from which we quote some passages, by permission, for the benefit of our readers.</p> + + <p>With reference to the means employed for glazing the roof he says: "To effect this purpose, a + travelling stage was devised by Mr. Fox, which superseded the necessity of any scaffolding for + glazing, and by means of seventy-six of these machines nearly the whole of the work has been + executed. The stage was about eight feet square, and rested on four small wheels travelling in the + Paxton's gutters. It thus embraced a width of one bay of eight feet of the roof, with one ridge + and two sloping sides. Each bay in width required, therefore, a separate stage."</p> + + <p>"Each stage was occupied by two workmen, and was covered by an awning of canvass stretched over + hoops, to protect them in bad weather, and was further provided with a box on each side to contain + a supply of glass. The sash-bars and other materials were piled upon the stage itself, the centre + of the platform being left open for the convenience of hoisting up materials, for which purpose + there was a small iron arm with a single block pulley."</p> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p72.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p72.jpg" + alt="GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF." title="GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">GLAZING-WAGGON, FOR FLAT ROOF.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"Whilst working, the men sat at one end of the platform (the ridge having been previously fixed + in position by means of the extra-strong sash-bars), and they fixed the glass in front of them, + pushing the stage backwards as they completed each pane. On coming to the strong sash-bars + previously fixed, they temporarily removed them to allow the stage to pass. In this manner each + stage travelled, uninterruptedly, from the transept to the east and west ends of the building, and + the glaziers were enabled to follow up the previously-fixed work very closely. The average amount + of glazing done by one man per day was fifty-eight squares, or about 200 superficial feet; and the + largest amount done by any one man in a working-day was 108 squares, or 367 superficial feet."</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page73">{73}</span></div> + + <p class="sp5">The mode of fixing the squares of glass was this: a sash-bar having been nailed + down between the ridge and the gutter, the workman inserted one long edge of a square of glass + into the groove in the sash-bar, he then placed a loose bar against the other long edge of the + glass and brought the whole down to bear upon the ridge and gutter, the second sash-bar fitting + into the notches prepared for it; the glass was then pressed up a little, in order to insert its + upper edge into the groove in the ridge, and the workman then filled in the grooves on the outside + of the glass with putty, the lower edge of the glass having been also bedded on putty where it + bears on the edge of the gutter. The ends of each sash-bar were fixed with a nail driven into the + holes previously drilled.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd42.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd42.png" + alt="Stage for Repairing Glass." title="Stage for Repairing Glass."/></a> + </div> + + <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="A"/>S it might naturally be expected that out of the thousands of panes of glass employed, + particularly in the flat roof of the building, many would be broken in the course of the works, + subsequently to their being fixed, it was necessary that a ready means should be devised for + repairing any such damage, as the glazing-waggons used for the first execution of the work would + not be available for that purpose. A light stage was therefore constructed, travelling with wooden + wheels upon the ridges instead of in the gutters; and from this the men were able to perform their + work without walking along the narrow gutters, which would have been attended with much risk. This + stage was also used for fixing the canvass on the outside of the roofing, where it is nailed along + the ridges, and allowed to bag down slightly between them. The object of the canvass, which covers + externally the whole of the roof except the transept, is twofold: it preserves the glass from + damage, and also protects the objects exhibited from the direct rays of the sun, which would, of + course, in many instances, be very prejudicial; for the latter purpose the upright sashes on the + south side are also covered with canvass on the inside.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd43.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd43.png" + alt="Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof." title="Hoisting the Ribs for Transept Roof."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_o.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="O"/>NE + of the most interesting operations which attracted the attention of the numerous visitors to the + works was the raising the ribs for the semicircular roof of the transept, the description of which + we give from Mr. Wyatt's paper<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"The operation about which most anxiety had been felt was the hoisting <span class="pagenum" + id="page74">{74}</span>of the arched ribs of the transept. These ribs were constructed on the + ground horizontally, and when completed with all their bolts, two of them were reared on end, and + maintained in a vertical position, at a distance of twenty-four feet from each other, by + guy-ropes. As the ribs singly possessed little lateral stiffness, they were framed together in + pairs with the purlins, intermediate small ribs and diagonal tie-rods, forming a complete bay of + the roof twenty-four feet long; two complete sets of temporary ties were also introduced to + provide for the strains incident to the variations in position of the ribs during the hoisting. + The feet of the ribs were bolted on to a stout piece of timber, and the lower purlins strutted up + from the same." In this state the framework is shown in the engraving.</p> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p74.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p74.jpg" + alt="A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING." title="A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">A PAIR OF RIBS PREPARED FOR RAISING.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"The whole framework was then moved on rollers to the centre of the square formed by the + intersection of the transept and the main avenue, where it was afterwards hoisted. All the ribs + were landed over this square, and were afterwards moved on a tramway formed of a half baulk of + timber constructed over the columns on either side of the transept, at a height of about four feet + above the lead-flat. The hoisting-tackle consisted of four crabs, each one being placed on the + side of the transept opposite to the part of the ribs to be lifted by it, so that the men at the + crabs might watch the effect of their exertions with greater convenience."</p> + + <p class="sp3">"The hoisting-shears were placed on the lead-flat immediately over the deep trusses + of seventy-two feet span; each set consisted of three stout scaffold-poles, lashed together at the + top, and footed on planks laid across the flat, and secured by the necessary guy-ropes. The + hoisting-rope passed from each of the crabs across the transept horizontally, to a leading block + attached to the foot of the opposite angle column of the square; it then passed up to a treble + block fastened to the shears on the flat, and from thence down to a double block secured by chains + to the bottom part of the ribs."</p> + + <div id="f75"></div> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p75.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p75.jpg" + alt="Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof." title="Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">Hoisting the Ribs for the Transept Roof.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page75">{75}</span></div> + + <p>"There was a peculiar difficulty to be overcome in this operation, which arose from the + circumstance that the width of the framework was greater than that of the transept, the extreme + width of the framework to be hoisted being seventy-four feet, and the clear width apart of the + trusses above which it had to be hoisted being only seventy-one feet four inches. It was therefore + necessary to raise one side to a height of thirty-five feet before raising the other, so as to + diminish the horizontal width of the whole, the diameter of the semicircle being maintained at + this angle; the whole was then hoisted, until the highest end could clear the tramway."</p> + + <p>This accounts for the slanting position in which the ribs are shown in the view given.</p> + + <p>"The foot of the ribs on one side was then passed over the tramway sufficiently to allow the + other side to clear the opposite truss; after which the whole was hoisted to the full height, and + rested on rollers of hard wood placed between the sills attached to the framework and the tramway, + by means of which it was moved to its permanent position. There it was again raised by another set + of shears, while the sill and tramway were removed from under it; and the ribs were then lowered + into the sockets prepared for them, formed by the continuation of the columns above the level of + the lead-flat."</p> + + <p>"Each successive pair of ribs was fixed at a distance of twenty-four feet, or one bay from the + preceding one; and the purlins, &c., were fixed in the intervening space without any + scaffolding from the ground, by means of jointed ladders, which were adjusted to the form of the + roof."</p> + + <p class="sp5">The first pair of ribs was hoisted December 4th, and the eighth pair on December + 12th. The operation, which was one of great excitement and considerable anxiety, was personally + superintended by the contractors, aided by their most able foremen and assistants; and a crowd of + visitors, including many of the illustrious promoters of the undertaking, watched with intense + interest the steady ascent of the apparently unwieldy piece of construction, and every spectator + seemed astonished at the mechanical regularity with which the whole operation proceeded. It took + about one hour to raise a pair from the ground to the level of the lead-flat, and the whole was + done without any accident whatever. About sixty men were employed in the hoisting, there being + eleven men to each crab, and the remainder on the lead-flats.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page76">{76}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd44.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd44.png" + alt="Glazing the Transept Roof." title="Glazing the Transept Roof."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + semicircular form of the transept roof rendered it necessary to adopt a different mode of + operation for glazing it to that used in the horizontal portion. A stage, thirty-two feet long and + about three feet wide, with a protecting rail at the side, was constructed, so that it rested upon + rollers, travelling on the ridges. It was slung by ropes from the crown of the arched roof, and + could be raised and lowered at pleasure. It accommodated eight workmen, with the necessary + quantity of materials in sash-bars and glass; and they thus performed, with ease and rapidity, an + operation which before the fitting-up of the stage appeared at least extremely difficult, and to + the uninitiated next to impossible.</p> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p76.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p76.jpg" + alt="STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT." title="STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">STAGE FOR GLAZING THE ROOF OF TRANSEPT.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">The men commenced fixing the glass at the bottom or springing of the arch, and as + they completed their work the stage was raised at intervals by labourers stationed on the + lead-flat. A portion of the glazing at the crown of the arch was effected by men working on a + light scaffold, suspended within from the temporary ties mentioned as having been attached to the + ribs; whilst those upon the stage worked upwards till they joined the portion done from the + top.</p> + + <div class="ac w15 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd45.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd45.png" alt="The Painting." + title="The Painting."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_a.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="A"/> + PORTION of the work which necessarily occupied a very large amount of time was the painting, which + was necessary for the preservation of all the parts, as well as for their appearance; and when it + is considered that every portion required to be gone over four times, it must be evident that it + was highly desirable to adopt some means <span class="pagenum" id="page77">{77}</span>for + facilitating the operation. It was found that the sash-bars of the roof, being in short lengths + and of small dimensions, could readily be operated upon by some mechanical contrivance.</p> + + <div class="ac w50 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p77a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p77a.jpg" + alt="THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE." title="THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE SASH-BAR PAINTING-MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>A wooden trough was made sufficiently long to receive the sash-bars, and this was filled with + paint; a number of the bars were then put into it, and upon being taken out separately, they were + passed through a frame into which a set of brushes were fixed in such a manner as to clear off all + the unnecessary paint. Two small brushes, placed where the bar first entered the frame, cleared + out the grooves. One workman pushed the bar in at one end of the frame, which was about two feet + six inches long, and another drew it out at the other end, where a trough was placed to receive + any droppings of paint. The bars were then stacked upright, until they were sufficiently dry for + the next coat. The first coat only was put on by this apparatus, the second being done in the + ordinary manner, and the last not till after the work was all fixed in its place. By means of this + apparatus a workman could perform at least ten times the amount of work done in the ordinary + way.</p> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p77b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p77b.jpg" + alt="THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES." title="THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE FRAME-WORK WITH BRUSHES.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">The finishing the painting of the various parts of the roof internally, after they + had been put together, was very ingeniously managed, so that while the workmen were able to work + with ease to themselves, the scaffolding on which they stood required no supports from the ground, + where they would have been much in the way of other operations; loops of <span class="pagenum" + id="page78">{78}</span>wrought-iron were hooked on to the roof-trusses, and by means of these a + perfect cloud of scaffold-boards was suspended, enabling between 400 and 500 men to be at work at + one time. The roof of the main avenue, particularly, presented a very singular appearance, as + nearly one half of the entire length was thus covered at one time, and a crowd of painters were at + work over the heads of many, perhaps unconscious exhibitors, who were arranging their goods + undisturbed below.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd46.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd46.png" + alt="The Hand-rail Machine." title="The Hand-rail Machine."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_o.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="O"/>NE + of the mechanical contrivances which were put up on the ground during the works, for saving labour + and increasing the rapidity of production, remains to be mentioned; it was contrived for turning + out the rounded mahogany hand-rail for the gallery railing as well as that for the staircases.</p> + + <p>The mahogany being supplied in slabs of the requisite thickness, these were first cut up by + circular saws into pieces of a square section, and the angles of these were then bevelled off by + the same means; the lengths were afterwards transferred to the hand-rail cutting machine to be + rounded.</p> + + <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p78a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p78a.jpg" + alt="THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE." title="THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE HAND-RAIL CUTTING MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p78b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p78b.jpg" + alt="PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE." title="PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">PART OF HAND-RAIL MACHINE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">The principal portion of the machine consists of a hollow cast-iron cylinder, round + which a strap may be passed to drive it. At one end of this cylinder four cutters are fixed, so + that a piece of wood passing between them and through the cylinder, as it revolves, is rounded off + to a true circular form of section, and is turned out so smoothly <span class="pagenum" + id="page79">{79}</span>finished as to require scarcely any further work upon it before fixing. In + advance of the cutters pressure-rollers are placed, furnished with teeth; and these, as they are + turned round by a cranked handle, seize upon a piece of mahogany and force it forward against the + cutters, which form, as it were, the jaws of the hollow cylinder, which thus seems to be + constantly swallowing lengths of rough mahogany, which escape from it finished. The wooden rail is + passed up to the cutters along a groove, the end of which is shown in the small engraving; and + opposite each end of the revolving cylinder springs are fixed, which prevent the rail from + shifting its position. The hand-rail was all turned out in 21-feet lengths, of which about thirty + were completed in the day.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd47.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd47.png" + alt="General View of the Works." title="General View of the Works."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_w.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="W"/>E + have mentioned that the actual commencement of the building was made by fixing one of the columns + on the 26th of September; and, within a few weeks, more than a thousand men were at work, though, + from the great extent of the ground they were spread over, it was difficult to estimate their + number, which was, however, made apparent by the rapidity with which the building began to grow. + The place presented an animated and interesting scene, which attracted a great number of visitors; + and crowds of the fair sex were not deterred by the rough state of the ground from endeavouring to + satisfy their proverbial thirst for knowledge. In one part of the ground might be seen the putting + together of the wrought-iron roof-girders to the deafening tune of more than a hundred hammers; in + another place gutters were being put together by the mile, for which some hundred or two of + sawyers were cutting up ship-loads of timber. Three portable steam-engines in various parts were + driving the different machinery already described, which, however, was mostly grouped in one place + near the transept. The central avenue formed, of course, the great thoroughfare, where teams of + horses were constantly passing, dragging the slender columns, or unwieldy-looking girders, to + their places, while other teams were engaged in running them up to their final position. + Over-head, too, the glaziers' waggons, dotted about the roof, seemed to be running on some new + aerial railways; in every direction that the eye turned the busy scene extended.</p> + + <p>For carrying on these extensive works an immense number of men were necessarily employed on the + spot, besides those occupied in preparing the various parts at different places. The greatest + number of men on the ground in any one week was 2,260; and the season of the year frequently + rendered it necessary for the workmen to continue their labours after dark, <span class="pagenum" + id="page80">{80}</span>which they did partly by the light of huge bonfires of shavings and odd + scraps of wood. The effect of these great fires, which were generally lighted in some part of the + main avenue, was exceedingly grand. The light of the tall flames was reflected from the glass of + the roof far away into the darkness which concealed all the other parts; whilst occasionally a + lantern carried by a workman engaged in fixing the upper columns, or some part of the roof, + glimmered like some new star.</p> + + <p class="sp5">On one occasion, when the greatest efforts were being made to push on the progress + of the works, no less than twelve large bonfires lighted the men at their midnight toil; and had + the building been formed of combustible materials, a passing observer would have imagined that the + whole was in flames.</p> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd48.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd48.png" + alt="Paying the Workmen." title="Paying the Workmen."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + process of distributing their wages among so large a number of men, on every recurring Saturday + evening, was one which could only be effected within a reasonable time by some systematic + arrangement; and to such perfection was this brought in the course of the works, that the whole + number of 2,000 men or upwards were sometimes paid in little more than an hour; though at first it + occupied a considerably longer time.</p> + + <p>The mode in which this was effected was as follows:—When a workman was engaged his name + was entered in a book against a certain number, which was stamped on several brass tickets, three + of which were given to each workman before leaving the ground in the evening.</p> + + <div class="ac w45 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p80.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p80.jpg" + alt="THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX." title="THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE BRASS TICKETS AND MONEY-BOX.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Every man had to enter the premises three times in the course of the day; namely, the first + thing in the morning, after returning from breakfast, and after returning from dinner. On each + occasion he was required to deposit at the gate one of these tickets, which were afterwards sorted + by the clerks, and entered in the time-book. In this way, if a man failed to come to his work, his + ticket would be missing, and the time during which he was absent would not be entered; a + corresponding amount being deducted from his week's wages.</p> + + <p>On the Saturday, each man's time was made up from the book; and his <span class="pagenum" + id="page81">{81}</span>wages calculated accordingly, and the amount entered against his name. The + money due to each man was then counted out and placed in a small tin box, with a ticket, on which + was written the man's name and number, and the amount of wages paid to him.</p> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p81a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p81a.jpg" + alt="THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE." title="THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE INTERIOR OF THE PAY-OFFICE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>All this was done in the time-keeper's office, which was conveniently placed near the entrance + to the works. When all the preliminary arrangements had been completed, the workmen's bell was + rung, and they assembled (a motley and sometimes clamorous crowd) round the pay-office, which was + provided with two small openings through which the payments were made.</p> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p81b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p81b.jpg" + alt="THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE + PAY-OFFICE." title="THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE + PAY-OFFICE."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE MEN TAKING THEIR WAGES AT THE PAY-OFFICE.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Two men stationed outside the office then called over the numbers of the workmen, who presented + themselves, in the order in which they were called, at the pay-windows, where each man took the + small box passed out to him with the money, and left the box in passing out at the gate. If any + man considered the amount of wages paid to him not correct, he presented the ticket given to him + with the wages at the office on the Monday morning following, when the matter was arranged by the + time-keeper.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page82">{82}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p82.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p82.jpg" + alt="THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID." title="THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">THE WORKMEN WAITING TO BE PAID.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="sp5">Any person acquainted with the irregular habits of vast numbers of our workmen, who + will often be absent from their work a quarter of a day, and at other times a whole day, thus + varying the amount of wages due at the end of the week to almost every man, will at once see that, + without a well-arranged system, such as that described, the payment of so large a body of men + would have occupied as many days as it really did hours. The engravings annexed, in illustration + of this part of our subject, will convey to the reader some idea of the scene we have endeavoured + to describe, though it must fall far short of the picturesque reality.</p> + + <div class="ac w20 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd49.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd49.png" + alt="General Statistics." title="General Statistics."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T + is with great pleasure that we are able to mention that, notwithstanding the difficult character + of some of the work, and the extreme rapidity with which it was carried on, very few accidents of + importance occurred; a circumstance which must be ascribed to the great care taken by the + contractors for the safety of the men while engaged in their work: and in the cases where the + accidents that occurred were of a serious or fatal kind, their origin was mostly to be traced to a + neglect of those precautions which the men were constantly urged and ordered to take.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page83">{83}</span></div> + + <p>A few statistics of the quantities of different parts of the work not already mentioned will + complete this portion of our subject. The whole amount of iron-work in the building is stated at + about 4000 tons; and about 1,200 loads of timber were required for the wood-work. There are 2,941 + trussed gutters in the roof, and 1,495 glazed sashes were required to inclose the sides of the + building. As many as 316 iron girders were cast, in one week, and 442 lengths of the Paxton's + gutters were cut out by the machinery in the same time. No less than 18,392 squares of glass, + containing 62,508 feet superficial, or about one-and-a-half acres, were also fixed in one + week.</p> + + <p>It may be further mentioned that the weight of the different parts forming the flat + ridge-and-furrow roofing amounts to three-and-a-quarter pounds per foot superficial, on the whole + surface; the weight of the arched roof of the transept, including the ribs, amounts to + five-and-three-quarter pounds per superficial foot; and the timbers and boards of the gallery + floor weigh eight-and-a-half pounds to the superficial foot: from these data the actual weight on + the different girders may be calculated.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The light iron-work, with the exception of some of the gallery railing, was cast at + the works of the contractors near Birmingham; and the remainder, including the columns, girders, + &c., was distributed between their own foundry, and those of the Messrs. Cochrane, of Wood + Side, and Mr. Jobson, of Holly Hall, both near Dudley. The wrought-iron was supplied by Messrs. + Fothergill, and the timber by Messrs. Dowson and Co.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd50.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd50.png" + alt="The Parti-coloured Painting." title="The Parti-coloured Painting."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + coloured decoration introduced in finishing the painting of the building is a subject which has + been much discussed, and many suggestions have been made by persons generally received as + authorities on the subject. The system adopted was proposed by Mr. Owen Jones, under whose active + superintendence it has been carried out. That gentleman explained his reasons for its adoption, + and the effect which he expected it to produce, in a lecture at the Institute of British + Architects, on the 16th of December, 1850, some portions of which are submitted to our + readers<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <p>"It is not necessary for me to describe the building, the painting of which we are now about to + discuss, as it is well known to most of you by its marvellous dimensions, the simplicity of its + construction, and the advantage which has been taken of the power which the repetition of simple + forms will give in producing grandeur of effect; and I wish now to show that this grandeur may be + still further enhanced by a system of colouring which, by marking distinctly every line in the + building, will increase the height, the length, and the bulk.</p> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page84">{84}</span></div> + + <p>"The very nature of the material of which this building is mainly constructed, viz., iron, + requires that it should be painted. On what principle shall we do this? Should we be justified in + adopting a simple tint of white or stone colour, the usual method of painting iron? Now, it must + be borne in mind that this building will be covered on the south side, and over the whole of the + roof, with canvass, so that there can be but little light and shade. The myriads of similar lines, + therefore, of which the building is composed, falling one before the other, would lose all + distinctness, and form, in fact, one dull cloud overhanging the Exhibition.</p> + + <p>"A line of columns (as it may be seen even now at the building) would present the effect of a + white wall, and it would be impossible, in the distance, to distinguish one column from another. + This mode of painting would have the further disadvantage of rendering the building totally + unconnected with the various objects it is to contain.</p> + + <p>"May the building be painted of a dark colour, like the roofs of some of our railway-stations? + This, equally with the white method, would present one mass of indistinctness; the relief of the + cast-iron would disappear, and each column and girder would present to the eye but a flat + silhouette.</p> + + <p>"Let us now consider the building as painted with some pale neutral tint, dull green or buff. + In doing this we should be perfectly safe, as, provided the colours were not too pale so as to be + indistinct, or too dark so as sensibly to affect the eye, we could hardly make a mistake. Yet how + tame and monotonous would be the result! It would be necessary that this tint, whichever we might + choose, should be of a very subdued neutral character, in order to avoid the difficulty well known + to mounters of drawings and painters of picture-galleries, viz., that in proportion as you incline + to any particular shade of colour, so in that exact proportion you injure or destroy those objects + it is intended to relieve which may have similar colour. To this, then, we should be + reduced—a dull monotonous colour without character. How unworthy this would be of the great + occasion! How little would it impress the public! How little would it teach the artist! It would + be to cut instead of patiently to unravel the knot.</p> + + <p>"We are now brought to the consideration of the only other well-defined system which presents + itself, namely, parti-colouring. This, I conceive, if successfully worked out, would bring the + building and its contents into perfect harmony, and it would fitly carry out one of the objects + for which this Exhibition was formed, namely, that of promoting the union of the fine-arts with + manufactures. It would be an experiment on an immense scale, which, if successful, would tend to + dispel the prejudices of those whose eyes are yet unformed to colour, to develope the imperfect + appreciations of others, and to save this country from the reproach which foreign visitors, more + educated in this particular than ourselves, would not fail to make were the <span class="pagenum" + id="page85">{85}</span>building otherwise painted; it would everywhere bring out the construction + of the building, which, as I said before, would also appear higher, longer, and more solid."</p> + + <p>Mr. Jones then adduced the practice of the ancient and mediæval artists, and explained the kind + of colours they generally adopted, mentioning that in the best periods of art the primary colours + were chiefly or exclusively used.</p> + + <p>"In the decoration of the Exhibition building I therefore propose to use the colours blue, red, + and yellow, in such relative quantities as to neutralise or destroy each other; thus no one colour + will be dominant or fatiguing to the eye, and all the objects exhibited will assist, and be + assisted by, the colours of the building itself.</p> + + <p>"In house-decoration we occasionally find a run on one colour; thus we have a green room, a + pink room, and a red room; but it would obviously be unwise to adopt any one colour for this + building, whose contents will be of all imaginable hues from white to black. Discarding, on the + other hand, the perfect neutral white as unfit for the occasion, we naturally adopt the colours + blue, red, and yellow, in or near the neutral proportions of eight, five, and three; but to avoid + any harsh antagonism of the primary colours when in contact, or any undesired complementary + secondaries arising from the immediate proximity of the primaries, I propose, in all cases, to + interpose a line of white between them, which will soften them and give them their true value.</p> + + <p>"As one of the objects of decorating a building is to increase the effect of light and shade, + the best means of using blue, red, and yellow is to place blue, which retires, on the concave + surfaces; yellow, which advances, on the convex; and red, the colour of the middle distance, on + the horizontal planes; and the neutral white on the vertical planes.</p> + + <p>"Following out this principle on the building in question, we have red for the under-side of + the girders, yellow on the round portions of the columns, and blue in the hollow parts of the + capitals.</p> + + <p>"Now, it is necessary not only to put the several colours in the right places, but also to use + them in their due proportions to each other.</p> + + <p>"Mr. Field, in his admirable works on colour, has shown by direct experiment that white light + consists of blue, red, and yellow, neutralising each other in the proportions of eight, five, and + three. It will readily be seen, that the nearer we can arrive at this state of neutrality the more + harmonious and light-giving will a building become; and an examination of the most perfect + specimens of harmonious colouring of the ancients will show that this proportion has generally + obtained among them; that is to say, broadly, there has been as much blue as the yellow and red + put together, the light and the shade balancing each other.</p> + + <p>"Of course, we cannot in decorating buildings always command the exact proportions of coloured + surface which we require; but the balance of <span class="pagenum" id="page86">{86}</span>colours + can always be obtained by a change in the colours themselves. Thus, if the surfaces to be coloured + should give too much yellow, we should make the red more crimson and the blue more purple; that + is, we should take the yellow out of them. So, if we had too much blue, we should make the yellow + more orange, and the red more scarlet.</p> + + <p>"A practised eye will as readily do this as a musician can tune a musical instrument; it is + here that science abandons the artist, who must trust to his own perceptions, cultivated by + renewed trials and repeated failures."</p> + + <p>In concluding, Mr. Jones said, with reference to some specimens of the proposed decoration + which had been executed, "I would ask you to banish from your minds the glare of light by which + this decoration is now seen—to forget the rough foreground, where men are engaged in every + variety of occupation for the completion of this great building; and I would ask you to fill it in + imagination with the gorgeous products of every clime. I would ask you to picture to yourselves in + the foreground the brilliant primaries, blue, red, and yellow—the rich secondaries, purple, + amber, and green, moulded in forms of every conceivable diversity; and, lastly, against them the + darker tertiaries fading into neutral perspective.</p> + + <p>"The conception of such an effect, difficult even to the artist accustomed to abstract his + attention from present interruptions and to calculate future harmonies, is impossible to the + uninstructed spectator, who, from the experimental decoration of a single column, draws a + premature and, necessarily, a fallacious inference as to the collective effect of the whole.</p> + + <p>"From my brother architects I hope for a more patient, a more comprehensive, and a fairer + appreciation; for myself, I have a confident hope, grounded on the experience of years devoted to + this particular branch of art, that the principles and plans I have had the honour to propose to + the Royal Commission, for the decoration of this magnificent structure, will be found, when + complete, not to disappoint the public expectations, or to prove wholly unworthy of the great + occasion."</p> + + <p class="sp3">In this lecture, Mr. Owen Jones asked his hearers, and the public generally, to + suspend their final judgment upon his system of colouring until the whole should be completed, and + the building filled with the objects to be exhibited, as he considered that many of the objections + which were raised to his proposition resulted from a want of consideration of the ultimate effect + to be produced by the whole, when completed and occupied; and so far as this effect has been + realised, we believe it has inclined the public opinion more in favour of the coloured decoration + than originally, when it was undoubtedly very strongly commented upon in various quarters. Without + venturing to express any opinion ourselves, we may trust that Mr. Owen Jones's fondest hopes will + be fully realised.</p> + + <div id="f86"></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/p86.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p86.jpg" + alt="View of the Building from the North Bank + of the Serpentine." title="View of the Building from the North Bank + of the Serpentine."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">View of the Building from the North Bank of the Serpentine.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page87">{87}</span></div> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd51.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd51.png" alt="The Water Supply." + title="The Water Supply."/></a> + </div> + + <p class="sp5"><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="T"/>HE supply of water necessary both for the protection of this enormous building from fire, + and for the use of fountains and machinery to be exhibited, is furnished at a very liberal rate by + the Chelsea Waterworks' Company. It is brought into the building by a 9-inch main pipe, at about + the centre of its length, branching out into three 6-inch pipes, which extend throughout the whole + length of the building. Short pipes branch off from these, terminating in fire-cocks, placed at + such distances that a circle of 120-feet radius from any one of them will touch a similar circle + described round the adjacent ones; by which means the whole extent of the building may be brought + under the action of hose attached to each of the fire-cocks. The water is supplied at a pressure + equal to a column of about seventy feet, so as to work the fountains that will be exhibited, and + to play efficiently from hose in case of any accident by fire. The quantity which the Company have + undertaken to supply is 300,000 gallons a day.</p> + + <div class="ac w30 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd52.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd52.png" + alt="The Stability of the Building." title="The Stability of the Building."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_t.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="T"/>HE + subject of the strength and stability of the building is one on which considerable anxiety has + been felt, both by the public at large and by those professional bodies more capable of forming a + correct judgment upon it. In the prolonged discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Wyatt's + paper at the Institution of Civil Engineers, many points of objection were raised which seemed at + first sight of a very serious nature; but, in most cases, the answers that were given to them were + perfectly satisfactory. The two greatest difficulties raised were, firstly, the enormous surface + presented by the exterior to the pressure of the wind, with apparently but a slight power of + resistance; and, secondly, the construction of the galleries, which, it was thought, would not be + able to resist the vibratory motion likely to be produced by great numbers of people walking upon + them. The results of several calculations were adduced on the occasion alluded to in support of + the objections on the first point; but perhaps the best answer that could be given to them was the + circumstance mentioned by Mr. Fox—that on the 5th of that month (January) the pressure of + the wind, which blew a perfect gale, was not only much above the average, but very nearly reached + the greatest amount known within a considerable period in London—about 25lbs. per square + foot; and that as the building, although in an incomplete state, had resisted that pressure + without receiving any injury, it was fair to conclude that, when finished, it would <span + class="pagenum" id="page88">{88}</span>be able to sustain the greatest force which the wind could + be reasonably expected to exert upon it.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The question of the strength of the galleries was one of even greater importance + than the other, as, in case of any failure in that part of the building, human life must almost + inevitably have been sacrificed to a great extent. It was therefore deemed necessary to ascertain, + as far as was practicable, by experiment, that their strength was abundantly sufficient; and in + Mr. Wyatt's paper, as printed, the following description of the experiments instituted for this + purpose will be found.</p> + + <div class="ac w25 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd53.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd53.png" + alt="Testing the Galleries." title="Testing the Galleries."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>N + the interval between the reading of this paper and its going to press a series of experiments have + been tried to ascertain the action of these galleries under the strain of a moving load. A + complete bay, twenty-four feet square, was constructed, raised slightly from the ground, + consisting of the four cast-iron girders, with the connecting-pieces at the angles, and on this + the timbers and boards of the flooring. Rows of planks the full width of the platform led up to it + and down from it, so that a body of men as wide as the gallery might be able to march up and down + in close rank.</p> + + <p>"The area of the platform was first covered over with labourers packed as closely together as + possible; but no action of walking, running, or jumping that 300 men could perform did any injury + whatever to it, and the greatest deflection of the girders did not exceed a quarter of an inch. + Soldiers of the corps of Royal Sappers and Miners were then substituted for the contractors' men; + and although the perfect regularity of their step in marking time sharply appeared a remarkably + severe test, a minute examination of the construction after the completion of the experiments + showed that no damage whatever had been done by their evolutions.</p> + + <p class="sp4">"But as the Commissioners were deeply impressed with the necessity of thoroughly + convincing the public, who should visit the Exhibition, that they might feel perfectly secure in + every part of the building, it was deemed desirable to apply a still further test to the actual + galleries as they stand; as it might perhaps be said that the single bay which had been + experimented upon was not similarly circumstanced to those forming parts of the building.</p> + + <div id="f88"></div> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p88a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p88a.jpg" + alt="Testing the Gallery Floor." title="Testing the Gallery Floor."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">Testing the Gallery Floor.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="f88b"></div> + + <div class="ac w55 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/p88b.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p88b.jpg" + alt="View of the Boiler House." title="View of the Boiler House."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">View of the Boiler House.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="page89">{89}</span></div> + + <p>"For this purpose a very ingenious apparatus was devised by the late Mr. Field, President of + the Institution of Civil Engineers, for testing the stability of the galleries <i>in situ</i>, and + on being applied over the greater part of the building not a single bolt or girder gave way under + its action. This apparatus consisted of eight square wooden frames divided into thirty-six + compartments, each just capable of containing and allowing to rotate a 68-pounder shot. The + surfaces of the balls placed in each of these compartments came in contact with the gallery floor, + the frames themselves being attached to one another and running along the floor by means of + castors fixed at the angles; the whole apparatus being drawn along by a number of men. Two hundred + and eighty-eight 68-pound shot confined in a limited area were thus set rolling over more than + half the extent of the galleries; when, not the slightest mishap having occurred, the experiment + was considered decisive, and a persistence in it deemed unnecessary."</p> + + <p>The pressure obtained in this experiment amounted to about a hundred pounds per square foot, + and it had been ascertained that the greatest pressure caused by packing men together as closely + as possible was equal to about ninety-five pounds per square foot; so that the testing force + applied was considered amply sufficient, as a considerable portion of the surface of the gallery + will be occupied by light articles exhibited in the cases and stalls which are placed along the + centre of the gallery, where a great weight would have most effect.</p> + + <p class="sp5">This ingenious method of proving the strength of the galleries <i>in situ</i>, + without endangering those engaged in the experiment, is admirable; and the result of the proof + will no doubt allay all fear in the mind of the public as to the safety of this portion of the + building.</p> + + <div class="ac w35 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd54.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd54.png" + alt="General Advantages of the Building." title="General Advantages of the Building."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_i.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" alt="I"/>T + is always much easier to point out the defects of any work than its excellences; whilst we may, + therefore, safely leave the former, as regards our present subject, to be discovered and enlarged + upon by those who may be perhaps more competent than ourselves, we will attempt to point out what + we conceive to be some of the advantages obtained in the present building.</p> + + <p>One of the principal of these, considering throughout the purpose of the structure, is, + perhaps, the uninterrupted view of the interior which the spectator may obtain from any point of + the building—a matter of great importance to the general grandeur of its effect. From the + galleries more particularly, which will be less obstructed by large objects, the eye of the + spectator will be able to range from end to end of the vast edifice; while the transparency of the + material used for the roof allows every object to be brilliantly illuminated. The slender lines of + the supports, though they serve to sustain a protecting covering, scarcely interrupt the view of + the objects protected, and the absence of any fixed divisions or partitions enables all the + articles exhibited to be so arranged as to suit the peculiar requirements of each particular + class; while the ample space between the <span class="pagenum" id="page90">{90}</span>supports has + admitted of the formation of large open avenues for the free passage of visitors, who may thus + reach as readily the remotest corners of the building as those situated near the entrances; and + whenever the visitor may find himself fatigued by the labour of sight-seeing, he will be sure to + find himself near one of the numerous exit-doors, whereby he may immediately free himself from the + crowd of spectators.</p> + + <p>From the simplicity of the details of the construction, and their constant recurrence, it will + be seen that so long as the ends of the building were left incomplete, its size could easily be + limited or expanded, so as to include that precise amount of space which, up to the last moment + when the point could be kept open, appeared most likely to be required. This simplicity of + arrangement will also be found very advantageous in case the building is removed after the + termination of its present temporary purpose; as the parts may be easily separated without much + injury, and as readily re-erected, either as a whole, or even in many separate buildings, having + the same arrangement of parts, without the same general form or appearance.</p> + + <p>It has been calculated that the passages remaining in the building, after deducting the space + appropriated to the objects exhibited, will hold more than 100,000 persons; though it is not to be + expected that half that number will be collected there at one time. The ventilation and supply of + fresh air for so vast a throng was therefore a matter of the first importance; and the means + already described for accomplishing this great object are so ample, that any inconvenience from + oppressive heat or foul air can hardly be expected. The canvass with which the roof is covered + will not only serve to modify the heat of the sun in the interior, but it is expected that if it + be watered by the hose of engines, it may even reduce the temperature within to considerably below + that of the external air. From his experience in glass-houses for horticultural purposes, Mr. + Paxton speaks confidently on this point.</p> + + <p class="sp5">The arrangement of the construction of the building resting on isolated instead of + continuous supports, will enable all traces of it to be readily effaced from the site if it is + removed; and, on the other hand, if it remains, it is evidently peculiarly suited to form a vast + winter-garden and public promenade.</p> + + <div class="ac w10 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/hd55.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/hd55.png" alt="Conclusion." + title="Conclusion."/></a> + </div> + + <p><img src="images/initial_b.png" style="float:left; height:5em; margin-right:0.5ex;" + alt="B"/>EFORE taking leave of the reader who may have patiently followed us thus far, a few words + may be necessary on the general arrangement of the articles to be exhibited in the building whose + outline and details we have been endeavouring to trace. The first classification is geographical. + All the western half of the building is given to England, and the eastern, which is rather the + larger of the two, to foreign countries; <span class="pagenum" id="page91">{91}</span>the space + assigned to each country being distinctly defined, so as to avoid the possibility of any disputes. + As far as it was possible, the space for each country is so arranged as to have a frontage towards + the main central avenue, and in most cases occupies a strip the whole width of the building; the + visitor, therefore, passing up and down the length, will not miss out any country.</p> + + <p>In the central avenue, and immediately on either side of it, are placed the most remarkable + specimens of objects coming under the class of fine-arts, or otherwise sufficiently remarkable to + entitle them to such a prominent place. Behind these, in the side avenues, will be found the + various specimens of manufactured articles; and along the outside longitudinal avenues are placed, + on the south side, those belonging to the class of raw products (a portion being devoted to + agricultural implements), and the projecting portion of the building on the north side forms the + hall of machinery, which is separated by a partition of glazed sashes from the rest of the + building. Many of the articles will be grouped in courts, an arrangement which the construction + particularly leads to; and these will probably form some of the greatest attractions in the + Exhibition, each being, as it were, complete in itself, and the inclosures preventing the eye from + being distracted by distant objects. To enter further into the detail of this part of the subject + would be foreign to the purpose of this work, the building itself being our text.</p> + + <p>We have now, we believe, completed the pleasant task we proposed to ourselves at the outset, + and we hope that in doing so we may have been able to render interesting to our general readers + this description of operations, usually occupying the attention of the technical professions only. + With this intention, we have avoided as far as possible the use of technical terms, which would be + a dead letter to the uninitiated, at the risk, perhaps, of being considered inaccurate by those + acquainted with all the details of the subject.</p> + + <p>So many men whose eminent talent is well known and appreciated by the public have been engaged + in perfecting the designs and carrying out the erection of this vast structure, that the critic + should be one of no mean reputation who would venture to raise even a small voice of individual + criticism on its merits. We have considered it, therefore, to be our part rather to record the + opinions of others on any points where a discussion has been raised than to trouble the reader + with any personal views, which would, perhaps, have only appeared impertinent.</p> + + <p>The nature and extent of the difficulties which have been successfully surmounted in carrying + out this great work can only be fully appreciated by those intimately acquainted with all its + structural details and with its rapid progress; and its completion in so short a period must be + regarded as a striking instance of the productive power and spirit of commercial <span + class="pagenum" id="page92">{92}</span>enterprise of this country, while the fact of its being + defrayed by the voluntary contributions of the people will illustrate in an interesting manner to + our continental visitors that principle of self-government which forms the basis of all our + institutions, and the spirit of private enterprise which characterises most of our great + undertakings.</p> + + <p>The illustrative engravings with which we have endeavoured to render more interesting the + descriptive details, necessarily somewhat dry to the general reader, are only intended to convey + general ideas, without attempting that minute accuracy which would be required in a more technical + work; and with reference to some of them we take this opportunity of acknowledging the assistance + our artists have derived from views already published elsewhere, others having been exclusively + drawn for the present work.</p> + + <p>We have much pleasure in presenting our readers, in the Appendix, with views and descriptions + of two of the most striking designs sent in the first competition for the building, the materials + for which have been kindly afforded us by their respective authors; and we may remind the reader + that these two designs were specially mentioned by the Building Committee in their Report already + quoted. In the same place some interesting documents connected with the building will also be + found, which we were unable to insert in the text.</p> + + <div class="ac w60 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/p92.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/p92.jpg" + alt="VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING." title="VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF THE BUILDING.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagei">{i}</span></div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:5.2ex;"><span class="x-larger">APPENDIX.</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">LIST OF COMPETITORS FOR THE BUILDING PROPOSED TO BE ERECTED IN + HYDE PARK.</span></p> + + <div class="poem sp4"> + <p>Mons. Acollas, Architecte, 33, Rue Lafayette, à Paris.</p> + <p>Messrs. Aickin and Capes, 1, Clarence-street, Islington.</p> + <p>W. Albon, Esq., 32, Abingdon-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>C. B. Allen, Architect, 9, Great College-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>F. C. Anderson, Esq., 9, Holles-street, Cavendish-square.</p> + <p><i>Architekton</i> (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).</p> + <p>Henry Ashton, Esq., 50<span class="smaller">A</span>, Lower Brooke-street.</p> + <p>John S. Austin, Architect, Bedford.</p> + <p>William Austin, Esq., High-street, East Dereham, Norfolk.</p> + <p>C. Badger, Esq., Architect, 40, Rue Blanche, Paris.</p> + <p>R. Baly, Esq., 14, Buckingham-street, Adelphi.</p> + <p>Alfred Beaumont, Architect, 5, Warwick Chambers, Beak-street.</p> + <p>Richard Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.</p> + <p>W. Bell, Esq., Clift Cottage, Coronation-road, Bristol.</p> + <p>Thomas Bellamy, Esq., 8, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.</p> + <p>Mons. Felix Belleflamme, Brussels.</p> + <p>J. S. Benest, Esq., 21, Rutland-street, Hampstead-road.</p> + <p>J. H. Bertram, M. Inst. C. E., Reading.</p> + <p>John Black, Esq., 33, Ernest-street, Regent's Park.</p> + <p>E. Blatchley, Esq., Jun., 362, Oxford-street.</p> + <p>Mons. Alphonse Botrel, Architecte, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.</p> + <p>A. W. Boulnois, Esq., Bazaar, King-street, Baker-street.</p> + <p>W. Boyle, Esq., 5, Little George-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>R. Brandon, Architect, 11, Beaufort-buildings, Strand.</p> + <p>R. Broad, Esq., Horseley Works, Tipton.</p> + <p>B. Broadbridge, Architect, 35, Ladbroke-square, Notting-hill.</p> + <p>F. Brown, Esq., Francis-street, Torrington-square.</p> + <p>R. Brown, Esq., 41, Lord-street, Liverpool.</p> + <p>J. B. Bunning, Esq., Guildhall.</p> + <p>George A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageii">{ii}</span>H. P. Burt, Esq., 238, Blackfriars-road.</p> + <p>John G. Grace, Esq., 14, Wigmore-street.</p> + <p>E. I. C., Alnwick.</p> + <p>Mons. J. Cailloux, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.</p> + <p>A. F. Campbell, Esq., 104, Pall Mall, Reform Club.</p> + <p>Henry Case, Esq., 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.</p> + <p>James Catt, Esq., Blackheath Park.</p> + <p>Mons. J. Charpentier, Architecte, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.</p> + <p>J. Claringbull, Esq., 95, Herbert-street, New North-road.</p> + <p>Mons. Henri van Cléemputte, Laon, France.</p> + <p>Mons. J. P. Cluysenaar, Architecte, Bruxèlles.</p> + <p>J. Colshurst, Esq., 36, Jermyn-street, St. James's.</p> + <p>John Colson, Architect, Winchester.</p> + <p>Mons. J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, Holland.</p> + <p>C. E. Coote, Esq., Clifton.</p> + <p>W. R. Corson, Architect, 3, Albion-place, Leeds.</p> + <p>H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Awylne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.</p> + <p>David Cowan, Esq., 9, Hungerford-street, Strand.</p> + <p>Mons. Crémont, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.</p> + <p>W. Cruikshank, Esq., 24, Duke-street.</p> + <p>Mons. E. Damas de Culture, 20, Rue Mazayran, Paris.</p> + <p>G. J. Darley, Esq., C.E., 7, Kildare-street, Dublin.</p> + <p>Mons. A. Delaage, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.</p> + <p>W. Dennis, Esq., Church-street, Hackney.</p> + <p>Charles Downes, Esq., 29, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.</p> + <p>Francis Drake, Esq., 11, Calthorpe-street, Gray's-inn-road.</p> + <p>Henry Duesbury, Architect, Kensington Gore.</p> + <p>Mons. Duflocq, 96, Rue Rochechouart, Paris.</p> + <p>Mons. Dupuy, 9, Rue Duplessés, Versailles.</p> + <p>Mons. Dusillion, Architecte, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.</p> + <p>Mons. A. Durand, Moulins, France.</p> + <p>O. C. Edwards, Esq., Gloucester.</p> + <p>J. Eldudge, Esq., 16, Somerset-place, New Road, Commercial-rd. East.</p> + <p>J. Elliott, Architect, 28, Portland-terrace, Southampton.</p> + <p>M. G. Fétar van Elven, Architecte, Amsterdam.</p> + <p>D. Erskine, Esq., 58, Clerk-street, Edinburgh.</p> + <p>W. J. Everitt, Esq., 1, Garden-street, Stepney-green.</p> + <p>Mons. Théodore Faure, 2, Little Argyle-street, Regent-street.</p> + <p>Mons. F. Desaint Félix, and E. E. White, Architects, Ipswich.</p> + <p>Mons. Henri Fevre, Architecte, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.</p> + <p>F. Finlay, Esq., 26, Duke-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>Charles Folkard, Esq., C.E., 56, King-street, Whitehall.</p> + <p>David Colin Forbes, Esq., Stirling.</p> + <p>James Forrest, Esq., C.E., 25, Great George-street.</p> + <p>W. Freebody, Esq., 9, Duke-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.</p> + <p>L. Fürges, Architecte, Crefeld.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageiii">{iii}</span>C. E. G., Warwick.</p> + <p>A. Garrard. Esq., Surveyor.</p> + <p>Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, à Calais.</p> + <p>Arthur Gearing, Esq., 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.</p> + <p>William Geggie, Esq., Knaresbro'.</p> + <p>J. Gibson, Esq., Great Western Railway, Paddington.</p> + <p>Robert Gilingham, Esq., 31, Clarence-road, Kentish Town.</p> + <p>Mons. Godebœuf, Architecte, 12, Place Breda, à Paris.</p> + <p>C. W. Gooch, Esq., 42, Connaught-terrace, Edgeware-road.</p> + <p>John Gould, Esq., Tottenham Park, Wiltshire.</p> + <p>Richard Greene, Esq., F.S.A., Sec. to Lichfield Architectural Society.</p> + <p>Edmund W. Grubb, Esq., Newnham, Gloucestershire.</p> + <p>Robert S. Grubb, Esq., Newham-on-Severn, Gloucestershire.</p> + <p>T. R. Guppy, Esq., Naples.</p> + <p>J. C. Haddan, Esq., 29, Bloomsbury-square.</p> + <p>Thomas Roberts Hannaford, Architect, 21, Trigon-terrace, Kennington.</p> + <p>O. Hansard, Architect, 2, Kensington-gardens-terrace, Hyde Park.</p> + <p>Robert Hardy, Carpenter, 32, North Conduit-street, Bethnal-green.</p> + <p>John Thornhill Harrison, Esq., East Bolden, near Gateshead.</p> + <p>J. P. Harrison, Esq., 11, Chancery-lane.</p> + <p>Thomas Haw, Esq., 27, Prospect-terrace, Globe-road, Mile-end.</p> + <p>Thomas Hayes, Esq., 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde Park.</p> + <p>Samuel Heilton, Esq., 54, Red Cross-street, City.</p> + <p>Mons. J. Henard, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.</p> + <p>James Hendrey, Esq., 4, Pancras-lane, Cheapside.</p> + <p>J. Hewitt, Esq., Oxford.</p> + <p>W. S. Hollands, Esq., 37, King William-street.</p> + <p>Mons. Hector Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.</p> + <p>George Horton, Esq., 6, Green-street, Grosvenor-square.</p> + <p>Albert P. Howell, Architect, 2, Holywell-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>Mons. C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.</p> + <p>Benjamin Hurwitz, Esq., 1, Brydges-street, Strand.</p> + <p>John Imray, Esq., Engineer, 12, Howley-street, Lambeth.</p> + <p>A. Jackson, Esq., Barkhart House, Orpington, Kent.</p> + <p>Mons. Ch. Schœch Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.</p> + <p>Charles Jayne, Architect, 7, Chancery-lane.</p> + <p>Adam Jizkowski, Architect to the Government, Warsaw.</p> + <p>Joseph Jopling, Esq., Felton Villa, Finchley-road.</p> + <p>H. J. Kaye, Esq., 63, Sloane-street, Knightsbridge.</p> + <p>G. P. Kennedy and R. Kennedy, Esqrs., Sussex Chambers, Duke-street, St. James's.</p> + <p>J. T. Knowles, Esq., 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.</p> + <p>Herr Friedrich Krahe, Brunswick.</p> + <p>Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.</p> + <p>A Lady with great diffidence submits this plan.</p> + <p>M. Laves, Architect to the King of Hanover, Hanover.</p> + <p>Mons. A. G. Ledrut, Claremont.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageiv">{iv}</span>S. W. Leonard, Assistant-Curator Micrological + Society, 11, Upper Stamford-street, Waterloo-road.</p> + <p>W. B. Lewis, Esq., Rainbow-hill, Worcester.</p> + <p>R. Lobb, Esq., 8, Goulden-terrace, Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p> + <p>Locke Brothers, New Peckham.</p> + <p>Henry Lockwood, F.S.A., and William Mawson, Architects, Bradford.</p> + <p>Henry Lote, Esq., 51, Brompton-row.</p> + <p>R. Lovely, Esq., C.E., 1, Victoria-terrace, Queen's-road, Nottingham.</p> + <p>George Mackenzie, Esq., 3, Claremont-row, Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p> + <p>Messrs. Magni and Thummeloup, 26, Boulevard du Temple, Paris.</p> + <p>R. Mallet, Esq., Victoria Foundry, Dublin.</p> + <p>Mansell and Elliott, Architects, Halkin-street West, Belgrave-square.</p> + <p>R. M. Marchant, Esq., 18, Great George-street.</p> + <p>P. J. Margary, Esq., Dawlish, Devonshire.</p> + <p>W. P. Marshall, Esq., Temple-buildings, New-street, Birmingham.</p> + <p>D. Mickle, Esq., 37, Queen-square, Bloomsbury.</p> + <p>Joseph Mitchell, Architect, St. James's-street, Sheffield.</p> + <p>J. Montheath, Esq., 10, Stanley-street, Paddington.</p> + <p>James Moon, Architect, 1, Millman-street, Bedford-row.</p> + <p>Captain W. S. Moorsom, 17½, Great George-street.</p> + <p>G. Morgan, Architect, 6, Charles-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>J. H. Muller, Gaes, Holland.</p> + <p>Charles C. Nelson, Esq., 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.</p> + <p>Mons. C. Frédéric Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.</p> + <p>W. Nethersole, Esq., C.E., 73, Oakley-square, St. Pancras.</p> + <p>I. W. Newberry, Esq., Hook Norton, Chipping Norton, Oxon.</p> + <p>Francis B. Newman, Architect, 14, Heathcote-street, Mecklenburgh-sq.</p> + <p>C. H. Newton, Esq., 92, Camden-road Villas, Regent's Park.</p> + <p>Mons. Paliard, 23, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.</p> + <p>E. Paraire, Architect, 16, Woodstock-street, Bond-street.</p> + <p>Mons. Henri le Pâtre, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.</p> + <p>Thomas Peacock, Esq., High-street, Kensington.</p> + <p>J. D. Pemberton, Esq., Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.</p> + <p>G. Perry, Architect, 42, Newington-place, Kennington.</p> + <p>Mons. Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.</p> + <p>William Radley, Chemical Engineer, Regent-street, Lambeth.</p> + <p>W. Railton, Esq., 12, Regent-street.</p> + <p>W. Rankin, Esq., Stirling.</p> + <p>W. Reed, Esq., Cannon Cottage Hill, Southampton.</p> + <p>Messrs. Reid and Butcher, Architects and Surveyors, 38, Red Lion-square, London.</p> + <p>Stanley Reilly, Architect, 3, Upper Kennington-green, Kennington.</p> + <p>George Banks Rennie, Esq., Whitehall-place.</p> + <p>Harry Ralph Ricardo, Esq., Beaulieu Lodge, Norwood, Surrey.</p> + <p>W. Riddle, Esq., East Temple Chambers, Whitefriars, Fleet-street.</p> + <p>H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.</p> + <p>J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="pagev">{v}</span>R. Roberta, Esq., Globe Works, Manchester.</p> + <p>Andrew John Robertson, Esq., C.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</p> + <p>William Robertson, Esq., 12, Gordon-street, City-road.</p> + <p>A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.</p> + <p>Alex. M. Ross, Esq., 3, Parliament-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>Rough Draught, 42, Stainford-street.</p> + <p>Henry Rouse, Esq.</p> + <p>H. H. Russell, Esq., C.E., M.R.S.A.</p> + <p>W. Russell, Esq., 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.</p> + <p>E. Ryde, Esq., 14, Upper Belgrave-place, Eaton-square.</p> + <p>George Sanderson, Esq., 136, Solly-street, Sheffield.</p> + <p>Charles Sanderson, Esq., Friar-street, Reading.</p> + <p>Robert Sandeman, Architect, Greenside, Edinburgh.</p> + <p>H. Savage, Esq., 22, Beaumont-street. Mary-le-bone.</p> + <p>W. Scurry, Esq., 7, Denbigh-place, Pimlico.</p> + <p>Sed quis custodiet Custodes.</p> + <p>J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.</p> + <p>J. R. Sewell, Esq., Carrington, near Nottingham.</p> + <p>Mons. A. Slater, Architecte, Elève de Mons. l'Architecte Cluysenaar.</p> + <p>E. Smallwood, Architect, 86, Park-street, Camden Town.</p> + <p>F. Smallman Smith, Esq., 18, Brunswick-st., Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p> + <p>C. H. Smith, Esq., 29, Clipstone-street.</p> + <p>J. M. Smith, Esq., 1, Chapel-place, Duke-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>W. J. Smith, Esq., 18, Bond-street, Commercial-road, Lambeth.</p> + <p>G. Campbell Smith, Esq., Banff.</p> + <p>Messrs. Soyer and Warrener, Reform Club.</p> + <p>Paul Sprenger, Esq., Architect to the Government, Vienna.</p> + <p>Herr Friederich Stammann, Hamburg.</p> + <p>Francis Sternitz, Esq., 10, Berner-street, Commercial-road East.</p> + <p>W. Stewart, Esq., Seacombe, Cheshire.</p> + <p>M. J. Stutely, Architect, 4, Doughty-street, Mecklenburgh-square.</p> + <p>H. Suckling, Esq., 1, Conduit-street, Regent-street.</p> + <p>George Tate, Esq., Bawtry, Yorkshire.</p> + <p>J. Taylor, Architect, 22, Parliament-street.</p> + <p>T. Taylor, Architect, 33, Clarendon-street, Oakley-square.</p> + <p>J. H. Taunton, Esq., 2, Gordon-place, Kensington.</p> + <p>D. W. Thomas, Esq., 20, St. Petersburg-place, Bayswater.</p> + <p>R. M. Thompson, Esq., 46, Leicester-square.</p> + <p>P. Thompson, Architect, 1, Osnaburgh-place, New-road.</p> + <p>F. Thompson, Esq., 15, Trafalgar-square, Peckham.</p> + <p>James Thrupp, Architect, 2, Park-place, Bath.</p> + <p>H. W. Todd and W. Allingham, 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.</p> + <p>Richard Turner and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.</p> + <p>Henry Turner, Esq., Low Heaton, Haugh, Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p> + <p>F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.</p> + <p>Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Armes, Paris.</p> + <p>John Walker, Esq., Crooked-lane Chambers, King William-street.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="pagevi">{vi}</span>George Wallis, Artist, and Henry Summers, + Architect, 14, College-place, Camden Town.</p> + <p>J. N. Warren, Esq., C.E., 18, Adam-street, Adelphi.</p> + <p>J. E. Watson, Esq., 74, Grey-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p> + <p>Henry Whitcombe, Esq., Slough.</p> + <p>George Wightwick, Architect, 3, Athenæum-terrace, Plymouth.</p> + <p>George Wilkie, Esq., C.E., 8, Powell-street West, King's-square.</p> + <p>George Wilkinson, Esq., Horsham.</p> + <p>S. J. Wilkinson, Esq., 7, Jeffry's-square, St. Mary Axe.</p> + <p>James Williams, Esq., 18, Westgate-buildings, Bath.</p> + <p>George Wilson, Esq., Knaresbro', Yorkshire.</p> + <p>Ralph Wilson, Architect, 16, Bridge-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>James G. Wilson, Esq., 18, Great George-street, Westminster,</p> + <p>Richard Winder, Esq., Fenchurch-street.</p> + <p>R. A. Withall, Architect, 80, Cheapside.</p> + <p>W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.</p> + <p>Frederick Wood, Esq., 6, Franklin-road, Queen's-road, East Chelsea.</p> + <p>Thomas Worthington, Architect, 54, King-street, Manchester.</p> + <p>James Wylson, Architect, 112, Fyfe-place, Glasgow.</p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="larger">LIST A.</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">ENTITLED TO FAVOURABLE AND HONOURABLE MENTION.</span></p> + + <div class="poem sp4"> + <p>C. B. Allen, Architect, Great College-street, Westminster.</p> + <p>W. Allingham (and Todd), 91, Newman-street, Oxford-street.</p> + <p><i>Architekton</i> (W. Bardwell, 4, Great Queen-street, Westminster).</p> + <p>H. Ashton, 50<span class="smaller">A</span>, Lower Brooke-street.</p> + <p>C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.</p> + <p>B. P. Baly (four designs).</p> + <p>R. Bell, Architect, Pope's Head Chambers, Cornhill.</p> + <p>Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.</p> + <p>J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.</p> + <p>A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.</p> + <p>R. Brandon, Architect, Little Beaufort-buildings, Strand.</p> + <p>F. Brown, Francis-street, Torrington-square.</p> + <p>J. B. Bunning, Architect, Guildhall, City of London.</p> + <p>G. A. Burn, Architect, George-place, Hammersmith.</p> + <p>J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.</p> + <p>H. Case, 19, Hanover Villas, Kensington Park.</p> + <p>J. Charpentier, Architect, 15, Rue Larochefoucalt, Paris.</p> + <p>Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.</p> + <p>J. P. Cluysenaar, Architect of King of the Belgians, Brussels.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="pagevii">{vii}</span>J. W. Conrad, Chief Engineer, La Haye, + Holland.</p> + <p>H. Courtney, Esq., 39, Alwyne-road, Canonbury-square, Islington.</p> + <p>Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.</p> + <p>W. Cruikshank, 24, Duke-street.</p> + <p>A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.</p> + <p>C. Downes, Coleshill-street, Eaton-square.</p> + <p>A. Durand, Moulins, France.</p> + <p>Mons. Dusillion, Architect, Thoune Suisse, Faubourg St. Germain, Paris.</p> + <p>M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.</p> + <p>H. Fevre, Architect, 41, Rue de Vaugirard, à Paris.</p> + <p>S. C. Fripp, Architect, Bristol.</p> + <p>Mons. Gaulle, 81, Rue Française, Calais.</p> + <p>A. Gearing, 2, Ranelagh-street, Leamington Spa.</p> + <p>Eugene Godebœuf, 12, Place Breda, Paris.</p> + <p>J. T. Harrison, East Bolden, near Gateshead.</p> + <p>T. Hayes, 7, St. George's-terrace, Hyde-park.</p> + <p>J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.</p> + <p>H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.</p> + <p>C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.</p> + <p>J. Imray, C. E., Howley-street, Lambeth.</p> + <p>Ch. Schœch Jaquet, 238, Rue de la Vertasse, Geneva.</p> + <p>Louis Kûhne, Brunswick.</p> + <p>J. T. Knowles, Architect, 1, Raymond-buildings, Gray's Inn.</p> + <p>M. Laves, Architect of the King, Hanover.</p> + <p>A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.</p> + <p>W. B. Lewis, Rainbow-hill, Worcester.</p> + <p>C. C. Nelson, 30, Hyde-park-gardens, London.</p> + <p>C. F. Nepveu, 13, Place d'Armes, Versailles.</p> + <p>Mons. Paliard, Rue d'Enghein, Paris.</p> + <p>H. le Pâtre, Architect, 47, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. Denis, Paris.</p> + <p>Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.</p> + <p>H. S. Ridley, Architect, 31, Vincent-square, Westminster.</p> + <p>J. B. Roberts, Architect, Sleaford, Lincolnshire.</p> + <p>A. Rosengarten, Architect, Hamburg.</p> + <p>H. Rouse, Esq.</p> + <p>W. Russell, 3, Frederick-street, Hampstead-road.</p> + <p>H. Savage, 22, Beaumont-street, Marylebone.</p> + <p>J. P. Seddon, Esq., Gray's-inn-road.</p> + <p>A. Slater, Architect, Elève de Mons. Cluysenaar.</p> + <p>F. Smallman Smith, 18, Brunswick-street, Barnsbury-road, Islington.</p> + <p>C. H. Smith, Clipstone-street, London.</p> + <p>Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.</p> + <p>H. Sumners, Architect, 14, College-place, Camden Town.</p> + <p>Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.</p> + <p>F. Tyerman, Jun., Architect, 14, Parliament-street.</p> + <p>Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum" id="pageviii">{viii}</span>J. Watson, 74, Grey-street, + Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</p> + <p>W. H. Wontner, Architect, St. Ann's-road, North Brixton.</p> + <p>T. Worthington, Architect, King-street, Manchester.</p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="larger">LIST B.</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">ENTITLED TO FURTHER HIGHER HONORARY + DISTINCTION.</span></p> + + <div class="poem sp3"> + <p>C. Badger, Architect, Rue Blanche, Paris.</p> + <p>Thomas Bellamy, Architect, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square.</p> + <p>J. H. Bertram, C. E., Reading.</p> + <p>A. Botrel, Architect, 121, Rue Poissonnière, Paris.</p> + <p>J. Cailloux, Architect, 25, Marché St. Honoré, Paris.</p> + <p>Henri Van Cléemputte, Architect, Laon, France.</p> + <p>Mons. Crémont, Architect, 10, Place des Vosges, Paris.</p> + <p>A. Delaage, Architect, 6, Place de l'Oratoire du Louvre, Paris.</p> + <p>M. G. Fétar Van Elven, Architect, Amsterdam.</p> + <p>J. Henard, Architect, 98, Rue St. Lazarre, Paris.</p> + <p>H. Horeau, 70, Rue Richelieu, Paris.</p> + <p>C. Huchon, 28, Rue Meslay, Paris.</p> + <p>A. G. Ledrut, Clermont, France.</p> + <p>H. le Pâtre, Architect, 4<span class="smaller">K</span>, Grande Rue de la Chapelle, St. + Denis, Paris.</p> + <p>Casimir Pétiaux, Paris.</p> + <p>Paul Sprenger, Architect, Vienna.</p> + <p>Richard and Thomas Turner, Hammersmith Works, Dublin.</p> + <p>Mons. Véron, 2, Quai des Ormes, Paris.</p> + </div> + + <div id="fix"></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp2"> + <a href="images/pixa.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pixa.jpg" + alt="Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the + Building. Exterior" title="Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the + Building. Exterior"/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">Mons. Hector Horeau's Design for the Building. Exterior</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="fixb"></div> + + <div class="ac w95 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/pixb.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pixb.jpg" + alt="View of the Interior." title="View of the Interior."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">View of the Interior.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageix">{ix}</span></div> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="larger">TWO OF THE COMPETITION + DESIGNS.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="sp3">The following descriptions and plates of two of the designs sent in competition for + the Building, and specially mentioned by the Committee in their Report, are given from information + obligingly furnished to us by their respective authors.</p> + + <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">DESIGN BY M. HECTOR HOREAU, ARCHITECT, OF PARIS.</span></p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp2"> + <p>This was one of the most striking of all that were submitted to the Commission; it formed one + immense hall, or shed, more than 2000 feet long, by about 270 feet wide throughout, with several + small detached buildings on the north side, for refreshments, &c.</p> + <p>The interior of the main building was divided into five avenues, the centre one about ninety + feet wide, those next adjoining rather more than fifty feet, and the outside ones about forty + feet wide. Iron columns, about twenty-three feet apart, formed these avenues and supported + arched ribs for the roof. One end of the building was semicircular, the other forming an + ornamental façade, and about the centre of the length a transept was formed.</p> + <p>M. Horeau says: "Simplicity, grandeur, ready means of construction, and of increasing or + diminishing the accommodation, and of removal if required, forming altogether a specimen of the + most recent improvements introduced into the art of building—these are the principal + objects which it has been sought to attain. The whole of the construction is of iron, without a + single piece of wood, the foundation being executed in brick; the façade to be in metal, + porcelain, and glass, the floor of asphalte, the roof to be principally covered with ornamental + thick glass, in large dimensions, or ground glass with patterns.</p> + <p>"Of the trusses or arched ribs supporting the roof there were to be but three varieties, each + in three pieces, with which the whole of the building could be erected. This subdivision of the + roof-trusses would have facilitated the conversion of the building for other purposes; for, + taken singly, or in various combinations, they would have formed many kinds of buildings for + ordinary purposes. The attached buildings placed on the north side would have shown several + modes of effecting this. The ornamental spandrils of the roof-trusses would be formed in + stamped-work out of copper, and gilt.</p> + <p>"The façade shows at a glance the purpose of the building, as well as its <span + class="pagenum" id="pagex">{x}</span>interior disposition, in which the different widths of + avenues would afford space for objects of all varieties of dimensions. The façade itself was to + be formed with tracery or trellis-work of cast-iron, the lower part being covered with + sheet-iron; the cornice and ornamental panels of porcelain; the medallions in coloured + stone-ware; the doors and inclosures of metal, silvered and gilt; the ornamental details to be + either cast or stamped; the scrolls in the panels being in coloured glass or mosaic.</p> + <p>"The pediment is crowned with a group of figures representing the Genius of Industry crowning + the Arts and Sciences; in the cornice are placed the names of all the principal cities of the + world, and the names of eminent men in panels. In the medallions are represented allegorical + figures of the different branches of science and industry. At the angles of the building are + placed trophies, the base of which would serve as guard-houses."</p> + <p class="sp0">The engravings will serve to show the general effect of this design in its + interior and exterior.</p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:6em"/> + + <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">DESIGN BY MESSRS. R. AND T. TURNER, OF DUBLIN.</span></p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp3"> + <p>In this design also the interior was arranged as one uninterrupted space, about 1,940 feet + long, and 408 wide, the roof in one span rising about 120 feet above the floor; the supports, + consisting of semicircular ribs, forming the interior into three avenues, the centre one 200 + feet wide and the full height, the side ones 104 feet wide and about sixty feet high. In the + centre of the length a transept was proposed, and the square area at the meeting of that with + the central avenue was to be covered with a glass dome.</p> + <p>The ends of the building, as well as those of the transept, were to be filled in with tracery + in the upper part, a colonnade below protecting the entrances. Galleries, if necessary, were to + be placed in the side avenues. The construction of this building was proposed to be principally + of wrought iron, which would have given to the circular ribs and other parts a great lightness + of effect; but, on the other hand, the difficulties of producing and putting together such an + enormous amount of wrought-iron work in so short a space of time as that required was considered + an almost insuperable objection to the design. Large portions of the roof were to be covered + with glass, so as to admit an abundance of light into the interior.</p> + <p class="sp0">The accompanying views of the exterior and interior of this design, from the + simplicity of the arrangement, consisting of a repetition of similar parts, require but little + description for their elucidation.</p> + </div> + + <div id="fx"></div> + + <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp3"> + <a href="images/pxa.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pxa.jpg" + alt="Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View + of Exterior from one end." title="Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View + of Exterior from one end."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">Messrs. R and T. Turner's Design. View of Exterior from one end.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="fxb"></div> + + <div class="ac w90 fcenter sp5"> + <a href="images/pxb.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/pxb.jpg" + alt="Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design. + Transverse Section, and View of the + Interior." title="Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design. + Transverse Section, and View of the + Interior."/></a> + <div class="smaller ac"> + <p class="sp0">Messrs. R. and T. Turner's Design. Transverse Section, and View of the + Interior.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexi">{xi}</span></div> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">MEMORANDUM ON THE + SITE.</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><i>Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 1st July, 1850; + for</i></p> + + <p class="ac">COPY of a <span class="sc">Letter</span> addressed by the Commissioners of the <span + class="sc">Exhibition</span> of 1851 to the Lords of the Treasury, inclosing Memorandum as to the + Site of the Exhibition Building in Hyde Park.</p> + +<hr style="width:6em"/> + + <p class="ar"><i>Palace of Westminster, 1st July, 1850.</i></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Sir</span>,—I am directed by her Majesty's Commissioners for the + Exhibition of 1851 to transmit to you herewith, for the information of the Lords Commissioners of + her Majesty's Treasury, a memorandum of the grounds on which the present site has been selected + for the Exhibition, and of the proceedings that have been taken in consequence of that + selection.—I have, &c.</p> + + <p class="ar">(Signed) <span class="sc">Stafford H. Northcote.</span><span class="gap" + style="width:2em"> </span></p> + + <p><span class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>The Right Honourable W. G. Hayter, M.P., + &c. &c. &c.</p> + +<hr style="width:6em"/> + + <p class="it1">Memorandum of the grounds on which the site has been selected for the Exhibition of + 1851, and of the proceedings which have been taken in consequence of that selection, prepared for + the information of the Lords of the Treasury by the Royal Commissioners for promoting the + Exhibition.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp2"> + <p>1. It is within the knowledge of the Lords of the Treasury, that from the time of the + earliest announcement of the proposed Exhibition it has always been intended that it should take + place in the Metropolis. Not only was such an intention matter of notoriety at the time that the + question of issuing a Royal Commission was under consideration, but the Commission itself, when + issued formally recited that it was proposed "To establish an Enlarged Exhibition of the Works + of Industry of all Nations, to be holden in London, in the year 1851;" and it was to further the + holding of such an exhibition that the present Commissioners were specially appointed.</p> + <p>2. Considering the importance of the undertaking, and the circumstances attending its + promulgation, the selection of the Metropolis as its intended locality appears to have been both + natural and proper. It will be borne in mind that the exhibitions which have from time to time + been held in foreign countries have generally, and, as the Commissioners believe, invariably, + been held in the capitals of the respective countries. In the present case it was peculiarly + important that an undertaking which required the constant superintendence of a body of + Commissioners, whose <span class="pagenum" id="pagexii">{xii}</span>occupations for the most + part confine them to London, should be carried on within their immediate cognisance, and not + removed to a distant situation.</p> + <p>3. It being thus distinctly evident that the Exhibition ought to take place in London, it is + further obvious that the actual site which may be selected for it should be within the precincts + of, or in the closest vicinity to, the most central and accessible parts of the Metropolis + itself. It need hardly be pointed out that it would be objectionable to impose upon persons who + may have come to London from a great distance the necessity of an additional journey to visit + the Exhibition; a consideration which has already been urged upon the Commissioners by the + representatives of several of the most important provincial towns, who are apprehensive of the + inconvenience to which artizans in particular might thus be subjected. Moreover, the removal of + the Exhibition to any distance sufficient to diminish the number of visitors would not only + militate against its essential character of general accessibility, but might most seriously + affect the receipts upon which its self-supporting character must depend, a point upon which it + appears that much stress has been laid.</p> + <p>4. Although Hyde Park, and even the particular space now in question, had been already + mentioned before the issue of the Commission, and indeed so far back as October, 1849, as a + probable site for the Exhibition, it is unnecessary to assure the Lords of the Treasury that the + Commissioners approached the question of the site after their appointment without having in any + degree prejudged the merits of particular localities. On the 14th of February, their attention + having been directed to the importance of determining the site by the Committee then recently + appointed for all matters relating to the building, they deputed two Commissioners, namely, Lord + Granville and Mr. Labouchere, to wait upon the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and to + confer with him upon the subject. The result of this conference is set forth in the Report + presented by the Building Committee at the next meeting of the Commissioners (Feb. 21), of which + the following is the portion which relates to the question of the site<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + <p>"With respect to the site, it has appeared to your Committee that, firstly, the north-eastern + portion of Hyde Park; secondly, the long space between her Majesty's private road and the + Kensington-road, in the southern part of Hyde Park; and, thirdly, the north-western portion of + Regent's Park, are the only available spaces about the Metropolis which would afford the + necessary accommodation; and it is believed that the order in which they have been named + represents also their relative eligibility. As regards the first, the Committee are informed by + the Chief Commissioner of her Majesty's Woods and Forests, that considerable objections would + arise to its occupation for such a purpose, and that no such objections would be raised to the + use of the second; the Committee, therefore, recommend the adoption of this site, which, amongst + other advantages, is remarkable for the facility of access afforded by the existing roads. Upon + this occasion a letter was received from the Westminster Committee, stating that the local + Commissioners for Westminster had visited the site in Hyde Park, and a site suggested in the + Regent's Park, and that they were of opinion that the site in Hyde Park was the preferable + one."</p> + <p>The recommendation of the Building Committee having been agreed to, a form of advertisement, + requesting plans and suggestions for the building, was, at the next meeting (28th February), + submitted for approbation, and was ordered to be immediately issued in the English, French, and, + German languages. To this advertisement was appended a ground-plan of the site in Hyde Park for + the guidance of those to whom the advertisement was addressed. The details of this plan were + discussed in the presence of the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and were settled in + conformity with his lordship's wishes.</p> + <p>5. In consequence of the advertisement thus issued, no less than 248 plans and suggestions, + many of them the productions of foreign artists, were sent in to the Commissioners. A large + number of these were of a very elaborate character, and bore evident marks of considerable + application and ability.</p> + <p>6. Soon after the site had been selected, some other important arrangements having also by + this time been made, the Commissioners prepared and published a statement (21 February) + explanatory of the nature and objects of the Exhibition, which was widely circulated in this + country, was forwarded to our consuls abroad and to the foreign consuls in England, and was + officially transmitted by the Secretary of State to all Foreign Governments, and to all the + Governors of the British Colonies, as well as to India. In this statement it was announced that + "Her Majesty had <span class="pagenum" id="pagexiii">{xiii}</span>been graciously pleased to + grant a site for the purpose (of the Exhibition) on the south side of Hyde Park, lying between + the Kensington Drive and the ride commonly called Rotten Row."</p> + <p>7. The site having been thus deliberately chosen and formally announced, all subsequent + proceedings connected with the building have been taken with direct reference to it. The plans + have been prepared with a view to its peculiarities, and the form of the building and its + internal as well as its external arrangements have been determined by them. The amount of space + available for the display of articles has been calculated upon the data afforded by the site, + and from a calculation of this amount the Commissioners have been able to assign to each foreign + country a definite space for the arrangement of its own productions. All the necessary + working-drawings and specifications have been prepared with very great labour and at + considerable expense, and have now been issued in a form which will insure to the Commissioners + the certainty of obtaining, within a few days, <i>bonâ fide</i> tenders for the execution of a + design presenting every facility for construction within the time prescribed. The mechanical + difficulties have been surmounted, and all the preliminary arrangements, even to the extent of + provision for an effective drainage and a sufficient water supply, have been entered into. The + whole of these preparations have reference to this particular site only, and are inapplicable or + unsuitable to any other.</p> + <p>8. From what has been already stated, it will be seen that the present site was not selected + without consideration, and that the proceedings which have been taken with respect to it were + not commenced until the Commissioners had good ground for believing that there would be no + objection to its occupation. The attention, however, which has lately been directed to the + point, has caused them anxiously to reconsider the whole subject, and renders it now necessary + for them to enter into somewhat more of detail as to the grounds upon which they have come to + the conclusion which they have formed, that this is the only site in or about the Metropolis + which is at once suitable and practically available for the purposes of the Exhibition.</p> + <p>9. Of the other sites which have been suggested, the following are the only ones deserving + of particular consideration<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + <div class="poem"> + <p>(<i>a</i>) The North-eastern portion of Hyde Park.</p> + <p>(<i>b</i>) The North-western portion of Regent's Park.</p> + <p>(<i>c</i>) Battersea Park.</p> + <p>(<i>d</i>) Victoria Park.</p> + <p>(<i>e</i>) Wormwood Scrubbs.</p> + </div> + <p>10. The north-eastern portion of Hyde Park would, in the opinion of many members of the + Building Committee, be a very eligible situation; but, as has been already mentioned, an + objection was taken to this locality on the part of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, on + the ground that the building would interfere with some important thoroughfares in that part of + the park, and on account of other considerations of public importance; and the idea was + abandoned in consequence.</p> + <p>11. The site suggested in the Regent's Park has been found, since it was visited by the + Building Committee, not to be available, as the leases under which the houses in the + neighbourhood are held contain a clear and stringent provision that no new building of any kind + shall be erected within the limits of the park.</p> + <p>12. With regard to the ground in the neighbourhood of Battersea proposed to be purchased by + the Government, and to be converted into a park to be called Battersea Park, the Lords of the + Treasury are of course aware that only a small proportion of the whole area has as yet been + purchased; and the Commissioners found on inquiry that this proportion consists of numerous + small detached pieces, utterly insufficient to accommodate a building of the contemplated size, + and separated from each other by intervening plots of ground, many of them in a state of high + cultivation, and belonging to a great number of different proprietors, with whom it would be + absolutely impossible to effect arrangements within any time which would afford the slightest + chance of the Commissioners being put in possession of a site in time to complete their building + by the spring of next year. It should be added that the site of this district is very low, a + great portion of it being some feet under high-water mark, and that the nature of the soil + presents serious objections to its use as a building-ground.</p> + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexiv">{xiv}</span></div> + <p>13. Victoria Park is situated in an inconvenient and not very accessible part of the town. + It would, moreover, be impossible to erect in it a building of the required size without most + seriously interfering with the plantations and ornamental water which have been recently laid + out there; thus inflicting on the classes for whose recreation that park has been opened an + inconvenience infinitely more serious than could be caused to the frequenters of the very much + larger area of Hyde Park by the proposed occupation of a comparatively small portion of it.</p> + <p>14. Lastly, as regards Wormwood Scrubbs, besides that the distance is a very serious + objection, the rights of the commoners in that locality would prevent its appropriation; and the + Commissioners are advised that it would be impossible to erect the building there without risk, + as any single commoner would have it in his power to interrupt the proceedings, and to cause + them to be discontinued at any stage of the work, however advanced. Similar objections apply to + Wandsworth and some other commons in the neighbourhood of London, which have been occasionally + mentioned as possible sites.</p> + <p>14<i>a</i>. As regards Primrose Hill and the Isle of Dogs, the want of level space on the + former, and the objectionable situation and dampness of the latter, render them so obviously + unsuitable as to make any particular observations unnecessary.</p> + <p>15. But even could the objections to any of these sites be removed, or could another and an + unobjectionable site be pointed out, the Commissioners feel hound to state, from their + experience of the time, thought, and labour necessarily consumed in the investigation, + arrangement, and preparation of the great mass of detail requisite to enable them to carry out + this extensive work, that they are fully convinced of the impossibility of now adapting their + plans to any other site, with any reasonable prospect of being able to complete the work within + the time to which they stand pledged in the face of the world; and they could only regard a + change of site, particularly if it should involve a change of plan, as tantamount to the + postponement of the Exhibition till another year. And the Commissioners cannot shut their eyes + to the fact, that a postponement of the Exhibition would, under the circumstances, certainly + lead to its entire abandonment.</p> + <p>16. In order to give the Lords of the Treasury some idea of the consequences of an + abandonment of this scheme, the Commissioners would in the first place direct their attention to + the large amount of money already subscribed towards its completion (which is at present nearly + 64,000<i>l</i>.), to the number of local committees (now about 240) which have been called into + existence throughout the country, to the funds now being raised by subscriptions out of their + wages among the working-classes in all parts of the country towards enabling them to visit an + Exhibition to which they are anxiously looking forward, and the abandonment of which would be a + great disappointment to numbers, and still more to the extensive preparations which are now + making for the supply of articles for exhibition. It is within the knowledge of the + Commissioners that several individuals in this country have incurred several thousand pounds' + expense in such preparations, besides the anxiety which they have occasioned.</p> + <p>17. But the evils which would result from postponement, so far as this country is concerned, + are as nothing when compared with those which would arise in the case of foreign nations and the + colonies. The plan of the Exhibition has been widely circulated for several months, and the + following States have already signified, through their respective Governments, that they have + appointed Committees or Commissioners, consisting of the most distinguished individuals in those + countries, to co-operate with the Royal Commissioners in this country<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + <table class="sp2 mc" title="Co-operating States" summary="Co-operating States"> + <tr> + <td class="w33">Russia,<br/> + Sweden,<br/> + Norway,<br/> + Denmark,<br/> + Prussia,<br/> + Saxony,<br/> + Austria,<br/> + Bavaria,</td> + <td class="w33">Hanover,<br/> + Oldenburg,<br/> + Mecklenburg,<br/> + Hanse Towns,<br/> + France,<br/> + Holland,<br/> + Belgium,<br/> + Spain,</td> + <td class="w33">The United States,<br/> + Turkey,<br/> + Sardinia,<br/> + Venezuela,<br/> + Switzerland,<br/> + Nassau,<br/> + Anhalt, Dessau, &c.</td> + </tr> + </table> + <p>Besides which it may be mentioned that special Commissioners have been sent to this country + by France, Russia, and one or two other States; and that in most cases the Governments have + <span class="pagenum" id="pagexv">{xv}</span>undertaken the collection and the transmission to + this country, at their own expense, of the articles intended for exhibition, for which, of + course, their preparations are now made.</p> + <p>18. In all the countries which have been mentioned active preparations for the Exhibition + are now going on, and in some considerable expense is known to have been incurred. The Russian + Government has announced that the goods intended for exhibition will be shipped from that + country in the autumn of this year, and questions pointing to a similar arrangement have + recently been put by the Government of Denmark. The Austrian Government have given notice, that + the Great Exhibition which was to have been held at Vienna in the year 1851 has been postponed + till the year 1852, in order not to clash with the Exhibition in London. All these circumstances + tend to show that the postponement of the Exhibition would be seriously inconvenient to many + countries, and would probably occasion considerable and natural irritation at what would appear + like national vacillation, besides the certainty of rendering these countries unwilling to run + the risk of a second disappointment, and of deterring them from continuing their preparations + for a later period.</p> + <p>19. These inconveniences would be felt also by the British Colonies. Committees have been + announced as formed in Malta, Ceylon, Nova Scotia, Barbadoes, Guiana, and several of the West + India Islands, and it is probable that others have been appointed elsewhere. In India most + extensive preparations are being made, and the East India Company have incurred very great + expense by their exertions to contribute to the Exhibition.</p> + <p>20. After what has been said, it is unnecessary that the Commissioners should enlarge any + further upon the consequences to be apprehended from the postponement which would be occasioned + by an alteration of the site of building. They will proceed to offer a few remarks upon some of + the objections which have been taken to that at present proposed.</p> + <p>21. An idea appears to prevail in some quarters that the occupation of the Park is intended + to be of a permanent, and not, as has been repeatedly announced, of a merely temporary + character, and the Commissioners are given to understand that by proposing to construct a + building into which a good deal of brickwork is to enter, they have shown an intention at + variance with their professions. Upon this point they have to remark, in the first place, that, + although the eminent architects and engineers whom they have consulted, and to whom they have + uniformly given instructions to prepare plans suitable to a temporary structure, have agreed to + recommend the use of brick and other durable materials, they have left it perfectly open to + contractors to send in their tenders for the execution of the work in any material or materials + whatsoever, and have notified their readiness to entertain such tenders, on the single condition + of their being "accompanied by working-drawings and specifications, and fully priced bills of + quantities." It is probable that some such tenders will be made, and if made they will be + impartially considered; but the Commissioners must protest against the supposition that it is + necessarily more judicious to construct a temporary building of perishable than of enduring + materials. The first requisite of the building is, that it should be suitable for its purpose, + capable of protecting the valuable goods deposited in it from injury of every kind—as, for + instance, from the weather, from the effects of the dampness of the soil, from the danger of + fire, and so forth, and that it should be strong enough to avert all risk of accidental damage. + Its next requisite is, that it should be economical, and in estimating its cost regard must be + had not only to the expense of erection, but to the facility of removal and the value of the + materials when removed, as a building may easily be conceived to be cheaper which should cost + 100,000<i>l.</i> to erect, but of which the materials could afterwards be sold for + 50,000<i>l.</i>, than another would be which cost but 80,000<i>l.</i> in the first instance, but + of which the materials should become so far deteriorated as to produce only 20,000<i>l.</i> when + taken down. It is the opinion of those who have devised the plans in the present case, that a + building constructed of durable materials will in the end be cheaper than one constructed of + such as are more perishable; particularly as a considerable portion of the building, namely, the + iron roofing, will be of a kind which is generally used in the construction of railway-stations, + and will probably be disposed of for that purpose after the close of the Exhibition, as its + temporary application to the purposes of the Exhibition will be of no detriment to its being so. + An opportunity of testing the correctness of this opinion will be given when the tenders are + received, as, in addition to the customary form, it has been required that they should also be + sent upon the understanding that the materials shall <span class="pagenum" + id="pagexvi">{xvi}</span>remain the property of the contractor, and shall in fact only be hired + for the purposes of the Exhibition. The third requisite of the building is, that it should be at + least seemly, though it may not be necessary that it should be highly ornamental. The + Commissioners trust that it will fulfil this condition, while they would at the same time point + out that no expense is to be incurred for merely ornamental purposes, unless it should be + thought desirable to select a dome for covering in the large space which must necessarily be + left in the centre of the building to suit the internal arrangements. A cheaper mode of covering + in this space will probably be resorted to, and the Commissioners have directed that a special + estimate of the cost of the dome should be laid before them when the tenders are complete, in + order that they may judge of the propriety of sanctioning its erection.</p> + <p>Having offered this short explanation, they can only repeat once more the assurances they + have already given, that the building is not intended to be permanent, and that it will be + entirely removed, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the Lords of the Treasury on + yielding up the site, within seven months after the closing of the Exhibition, which cannot be + deferred after the 1st of November, and will probably take place at an earlier period in the + autumn of next year.</p> + <p>22. Another ground of apprehension is stated to be, lest the Park should be injured by the + erection of the building, and the injury should continue after the structure is removed. This + apprehension is, however, groundless; a small clump of ten trees has been allowed to be removed, + in compensation for which, it is proposed by the Commissioners of Woods and Forests to plant + another clump elsewhere. It is not intended to cut down any more than that clump. As regards the + surface of the ground to be occupied, it will not only not be injured, but will ultimately be + materially improved by being drained and freshly sown with grass seed. It will be a strict + condition with the contractors for the building that they shall, on its removal, restore the + ground to its present condition.</p> + <p>23. Some dissatisfaction has been expressed at the prospect of a furnace being erected to + heat the boiler and drive the steam-apparatus. It is however, intended to construct such furnace + on the principle of consuming its own smoke, or to burn coke instead of coal, should that, upon + the whole, appear the best mode of preventing annoyance. Care will also be taken not to erect + any chimney of an unsightly character.</p> + <p>24. As regards the amount of traffic which will be occasioned by the transport of materials + and goods to the site, the Commissioners have been furnished by the Building Committee with an + approximate estimate that it will not in the whole exceed the ordinary amount of three weeks' + general traffic of a single railway-station, and as this traffic will be spread over a period of + more than six months, it is manifest that its amount has been enormously exaggerated by public + estimation.</p> + <p>25. The Queen's Ride, though in the immediate vicinity of the site, will not be in any + degree interfered with, except that it may be advisable to rail off a strip not exceeding ten + feet, or one-sixth of the whole in width, for foot-passengers, in order to prevent the + inconvenience of crowding the space open to riding parties. By this arrangement the riders will + be secured from annoyance.</p> + <p>25 <i>a.</i> It has been said that the effect of the erection of the building will be to + drive the inhabitants of London out of their Parks. The Commissioners think it right to draw the + attention of the Lords of the Treasury to the following statistics<span + class="wnw">:—</span></p> + <table class="sp2 mc" title="Areas of London Parks" summary="Areas of London Parks"> + <tr> + <td class="prhs">The area of</td> + <td class="plhs">Hyde Park is</td> + <td class="prhs">387</td> + <td class="plhs ac">acres.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="prhs ac">"</td> + <td class="plhs">Kensington Gardens<span class="gap" style="width:5em"> </span></td> + <td class="prhs">290</td> + <td class="plhs ac">"</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="prhs ac">"</td> + <td class="plhs">Regent's Park</td> + <td class="prhs">403</td> + <td class="plhs ac">"</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="prhs ac">"</td> + <td class="plhs">St. James's Park</td> + <td class="prhs">83</td> + <td class="plhs ac">"</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="prhs ac">"</td> + <td class="plhs">Green Park</td> + <td class="prhs">71</td> + <td class="plhs ac">"</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="prhs ac">"</td> + <td class="plhs">Victoria Park</td> + <td class="prhs">160</td> + <td class="plhs ac">"</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="prhs ac">"</td> + <td class="plhs">Greenwich Park</td> + <td class="prhs">174</td> + <td class="plhs ac">"</td> + </tr> + </table> + <p>making a total of 1,568 acres, while only twenty acres are proposed to be taken or the + purposes of this Exhibition.</p> + <p>26. In conclusion, the Commissioners think it desirable to call attention to the fact, that + the three last Exhibitions of this nature which have taken place in Paris have been held on a + site (the Champs Elysées) very closely corresponding to our own Hyde Park in many respects, and + <span class="pagenum" id="pagexvii">{xvii}</span>particularly resembling it in being the most + fashionable and the most frequented promenade in Paris—more frequented, indeed, than the + particular spot selected on the present occasion has ever been, or is likely to be; and yet it + does not appear that the Parisians have had occasion to complain of those annoyances which are + now apprehended by some persons in this country. And the Commissioners are informed, that the + Exhibition in Vienna was held in the Prado, the principal public place in that city; and that + the Exhibition in Berlin was held in the Thiergarten, which is not only the principal public + place within the city, but is remarkable as being the only open Park of any sort within several + miles.</p> + <p>27. In the foregoing observations the Commissioners have thought it right to confine + themselves strictly to a discussion of the practical difficulties which would attend a change of + site. They cannot, however, but express their decided opinion, that the renouncement of the + selection of the most beautiful park in London for the scene of the Exhibition may be looked + upon as indicating a diminution of interest in the undertaking, and would materially detract + from that appearance of hospitality on the part of England which has been one great cause for + the very favourable reception which this proposal has everywhere secured.</p> + <p class="sp0">They must add, that the possibility that the bringing the Exhibition into Hyde + Park should be considered as an interference with the enjoyment of that Park by the public has + never entered their minds. They have, on the contrary, always intended it as a means of + recreative and intellectual enjoyment for the greatest portion of her Majesty's subjects: and + they have hitherto had reason to believe that it has been so regarded by the country in + general.</p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="larger">REPORT OF THE ROYAL + COMMISSIONERS,</span></p> + + <p class="ac">PRESENTED TO HER MAJESTY ON THE OPENING OF THE BUILDING.</p> + + <p>The following Report, together with her Majesty's Answer, on the occasion of the inauguration + of the building, cannot fail to be interesting as a brief record of the proceedings connected with + this noble undertaking up to that period<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp2"> + <p>"May it please your Majesty,—We, the Commissioners appointed by your Majesty's royal + warrant of the 3rd of January, 1850, for the promotion of the Exhibition of the Works of + Industry of all Nations, and subsequently incorporated by your Majesty's Royal Charter of the + 15th of August in the same year, humbly beg leave, on the occasion of your Majesty's auspicious + visit at the opening of the Exhibition, to lay before you a brief statement of our proceedings + to the present time.</p> + <p>"By virtue of the authority graciously committed to us by your Majesty, we have made diligent + inquiry into the matters which your Majesty was pleased to refer to us, namely, into the best + mode of introducing the productions of your Majesty's colonies and of foreign countries into + this kingdom, the selection of the most suitable site for the Exhibition, the general conduct of + the undertaking, and the proper method of determining the nature of the prizes and of securing + the most impartial distribution of them.</p> + <p>"In the prosecution of these inquiries, and in the discharge of the duties assigned to us by + your Majesty's Royal Charter of Incorporation, we have held constant meetings of our whole body, + and have, moreover, referred numerous questions connected with a great variety of subjects to + committees, composed partly of our own members and partly of individuals distinguished in the + several departments of science and the arts, who have cordially responded to our applications + for their assistance at a great sacrifice of their valuable time.</p> + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexviii">{xviii}</span></div> + <p>"Among the earliest questions brought before us was the important one as to the terms upon + which articles offered for exhibition should be admitted into the building. We considered that + it was a main characteristic of the national undertaking in which we were engaged that it should + depend wholly upon the voluntary contributions of the people of this country for its success; + and we therefore decided, without hesitation, that no charge whatever should be made on the + admission of such goods. We considered, also, that the office of selecting the articles to be + sent should be intrusted in the first instance to local committees, to be established in every + foreign country, and in various districts of your Majesty's dominions; a general power of + control being reserved to the Commission.</p> + <p>"We have now the gratification of stating that our anticipations of support in this course + have in all respects been fully realised. Your Majesty's most gracious donation to the funds of + the Exhibition was the signal for voluntary contributions from all, even the humblest, classes + of your subjects, and the funds which have thus been placed at our disposal amount at present to + about 65,000<i>l.</i> Local committees, from which we have uniformly received the most zealous + co-operation, were formed in all parts of the United Kingdom, in many of your Majesty's + colonies, and in the territories of the Hon. East India Company. The most energetic support has + also been received from the Governments of nearly all the countries of the world, in most of + which Commissions have been appointed for the special purpose of promoting the objects of an + Exhibition justly characterised in your Majesty's royal warrant as an Exhibition of the Works of + Industry of all Nations.</p> + <p>"We have also to acknowledge the great readiness with which persons of all classes have come + forward as exhibitors. And here again it becomes our duty to return our humble thanks to your + Majesty for the most gracious manner in which your Majesty has condescended to associate + yourself with your subjects by yourself contributing some most valuable and interesting articles + to the Exhibition.</p> + <p>"The number of exhibitors whose productions it has been found possible to accommodate is + about 15,000, of whom nearly one-half are British. The remainder represent the productions of + more than forty foreign countries, comprising almost the whole of the civilised nations of the + globe. In arranging the space to be allotted to each, we have taken into consideration both the + nature of its productions and the facilities of access to this country afforded by its + geographical position. Your Majesty will find the productions of your Majesty's dominions + arranged in the western portion of the building, and those of foreign countries in the eastern. + The Exhibition is divided into the four great classes of—1, Raw Materials; 2, Machinery; + 3, Manufactures; and 4, Sculpture and the Fine Arts. A further division has been made according + to the geographical position of the countries represented; those which lie within the warmer + latitudes being placed near the centre of the building, and the colder countries at the + extremities.</p> + <p>"Your Majesty having been graciously pleased to grant a site in this your royal Park for the + purposes of the Exhibition, the first column of the structure now honoured by your Majesty's + presence was fixed on the 26th of September last. Within the short period, therefore, of seven + months, owing to the energy of the contractors and the active industry of the workmen employed + by them, a building has been erected, entirely novel in its construction, covering a space of + more than eighteen acres, measuring 1,851 feet in length, and 456 feet in extreme breadth, + capable of containing 40,000 visitors, and affording a frontage for the exhibition of goods to + the extent of more than ten miles. For the original suggestion of the principle of this + structure the Commissioners are indebted to Mr. Joseph Paxton, to whom they feel their + acknowledgments to be justly due for this interesting feature of their undertaking.</p> + <p>"With regard to the distribution of rewards to deserving exhibitors, we have decided that + they should be given in the form of medals, not with reference to merely individual competition, + but as rewards for excellence in whatever shape it may present itself. The selection of the + persons to be so rewarded has been intrusted to juries equally composed of British subjects and + of foreigners, the former having been selected by the Commission from the recommendations made + by the local committees, and the latter by the Governments of the foreign nations the + productions of which are exhibited. The names of these jurors, comprising, as they do, many of + European celebrity, afford the best guarantee of the impartiality with which the rewards will be + assigned.</p> + <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexix">{xix}</span></div> + <p>"It affords much gratification that, notwithstanding the magnitude of this undertaking, and + the great distances from which many of the articles now exhibited have had to be collected, the + day on which your Majesty has been graciously pleased to be present at the inauguration of the + Exhibition is the same day that was originally named for its opening, thus affording a proof of + what may, under God's blessing, be accomplished by goodwill and cordial co-operation among + nations, aided by the means that modern science has placed at our command.</p> + <p class="sp0">"Having thus briefly laid before your Majesty the results of our labours, it now + only remains for us to convey to your Majesty our dutiful and loyal acknowledgments of the + support and encouragement which we have derived throughout this extensive and laborious task + from the gracious favour and countenance of your Majesty. It is our heartfelt prayer that this + undertaking, which has for its end the promotion of all branches of human industry and the + strengthening of the bonds of peace and friendship among all nations of the earth, may, by the + blessing of Divine Providence, conduce to the welfare of your Majesty's people, and be long + remembered among the brightest circumstances of your Majesty's peaceful and happy reign."</p> + </div> + + <p>Her Majesty returned the following gracious answer:—</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp3"> + <p>"I receive with the greatest satisfaction the address which you have presented to me on the + opening of this Exhibition.</p> + <p>"I have observed with a warm and increasing interest the progress of your proceedings in the + execution of the duties intrusted to you by the Royal Commission, and it affords me sincere + gratification to witness the successful result of your judicious and unremitting exertions in + the splendid spectacle by which I am this day surrounded.</p> + <p class="sp0">"I cordially concur with you in the prayer, that by God's blessing this + undertaking may conduce to the welfare of my people and to the common interest of the human + race, by encouraging the arts of peace and industry, strengthening the bonds of union among the + nations of the earth, and promoting a friendly and honourable rivalry in the useful exercise of + those faculties which have been conferred by a beneficent Providence for the good and the + happiness of mankind."</p> + </div> + + <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">THE END.</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><span class="smaller">SALISBURY, PRINTER, PRIMROSE-HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE, + FLEET-STREET.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="smaller">THE FOLLOWING INTERESTING AND + IMPORTANT</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">NEW BOOKS AND MAPS</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="smaller">ARE PUBLISHED BY</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger">JAMES GILBERT, 49, + PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON,</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="smaller">Wholesale and Retail + Bookseller, Publisher, and Newsvendor.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac">NOW READY, in 200 pages, demy 18mo, with Illustrations, price, in fancy binding, + only 1s. 6d., or post free, 2s., the SECOND EDITION,</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="smaller">DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS + PRINCE ALBERT,</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="larger"><span + class="gsp">GILBERT'S</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="smaller">POPULAR NARRATIVE OF THE ORIGIN, + HISTORY, PROGRESS, & PROSPECTS</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF THE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:-0.2ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">GREAT INDUSTRIAL + EXHIBITION,</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;">1851:</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="x-larger">With a Guide to the future Rules + and Arrangements.</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller"><span class="sc">By PETER + BERLYN, Esq.</span></span></p> + +<hr style="width:6em"/> + + <p class="ac">OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.</p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp3"> + <p class="ac">ATHENÆUM.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A well-written volume. A useful record of the history and progressive + development of the marking incident of our age and nation. Mr. Berlyn was, we believe, + officially employed by the Executive Committee in the earlier stages of their labours; his + statements, therefore, are on good authority and may be relied on. The narrative is sufficiently + full in its details for the general public now and hereafter."</p> + <p class="ac">EXAMINER.</p> + <p class="sp3">"This is a clever book, full of timely and interesting matter, and with + sufficient merit as a record of the origin and history of the Great Exhibition to outlive the + mere curiosity of the hour. Mr. Berlyn has had official opportunities of becoming well + acquainted with the subject, and has not neglected them. He puts his materials together with + spirit and intelligence, and indulges a hopeful strain of anticipation and prophecy very + properly befitting his theme."</p> + <p class="ac">LITERARY GAZETTE.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Within a small compass we have here gathered together all that is interesting in + connexion with the great undertaking of the present year—an undertaking which must form a + most important chapter in the world's history. We are bound to say that the work has been + judiciously done, and the result is a very satisfactory review of all that has been effected in + the way of Industrial Exhibitions up to the present time."</p> + <p class="ac">MORNING CHRONICLE.</p> + <p class="sp3">"<span class="sc">Gilbert's Popular Narrative of the + Exhibition.</span>—With this title a small work has just been published, written by Mr. + Peter Berlyn, from authentic and official sources, tracing the origin, history, and progress, + and pointing to the prospects, of the Great Exhibition. The author has carefully avoided all + speculation and gossip on the subject, and has applied himself with very considerable ability to + the statement and elucidation of all those facts, derived from authentic records, which bear + upon the progress of this most important national movement. Many interesting facts are stated in + connexion with the previous expositions which have taken place on the Continent and in this + country, and the difficulties with which, upon its first announcement, the present undertaking + had to contend, and the means by which the Executive were enabled to overcome them, are clearly + and consecutively stated. The work also contains some valuable statistical and other information + connected with the building, and copies of the most recent of the regulations issued by the + Executive. We would cordially recommend this very interesting work."</p> + <p class="ac">EXPOSITOR.</p> + <p class="sp3">"The volume before us has fair claim to its title of a Narrative of the + Exhibition. It commences with an account of such British and foreign exhibitions as may be + supposed to have led to the idea of the great international show of industry to be held in the + present year. The work also contains a complete account of how the world's industrial products + have come to be housed in the present building; gives all the rules and orders of the + Commissioners and Executive Committee; special instructions to colonial and foreign exhibitors + and Custom-house authorities; names of authorised agents for foreign countries; Custom-house + agents recommended by the Royal Commissioners; and such other information as renders it a really + useful volume of practical information to all exhibitors and visitors at the Exhibition."</p> + <p class="ac">SUN.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Within the compass of an elegant pocket-volume the author of the present + narrative has contrived to furnish his readers with a very copious history of the origin, + progress, and prospects of the Great Exhibition. Throughout the work he has written with an + especial regard at once to simplicity and perspicuity, so that we rest satisfied his labours + will prove eminently successful, the book being incontestibly <i>the</i> narrative of the Great + Industrial Exposition. Beginning with all the preliminary particulars, which are absolutely + essential for the comprehension of the entire scheme of the Prince Consort, the narrative + describes very lucidly the growth of the first crude idea to its present gigantic dimensions. + The share taken in the project by the Society of Arts is duly celebrated, and the influence of + the successive expositions of French industry especially notified. The volume is altogether a + very clever and most complete work."</p> + <p class="ac">WEEKLY DISPATCH.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Works upon the above subject will become highly popular from the very necessity + of the case; and consequently that which the public must chiefly look for amidst all the + competition that will ensue will be correctness and compactness combined with economy. Mr. Peter + Berlyn's book combines every requisite information regarding the Exhibition from first to last. + Its clever compilation, tasteful form, quantity and variety of information, and the dependance + that may be placed upon it for correctness, combine with its early appearance to render it one + of the most valuable hand-books that are likely to be generally used."</p> + <p class="ac">ART JOURNAL.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A very useful and sound history of the rise and progress of the Great + International Exhibition of 1851, in which the first movements towards it are carefully and ably + detailed; and a very good analysis is given of all preceding industrial exhibitions, at home and + abroad, as well as a large amount of information connected with the construction of the building + itself, and abstracts of official documents connected with the entire movement. The author has + done justice to the efforts which have been made to interest the English manufacturer, and + stimulate him in his artistic endeavours; and we feel bound to acknowledge his courteous notice + of the exertions made by 'The Art Journal' in helping forward its consummation in 1851."</p> + <p class="ac">LEADER.</p> + <p class="sp3">"For those who wish to know all about the rise and progress of the Great + Exhibition and its Crystal Palace this neat hand-book is the very thing. Mr. Berlyn has + performed his task with laudable industry. He has drawn together and arranged a large amount of + scattered information regarding the Exhibition in a pleasant form. As an elegant and trustworthy + hand-book, the narrative deserves to be popular."</p> + <p class="ac">OBSERVER.</p> + <p class="sp3">"This neat volume gives a history of previous Exhibitions—some on small, + some on large scales—that have taken place in divers parts of Europe of late years. It + then points out the precise origin of the Exhibition of all Nations, snowing the share his Royal + Highness Prince Albert had in it; its history and progress are thus minutely detailed, and its + prospects are foreshadowed without exaggeration. We cordially recommend it as a pocket-companion + necessary to all those who have not as yet mastered the chief facts connected with the erection + of the Palace of Industry."</p> + <p class="ac">JOHN BULL.</p> + <p class="sp3">"An able and complete history of the scheme, which we have all to accept as <i>un + fait accompli</i>, and a useful guide to the transparent mazes of the Crystal Palace."</p> + <p class="ac">WEEKLY NEWS.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Of the works already published, and professing to treat of this gigantic + undertaking in its national, social, scientific, and artistic light, we have not met with one so + completely pervaded by a spirit of universality as this book of Mr. Berlyn's. In matters of + detail and relation his narrative is explicit and lucid; where he has touched on the history of + an art or a manufacture he is correct in his data; and in tracing the Exhibition to its true + source he has displayed a highly philosophical insight into the spirit of the age. Within the + pages of his book will be found a faithful record of the most important meetings of the Royal + Commissioners, as well as those convened by the corporations of cities, by societies, or by + private individuals, for the furtherance of the great work in hand. To these is appended a + verbatim report of the speeches delivered at these meetings by the distinguished men who were + invited to preside over them; and the enlightened, liberal, and hopeful spirit which pervades + their addresses forms a cheerful contrast to the ominous predictions of certain political and + theological fanatics. After a full discussion of what may be termed the <i>business</i> portion + of the subject, Mr. Berlyn closes his excellent little book with a brief but eloquent and + comprehensive consideration of the beneficial results which are likely to accrue from this great + national undertaking, not only to ourselves but mankind in general. The entire absence of + partiality or prejudice throughout the book, and the very interesting information contained in + it for all matters directly or indirectly connected with the Exhibition, induce us to recommend + the author to publish editions of it in the French and German languages. By this means he would + be conferring a boon on our country's guests."</p> + <p class="ac">LADY'S NEWSPAPER.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Mr. Peter Berlyn has produced a well arranged, clear, and concise hand book to + this wonder of the world, in which he traces its origin, progress, and prospects, in a pleasing + and interesting manner. This must have been a most difficult task, as the materials out of which + he has formed his narrative are so widely scattered that it requires some one who perfectly and + profoundly understands the subject (as we are convinced Mr. Berlyn does) to collect and arrange + them in so satisfactory a manner. The ladies also will hail this work with pleasure, because, + though containing every information on the subject, it is at the same time light, interesting, + and infinitely superior to the dry and prosy style usually adopted in similar works. It is + tastefully illustrated, has an elegant fancy binding, and forms a guide-book either for the + library or the pocket."</p> + <p class="ac">NOTES AND QUERIES.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A volume carefully compiled from authentic sources of information upon the + several points set forth in its ample title page."</p> + <p class="ac">GARDENER AND FARMERS' JOURNAL.</p> + <p class="sp3">"We do not go out of our province as horticultural journalists in noticing a work + recently issued by Mr. Gilbert, of Paternoster-row. Our friends in the provinces will do well to + study beforehand as many of the probable incidents of their trip as possible; and, though + innumerable prints and tabular descriptions of the Exhibition Building have been issued, we have + not had anything before like a connected history of the great project itself. The work before us + is called 'A Popular Narrative of the Origin, History, Progress, and Prospects of the Great + Exhibition of 1851; and we think the author, Mr. Berlyn, has treated his subject in perfect + accordance with the title. More than this it is quite unnecessary to say as to the merits of the + work; but we may just notice that the 'getting-up' has evidently been intrusted to careful + hands. The binding is neat and tasteful, and, besides a ground-plan, a perspective view of the + building is given."</p> + <p class="ac">MINING JOURNAL.</p> + <p class="sp3">"This volume, which unostentatiously treats on the highly interesting subjects + indicated in the title, is based on records of unimpeachable value. All speculation has been + wisely avoided, and its pages present an unvarnished history of one of the most extraordinary + undertakings of which the history of the world can boast; extraordinary in the fact of the + people of this little island challenging the people of the universe to meet on its shores with + specimens of their several productions of industry; and extraordinary in the magnitude, + decidedly novel, and inconceivably rapid erection of the building for their reception. The + history of every similar exhibition is traced back to its source; those of Manchester, + Birmingham, London, and France are minutely recorded; the growing interest which followed every + subsequent exposition statistically described, and every detail connected with the Royal + Commission, the arrangements, the building, future rules, throughout a space of 200 pages, and + finishing with a list of the local committees, conveys a vivid and correct picture of this vast + national undertaking."</p> + <p class="ac">CHURCH AND STATE GAZETTE.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A work that was wanted. It puts the public in full possession of every iota of + intelligence in connexion with the Great Exhibition worth having, and has some very sensible + remarks on the prospects of home exhibitors, especially at the forthcoming display. It is + indispensable to all interested in the subject."</p> + <p class="ac">GUARDIAN.</p> + <p class="sp3">"'A Popular Narrative of the Great Exhibition' was really needed, explaining its + whole history from its first conception in the Prince Consort's brain, and Mr. Berlyn's book has + amply supplied the need. It is a very smart volume, and the writer is duly impressed with the + grandeur of his theme."</p> + <p class="ac">LEIGH HUNT'S JOURNAL.</p> + <p class="sp3">"We can hardly speak too highly of this elegant and useful volume. Mr. Berlyn has + done his part admirably, and the publisher has seconded him in the business department no less + satisfactorily. All the floating and disconnected accounts that have hitherto been brought + before the public from time to time are here collected and arranged in a very popular and lucid + manner, while a mass of fresh information, entirely new and authentic, renders this book the + only complete compendium of the Exhibition in all its bearings. The history of its origin is + written with a graphic power and a narrative vigour very surprising on such a subject. You are + carried along with as much interest as if reading a work of fiction. The contents fully justify + the ample title, and in that tact lies more of eulogy than columns of praise could say."</p> + <p class="ac">THE EVENING EXPRESS.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A neatly-printed volume on the History of the Exhibition; containing a careful + digest of all the documents which the Commissioners have issued."</p> + <p class="ac">THE TABLET.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn's book is an elegant volume by way of a guide to the Crystal Palace. + It contains a well-condensed summary on everything connected with the subject of the + Exhibition."</p> + <p class="ac">MORNING ADVERTISER.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A gaily-boarded volume, nattily emblazoned on the outside with colours, with a + tinted frontispiece of the Glass House from the same familiar aspect. It is dedicated to Prince + Albert, and contains an elaborate introduction, in which the by-past expositions of Paris, + Birmingham, Manchester, Dublin, &c. are duly noticed. It is as a whole a neat mode of + preserving all the 'printed gossip,' as well as weightier reports of Commissioners, relating to + the preparations of the shell of the Exhibition."</p> + <p class="ac">MARK-LANE EXPRESS.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A most interesting record of the history and opinions as to the probable results + of the World's Fair, to be held in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park. The author has condensed into + a most readable work every transaction which has given rise to this exhibition of the choice + products of the world."</p> + <p class="ac">THE BUILDER.</p> + <p class="sp3">"This book gives, in a concise and agreeable manner, a narrative of the progress + of the scheme towards fruition, and an account of the building. The account is put together + pleasantly, and makes a pretty book."</p> + <p class="ac">CHRISTIAN TIMES.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A valuable and elegant introduction to the Great Industrial Exhibition. It + contains much useful information, lucidly and carefully arranged."</p> + <p class="ac">NORTHERN STAR.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn's book is all it professes to be. It contains an ample and popular + narrative of the circumstances connected with the conception and ultimate realisation or the + idea; and incidentally throws much light upon the progress and effects of similar exhibitions + abroad. The author deserves the greatest credit for the lively, interesting, and accurate manner + in which he has recorded all the leading events connected with the Exhibition. In doing this we + are happy to perceive also that he has the manliness to do justice to those who first introduced + the idea of such Exhibitions into this country, and who had to struggle with all the + difficulties which usually dog the footsteps of innovators and inventors. The first exhibitions + had to encounter prejudice and apathy, and the funds for carrying them out were comparatively + small, and difficult to be procured; they had not the <i>prestige</i> of princely and titled + names, to give them acceptance with the vulgar herd, who eagerly copy the fashion set by the + great. They were the production of a pure love of art, and science, and industry, and a desire + to promote the improvement of public taste and skill. One of the first promoters 'of the plan of + National Expositions, similar to those on the Continent,' was Mr. George Wallis, formerly master + of the Manchester School of Design; of whose exertions Mr. Berlyn makes honourable mention. It + is exceedingly interesting to have presented at one view the gradual expansion of the original + idea, through a succession of varied phases, to its ultimate development as an Exhibition of the + Industry of all Nations. It appears clear that Prince Albert is entitled to the merit of giving + it this cosmopolitan character; other exhibitions have always been either local, provincial, or + national. The idea of making that of 1851 universal is due to the Prince Consort alone. The + circumstances under which Mr. Paxton conceived the idea of the structure which now attracts the + admiration of every beholder, in Hyde Park, read more like a sketch of the imagination than a + sober reality; and the almost incredible rapidity with which the plan has been translated into a + great fact is one of the proudest testimonies that can be borne to the industrial resources, + skill and enterprise of this country. Of all the marvels that will be exhibited at the World's + Fair next May, none will be so marvellous as the structure in which they are collected; and we + confidently commend Mr. Berlyn's book as an agreeable companion and guide to every visitor, as + well as a record of the growth of the Exhibition, well deserving of preservation on account of + its intrinsic merits and historical value."</p> + <p class="ac">MANCHESTER EXAMINER AND TIMES.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn (whom many of our readers will remember as an active and earnest + promoter of the interests of our Athenæum, in his character of honorary secretary to that + institution), having held an official situation in connexion with the Royal Commission for + carrying out the business detail of the intended Exhibition, finds means to present us with an + extremely able and instructive volume. His narrative is cleverly written, and affords ample + information of the origin and progress of a movement which has already acquired a world-wide + fame. The gradual advance of public opinion and feeling in reference to the study of art, and to + the more general cultivation of a love for the ideal and the beautiful among the people, are + care fully traced, and we have every reason to believe that credit is justly given to the humble + but earnest workers in the cause."</p> + <p class="ac">LEEDS MERCURY.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A popular narrative of the origin, history, progress, and prospects of the Great + Exhibition, with a guide to the future rules and arrangements, by Peter Berlyn, has just been + published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row. It is a very able and useful volume, beautifully got + up, and at a cheap rate."</p> + <p class="ac">LEEDS TIMES.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Mr. Berlyn's book supplies a <i>desideratum</i>. It is the first attempt, so far + as we know, to give a consecutive narrative of the circumstances which have given birth to the + great design, whose realisation is to illustrate the history of the present year. He has done + his work well. The narrative is entirely derived from authentic and official sources, to which + Mr. Berlyn, from his connexion with the undertaking, had peculiar opportunities of access. The + author regards the Exhibition, not as a sudden individual thought, but as the natural result of + certain industrial ideas and tendencies which have been gradually developing themselves during + several years; and this view leads him to trace the history of various prior exhibitions on a + minor scale in this country, such as the polytechnic exhibitions in different towns, and the + exhibitions of art and manufactures which have taken place, many years, in Manchester, + Birmingham, and the metropolis. The proceedings more immediately connected with the great + World's Exhibition now in preparation are then related from the commencement, and in a manner at + once concise and complete. Finally, we have a full account of the rules and regulations + determined on for the conduct of this remarkable undertaking. The volume contains several + excellent illustrations, is tastefully bound, and in a portable form."</p> + <p class="ac">LIVERPOOL COURIER.</p> + <p class="sp3">"This is an exceedingly interesting and useful book. It has been got up as a + hand-book for the visitors to the Great Exhibition, but its object is more to give a condensed + account of the history of the event than to serve as a guide within the building. The writer, + who treats his subject most clearly and ably, enters into a brief narrative of all that has been + hitherto done, in this and other countries, to foster national taste in connexion with these + public displays. In our own countries he goes on, at length, into an investigation of what may + be termed the initiatory exhibition lately held at Birmingham, and which, in its results, far + exceeded the expectations of its founders. He also gives a concise history of the proceedings + relative to the 'Palace of Glass,' from the time that its erection was a dreamy idea until it + rose in its gigantic transparency to astonish the world."</p> + <p class="ac">LIVERPOOL ALBION.</p> + <p class="sp3">"This is a book for the times and to the purpose. Its title-page tells with what + object it has been written, and is well borne out by its contents. When we open it we find a + concise and faithful account of the causes and progress of the world's gathering which is just + upon us. In preparing his volume the author has taken care to avoid all 'culling of simples,' + and to give only such information as may be depended upon, and which possesses more than + ephemeral interest. It abounds also, in practical suggestions and philosophical observations. We + will only say further that the publisher, although he does not puff the work by talking of + giving it away, certainly comes as near as possible to that point in the price which he has + fixed upon it. We can safely recommend it."</p> + <p class="ac">BIRMINGHAM JOURNAL.</p> + <p class="sp3">"A cleverly-written and carefully-condensed little volume, containing all that + has been done, and much that should be known, respecting the great event of the year. The author + culls with great judgment from the addresses delivered at various meetings held throughout the + country; the regulations issued by the Executive Committee are also introduced. Altogether, a + more complete record, within the same amount of space, it would be impossible to find; it + confers great credit upon the writer, who in addition is evidently an enthusiast in the work + about which he writes so well."</p> + <p class="ac">LEICESTERSHIRE MERCURY.</p> + <p class="sp3">"This volume should be in the hands of all who take an interest in the great + event of this <i>annus mirabilis</i>, 1851. What it promises in the title-page it performs in + those which follow. It contains an accurate and deeply interesting record of the causes and + progress of the preparation for that gathering of the nations of the earth which we are about to + witness, and chronicles all the official information on the subject which is worth preserving. + The practical suggestions and observations to be found in it are greatly to the credit of the + writer. We must also give our praise to the publisher, Mr. Gilbert, for the manner in which he + has brought it out, and the low price at which he offers it to the buyer."</p> + <p class="ac">LIVERPOOL TIMES.</p> + <p class="sp3">"Of course we are already deluged with hand-books, guide-books, &c., to the + Exhibition. Such little works, properly compiled, will not only be interesting, but absolutely + serviceable, to the country visitor. We have had oceans sent to us, varying in price as in + truthfulness and English grammar. The best we have seen is a 'Popular Narrative of the + Exhibition,' by Peter Berlyn, published by Gilbert, of Paternoster-row; a book distinguished not + only by correctness and labour, but also by very considerable literary merit."</p> + <p class="ac">LINCOLNSHIRE TIMES.</p> + <p class="sp3">"What the flower-garden is to the bees, attracting them to gather honey from its + sweets, the Grand Exhibition has been to many a candidate anxious to take his place in the ranks + of authorship. The book before us is one of the proofs of its stimulating powers. It fully and + ably accomplishes all which the title-page leads us to expect, setting forth the causes and + progress of that wondrous festival of industry at which the world is to meet in Britannia's + Crystal Palace. The information which it contains may be relied upon as derived from the best + sources; the practical suggestions are valuable; and the observations are penned in a highly + philosophical spirit. We can safely recommend the work to our readers, and we are quite certain + that everybody who buys it will be satisfied that his money has been well laid out. We speak not + from our own authority only, but have our verdict backed by the opinion of persons competent to + pronounce upon the merits of the volume before us."</p> + <p class="ac">INVERNESS COURIER.</p> + <p class="sp0">"This little volume has a merit which belongs to but few books published in the + present age. It is wanted. There has no doubt been a great deal written on the subject of which + it treats, as well as a great deal spoken; but till now we have had only scattered and almost + inaccessible information on the one hand, or mere catchpenny pamphlets on the other. Mr. + Berlyn's excellence is, that he is honest; that his work fulfils the promise of its title-page. + Officially connected from its outset with the great scheme which he describes, he has enjoyed + peculiar facilities for this task, has known where to look for materials, and been able to judge + of their relative usefulness and importance. Of these opportunities he has diligently availed + himself, and the result is to be seen in the elegant book before us. Simple and popular in + style, it is comprehensive and instructive in its contents; we therefore recommend it."</p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Beautifully printed in 8vo, price only 7s. 6d., or postage free, 8s. 6d., + Illustrated by Eighty very splendid Pictures, engraved by George Measom,</i></p> + + <p class="ac">DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT,</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S DESCRIPTION</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">OF THE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span class="gsp">CRYSTAL + PALAC</span>E,</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">Its Architectural History and + Constructive Marvels.</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><span class="sc">By PETER BERLYN & CHARLES FOWLER, Jun., Esqrs.</span></p> + + <p class="sp3">The Engravings will depict the various peculiarities and novelties of this + wonderful Building as well as the Machinery, &c., used in its construction. The combined + efforts of the Proprietor, as well as the Authors and Artists, are to produce a work worthy to be + purchased and preserved by every visitor to the Great Exhibition.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP OF + LONDON,</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><b><span class="gsp">DRAWN ON A NEW PRINCIPL</span>E,</b></p> + + <p class="ac">HAVING IN VIEW THE DEPICTING OF THE PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS OF THE + METROPOLIS,</p> + + <p class="ac"><i>With Illustrations of its most Important Buildings and Sights,</i></p> + + <p class="ac">Engraved on their exact Localities.</p> + + <p class="sp3">This novel Map will be found an interesting, intellectual, and practical guide to + all Visitors who may wish to proceed readily to the more Important Sights and Attractions of + London. The price, in sheet, coloured, with Letter-press Keys and References, is 1s. 6d.; or in + Case for the pocket, 2s.; postage free, 3s.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">GUIDE TO THE STREETS OF + LONDON,</span></p> + + <p class="ac">AS A COMPANION TO THE "VISITOR'S ILLUSTRATED MAP."</p> + + <p class="ac"><b>WITH FIVE THOUSAND REFERENCES;</b></p> + + <p class="sp3">Frontispiece and Tables of Cab Fares; the Rules and Laws relative to Metropolitan + Conveyances; and Explanations in four Languages—to enable the Visitor to find his own way + throughout the length and breadth of the Metropolis.—Price 6d; or postage free, 1s.</p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Price 1s. 6d., or 2s. bound; postage free, 6d. extra,</i></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger">GILBERT'S GUIDE TO + LONDON,</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><b>WITH MAP, &c.</b></p> + + <p>This original work, which has long been in full preparation for publication, is especially + intended as a useful and indispensable pocket companion to every visitor to the Metropolis during + the Great Exhibition of 1851.</p> + + <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* Separate Editions of the + book issued in the French and German Languages, price 6d. each extra.</p> + +<hr style="width:6em"/> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp3"> + <p>"Contains much useful information for residents as well as visitors. It has also a good Map, + and is very moderate in price."—<i>English Churchman.</i></p> + <p>"A very useful companion throughout the streets and sights of London."—<i>Lady's + News.</i></p> + <p>"The distinguishing excellences of this guide are, that it is cheap, and that it is written + especially for the benefit of the visitors to London during the Great + Exhibition."—<i>Standard of Freedom.</i></p> + <p>"A publication prompted by the Great Exhibition: it is a plain and business-like affair, + giving a good deal of information upon various subjects connected with the comfort of visitors, + as well as directions for sight-seeing."—<i>Spectator.</i></p> + <p>"This hand-book contains the most complete information connected with the localities, + customs, public buildings, amusements, and resources of the capital city of this kingdom; and + for travellers or foreigners we say it is an indispensable work, if they desire to possess an + accurate knowledge of London during their visit to the Great Exhibition."—<i>Mark-lane + Express.</i></p> + <p class="sp0">"Unquestionably the most useful little work of its sort we have met with. It + abounds with accurate, ample, and valuable information respecting London and its suburbs. We + know of no more interesting or cheaper publication."—<i>Catholic Standard.</i></p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Price, on a large sheet, only 6d.; in case, 1s. 6d.; or on roller, varnished, 3s. + 6d.,</i></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span class="gsp">GILBERT'S KEY + TO LONDO</span>N,</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><b>ON ONE LARGE SHEET;</b></p> + + <p class="sp3">Containing particulars of its Palaces, Public Buildings, Religious Edifices, + Hospitals, Inns of Court, Parks, Gardens, Bridges, Museums, Literary Institutions, Theatres, + Public Amusements, Exhibitions, Cab Fares, Railway Stations, Ambassadors, Bankers, Hotels, Docks, + Arcades, Private Galleries, Curiosities, Churches and Chapels, Cab, Omnibus, and Coach Rules and + Laws, Omnibus Routes, Environs, Post-offices, Steamers, Foreign Money Tables, &c.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Price, coloured and mounted in cloth case for the pocket, only 1s.; or paper + case, 6d.; in sheet, 4d.</i></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span class="gsp">GILBERT'S MAP + OF LONDO</span>N,</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><b>BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,</b></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">WITH A KEY TO THE STREETS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.</p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="sp3 ac">THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN 1851.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, size of the Engraving 18 inches by 10, printed on paper, size 21 + inches by 14½,</i></p> + + <p class="ac">GILBERT'S NEW PICTORIAL VIEW</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.1ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF THE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="xxx-larger"><span class="gsp">CRYSTAL + PALAC</span>E,</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="x-smaller">FOR THE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.6ex;"><span class="larger">GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION, + 1851.</span></p> + + <p class="ac">With several Hundred Scenic and Characteristic Figures, beautifully and accurately + Drawn from the Official Documents,</p> + + <p class="ac">BY JOSEPH PAXTON, ESQ., F.L.S.</p> + + <p class="sp3 ac"><i>With Statistical Details in English, French, and German.</i></p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="sp3">The exciting interest which the Exhibition creates throughout the world, has + prompted the production of this carefully-executed, large, and beautiful Illustration of the + Exhibition Building. It is got up in first-rate style, printed on the best paper, and published at + the low price of <span class="sc">Sixpence</span>; or coloured, <span class="sc">One + Shilling</span>. The special object of its combined beauty and cheapness is not only to command + sale in the United Kingdom, but to induce our Merchants, Manufacturers, and all interested in this + glorious Institution to send this Illustration of the Building to every part of the world. It may + also be had in a neat gilt frame and glazed, price only 5s.; or stretched on a frame and + varnished, price 3s. Either of these two can also be had packed in a deal box for transit by + railway, or other conveyance, at 1s. extra; or the 6d. and 1s. 6d. editions packed on roller, for + transit by post free, at 8d. each extra.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S EXHIBITION + LETTER-PAPER,</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">4to post size, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the + Building printed in tints. Price 2s. per quire, or 34s. per ream.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">GILBERT'S + EXHIBITION NOTE-PAPE</span>R,</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">8vo post, of superior quality, with a beautiful Illustration of the Building. + Price 1s. 6d. per quire, or 21s. per ream.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S EXHIBITION + CARD,</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">With a View of the Building. Price One Penny. Size, 4½ inches by 3.</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S LARGE EXHIBITION + CARD,</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">With a View of the Building. Price Twopence. Size, 7 inches by 4½.</p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, in Thirty-Six Sheets, of different Subjects, at the extremely low + price affixed,</i></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="larger">JERRARD'S</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span class="gsp">COLOURED + PICTURES</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="smaller">GROUPS AND BOUQUETS OF</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="larger">FLOWERS, FRUITS, BIRDS, + LANDSCAPES,</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="smaller">&c. &c.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="sp3">These beautiful Pictures are on folio-sized drawing-paper, and produced in the + first-rate style, being most beautiful and successful imitations of Original Drawings. They are + admirably adapted for framing; would also form a tasteful ornament to Ladies' Portfolios, or as + patterns for Drawing in colours.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <div class="poem sp4"> + <p>Sheet 1, price only 2s.—Fruit: Peaches, Purple Grapes, Green Grapes.</p> + <p>Flowers: Moss Rose, Campanula (Canterbury-bell), Wallflower, Convolvulus.</p> + <p>Sheet 2, price 1s. 6d.—Poppy, Ranunculus, Pæonia, Hollyhock, Convolvulus, Anagallis, + Rosebud.</p> + <p>Sheet 3, price 1s. 6d.—White Rose, Red Rose, Anemone, Single Dahlia, Cineraria, + Nastertium, Auricula, Veronica.</p> + <p>Sheet 4, price 1s. 6d.—Passion Flower, Rose, Tulip, Geranium, Pinks, Convolvulus.</p> + <p>Sheet 5, price 1s. 6d.—Anemone, Petunia, Mountain Aster, Heartsease, Viola Tricolor, + Anagallis.</p> + <p>Sheet 6, price 1s. 6d.—White Lilies, Tiger Lily, Tulip, White Fuschia.</p> + <p class="stanza">Sheet 7, price 2s.—Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pineapple, Purple Grapes, Green + Grapes, Egg Plum, Red Currants, White Currants.</p> + <p>Flowers: Rose, Convolvulus.</p> + <p>Sheet 8, price 2s.—Fruit: Peach, Apple, Pear, Plums, Red Grapes, Green Grapes.</p> + <p>Flowers: Lilium Lancifolium, Picotee, Fuschia, Scarlet Geranium, Marigold Sonicera.</p> + <p>Sheet 9, price 1s. 6d.—Ipomæa Horsfallii, Ipomæa Rubro-cærulea.</p> + <p>Sheet 10, price 1s. 6d.—Hibiscus Splendens.</p> + <p>Sheet 11, price 1s. 6d.—Ipomæa.</p> + <p>Sheet 12, price 1s. 6d.—Yellow Hibiscus.</p> + <p class="stanza">Sheet 13, price 2s.—Fruit: Peaches, Plums, Red Grapes, White + Currants.</p> + <p>Flowers: Convolvulus Major, White Rose, Heartsease, Fumaria Anagallis.</p> + <p>Sheet 14, price 1s. 6d.—Noisette Rose.</p> + <p>Sheet 15, price 1s. 6d.—Orange Lily, Geranium, White Pink, Mule Pink, Petunia, China + Aster, Yellow Mallow, Anagallis, Malvi, Primula, Mouse-ear, Tropæolum.</p> + <p>Sheet 16, price 1s. 6d.—Anemones, Tulip, Jonquil, Aster, Marigold, Semi-double Rose, + Yellow Rose, Convolvulus Minor, Auricula, Nastertium, White Rose.</p> + <p>Sheet 17, price 2s.—Fruit: Melon, Pomegranate.</p> + <p>Flowers: Tulip, Honeysuckle, Lily of the Valley.</p> + <p>Sheet 18, price 1s. 6d.—Pinks, Carnations.</p> + <p class="stanza">Sheet 19, price 1s. 6d.—A pair of Bullfinches, Nest, Eggs, and + Flowers.</p> + <p>Sheet 20, price 1s. 6d.—A pair of Greenfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p> + <p>Sheet 21, price 1s. 6d.—A pair of Goldfinches, Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p> + <p>Sheet 22, price 1s. 6d.—A pair of Titmouse on the Stump of a Tree.</p> + <p>Sheet 23, price 1s. 6d.—A pair of Redstarts, with Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p> + <p>Sheet 24, price 1s. 6d.—A pair of Chaffinches, with Nest, Eggs, and Flowers.</p> + <p class="stanza">Sheet 25, price 1s. 6d.—A View of the Castle of Chillon, Lake of + Geneva.</p> + <p>Sheet 26, price 1s. 6d.—A View of Tintern Abbey.</p> + <p>Sheet 27, price 1s. 6d.—View of Caerphilli Castle and Vale.</p> + <p>Sheet 28, price 1s. 6d.—View of Snowdon from the Valley of Dolydellan.</p> + <p>Sheet 29, price 1s. 6d.—View of Llangollen, Castle Dinas-Bran.</p> + <p>Sheet 30, price 1s. 6d.—View of Fountain, St. Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln.</p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="sp3">It must be distinctly observed that the whole of the above are in full colours, and + most successful imitations of original drawings, the price of each sheet being also fixed at + extremely low prices. A variety of other sheets are in active preparation.</p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac"><b>STEREOTYPED EDITION.</b></p> + + <p class="ac"><i>The 53rd Thousand, price only 1s. sewed, or 1s. 6d. bound (postage free, 4d. + extra)</i>,</p> + + <p class="ac">With a very useful steel-plate Genealogical Chart of the Sovereigns of England,</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">OUTLINES OF ENGLISH + HISTORY,</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">WITH INTERESTING</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.4ex;"><span class="x-larger">Remarks on Manners, Customs, + Arts, Dresses, &c.</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.6ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">BY HENRY + INC</span>E, M.A.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p>*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* In consequence of the rapidly extended + sale and approval of this Work, every page of the present Edition has been carefully enlarged and + much improved. By a judicious enlargement of the width and length of the page, one-third more + letter-press is introduced without any increase of price.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp3"> + <p>"In the system of Education sufficient regard is not always paid to impressing on the pupil's + mind the leading points in a branch of study. His memory is confused with a too great variety of + details. This manual of Mr. Ince's is well calculated to counteract this defective method, by + affording a well-digested outline, which should be carefully committed to memory, and afterwards + filled up by means of oral instruction or reference to larger works. Lively chapters of + historical memoranda, and brief sketches of manners and customs, are appropriately introduced. + We can cordially recommend this well-digested manual."—<i>Sharpe's Magazine.</i></p> + <p>"A neat and accurate compendium, and written with perspicuity. The events of each reign are + arranged under different heads, so as to give at a glance a comprehensive view of the + whole."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> + <p>"A new edition, with improvements. It is a little 'Rapin' in its way, a history condensed + into a nutshell; and we feel assured will, with its companion works, form the future text-books + of the young of both sexes. Works intended for the mental culture of the young are sure to meet + our approval when properly deserving it; and in the present instance we feel inclined to extend + the usual limit of our remarks in favour of the lucid and well-arranged books which Mr. Ince has + issued for the rising generation. We could not forbear a smile, on glancing over their contents, + at the recollection of the sundry fat quartos and huge folios through which in boyhood we were + obliged to wade for the acquirement of a less amount of information than is here presented + within the space of one hundred pages."—<i>The Mirror.</i></p> + <p>"Well-digested and useful outlines of our History, and deserves to be a standard educational + work."—<i>Eclectic Review.</i></p> + <p>"Superior to anything of the kind; here is a clear and comprehensive outline of the whole + History of England. We cordially recommend it."—<i>Wesley Banner.</i></p> + <p>"The leading points are clearly traced, and adapted for easy transmission to the + mind."—<i>Mark-lane Express.</i></p> + <p>"A valuable addition to those books specially designed for education."—<i>Bell's + Messenger.</i></p> + <p>"These 'Outlines' are particularly well done."—<i>Bankers Magazine.</i></p> + <p>"A good compendium; it contains the essence of very many volumes, serving not only as helps + for the education of youth, but as refreshers to the memory to those who are + old."—<i>Sunday School Magazine.</i></p> + <p>"This book is not undeserving of the popularity it has obtained: it is full of information, + and contains the substance of more knowledge of the social progress, manners, and customs of our + ancestors than many works of far larger pretensions."—<i>The third review of the + Athenæum.</i></p> + <p>"A great deal of information in a small compass, and the author has availed himself of the + latest authorities. We prefer the form of Outlines to Catechisms. It contributes to the + formation of more logical views, both by the teacher and scholar. Catechisms are the + school-books of parrots."—<i>Spectator.</i></p> + <p>"Both the plan and style are perspicuous; it is admirably adapted for what it is + intended."—<i>The Times.</i></p> + <p>"Contains a vast amount of interesting and useful knowledge, and admirably adapted as helps + to parents and teachers of youth."—<i>Tait's Magazine.</i></p> + <p>"A well-digested little book."—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p> + <p>"A very useful book for the instruction of youth, being a complete <i>resumé</i> of the whole + History of England."—<i>Metropolitan.</i></p> + <p>"Well adapted for the education of the young."—<i>New Monthly Magazine.</i></p> + <p>"The brief statements of the principal events of each Sovereign's reign are neat and + succinct."—<i>The Economist.</i></p> + <p>"An improved edition of Mr. Ince's very useful book."—<i>The Rambler.</i></p> + <p class="sp0">"Ince's 'Outlines' is a very excellent book to put into the learner's hands: it + is clear and well-arranged."—<i>Author's Institute Circular.</i></p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>In 18mo, price 1s., 1s. 6d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra)</i>,</p> + + <p class="ac"><span class="gsp">THE SIXTH EDITION OF</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">OUTLINES OF FRENCH + HISTORY,</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.3ex;"><span class="x-smaller">WITH NOTICES OF</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.4ex;"><span class="smaller">THE MANNERS, CUSTOMS, ARTS, ETC., + OF THE DIFFERENT PERIODS.</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.4ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">BY HENRY + INC</span>E, M.A.</span></p> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp3"> + <p>"It affords a very pleasing view of the whole History of France. The author being gifted with + a philosophical mind and a classical taste, the subjects, though treated in a detached, are far + from being treated in a dry and unentertaining manner."—<i>The Times.</i></p> + <p>"It is embellished with some capital engravings, and abounds in the narration of those + romantic events which form the groundwork of so many delightful works."—<i>The + Mirror.</i></p> + <p>"Mr. Ince is not of those men who speak much without saying anything; he says much in a few + words."—<i>French Paper.</i></p> + <p class="sp0">"A very useful educational work."—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Price 1s. sewed, or 1s. 4d. bound (postage free, 4d. extra), the Eleventh + Thousand of</i></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.2ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span + class="gsp">OUTLINES</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:4ex;"><span class="xxx-larger"><span class="gsp">GENERAL + KNOWLEDG</span>E.</span></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3.6ex;"><span class="x-larger">By Henry Ince, + M.A.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* This Edition has been very + much extended and improved; by an enlargement of the size of the page, and careful arrangement of + the type, a very great quantity of highly valuable information has been added.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <div class="bq1 smaller sp3"> + <p>"The 'Outlines of General Knowledge' embrace a great variety of facts connected with the + natural sciences. Even the names of all the divisions into which the moderns have classified + knowledge fill no inconsiderable space. Add to them the names and height of mountains, and names + and length of rivers, the names of constellations, the names of the chemical elements, the + amount of population of the different kingdoms of the world, the amount of their respective + taxation per head, &c. &c., and the mere nomenclature seems calculated to fill a + tolerably large book. All this, and more than this, is collected in Mr. Ince's 'Outlines,' and + those not accustomed to the art of the author will wonder how one small head could carry all he + has brought together."—<i>The Economist.</i></p> + <p>"Well-digested 'Outlines,' which should be committed to everybody's + memory."—<i>Sharpe's Magazine.</i></p> + <p>"A capital book, deserving especial attention."—<i>Family Friend.</i></p> + <p>"Contains for its size a remarkable quantity of interesting and well-arranged information. It + would make a valuable present to Sunday Schools and lending + libraries."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> + <p>"A vast amount of condensed information."—<i>The Rambler.</i></p> + <p>"Contains a considerable amount of information of a very valuable kind, on a variety of + subjects, that in ordinary routine of education are too much overlooked, an acquaintance with + which is every day becoming more and more indispensable. They are germs which cannot fail to + vegetate in the mind, to fructify in the head, and eventually to produce a fourfold reward to + him who labours in the acquisition of them."—<i>Sunday School Magazine.</i></p> + <p>"Calculated to instruct anyone of common intelligence on every known topic of importance, and + to start him with a mind stored with the accumulated learning of 6000 years."—<i>The + Mirror.</i></p> + <p class="sp0">"A valuable little publication, full of information in a small compass, creating + an appetite for deeper investigation."—<i>Bell's Life.</i></p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">A NEW SERIES + OF PENNY MAPS.</span></span></p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Now publishing in Monthly Parts, price only 4½d., or 8½d. coloured (each Part to + contain four Maps)</i>,</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="x-larger"><span + class="gsp">PHILIPS'</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.2ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">PENNY ATLAS OF THE + WORLD,</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">IN A</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">Series of fifty-two Imperial + Quarto Maps, Engraved on Steel,</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">INCLUDING</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><b>FIVE ANCIENT MAPS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN ANCIENT + HISTORY,</b></p> + + <p class="sp3 ac">WITH A COPIOUS CONSULTING INDEX OF PLACES.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p>Geographical Knowledge was to a considerable extent an essential necessity even in the early + periods of our world, cultivated indeed at first for almost purely social purposes, yet in the + same proportion as our progenitors increased in numbers, so also did their extended range of + observation instil into their minds the necessity of more practical observations on the relative + bearings of the districts through which they passed, noting at the same time the numerous changes + of hill and dale, rivulet and stream, and the countless varieties of the wonderful products with + which it pleased Almighty God to bless its various regions. Hence progressively arose the + Topographical and Geographical Delineations with which the Scriptures abound; to a similar cause + may also be traced the contributions which the savage tribes have at various periods of our + World's History added to the branches of Geographical science.</p> + + <p>Now, in the same proportion as any people forming a Nation develope their commercial and + intellectual strength, in the same ratio has it pleased Providence to render it necessary that its + inhabitants should not only become acquainted with the Topographical and Geographical features, + relative distances and bearings, of their own and neighbouring nations, but of every portion of + the known world, even extending their researches to unknown regions. Indeed, no member of a + commercial nation, especially in one where education is much diffused, is qualified to act his + part aright as one of its people, unless he is able to form a tolerably accurate notion of the + names of Nations, Places, Seas, Rivers, Mountains, &c., their relative position and extent, as + well as to learn how richly the Creator of the Earth has endowed them all with the means of + ministering to those comforts and pleasures of which man in every state of society and climate so + much stands in need.</p> + + <p>These reflections might be much extended, but the limits of a prospectus will not permit it. + Suffice it to say that every Englishman, be he rich or poor, should have access to modern Maps of + the various portions of the World, in order to possess the means of cultivating a knowledge of its + divisions, the names of the chief Nations, Places, &c. &c., as well as to be able to form + intellectual and commercial ideas of its numerous products, and the respective regions from whence + come the countless varieties of foreign substances now in use among us as articles of ornament or + necessity.</p> + + <p class="sp3">Now, though a Modern Atlas of the World is so essential to every family in this + kingdom, still it has been almost limited in its possession, on account of the high price at which + all really good and practical works have hitherto been issued. To remove this difficulty has been + the principal motive which has induced the Proprietors of "<span class="sc">Philips' Penny Modern + Atlas</span>" to issue a work which they feel satisfied will be universally admitted to be + surprisingly cheap, and not surpassed in usefulness by any attempt hitherto made to extend the + knowledge of Geography.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">LIST OF THE MAPS</span></p> + + <p>Which will appear in <span class="sc">Philips' Penny Atlas</span>, any of which may now be had + separately, price <span class="sc">One Penny</span> each Plain, or <span + class="sc">Twopence</span> Coloured<span class="wnw">:—</span></p> + + <div class="poem sp3"> + <p style="margin-left:3.85em">MODERN MAPS.</p> + <p class="stanza"><span class="hid">0</span>1. Western Hemisphere.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>2. Eastern Hemisphere.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>3. World on Mercator's Projection—Double Map.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>4. Arctic Regions.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>5. Europe—General Map.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>6. British Isles.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>7. England and Wales.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>8. Scotland.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>9. Ireland.</p> + <p>10. France, in Provinces.</p> + <p>11. France, in Departments.</p> + <p>12. Belgium.</p> + <p>13. Holland.</p> + <p>14. Prussia.</p> + <p>15. Poland.</p> + <p>16. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.</p> + <p>17. Denmark.</p> + <p>18. Russia in Europe.</p> + <p>19. Germany.</p> + <p>20. Austria.</p> + <p>21. Switzerland.</p> + <p>22. Spain and Portugal.</p> + <p>23. Italy.</p> + <p>24. Turkey in Europe, and Greece.</p> + <p>25. Asia—General Map.</p> + <p>26. Turkey in Asia.</p> + <p>27. Russia in Asia.</p> + <p>28. Persia and Cabool.</p> + <p>29. Hindostan.</p> + <p>30. China.</p> + <p>31. East India Islands and Australia.</p> + <p>32. New South Wales.</p> + <p>33. Tasmania, or Van Dieman's Land.</p> + <p>34. New Zealand.</p> + <p>35. Africa—General Map.</p> + <p>36. Egypt.</p> + <p>37. America—General Map.</p> + <p>38. North America.</p> + <p>39. United States.</p> + <p>40. Canada.</p> + <p>41. Mexico, Guatimala, and Texas.</p> + <p>42. West Indies.</p> + <p>43. South America.</p> + <p style="margin-left:3.85em" class="stanza">ANCIENT MAPS.</p> + <p class="stanza">44. Palestine.</p> + <p>45. Orbis Veteribus Notus.</p> + <p>46. Orbis Romani Pars Occidentalis.</p> + <p>47. Orbis Romani Pars Orientalis.</p> + <p>48. Græcia Antiqua.</p> + <p>49. Table of the Comparative Height of Mountains.</p> + <p>50. Ditto <span class="hid">of bhe</span> ditto<span class="hid">Compar</span> Length of + Rivers.</p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">THE CHEAPEST + MAPS EVER ISSUE</span>D.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">PHILIPS' + SERIES</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="x-smaller">OF</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span class="gsp">LARGE SIXPENNY + MAP</span>S,</span></p> + + <p class="ac">Size—Full Sheet Imperial, 22 by 27 Inches, Full Coloured.</p> + + <p class="sp3 ac"><i>Engraved in the best style, and embracing all the recent Geographical + Discoveries.</i></p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <div class="poem sp3"> + <p style="margin-left:2.80em">LIST OF THE MAPS.</p> + <p class="stanza"><span class="hid">0</span>1. The World on Mercator's Projection.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>2. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Northern + Hemisphere.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>3. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Southern + ditto.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>4. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Eastern + ditto.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>5. <span class="hid">Th</span>"<span class="hid">W</span> Western + ditto.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>6. North Horizontal ditto.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>7. South ditto.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>8. Europe.</p> + <p><span class="hid">0</span>9. Asia.</p> + <p>10. Africa.</p> + <p>11. America—General Map.</p> + <p>12. North America.</p> + <p>13. South America.</p> + <p>14. England.</p> + <p>15. Scotland.</p> + <p>16. Ireland.</p> + <p>17. British Isles.</p> + <p>18. The Channel Islands, including Isle of Man and Isle of Wight.</p> + <p>19. Chart of the Baltic Sea.</p> + <p>20. Sweden and Norway.</p> + <p>21. Denmark.</p> + <p>22. Germany—Northern part.</p> + <p>23. Germany—Southern part.</p> + <p>24. Holland.</p> + <p>25. Belgium.</p> + <p>26. France, in Departments.</p> + <p>27. France, in Provinces.</p> + <p>28. Spain and Portugal.</p> + <p>29. Chart of the Mediterranean.</p> + <p>30. Turkey in Europe and Greece.</p> + <p>31. Italy.</p> + <p>32. Venetian States.</p> + <p>33. Milanese States.</p> + <p>34. Tuscany and the States of the Church.</p> + <p>35. Naples and Sicily.</p> + <p>36. Switzerland.</p> + <p>37. Austria.</p> + <p>38. Prussia.</p> + <p>39. Poland.</p> + <p>40. Russia in Europe.</p> + <p>41. Russian Empire.</p> + <p>42. Tartary.</p> + <p>43. Corea and Islands of Japan.</p> + <p>44. China.</p> + <p>45. East India Islands.</p> + <p>46. Hindostan.</p> + <p>47. British India—Northern part.</p> + <p>48. British India—Southern part.</p> + <p>49. Birman Empire.</p> + <p>50. Persia.</p> + <p>51. Turkey in Asia.</p> + <p>52. Arabia.</p> + <p>53. Egypt and Abyssinia.</p> + <p>54. Palestine.</p> + <p>55. North and South Africa.</p> + <p>56. Atlantic Islands.</p> + <p>57. Chart of the Atlantic.</p> + <p>58. Canada, Nova Scotia, &c.</p> + <p>59. United States.</p> + <p>60. California, Mexico, &c.</p> + <p>61. Panama, Guatimala, &c.</p> + <p>62. West Indies.</p> + <p>63. Isles of Bermuda, Bahama, and Cuba.</p> + <p>64. Jamaica.</p> + <p>65. St. Domingo and Virgin Isles.</p> + <p>66. St. Christopher's, with Nevis and St. Lucia.</p> + <p>67. Antigua, with Guadaloupe, &c.</p> + <p>68. Dominico, with Martinico, &c.</p> + <p>69. Barbadoes and St. Vincent.</p> + <p>70. Trinidad, Grenada, Tobago, and Caraçoa.</p> + <p>71. Peru, Chili, and La Plata.</p> + <p>72. Caraccas and Guiana.</p> + <p>73. Islands in the Pacific.</p> + <p>74. Australia.</p> + <p>75. New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land.</p> + <p>76. South Australia.</p> + <p>77. New Zealand.</p> + <p>78. Chart of the North-west Passage between Europe and America.</p> + <p>79. Chart of the Discoveries of Ross, Parry, and Franklin in the Arctic Regions.</p> + <p>80. Table of the comparative Height of Mountains.</p> + <p>81. Ditto <span class="hid">of bhe</span> ditto<span class="hid">Compar</span> Length of + Rivers.</p> + </div> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* This series of Maps is by + far the largest, best, and cheapest ever offered for separate sale. Persons desirous of having a + specimen of the series, can order a single Map, through their booksellers, or remit 10d. in + postage-stamps to the Publishers, who will send any Map named, postage free.</p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Just published, complete in 400 very large and full pages, Demy 8vo</i>,</p> + + <p class="ac">Containing matter equal in quantity to 1,500 pages of ordinary 8vo volumes, Price + only 4s., or postage free, 5s., strongly and neatly bound in cloth,</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.6ex;"><span class="larger">GILBERT'S COPIOUS SERIES OF + PAMPHLETS</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">ON THE</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">ROMAN CATHOLIC + QUESTION;</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">CONTAINING</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="smaller">Important Documents of Permanent + Historical Interest having reference to the re-Establishment of the</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;"><span class="x-larger">CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN + ENGLAND,</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.4ex;">1850-1.</p> + + <p>The Editor of these Pamphlets deems it almost superfluous to dwell on the paramount importance + of every respectable family possessing this volume of very special present and permanent interest. + During the discussion of the exciting matters now at issue in this all-absorbing question, there + can be no questioning the well-recognised fact that the possession of this copious and cheap + volume is essential to every thoughtful and inquiring person in our beloved country. For those who + are as yet unaware of the immense mass of interesting and important documents that are in its + pages, <span class="smaller">AN INDEX OF ITS CONTENTS IS ISSUED FOR GRATUITOUS + DISTRIBUTION</span>—this will abundantly testify to the fact; and the Editor, thinks it only + necessary to state that, with scarcely an exception, the whole of the documents are printed, + verbatim, as they originally appeared, and in very numerous cases they have had the additional + advantage of the direct and special revision of the authors.</p> + + <p>The Editor expresses his conviction that all the important facts and documents relative to the + "Roman Catholic Question" have appeared in the pages of these pamphlets. Doubtless, during the + progress of the Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill through the Houses of Parliament speeches of + interest will be made; still the Editor thinks they will be merely elaborations of the materials + already in these pages, devoid of original facts or documents.</p> + + <p class="sp3">*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* Any persons who may wish to + possess the Series or sheet containing specific articles particularised in the Index, will be at + liberty to purchase it separately, at One Penny or Three-halfpence each sheet respectively, or at + Twopence each extra post-free, through the publisher. Series 1 to 17 sell at 1d., and 18 to 25 at + 1½d. each; but it must be observed that each sheet or Series contains several documents.</p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, demy 18mo, sewed, Price 2s. 6d., or accompanied by a large and + accurate Map, and bound in Cloth, Price 5s.</i></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">THE TRAVELLER'S + HAND-BOOK</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="x-smaller">AND NEW GUIDE FOR</span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger">EMIGRANTS THROUGH THE UNITED + STATES OF AMERICA.</span></p> + + <p>Containing a description of the States, Cities, Towns, Villages, Watering-places, Colleges, + &c.; with the Railroad, Stage, and Steam-boat Routes; the distances from place to place; and + the Fares on the great Travelling Routes.</p> + + <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="sc">By J. CALVIN SMITH.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, in a neat Cover</i>,</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span + class="gsp">PHILIPS'</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">SHILLING ATLAS OF MODERN + GEOGRAPHY,</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><b>CONTAINING NINE IMPERIAL QUARTO MAPS,</b></p> + + <p class="ac">ENGRAVED ON STEEL, & CONSTRUCTED FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITIES.</p> + + <table class="sp3 mc" title="Contents." summary="Contents."> + <tr> + <td class="ac pb1" colspan="3">CONTENTS.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="br w33">EASTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/> + WESTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/> + EUROPE.</td> + <td class="br w33 pl2">ASIA.<br/> + AFRICA.<br/> + AMERICA.</td> + <td class="w33 pl2">ENGLAND.<br/> + IRELAND.<br/> + SCOTLAND.</td> + </tr> + </table> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Lately Published, price 2s.; or 2s. 6d. bound in Cloth</i>,</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span class="gsp">PHILIPS' + YOUNG SCHOLAR'S ATLAS,</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;">CONTAINING</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="larger">Thirteen Large Quarto Maps, Full + Coloured.</span></p> + + <table class="sp3 mc" title="Contents." summary="Contents."> + <tr> + <td class="ac pb1" colspan="3">CONTENTS.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="br w33">EASTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/> + WESTERN HEMISPHERE.<br/> + ENGLAND.<br/> + SCOTLAND.<br/> + IRELAND.</td> + <td class="br w33 pl2">FRANCE.<br/> + EUROPE.<br/> + ASIA.<br/> + AFRICA.<br/> + NORTH AMERICA.</td> + <td class="w33 pl2">SOUTH AMERICA.<br/> + PALESTINE.<br/> + UNITED STATES.</td> + </tr> + </table> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p class="ac"><i>Just Published, Price 3s. 6d. in Sheets, carefully coloured; 4s. 6d. in case; or + 7s. 6d. mounted on black rollers and varnished</i>,</p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.9ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">A NEW + TRAVELLING</span></span></p> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="xx-larger">MAP OF THE UNITED STATES OF + AMERICA,</span></p> + + <p class="ac"><b>BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ON STEEL,</b></p> + + <p class="ac">AND COMPILED FROM THE MOST RECENT AMERICAN GOVERNMENT SURVEYS AND OTHER AUTHENTIC + SOURCES,</p> + + <p class="ac">Showing the whole of the Railways, Canals, &c., to the present time, and the + distances from place to place in hundreds of miles, taking the City of New York as the centre.</p> + + <p class="sp3 ac"><i>The Publishers can, with confidence, recommend this Map of the United States + as the most authentic and elaborate Map that has ever been produced.</i></p> + +<hr style="width:10em"/> + + <p>*<span style="position:relative; top:0.4em;">*</span>* The works on this and the fifteen + preceding pages are published by JAMES GILBERT, 49, Paternoster-row, London, wholesale and retail + bookseller, publisher, and newsvendor.</p> + + <p>Foreign Orders will be executed by J. GILBERT on liberal terms; or they can be either sent to + any wholesale bookseller or stationer; or to any of the numerous merchants and manufacturers who + export to all parts of the world.</p> + + <p class="sp3">It will be necessary, however, to order GILBERT'S Editions, Published at 49, + Paternoster-row, London.</p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">SALISBURY, PRINTER. PRIMROSE HILL, SALISBURY-SQUARE, + FLEET-STREET.</span></p> + +<hr style="width:20em"/> + + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="xx-larger">Notes.</span></p> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> + <p>A complete list of the names of all the competitors, together with those selected by the + Committee, will be found in the Appendix; also a description and views of the two designs + specially referred to.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> + <p>This "memorandum" will be found in the Appendix.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> + <p>The figures quoted are not quite correct, as will be seen hereafter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> + <p>The surface covered by the Basilica of St. Peter's at Rome amounts to 223,900 square feet, + the Cathedral at Milan occupies 124,100, and St. Paul's, London, 114,900 square feet.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a> + <p>It is perhaps necessary to mention here, that the leakage of the roof which was at first much + complained of was owing to incomplete construction, and not to any defect in the principle, or + in the manner in which it has been carried out.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a> + <p>About three hundred planks were passed through the machine in a working-day of ten hours, + allowing the necessary stoppages for sharpening the cutters; and if only three widths of + sash-bar were produced out of each blank, the quantity finished per diem would amount to about + two miles and three quarters. This machinery, as well as that for grooving and moulding the + ridges, was worked at the Phoenix Saw-mills, Cumberland-basin, Regent's Park, belonging to Mr. + Birch.</p> + </div> + + <div class="foot"> + <a class="fnote" id="Nt_7" href="#NtA_7">[7]</a> + <p>A This piece of machinery is only novel in its application, as it is similar to that used by + brush-makers for drilling a number of small holes in close and regular arrangement.</p> + </div> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44192 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/44192-h/images/cs1.png b/44192-h/images/cs1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..192f5b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/44192-h/images/cs1.png diff --git a/44192-h/images/cs2.png b/44192-h/images/cs2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..19092f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/44192-h/images/cs2.png diff --git a/44192-h/images/cs3.png b/44192-h/images/cs3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..82e2d8f --- 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