initial commit of ebook 44202HEAD main

author: Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> 2025-10-14 18:37:12 -0700
committer: Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> 2025-10-14 18:37:12 -0700
commit: c3f2a1715fa727412184fa0ed11b3d18f80321b6 (patch)
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+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44202 ***</div>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h3>Transcriber’s Notes</h3>
+
+<p>Autograph letters and similar documents which were presented only as
+images in the original have been transcribed here, and can be found at
+the end of the text. The captions of those images will serve as links
+to their transcriptions.</p>
+
+<p>The lists of Illustrations and Contents have several anomalous, though
+accurate, entries. For example, the section on the re-incorporation of
+the Red Cross, beginning on page 94, appears in the Contents between
+sections on p. 184 and p. 197, for no apparent reason. The reference has
+been placed in its proper position in the Contents. Also, please note that
+the entries in the Contents do not always refer to formal sections of the
+text. They sometimes direct one to a change of topic otherwise unmarked
+in the text itself.</p>
+
+<p>Several of the photographs associated with the Spanish American War,
+which were included at the end of the volume on pp. 675 and 676, are listed
+in the Illustrations where their subjects would appear.</p>
+
+<p>Illustrations have been moved to avoid breaking paragraphs. On
+occasion, they may appear out of the normal page order.</p>
+
+<p>The opening of the section on General History is labeled “Chapter I”,
+the only use of that designation in the volume.</p>
+
+<p>Footnotes have been consolidated at the end of the volume, and linked
+for convenient reference.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a href="#EndNotes">Transcriber Notes</a> at the end of
+the text for more details about the preparation of this text.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a id="frontispiece"></a>
+<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="400" height="564" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">CLARA BARTON.<br />
+  <span class="subcaption"><em>From a portrait taken about 1875.</em></span></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="box">
+<h1>THE RED CROSS<br />
+       IN PEACE AND WAR</h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class="box">
+  <div class="figcenter">
+    <img src="images/i003.jpg" width="200" height="184" alt="" />
+  </div>
+  <p class="titlepage xlarge"><span class="smcap">By Clara Barton</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="box">
+
+  <p class="titlepage">AMERICAN HISTORICAL PRESS</p>
+
+  <p class="titlepage smaller">1906</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="titlepage smaller">Copyright 1898, by <span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">From the President of the United States</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage smaller">In his Message to Congress December 6, 1898.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>It is a pleasure for me to mention in terms of cordial appreciation the
+timely and useful work of the American National Red Cross, both in
+relief measures preparatory to the campaigns, in sanitary assistance at
+several of the camps of assemblage, and, later, under the able and
+experienced leadership of the president of the society, Miss Clara
+Barton, on the fields of battle and in the hospitals at the front in
+Cuba. Working in conjunction with the governmental authorities and under
+their sanction and approval, and with the enthusiastic co-operation of
+many patriotic women and societies in the various States, the Red Cross
+has fully maintained its already high reputation for intense earnestness
+and ability to exercise the noble purposes of its international
+organization, thus justifying the confidence and support which it has
+received at the hands of the American people. To the members and
+officers and all who aided them in their philanthropic work, the sincere
+and lasting gratitude of the soldiers and the public is due and freely
+accorded.</p>
+
+<p>In tracing these events we are constantly reminded of our obligations to
+the Divine Master for His watchful care over us and His safe guidance,
+for which the nation makes reverent acknowledgment and offers humble
+prayers for the continuance of His favors.</p>
+
+<div class="figsig">
+  <img src="images/i004.jpg" width="300" height="105" alt="" />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_3" title="3"></a></p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Illustrations.</span></h2>
+
+<table width="80%" summary="toi">
+<tr><td class="index">Clara Barton, from a portrait taken about 1875</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#frontispiece">Frontispiece.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="index">The International Committee of the Red Cross,
+      Geneva, Switzerland</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#opp16">opp. 16</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Clara Barton, taken about 1885</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#opp17">opp. 17</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">The First Red Cross Warehouse, Washington, D.C.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">National Red Cross Headquarters in Washington, from 1892 to 1897</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Some of the First Members of the American National Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Group of American National Red Cross Members</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Group of American National Red Cross Members</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Suburban Headquarters, American National Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Some Red Cross Decorations Presented to Clara Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Chronological Historic Tree</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Clara Barton, taken about 1884</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Josh V. Throop”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Camp Perry</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross Headquarters</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Johnstown, Pa., before the Flood of 1889</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross Hotel, Locust Street, Johnstown, Pa.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross Furniture Room, Johnstown, Pa.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Typical Scene after the Flood at Johnstown, Pa., May 30, 1889</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">In Memoriam</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Typhus Fever Patients in the Russian Famine, 1891&ndash;92</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Count Lyoff Tolstoi</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Women Cutting Potatoes for Planting&mdash;Sea Island Relief,
+       S.C., February, 1894</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Windfall for St. Helena</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Testimonial from Russian Workmen for American Help and Sympathy
+       in the Famine of 1892</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Russian Peasant Village</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_4" title="4"></a>Receiving Room for Clothing, S.C. Island Relief, 1893&ndash;94</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">South Carolina Sea Island Relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">The Island District from Savannah to Beaufort</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sick with the Famine Fever</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hunger-Stricken</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Miss Barton’s Room</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">In the Old Schloss of Baden</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross Headquarters, Constantinople</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">View from Red Cross Headquarters, Constantinople</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Turkish Cemetery</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Chief of the Dersin Kourds and His Three Sub-Chiefs</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Chief of the Dersin Kourds</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_292">292</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Decoration of the Royal Order of Melusine</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Tower of Christ, Constantinople</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">W.W. Peet, Esq.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Rev. Henry O. Dwight, D.D.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Rev. Joseph K. Greene, D.D.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Rev. George Washburn, D.D.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Signature of the Sultan</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Turkish Dispatches</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Map of the Country traversed by the Red Cross Expeditions carrying
+       American Relief to the Victims of the Armenian Massacres in
+       1896</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_309">309</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Interior of Gregorian Church at Oorfa</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_308">308</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">American College Buildings, Aintab</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">American and Armenian Quarters, Harpoot</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Marash</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_312">312</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross Caravan</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_312">312</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Bit of Palou</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Rev. C.F. Gates, D.D., Harpoot</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Miss Caroline E. Bush, Harpoot</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">First Expedition Embarking on Ferryboat, Euphrates River</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Turkish Teskere or Passport</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Diarbeker, Vilayet of Diarbeker</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Ruins of an Old Gateway at Farkin</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_332">332</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_5" title="5"></a>Some Methods of Work</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Salemlik</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Pera Bridge, Constantinople</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Turkish Coffee House</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hamalls&mdash;Showing Manner of Carrying Heavy Burdens</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross Expeditions Passing through the Valley of Catch Beard</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_348">348</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Turkish Procession in Arabkir</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_349">349</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Judge Alexander W. Terrell, United States Minister to
+       Constantinople during the Armenian Troubles</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Armenian and Turkish Decorations</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_352">352</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Group of Armenian Teachers and Pupils, Harpoot American Missionary
+       College</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Clara Barton, taken in 1897</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_358">358</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Part of the American National Red Cross Fleet in the
+       Spanish-American War of 1898</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_371">371</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Officers of the Executive Committee American National Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_372">372</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Admiral William T. Sampson</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_381">381</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Governor-General’s Palace, Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_382">382</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Entrance to Harbor of Havana&mdash;Punta Park</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">John D. Long, Secretary of Navy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_392">392</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">On San Juan Hill, Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_407">407</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish Guerillas</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Mounted Advance, Reconnoitring</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_410">410</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">United States Steamship “Oregon”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_413">413</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Almirante Oquendo,” after the Engagement</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_419">419</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">United States Warships before the Entrance to Santiago Harbor</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Marie Teresa” after the Engagement</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_424">424</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Chickamauga Camp</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_427">427</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Camp Thomas, Headquarters American National Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_428">428</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Fortifications of Manila</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_440">440</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross Dining Room for Convalescents, Fort McPherson, Ga.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_445">445</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Dining Tent Attached to Red Cross Kitchen, at Camp Hobson, Ga.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_446">446</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Panorama of Manila</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_451">451</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">In the Trenches before Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_453">453</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Soldier Funeral</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_463">463</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_6" title="6"></a>McCalla Camp&mdash;Early Morning Attack</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_454">454</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Typical Cuban Camp</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_464">464</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Cuban “Block House,” Garrisoned</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_481">481</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A View of Eastern Cuba</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_482">482</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Part of the Red Cross Corps</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_499">499</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“I Am with the Wounded.”&mdash;Clara Barton’s Cable Message from
+       Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_500">500</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Wreck of the Battleship “Maine,” Havana Harbor</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_517">517</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">The Prado&mdash;Principal Street in Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_518">518</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Havana Harbor</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_535">535</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Captain C.D. Sigsbee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_536">536</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Street in Cavite</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_539">539</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Citizens of Jaruco Presenting a Memorial for the Victims of
+       the “Maine”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_553">553</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Little Convalescents in Hospital</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_554">554</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Location of Shore Batteries, Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_556">556</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">July Fifth in Rifle Pits</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_558">558</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Scenes on the “State of Texas” and in Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_570">570</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">The Physicians and Nurses of the Orphanage and Clinic in Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_571">571</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Cuban Thatch Hut</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_581">581</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Battery of Cuban Artillery</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_582">582</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">A Group of Red Cross Sisters</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_591">591</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Diploma of Gratitude for Miss Clara Barton from the Red Cross
+        of Spain</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_592">592</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">View of Santiago de Cuba from the Harbor</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_675">675</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">View of Morro Castle, Santiago de Cuba</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_676">676</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">The Burning of Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_597">597</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Annie E. Wheeler</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_609">609</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">The Youngest Red Cross Nurse</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_610">610</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Scenes in Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_627">627</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Scenes in Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_628">628</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Refugees from Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_636">636</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago Refugees at El Caney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_639">639</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Establishing Headquarters Ashore</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_640">640</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Starving in the Plaza</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_647">647</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Los Fosos</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_648">648</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Bringing in the Wounded</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_657">657</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Clearing for a Cross Road</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_658">658</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_7" title="7"></a><span class="smcap">Contents.</span></h2>
+
+<table width="80%" summary="contents">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pgnumber">PAGE</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">To the People</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc pt"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td class="pgnumber pt"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc pt"><span class="smcap">The Red Cross.</span> General History</td><td class="pgnumber1"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Organization and Methods of Work</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Occupation in Times of Peace</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Services in Time of War</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Neutral Countries in Time of Peace</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">International Correspondence. M. Moynier’s First Letter</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">American Association of the Red Cross. Constitution and
+          Original Incorporation</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_46">46&ndash;47</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">First International Conference</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Treaty of the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Governments Adopting the Treaty</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Address by Clara Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Action of the United States Government</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The “Additional Articles” Concerning the Navy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">International Bulletin, Extract from</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Accession of the United States to the Treaty and
+           “Additional Articles”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Proclamation of President Arthur</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">International Bulletin. Concerning Adhesion of the
+           United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">International Committee. Letter Acknowledging Notice of
+           Adhesion by United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">International Committee. Fiftieth Circular Announcing
+           Adoption of Treaty by United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Reincorporation of the American National Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Significance of “Red Cross” in its Relation to Philanthropy.
+           Address by Clara Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc pt"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_8" title="8"></a><span class="smcap">Michigan Forest Fires</span></td><td class="pgnumber pt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">Mississippi and Ohio River Floods</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">Mississippi and Louisiana Cyclone</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">Ohio River Flood</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Down the Mississippi</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">“The Little Six”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">Texas Famine</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">The Mount Vernon Cyclone</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">Yellow Fever Epidemic in Florida</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The MacClenny Nurses</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">The Johnstown Flood</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Arrival at Johnstown</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Appointment of Committees</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Work of Relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Farewell to Miss Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">“The Dread Conemaugh”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">In Memoriam</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">The Russian Famine</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Count Tolstoi on the Character of the Peasants</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Beginning of American Relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Appreciation of American Sympathy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Dr. Hubbell’s Report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_9" title="9"></a><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">Sea Islands Hurricane</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Coast of South Carolina</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Admiral Beardslee’s Description of the Hurricane</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Relief Work South of Broad River</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Report by John McDonald</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Hiltonhead District Clothing Department. Report by Mrs. MacDonald</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Medical Department. Report by Dr. E.W. Egan</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_222">222-228</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Relief Methods in Field. Dr. Hubbell’s Report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">On the Charleston Group. Report by H.L. Bailey</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Clothing Department. Mrs. Gardner’s Report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Sewing Circles</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">A Christmas Carol</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Mrs. Reed’s Report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Leaving the Field</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Letter to Charleston <cite>News and Courier</cite></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Circular to Clergymen and Committees</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">Armenia</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Distance and Difficulties of Travel and Transportation</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Funds</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Committees</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">To the Press of the United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">To Contributors</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">To the Government at Washington</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">To Our Legation in Constantinople</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">To the Ambassadors of other Nations</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Commendatory</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">“Marmora.” Poem by Clara Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Report of Financial Secretary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_10" title="10"></a>General Field Agent’s Report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_334">334</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Medical Report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">The Spanish-American War</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_360">360</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Home Camps and American Waters</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Central Cuban Relief Committee, Appointment of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_362">362</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Red Cross Requested to Administer Relief in Cuba</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Taking Command of the “State of Texas”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_368">368</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Relief Work at Tampa and Key West</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_368">368</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Feeding Spanish Prisoners of War</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_369">369</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Correspondence with Admiral Sampson</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_370">370</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Appointment of the Executive Committee of the Red Cross and the
+          Relief Committee of New York</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Communication from Secretary of State Acknowledging Official
+          Status of the American National Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_377">377</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Modus Vivendi with Spain</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_384">384-394</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Services of the Red Cross accepted by the Government</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Appointment of Red Cross Field Agents for the Camps</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Camp Alger, Washington, D.C.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_397">397</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Camp Thomas, Chickamauga Park</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_408">408</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Jacksonville and Miami, Florida</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_414">414</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Fort McPherson, Atlanta, Ga.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_420">420</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Camp Hobson, Lithia, Ga.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_422">422</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">St. Paul Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_425">425</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Montauk Point, Long Island</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_426">426</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Pacific Coast</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_431">431</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Red Cross of California</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_433">433</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Red Cross of Oregon</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_441">441</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Red Cross, Seattle, Wash.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_452">452</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">Porto Rico</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_460">460</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Report of Horace F. Barnes</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_460">460</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_11" title="11"></a>Shipments by United States Transports</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_470">470</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Relief Committee of New York, Report by</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_473">473</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Women’s Auxiliaries of the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_491">491</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">“Women who went to the Field.” Poem by Clara Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_509">509</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc"><span class="smcap">Cuba and the Cuban Campaign</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_514">514</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_520">520</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Los Fosos</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_521">521</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">The Orphanage</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_522">522</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Destruction of the “Maine”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_524">524</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Jaruco</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_527">527</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Matanzas</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_531">531</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Senator Redfield Proctor’s Speech in United States Senate</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_534">534</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Artemisa</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_540">540</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Sagua La Grande</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_542">542</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Cienfuegos</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_544">544</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Back to Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_545">545</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Leaving Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_549">549</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">On Board the “State of Texas”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_550">550</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Tampa</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_552">552</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Arrival at Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_555">555</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_557">557</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Hospital Work at Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_560">560</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Relief Work at the Front</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_566">566</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Entering the Harbor of Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_576">576</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Unloading the “State of Texas”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_577">577</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Feeding the Refugees</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_577">577</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Relief Work in Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_578">578</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Departure of the “State of Texas”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_580">580</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_12" title="12"></a>The Transport “Clinton” at the Disposition of the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_583">583</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Leaving Santiago for Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_584">584</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="subtoc">Departure from Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_585">585</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Reports.</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">Report of Dr. A. Monae Lesser</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_587">587</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">Report of Financial Secretary, Mr. C.H.H. Cottrell</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_600">600</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">The Schooner “Mary E. Morse.” Distribution of Ice</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_624">624</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">Letter of Santiago Committee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_637">637</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">Medical Report by E.W. Egan, M.D.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_642">642</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">Clothing Department. Report by Miss Annie M. Fowler</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_656">656</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">The Red Cross of Other Nations</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_662">662</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">To the Congress of the United States. Address by Clara Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_666">666</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">To the Committees on The Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_674">674</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="tb" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">To the Auxiliaries of the Red Cross and the Nurses Who Went
+        to the War</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_677">677</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">Unwritten Thanks</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_680">680</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">A Word of Explanation</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_680">680</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">Conclusion</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_681">681</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="toc">Notes</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_682">682</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_13" title="13"></a>TO THE PEOPLE.</h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i005.jpg" width="75" height="132" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">In recounting the experience of the Red Cross in the Cuban campaign, I
+have endeavored to tell the story of the events as they succeeded each
+other, recording simply the facts connected with the work of the War
+Relief, and refraining from criticism of men and methods. There were
+unpleasant incidents to relate, and unfortunate conditions to describe,
+but I have neither said nor written that any particular person, or
+persons, were to blame. It is not my duty, nor is it within my power, to
+analyze and criticise all the intricate workings of a government and its
+armies in the field.</p>
+
+<p>The conditions that existed during the campaign and the suffering that
+had to be endured, were by no means peculiar to the Spanish-American
+War. Suffering, sickness, confusion, and death&mdash;these are
+inseparable from every armed conflict. They have always existed under
+such circumstances; they are a part of war itself, against which no
+human foresight can wholly provide.</p>
+
+<p>Every civilized government is financially able to provide for its
+armies, but the great and seemingly insuperable difficulty is, to always
+have what is wanted at the place where it is most needed. It is a part
+of the strategy of war, that an enemy seeks battle at a time and place
+when his opponent is least prepared for it. Occasionally, too, an
+attacking commander is deceived. Where he expects only slight
+resistance, he encounters an overwhelming force and a battle of
+unfore<a class="pagenum" id="Page_14" title="14"></a>seen proportions, with unexpected casualties, occurs.
+This is the universal testimony of nations. If it were not so, all needs
+could be provided for and every move planned at the outset.</p>
+
+<p>It was for these reasons that a body of gentlemen, now known as the
+International Committee of Geneva, aided by National Associations in
+each country, planned, urged and finally succeeded in securing the
+adoption of the Treaty of the Red Cross. For these reasons the Treaty of
+Geneva and the National Committees of the Red Cross exist to-day. It is
+through the National Committees of the Red Cross in each treaty nation,
+that the people seek to assist the government in times of great
+emergency, in war or other calamity. It is only by favoring the
+organization of this Auxiliary Relief in times of peace, encouraging its
+development to the highest state of efficiency, preparing to utilize not
+only all the ordinary resources, but also the generous support of the
+people, through the Red Cross, that a government may hope to avoid much
+of the needless suffering, sickness and death in war.</p>
+
+<p>In carrying out its mission, to assist in the prevention and relief of
+suffering, the Red Cross has neither the desire nor the intention to be
+censorious, and is actuated neither by political opinion nor motives of
+interference. It is but the outward and practical expression of that
+universal sympathy that goes out from the millions of homes and
+firesides, from the great heart of the nation, to humanity in distress,
+to the soldier on the march, in the bivouac and on the field of battle.</p>
+
+<p>Through all the past years, during which the Red Cross has sought
+recognition, protection and co-operation, it was but for one
+purpose&mdash;to be ready. Our only regret is that, during the late war,
+we were not able to render greater service. Even the little that was
+accomplished, could not have been done without the ever ready assistance
+of the President and the Secretary of War.</p>
+
+<p>Before us now lie the problems of the future, and the question is: How
+shall we meet them? As friends of humanity, while there is still a
+possibility of war or calamity, it behooves us to prepare. In
+America<a class="pagenum" id="Page_15" title="15"></a> perhaps, we are apt to undervalue careful preparation
+and depend too much upon our impulses. Certainly in no other country
+have the people so often risen from a state of unreadiness and
+accomplished such wonderful results&mdash;at such a great sacrifice. The
+first American war since the adoption of the Treaty of Geneva, has
+brought the Red Cross home to the people; they have come to understand
+its meaning and desire to become a permanent part of it. Now that the
+appropriate time has come, it is the purpose of the Red Cross, relying
+upon the active sympathy of the government and the generous support of
+the people, to continue its work of preparation, until in its councils
+and in its ranks the whole country shall be represented, standing
+together, ready for any great emergency, inspired by the love of
+humanity and the world-wide motto of the Red Cross:</p>
+
+<p class="center">“In time of peace and prosperity, prepare for war and calamity.”</p>
+
+<div class="figsig">
+ <img src="images/i009.jpg" width="200" height="52" alt="Signature of Clara Barton" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a id="opp16"></a>
+ <img src="images/i006.jpg" width="400" height="605" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">
+     THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption hang"><em>Dr. Appia died, succeeded by M.E. Jouard Neville. Recent additions to
+        the Committee are, N. Adolphe Moynier and M. Paul des Goulles, Secretary
+        to the President.</em>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a id="opp17"></a>
+ <img src="images/i007.jpg" width="400" height="625" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">CLARA BARTON.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>Taken about 1885.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_17" title="17"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i008.jpg" width="75" height="115" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">To be called to tell in a few brief weeks the whole story of the Red
+Cross from its origin to the present time seems a labor scarcely less
+than to have lived it. It is a task that, however unworthily it may now
+be performed, is, in itself, not unworthy the genius of George Eliot or
+Macaulay. It is a story illustrating the rapid rise of the humane
+sentiment in the latter half of the nineteenth century. On its European
+side, it tells of the first timid and cautious putting forth of the
+sentiment of humanity in war, amid the rattling swords and guns of
+Solferino, its deaths and wounds and its subsequent awful silence.</p>
+
+<p>It tells of its later fertilization on the red fields of Gravelotte and
+Sedan beneath my own personal observation.</p>
+
+<p>It was from such surroundings as these that the Red Cross has become the
+means by which philanthropy has been grafted onto the wild and savage
+stem of war.</p>
+
+<p>From the first filaments spun in the heart of a solitary traveler have
+been drawn onward stronger and larger strands, until now more than forty
+of the principal nations of the earth are bound together by bonds of the
+highest international law, that must make war in the future less
+barbarous than it has been in the past.</p>
+
+<p>It gives hope that “the very torrent, tempest and whirlwind” of war
+itself may some day at last, far off, perhaps, give way to the sunny and
+pleasant days of perpetual and universal peace. When a<a class="pagenum" id="Page_18" title="18"></a>
+proposition for an absolute and common disarmament of nations, made by
+the strongest of the rulers of Europe, will not be met by cynical sneers
+and suggestions of Machiavelian craft.</p>
+
+<p>On its American side it is a story of such immense success on the part
+of the American National Red Cross in some of its greatest and most
+difficult fields of labor, that no financial report of them has ever
+been made, because the story would have been altogether incredible. The
+universal opinion of ordinary business people would have been that these
+results could not have been obtained on the means stated, and therefore
+something must be wrong or hidden, and to save ourselves from painful
+suspicion, it was decided, rightly or wrongly, that the story must
+remain substantially untold till its work in other fields had prepared
+the public mind to accept the literal truth.</p>
+
+<p>But the time has come at last when the facts may properly be set forth
+without fear that they will be discredited or undervalued.</p>
+
+<p>It will relate some of the experiences, the labors, the successes and
+triumphs of the American National Red Cross in times of peace, by which
+it had prepared itself to enter upon the Cuban contest as its first
+independent work in time of war.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross has done its part in that contest in the same spirit in
+which it has heretofore done all the work which has been committed to
+its care. It has done it unobtrusively, faithfully and successfully.</p>
+
+<p>It may not altogether have escaped censure in the rather wild cyclone of
+criticism that has swept over the country, but we remember not so much
+the faultfinding that may have occasionally been poured out upon the Red
+Cross, as the blessings and benedictions from all sides for work well
+and nobly done that have fallen even upon its humblest ministers and
+assistants.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_19" title="19"></a>It has been truthfully said that “so great has been the pressure to
+share the difficulties and dangers of this service with only
+transportation and subsistence for pay, that the Red Cross could on
+these terms have had as many volunteers as there were enlisted men, if
+their services could have been utilized and made important.”</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, it seems to have become the milder romance of war, and is
+gradually winning its way into the very heart of the pomp and
+circumstance of “glorious” war itself.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross has therefore come to be so loved and trusted, its
+principles and insignia have been so deeply set into the substance of
+international law and the life of many great nations, that people
+everywhere are beginning to ask with enthusiasm about its origin and
+history; about the principles on which it acts. They ask for some
+statement of its experiences, its hardships and its perils, and for some
+account of those who have been most prominent in its operations.</p>
+
+<p>It is partially to answer these and many similar inquiries that this
+book has been prepared. It is in part a compilation and revision of
+various statements necessarily incomplete and unsatisfactory, made from
+time to time to meet emergencies. In part it has been wholly rewritten.</p>
+
+<p>A great portion of the story of the Red Cross has been told in other
+languages than English, because it was of work done by other than
+English people. Much of this literature has never been translated or
+placed within the reach of the English-speaking public.</p>
+
+<p>Although the gradual growth of the idea of something like humanity in
+war, stimulated by the ignorant and insane horrors of India and the
+Crimea, and soothed and instructed by the sensible and practical work of
+Florence Nightingale, had slowly but surely led up to the conditions
+which made such a movement possible, it was not until the remarkable
+campaign of Napoleon III. in Northern Italy again<a class="pagenum" id="Page_20" title="20"></a> woke the
+slumbering sympathies of the world that any definite steps revealed
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>In compiling this book I have been compelled to make use of much of the
+material contained in a previous history written by myself in 1883,
+which in turn was based upon the records and the literature of the
+International Committee, and the official correspondence connected with
+the treaty.</p>
+
+<div class="figsig">
+ <img src="images/i009.jpg" width="200" height="52" alt="Signature of Clara Barton" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i009logo.jpg" width="450" height="412" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter fig400">
+ <img src="images/i010.jpg" width="400" height="611" alt="" />
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_21" title="21"></a>
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1893, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">THE FIRST RED CROSS WAREHOUSE, WASHINGTON, D.C.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_22" title="22"></a>
+ <img src="images/i011.jpg" width="500" height="342" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">NATIONAL RED CROSS HEADQUARTERS IN WASHINGTON,<br />
+        <span class="subcaption">From 1892 to 1897.</span></div>
+  <div class="subcaption"><em>Formerly headquarters of General Grant from which he entered the White
+House as President.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_23" title="23"></a><span class="smcap xlarge">The Red Cross.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3>CHAPTER I</h3>
+
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i012.jpg" width="75" height="126" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">On June 24, 1859, occurred the memorable battle of Solferino, in which
+the French and Sardinians were arrayed against the Austrians. The battle
+raged over a wide reach of country and continued for sixteen hours; at
+the end of which sixteen thousand French and Sardinian soldiers and
+twenty thousand Austrians lay dead or were wounded and disabled on that
+field. The old and ever-recurring fact reappeared: the medical staff was
+wholly inadequate to the immense task suddenly cast upon them. For days
+after the battle the dead in part remained unburied, and the wounded
+where they fell, or crawled away as they could for shelter and help.</p>
+
+<p>A Swiss gentleman, Henri Dunant by name, was then traveling near that
+battlefield, and was deeply impressed by the scenes there presented to
+him. He joined in the work of relief, but the inadequacy of preparation
+and the consequent suffering of the wounded haunted him afterwards and
+impelled him to write a book entitled “A Souvenir of Solferino,” in
+which he strongly advocated more humane and extensive appliances of aid
+to wounded soldiers. He lectured about them before the “Society of
+Public Utility” of Geneva. M. Gustav Moynier, a gentleman of independent
+fortune, was then president of that society. Dr. Louis Appia, a
+philanthropic physician, and Adolph Ador, a counsellor of repute in
+Geneva, became interested in his views. They drew the attention of
+Dufour, the general of the Swiss army, to the subject, and enlisted his
+hearty co-operation. A meeting of this society was called to consider “a
+proposition relative to the formation of permanent societies for the
+relief of wounded soldiers.” This meeting took place on the ninth of
+February, 1863. The matter was laid fully before the society. It was
+heartily received and acted upon and a committee was appointed with M.
+Moynier at its head<a class="pagenum" id="Page_24" title="24"></a> to examine into methods by which the
+desired results might be obtained. So fully did this committee realize
+its responsibility and the magnitude, grandeur and labor of the
+undertaking, that the first steps were made even with timidity. But
+overcoming all obstacles, it decided upon a plan which seemed possible,
+and announced for the twenty-sixth of the following October a reunion to
+which were invited from many countries men sympathizing with its views
+or able to assist in its discussions. This international conference was
+held at the appointed time, and continued its sessions four days. At
+this meeting it was decided to call an international convention to be
+held at Geneva during the autumn of the following year (1864). At this
+convention was brought out the Geneva Treaty, and a permanent
+international committee with headquarters at Geneva was formed, and the
+fundamental plan of the national permanent relief societies adopted.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first objects necessary and desired by the International
+Committee for the successful prosecution of its work was the
+co-operation by some of the more important states of Europe in a treaty
+which should recognize the neutrality of the hospitals established, of
+the sick and wounded, and of all persons and effects connected with the
+relief service; also the adoption of a uniform protective sign or badge.
+It inquired with care into the disposition of the several governments,
+and was met with active sympathy and moral support. It first secured the
+co-operation of the Swiss Federal Council and the Emperor of France. It
+shortly after procured the signatures of ten other governments, which
+were given at its room in the city hall of Geneva, August 22, 1864, and
+was called the Convention of Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>Its sign or badge was also agreed upon, namely, a red cross on a white
+ground, which was to be worn on the arm by all persons acting with or in
+the service of the committees enrolled under the convention.</p>
+
+<p>The treaty provides for the neutrality of all sanitary supplies,
+ambulances, surgeons, nurses, attendants, and sick or wounded men, and
+their safe conduct when they bear the sign of the organization, viz: the
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>Although the convention which originated the organization was
+necessarily international, the relief societies themselves are entirely
+national and independent; each one governing itself and making its own
+laws, according to the genius of its nationality and needs.</p>
+
+<p>It was necessary for recognition and safety, and for carrying out the
+general provisions of the treaty, that a uniform badge should be agreed
+upon. The Red Cross was chosen out of compliment to the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_25" title="25"></a> Swiss
+republic, where the first convention was held, and in which the central
+committee has its headquarters. The Swiss colors being a white cross on
+a red ground, the badge chosen was these colors reversed.</p>
+
+<p>There are no “members of the Red Cross,” but only members of societies
+whose <em>sign</em> it is. There is no “<em>Order of the Red Cross</em>.” The relief
+societies use, each according to its convenience, whatever methods seem
+best suited to prepare in times of peace for the necessities of sanitary
+service in times of war. They gather and store gifts of money and
+supplies; arrange hospitals, ambulances, methods of transportation of
+wounded men, bureaus of information, correspondence, etc. All that the
+most ingenious philanthropy could devise and execute has been attempted
+in this direction.</p>
+
+<p>In the Franco-Prussian war this was abundantly tested. That Prussia
+acknowledged its beneficence is proven by the fact that the emperor
+affixed the Red Cross to the Iron Cross of Merit. The number of
+governments adhering to the treaty was shortly after increased to
+twenty-two and at the present date there are forty-two.</p>
+
+<p>The German-Austria war of 1866, though not fully developing the
+advantages of this international law, was yet the means of discovering
+its imperfections. Consequently, in 1867 the relief societies of Paris
+considered it necessary that the treaty should be revised, modified and
+completed. Requests were issued for modification. The International
+Committee transmitted them to the various governments, and in 1868 a
+second diplomatic conference was convened at Geneva at which were voted
+additional articles, improving the treaty by completing its design and
+ext</p>
+
+<p>During the war of 1866 no decisive trial of the new principles involved
+in the treaty could be made, for Austria at that time had not adopted
+it. But in 1870-71 it was otherwise. The belligerents, both France and
+Germany, had accepted the treaty. Thus it became possible to show to the
+world the immense service and beneficent results which the treaty,
+through the relief societies, might accomplish.</p>
+
+<p>The dullest apprehension can partially appreciate the responsibility
+incurred by relief societies in time of war. The thoughtful mind will
+readily perceive that these responsibilities involve constant vigilance
+and effort during periods of peace. It is wise statesmanship which
+suggests that in time of peace we must prepare for war, and it is no
+less a wise benevolence that makes preparation in the hour of peace for
+assuaging the ills that are sure to accompany war. We do not wait till
+battles are upon us to provide efficient soldiery and munitions of
+war.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_26" title="26"></a> Everything that foresight and caution can devise to insure
+success is made ready and kept ready against the time of need. It is
+equally necessary to hold ourselves in readiness for effective service
+in the mitigation of evils consequent upon war, if humane work is to be
+undertaken for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Permanent armies are organized, drilled and supported for the actual
+service in war. It is no less incumbent if we would do efficient work in
+alleviating the sufferings caused by the barbarisms of war, that we
+should organize philanthropic efforts and be ready with whatever is
+necessary, to be on the field at the sound of the first gun. An
+understanding of this truth led the conference of 1863 to embody in its
+articles as one of its first cardinal characteristics the following: “In
+time of peace the committee will occupy itself with means to render
+genuine assistance in time of war.”</p>
+
+<p>The International Committee assumed that there should be a relief
+association in every country which endorsed the treaty, and so generally
+was the idea accepted that at the end of the year 1864, when only ten
+governments had been added to the convention, twenty-five committees had
+been formed, under each of which relief societies were organized. It
+was, however, only after the wars of 1864, 1866 and 1870 that the
+movement began really to be popular. These conflicts brought not only
+contestants, but neutral powers so to appreciate the horrors of war,
+that they were quite ready to acknowledge the beneficence and wisdom of
+the Geneva Treaty. Many who approved the humane idea and expressed a
+hearty sympathy for the object to be obtained, had heretofore regarded
+it as Utopian, a thing desirable but not attainable, an amiable and
+fanatical illusion which would ever elude the practical grasp.
+Nevertheless, the work accomplished during the wars referred to won over
+not only such cavillers, but persons actually hostile to the movement,
+to regard it as a practical and most beneficent undertaking. The crowned
+heads of Europe were quick to perceive the benign uses of the
+associations, and bestowed upon the central committees of their
+countries money, credit and personal approbation. The families of
+sovereigns contributed their sympathy and material support. The list of
+princes and princesses who came forward with personal aid and assumed
+direction of the work, was by no means small, thus proving correct the
+augury of the Conference of 1863, that “The governments would accord
+their high protection to the committees in their organization.”</p>
+
+<p>From one of the bulletins of the International Committee we make the
+following hopeful extract:</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_27" title="27"></a>“The whole of Europe is marshaled under the banner of the Red Cross. To
+its powerful and peaceful sign the committee hopes to bring all the
+civilized nations of the earth. Wherever men fight and tear each other
+in pieces, wherever the glare and roar of war are heard, they aim to
+plant the white banner that bears the blessed sign of relief. Already
+they have carried it into Asia. Their ensign waves in Siberia, on the
+Chinese frontier, and in Turkestan, and, through the African committee,
+in Algeria and Egypt. Oceanica has a committee at Batavia. Japan
+accepted the Treaty of Geneva in 1886, and on the breaking out of
+hostilities between Japan and China, the Minister of War issued a
+notification to the Japanese army, September 22, 1894, calling their
+attention to the substance of the treaty.”</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+
+<h3>ORGANIZATION AND METHODS OF WORK.</h3>
+
+<p>One of the things considered indispensable, and therefore adopted as a
+resolution by the Conference of 1863, was the centralization of the work
+in each country separately by itself.</p>
+
+<p>While the treaty must be universally acknowledged and its badge accepted
+as a universal sign, it was equally essential that the societies of the
+different countries should be simply national and in no respect
+international. It was therefore ordained by the conference that all
+local committees or organizations desirous of working with the Red
+Cross, should do so under the auspices of the Central Committee of their
+own nation, which is recognized by its government and also recognized by
+the International Committee from which the sign of the Red Cross
+emanates. Singularly enough, the International Committee has had
+considerable difficulty in making this fully understood, and frequently
+has been obliged to suggest to local committees the necessity for their
+subordination to the Central or National Committee. Once in three months
+the International Committee publishes an official list of all central
+committees recognized by it as national. In this way it is able to
+exercise a certain control, and to repress entanglements and abuses
+which would become consequent on irresponsible or counterfeit
+organizations. To recapitulate: the Commission of Geneva, of which M.
+Moynier is president, is the only International Committee. All other
+committees are simply national or subordinate to national committees.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_28" title="28"></a>
+The Conference of 1863 foresaw that national differences would prevent a
+universal code of management, and that to make the societies
+international would destroy them, so far as efficiency was concerned.
+They therefore adopted a resolution that “Central committees should
+organize in such a manner as seemed the most useful and convenient to
+themselves.” Every committee being its own judge, has its own
+constitution and laws. To be efficient, it must have the recognition of
+its own government, must bear the stamp of national individuality and be
+constructed according to the spirit, habits and needs of the country it
+represents. No hierarchy unites the national societies; they are
+independent of each other, but they have each an individual
+responsibility to the treaty, under the ensign of which they work, and
+they labor in a common cause. It is desirable that they should all be
+known by one name, namely, the Society of the Red Cross. The functions
+of the International Committee, whose headquarters are at Geneva, were
+also determined by the Conference of 1863. It is to serve provisionally
+as an intermediate agent between national committees, and to facilitate
+their communications with each other. It occupies itself with the
+general interests of the Red Cross in correspondence, and the study of
+theoretical and practical methods of amelioration and relief.</p>
+
+<p>The national committees are charged with the direction and
+responsibility for the work in their own countries. They must provide
+resources to be utilized in time of need, take active measures to secure
+adherents, establish local societies, and have an efficient working
+force always in readiness for action, and in time of war to dispatch and
+distribute safely and wisely all accumulations of material and supplies,
+nurses and assistants, to their proper destination, and, in short,
+whatever may be gathered from the patriotism and philanthropy of the
+country. They must always remember that central committees without
+abundant sectional branches would be of little use.</p>
+
+<p>In most countries the co-operation of women has been eagerly sought. It
+is needless to say it has been as eagerly given. In some countries the
+central committees are mixed, both sexes working together; in others,
+sub-committees are formed by women, and in others, such as the Grand
+Duchy of Baden, woman leads.</p>
+
+<p>As a last detail of organization, the Conference of 1863 recommended to
+the central committees to put themselves <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en rapport</em> with their
+respective governments, in order that their offers of service should be
+accepted when required. This makes it incumbent upon national societies
+to obtain and hold government recognition, by which they are<a class="pagenum" id="Page_29" title="29"></a> endowed
+with the immunities and privileges of legally constituted bodies and
+with recognition from other nations in time of war, not otherwise
+possible to them.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3>OCCUPATIONS OF RELIEF SOCIETIES IN TIMES OF PEACE.</h3>
+
+<p>Organization, recognition and communication are by no means all that is
+necessary to insure the fulfillment of the objects of these
+associations. A thing most important to be borne in mind is that if
+money be necessary for war, it is also an indispensable agent in relief
+of the miseries occasioned by war. Self-devotion alone will not answer.
+The relief societies need funds and other resources to carry on their
+work. They not only require means for current expenses, but, most of
+all, for possible emergencies. To obtain and prudently conserve these
+resources is an important work. The Russian Society set a good example
+of activity in this direction. From the beginning of its organization in
+1867 it systematically collected money over the whole empire and
+neglected nothing that tended to success. It put boxes in churches,
+convents, armories, railroad depots, steamboats, in every place
+frequented by the public. Beside the collection of funds, the Conference
+of 1863 recommended that peace periods should be occupied in gathering
+necessary material for service. In 1868 there were in Geneva alone five
+depots where were accumulated one thousand two hundred and twenty-eight
+shirts, besides hosiery, bandages, lint, etc., for over one thousand
+wounded. There were also large collections in the provinces, and now,
+thirty years later, these accumulations have probably greatly increased.
+In other countries the supplies remaining after wars were gathered in
+depots and were added to abundantly. Thus, in 1868, the Berlin Committee
+was in possession of supplies worth over twenty-five thousand dollars.
+Especial care is taken to acquire familiarity with the use of all
+sanitary material, to eliminate as far as possible whatever may be
+prejudicial to sick or wounded men, to improve both sanitary system and
+all supplies to be used under it, to have everything of the very best,
+as surgical instruments, medicine chests, bandages, stretchers, wagons,
+tents and field hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>We would refer to the effort made in the national exhibitions of the
+various countries, where the societies of the Red Cross have displayed<a class="pagenum" id="Page_30" title="30"></a>
+their practical improvements and inventions in competitive fields,
+taxing to the utmost human ingenuity and skill. Some countries have
+taken grand prizes. An exposition at The Hague was held in 1867
+exclusively for the work of the Red Cross. Permanent museums have been
+established where all sorts of sanitary material for relief are
+exhibited, as may be seen in Stockholm, Carlsruhe, St. Petersburg,
+Moscow and Paris. The museum of Paris is the most important of all, and
+is international, other countries having participated in its foundation.
+Another method is the publication of works bearing upon this subject,
+some of which are scientific and very valuable. Not less important is
+the sanitary personnel. Of all aid, efficient nurses are the most
+difficult to obtain. There are numbers of men and women who have the
+will and devotion necessary to lead them into hospitals or to
+battlefields, but very few of them are capable of performing well the
+duties of nurses. Therefore, but a small portion of the volunteers are
+available. The relief societies soon found that women were by nature
+much better fitted for this duty than men can be, and to enable them to
+fulfill to the best advantage the mission for which they are so well
+adapted, it was decided to afford them the best possible professional
+instruction. For this purpose, during peace training schools were
+established from which were graduated great numbers of women who are
+ready at a moment’s notice to go upon the battlefield or into hospitals.
+These professional nurses find no difficulty during times of peace in
+securing remunerative employment. Indeed, they are eagerly sought for by
+the community to take positions at the bedside of the sick, with the
+proviso that they are to be allowed to obey the pledge of their society
+at the first tocsin of war. There are schools for this purpose in
+England, Germany, Sweden, Holland, Russia and other European countries,
+and nothing has been neglected to make them thorough and to place them
+on a strong and solid basis.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3>SERVICES IN TIME OF WAR.</h3>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the readiness with which most persons will perceive the
+beneficent uses of relief societies in war, it may not be amiss to
+particularize some of the work accomplished by the societies of the Red
+Cross. Not to mention civil disturbances and lesser conflicts,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_31" title="31"></a> they
+participated in not less than five great wars in the first ten years,
+commencing with Schleswig-Holstein, and ending with the Franco-German.
+Russia and Turkey have followed, with many others since that time, in
+all of which these societies have signally proved their power to
+ameliorate the horrors of war. The earlier of these, while affording
+great opportunity for the beneficent work of the societies, were also
+grand fields of instruction and discipline to the committee, enabling
+them to store up vast funds of practical knowledge which were to be of
+great service.</p>
+
+<p>The Sanitary Commission of the United States also served as an excellent
+example in many respects to the relief societies of Europe, and from it
+they took many valuable lessons. Thus in 1866 Europe was much better
+prepared than ever before for the care of those who suffered from the
+barbarisms of war. She was now ready with some degree of ability to
+oppose the arms of charity to the arms of violence, and make a kind of
+war on war itself. Still however there was a lack of centralization. The
+provincial committees worked separately, and consequently lost force.
+Notwithstanding these drawbacks, large amounts of money were gathered,
+and munificent supplies of material brought into store. The Austrian
+Committee alone collected 2,170,000 francs, and a great supply of all
+things needed in hospital service. The Central Committee was of great
+use in facilitating correspondence between the different peoples
+comprising the Austrian Empire, the bureau maintaining correspondence in
+eleven different languages.</p>
+
+<p>Italy was not backward in the performance of her duty. She used her
+abundant resources in the most effectual way. Not only were her
+provincial societies of relief united for common action, but they
+received external aid from France and Switzerland. Here was exhibited
+the first beautiful example of neutral powers interfering in the cause
+of charity in time of war&mdash;instead of joining in the work of
+destruction, lending their aid to repair its damages. The provincial
+committees banded together under the Central Committee of Milan. Four
+squads, comprising well-trained nurses and assistants, were organized
+and furnished with all necessary material to follow the military
+ambulances or field hospitals, whose wagons were placed at their
+disposal.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the committee not only reinforced the sanitary <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">personnel</em> of the
+army, but greatly increased its supplies. It provided entirely the
+sanitary material for the Tyrolese volunteers, and afforded relief to
+the navy, and when the war was over it remained among the wounded.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_32" title="32"></a> In
+addition to the supplies this committee afforded, it expended in money
+not less than 199,064 francs.</p>
+
+<p>But after all it was Germany standing between the two armies which
+distinguished herself. Since the Conference of 1863 she had been acting
+on the rule of preparation, and now found herself in readiness for all
+emergencies. The Central Committee of Berlin was flooded with
+contributions from the provincial committees. In the eight provinces of
+Prussia 4,000,000 of thalers were collected, and the other states of
+Germany were not behind. So munificently did the people bestow their
+aid, that large storehouses were provided in Berlin and in the provinces
+for its reception, and at the central depot in Berlin two hundred paid
+persons, besides a large number of volunteers, and nearly three hundred
+ladies and misses were employed in classifying, parceling, packing up,
+and dispatching the goods. Special railroad trains carried material to
+the points of need. In one train were twenty-six cars laden with 1800 to
+2000 cwt. of supplies. Never had private charity, however carefully
+directed, been able to accomplish such prodigies of benevolence. It was
+now that the beneficence of the Treaty and the excellence of the
+organization were manifested. But the committee did not confine itself
+to sending supplies for the wounded to the seat of war. It established
+and provisioned refreshment stations for the trains, to which those
+unable to proceed on the trains to the great hospitals without danger to
+life, were admitted, nursed and cared for with the tenderest solicitude
+until they were sufficiently recovered to be removed, or death took
+them. At the station of Pardubitz from six hundred to eight hundred were
+cared for daily for two months, and lodging provided for three hundred
+at night. This example suffices to show the extraordinary results of
+well-organized plans and concerted action. During the war, the relief
+societies had also to contend with the terrible scourge of cholera.
+There can be no estimate of the misery assuaged and deaths prevented by
+the unselfish zeal and devotion of the wearers of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>In the interval between the wars of 1866 and 1867, and that of 1870-71,
+the time had been improved by the societies existing under the Geneva
+Treaty, in adding to their resources in every possible manner.
+Improvements were made in all articles of sanitary service; excellent
+treatises regarding the hygiene of the camp and hospital were widely
+circulated; the press had greatly interested itself in the promulgation
+of information regarding all matters of interest or instruction
+pertaining to sanitary effort, and almost universally lent its powerful<a class="pagenum" name="Page_33" title="33"></a>
+influence to build up the societies. Ten new societies were formed
+during this time. In Germany the work of the Red Cross was so thoroughly
+organized, that at the first signal from Berlin, committees arrived as
+if by magic at all required points, forming a chain which extended over
+the whole country, and numbered over two thousand persons. This is more
+remarkable since Germany was a neutral power. Constant communication was
+kept up between these committees and the central bureau, and the most
+perfect order and discipline were maintained. Relief was sent from one
+or another of these stations as was needed. The state afforded free
+transport, and the voluntary contributions of the people kept up the
+supplies of sanitary material, so that there was never any lack or
+danger of failure. With the government transports, whether by land or
+water, there went always the agents of the Red Cross, protected by their
+badges and flag, to wait on the invoices, hasten their progress, see to
+their being kept in good order, and properly delivered at their
+destination. Depots of supplies were moved from place to place as
+exigencies demanded. The greatest care was taken to prevent disorder or
+confusion, and the best military circumspection and regularity
+prevailed. The great central depot at Berlin comprised seven sections,
+viz: Camp material; clothing; dressing, for wounds; surgical apparatus;
+medicines and disinfectants; food and tobacco; and hospital furnishings.
+Did space allow, it would be desirable to give statistics of the
+contributions in money and supplies to this service. Suffice it to say,
+the humanity of peoples is far beyond that of governments. Governments
+appropriate immense sums to carry on destructive conflicts, but the work
+of relief societies the world over, and especially during the war of
+1870-71, has shown that the philanthropy of the people equals their
+patriotism. The sums given to assuage the miseries of the
+Franco-Prussian war were simply fabulous. In 1863, fears were expressed
+that there would be difficulty in collecting needful funds and supplies
+to carry out the designs of the treaty. These misgivings proved
+groundless. After the war of 1870-71, notwithstanding nothing had been
+withheld in the way of relief, the societies settled their accounts with
+large balances in their treasuries.</p>
+
+<p>In France not nearly so much had been previously done to provide for the
+exigencies which fell upon them, but the committee worked with such
+vigor and so wrought upon the philanthropy of individuals, that active
+measures of relief were instantly taken. Gold and supplies poured into
+the hands of the committee at Paris. One month sufficed to organize and
+provide seventeen campaign ambulances or field hospitals,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_34" title="34"></a> which
+immediately joined the army and accompanied it through the first period
+of the war, or until the battle of Sedan. In Paris ambulances were
+stationed at the railroad depots to pick up the wounded, and a bureau of
+information was created for soldiers’ families. When the siege of Paris
+was about to take place, the committee threw, without delay, a
+commission into Brussels charged with the direction and help of flying
+hospitals. Nine committees were established in the provinces, with power
+to act for the Central Committee and to invite the people to help.
+Meanwhile the committee in Paris did its utmost to mitigate the distress
+that reigned there, and to prepare for the result of the siege. History
+has recorded the sufferings, the horrors of misery that accompanied and
+followed that siege; but history can never relate what wretchedness was
+averted, what agonies were alleviated, what multitudes of lives were
+saved, by the presence and effort of the relief societies! What the
+state of France must have been without the merciful help of the Red
+Cross societies the imagination dare not picture. After the armistice
+was signed there were removed from Paris, under the auspices of the
+relief societies, ten thousand wounded men, who otherwise must have
+lingered in agony, or died from want of care; and there were brought
+back by them to French soil nine thousand men who had been cared for in
+German hospitals.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3>HELP FROM NEUTRAL COUNTRIES.</h3>
+
+<p>Neutral countries also during this war were ready and bountiful with
+help; and those working under the treaty did most effectual service.
+England contributed 7,500,000 francs, besides large gifts of sanitary
+supplies; in one hundred and eighty-eight days’ time she sent to the
+seat of war twelve thousand boxes of supplies through the agents of the
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>To give an idea of the readiness and efficacy with which the committees
+worked even in neutral countries, one instance will suffice. From
+Pont-a-Mousson a telegram was sent to London for two hundred and fifty
+iron beds for the wounded, and in forty-eight hours they arrived in
+answer to the request. England kept also at the seat of war agents to
+inform the committee at home of whatever was most needed in supplies.
+The neutral countries sent also surgeons, physicians and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_35" title="35"></a> nurses, and in
+many other ways gave practical testimony to the benign efficacy of the
+Geneva treaty.</p>
+
+<p>As will be seen by the foregoing pages, the objects and provisions of
+the Geneva convention and the societies acting under it, are designed
+for, and applicable to, the exigencies of war only. The close contact of
+the nations hitherto signing this treaty, renders them far more liable
+to the recurrence of war among them than our own, which by its
+geographical position and distance from neighboring nations, entertains
+a feeling of security which justifies the hope that we may seldom, if
+ever again, have occasion to provide for the exigencies of war in our
+land.</p>
+
+<p>This leads the American Red Cross to perceive the great wisdom,
+foresight and breadth of the resolution adopted by the convention of
+1863, which provides that “Committees shall organize in the manner which
+shall seem most useful and convenient to themselves;” also in their
+article on the organization of societies in these pages occurs the
+following: “To be efficient, societies must have government recognition,
+must bear the stamp of their national individuality, and be constructed
+according to the spirit, habits, and needs of the country they
+represent. This is essential to success.”</p>
+
+<p>As no work can retain its vitality without constant action, so in a
+country like ours, with a people of so active a temperament, an
+essential element in endearing to them a work, is to keep constantly
+before them its usefulness. With this view the question of meeting the
+want heretofore felt on all occasions of public calamity, of sufficient
+extent to be deemed of national importance, has received attention at
+the hands of this association. For this purpose the necessary steps have
+been inaugurated to organize auxiliary societies, prepared to co-operate
+with the central association in all plans for prompt relief; whilst the
+volunteers who shall render personal aid will be expected to hold
+themselves in the same readiness as in the case of an international
+call.</p>
+
+<p>It must, however, be distinctly understood that these additional
+functions for local purposes shall in no manner impair the international
+obligation of the association; but on the contrary it is believed will
+render them more effective in time of need.</p>
+
+<p>It may appear singular that a movement so humane in its purposes, so
+wise and well considered in its regulations, so universal in its
+application, and every way so unexceptional, should have been so long in
+finding its way to the knowledge and consideration of the people of the
+United States. This fact appears to have been the result of
+circumstances rather than intention. While eminently a reading people,
+we<a class="pagenum" id="Page_36" title="36"></a> are almost exclusively confined to the English language. The
+literature of the Red Cross is entirely in other languages, largely
+French, and thus has failed to meet the eye of the reading public.</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that the first convention was called during our war;
+no delegates were especially sent by the United States, but our Minister
+Plenipotentiary to Switzerland, acting as delegate, sent a copy of the
+doings of the convention to our government for recognition. In the midst
+of civil war as we were at the time the subject was very naturally and
+properly declined.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_37" title="37&ndash;39"></a>
+  <div class="caption">FIRST LETTER FROM M. GUSTAV MOYNIER TO THE PRESIDENT OF
+                       THE UNITED STATES, URGING THE ADOPTION OF THE TREATY OF GENEVA.</div>
+ <hr class="tb" />
+ <div class="subcaption">[Original autograph translation by Clara Barton.]</div>
+ <img src="images/letter1.jpg" width="450" height="575" alt="" />
+ <img src="images/letter2.jpg" width="450" height="538" alt="" />
+ <img src="images/letter3.jpg" width="450" height="544" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:400px">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_40" title="40"></a>
+ <div class="subcaption"><a href="#transcription_40">AUTOGRAPH ENDORSEMENT BY PRESIDENT GARFIELD.</a></div>
+ <hr class="tb" />
+ <img src="images/i013.jpg" width="400" height="482" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It was again most fittingly presented in 1866 through Rev. Dr. Henry W.
+Bellows, and by this eminent gentleman and philanthropist a Society of
+the Red Cross was actually formed; but for some cause it failed, and the
+convention was not recognized. The International Committee became in a
+manner discouraged in its efforts with the United States, but finally it
+was decided to present it again through Miss Clara Barton, and
+accordingly the following letter was addressed to President Hayes during
+the first year of his administration:</p>
+
+<p class="dateline">
+  <span class="smcap indent10">International Committee for</span><br />
+     <span class="smcap indent5">the Relief of Wounded Soldiers,</span><br />
+     <span class="smcap">Geneva</span>, <em>August 19, 1877</em>.
+</p>
+<div class="quote">
+
+  <p class="salutation"><em>To the President of the United States, at Washington</em>:</p>
+
+  <p><span class="smcap">Mr. President</span>: The International Committee of the Red Cross desires
+  most earnestly that the United States should be associated with them
+  in their work, and they take the liberty of addressing themselves to
+  you, with the hope that you will second their efforts. In order that
+  the functions of the National Society of the Red Cross be faithfully
+  performed, it is indispensable that it should have the sympathy and
+  protection of the government.</p>
+
+  <p>It would be irrational to establish an association upon the
+  principles of the Convention of Geneva, without the association
+  having the assurance that the army of its own country, of which it
+  should be an auxiliary, would be guided, should the case occur, by
+  the same principles. It would consequently be useless for us to
+  appeal to the people of the country, inasmuch as the United States,
+  as a government, has made no declaration of adhering officially to
+  the principles laid down by the convention of the twenty-second
+  August, 1864.</p>
+
+  <p>Such is then, Mr. President, the principal object of the present
+  request. We do not doubt but this will meet with a favorable
+  reception from you, for the United States is in advance of Europe
+  upon the subject of war, and the celebrated “Instructions of the
+  American Army” are a monument which does honor to the United States.</p>
+
+  <p>You are aware, Mr. President, that the Government of the United
+  States was officially represented at the Convention of Geneva, in
+  1864, by two delegates, and this mark of approbation given to the
+  work which was being accomplished was then considered by every one
+  as a precursor of a legal ratification. Until the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_41" title="41"></a> present time,
+  however, this confirmation has not taken place, and we think that
+  this formality, which would have no other bearing than to express
+  publicly the acquiescence of the United States in those humanitarian
+  principles now admitted by all civilized people, has only been
+  retarded because the occasion has not offered itself. We flatter
+  ourselves with the hope that, appealing directly to your generous
+  sentiments, will determine you to take the necessary measures to put
+  an end to a situation so much to be regretted. We only wait such
+  good news, Mr. President, in order to urge the founding of an
+  American Society of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+  <p>We have already an able and devoted assistant in Miss Clara Barton,
+  to whom we confide the care of handing to you this present request.</p>
+
+  <p>It would be very desirable that the projected asseveration should be
+  under your distinguished patronage, and we hope that you will not
+  refuse us this favor.</p>
+
+  <p>Receive, Mr. President, the assurance of our highest consideration.</p>
+
+  <p>For the International Committee:<span class="smcap pad20">G. Moynier</span>, <em>President</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This letter was sent to Miss Barton, who, having labored with committees
+of the Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian war, thus becoming familiar
+with its methods, was very naturally selected as the bearer of the
+letter, and the exponent of the cause. Moreover, foreign nations had
+secured her promise to present it to the government on her return to her
+country and endeavor to make its principles understood among the people.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly the letter was presented by Miss Barton to President Hayes
+and by him referred to his Secretary of State, but as no action was
+taken, and no promise of any action given, it was not deemed advisable
+to proceed to the organization of societies formed with special
+reference to acting under the regulations of a governmental treaty
+having no present existence, and no guaranty of any in the future.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it remained until the incoming of the administration of President
+Garfield when a copy of the letter of Mr. Moynier was presented by Miss
+Barton to President Garfield, very cordially received by him, and
+endorsed to Secretary Blaine; from whom after full consideration of the
+subject the following letter was received:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<a id="BlaineLetter"></a>
+<p class="dateline"><span class="smcap indent10">Department of State,</span><br />
+                    <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>May 20, 1881</em>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>, <em>American Representative of the Red Cross, etc., Washington</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Madam</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the
+  letter addressed by Mr. Moynier, President of the Red Cross
+  International Convention, to the President of the United States,
+  bearing the date of the nineteenth August, 1877, and referred by
+  President Garfield on the thirtieth March, 1881, to this
+  department.</p>
+
+  <p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_42" title="42"></a>It appears, from a careful perusal of the letter, that Mr. Moynier
+  is anxious that the Government of the United States should join with
+  other governments of the world in this International Convention.</p>
+
+  <p>Will you be pleased to say to Mr. Moynier, in reply to his letter,
+  that the President of the United States, and the officers of this
+  government, are in full sympathy with any wise measures tending
+  toward the amelioration of the suffering incident to warfare. The
+  constitution of the United States has, however, lodged the entire
+  war-making power in the Congress of the United States; and, as the
+  participation of the United States in an International Convention of
+  this character is consequent upon and auxiliary to the war-making
+  power of the nation, legislation by Congress is needful to
+  accomplish the humane end that your society has in view. It gives
+  me, however, great pleasure to state that I shall be happy to give
+  any measures which you may propose careful attention and
+  consideration, and should the President, as I doubt not he will,
+  approve of the matter, the administration will recommend to Congress
+  the adoption of the international treaty which you desire.</p>
+
+  <p>I am, madam, with very great respect, your obedient servant,</p>
+
+  <p class="signature"><span class="smcap">James G. Blaine</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the twenty-fifth of June the following letter from Mr. Moynier,
+president of the International Committee of Geneva, in reply to the
+preceding letter of Secretary Blaine, was received by Miss Barton, and
+duly presented at the State department:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <p class="dateline"><span class="smcap">Geneva</span>, <em>June 13, 1881</em>.</p>
+
+  <p>To the Honorable Secretary of State, <span class="smcap">James G. Blaine</span>, <em>Washington</em>:</p>
+
+  <p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Miss Clara Barton has just communicated to me the letter which
+  she has had the honor to receive from you, bearing date of May 20,
+  1881, and I hasten to express to you how much satisfaction I have
+  experienced from it. I do not doubt now, thanks to your favorable
+  consideration and that of President Garfield, that the United States
+  may soon be counted among the number of signers of the Geneva
+  Convention, since you have been kind enough to allow me to hope that
+  the proposition for it will be made to Congress by the
+  administration.</p>
+
+  <p>I thank you, as well as President Garfield, for having been willing
+  to take into serious consideration the wish contained in my letter
+  of August 19, 1877, assuredly a very natural wish, since it tended
+  to unite your country with a work of humanity and civilization for
+  which it is one of the best qualified.</p>
+
+  <p>Since my letter of 1877 was written, several new governmental
+  adhesions have been given to the Geneva Convention, and I think that
+  these precedents will be much more encouraging to the United States
+  from the fact that they have been given by America. It was under the
+  influence of events of the recent war of the Pacific that Bolivia
+  signed the treaty the 16th of October, 1879, Chili on the 15th of
+  November, 1879, Argentine Republic on the 25th of November, 1879,
+  and Peru on the 22d of April, 1881. This argument in favor of the
+  adhesion of your country is the only one I can add to my request,
+  and to the printed documents that Miss Barton has placed in your
+  hands, to aid your judgment and that of Congress.</p>
+
+  <p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_45" title="45"></a>I now await with full confidence the final result of your
+  sympathetic efforts, and I beg you to accept, sir, the assurance of
+  my high consideration.</p>
+
+  <p class="signature"><span class="smcap">G. Moynier</span>, <em>President</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The very cordial and frank expressions of sympathy contained in
+Secretary Blaine’s letter gave assurance of the acceptance of the terms
+of the treaty by the government at no distant day, and warranted the
+formation of societies. Accordingly a meeting was held in Washington,
+D.C., May 21, 1881, which resulted in the formation of an association to
+be known as the American [National] Association of the Red Cross. A
+constitution was adopted, a copy of which follows:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_43" title="43"></a>
+  <img src="images/i014.jpg" width="400" height="634" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">SOME OF THE FIRST MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS.<br />
+     <span class="subcaption">GEN. R.D. MUSSEY&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S.E. BARTON&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;JUDGE WM. LAWRENCE<br />
+     JOSEPH E. HOLMES&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CLARA BARTON&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;REV. WM. MERRITT FERGUSON<br />
+     MRS. F.B. TAYLOR&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;J.B. HUBBELL&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ELLEN SPENCER MUSSEY</span>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_44" title="44"></a>
+  <img src="images/i015.jpg" width="400" height="618" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">A GROUP OF AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS MEMBERS.</div>
+  <div class="subcaption">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;HELEN M. BOYTNTON<br />
+                          H.V. BOYNTON&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;GEORGE KENNAN<br />
+                          &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;RICHARD J. HINTON<br />
+                          P.V. DEGRAW&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;WALTER P. PHILLIPS<br />
+                          &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;EMELINE RATHBORN WELD KENNAN</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_46" title="46"></a>CONSTITUTION.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Name, Location.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 1.</span> This Association shall be known as the American Association
+of the Red Cross, with its office located at Washington, D.C., and shall
+consist of the subscribers hereunto, and such other persons as shall
+hereafter be elected to membership; and it shall constitute a Central
+National Association with power to organize state and territorial
+associations auxiliary to itself.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Objects of Association.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 2.</span> The objects of the National Association are,</p>
+
+<p><em>First</em>, To secure the adoption by the Government of the United States
+of the Treaty of August 22, 1864.</p>
+
+<p><em>Second</em>, To obtain recognition by the Government of the United States,
+and to hold itself in readiness for communicating therewith at all
+times, to the end that its purposes may be more widely and effectually
+carried out.</p>
+
+<p><em>Third</em>, To organize a system of national relief and apply the same in
+mitigating the sufferings caused by war, pestilence, famine and other
+calamities.</p>
+
+<p><em>Fourth</em>, To collect and diffuse information touching the progress of
+mercy, the organization of national relief, the advancement of sanitary
+science and hospital service, and their application.</p>
+
+<p><em>Fifth</em>, To co-operate with all other national societies, for the
+furtherance of the articles herein set forth, in such ways as are
+provided by the regulations governing such co-operation.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Duties.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 3.</span> This association shall hold itself in readiness in the event of
+war or any calamity great enough to be considered national, to
+inaugurate such practical measures, in mitigation of the suffering and
+for the protection and relief of sick and wounded, as may be consistent
+with the objects of the association as indicated in Article 2.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Officers.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 4.</span> The officers of this association shall consist of a president;
+first vice-president; other vice-presidents, not to exceed one from each
+State, Territory, and the District of Columbia; a secretary; treasurer;
+an executive board; a board for consultation, which shall consist of the
+following officers of the United States Government, viz: The President
+and his cabinet: General of the Army; Surgeon General; Adjutant General,
+and Judge Advocate General, and such other officers as may hereafter be
+deemed necessary.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_47" title="47"></a>THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF THE RED CROSS.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="subtitle smcap">Original Incorporation.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The undersigned, all of whom are citizens of the United States of
+America, and a majority of whom are citizens of the District of
+Columbia, desirous of forming an association for benevolent and
+charitable purposes to co-operate with the Comité International de
+Secours aux Militaires Blessés of Geneva, Switzerland, do, in pursuance
+of sections 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550 and 551 of the Revised Statutes
+of the United States, relating to the District of Columbia, make, sign
+and acknowledge these:</p>
+
+<h4><span class="subtitle smcap">Articles of Incorporation.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center">1.</p>
+
+<p>The name of this association shall be the American Association of the
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p class="center">2.</p>
+
+<p>The term of its existence shall be for twenty (20) years.</p>
+
+<p class="center">3.</p>
+
+<p>The objects of this association shall be:</p>
+
+<p>1st. To secure by the United States the adoption of the treaty of August
+22, 1864, between Italy, Baden, Belgium, Denmark, Holland, Spain,
+Portugal, France, Prussia, Saxony, Wurtemberg, and the Federal Council
+of Switzerland.</p>
+
+<p>2d. To obtain recognition by the Government of the United States, and to
+hold itself in readiness for communicating therewith at all times, to
+the end that its purposes may be more wisely and effectually carried
+out.</p>
+
+<p>3d. To organize a system of national relief and apply the same in
+mitigating the sufferings caused by war, pestilence, famine and other
+calamities.</p>
+
+<p>4th. To collect and diffuse information touching the progress of mercy,
+the organization of national relief, the advancement of sanitary
+science, and their application.</p>
+
+<p>5th. To co-operate with all other similar national societies for the
+furtherance of the articles herein set forth, in such ways as are
+provided by the regulations governing such co-operation.</p>
+
+<p class="center">4.</p>
+
+<p>The number of this association, to be styled the “Executive Board,” for
+the first year of its existence, shall be eleven (11).</p>
+
+<p>In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals at the city
+of Washington this first day of July, A.D. 1881.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_48" title="48"></a>THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE.</h3>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <p class="hang"><em>The proceedings of this Conference and what led up to it we learn
+  chiefly from the historical report of the Conference by Mr. Gustav
+  Moynier and Dr. Louis Appia, of the International Committee of the
+  Red Cross. It was the work of this Conference that laid the
+  foundation for the Treaty of Geneva, adopted in the following year.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the year 1864, Europe was covered, as if by enchantment, with a
+network of committees for the relief of wounded soldiers; and this
+phenomenon would have led the least discerning persons to suspect that
+this special work was entering on a new phase. Several of these
+committees had already begun to exercise their functions in the
+Schleswig-Holstein war, yet all unanimously proclaimed that they would
+constitute themselves as permanent institutions, and, in a great
+measure, they seemed to obey one watch-word. All, in fact, declared in
+their charter of establishment, that they would conform to the
+resolutions of the Geneva Conference.</p>
+
+<p>What, then, was this conference, whose magic wand had, so to speak,
+electrified all nations? It seems too important an historical fact to be
+passed over in silence, because we feel certain that an inquiry into its
+nature, and how it arose, will prove highly interesting.</p>
+
+<p>1. It originated with the Société Genevoise d’utilité publique, which
+had undertaken to contribute toward the progress of philanthropy. At its
+sitting of the ninth of February, 1863, it discussed the question, in
+accordance with the proposition of one of its members, M. Henri Dunant,
+whether means might not be found to form, during a time of peace and
+tranquillity, relief societies, whose aim should be to help the wounded
+in time of war by means of volunteers, zealous, devoted and well
+qualified for such work.</p>
+
+<p>Although it had no very clear idea of what should be done, in order to
+obtain the result which seemed desirable, the society took the matter
+under its patronage, and entrusted the examination of it to a special
+commission, with full power to act.</p>
+
+<p>The course to be pursued was long debated in this little committee, the
+members of which finally agreed to submit the question to more competent
+judges. It was, in fact, necessary, before encouraging the formation of
+societies of volunteers, to know whether any need for them had been
+felt, and whether they would not be regarded with a<a class="pagenum" id="Page_49" title="49"></a> jealous eye by the
+administrative or military authorities. It was also necessary to
+determine what should be the nature of their action under various social
+and political forms of government. In order not to venture recklessly on
+a road bristling with obstacles, it was therefore evident that they
+ought to take as guides experienced men, versed in the practice of war,
+and belonging to different nationalities. An International Conference
+appeared to be indispensable to the work, as a basis or starting point.
+If, after this ordeal, the first idea, upon which the most divergent
+opinions were even then professed, should be recognized as
+impracticable, its partisans would at least possess the consolation of
+having done their best. We shall have, said one of them, the approval of
+our consciences, and the feeling that we have done that which it is
+right men should do who love their neighbor. If, on the contrary, the
+thing were pronounced to be good, useful and acceptable, what
+encouragement such a decision would afford them to launch out upon their
+course! What moral force they who should first put themselves in the
+breach would receive! It was not a time to hesitate. The circular
+convoking the meeting was issued on the first of September, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing was neglected that could give the greatest publicity to this
+appeal. It was brought specially to the notice of the International
+Statistical Congress, sitting at Berlin, in the month of September,
+1863, which expressed an opinion entirely favorable to the project.</p>
+
+<p>At length the day fixed for the opening of the Conference arrived. On
+the morning of the twenty-sixth of October, in the rooms of the Athenæum
+at Geneva, might be seen an assembly composed of eighteen official
+delegates, representing fourteen governments, six delegates of different
+associations, seven unaccredited visitors, with five members of the
+Geneva Committee. It was sufficient to glance over the list of the
+thirty-six members of the Conference, to understand that the expectation
+of its promoters was attained, and even surpassed, and that their
+initiative had already found its reward in the meeting of such a body.
+It was impossible that a deliberation among men so eminently qualified
+should not throw the fullest light on the question submitted to them.
+The committee tells us that the eagerness with which the invitation was
+responded to soon justified the propriety of the step it had taken. It
+became convinced that, in drawing public attention to the insufficiency
+of the official sanitary service, it had touched a sensitive chord, and
+had responded to a universal wish. It was also convinced that it was not
+pursuing a chimerical object. If, for a moment, it had feared<a class="pagenum" id="Page_50" title="50"></a> that its
+project would only attract mere dreamers and Utopians, it was reassured
+on seeing that it had to deal with men in earnest, with medical and
+military magnates. It also received much encouragement from persons who
+were prevented from taking part in the debates, but who testified to the
+lively interest they took in them.</p>
+
+<p>It was then, with the most happy auspices that General Dufour opened the
+Conference, which lasted four days, under the presidency of M. Moynier,
+president of the Genevoise Society of Public Utility, and the
+vice-presidency of His Highness Prince Henry XIII., of Reuss, the
+delegate of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Every one seemed
+animated by the best motives, and desirous not to lose so good an
+opportunity to open a new arena for the cause of charity. It was
+interesting to witness the general unanimity, as new as it was
+spontaneous, on a question of humanity instantaneously developed into
+one of philanthropic urgency. Dr. Landa, delegate of the Spanish
+Government, well expressed the sentiment of the assembly when he
+exclaimed, “Oh, that we may be so happy as to discover the basis which
+shall render the the useful institution we aspire to found durable and
+effectual!” The magnitude of the result which may be obtained, and the
+tears which may be wiped away, demand that we should devote all our
+efforts to attain it; and if this work be realized, it will be an event
+which all friends of humanity will be able to hail with the greatest
+joy. We feel, said the president of the Conference, that a great duty is
+imposed upon us, and we shall not rest until we have found means to
+lessen for our fellow-creatures the privations, the sufferings and the
+evils of all kinds which are the inevitable consequences of an armed
+contest.</p>
+
+<p>So much good-will was not superfluous, in order to accomplish the
+arduous task of the Conference. For what, indeed, was it laboring? For
+nothing less than to reconcile two opposites&mdash;charity and war. The
+propriety of voluntary aid being admitted, it was necessary to leave it
+sufficiently free, in order that zeal might not be cooled by
+unreasonable conditions; yet, at the same time, to subject it to a
+certain discipline, so that it might have access to the army without
+being an encumbrance to it. Here was the real problem to be solved. Here
+was a link to be established between the civil and the military, which,
+though opposed, are not necessarily incompatible, and should be
+encouraged to live fraternally side by side. The experience of modern
+wars seemed to justify this inquiry, for it was averred that here the
+administration of voluntary offerings had been defective. Besides, the
+question presented itself in a new character, owing to the fact that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_51" title="51"></a> a
+staff of volunteers occupied an important place in it. If this view of
+the case was to take precedence of all others, nothing less than a
+complete revolution was intended, and its importance being acknowledged,
+it would have been wrong to engage in it otherwise than earnestly. It
+was for discussion to reveal the opinion that was entertained of it.</p>
+
+<p>Independently of all that was difficult in the very nature of the
+subject with which the conference was to occupy itself, it met with
+another obstacle, in the consideration which it was obliged to give to
+the different forms of government under which civilized nations dwell.</p>
+
+<p>It is certain that a relief committee would be bound to modify its
+conduct, and its hands would be more or less free, according to the
+political or social circle in which it would have its existence. For
+example, where individual initiative is highly developed, as in
+Switzerland and America, there will be found liberty for the efforts of
+free societies which would not be tolerated to the same degree in France
+or Austria. The consequence of this situation was, that, called to draw
+up a code of military philanthropy for the use of all nations, the
+Conference could only advocate general principles, so that its decisions
+might be everywhere acceptable.</p>
+
+<p>Here it took its stand, and following the advice of its president, it
+left to each society the duty of regulating minute details as it might
+judge expedient. It wisely confined its ambition to the construction of
+a solid foundation for the monument which it wished to erect, and which
+was perhaps destined to become one of the glories of our century.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now give heed to the voice of the Conference, and let us cast our
+eyes over the resolutions, placed side by side with the <em>propositions</em>
+presented by the Geneva Committee, under the title of <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Projet de
+Concordat</em>. It is evident, indeed, from a comparison of these two
+documents that the first ideas were true, since they have only been
+slightly modified. The authors of this project, however, offer it as the
+eminently perfectible fruit of their first meditations, and as a basis
+which they deemed it right to furnish to the Conference, in order to
+guide it in its labors.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">General Provisions.</span></p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 1.</span> There shall be, in each of the contracting countries, a
+  national committee, whose duty shall consist in remedying, by all
+  the means in its power, the inadequacy of the official sanitary
+  service of the armies in active service.</p>
+
+<p>This committee shall organize itself in the manner which may appear
+  to it the most useful and expedient.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_52" title="52"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 2.</span> Sections, unlimited in number, shall be founded, in order to
+  second the national committee. These shall be necessarily
+  subordinate to the committee, to which alone shall belong the
+  supreme direction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 3.</span> Every national committee shall place itself in communication
+  with the government of its own country, and shall ascertain that its
+  efforts of service will be accepted in case of war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 4.</span> In time of peace, the committees and their sections shall
+  occupy themselves with improvements to be introduced in the military
+  sanitary service, in the establishment of ambulances and hospitals,
+  in the means of transports for the wounded, etc., and in pursuing
+  the realization of these objects.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 5.</span> The committees and sections of the different countries shall
+  reassemble in international congresses, in order to communicate the
+  result of their experience, and to concert together on the measures
+  to be taken in the interests of the work.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 6.</span> In the month of January every year, the national committees
+  shall present a report of their labors during the past year, adding
+  to it such communications as they may consider useful to be brought
+  to the knowledge of the committees of other countries. The exchange
+  of these communications and reports shall be managed through the
+  medium of the Geneva committee, to whom they shall be addressed.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Special Provisions in Case of War.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 7.</span> In case of war, the committees of the belligerent nations
+  shall furnish the necessary aid to their respective armies, and, in
+  particular, shall provide for the formation and organization of
+  corps of volunteer nurses.</p>
+
+<p>They shall solicit the support of the committees belonging to
+  neutral nations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 8.</span> The volunteer nurses shall bind themselves to serve during a
+  limited time, and not in any way to meddle in the operations of the
+  war.</p>
+
+<p>They shall be employed, according to their wish, in field service or
+  in that of the hospitals. Females will necessarily be assigned to
+  the latter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 9.</span> The volunteer nurses shall wear a uniform in all countries,
+  or an identical distinctive badge. Their person shall be sacred, and
+  military chiefs shall afford them protection.</p>
+
+<p>At the commencement of a campaign, the soldiers of both armies shall
+  be informed of the existence of these corps, and of their
+  exclusively benevolent character.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Resolutions of the Conference.</span></p>
+
+<p>The International Conference, desirous to give aid to the wounded
+  soldiers in all cases where the military medical service shall be
+  inadequate, has adopted the following resolutions:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 1.</span> There shall be in every country a committee whose duty it
+  will be to co-operate in time of war by all the means in its power,
+  with the sanitary service of the army.</p>
+
+<p>This committee shall organize itself in the manner which may appear
+  to it as the most useful and expedient.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 2.</span> Sections, unlimited in number, shall be formed, in order to
+  second the committee, to which the general direction will belong.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_53" title="53"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 3.</span> Every committee shall place itself in communication with the
+  government of its own country, in order that its offers of
+  assistance, in case of need, may be accepted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 4.</span> In time of peace the committees and sections shall be
+  occupied with the means to make themselves really useful in time of
+  war, especially in preparing material aid of every kind, and in
+  endeavoring to train and instruct volunteer nurses.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 5.</span> In the event of war, the committees of the belligerent
+  nations shall furnish relief to their respective armies in
+  proportion to their resources; in particular, they shall organize
+  and place the volunteer nurses on an active footing, and, in
+  conjunction with the military authority, they shall arrange places
+  for the reception of the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>They shall solicit the assistance of the committees belonging to
+  neutral nations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 6.</span> On the demand, or with the concurrence, of the military
+  authority, the committees shall send volunteer nurses to the field
+  of battle. They shall there place them under the direction of the
+  military chiefs.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 7.</span> The volunteer nurses employed with armies shall be provided,
+  by their respective committees, with everything necessary for their
+  maintenance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 8.</span> They shall wear, in all countries, a white band around the
+  arm with a Red Cross upon it, as a distinctive and uniform badge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 9.</span> The committees and sections of the different countries shall
+  meet in International Conference, in order to communicate to each
+  other the results of their experience, and to decide on the measures
+  to be adopted for the advancement of the work.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. 10.</span> The exchange of communications between the committees of
+  the different nations shall be made provisionally through the medium
+  of the Committee of Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>Independently of the above resolutions, the Conference expressed the
+  following wishes:</p>
+
+<p>A. That the governments should grant protection to the national
+  committees which may be formed, and should, as far as possible,
+  facilitate the accomplishment of their task.</p>
+
+<p>B. That, in time of war, neutrality should be proclaimed by the
+  belligerent nations for the field and stationary hospitals, and that
+  it may also be accorded, in the most complete manner, to all
+  officials employed in sanitary work, to volunteer nurses, to the
+  inhabitants of the country who shall assist the wounded, and to the
+  wounded themselves.</p>
+
+<p>That an incidental distinctive sign be adopted for the medical corps
+  of all armies, or, at least, for all persons attached to this
+  service in the same army.</p>
+
+<p>That an identical flag be also adopted for the field and stationary
+  hospitals of all armies.</p>
+
+<p>The innovation which is most striking, in reading these documents,
+  is the pre-existence of the committees for war, and their creation
+  and maintenance in times of peace.</p>
+
+<p>If those societies which have hitherto labored had only conformed to
+  this arrangement, they would have been spared much trouble, and
+  would have been able to give to their resources a more judicious
+  direction. If each of them had<a class="pagenum" id="Page_54" title="54"></a> been enlightened by the experience
+  of its predecessors; if each had known before hand that which it
+  would have to do in such and such an emergency; if it had
+  anticipated obstacles in order to remove them; and if it had been
+  provided with money and material, it would have been able to render
+  much greater services, and would not, to the same extent, have been
+  a victim either to its inexperience or to its precipitation. The
+  preliminary study of ways and means would have left traces of
+  something more systematic and would have prevented much waste and
+  many false calculations. Voluntary action will be so much more
+  efficacious when it shall have preorganized. At a meeting of the
+  different German relief committees held at Berlin, on the tenth of
+  July, 1864, Baron Tinti, of Vienna, strongly insisted on this truth,
+  and the Committee of Schwerin did the same in its report of 1865.
+  When our generosity shall be less ignorant, it will know where and
+  in what way it can be useful; we shall economize our means; we shall
+  multiply our gifts by the good employment that we shall make of
+  them, and by the direction that will be given to the public desire.
+  <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bis dat, qui cito dat.</em> He who gives opportunely gives twice.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_55" title="55"></a>
+ <img src="images/i016.jpg" width="400" height="626" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A GROUP OF NATIONAL RED CROSS MEMBERS.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ENOLA LEE GARDNER<br />
+                         DR. JOSEPH GARDNER&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;REV. ALEXANDER KENT<br />
+                          &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;JOSEPH SHELDON<br />
+                          A.S. SOLOMON&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;GEN. EDWARD WHITAKER<br />
+                          &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;LUCY HALL BROWN</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_56" title="56"></a>
+ <img src="images/i017.jpg" width="500" height="347" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">SUBURBAN HEADQUARTERS, AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_57" title="57"></a>THE INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS TREATY.</h3>
+
+<h4>CONVENTION OF GENEVA.</h4>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="center"><em>For the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies at
+  the Field, August 22, 1864.</em></p>
+
+<p>The sovereigns of the following countries, to wit: Baden, Belgium,
+  Denmark, Holland, Spain, Portugal, France, Prussia, Saxony,
+  Würtemberg, and the Federal Council of Switzerland, animated by a
+  common desire of mitigating, as far as in their power, the evils
+  inseparable from war, of suppressing needless severities and of
+  ameliorating the condition of soldiers wounded on fields of battle,
+  having concluded to determine a treaty for this purpose, these
+  plenipotentiaries, after the due interchange of their powers, found
+  to be in good and proper form, have agreed upon the following
+  articles, to wit:</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_1"></a><span class="smcap">Article 1.</span> Ambulances (field hospitals) and military hospitals shall
+  be acknowledged to be neutral, and as such shall be protected and
+  respected by belligerents, so long as any sick or wounded may be
+  therein. Such neutrality shall cease, if the ambulances or hospitals
+  should be held by a military force.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_2"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 2.</span> Persons employed in hospitals and ambulances, comprising the
+  staff for superintendence, medical service, administration,
+  transport of wounded, as well as chaplains, shall participate in the
+  benefit of neutrality whilst so employed, and so long as there
+  remain any to bring in or to succor.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_3"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 3.</span> The persons designated in the preceding article may, even
+  after occupation by the enemy, continue to fulfill their duties in
+  the hospital or ambulance which they may have, or may withdraw in
+  order to regain the corps to which they belong. Under such
+  circumstances, when the persons shall cease from their functions,
+  they shall be delivered by the occupying army to the outposts of the
+  enemy. They shall have specially the right of sending a
+  representative to the headquarters of their respective armies.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_4"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 4.</span> As the equipment of military hospitals remains subject to
+  the laws of war, persons attached to such hospitals cannot, on
+  withdrawing, carry away any articles but such as are their private
+  property. Under the same circumstances an ambulance shall, on the
+  contrary, retain its equipment.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_5"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 5.</span> Inhabitants of the country who may bring help to the wounded
+  shall be respected and shall remain free. The generals of the
+  belligerent powers shall make it their care to inform the
+  inhabitants of the appeal addressed to their humanity, and of the
+  neutrality which will be the consequence of it. Any wounded man
+  entertained and taken care of in a house shall be considered as a
+  protection thereto. Any inhabitant who shall have entertained
+  wounded men in his house shall be exempted from the quartering of
+  troops, as well as from a part of the contributions of war which may
+  be imposed.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_6"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 6.</span> Wounded or sick soldiers shall be entertained and taken care
+  of, to whatever nation they may belong. Commanders-in-chief shall
+  have the power to deliver immediately to the outposts of the enemy,
+  soldiers who have been wounded<a class="pagenum" id="Page_58" title="58"></a> in an engagement, when circumstances
+  permit this to be done, and with the consent of both parties. Those
+  who are recognized after they are healed as incapable of serving,
+  shall be sent back to their country. The others may also be sent
+  back on the condition of not again bearing arms during the
+  continuance of the war. Evacuations, together with the persons under
+  whose directions they take place, shall be protected by an absolute
+  neutrality.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_7"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 7.</span> A distinctive and uniform flag shall be adopted for
+  hospitals, ambulances, and evacuations. It must on every occasion be
+  accompanied by the national flag. An arm badge (brassard) shall also
+  be allowed for individuals neutralized, but the delivery thereof
+  shall be left to military authority. The flag and arm badge shall
+  bear a red cross on a white ground.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_8"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 8.</span> The details of execution of the present convention shall be
+  regulated by the commanders-in-chief of belligerent armies,
+  according to the instructions of their respective governments, and
+  in conformity with the general principles laid down in this
+  convention.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_9"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 9.</span> The high contracting powers have agreed to communicate the
+  present convention to those governments which have not found it
+  convenient to send plenipotentiaries to the International Convention
+  at Geneva, with an invitation to accede thereto; the protocol is,
+  for that purpose, left open.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_10"></a><span class="smcap">Art. 10.</span> The present convention shall be ratified and the
+  ratification shall be exchanged at Berne, in four months, or sooner,
+  if possible.</p>
+
+<p>In witness thereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the
+  same, and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.</p>
+
+<p>Done at Geneva, the twenty-third day of August, 1864.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>GOVERNMENTS ADOPTING THE TREATY.</h4>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>List in chronological order of the governments which have adopted
+  the articles of the Convention of Geneva, of the twenty-second of
+  August, 1864:</p>
+
+<table summary="Countries adopting Red Cross Treaty">
+ <tr><td>France</td><td class="pad">September</td><td class="tdr">22, 1864.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Switzerland</td><td class="pad">October</td><td  class="tdr">1, 1864.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Belgium</td><td class="pad">October</td><td class="tdr">14, 1864.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Netherlands</td><td class="pad">November</td><td class="tdr">29, 1864.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Italy</td><td class="pad">December</td><td class="tdr">4, 1864.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Sweden and Norway</td><td class="pad">December</td><td class="tdr">13, 1864.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Denmark</td><td class="pad">December</td><td class="tdr">15, 1864.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Spain</td><td class="pad">December</td><td class="tdr">15, 1864.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Baden</td><td class="pad">December</td><td class="tdr">16, 1864.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Greece</td><td class="pad">January</td><td class="tdr">17, 1865.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Great Britain</td><td class="pad">February</td><td class="tdr">18, 1865.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_59" title="59"></a></td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Mecklenburg-Schwerin</td><td class="pad">March</td><td class="tdr">9, 1865.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Prussia</td><td class="pad">June</td><td class="tdr">22, 1865.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Turkey</td><td class="pad">July</td><td class="tdr">5, 1865.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Würtemberg</td><td class="pad">June</td><td class="tdr">2, 1866.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Hesse Darmstadt</td><td class="pad">June</td><td class="tdr">22, 1866.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Bavaria</td><td class="pad">June</td><td class="tdr">30, 1866.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Austria</td><td class="pad">July</td><td class="tdr">21, 1866.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Portugal</td><td class="pad">August</td><td class="tdr">9, 1866.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Saxony</td><td class="pad">October</td><td class="tdr">25, 1866.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Russia</td><td class="pad">May</td><td class="tdr">22, 1867.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Pontifical States</td><td class="pad">May</td><td class="tdr">9, 1868.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Roumania</td><td class="pad">November</td><td class="tdr">30, 1874.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Persia</td><td class="pad">December</td><td class="tdr">5, 1874.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>San Salvador</td><td class="pad">December</td><td class="tdr">30, 1874.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Montenegro</td><td class="pad">November</td><td class="tdr">29, 1875.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Servia</td><td class="pad">March</td><td class="tdr">24, 1876.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Bolivia</td><td class="pad">October</td><td class="tdr">16, 1879.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Chili</td><td class="pad">November</td><td class="tdr">15, 1879.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Argentine Republic</td><td class="pad">November</td><td class="tdr">25, 1879.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Peru</td><td class="pad">April</td><td class="tdr">22, 1880.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>United States</td><td class="pad">March</td><td class="tdr">1, 1882.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td class="pad">March</td><td class="tdr">1, 1884.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Japan</td><td class="pad">June</td><td class="tdr">5, 1886.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Luxemburg</td><td class="pad">October</td><td class="tdr">5, 1888.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Hungary</td><td class="tdr">&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Congo Free State</td><td class="pad">December</td><td class="tdr">27, 1888.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Venezuela</td><td class="pad">&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">1894.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Siam</td><td class="pad">June</td><td class="tdr">29, 1895.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>South African Republic</td><td class="pad">September</td><td class="tdr">30, 1896.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Honduras</td><td class="pad">May</td><td class="tdr">16, 1898.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Nicaragua</td><td class="pad">May</td><td class="tdr">16, 1898.</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_60" title="60"></a>The following public address, written in 1881, is inserted because of
+its historical character, showing as it does, quite as well as anything
+that could now be written, the general apathy in America concerning the
+treaty, and the many obstacles that had to be overcome by years of
+struggle and weary waiting:</p>
+
+
+<h3>ADDRESS BY CLARA BARTON.</h3>
+
+<p><em>To the President, Congress, and People of the United States:</em></p>
+
+<p>A brief statement of how I became acquainted with the Red Cross may
+serve to explain at once its principles and methods, as well as the
+present attitude of our government in regard to it.</p>
+
+<p>The practical beneficence of the sanitary and Christian commissions of
+the United States attracted the attention of the civilized world. I had
+borne some part in the operations of field hospitals in actual service
+in the battles of the Civil War, and some public notice had been taken
+of that work. But, broken in health, I was directed by my physicians to
+go to Europe prepared to remain three years.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1869, I arrived at Geneva, Switzerland. In October I was
+visited by the president and members of the “International Committee for
+the relief of the wounded in war.” They wished to learn if possible why
+the United States had declined to sign the treaty. Our position was
+incomprehensible to them. If the treaty had originated with a monarchial
+government they could see some ground for hesitancy. But it originated
+in a Republic older than our own. To what did America object, and how
+could these objections be overcome? They had twice formally presented it
+to the government at Washington, once in 1864, through our Minister
+Plenipotentiary at Berne, who was present at the convention; again in
+1868, through Rev. Dr. Henry W. Bellows, the great head of war relief in
+America. They had failed in both instances. No satisfactory nor adequate
+reason had ever been given by the nation for the course pursued. They
+had thought the people of America, with their grand sanitary record,
+would be the first to appreciate and accept it. I listened in silent
+wonder to all this recital, and when I did reply it was to say that I
+had never in America heard of the Convention of Geneva nor of the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_61" title="61"></a>
+treaty, and was sure that as a country America did not know she had
+declined; that she would be the last to withhold recognition of a humane
+movement; that it had doubtless been referred to and declined by some
+one department of the government, or some one official, and had never
+been submitted to the people; and as its literature was in languages
+foreign to our English-speaking population, it had no way of reaching
+us.</p>
+
+<p>You will naturally infer that I examined it. I became all the time more
+deeply impressed with the wisdom of its principles, the good practical
+sense of its details, and its extreme usefulness in practice. Humane
+intelligence had devised its provisions and peculiarly adapted it to win
+popular favor. The absurdity of our own position in relation to it was
+simply marvelous. As I counted up its roll of twenty-two
+nations&mdash;not a civilized people in the world but ourselves missing,
+and saw Greece, Spain, and Turkey there, I began to fear that in the
+eyes of the “rest of mankind” we could not be far from barbarians. This
+reflection did not furnish a stimulating food for national pride. I grew
+more and more ashamed. But the winter wore on as winters do with
+invalids abroad. The summer found me at Berne in quest of strength among
+its mountain views and baths.</p>
+
+<p>On the fifteenth of July, 1870, France declared war against Prussia.
+Within three days a band of agents from the “International Committee of
+Geneva,” headed by Dr. Louis Appia (one of the prime movers of the
+convention), equipped for work and <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en route</em> for the seat of war, stood
+at the door of my villa inviting me to go with them and take such part
+as I had taken in our own war. I had not strength to trust for that, and
+declined with thanks, promising to follow in my own time and way, and I
+did follow within a week. No shot had then been fired&mdash;no man had
+fallen&mdash;yet this organized, powerful commission was on its way,
+with its skilled agents, ready to receive, direct and dispense the
+charities and accumulations which the generous sympathies of twenty-two
+nations, if applied to, might place at its disposal. These men had
+treaty power to go directly on to any field, and work unmolested in full
+co-operation with the military and commanders-in-chief; their supplies
+held sacred and their efforts recognized and seconded in every direction
+by either belligerent army. Not a man could lie uncared for nor unfed. I
+thought of the Peninsula in McClellan’s campaign&mdash;of Pittsburg
+Landing, Cedar Mountain and second Bull Run, Antietam, Old
+Fredericksburg with its acres of snow-covered and gun-covered <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">glacee</em>,
+and its fourth-day flag of truce; of its<a class="pagenum" id="Page_62" title="62"></a> dead, and starving
+wounded, frozen to the ground, and our commissions and their supplies in
+Washington, with no effective organization to go beyond; of the
+Petersburg mine, with its four thousand dead and wounded and no flag of
+truce, the wounded broiling in a July sun&mdash;died and rotted where
+they fell. I remembered our prisons, crowded with starving men whom all
+the powers and pities of the world could not reach even with a bit of
+bread. I thought of the widows’ weeds still fresh and dark through all
+the land, north and south, from the pine to the palm; the shadows on the
+hearths and hearts over all my country. Sore, broken hearts, ruined,
+desolate homes! Was this people to decline a humanity in war? Was this a
+country to reject a treaty for the help of wounded soldiers? Were these
+the women and men to stand aloof and consider? I believed if these
+people knew that the last cloud of war had forever passed from their
+horizon, the tender, painful, deathless memories of what had been would
+bring them in with a force no power could resist. They needed only to
+know.</p>
+
+<p>As I journeyed on and saw the work of these Red Cross societies in the
+field, accomplishing in four months under their systematic organization
+what we failed to accomplish in four years without it&mdash;no mistakes,
+no needless suffering, no starving, no lack of care, no waste, no
+confusion, but order, plenty, cleanliness and comfort wherever that
+little flag made its way&mdash;a whole continent marshaled under the
+banner of the Red Cross&mdash;as I saw all this, and joined and worked
+in it, you will not wonder that I said to myself “If I live to return to
+my country I will try to make my people understand the Red Cross and
+that treaty.” But I did more than resolve, I promised other nations I
+would do it, and other reasons pressed me to remember my promise. The
+Franco-Prussian war and the war of the commune were both enormous in the
+extent of their operations and in the suffering of individuals. This
+great modern international impulse of charity went out everywhere to
+meet and alleviate its miseries. The small, poor countries gave of their
+poverty and the rich nations poured out abundantly of their vast
+resources. The contributions of those under the Red Cross went quietly,
+promptly through international responsible channels, were thoughtfully
+and carefully distributed through well-known agents, returns, accurate
+to a franc, were made and duly published to the credit of the
+contributing nations, and <em>the object aimed at was accomplished</em>.</p>
+
+<p>America, filled with German and French people, with people humane and
+universal in their instincts of citizenship and brotherhood, freighted
+ships with supplies and contributions in money prodigal and vast.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_63" title="63"></a>
+They arrived in Europe, but they were not under the treaty
+regulations. No sign of the Red Cross authorized any one to receive and
+distribute them. The poor baffled agents, honest, well meaning and
+indefatigable, did all that individuals without system or organization
+could do. But for the most part the magnificent charity of America was
+misapplied and went as unsystematized charity always tends to go, to
+ruin and to utter waste. <em>The object aimed at was not accomplished.</em>
+
+At the end of the report of the international organization of the Red
+Cross occurs something like this: “It is said that the United States of
+America also contributed something for the sick and wounded, but what,
+or how much, or to whom, or when or where, it is impossible to tell.”</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1873, I returned to America more broken in health than
+when I left in 1869. Then followed years of suffering in which I forgot
+how to walk, but I remembered my resolve and my promise. After almost
+five years I was able to go to Washington with a letter from Monsieur
+Moynier, president of the International Committee of Geneva, to the
+President of the United States, asking once more that our government
+accede to the articles of the convention. Having been made the official
+bearer of this letter, I presented it in 1877 to President Hayes, who
+received it kindly, referring it to his Secretary of State, Mr. Evarts,
+who in his turn referred it to his assistant secretary as the person who
+would know all about it, examine and report for decision. I then saw how
+it was made to depend not alone upon one department, but one man, who
+had been the assistant secretary of state in 1864 and also in 1868, when
+the treaty had been on the two previous occasions presented to our
+government. It was a settled thing. There was nothing to hope for from
+that administration. The matter had been officially referred and would
+be decided accordingly. It would be declined because it had been
+declined. If I pressed it to a decision, it would only weigh it down
+with a third refusal. I waited. My next thought was to refer it to
+Congress. That step would be irregular, and discourteous to the
+administration. I did not like to take it, still I attempted it, but
+could not get it considered, for it promised neither political
+influence, patronage, nor votes.</p>
+
+<p>The next year I returned to Washington to try Congress again. I
+published a little pamphlet of two leaves addressed to the members and
+senators, to be laid upon their desks in the hope they would take the
+trouble to read so little as that, and be by so much the better prepared
+to consider and act upon a bill if I could get one before them. My
+strength failed before I could get that bill presented, and I went<a class="pagenum" id="Page_64" title="64"></a>
+home again in midwinter. There then remained but a portion of the
+term of that administration, and I determined, if possible, to outlive
+it, hoping another would be more responsive. Meanwhile I wrote, talked,
+and did whatever I could to spread the idea among the people, and March,
+1881, when the administration of President Garfield came in, I went
+again to Washington. The subject was very cordially received by the
+President and carefully referred by him to Secretary Blaine, who
+considered it himself, conferred fully with me, and finally laid it
+before the President and the cabinet. Perhaps the most satisfactory
+account of that transaction will be found in the letter of Mr. Blaine
+addressed to me, (see <a href="#BlaineLetter">page 41</a>), which gives the assurance that President
+Garfield would recommend the adoption of the treaty in his message to
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>What were the provisions of that treaty which had been so conspicuously
+and persistently neglected and apparently rejected by this whole
+government, whose people are as humane as any people in the world, and
+as ready to adopt plain and common sense provisions against evils sure
+to come upon themselves and those whom they hold most dear? It was
+merely the proposed adoption of a treaty by this government with other
+nations for the purpose of ameliorating the conditions incident to
+warfare, humanizing its regulations, softening its barbarities, and so
+far as possible, lessening the sufferings of the wounded and sick who
+fall by it. This treaty consists of a code of ten articles, formed and
+adopted by the International Convention of Geneva, Switzerland, held
+August 22, 1864, which convention was composed of delegates, two or more
+from each of the civilized nations of the world, and was called at the
+instance of the members of the Society of Public Utility of Switzerland.</p>
+
+<p>The sittings of the convention occupied four days, and resulted, as
+before stated, in a code of ten articles, to be taken by the delegates
+there present, back to the governments of their respective countries for
+ratification. Four months were allowed for consideration and decision by
+the governments, and all acceding within that time were held as having
+signed at the convention. At the close of this period, it was found that
+twelve nations had endorsed the terms of the treaty and signed its
+articles. The protocol was left open for such as should follow. The
+articles of this treaty provide, as its first and most important
+feature, for the entire and strict neutrality of all material and
+supplies contributed by any nation for the use of the sick and wounded
+in war; also that persons engaged in the distribution of them, shall
+not<a class="pagenum" id="Page_65" title="65"></a> be subject to capture; that all hospitals, general or
+field, shall be neutral, respected and protected by all belligerents;
+that all persons comprising the medical service, surgeons, chaplains,
+superintendents, shall be neutral, continuing their work after the
+occupation of a field or post the same as before, and when no longer
+needed be free to retire; that they may send a representative to their
+own headquarters if needful; that field hospitals shall retain their own
+equipments; that inhabitants of a country who entertain and care for the
+wounded of either side, in their houses, shall be protected; that the
+generals of an army shall so inform the people; that commanders-in-chief
+shall have the power to deliver immediately to the outposts of the enemy
+soldiers who have been wounded in an engagement, both parties consenting
+to the same; that the wounded, incapable of serving, shall be returned
+when healed; that all transports of wounded and all evacuations of posts
+or towns shall be protected by absolute neutrality. That the sick and
+wounded shall be entertained regardless of nationality; and that
+commanders-in-chief shall act in accordance with the instructions of
+their respective governments, and in conformity to the treaty. In order
+that all may understand, and no mistake be possible, it also provides
+that one uniform international flag shall mark all hospitals, all posts
+of sick and wounded, and one uniform badge or sign shall mark all
+hospital material, and be worn by all persons properly engaged in the
+hospital service of any nation included within the treaty; that this
+international flag and sign shall be a red cross on a white ground, and
+that the nations within the compact shall not cease their endeavors
+until every other nation capable of making war shall have signed this
+treaty, and thus acceded to the general principles of humanity in
+warfare recognized by other peoples.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-one governments have already signed this treaty, thirty-one
+nations are in this humane compact. The United States of America is not
+in it, and the work to which your attention is called, and which has
+occupied me for the last several years, is to induce her to place
+herself there.</p>
+
+<p>This is what the Red Cross means, not an order of knighthood, not a
+commandery, not a secret society, not a society at all by itself, but
+the powerful, peaceful sign and the reducing to practical usefulness of
+one of the broadest and most needed humanities the world has ever known.</p>
+
+<p>These articles, it will be observed, constitute at once a treaty
+governing our relations with foreign nations, and additional articles of
+war governing the conduct of our military forces in the field. As a<a class="pagenum" id="Page_66" title="66"></a>
+treaty under the constitution, the President and Senate are
+competent to deal with them; as additional articles of war, Congress
+must sanction and adopt them before they can become effective and
+binding upon the government and the people. For this reason I have
+appealed to Congress as well as to the Executive Department.</p>
+
+<p>On the breaking up of the original convention at Geneva, the practical
+work of organizing its principles into form and making them understood
+and adopted by the people, devolved upon seven men, mainly those who had
+been instrumental in calling it. These men were peculiarly fitted for
+this work by special training, enlarged views, and a comprehensive
+charity, no less than by practical insight, knowledge of the facts and
+needs of the situation, and a brave trust in the humane instincts of
+human nature. They are known to-day the world over as “The International
+Committee of Geneva for the relief of the sick and wounded in war.” This
+committee is international, and is the one medium through which all
+nations within the treaty transact business and carry on correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>The first act of each nation subsequent to the treaty has been to
+establish a central society of its own, which of course is national, and
+which has general charge and direction of the work of its own country.
+Under these comes the establishment of local societies. It will be
+perceived that their system, aside from its international feature, is
+very nearly what our own war relief societies would have been had they
+retained permanent organizations. Indeed, it is believed that we
+furnished for their admirable system some very valuable ideas. The
+success of the Red Cross associations consists in their making their
+societies permanent, holding their organizations firm and intact,
+guarding their supplies, saving their property from waste, destruction
+and pillage, and making the persons in charge of the gifts of the people
+as strictly responsible for straightforward conduct and honest returns,
+as they would be for the personal property of an individual, a business
+firm, or a bank.</p>
+
+<p>In attempting to present to the people of this country the plan of the
+Red Cross societies, it is proper to explain that originally and as
+operating in other countries they recognize only the miseries arising
+from war. Their humanities, although immense, are confined to this war
+centre. The treaty does not cover more than this, but the resolutions
+for the establishment of societies under the treaty, permit them to
+organize in accordance with the spirit and needs of their nationalities.
+By our geographical position and isolation we are far less liable to
+the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_67" title="67"></a> disturbances of war than the nations of Europe, which are
+so frequently called upon that they do well to keep in readiness for the
+exigencies of war alone. But no country is more liable than our own to
+great overmastering calamities, various, widespread and terrible. Seldom
+a year passes that the nation from sea to sea is not, by the shock of
+some sudden, unforeseen disaster, brought to utter consternation, and
+stands shivering like a ship in a gale, powerless, horrified, and
+despairing. Plagues, cholera, fires, flood, famine, all bear upon us
+with terrible force. Like war these events are entirely out of the
+common course of woes and necessities. Like death they are sure to come
+in some form and at some time, and like it no mortal knows where, how or
+when.</p>
+
+<p>What have we in readiness to meet these emergencies save the good heart
+of our people and their impulsive, generous gifts? Certainly no
+organized system for collection, reception nor distribution; no agents,
+nurses nor material, and, worst of all, no funds; nowhere any resources
+in <em>reserve</em> for use in such an hour of peril and national woe; every
+movement crude, confused and unsystematized, every thing as unprepared
+as if we had never known a calamity before and had no reason to expect
+one again.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the suffering victims wait! True, in the shock we bestow most
+generously, lavishly even. Men “on Change” plunge their hands into their
+pockets and throw their gold to strangers, who may have neither
+preparation nor fitness for the work they undertake, and often no
+guaranty for honesty. Women, in the terror and excitement of the moment
+and in their eagerness to aid, beg in the streets and rush into fairs,
+working day and night, to the neglect of other duties in the present,
+and at the peril of all health in the future&mdash;often an enormous
+outlay for very meagre returns. Thus our gifts fall far short of their
+best, being hastily bestowed, irresponsibly received and wastefully
+applied. We should not, even if to some degree we might, depend upon our
+ordinary charitable and church societies to meet these great
+catastrophes; they are always overtaxed. Our communities abound in
+charitable societies, but each has its specific object to which its
+resources are and must be applied; consequently they cannot be relied
+upon for prompt and abundant aid in a great and sudden emergency. This
+must necessarily be the case with all societies which organize to work
+for a specific charity. And this is as it should be; it is enough that
+they do constantly bestow.</p>
+
+<p>Charity bears an open palm, to give is her mission. But I have never
+classed these Red Cross societies with charities, I have<a class="pagenum" id="Page_68" title="68"></a> rather
+considered them as a wise national provision which seeks to garner and
+store up something against an hour of sudden need. In all our land we
+have not one organization of this nature and which acts upon the system
+of conserved resources. Our people have been more wise and thoughtful in
+the establishment of means for preventing and arresting the destruction
+of property than the destruction of human life and the lessening of
+consequent suffering. They have provided and maintain at an immense
+cost, in the aggregate, a system of fire departments with their
+expensive buildings and apparatus, with their fine horses and strong men
+kept constantly in readiness to dash to the rescue at the first dread
+clang of the fire bell. Still, while the electric current may flash upon
+us at any moment its ill tidings of some great human distress, we have
+no means of relief in readiness such as these Red Cross societies would
+furnish.</p>
+
+<p>I beg you will not feel that in the presentation of this plan of action
+I seek to add to the labors of the people. On the contrary, I am
+striving to lessen them by making previous, calm preparation do away
+with the strain and confusion of unexpected necessities and haste. I am
+providing not weariness, but rest.</p>
+
+<p>And, again, I would not be understood as suggesting the raising of more
+moneys for charitable purposes; rather I am trying to save the people’s
+means, to economize their charities, to make their gifts do more by the
+prevention of needless waste and extravagance. If I thought that the
+formation of these societies would add a burden to our people I would be
+the last to advocate it. I would not, however, yield the fact of the
+treaty. For patriotism, for national honor, I would stand by that at all
+cost. My first and greatest endeavor has been to wipe from the scroll of
+my country’s fame the stain of imputed lack of common humanity, to take
+her out of the roll of barbarism. I said that in 1869 there were
+twenty-two nations in the compact. There are now thirty-one, for since
+that date have been added Roumania, Persia, San Salvador, Montenegro,
+Servia, Bolivia, Chili, Argentine Republic and Peru. If the United
+States of America is fortunate and diligent she may, perhaps, come to
+stand No. 32 in the roll of civilization and humanity. If not, she will
+remain where she at present stands, among the barbarians and the
+heathen.</p>
+
+<p>In considering this condition of things it seemed desirable to so extend
+the original design of the Red Cross societies operating in other lands
+as to include not only suffering by war, but by pestilence, famine,
+fires or floods&mdash;in short, any unlooked-for calamity so great as to
+place<a class="pagenum" id="Page_69" title="69"></a> it beyond the means of ordinary local charity, and which
+by public opinion would be pronounced a national calamity; but that this
+addition should in no way impair the original functions of the society,
+and that for their own well being they should be held firm by the
+distinguishing feature of the international constitution, which provides
+that local societies shall not act except upon orders from the National
+Association, which is charged with the duty of being so fully informed
+upon all such subjects, both at home and abroad, as to constitute it the
+most competent judge of the magnitude and gravity of any catastrophe.</p>
+
+<p>During all these years no societies under the true banner of the Red
+Cross of Geneva were or could be organized, for the government had not
+yet ratified the treaty and no department of the government had then
+intimated that it ever would be ratified. It could not be a responsible
+or quite an honest movement on my part to proceed to the formation of
+societies to act under and in conformity to a treaty of special
+character so long as our government recognized no such treaty and I
+could get no assurance that it ever would or indeed could recognize it.</p>
+
+<p>But this delay in the formation of societies, however embarrassing, was
+in no manner able to interfere with the general plan, or the working
+details for its operations, which had been arranged and decided upon
+before the presentation of the subject to the government in 1877, and
+published in pamphlet form in 1878, making it to cover, as it now does,
+the entire field of national relief for great national woes and
+calamities in time of peace, no less than in war. The wise provisions,
+careful preparations and thorough system which had been found so
+efficient in the permanent societies of the Red Cross in other
+countries, could not fail, I thought, to constitute both a useful and
+powerful system of relief in any class of disasters. I therefore
+ventured so far upon the generous spirit of their original resolutions
+in the plan of our societies as, mechanically speaking, to attach to
+this vast motor power the extra and hitherto dead weight of our great
+national calamities, in order that the same force should apply to all
+and serve to lighten I hoped, so far as possible, not only the woes of
+those directly called to suffer, but the burdens on the hearts and hands
+of those called to sympathize with their sufferings.</p>
+
+<p>The time allowed for the practical test of this experiment has been
+short. Scarcely three months in which to organize and act, but the brave
+societies of the Red Cross of western New York, at this moment standing
+so nobly among their flame-stricken neighbors of Michigan&mdash;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_70" title="70"></a>
+so generously responding to their calls for help, are quite
+sufficient I believe to show what the action and results of this
+combined system will be when recognized and inaugurated.</p>
+
+<p>It may be said that this treaty jeopardizes our traditional policy,
+which jealously guards against entangling alliances abroad; that as we
+are exempt by our geographical position from occasions for war this
+treaty must bring us not benefits but only burdens from other people’s
+calamities and wars&mdash;calamities and wars which we do not create and
+of which we may properly reap the incidental advantages. But this treaty
+binds none to bear burdens, but only to refrain from cruelties; it binds
+not to give but to allow others to give wisely and to work humanely if
+they will, while all shall guarantee to them undisturbed activity in
+deeds of charity. There is then in the Red Cross no “entangling
+alliance” that any but a barbarian at war can feel as a restraint. This
+inculcated wariness of foreign influences, wonderfully freshened by the
+conduct of foreign rulers and writers during the rebellion and deepened
+by the crimes and the craft directed primarily at Mexico and ultimately
+at us, made the people of America in 1864 and 1868 devoutly thankful for
+the friendly and stormy sea that rolled between them and the European
+states. And it is not perhaps altogether strange that American
+statesmen, inspired by such a public opinion, should then have been but
+little inclined to look with favor upon any new international
+obligations however specious in appearance or humane in fact. But the
+award of Geneva surely opened the way for the Red Cross of Geneva. Time
+and success have made plain the nation’s path. The postal treaty since
+made among all nations and entered into heartily by this has proved
+salutary to all. It has removed every valid state reason for opposition
+to the harmless, humane and peaceful provisions of the treaty of the Red
+Cross.</p>
+
+<p>But in the midst of the rugged facts of war come sentimental objections
+and objectors. For, deplore it as we may, war <em>is the great fact</em> of all
+history and its most pitiable feature is not after all so much the great
+numbers slain, wounded and captured in battle, as their cruel after
+treatment as wounded and prisoners, no adequate provision being made for
+their necessities, no humane care even permitted, except at the risk of
+death or imprisonment as spies, of those moved by wise pity or a simple
+religious zeal.</p>
+
+<p>Among these hard facts appears a conscientious theorist and asks, Is not
+war a great sin and wrong? Ought we to provide for it, to make it easy,
+to lessen its horrors, to mitigate its sufferings? Shall we not<a class="pagenum" id="Page_71" title="71"></a>
+in this way encourage rulers and peoples to engage in war for slight and
+fancied grievances?</p>
+
+<p>We provide for the victims of the great wrong and sin of intemperance.
+These are for the most part voluntary victims, each in a measure the
+arbiter of his own fate. The soldier has generally no part, no voice, in
+creating the war in which he fights. He simply obeys as he must his
+superiors and the laws of his country. Yes, it is a great wrong and sin,
+and for that reason I would provide not only for, but against it.</p>
+
+<p>But here comes the speculative theorist! Isn’t it encouraging a bad
+principle; wouldn’t it be better to do away with all war? Wouldn’t peace
+societies be better? Oh, yes, my friend, as much better as the
+millennium would be better than this, but it is not here. Hard facts are
+here; war is here; war is the outgrowth, indicator and relic of
+barbarism. Civilization alone will do away with it, and scarcely a
+quarter of the earth is yet civilized, and that quarter not beyond the
+possibilities of war. It is a long step yet to permanent peace. We
+cannot cross a stream until we reach it. The sober truth is, we are
+called to deal with facts, not theories; we must practice if we would
+teach. And be assured, my friends, there is not a peace society on the
+face of the earth to-day, nor ever will be, so potent, so effectual
+against war as the Red Cross of Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>The sooner the world learns that the halo of glory which surrounds a
+field of battle and its tortured, thirsting, starving, pain-racked,
+dying victims exists only in imagination; that it is all sentiment,
+delusion, falsehood, given for effect; that soldiers do not die painless
+deaths; that the sum of all human agony finds its equivalent on the
+battlefield, in the hospital, by the weary wayside and in the prison;
+that, deck it as you will, it is agony; the sooner and more thoroughly
+the people of the earth are brought to realize and appreciate these
+facts, the more slow and considerate they will be about rushing into
+hasty and needless wars, and the less popular war will become.</p>
+
+<p>Death by the bullet painless! What did this nation do during eighty
+agonizing and memorable days but to watch the effects of one bullet
+wound? Was it painless? Painless either to the victim or the nation?
+Though canopied by a fortitude, patience, faith and courage scarce
+exceeded in the annals of history, still was it agony. And when in his
+delirious dreams the dying President murmured, “The great heart of the
+nation will not let the soldier die,” I prayed God to hasten the time
+when every wounded soldier would be sustained by<a class="pagenum" id="Page_72" title="72"></a> this sweet
+assurance; that in the combined sympathies, wisdom, enlightenment and
+power of the nations, he should indeed feel that the great heart of the
+people would not let the soldier die.</p>
+
+<p>Friends, was it accident, or was it providence which made it one of the
+last acts of James A. Garfield in health to pledge himself to urge upon
+the representatives of his people in Congress assembled, this great
+national step for the relief and care of wounded men? Living or dying it
+was his act and his wish, and no member in that honored, considerate and
+humane body but will feel himself in some manner holden to see it
+carried out.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</h3>
+
+<p>The president of the American Red Cross, Clara Barton, in November,
+1881, laid before President Arthur the matter of the Treaty of Geneva,
+and the unfulfilled desire of President Garfield that the United States
+should give its adhesion to that international compact. To this
+President Arthur gave a cordial and favorable response, and made good
+his words by the following paragraph in his first annual message, sent
+to the forty-seventh Congress:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>At its last extra session the Senate called for the text of the
+  Geneva Convention for the relief of the wounded in war. I trust that
+  this action foreshadows such interest in the subject as will result
+  in the adhesion of the United States to that humane and commendable
+  engagement.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This part of the message was immediately taken up in the Senate and
+referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, consisting of the
+following named gentlemen, to wit: William Windom, Minnesota; George F.
+Edmunds, Vermont; John T. Miller, California; Thomas W. Ferry, Michigan;
+Elbridge G. Lapham, New York; John W. Johnston, Virginia; J.T. Morgan,
+Alabama; George H. Pendleton, Ohio; Benjamin H. Hill, Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>During the consideration of the subject an invitation was extended to
+the president of the American Association, its counsel and other
+associate members to meet the above named Senate Committee at the
+capitol, for conference, and for an explanation of such points as still
+remained obscure, to aid their deliberations, and to facilitate
+investigations.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_73" title="73"></a>On the seventeenth of May, 1881, Hon. Omar D. Conger submitted to the
+United States Senate the following resolution, which was considered by
+unanimous consent and agreed to:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><em>Resolved</em>, That the Secretary of State be requested to furnish to
+  the Senate copies (translations) of Articles of Convention signed at
+  Geneva, Switzerland, August 22, 1864, touching the treatment of
+  those wounded in war, together with the forms of ratification
+  employed by the several governments, parties thereto.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the twelfth of December, 1881, in response to the above resolution,
+President Arthur addressed to the Senate a message transmitting a report
+of the Secretary of State, with accompanying papers, touching the Geneva
+convention for the relief of the wounded in war, which message, report
+and accompanying papers were as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <p class="center">(Senate Ex. Doc. No. 6, 47th Congress, 1st Session.)</p>
+
+<p>Message from the President of the United States, transmitting in
+  response to Senate resolution of May 17th, 1881, a report of the
+  Secretary of State, with accompanying papers, touching the Geneva
+  convention for the relief of the wounded in war.</p>
+
+<p>December 12, 1881.&mdash;Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations and
+ordered to be printed.</p>
+
+<p><em>To Senate of the United States:</em></p>
+
+<p>I transmit herewith, in response to the resolution of the Senate of the
+seventeenth of May last, a report of the Secretary of State, with
+accompanying papers, touching the Geneva convention for the relief of
+the wounded in war.</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">Chester A. Arthur</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="salutation"><span class="pad5 smcap">Executive Mansion</span>,<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>December 12, 1881</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><em>To the President:</em></p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of State, to whom was addressed a resolution of the
+Senate, dated the seventeenth of May, 1881, requesting him “to furnish
+to the Senate copies (translations) of Articles of Convention signed at
+Geneva, Switzerland, August 22, 1864, touching the treatment of those
+wounded in war, together with the forms of ratification employed by the
+several governments, parties thereto,” has the honor to lay before the
+President the papers called for by the resolution.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the reference made, in the annual message of the President,
+to the Geneva convention, the Secretary of State deems it unnecessary
+now to enlarge upon the advisability of the adhesion of the United
+States to an international compact at once so humane in its character
+and so universal in its application as to commend itself to the adoption
+of nearly all the civilized powers.</p>
+
+<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">James G. Blaine.</span></div>
+
+<p class="salutation"><span class="pad5 smcap">Department of State,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>December 10, 1881</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_74" title="74"></a>THE “ADDITIONAL ARTICLES” CONCERNING THE RED CROSS FOR THE NAVY.</h3>
+
+<p>The governments of North Germany, Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Belgium,
+Denmark, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and
+Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Würtemberg, desiring to extend to armies
+on the sea the advantages of the convention concluded at Geneva the
+twenty-second of August, 1864, for the amelioration of the condition of
+wounded soldiers in armies in the field, and to further particularize
+some of the stipulations of the said convention, proposed and signed the
+following additional articles:</p>
+
+<p>Additional Articles to the Convention of Geneva of the twenty-second
+August, 1864, signed at Geneva the twentieth of October, 1868.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <p><a id="Para_A1"></a><span class="smcap">Article I.</span> The persons designated in Article II. of the convention shall, after the
+occupation by the enemy, continue to fulfill their duties, according to
+their wants, to the sick and wounded in the ambulance or the hospital
+which they serve. When they request to withdraw, the commander of the
+occupying troops shall fix the time of departure, which he shall only be
+allowed to delay for a short time in case of military necessity.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A2"></a><span class="smcap">Art. II.</span> Arrangements will have to be made by the belligerent powers to
+ensure to the neutralized person, fallen into the hands of the army of
+the enemy, the entire enjoyment of his salary.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A3"></a><span class="smcap">Art. III.</span> Under the conditions provided for in Articles I. and IV. of
+the convention, the name “ambulance” applies to field hospitals and
+other temporary establishments, which follow the troops on the field of
+battle to receive the sick and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A4"></a><span class="smcap">Art. IV.</span> In conformity with the spirit of Article V. of the convention,
+and to the reservations contained in the protocol of 1864, it is
+explained that for the appointment of the charges relative to the
+quartering of troops and of the contributions of war, account only shall
+be taken in an equitable manner of the charitable zeal displayed by the
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A5"></a><span class="smcap">Art. V.</span> In addition to Article VI. of the convention, it is
+  stipulated that, with the reservation of officers whose detention
+  might be important to the fate of arms, and within the limits fixed
+  by the second paragraph of that article, the wounded fallen into the
+  hands of the enemy shall be sent back to their country, after they
+  are cured, or sooner if possible, on condition, nevertheless, of not
+  again bearing arms during the continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A6"></a><span class="smcap">Art. VI.</span> The boats which, at their own risk and peril, during and
+  after an engagement pick up the shipwrecked or wounded, or which,
+  having picked them up, convey them on board a neutral, or hospital
+  ship, shall enjoy, until the accomplishment of their mission, the
+  character of neutrality, as far as the circumstances of the
+  engagement and the position of the ships engaged will permit.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_75" title="75"></a>The appreciation of these circumstances is entrusted to the humanity
+  of all the combatants. The wrecked and wounded thus picked up and
+  saved must not serve again during the continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A7"></a><span class="smcap">Art. VII.</span> The religious, medical and hospital staff of any captured
+  vessel are declared neutral, and, on leaving the ship, may remove
+  the articles and surgical instruments which are their private
+  property.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A8"></a><span class="smcap">Art. VIII.</span> The staff designated in the preceding article must
+  continue to fulfill their functions in the captured ship, assisting
+  in the removal of wounded made by the victorious party; they will
+  then be at liberty to return to their country, in conformity with
+  the second paragraph of the first additional article.</p>
+
+<p>The stipulations of the second additional article are applicable to
+  the pay and allowance of the staff.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A9"></a><span class="smcap">Art. IX.</span> The military hospital ships remain under martial law in all
+  that concerns their stores; they become the property of the captor,
+  but the latter must not divert them from their special appropriation
+  during the continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p>The vessels not equipped for fighting, which during peace the
+  government shall have officially declared to be intended to serve as
+  floating hospital ships, shall, however, enjoy during the war
+  complete neutrality, both as regards stores, and also as regards
+  their staff, provided their equipment is exclusively appropriated to
+  the special service on which they are employed.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A10"></a><span class="smcap">Art. X.</span> Any merchantman, to whatever nation she may belong, charged
+  exclusively with removal of sick and wounded, is protected by
+  neutrality, but the mere fact, noted on the ship’s books, of the
+  vessel having been visited by an enemy’s cruiser, renders the sick
+  and wounded incapable of serving during the continuance of the war.
+  The cruiser shall even have the right of putting on board an officer
+  in order to accompany the convoy, and thus verify the good faith of
+  the operation.</p>
+
+<p>If the merchant ship also carries a cargo, her neutrality will still
+  protect it, provided that such cargo is not of a nature to be
+  confiscated by the belligerents.</p>
+
+<p>The belligerents retain the right to interdict neutralized vessels
+  from all communication, and from any course which they may deem
+  prejudicial to the secrecy of their operations. In urgent cases,
+  special conventions may be entered into between commanders-in-chief,
+  in order to neutralize temporarily and in a special manner the
+  vessels intended for the removal of the sick and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A11"></a><span class="smcap">Art. XI.</span> Wounded or sick sailors and soldiers, when embarked, to
+  whatever nation they may belong, shall be protected and taken care
+  of by their captors.</p>
+
+<p>Their return to their own country is subject to the provisions of
+  Article VI. of the convention, and of the additional Article V.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A12"></a><span class="smcap">Art. XII.</span> The distinctive flag to be used with the national flag, in
+  order to indicate any vessel or boat which may claim the benefits of
+  neutrality, in virtue of the principles of this convention, is a
+  white flag with a red cross. The belligerents may exercise in this
+  respect any mode of verification which they may deem necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Military hospital ships shall be distinguished by being painted
+  white outside, with green strake.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A13"></a><span class="smcap">Art. XIII.</span> The hospital ships which are equipped at the expense of
+  the aid societies, recognized by the governments signing this
+  convention, and which are<a class="pagenum" id="Page_76" title="76"></a> furnished with a commission emanating
+  from the sovereign, who shall have given express authority for their
+  being fitted out, and with a certificate from the proper naval
+  authority that they have been placed under his control during their
+  fitting out and on their final departure, and that they were then
+  appropriated solely to the purpose of their mission, shall be
+  considered neutral, as well as the whole of their staff. They shall
+  be recognized and protected by the belligerents.</p>
+
+<p>They shall make themselves known by hoisting, together with their
+  national flag, the white flag with a red cross. The distinctive mark
+  of their staff, while performing their duties, shall be an armlet of
+  the same colors.</p>
+
+<p>The outer painting of these hospital ships shall be white, with red
+  strake.</p>
+
+<p>These ships shall bear aid and assistance to the wounded and wrecked
+  belligerents, without distinction of nationality.</p>
+
+<p>They must take care not to interfere in any way with the movements
+  of the combatants. During and after the battle they must do their
+  duty at their own risk and peril.</p>
+
+<p>The belligerents shall have the right of controlling and visiting
+  them; they will be at liberty to refuse their assistance, to order
+  them to depart, and to detain them if the exigencies of the case
+  require such a step.</p>
+
+<p>The wounded and wrecked picked up by these ships cannot be reclaimed
+  by either of the combatants, and they will be required not to serve
+  during the continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A14"></a><span class="smcap">Art. XIV.</span> In naval wars any strong presumption that either
+  belligerent takes advantage of the benefits of neutrality, with any
+  other view than the interest of the sick and wounded, gives to the
+  other belligerent, until proof to the contrary, the right of
+  suspending the Convention Treaty, as regards such belligerent.</p>
+
+<p>Should this presumption become a certainty, notice may be given to
+  such belligerent that the convention is suspended with regard to him
+  during the whole continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Para_A15"></a><span class="smcap">Art. XV.</span> The present act shall be drawn up in a single original
+  copy, which shall be deposited in the archives of the Swiss
+  Confederation.</p>
+
+<p>An authentic copy of this act shall be delivered, with an invitation
+  to adhere to it, to each of the signatory powers of the convention
+  of the twenty-second of August, 1864, as well as to those that have
+  successively acceded to it.</p>
+
+<p>In faith whereof, the undersigned commissaries have drawn up the
+  present project of additional articles and have affixed thereunto
+  the seals of their arms:</p>
+
+<table summary="Signatures">
+<tr><td>Von Roeder,</td><td class="pad">Westenberg,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>F. Löffler,</td><td class="pad">F.N. Staaff,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Köhler,</td><td class="pad">G.H. Dufour,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dr. Mundy,</td><td class="pad">G. Moynier,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Steiner,</td><td class="pad">A. Coupvent des Bois,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dr. Dompierre,</td><td class="pad">H. de Préval,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Visschers,</td><td class="pad">John Saville Lumley,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>J.B.G. Galiffe,</td><td class="pad">H.R. Yelverton,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>D. Felice Baroffio,</td><td class="pad">Dr. S. Lehmann,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paalo Cottrau,</td><td class="pad">Husny,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>H.A. Van Karnebeck,</td><td class="pad">Dr. C. Hahn,</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">Dr. Fichte.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_77" title="77"></a>[<em>International Bulletin, January, 1882.</em><br />
+THE GENEVA CONVENTION IN THE UNITED STATES.</h3>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <p>The friends of the Red Cross are not ignorant that the list of
+  States which have signed the Geneva Convention presents a grave and
+  lamentable lack. One of the most civilized nations of the world, and
+  consequently one of the best prepared to subscribe to the principles
+  of this treaty, that is to say, the United States of America, does
+  not appear there. Their absence is so much the more surprising
+  because the proceedings of the Geneva Convention have only been, in
+  some respects, the partial reproduction of the celebrated
+  “Instructions of the American Army,” edited by the late Dr. Lieber,
+  and adopted by President Lincoln (April 24, 1863), and put in
+  practice by the armies of the North during the war of secession.
+  More than this, it is remembered that the Government at Washington
+  had been represented at the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva in 1864
+  by two delegates at the debates relative to the Geneva Convention,
+  but without being furnished with sufficient power to sign it.
+  [Protocol of the session of August 9, 1864.] These were Messrs.
+  George J. Fogg, United States Minister at Berne, and Charles S.P.
+  Bowles, European Agent of the American Sanitary Commission.</p>
+
+<p>It was expected, then, that the adhesion of the United States would
+  soon follow, but nothing came of it. Nevertheless, in the hope that
+  this result would not be too long delayed, an aid society was formed
+  at New York in 1866, when the civil war had come to an end, to
+  gather in some way the heritage of the Sanitary Commission, which
+  had just filled with much brilliancy, and during several years, the
+  rôle of a veritable Red Cross Society.</p>
+
+<p>One might have thought that the Berlin Conference in 1869 would be a
+  determining circumstance which would induce the United States to
+  enter into the European concert.</p>
+
+<p>The invitation to assist at the Conference at Berlin in 1869 was
+  addressed to the Government of the United States, which declined it
+  with thanks, as not having taken part in the Convention of Geneva.
+  The society of which we have just spoken was in like manner invited,
+  but it also was not represented.</p>
+
+<p>This double absence called out a proposition from M. Hepke, privy
+  counsellor of the legation, a proposition, supported by the
+  signatures of thirty-eight other delegates present, and adopted
+  unanimously by the members of the Conference.</p>
+
+<p>The text of it was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>“The Conference having arrived at the end of their labors, express a
+  lively regret at having been deprived of the precious assistance of
+  the delegates from the United States of North America, convinced
+  that the great and noble nation which, one of the first in the
+  world, has rendered eminent services to the great humanitarian work,
+  will welcome with sympathy the results of their labors, the
+  Conference desires that the protocols of these sessions shall be
+  addressed by their President to the Government of the United States
+  of North America, and to the different aid committees which exist in
+  that country.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_78" title="78"></a>That step unfortunately remained without results. The society which
+  had its seat at New York, comprehending that its existence would be
+  unnatural and its position false so long as the government refused
+  to sign the convention, finished by dissolving towards the end of
+  1872.</p>
+
+<p>Since then, the International Committee, which would not despair of
+  success, made upon its part several new attempts, which invariably
+  met with absolute non-attention. Happily the history of the Red
+  Cross was there to prove that the most tenacious resistance is not
+  indefinite, and that sooner or later the sentiments of the most
+  recalcitrant governments are modified under the control of
+  circumstances. How many we have seen who at first believed their
+  adhesion useless, or even dangerous, and who have been led to
+  repentance on the occurrence of wars in which their armies were to
+  be, or had been, engaged, because they comprehended at that moment
+  only to what point their fears were chimerical or their indifference
+  injurious to those depending upon them for protection.</p>
+
+<p>In the United States time has done its work as elsewhere, though
+  peace has long reigned there. The change of sentiment which has been
+  produced in regard to the Red Cross has revealed itself recently on
+  the sixth of December, 1881, in the message of President Arthur at
+  the opening of the fourth session of the Forty-seventh Congress. We
+  read there the following paragraph:</p>
+
+<p>“At its last extra session the Senate demanded the text of the
+  Geneva Convention for aiding the wounded in time of war. I hope that
+  this fact proves the interest which the Senate feels in this
+  question, and that there will result from it, the adhesion of the
+  United States to this humane and commendable treaty.”</p>
+
+<p>It seems, then, that we touch the port; the matter is seriously
+  considered, and it will be with lively satisfaction that we shall
+  register the result which has been so long the end of our desires.</p>
+
+<p>We will not terminate these retrospective considerations, without
+  telling what we know of the causes which have recently led to
+  decisive steps in the question.</p>
+
+<p>It is, above all, to a woman that this result is owing, and the name
+  of that woman is not unknown to our readers. We spoke to them
+  several years ago of Miss Clara Barton, one of the heroines of the
+  American war, where she reproduced the charitable exploits of Miss
+  Nightingale; she was honored at the conclusion of the war with a
+  national recompense.<a id="FNanchor_A" href="#Footnote_A" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_79" title="79"></a>Then, being in Europe at the time of the French and German war, she
+  again flew to the battlefield. Returning at last to her own country
+  with enfeebled health, she determined to give what strength remained
+  to her to the service of the Red Cross, and took for her task to
+  plead its cause with the influential men of the American government.
+  Quitting her home at Dansville, she passed long months at Washington
+  to carry conviction to the minds of the President, of his ministers,
+  of members of Congress, writing for the journals, publishing
+  pamphlets to spread the ideas the triumph of which she had at heart.
+  She had need of much perseverance and energy to avoid renouncing her
+  plan, for she waited long before finding a favorable opportunity. It
+  was not until the accession of President Garfield that she could
+  catch a glimpse of success. She then found in the Chief Magistrate
+  of the nation a man who warmly espoused her cause, and in the
+  Secretary of State, Mr. Blaine, an auxiliary as zealous as he was
+  devoted. We have seen by the quotation which we have borrowed from
+  the last Presidential message that Mr. Arthur shares the sentiments
+  and ideas of his predecessor on the subject of the Geneva
+  Convention, and it is hardly probable that he will encounter upon
+  this point opposition from Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The name of Miss Barton will probably not figure in the official
+  documents which will be the fruit of her labors, but here, where we
+  have entire liberty to render homage to her devotion, we are happy
+  to be able to proclaim her imperishable title to the gratitude of
+  the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>To the name of Miss Barton we should join that of M. Edouard Seve,
+  who, after having rendered important service to the Red Cross in
+  South America, where he represented Belgium to Chili, has continued
+  to use his activity in favor of the same cause in the United States
+  since he has been called to the position of consul-general at
+  Philadelphia. His efforts have certainly contributed to render the
+  Government at Washington favorable to the Geneva Convention.</p>
+
+<p>The preceding article was already printed when we received from the
+  indefatigable Miss Barton a new pamphlet upon the Red Cross and the
+  Geneva Convention. This little work is destined to initiate the
+  Americans into the origin and history of the work, with which they
+  are as yet but imperfectly acquainted, and for which it is the
+  aspiration of the author to awaken their interest; in particular, we
+  find there the confirmation of the steps of which we have spoken
+  above, and especially the text of the two letters addressed by the
+  International Committee, one on<a class="pagenum" id="Page_80" title="80"></a> the ninth of August, 1877, to
+  President Hayes, the other on the thirteenth of June, to Secretary
+  of State Blaine.</p>
+
+<p>The pamphlet which we have announced has been published by the
+  American National Society of the Red Cross, with which we have not
+  yet had occasion to make our readers acquainted. This society,
+  recently established at the suggestion of Miss Barton, and of which
+  she has been made president, is only waiting for the official
+  adhesion of the United States to the Geneva Convention to put itself
+  in relation with the societies of other countries. We will wait
+  until then to speak of it and to give the details of its
+  organization.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3>ACCESSION OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE TREATY OF GENEVA AND TO THE
+ADDITIONAL ARTICLES.</h3>
+
+<p>On the first day of March, 1882, the President, by his signature, gave
+the accession of the United States to the Treaty of Geneva of August 22,
+1864, and also to that of October 20, 1868, and transmitted to the
+Senate the following message, declaration, and proposed adoption of the
+same:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><em>Message from the President of the United States, transmitting an
+  accession of the United States to the Convention concluded at Geneva
+  on the twenty-second August, 1864, between various powers, for the
+  amelioration of the wounded of armies in the field, and to the
+  additional articles thereto, signed at Geneva on the twentieth
+  October, 1868.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>March 3, 1882.&mdash;Read; accession read the first time referred to the
+  Committee on Foreign Relations, and, together with the message,
+  ordered to be printed in confidence, for the use of the Senate.</p>
+
+<p>March 16, 1882.&mdash;Ratified and injunction of secrecy removed
+  therefrom.</p>
+
+<p><em>To the Senate of the United States:</em></p>
+
+<p>I transmit to the Senate for its action thereon, the accession of
+  the United States to the convention concluded at Geneva on the
+  twenty-second August, 1864, between various powers, for the
+  amelioration of the wounded of armies in the field, and to the
+  additional articles thereto, signed at Geneva on the twentieth of
+  October, 1868.</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">Chester A. Arthur.</span></p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>March 3, 1882</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Whereas</em>, on the twenty-second day of August, 1864, a convention
+  was concluded at Geneva, in Switzerland, between the Grand Duchy of
+  Baden and the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_81" title="81"></a> Swiss Confederation, the Kingdom of Belgium, the
+  Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Empire, the
+  Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Kingdom of Italy, the Kingdom of the
+  Netherlands; the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Prussia, and
+  the Kingdom of Würtemberg, for the amelioration of the wounded in
+  armies in the field, the tenor of which convention is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>(See treaty and additional articles, already inserted.)</p>
+
+<p>Now, therefore, the President of the United States of America, by
+  and with the advice and consent of the Senate, hereby declares that
+  the United States accede to the said convention of the twenty-second
+  August, 1864, and also accede to the said convention of October 20,
+  1868.</p>
+
+<p>Done at Washington this first day of March in the year of our Lord
+  one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two, and of the Independence
+  of the United States the one hundred and sixth.</p>
+
+
+<p>(Seal.)</p>
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">Chester A. Arthur.</span></p>
+
+<p>By the President.<br />
+  <span class="pad5 smcap">Fred’k T. Frelinghuysen,</span><br />
+  <span class="pad10"><em>Secretary of State</em>.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The same day the president of the American Association sent by cablegram
+to President Moynier, of the International Committee at Geneva, the glad
+tidings that the United States had at last joined in the great humane
+work of the world by ratifying the treaties of the Red Cross; and on the
+twenty-fourth of the same month, President Moynier replied as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="dateline indent5"><span class="smcap">Comite International de Secours</span><br />
+  <span class="indent5 smcap">Aux Militaires Blesses,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Geneva</span>, <em>March 24, 1882</em>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>, <em>President of the American Society of the Red
+  Cross, Washington</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mademoiselle</span>: At last, on the seventeenth instant, I received your
+  glorious telegram. I delayed replying to it in order to communicate
+  its contents to my colleagues of the International Committee, so as
+  to be able to thank you in the name of all of us and to tell you of
+  the joy it gives us. You must feel happy too, and proud to have at
+  last attained your object, thanks to a perseverance and a zeal which
+  surmounted every obstacle.</p>
+
+<p>Please, if opportunity offers, to be our interpreter to President
+  Arthur and present him our warmest congratulations.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose your government will now notify the Swiss Federal Council
+  of its decision in the matter, and the latter will then inform the
+  other Powers which have signed the Red Cross Treaty.</p>
+
+<p>Only after this formality shall have been complied with can we
+  occupy ourselves with fixing the official international status of
+  your American society. We have, however, already considered the
+  circular which we intend to address to all the societies of the Red
+  Cross, and with regard thereto we have found that it will be<a class="pagenum" id="Page_82" title="82"></a>
+  necessary for us as a preliminary measure to be furnished with a
+  document certifying that the American society has attained the
+  second of its objects, <em>i.e.</em>, that it has been (officially)
+  recognized by the American Government.</p>
+
+<p>It is important that we be able to certify that your government is
+  prepared to accept your services in case of war; that it will
+  readily enter into co-operation with you, and will encourage the
+  centralization under your direction of all the voluntary aid. We
+  have no doubt that you will readily obtain from the competent
+  authorities an official declaration to that effect, and we believe
+  that this matter will be merely a formality, <em>but we attach the
+  greatest importance to the fact in order to cover our
+  responsibility, especially in view of the pretensions of rival
+  societies which might claim to be acknowledged by us</em>.</p>
+
+<p>It is your society alone and none other that we will recognize,
+  because it inspires us with confidence, and <em>we would be placed in a
+  false position if you failed to obtain for it a privileged position
+  by a formal recognition by the government</em>.</p>
+
+<p>We hope that you will appreciate the motives of caution which guide
+  us in this matter, and that you may soon enable us to act in the
+  premises.</p>
+
+<p>Wishing to testify to you its gratitude for the services you have
+  already rendered to the Red Cross, the committee decided to offer to
+  you one of the medals which a German engraver caused to be struck
+  off in 1870 in honor of the Red Cross. It will be sent to you in a
+  few days. It is of very small intrinsic value indeed, but, such as
+  it is, we have no other means of recompensing the most meritorious
+  of our assistants. Please to regard it only as a simple memorial,
+  and as a proof of the esteem and gratitude we feel for you.</p>
+
+<p>Accept, mademoiselle, the assurance of my most distinguished
+  sentiments.</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">G. Moynier</span>, <em>President</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The requirements contained in the foregoing letter, in regard to the
+recognition of the American Association of the Red Cross, were fully and
+generously complied with by the various branches of the Government of
+the United States, and the documents conveying the official recognition
+were transmitted by the Honorable Secretary of State to the American
+consul at Geneva, with instructions to deliver them to the International
+Committee.</p>
+
+<p>The following is the proclamation by President Arthur announcing to the
+people the adoption by the United States of the Treaty of Geneva, and
+the Additional Articles concerning the Navy:</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px">
+
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_83" title="83"></a>
+ <img src="images/i018.jpg" width="450" height="692" alt="" />
+<div class="copyright">Copyright 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+<div class="caption">SOME RED CROSS DECORATIONS PRESENTED TO CLARA BARTON.</div>
+<div class="hang"><em>The Iron Cross of Merit presented by Emperor William I. and Empress
+  Augusta, in recognition of services in the Franco-German War of
+  1870-71. The German Medal of Honor presented by the Comité
+  International in recognition of services in securing the adhesion of
+  the United States to the treaty of the Red Cross. The Servian Red
+  Cross presented by Queen Natali of Servia.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px">
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_84" title="84"></a>
+  <img src="images/i019.jpg" width="450" height="611" alt="" />
+
+<div class="copyright">Copyright 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+<div class="caption">CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORIC TREE.</div>
+<div class="hang"><em>Showing the development of the Red Cross during the first
+  twenty-five years of its existence. The city of Geneva, its origin.
+  The central branch represents the work of the Comité International.
+  The right branch the formation of the national societies or
+  committees. The left branch the date of adhesion to the treaty by
+  the various nations.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+
+<p class="quote"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_85" title="85"></a>By the President of the United States of America:</p>
+
+<h3>A PROCLAMATION.</h3>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><em>Whereas</em>, on the twenty-second day of August, 1864, a convention
+  was concluded at Geneva, in Switzerland, between the Grand Duchy of
+  Baden and the Swiss Confederation, the Kingdom of Belgium, the
+  Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Empire, the
+  Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Kingdom of Italy, the Kingdom of the
+  Netherlands, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Prussia, and
+  the Kingdom of Würtemberg, for the amelioration of the wounded in
+  armies in the field, the tenor of which convention is hereinafter
+  subjoined:</p>
+
+<p><em>And whereas</em>, the several contracting parties to the said
+  convention exchanged the ratification thereof at Geneva on the
+  twenty-second day of June, 1865;</p>
+
+<p><em>And whereas</em>, the several states hereinafter named have adhered to
+  the said convention in virtue of Article IX. thereof, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>Sweden, December 13, 1864; Greece, January 5&ndash;17, 1865; Great
+  Britain, February 18, 1865; Mecklenburg-Schwerin, March 9, 1865;
+  Turkey, July 5, 1865; Würtemberg, June 22, 1866; Hesse, June 2,
+  1866; Bavaria, June 30, 1866; Austria, July 21, 1866; Persia,
+  December 5, 1874; Salvador, December 30, 1874; Montenegro, November
+  17&ndash;29, 1875; Servia, March 24, 1876; Bolivia, October 16, 1879;
+  Chili, November 15, 1879; Argentine Republic, November 25, 1879;
+  Peru, April 22, 1880.</p>
+
+<p><em>And whereas</em>, the Swiss Confederation, in virtue of the said
+  Article IX. of said convention, has invited the United States of
+  America to accede thereto;</p>
+
+<p><em>And whereas</em>, on the twentieth October, 1868, the following
+  additional articles were proposed and signed at Geneva, on behalf of
+  Great Britain, Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Belgium, Denmark, France,
+  Italy, Netherlands, North Germany, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland,
+  Turkey and Würtemberg, the tenor of which Additional Articles is
+  hereinafter subjoined (see page 74);</p>
+
+<p><em>And whereas</em>, the President of the United States of America, by and
+  with the advice and consent of the Senate, did, on the first day of
+  March, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two, declare that the
+  United States accede to the said convention of the twenty-second of
+  August, 1864, and also accede to the said convention of October 20,
+  1868;</p>
+
+<p><em>And whereas</em>, on the ninth day of June, one thousand eight hundred
+  and eighty-two, the Federal Council of the Swiss Confederation, in
+  virtue of the final provision of a certain minute of the exchange of
+  the ratifications of the said convention at Berne, December 22,
+  1864, did, by a formal declaration, accept the said adhesion of the
+  United States of America, as well in the name of the Swiss
+  Confederation as in that of the other contracting states;</p>
+
+<p><em>And whereas</em>, furthermore, the Government of the Swiss
+  Confederation has informed the Government of the United States that
+  the exchange of the ratifications of the aforesaid Additional
+  Articles of the twentieth October, 1868, to which the United States
+  of America have, in like manner, adhered as aforesaid, has not<a class="pagenum" id="Page_86" title="86"></a> yet
+  taken place between the contracting parties, and that these articles
+  cannot be regarded as a treaty in full force and effect;</p>
+
+<p>Now, therefore, be it known that I, Chester A. Arthur, President of
+  the United States of America, have caused the said Convention Treaty
+  of August 22, 1864, to be made public, to the end that the same and
+  every article and clause thereof may be observed and fulfilled with
+  good faith by the United States and the citizens thereof; reserving,
+  however, the promulgation of the hereinbefore mentioned Additional
+  Articles of October 20, 1868, notwithstanding the accession of the
+  United States of America thereto, until the exchange of the
+  ratifications thereof between the several contracting states shall
+  have been effected, and the said Additional Articles shall have
+  acquired full force and effect as an international treaty.</p>
+
+<p>In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal
+  of the United States to be affixed.</p>
+
+<p>Done at the city of Washington, this twenty-sixth day of July, in
+  the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two, and
+  of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+  seventh.</p>
+
+<p>(L.S.)<span class="pad50 smcap">Chester A. Arthur.</span></p>
+
+<p>By the President,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fred’k T. Frelinghuysen</span>,<br />
+  <span class="pad10"><em>Secretary of State</em>.</span></p>
+
+<p><em>United States of America, Department of State, to all to whom these
+  presents shall come, greeting</em>:</p>
+
+<p>I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the original on file
+  in the Department of State.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof I, John Davis, Acting Secretary of State of the
+  United States, have hereunto subscribed my name and caused the seal
+  of the Department of State to be affixed.</p>
+
+<p>Done at the city of Washington, this ninth day of August, A.D. 1882,
+  and of the Independence of the United States of America the one
+  hundred and seventh.</p>
+
+<p>(L.S.)<span class="pad50 smcap">John Davis.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus was the American branch of the Red Cross welcomed into the
+fellowship of kindred associations in thirty-one other nations, the most
+prosperous and civilized on the globe, its position assured, and its
+future course made simple, direct and untroubled.</p>
+
+<p>The official bulletin of the International Committee also hailed the
+accession of the United States to the treaty, in an article of
+characteristic caution and of great significance. In that article, which
+is quoted in full hereafter, the distinction was carefully pointed out
+between that which had already been fully agreed to, and had become
+invested with all the force and solemnity of international treaties, and
+the proposed amendment which had been drawn up and considered with a
+view to ultimate adoption. This proposed amendment had received the
+sanction<a class="pagenum" id="Page_87" title="87"></a> and signatures of the International Committee at Geneva,
+without ever having been formally adopted by any nation. The United
+States had, at the same moment adopted both, thus becoming the
+thirty-second nation to adhere to the treaty of August 22, 1864, and the
+<em>first</em> to adopt the proposed amendment of October 20, 1868.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="bulletin">[<em>International Bulletin for April, 1882.</em>]</span><br />
+ADHESION OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE CONVENTION OF GENEVA.</h3>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>Referring to the article inserted in our preceding bulletin, p. 42,
+  we are happy to be able to announce that the act of adhesion which
+  we presented was signed at Washington the sixteenth of March, in
+  pursuance of a vote by which the members of the Senate gave their
+  approval with unanimity. Our readers will doubtless be surprised, as
+  we are, that after the long and systematic resistance of the
+  Government of the United States against rallying to the Convention
+  of Geneva, there cannot be found in the American legislature a
+  single representative of the opposition. So complete a reversal of
+  opinion cannot be explained, unless we admit that the chief officers
+  of the nation had cherished, up to the present time, prejudices in
+  regard to the Convention of Geneva&mdash;prejudices which vanished as
+  soon as they fully comprehended what was expected of them, and
+  recognized that there was nothing compromising in it to the
+  political condition of their country.</p>
+
+<p>With the zeal of new converts, they have even gone beyond the mark,
+  inasmuch as they have voted their adhesion not only to the
+  convention of the twenty-second of August, 1864, but also to the
+  plan of Additional Articles of the twentieth of October, 1868, which
+  was not the matter in question, since they had never had the force
+  of law; we give this news only under every reserve, because we have
+  received contradictory information on the subject. If this defect in
+  form is found in the official document which will be sent to the
+  Swiss Federal Council one could fear it might retard the so much
+  desired conclusion of this important affair, but it need not be too
+  much regretted, since it will enable us to understand the opinion of
+  the great Transatlantic Republic upon maritime questions as they
+  relate to the Red Cross.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The action of the United States, mentioned in this article, was perhaps
+somewhat characteristic. It seemed to give itself to the movement of the
+Red Cross with a gracious earnestness seldom seen in the cautious forms
+of diplomatic action, and it certainty was in very decided contrast with
+its former hesitancy.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt could now rest in any mind that the adhesion of the United
+States was, at last, hearty and sincere, and calculated to allay any
+distrust which its former isolation and declination of the treaty might
+have anywhere engendered.</p>
+
+<p>This action of the Government of the United States also rendered the
+position of the National Association exceptionally satisfactory, and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_88" title="88"></a>
+introduced it to the International Committee at Geneva and all the
+affiliated societies under circumstances calculated to promote in the
+greatest degree its usefulness and harmony, and to add to the
+gratification of all who personally have any part in the operations of
+the American Association.</p>
+
+<p>For all this it is indebted to the judicious and thoughtful care and
+exalted statesmanship of the President of the United States, his cabinet
+and advisers, and the members of the Forty-seventh Congress, who,
+without one breath of criticism, or one moment of delay, after they came
+to fully understand the subject and comprehend its purposes and object,
+granted all that was then asked of them, in the adhesion to the
+treaties, in the recognition of the National Association, and the
+provisions for printing and disseminating a knowledge of its principles
+and practical work.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps no act of this age or country has reflected more credit abroad
+upon those specially active in it, than this simple and beneficent
+measure. It must, in its great and humane principles, its far-reaching
+philanthropy, its innovations upon the long established and accepted
+customs and rules of barbaric cruelty, its wise practical charity, stand
+forever next to the immortal proclamation of freedom to the slaves that
+crowns the name of Abraham Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>Special thanks are peculiarly due to those who have been its active,
+wise and unwavering friends, who have planned its course so truly, and
+set forth its purposes so clearly, that it will hereafter be
+misunderstood only by those who are unwilling to learn, or who are
+actively hostile to its beneficent aims.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps at the risk of seeming invidious&mdash;for we would by no means
+ignore, and have no less gratitude for the legion of generous helpers we
+cannot name&mdash;we might state that among those who have been foremost to
+aid and encourage us have been the Hon. Omar D. Conger, of Michigan,
+who, first in the House, and afterward in the Senate, has been
+conspicuous for persistent and courageous work; also, Hon. William
+Windom, of Minnesota, Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, who
+was first to investigate and take the matter up as a member of President
+Garfield’s cabinet; Senator E.P. Lapham, of New York, who has spared
+neither time nor thought, patience nor labor, in his legal
+investigations of the whole matter; and probably no person has done more
+than he to throw light upon obscure parts and point out the true and
+proper course to be pursued in the accomplishment of the work, and the
+acceptance of the treaty. Senators Morgan,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_89" title="89"></a> of Alabama; Edmunds, of
+Vermont; Hawley, of Connecticut; Anthony, of Rhode Island; Hoar, of
+Massachusetts, all accorded to it their willing interest and aid.
+Indeed, all sections and parties have seemed eager to help the Red
+Cross; a result that might, perhaps, have been anticipated, since it
+asks only an opportunity to faithfully work according to methods
+approved by thoughtful experience, and toward ends that all humane
+persons must approve.</p>
+
+<p>To the American newspaper press, and perhaps to the New York <cite>Herald</cite>
+more than to any other newspaper, through its international character,
+wonderful enterprise, and far-reaching circulation, the Red Cross is
+indebted for timely aid and noble furtherance of its objects and aims.
+It has been quick to discern their substantial character, and generous
+and full in commending them. Still, the same difficulty confronts us in
+regard to publications as persons&mdash;where all have been so willing it is
+difficult to distinguish. Not less than three hundred periodicals and
+papers have, within the last two years, laid upon our desk their
+graceful tribute of encouraging and fitly spoken words, and it has been
+given as an estimate of an experienced city editor, gathered through his
+exchanges, that over five hundred editorial notices were given of our
+little Red Cross book of last year, and these, invariably, so far as met
+our eyes, kindly approving and encouraging. The capacity of the Red
+Cross to carry on most wisely and well its beneficent work must in the
+future, as it has done in the past, depend largely upon the active and
+cordial co-operation of the newspaper press; and we do not doubt that it
+will continue to receive the same prompt and efficient assistance so
+long as it shall continue to deserve it.</p>
+
+<p>By the combined assistance of all these powerful friends of the Red
+Cross, the country has at last been rescued from the position in which
+it had been standing for the last seventeen years&mdash;a puzzling wonder to
+its admiring friends, a baffling enigma to all, treating its enemies
+subdued with romantic generosity, and its enemies taken captive in war
+with all the tenderness of friends, and yet, clinging, apparently with
+intense fierceness, to an unsocial isolation, to savage rules and
+regulations of war that only barbarians would ever wish to practice,
+pouring out its beneficence in astonishing prodigality, and in untold
+volume, variety and value upon strangers, and yet seemingly hesitating
+only when it was proposed by international law and system to use and not
+waste its magnificent voluntary offerings, but to entrust them all to
+responsible agents, trained in the very torrent and tempest of battle,
+to wisely<a class="pagenum" id="Page_90" title="90"></a> apply this generosity to the great and awful needs of
+war&mdash;agents held to business rules, with calm accountability amid
+distraction and panic, trained to protect material, to give and take
+receipts, and at last to account faithfully for everything entrusted to
+them, like the officers of a well-regulated bank.</p>
+
+<p>The final adhesion of the United States to the treaty of the Red Cross
+has created a lively sense of satisfaction in all its affiliated
+societies wherever, throughout the world, its beneficent work is carried
+on; particularly, by the International Committee of Geneva, has this
+wise and simple act of beneficence and common sense and common humanity
+been regarded with sentiments of gratitude and renewed hope. The
+American National Association has received the following expression of
+the sentiments of the noble and philanthropic president of the
+International Committee, written upon the receipt from the United States
+of the official documents of recognition:</p>
+
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="dateline indent5"><span class="smcap">Comite International de Secours</span><br />
+   <span class="smcap indent10">Aux Militaires Blesses</span>,<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Geneva</span>, <em>September 6, 1882</em>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>, <em>Washington, D.C.</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mademoiselle</span>: I come to thank and congratulate you cordially upon
+  your new success. I have read your letters of the 11th and 14th with
+  the most lively interest, and I have also received, through the
+  medium of the United States consul at Geneva, all the official
+  documents which you have announced to me.</p>
+
+<p>The position of your society is now entirely (<em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tout á fait</em>)
+  correct, and nothing more opposes itself; so that by a circular we
+  can now make it known to the societies of other countries. I am
+  already occupied in the preparation of this document, but I am
+  obliged to leave for Turin, where I go to attend the reunion of the
+  International Institute of Law, and it will not be until my return,
+  say about the twentieth of September, that I can press the printing
+  of the circular. In any case, it will be ready before the end of the
+  month.</p>
+
+<p>Accept, mademoiselle, the assurance of my distinguished sentiments.</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">G. Moynier</span>, <em>President</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The circular alluded to in this letter of M. Moynier announces the
+adhesion of the United States to the great international compact of the
+Red Cross, and authenticates and opens the way for the voluntary action
+of the people and the government in international humanitarian action,
+through the medium of the American Association of the Red Cross, and is
+in the following terms:</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<div class="quote">
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_91" title="91"></a><span class="bulletin">INTERNATIONAL CIRCULAR.</span><br />
+INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE. FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF THE RED CROSS.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Fiftieth Circular to the Presidents and Members of the National Central
+Committees.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="dateline"><span class="smcap">Geneva</span>, <em>September 2, 1882</em>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>: When on the twenty-third of August, 1876, we announced to
+  you by our thirty-fourth circular, that the American society for aid
+  to the wounded had had only an ephemeral existence, and had finished
+  by dissolution, we still entertained the hope of seeing it revive,
+  and we asked the friends of the Red Cross to labor with us for its
+  resuscitation.</p>
+
+<p>To-day we have the great satisfaction of being able to tell you that
+  this appeal has been heard, and that the United States is again
+  linked anew to the chain of our societies.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless it is not the old association which has returned to
+  life. That which we present to you at this time has a special origin
+  upon which we ought to give you some details.</p>
+
+<p>Its whole history is associated with a name already known to you,
+  that of Miss Clara Barton. Without the energy and perseverance of
+  this remarkable woman we should probably not for a long time have
+  had the pleasure of seeing the Red Cross revived in the United
+  States. We will not repeat here what we have said elsewhere of the
+  claims of Miss Barton to our gratitude, and we will confine
+  ourselves to mentioning what she has done to reconstruct a Red Cross
+  society in North America.</p>
+
+<p>After having prepared the ground by divers publications, she called
+  together a great meeting at Washington on the twenty-first of May,
+  1881; then a second, on the ninth of June, at which the existence of
+  the society was solemnly set forth. On the same day President
+  Garfield nominated Miss Barton as president of this institution.</p>
+
+<p>The International Committee would have desired from that time to
+  have given notice of the event to all the central committees, but
+  certain scruples restrained it.</p>
+
+<p>Remembering that the first American society had been rendered
+  powerless by the distinct refusal of the cabinet at Washington to
+  adhere to the Geneva Convention, it took precaution and declared it
+  would wait, before recognizing the young society, until the
+  government should have regularly signed the treaty of 1864. Miss
+  Barton, understanding the special propriety of this requirement,
+  redoubled her efforts to attain this end, and we know that on the
+  first of March she gained a complete victory upon this point.</p>
+
+<p>There remained another question with respect to which the
+  International Committee did not feel itself sufficiently informed.
+  Just how far was the American Government disposed to accept the
+  services of this society? We have often said, and we repeat it, that
+  a society which would be exposed, for the want of a previous
+  understanding, to find itself forbidden access to its own army in
+  case of war, would be at fault fundamentally, and would not be
+  qualified to take its place in the International concert. Further
+  upon this point Miss Barton and the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_92" title="92"></a> members of the American Central
+  Committee, sought to enter into our views. They conferred with the
+  competent authorities. The desired recognition was very difficult to
+  obtain, for it was contrary to American customs and traditions. It
+  was, nevertheless, accomplished after considerable discussion. On
+  this point Miss Barton has stated to us that the government, in
+  acquiescing in the decision which had been expressed, was entering
+  upon a path altogether new, and that the official recognition of the
+  Red Cross Society was for the latter a very exceptional honor.</p>
+
+<p>Certain documents resulted therefrom which have been communicated to
+  us directly by the Secretary of State, at Washington, showing:</p>
+
+<p>1st. That the American Association of the Red Cross has been legally
+  constituted by an Act of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>2d. That President Arthur has declared himself in full sympathy with
+  the work, and very willingly has accepted the presidency of the
+  Board of Consultation.</p>
+
+<p>3d. That the principal members of the cabinet have consented to
+  become members of a board of trustees, empowered to receive
+  subscriptions and to hold the funds for the society.</p>
+
+<p>4th. Finally, that Congress unanimously, without discussion or
+  opposition, has voted a sum of one thousand dollars, to be expended
+  by the government in printed matter, designed to inform the people
+  of the United States of the organization of the Red Cross. The
+  initiation of this last measure was not the work of the society but
+  of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; consequently it
+  bears witness to the spontaneous impulse with which the Houses of
+  Congress came into accord with the views of Miss Barton.</p>
+
+<p>We must add that the International Committee attaches so much the
+  more importance to the fact that this society took an official
+  position, because there was created, at nearly the same time in the
+  United States, two other institutions, claiming to pursue a similar
+  object, but of which the Committee of Geneva is absolutely ignorant.
+  One, called “The Woman’s National Relief Association,” which
+  concerns itself with all public calamities, among other things with
+  the calamities of war, but more especially with shipwrecks, and has
+  for its distinctive emblem a blue anchor; the other has taken the
+  name of “The Order of the Red Cross.” Dr. James Saunders is the
+  president of it, with the title “Supreme Commander.” This order
+  proposes to organize more or less in a military way and appears
+  desirous of imitating the orders of chivalry in ancient times.</p>
+
+<p>The American Central Committee of the Red Cross has its seat at
+  Washington, but has already founded branches in other localities, at
+  Dansville, Rochester, Syracuse, etc. Soon, doubtless, cities of the
+  first class will also take their turn.</p>
+
+<p>We will give in our next bulletin the complete text of the
+  constitution and by-laws of the American society, which, as will be
+  seen, has not believed it ought to limit its program to assistance
+  in case of war, but has comprised within it, in conformity with a
+  suggestion of the conference at Berlin, the other great calamities
+  which might befall the country and its inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>As for ourselves, we have greeted with joy the addition of the
+  United States to the countries already enrolled under the Red Cross;
+  it is for our work an important and long desired reinforcement, and
+  we doubt not our impressions in this regard will be shared by the
+  twenty-eight central committees to which we address these lines.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_93" title="93"></a>We also hope that next year some representatives of the American
+  society will cross the Atlantic in order to fraternize with the
+  delegates of the other nations, who will certainly be happy to meet
+  them at the conference at Vienna.</p>
+
+<p>Receive, gentlemen, the assurances of our distinguished
+  consideration.</p>
+
+<p>For the International Committee of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">President: <span class="smcap">G. Moynier</span>.</p>
+<p>Secretary: <span class="smcap">G. Ador</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The foregoing pages deal only with the official history of the Red Cross
+and its inauguration in this country, closing with the accession of the
+United States to the Treaty and its promulgation in 1882. The original
+formation of the Red Cross was had previous to the adoption of the
+Treaty by the government, and, indeed, primarily for that very purpose.
+That was the corner-stone upon which rested the entire structure of the
+Red Cross in America at that date, and constituted almost entirely the
+work undertaken by it to perform.</p>
+
+<p>During the first ten years of the existence of the organization it had
+accomplished all that had been promised, and a great deal more; and had
+proved the utility of its work on almost continuous fields of national
+calamity of the character defined in the “American Amendment” to the
+Treaty. But the American government had not given the Red Cross the
+official recognition that it desired and was entitled to; and it could
+not take its appropriate place by the government of which it was so
+eminently a part. As long as government provides for war, so long must
+it recognize its adopted twin sister of peace, the Red Cross; as long as
+it finds it necessary to deliberately mutilate men, so long should it
+take part in healing them.</p>
+
+<p>In order to strengthen the organization, and make its influence more
+widely felt, the members decided to adopt a plan that would enable them
+to work on a somewhat broader basis; accordingly, on April 17, 1893, the
+Red Cross was reincorporated and has continued its labors up to the
+present time under the provisions of the instrument a copy of which
+follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_94" title="94"></a>THE RE-INCORPORATION OF THE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Certificate of Incorporation of the American National Red Cross.</span></h4>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Know all men by these presents, that we, Clara Barton, Julian B.
+  Hubbell, Stephen E. Barton, Peter V. DeGraw and George Kennan, all
+  being persons of full age, citizens of the United States, and a
+  majority residents of the District of Columbia, being desirous of
+  forming an association to carry on the benevolent and humane work of
+  “The Red Cross” in accordance with the Articles of the International
+  Treaty of Geneva, Switzerland, entered into on the twenty-second day
+  of August, 1864, and adopted by the Government of the United States
+  on the first day of March, 1882, and also in accordance with the
+  broader scope given to the humane work of said treaty by “The
+  American Association of the Red Cross,” and known as “The American
+  Amendment,” whereby the suffering incident to great floods, famines,
+  epidemics, conflagrations, cyclones, or other disasters of national
+  magnitude, may be ameliorated by the administering of necessary
+  relief; and being desirous of continuing the noble work heretofore
+  performed by “The American Association of the Red Cross,”
+  incorporated in the District of Columbia for the purpose of securing
+  the adoption of the said Treaty of Geneva by the United States, for
+  benevolent and charitable purposes, and to co-operate with the
+  Comite International de Secours aux Militaires Blesses.</p>
+
+<p>Now, therefore, for the purpose of creating ourselves, our
+  associates and successors, a body politic and corporate in name and
+  in fact, we do hereby associate ourselves together under and by
+  virtue of sections 545, 546, 547, 548, 549 and 550 of the Revised
+  Statutes of the United States relating to the District of Columbia,
+  as amended and in force at this time; and do make, sign and
+  acknowledge this Certificate of Incorporation, as follows, to wit:</p>
+
+<p><em>First.</em>&mdash;The name by which this association shall be known in law
+  is: “The American National Red Cross.”</p>
+
+<p><em>Second.</em>&mdash;The principal office of the association shall be in the
+  City of Washington, District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p><em>Third.</em>&mdash;The term of its existence shall be fifty years from the
+  date of this certificate.</p>
+
+<p><em>Fourth.</em>&mdash;The objects of this association shall be, in addition to
+  the purposes set forth in the above preamble, as follows, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>1. To garner the store materials, articles, supplies, moneys, or
+  property of whatsoever name or nature, and to maintain a system of
+  national relief and administer the same in the mitigation of human
+  suffering incident to war, pestilence, famine, flood, or other
+  calamities.</p>
+
+<p>2. To hold itself in readiness for communicating and co-operating
+  with the Government of the United States, or any Department thereof,
+  or with the “Comite International de Secours aux Militaires
+  Blesses,” of Geneva, Switzerland, to the end that the merciful
+  provisions of the said “International Treaty of Geneva” may be more
+  wisely and effectually carried out.</p>
+
+<p>3. To collect and diffuse information concerning the progress and
+  application of mercy, the organization of national relief, the
+  advancement of sanitary science and the training and preparation of
+  nurses or others necessary in the application of such work.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_95" title="95"></a>4. To carry on and transact any business, consistent with law, that
+  may be necessary or desirable in the fulfillment of any or all of
+  the objects and purposes hereinbefore set forth.</p>
+
+<p>5. The affairs and funds of the corporation shall be controlled and
+  managed by a Board of Directors, and the number of the directors for
+  the first year of the corporation’s existence, and until their
+  successors are lawfully elected and qualified, is five, and their
+  names and addresses are as follows, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>Clara Barton, Washington, D.C.; Peter V. DeGraw, Washington, D.C.;
+  Dr. Julian B. Hubbell, Washington, D.C.; Dr. Joseph Gardner,
+  Bedford, Ind., and Stephen E. Barton, Newtonville, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>The names and addresses of the full membership of the association,
+  who shall be designated as charter members, are as follows, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>Clara Barton, Washington, D.C.; Hon. William Lawrence,
+  Bellefontaine, Ohio; Peter V. DeGraw, Washington, D.C.; George
+  Kennan, Washington, D.C.; Dr. Julian B. Hubbell, Washington, D.C.;
+  Colonel Richard J. Hinton, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Henry V. Boynton,
+  Washington, D.C.; Rev. Rush R. Shippen, Washington, D.C.; Rev.
+  Alexander Kent, Washington, D.C.; Rev. William Merritt Ferguson,
+  Washington, D.C.; General Edward W. Whitaker, Washington, D.C.;
+  Joseph E. Holmes, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Peter V. DeGraw,
+  Washington, D.C.; Mrs. George Kennan, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. R.
+  Delavan Mussey, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Omar D. Conger, Washington,
+  D.C.; A.S. Solomons, Washington, D.C.; Walter P. Phillips; New York,
+  N.Y.; Joseph Sheldon, New Haven, Conn.; John H. Van Wormer, New
+  York, N.Y.; Albert C. Phillips, New York, N.Y.; Mrs. Walter P.
+  Phillips, New York, N.Y.; Mrs. Joseph Gardner, Bedford, Ind.; Dr.
+  Joseph Gardner, Bedford, Ind.; Miss Mary E. Almon, Newport, R.I.;
+  Dr. Lucy Hall-Brown, Brooklyn, N.Y.; John H. Morlan, Bedford, Ind.,
+  and Stephen E. Barton, Newtonville, Mass. But the corporation shall
+  have power to increase its membership in accordance with by-laws to
+  be adopted.</p>
+
+<p>In witness whereof, we have hereto subscribed our names and affixed
+  our seals in triplicate, at the City of Washington, District of
+  Columbia, this seventeenth day of April, A.D. 1893.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pad5">Witness:</span></p>
+
+<div class="column-container">
+  <div class="column">
+    <div><span class="smcap">Stephen E. Barton</span>,</div>
+    <div><span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>,</div>
+    <div><span class="smcap">Julian B. Hubbell</span>,</div>
+    <div><span class="smcap">P.V. DeGraw</span>.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="column">
+    <div><span class="smcap">George Kennan</span>,</div>
+    <div><span class="smcap">S.G. Hopkins</span>,</div>
+    <div><span class="smcap">F.H. Smith</span>,</div>
+    <div>&nbsp;</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="column">
+    <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align:middle">
+       <img src="images/vrbracket_10x60.jpg" width="10" height="60" alt="" />
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="column">
+    <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align:middle">
+      (Seal.)
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>I, S.G. Hopkins, a Notary Public in and for the said District of
+  Columbia, do hereby certify that Clara Barton, Julian B. Hubbell,
+  Stephen E. Barton, P.V. DeGraw and George Kennan, whose names are
+  signed to the foregoing and annexed “Certificate of Incorporation of
+  the American National Red Cross” bearing date of April 17, A.D.
+  1893, personally appeared before me, in the said District of
+  Columbia, the said Clara Barton, Julian B. Hubbell, Stephen E.
+  Barton, P.V. DeGraw and George Kennan, being personally well known
+  to me as the persons who executed the said certificate, and each and
+  all acknowledged the same to be his, her and their act and deed for
+  the purpose therein mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Given under my hand and official seal, this seventeenth day of
+  April, A.D. 1893.</p>
+
+  <p>(Signed.)<br />
+  <span class="pad50"><span class="smcap">S.G. Hopkins</span>, <em>Notary Public</em>.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_96" title="96"></a>Immediately following our accession to the Treaty of Geneva, March 1,
+1882, the president of the Red Cross was asked by the Committee on
+Foreign Relations of the Senate, to prepare a history of the Red Cross
+for publication by them through the government printing office. This was
+done, and a book of two hundred and twenty-seven pages was issued,
+giving an account of the origin of the organization, the steps by which
+it became a treaty, of our own initiation, and not only the exact text
+by which our accession was made, but that of every other nation within
+the treaty up to that time, 1882.</p>
+
+<p>A bill for a reprint by Congress of fifty thousand copies of this book
+was lost in the session of 1898 through lack of time.</p>
+
+<p>No consecutive book has been published by us since that date, but the
+history has been perhaps even more fully told, and that scores of times,
+in public addresses which its president and assistants have been called
+to make before great assemblies, selections from some of which will
+appear in this volume, as the fullest information given in the most
+compact manner that we can render in the short space of time allotted
+us.</p>
+
+<p>The very title of the organization, viz.: “Relief in War,” has been a
+misnomer, and through all the early years especially was very generally
+misunderstood by the public. I have not unfrequently been invited and
+innocently urged to attend peace meetings and large charity gatherings
+for the poor and afflicted on the ground of needing instruction myself;
+inasmuch as I “was engaged in advocating war, wouldn’t it be well to
+hear something on the other side?” And I have been invited to become
+party to a discussion in which the merits of peace and war should be
+compared.</p>
+
+<p>Large organizations of women, the best in the country, and, I believe,
+the best in the world, have faithfully labored with me to merge the Red
+Cross into their society as a part of woman’s work; without the smallest
+conception or realization of its scope, its international character, its
+treaty obligations, and the official ground it was liable at any time to
+be called to occupy.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_97" title="97"></a>Many charming invitations, from ladies even more charming, to address
+their convention or meeting, have still contained some well chosen word
+which might imply a question, if indeed the Red Cross really were the
+humane and philanthropic institution it claimed to be; naturally the
+address usually dealt with the question as it was put.</p>
+
+<p>I name these facts as mere relics of the past, amusing now, but
+instructive to you of the present day (when no child even questions the
+motives of the Red Cross), as showing what it had to meet and live
+through in order to live at all.</p>
+
+<p>In order to show the enthusiastic devotees of the present year how
+questionable the beneficence of the Red Cross appeared to the best
+people only a few years ago, I introduce the following address, read, by
+request, before a congress of women, 1895 or 1896, hoping that the
+charitably disposed reader will understand and appreciate the state of
+mind engendered by the title of the request made, and forgive any
+seeming acerbity:</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="subtitle">ADDRESS.</span><br />
+WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RED CROSS IN ITS RELATION TO
+PHILANTHROPY?</h3>
+
+<p>I am asked to say something upon the “Significance of the Red Cross in
+its Relation to Philanthropy.” I am not sure that I understand precisely
+what is desired.</p>
+
+<p>If a morning paper should announce that three or four of the greatest
+political bosses or greatest railroad kings in the country had quietly
+met somewhere, and sat with closed doors till long after midnight, and
+then silently departed, people would ask, “What is the significance of
+that? What mischief have they been devising in secret?” In that sense of
+the word, <em>significance</em>&mdash;which is a very common one&mdash;the Red Cross has
+none that I ever heard of. It has no rich offices to bestow, no
+favorites to reward, no enemies to punish. It has no secrets to keep, no
+mystic word or sign. Its proceedings would, and do, make a valuable
+library, accessible to all men and all women from Norway to New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>I will not say that it is so simple and common in character that he who
+runs may read, but surely she who desires information can sit down, read
+and obtain it. The Red Cross has been quietly doing its<a class="pagenum" id="Page_98" title="98"></a> work for thirty
+years and is now established in forty independent nations. No other
+institution on earth, not even Christianity, has a public recognition so
+nearly universal. None has ever adhered more closely to its one single
+purpose of alleviating human suffering. Has that any significance or any
+connection with philanthropy? Let us see.</p>
+
+<p>An institution or reform movement that is not selfish, must originate in
+the recognition of some evil that is adding to the sum of human
+suffering, or diminishing the sum of happiness. I suppose it is a
+philanthropic movement to try to reverse the process. Christianity,
+temperance and sanitary regulations in general are examples. Great evils
+die hard; and all that has yet been done is to keep them within as
+narrow limits as possible. Of these great evils, war is one. War is in
+its very nature cruel&mdash;the very embodiment of cruelty in its
+effects&mdash;not necessarily in the hearts of the combatants. Baron Macaulay
+thought it not a mitigation but an aggravation of the evil, that men of
+tender culture and humane feelings, with no ill will, should stand up
+and kill each other. But men do not go to war to save life. They might
+save life by keeping the peace and staying at home. They go solely with
+intent to inflict so much pain, loss and disaster on the enemy that he
+will yield to their terms. All their powers to hurt are focused upon
+him.</p>
+
+<p>In a moving army the elements of destruction, armed men and munitions of
+war, have the right of way; and the means of preserving and sustaining
+even their own lives are left to bring up the rear as they best can.
+Hence, when the shock and crash of battle is over, and troops are
+advancing or retreating and all roads are blocked, and the medical staff
+trying to force its way through with supplies, prompt and adequate
+relief can scarcely ever reach the wounded. The darkness of night comes
+down upon them like a funeral pall, as they lie in their blood, tortured
+with thirst and traumatic fever. The memory of such scenes set a kindly
+Swiss gentleman to thinking of ways and means for alleviating their
+horrors. In time, and by efforts whose history must be familiar to many
+of you, there resulted the Geneva Convention for the relief of the sick
+and wounded of armies. I shall not trace its history, as it seems to be
+more to the present purpose to explain briefly what it proposed to do,
+and how it proceeded to do it.</p>
+
+<p>The convention found two prime evils to consider. First, the existence
+of war itself; second, the vast amount of needless cruelty it inflicted
+upon its victims. For the first of these, with the world full<a class="pagenum" id="Page_99" title="99"></a> of
+standing armies, every boundary line of nations fixed and held by the
+sword, and the traditions of four thousand years behind its customs, the
+framers of the convention, however earnest and devoted, could scarcely
+hope to find an immediate, if indeed, a perceptible mitigation. Only
+time, prolonged effort, national economics, universal progress and the
+pressure of public opinion could ever hope to grapple with this monster
+evil of the ages.</p>
+
+<p>But the second&mdash;if it were not possible to dispense with the needless
+cruelties heretofore inflicted upon the victims of war, thus relieving
+human misery to that extent, seemed to the framers of the convention a
+reasonable question to be considered. This is what it proposed to do. A
+few sentences will explain how it proceeded to do it.</p>
+
+<p>A convention was called at Geneva, Switzerland, for the fourth of
+August, 1864, to be composed of delegates accredited by the heads of the
+governments of the world, who should discuss the practices of war and
+ascertain to what extent the restraints of the established military code
+in its dealing with the sick and wounded of armies were needful for the
+benefit of the service; and to what extent they were needless, of
+benefit to no one, causing only suffering, of no strength to the
+service, and might be done away with; and to what extent war-making
+powers could agree to enter into a legal compact to that end. The
+consideration, discussion and concessions of two weeks produced a
+proposed agreement which took the form of a compound treaty, viz: A
+treaty of one government with many governments&mdash;the first ever made&mdash;a
+compact known as the Treaty of Geneva, for the relief of the sick and
+wounded in war.</p>
+
+<p>Its basis was neutrality. It made neutral all sick, wounded, or disabled
+soldiers at a field; all persons, as surgeons, nurses and attendants,
+who cared for them; all supplies of medicine or food for their use; all
+field and military hospitals with their equipments; all gifts from
+neutral nations for the use of the sick and wounded of any army; all
+houses near a battlefield that would receive and nurse wounded men: none
+of these should be subject to capture. It provided for the sending of
+wounded men to their homes, rather than to prison; that friend and foe
+should be nursed together and alike in all military hospitals; and, most
+of all, that the people who had always been forcibly restrained from
+approaching any field of action for purposes of relief, however needed
+(with the single exception of our Sanitary Commission, and that under
+great difficulties and often under protest) should not only be allowed
+this privilege, but should arm and equip themselves<a class="pagenum" id="Page_100" title="100"></a> with relief of all
+kinds, with the right to enter the lines for the helpless; thus
+relieving not alone the wounded and dying, but the armies of their care.</p>
+
+<p>It provided a universal sign by which all this relief, both of persons
+and material, should be designated and known. A Greek red cross on a
+field of white should tell any soldier of any country within the treaty
+that the wearer was his friend and could be trusted; and to any officer
+of any army that he was legitimately there and not subject to capture.</p>
+
+<p>Some forty nations are in that treaty, and from every military hospital
+in every one of these nations floats the same flag; and every active
+soldier in all their armies knows that he can neither capture nor harm
+the shelter beneath it, though it be but a little “A” tent in the
+enemy’s lines, and every disabled man knows it is his rescue and his
+home.</p>
+
+<p>It may be interesting to know the formula of this compact. It recognizes
+one head, the International Committee of Geneva, Switzerland, through
+which all communications are made. One national head in each country
+which receives such communications, transmitting them to its government.
+The ratifying power of the treaty is the Congress of Berne. The
+organization in each nation receives from its government its high moral
+sanction and recognition, but is in no way supported or materially aided
+by it. <i>The Red Cross means not national aid for the needs of the
+people, but the people’s aid for the needs of the nation.</i> The awakening
+patriotism of the last few years should, I think, make this feature more
+readily apprehended.</p>
+
+<p>As the foreign nations furnish the only illustrations of the value and
+material aid of the Red Cross in war, let us glance at what it has
+accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>The first important war after the birth of the Treaty of Geneva, was
+between Germany, Italy and Austria. Austria had not, at that time,
+entered the treaty, and yet its objects were understood and its spirit
+found a responsive chord in the hearts of the people. Over $400,000,
+beside a great amount of material, were collected by that country, and
+made use of for the relief of the combatants. Italy was fairly well
+organized and rendered excellent service, furnishing much substantial
+assistance. Germany, which was in the vanguard of the treaty nations,
+was thoroughly organized and equipped. She was the first to demonstrate
+the true idea of the Red Cross&mdash;people’s aid for national, for military,
+necessity. Great storehouses had been provided at central points, where
+vast supplies were collected. In an<a class="pagenum" id="Page_101" title="101"></a> incredibly short time, between
+$3,000,000 and $4,000,000 were raised for relief purposes, and large
+numbers of volunteers came to help the already organized corps of
+workers. Great trains of supplies were sent to the front. The wounded
+enemy was tenderly cared for, and everything was accomplished so well
+and so systematically, that it proved the incalculable value of
+organized, authorized, civil aid. French and Swiss Red Cross workers
+also rendered great assistance, this being the first instance of
+neutrals taking an active part.</p>
+
+<p>In the Franco-Prussian War the German Red Cross performed even better
+service, it having learned many valuable lessons in the German-Austrian
+conflict, and through their efforts an infinite amount of good was
+accomplished and great suffering averted. Not only were the wounded and
+sick soldiers tenderly cared for, but the unprovided families of
+soldiers were also supplied. The French Red Cross at the breaking out of
+the war was poorly organized and penniless. Within one month, however,
+hospitals had been established, ambulances and a large amount of field
+supplies were at the front, with a considerable relief force to care for
+the sick and wounded. The French Association, not including the branches
+in the provinces, spent over $2,000,000 and assisted 110,000 wounded.
+Many neutral Red Cross nations assisted in rendering aid and relief in
+this great war. England alone sent a million and a half dollars, besides
+twelve hundred cases of stores. Eighty-five thousand sick, wounded and
+famishing French soldiers entered Switzerland, and were cared for by the
+Central Committee at Berne. The International Committee at Geneva, in
+one instance, asked for and obtained 2500 seriously wounded French
+soldiers, supplied their wants, and sent them to their own country.</p>
+
+<p>In the great Russo-Turkish War, the Red Cross of Russia, splendidly
+equipped, with ample means and royal patronage, was, at the beginning of
+hostilities, greatly hampered by the jealousy of the military. The
+relief organizations were assigned places well in the rear; but ere many
+months had passed the military surgeons gladly accepted the Red Cross
+aid, and colossal work did it perform. Over $13,000,000 were raised, and
+all that was necessary spent in supplying relief. The neutral Red Cross
+countries furnished valuable assistance in this war also.</p>
+
+<p>In the recent war between Japan and China, you undoubtedly read of the
+wonderful work performed by the Japanese Red Cross. This society
+followed the precedent of Germany, in tenderly caring for the wounded
+enemy, even though fighting against a nation not in the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_102" title="102"></a> treaty. Japan
+had a cruel, merciless enemy to fight, and yet her soldiers were
+instructed to have respect even for a dead enemy.</p>
+
+<p>It is needless to give further illustrations; history records the
+wonderful achievements of this greatest of relief organizations, though
+it cannot record the untold suffering which has been averted by it.</p>
+
+<p>Is the Red Cross a humanitarian organization? What is the significance
+of the Red Cross? I leave these two questions for you to answer.</p>
+
+<p>But war, although the most tragic, is not the only evil that assails
+humanity. War has occurred in the United States four times in one
+hundred and twenty years. Four times its men have armed and marched, and
+its women waited and wept. That is on an average of one war every thirty
+years. It is now a little over thirty years since the last hostile gun
+was fired; we fondly hope it may be many years before there is another.
+A machine, even a human machine, called into active service only once in
+thirty years is liable to get out of working order; hence to keep it in
+condition for use, no less than for the possible good it might do, the
+American Society of the Red Cross asked to have included in its charter
+the privilege of rendering such aid as it could in great public
+calamities, as fires, floods, cyclones, famines and pestilence.</p>
+
+<p>In a time of profound peace that has been the only possible field of
+activity. It is not for me to say whether that field has been
+successfully cultivated, but a few of the facts will determine whether
+the innovation upon the treaty will commend itself to your judgment, as
+it has to those of the older societies of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally it required not only diplomacy but arguments to obtain a
+privilege never before officially considered in the unbroken customs of
+an international treaty. They must be submitted to a foreign congress.
+The same argument pertained fifteen years ago that pertains to-day,
+namely, that in all our vast territory, subject to incalculable
+disasters, with all our charitable, humane and benevolent associations,
+there was not one which had for its object and duty to hold itself in
+preparation and training to meet and relieve the woes of these
+overmastering disasters. All would gladly aid, but there were none to
+lead. Everybody’s business was nobody’s business, and the stricken
+victims perished.</p>
+
+<p>We asked that under the Red Cross Constitution of the United States its
+national organization should be permitted to act in the capacity of Red
+Cross relief agents, treating a national disaster like a field of
+battle, proceed to it at once with experienced help, equipped with<a class="pagenum" id="Page_103" title="103"></a> all
+the needful supplies and means to commence relief, overlook and learn
+the needs of the field, make immediate statements of the true condition
+and wants to the people of the country, who, knowing the presence of the
+Red Cross there, could, if desirable, make it the medium of their
+contributions for relief either in money or material. To relieve the
+necessities in every way possible, keep the people at large in
+possession of reliable information, hold the field until relief has been
+given, and retire when all needed aid has been rendered. This privilege
+was graciously granted by the ratifying Congress at Berne, and is known
+as the “American amendment” of the Red Cross. Nations since that date,
+on becoming signatory to the treaty, have included that amendment in
+their charters.</p>
+
+<p>This is the principle upon which we have acted. The affording of relief
+to the victims of great disasters anywhere in the United States, is what
+the National Red Cross has proceeded to do, and it has confined itself
+strictly to its privileges, acting only in disasters so great as to be
+national. It never asks aid; never makes an appeal; it simply makes
+statements of the real condition of the sufferers, leaving the people
+free to exercise their own humanity through any medium they may prefer.</p>
+
+<p>In the thirteen years of relief work by the Red Cross in the United
+States, every dollar and every pound that has been received and
+distributed by it, has been the free-will offering of the people, given
+for humanity without solicitation, and dispensed without reward. It has
+received nothing from the government. No fund has been created for it.
+No contributions have been made except those to be distributed as relief
+at its fields. Its officers serve without pay. There is not, nor ever
+was, a salaried officer in it, and even its headquarters meets its own
+costs. Among the various appropriations made by Congress for relief of
+calamities in the past years, as in great river floods, not a dollar so
+appropriated has ever been applied through the Red Cross, although
+working on the same field. I name these facts, not by way of complaint,
+or even comment, but to correct popular errors of belief, which I know
+you would prefer to have corrected. True to its method, this is simply a
+statement of the real condition of things, and left to the choice of the
+people&mdash;the Red Cross itself is theirs, created for them, and it is
+peculiarly their privilege to deal with it as they will.</p>
+
+<p>The following list of calamities with the approximate value of material
+furnished, as well as money, will give you some appreciation of the
+services rendered in the cause of humanity by the American<a class="pagenum" id="Page_104" title="104"></a> National Red
+Cross. Limit of time and space forbids even an attempt at description of
+its various fields. I can only name the most important, with estimated
+values distributed on each:</p>
+
+<table summary="Value of materials furnished">
+<tr><td class="hang">Michigan Forest Fires, 1881, material and money</td><td class="tdr">$ 80,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Mississippi Floods, 1882, money and seeds</td><td class="tdr">8,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Mississippi Floods, 1883, material and seeds</td><td class="tdr">18,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Mississippi Cyclone, 1883, money</td><td class="tdr">1,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Balkan War, 1883, money</td><td class="tdr">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Ohio and Mississippi Floods, 1884, feed for stock and
+    people, clothing, tools, house furnishings</td><td class="tdr">175,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Texas Famine, 1885, appropriations and contributions on
+    statements made upon personal investigation</td><td class="tdr">120,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Charleston Earthquake, 1886, money</td><td class="tdr">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Mt Vernon, Ill., Cyclone, 1888, money and supplies</td><td class="tdr">85,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Florida Yellow Fever, 1888, physicians and nurse</td><td class="tdr">15,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Johnstown Disaster, 1889, money and all kinds of material,
+    buildings and furnishings</td><td class="tdr">250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Russian Famine, 1891-92, mainly food</td><td class="tdr">125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">Pomeroy, Iowa, Cyclone, 1893, money and nurses</td><td class="tdr">2,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="hang">South Carolina Islands, 1893-94, money and all kinds of
+    supplies and materials, tools, seeds, lumber, etc.</td><td class="tdr bb">65,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">$946,200</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Only about one-eighth of the above estimates represent cash; the balance
+represents material.</p>
+
+<p>In each of these emergencies something has been added to the sum of
+human happiness, something subtracted from the sum of human woe; the
+naked have been clothed, the hungry fed, new homes have sprung up from
+the desolated ruins, crops revived, and activities and business
+relations resumed. In a neighboring State and its adjacent islands
+scarcely two hundred miles distant from this, could to-day be found
+several thousand human beings, living in their homes, enjoying their
+family lives, following their ordinary avocations, cultivating the
+ground, who, if asked, would unhesitatingly tell you that but for the
+help of the Red Cross, they would two years ago have been under the
+ground they now cultivate.</p>
+
+<p>If the alleviation of human miseries, the saving of life, and the
+bringing of helplessness and dependence back to methods of
+self-sustenance and independence are counted among the philanthropic
+movements of the day, then to us, who have seen so much and worked so
+long and so hard among it, it would seem that the Red<a class="pagenum" id="Page_105" title="105"></a> Cross movement
+has some “significance” in connection with philanthropy.</p>
+
+<p>There remains but one question more. To whom is this movement due? Who
+instituted it? In what minds did it originate? I wish I could say it was
+all woman’s work; but the truth compels the fact that this great, humane
+idea originated with men; the movement was instituted by them. They
+thought it out, and they wrought it out, and it was only meet and proper
+that they should, for the terrible evil that made it necessary was
+theirs as well. Women as a rule are not war-makers. For centuries the
+caprices of men have plunged the world in strife, covered the earth’s
+surface with armies, and enriched its soil with the best blood that ever
+flowed in human veins. It is only right that at length, in the cycle of
+ages, something should touch man’s heart and set him humbly down to find
+out some way of mending as much of his mischief as he could. Perhaps he
+“builded better than he knew,” for in that one effort he touched the
+spring that sooner or later will mend it all. No grander or truer
+prophecy has ever been made than uttered in that first convention: “<i>The
+Red Cross shall teach war to make war upon itself.</i>” It is the most
+practical and effective peace-maker and civilizer in the known world. It
+reaches where nothing else can. If proof of this be wanting, study the
+action of Japan in its late war.</p>
+
+<p>But is man doing this work alone? No&mdash;gladly, no! Scarcely had he made
+his first move, when the jeweled hands of royal woman glistened beside
+him, and right royally have they borne their part. Glance at the
+galaxy&mdash;the great leader and exemplar of them all, Empress Augusta of
+Germany, her illustrious daughter, the Grand Duchess of Baden, Eugenia,
+Empress Frederick, Victoria and Princess Louise of England, Margherita
+of Italy, Natalia of Servia and the entire Court of Russia, and to-day
+the present Empress of Germany, and the hard-working Empress of Japan,
+with her faithful, weary court, even now busy in the hospitals of
+convalescing Chinese. The various auxiliary societies of women of all
+the principal Red Cross nations are a pride and a glory to humanity.</p>
+
+<p>These nations have all two important features in their movement, which,
+thus far, have not been accorded to us. Their governments have
+instituted laws protecting the insignia and name of the Red Cross from
+misuse and abuse as trademarks by unscrupulous venders, and
+appropriation by false societies for dishonest purposes. This lack, and
+this alone, has thus far rendered general organization in the United<a class="pagenum" id="Page_106" title="106"></a>
+States impracticable and unsafe. For seven years the most strenuous
+efforts at protection have failed; the loss has been to the people in
+general.</p>
+
+<p>The second advantage of other nations is that citizens, the men of
+wealth in those countries, have created a Red Cross fund for its use,
+varying in amounts from a hundred thousand to several millions of
+dollars. Russia, I believe, has a fund of some three millions. It seems
+never to have occurred to our wealth-burdened men that possibly a little
+satisfaction might be gained, some good accomplished, and some credit
+done the nation by a step in that direction. It will dawn upon them some
+day, not, perhaps, in mine, but in some of yours, and then, ladies, you
+can well join hands with them, and discern more clearly than now the
+“significance of the Red Cross as related to philanthropy.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_107" title="107"></a>THE MICHIGAN FOREST FIRES.</h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i020.jpg" width="75" height="135" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">&nbsp;It may be necessary to recall to the mind of the person reading these
+pages hastily, the fact that the National Red Cross of America was
+formed nearly a year before the accession to the treaty. This was done
+by the advice of President Garfield, in order to aid as far as possible
+the accession. “Accordingly a meeting was held in Washington, D.C., May
+21, 1881, which resulted in the formation of an association to be known
+as the American National Association of the Red Cross.”</p>
+
+<p>Several years of previous illness on the part of its president had
+resulted in fixing her country home at Dansville, N.Y., the seat of the
+great Jackson and Austin Sanitarium and the acknowledged foundation of
+the hundreds of health institutions of that kind which bless the country
+to-day. The establishment of the National Red Cross in Washington had
+attracted the attention of persons outside, who, of course, knew very
+little of it; but among others, the people of Dansville, the home of the
+president, felt that if she were engaged in some public movement, they
+too might at least offer to aid. Accordingly, on her return to them in
+midsummer, they waited upon her with a request to that effect, which
+resulted in the formation of a society of the Red Cross, this being the
+first body in aid of the National Association formed in the United
+States. It is possible I cannot make that more clear than by giving an
+extract from their report of that date, which was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>In reply to your request, given through the secretary of your
+  association, that we make report to you concerning the inauguration
+  of our society, its subsequent proceedings and present condition,
+  the committee has the honor to submit the following statement:</p>
+
+<p>Dansville, Livingston County, N.Y., being the country residence of
+  Miss Clara Barton, president of the American Association of the Red
+  Cross, its citizens, desirous of paying a compliment to her, and at
+  the same time of doing an honor to themselves, conceived the idea of
+  organizing in their town the first local society of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_108" title="108"></a> the Red Cross
+  in the United States. To this end, a general preliminary meeting was
+  held in the Presbyterian Church, when the principles of the Treaty
+  of Geneva and the nature of its societies were defined in a clear
+  and practical manner by Miss Barton, who had been invited to address
+  the meeting. Shortly after, on the twenty-second of August, 1881, a
+  second meeting, for the purpose of organization, held in the
+  Lutheran Church and presided over by the pastor, Rev. Dr. Strobel,
+  was attended by the citizens generally, including nearly all the
+  religious denominations of the town, with their respective pastors.
+  The purpose of the meeting was explained by your president, a
+  constitution was presented and very largely signed, and officers
+  were elected.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we are able to announce that on the eighteenth anniversary of
+  the Treaty of Geneva, in Switzerland, August 22, 1864, was formed
+  the first local society of the Red Cross in the United States of
+  America.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Almost immediately following this occurred the memorable forest fires of
+Michigan, which raged for days, sweeping everything before them&mdash;man,
+beast, forests, farms&mdash;every living thing, until in one report made of
+it we find this sentence: “So sweeping has been the destruction that
+there is not food left in its track for a rabbit to eat, and, indeed, no
+rabbit to eat it, if there were.” Here occurred the first opportunity
+for work that the young society had found, and again I give without
+further note their report:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Before a month had passed, before a thought of practical application
+  to business had arisen, we were forcibly and sadly taught again the
+  old lesson that we need but to build the altar, God will Himself
+  provide the sacrifice. If we did not hear the crackling of the
+  flames, our skies grew murky and dark and our atmosphere bitter with
+  the drifting smoke that rolled over from the blazing fields of our
+  neighbors of Michigan, whose living thousands fled in terror, whose
+  dying hundreds writhed in the embers, and whose dead blackened in
+  the ashes of their hard-earned homes. Instantly we felt the help and
+  strength of our organization, young and untried as it was. We were
+  grateful that in this first ordeal your sympathetic president was
+  with us. We were deeply grateful for your prompt call to action,
+  given through her, which rallied us to our work. Our relief rooms
+  were instantly secured and our white banner, with its bright scarlet
+  cross, which has never been furled since that hour, was thrown to
+  the breeze, telling to every looker-on what we were there to do, and
+  pointing to every generous heart an outlet for its sympathy. We had
+  not mistaken the spirit of our people; our scarce-opened doorway was
+  filled with men, women and children bearing their gifts of pity and
+  love. Tables and shelves were piled, our working committee of ladies
+  took every article under inspection, their faithful hands made all
+  garments whole and strong; lastly, each article received the stamp
+  of the society and of the Red Cross, and all were carefully and
+  quickly consigned to the firm packing cases awaiting them. Eight
+  large boxes were shipped at first, others followed directly, and so
+  continued<a class="pagenum" id="Page_109" title="109"></a> until notified by the Relief Committee of Michigan that
+  no more were needed. Meanwhile the hands of our treasurer were not
+  left empty, some hundreds of dollars were deposited with him. A most
+  competent agent, our esteemed townsman and county clerk of
+  Livingston County, Major Mark J. Bunnell, was dispatched with the
+  first invoice of funds and charged with the duty of the reception of
+  the supplies, their proper distribution and of making direct report
+  of the condition and needs of the sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>The good practical judgment of the people and society led them to
+  consider the near approach of winter and the unsheltered condition
+  of the victims, bereft of every earthly possession, and warm
+  clothing and bedding were sent in great abundance. Our cases were
+  all marked with the Red Cross and consigned to Senator Omar D.
+  Conger, of Port Huron, who led the call of the Michigan committee
+  and to whom, as well as to his kindhearted and practical wife, we
+  are indebted for many timely suggestions and words of grateful
+  appreciation.</p>
+
+<p>In a spirit of gratitude and hope we submit this partial report of
+  our first work under the Red Cross, which can be but partial, as our
+  rooms are still open and our work is in progress awaiting such
+  further calls as may come to us. We are grateful that we are called,
+  grateful that your honored President, with the acquired skill of the
+  humane labors of many years in many lands, was with us to counsel
+  and instruct. We are glad to have learned from this early object
+  lesson the value of organized effort and the value of our own
+  organization.</p>
+
+<p>We hope our report may be satisfactory to you, and that our
+  beautiful little valley town, quietly nestling among the green
+  slopes of the Genesee Valley, after having offered the first fruits
+  of the Red Cross to its own countrymen, may always be as prompt and
+  generous in any call of yours for suffering humanity.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The neighboring city of Rochester, forty miles to the north of
+Dansville, hearing of the activity of its smaller neighbor in the great
+disaster that was paralyzing all, desired also to unite in the work and
+knowing much less even than Dansville of what the Red Cross might mean,
+still desired to act with it, if possible; and appended herewith will be
+found their report, which will best tell their story.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Influential citizens of Rochester, Monroe County, N.Y., having
+  become interested in the subject of the Treaty of Geneva and the Red
+  Cross work going on in Dansville, sent a request through the mayor
+  of the city to Miss Clara Barton to address them in a public
+  meeting. Miss Barton met an audience of thinking, philanthropic men
+  and women, to whom it was a pleasure to unfold her theme. The result
+  was a proposition to organize a society before adjournment.
+  Accordingly names were pledged, and, the second evening after, a
+  constitution was adopted and officers were elected, Edward M. Moore,
+  M.D., president....</p>
+
+<p>Steps were immediately taken for reducing to practice the theory of
+  their newly formed society, and in three days from the commencement
+  of its existence its agent, Professor J.B. Hubbell, was on the burnt
+  fields of Michigan with instructions to examine into the condition
+  of the people and report their necessities to the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_110" title="110"></a> society from
+  actual observation. These duties were faithfully and judiciously
+  performed, and on the day following his report of the special need
+  of money the sum of $2500 in cash was forwarded as a first
+  installment. At last reports the sum raised amounted to $3807.28 and
+  the society numbered 250 members. It is evident that no full report
+  can be made concerning a movement of which only the first steps are
+  taken, and which is still in active operation, but it is believed
+  that the instances are rare when, with no distress of its own as an
+  incentive, but from the simple motive of benevolence, a people has
+  accomplished so much, both in organization and practical results, in
+  so brief a space of time.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Following close on the organization in Rochester, the citizens of the
+sister city of Syracuse and vicinity, in Onondaga County, N.Y., met at
+the Board of Trade rooms and perfected their organization under the
+above name. Rev. Dr. Richmond Fiske, a widely known philanthropist,
+prominently connected with the principal charities of the city, assisted
+by Professor G.F. Comfort, of the Syracuse University, led the movement.
+The constitution, embracing in admirable form the principles of the
+Geneva Convention, was signed by a large number present and officers
+were appointed representing the names of the leading people of the city.</p>
+
+<p>These were the first steps of the American National Association of the
+Red Cross in relief work and in the organization of auxiliary societies.
+The completion of this work, which may have seemed premature and
+preliminary, left the association free to continue its efforts with the
+Government of the United States on behalf of its accession to the
+treaty.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_111" title="111"></a>MISSISSIPPI AND OHIO RIVER FLOODS&mdash;1882.</h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i021.jpg" width="75" height="112" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">The spring rise of the waters of the Mississippi brought great
+devastation and a cry went over the country in regard to the sufferings
+of the inhabitants of the Mississippi valley. For hundreds of miles the
+great river was out of its bed and raging madly over the country,
+sweeping in its course not only the homes but often the people, the
+animals, and many times the land itself. This constituted a work of the
+relief clearly within the bounds of the civil part of our treaty, and
+again we prepared for work. Again our infant organization sent its field
+agent, Dr. Hubbell, to the scene of disaster, where millions of acres of
+the richest valley, cotton and sugar lands of America, and thousands
+upon thousands of homes under the waters of the mightiest of
+rivers&mdash;where the swift rising floods overtook alike man and beast in
+their flight of terror, sweeping them ruthlessly to the gulf beyond, or
+leaving them clinging in famishing despair to some trembling roof or
+swaying tree top till relief could reach and rescue them.</p>
+
+<p>The National Association, with no general fund, sent of its personal
+resources what it was able to do, and so acceptable did these prove and
+so convincing were the beneficences of the work that the cities of
+Memphis, Vicksburg and New Orleans desired to be permitted to form
+associate societies and work under the National Association. This was
+permitted, and those societies have remained until the present time, New
+Orleans organizing for the entire State of Louisiana. The city of
+Rochester, proud and grateful of its success in the disaster a few
+months before, again came to the front and again rendered excellent
+service.</p>
+
+<p>It was a singular fact that on the first day of March, 1882, while the
+National Association was in session busily engaged in devising ways and
+means for extending the relief which to them seemed so needed and so
+slender, a messenger came from the Senate of the United States to
+announce to them that the vote had been taken and that the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_112" title="112"></a> United
+States had acceded to the Treaty of Geneva without a dissenting voice.
+This closed a meeting joyfully which had opened with many misgivings.
+Fresh courage and hope were taken and every energy called into action
+for the furtherance of the work which seemed then fairly commenced.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1883 occurred the first great rise of the <em>Ohio</em> River;
+1000 miles in extent. This river, although smaller than the Mississippi,
+is more rapid in its course, and its valleys hold the richest grain
+lands, the most cultivated farms and representing, in fact, the best
+farming interests of America.</p>
+
+<p>The destruction of property was even greater here than in the cotton and
+cane lands of the Mississippi. Again our field agent was dispatched and
+did excellent work. The entire country was aroused, and so liberal were
+the contributions to the various committees of relief that when Dr.
+Hubbell retired from the field, having completed the work, he had still
+unexpended funds in hand. But they were soon needed.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>MISSISSIPPI AND LOUISIANA CYCLONE</h2>
+
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i022.jpg" width="75" height="129" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">In less than a month occurred the fearful cyclone of Louisiana and
+Mississippi, which cut a swath clear of all standing objects for thirty
+miles in width and several hundred miles in length, running southeast
+from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Our special agent for the South, Colonel F.R. Southmayd, took charge of
+the Red Cross relief in this disaster, and so efficient was his work
+that societies struggled for organization under him and the Red Cross
+was hailed as a benediction wherever he passed. This was in May, 1883.</p>
+
+<p>Our association now enjoyed for eight months a respite from active work.
+It was surely needed. It was the longest rest we had yet known, and
+afforded some small opportunity to gather up its records of past labors,
+organize some societies and compile a history of the Red Cross, so much
+needed for the information of our people and so earnestly asked for by
+them as well as by the United States Senate. From this history the
+preceding pages of this book have been extracted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_113" title="113"></a>
+ <img src="images/i023.jpg" width="400" height="633" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">CLARA BARTON.</div>
+<div class="subcaption">Taken about 1884.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter fig400">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_114" title="114"></a>
+ <img src="images/i024.jpg" width="400" height="622" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">“JOSH V. THROOP.”</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>The first steamer used in the United States by the American Red Cross,
+1884.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_115" title="115"></a>THE OHIO RIVER FLOODS.</h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i025.jpg" width="90" height="102" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">But the respite was all too short for our purposes. The rapidly melting
+snows of February, 1884, brought the one thousand miles of the Ohio
+River again out of its bed. A wild cry went out all over the country for
+help. The government, through Congress, took immediate action and
+appropriated several hundred thousand dollars for relief, to be applied
+through the War Department. The Red Cross agents must again repair to
+the field, its societies be again notified.</p>
+
+<p>But its president felt that if she were to be called every year to
+direct the relief work of the association in these inundations it was
+incumbent upon her to visit the scene in person, to see for herself what
+floods were like, to learn the necessities and be able to direct with
+the wisdom born of actual knowledge of the subject; and accordingly,
+with ten hours’ preparation, she joined Dr. Hubbell on his way and
+proceeded to Pittsburg, the head of the Ohio River. There the societies
+were telegraphed that Cincinnati would be headquarters and that money
+and supplies should be sent there. This done, we proceeded to Cincinnati
+by rail.</p>
+
+<p>Any description of this city upon our entrance would fall so far short
+of the reality as to render it useless.</p>
+
+<p>The surging river had climbed up the bluffs like a devouring monster and
+possessed the town; large steamers could have plied along its business
+streets; ordinary avocations were abandoned. Bankers and merchants stood
+in its relief houses and fed the hungry populace, and men and women were
+out in boats passing baskets of food to pale, trembling hands stretched
+out to reach it from third story windows of the stately blocks and
+warehouses of that beautiful city. Sometimes the water soaked away the
+foundations and the structure fell with a crash and was lost in the
+floods below; in one instance seven lives went out with the falling
+building; and this was one city, and probably the best protected and
+provided locality in a thousand miles of thickly populated country.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_116" title="116"></a>It had not been my intention to remain at the scene of disaster, but
+rather to see, investigate, establish an agency and return to national
+headquarters at Washington, which in the haste of departure had been
+left imperfectly cared for. But I might almost say, in military
+parlance, that I was “surprised and captured.”</p>
+
+<p>I had made no call beyond the Red Cross societies&mdash;expected no supplies
+from other sources&mdash;but scarcely had news of our arrival at Cincinnati
+found its way to the public press when telegrams of money and checks,
+from all sides and sources, commenced to come in, with letters
+announcing the sending of material. The express office and freight
+depots began filling up until within two weeks we were compelled to open
+large supply rooms, which were generously tendered to the use of the Red
+Cross. A description could no more do justice to our flood of supplies
+than to the flood of waters which had made them necessary&mdash;cases,
+barrels and bales of clothing, food, household supplies, new and old;
+all that intelligent awakened sympathy could suggest was there in such
+profusion that, so far from thinking of leaving it one must call all
+available help for its care and distribution.</p>
+
+<p>The government would supply the destitute people with food, tents and
+army blankets, and had placed its military boats upon the river to
+rescue the people and issue rations until the first great need should be
+supplied.</p>
+
+<p>The work of the Red Cross is supplemental and it sought for the special
+wants likely to be overlooked in this great general supply and the
+necessities <em>outside</em> the limits of governmental aid. The search was not
+difficult. The government provided neither fuel nor clothing. It was but
+little past midwinter. A cyclone struck the lower half of the river with
+the water at its greatest height and whole villages were swept away in a
+night. The inhabitants escaped in boats, naked and homeless. Hail fell
+to the depth of several inches and the entire country was encased in
+sleet and ice. The water had filled the coal mines so abundant in that
+vicinity until no fuel could be obtained. The people were more likely to
+freeze than starve and against this there was no provision.</p>
+
+<p>We quickly removed our headquarters from Cincinnati to Evansville, three
+hundred miles below and at the head of the recent scene of disaster. A
+new staunch steamer of four hundred tons burden was immediately
+chartered and laden to the water’s edge with clothing and coal; good
+assistants, both men and women were taken on board; the Red Cross flag
+was hoisted and as night was setting in, after a<a class="pagenum" id="Page_117" title="117"></a> day of intense
+cold&mdash;amid surging waters and crashing ice, the floating wrecks of towns
+and villages, great uprooted giants of the forest plunging madly to the
+sea, the suddenly unhoused people wandering about the river banks, or
+huddled in strange houses with fireless hearths&mdash;the clear-toned bell
+and shrill whistle of the “Josh V. Throop” announced to the generous
+inhabitants of a noble city that from the wharves of Evansville was
+putting out the first Red Cross relief boat that ever floated on
+American waters.</p>
+
+<p>The destroyed villages and hamlets lay thick on either bank, and the
+steamer wove its course diagonally from side to side calling the people
+to the boat, finding a committee to receive and distribute, and learning
+as nearly as possible the number of destitute persons, put off the
+requisite quantity of clothing and coal, and steamed away quickly and
+quietly leaving sometimes an astonished <em>few</em>, sometimes a <em>multitude</em>
+to gaze after and wonder who she was, whence she came, what that strange
+flag meant, and most of all, to thank God with tears and prayers for
+what she brought.</p>
+
+<p>In this manner the Red Cross proceeded to Cairo, a distance of four
+hundred miles, where the Ohio joins the Mississippi River, which latter
+at that time had not risen and was exciting no apprehension. Returning,
+we revisited and resupplied the destitute points. The government boats
+running over the same track were genial and friendly with us, and
+faithful and efficient in their work.</p>
+
+<p>It should be said that, notwithstanding all the material we had shipped
+and distributed, so abundant had been the liberality of the people that
+on our return to Evansville we found our supply greater than at any
+previous time.</p>
+
+<p>At this moment, and most unexpectedly, commenced the great rise of the
+Mississippi River, and a <em>second</em> cry went out to the government and the
+people for instant help. The strongest levees were giving way under the
+sudden pressure, and even the inundation of the city of New Orleans was
+threatened. Again the government appropriated money, and the War
+Department sent out its rescue and ration boats, and again the Red Cross
+prepared for its supplemental work.</p>
+
+<p>In an overflow of the Mississippi, owing to the level face of the
+country and the immense body of water, the valley is inundated at times
+thirty miles in width, thus rendering it impossible to get animals to a
+place of safety. Great numbers drown and the remainder, in a prolonged
+overflow, have largely starved, the government having never included the
+domestic animals in its work of relief. This<a class="pagenum" id="Page_118" title="118"></a> seemed an omission of
+vital importance, both humanely and economically considered, and the Red
+Cross prepared to go to the relief of the starving animals of the
+Mississippi valley. It would also supply clothing to the destitute
+people whom the government would feed.</p>
+
+<p>The navigation of the Mississippi River calls for its own style of boats
+and pilotage, the latter being both difficult and dangerous, especially
+with the changed channels and yawning crevasses of a flood.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer “Throop” was left at Evansville and the “Mattie Bell”
+chartered at St. Louis and laden with corn, oats, hay, meal and salt for
+cattle; clothing and cooking utensils for the destitute people; tea,
+coffee, rice, sugar and medicines for the sick: and as quickly as
+possible followed the government steamers leaving the same port with
+rations of meat and meal. These latter boats kindly burdened themselves
+with large quantities of our forage which <em>our</em> overladen boat could not
+contain.</p>
+
+<p>We soon found that our judgment in regard to the condition of the
+animals had been correct. Horses, mules, cows, sheep and pigs had been
+hastily gotten upon floating rafts and platforms of logs raised above
+the water, or had taken refuge, as many as could, on the narrow strips
+of land, known as broken levees, say eight to twelve feet in width, just
+peering above the water; and here they stood often crowded beyond the
+possibility of lying down, with no morsel of food save the wee green
+leaves and tips of the willow branches and gray moss which their pitying
+owners, largely poor negroes, could gather in skiffs and bring to them.
+Day by day they stood and wasted, starved, and their bodies floated down
+the stream, food for the birds of prey hovering above. Week after week
+hour after hour the mighty river, pouring through its monster crevasses,
+spread wider and wider every hour. We left our steamer at times and were
+rowed out in little boats for miles alongside of the levees, and went
+among the cattle. Some waded out into the water to their backs to reach
+after the green scum which gathered and swam delusively upon the
+surface. Some, unable to stand, lay stretched at length with head and
+horns dabbling in the mud, fearlessly turning great pitiful eyes upon us
+as we approached. Others, reeling, followed us tamely about, as if
+beseeching us to feed them. I need not add that they were fed.
+Committees of both white and colored persons were formed and the
+requisite quantity of food for the animals and clothing for the people
+were left with these committees at every needy point. Our steamer was
+reladen,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_119" title="119"></a> or our supplies replenished at each available port, and in
+this manner we passed to New Orleans, and returning, resupplied our
+committees.</p>
+
+<p>The necessity for a change of boat on the Ohio and Mississippi has been
+mentioned; that the “Throop” was discharged at Evansville and the Red
+Cross body passed over to St. Louis. Perhaps some reference to the
+journals of that date would best illustrate the necessity for these
+movements, as well as the spirit of the people and of the times.</p>
+
+<p>From an editorial in the Chicago <cite>Inter-Ocean</cite> of March 31, 1884, the
+following extract is taken:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The day is not far distant&mdash;if it has not already come&mdash;when the
+  American people will recognize the Red Cross as one of the wisest
+  and best systems of philanthropic work in modern times. Its mission
+  is not accomplished when it has carried the generous offerings of
+  the people to their brethren who have met with sudden calamity. It
+  does not stop with the alleviation of bodily suffering and the
+  clothing of the destitute&mdash;blessed as that work is, when wisely
+  done, so as not to break down the manly spirit of self-help. The Red
+  Cross has become a grand educator, embodying the best principles of
+  social science, and that true spirit of charity which counts it a
+  sacred privilege to serve one’s fellowmen in time of trouble. The
+  supplying of material wants&mdash;of food, raiment and shelter is only a
+  small part of its ministry. In its work among suffering humanity,
+  when fire or flood or pestilence has caused widespread desolation,
+  the Red Cross seeks to carry to people’s hearts that message which
+  speaks of a universal brotherhood. It is all the time and everywhere
+  sowing the seed of brotherly kindness and goodwill, which is
+  destined in time to yield the fruits of world-wide peace. Once let
+  the love of doing good unto others become deeply rooted and
+  practiced as an international custom, and arsenals and ironclad
+  navies will give way to the spirit of equity. War will cease as a
+  relic of barbarism, and peace will shed its benedictions over all
+  nations.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the Evansville <cite>Journal</cite> of April 3, the following:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The president of the Red Cross left for St. Louis last night, where
+  she will take charge of a steamer which has been chartered under her
+  direction for relief service in the lower Mississippi.... The
+  mission of the Red Cross, which has done such wonderful and
+  effective work in the Ohio valley, is not yet completed. The lower
+  Mississippi cries for aid. The destruction of property below the
+  mouth of the Ohio is, if possible, greater than was experienced on
+  the Ohio. Life has not been in such desperate peril, but property
+  has been swept away by oceans of water, and the landowner, with corn
+  and cotton fields, has been reduced to pauperism.... This year the
+  overflow has been of such a character that neither crop, mortgage,
+  nor advance are safe, and the renter and half-share farmer must
+  suffer. The Red Cross comes to the rescue. Miss Barton will be
+  accompanied by several<a class="pagenum" id="Page_120" title="120"></a> ladies from this city and will be joined by
+  many gentlemen and ladies from St. Louis.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the St. Louis <cite>Democrat</cite>, April 4, the following:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Miss Clara Barton arrived at the “Southern” yesterday morning. Miss
+  Barton is accompanied by Mrs. De Bruler and Miss Enola Lee, of
+  Evansville, Ind., Dr. J. B. Hubbell, field agent, and Mr. John Hitz,
+  of Washington, D.C. The members of the party were busily engaged
+  yesterday in superintending the loading of the steamer “Mattie
+  Bell,” which leaves for the inundated districts of the lower
+  Mississippi this morning. Miss Octavia Dix, secretary of the St.
+  Louis branch of the Red Cross, will accompany the expedition.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The brave men of the Fifth Corps in the Cuban War of 1898, endured
+hunger and thirst and other conditions better remembered than described.
+Some of them partook of the gracious offerings of hot gruel, malted
+milk, boiled rice, apple wine, and prune cordial at the hands of Mrs.
+Dr. Gardner. It will perhaps interest them to know that she is the same
+who, as Miss Enola Lee, was one of the company of the “Mattie Bell” in
+1884.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the men of the War of 1861 may remember the officer who had
+charge of the Commissary Department at Washington. I shall never forget
+the man who, despite all rank and position, stood many an hour of many a
+day beside my army wagons loading at his headquarters, and who wisely
+directed the selection of material best suited to and most needed at the
+proposed terminus of the dark and weary journey I was about to
+undertake&mdash;it was then Colonel, now General Beckwith of the regular
+army. He was in 1884, holding the position of Commissary at St. Louis.
+In the same old time spirit and in the old time way he came upon the
+deck of our little steamer, and directed the placing of the supplies of
+the “Mattie Bell.” One will never forget the terror depicted on his fine
+face when he saw the bales of hay taken on board. “Great heavens, you
+are not going to risk that! Think of it&mdash;you in the middle of that
+great, rushing river, no land in sight, and your ship on fire!” Still,
+the risk was taken, and both the ship and the stock were saved.</p>
+
+<p>A few hours previous to the sailing of the “Mattie Bell” from St. Louis
+a stranger came on board and asked to be permitted to go with us. There
+was nothing very remarkable in his appearance, either for or against;
+but on general principles we objected to taking on a stranger without
+some good reason for it. His quiet persistence, however,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_121" title="121"></a> won, and
+perhaps through lack of active measures on the part of some one he went.
+He was a silent man&mdash;walked by himself, or stood alone on some
+unfrequented corner of the deck. As we got lower down and more
+tributaries were pouring their contributions into the mighty volume that
+rolled and seethed about and beneath us, the danger became more
+imminent. Running after dark was out of the question, and timely orders
+were given one afternoon to tie up for the night; but our captain,
+anxious to make a headland a few miles further on, begged permission to
+run a little later, sure he could reach it before dark.</p>
+
+<p>His request was rather reluctantly granted, and as we steamed on a fog
+and mist came up and night set in with us still afloat. In less than a
+half hour the stranger rushed to me with: “We are in a crevasse! We must
+pull out or we are lost! I have warned the engineer and captain.” The
+forward rush of the boat ceased; she stood still, pulled first one way
+then the other, shivered and struggled amid the shrieks of the reversed
+engine, while we waited, thoroughly aware of the situation and the doom
+awaiting us all, depending on the power and strength of one mute body of
+steel and one firm man at the helm. At length the struggling ceased; the
+engines had triumphed over the current. We commenced to move slowly
+backward, and with a grateful awe in our hearts that no words could
+express we found a place of safety for the night.</p>
+
+<p>Daylight revealed to us a crevasse opened the day before where the river
+had broken through to a width of thirty rods, with the water pouring
+down a depth of twelve or fifteen feet in a perfect torrent into the
+current below, and rolling off in a self-made track to some other stream
+or to the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>I have no way of accounting for this incident, but the reader will
+perhaps not be “too hard” on me, if I say with the father of “Little
+Breeches,” “I have believed in God and the angels ever since one night
+last spring.”</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Down the Mississippi.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Down the Mississippi all was changed. Two worlds could scarcely differ
+more. The ofttimes shoreless waste of waters; the roaring crevasse
+through the broken levees; the anxious ebony faces and the hungry
+animals that “looked up and were not fed,” among whom and which we
+floated, could not fail to carry our thoughts back at times<a class="pagenum" id="Page_122" title="122"></a> to the
+history of the Deluge and the Ark. The simile, however, had this
+important difference; we were by no means so good as to be preserved,
+nor they so bad as to be destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Any bare description of this voyage constitutes only the woody framework
+of the structure. You will readily imagine that, when it should be
+clothed with its ever recurring incidents it would become a very
+different edifice. Never a day that did not bring us incidents to be
+remembered, sometimes sad and touching, sometimes laughable or
+ridiculous.</p>
+
+<p>The rough, tattered and uncouth garb of the Ohio River farmer and
+woodsman was offset by his quick wit and sterling sense, and the rude
+dialect of the Southern negro was buried out of sight by his simple
+faith. But the most touching of all was the honest gratitude which
+poured out on every side.</p>
+
+<p>These people adopted the Red Cross and those who bore it, and we, in
+turn, have held to them. We selected helpers from among them, banded
+them together, gave them responsibility and thus made them mutual helps
+to each other and to us as well, in case of subsequent disaster.</p>
+
+<p>One day as we were near the left bank of the river we saw a small herd
+of cattle wading out far into the water for what they could reach. A few
+cabins stood back of them. Steaming as near as we could we made fast to
+the body of a small fig tree and called the negroes, men and women, to
+us in their skiff.</p>
+
+<p>It proved to be a little neighborhood of negroes with no white “boss,”
+as they say, but had their own mules and cows and were farming
+independently. But the food and feed were gone. The government boats had
+passed without seeing them, and no help had come to them. Their mules
+and cows were starving; they had no one to apply to. They had their
+little church; and their elder, a good, honest-faced man, who led them
+onto the boat, told the story of their sufferings and danger. We
+selected two men and two women, formed them into a committee of
+distribution and wrote out formal directions and authority for them. But
+before presenting it to them to sign, I asked them seriously if we left
+these supplies with them if they thought they could share them honestly
+with each other and not quarrel over them.</p>
+
+<p>They were silent a moment. Then the tallest of the women rose up, and
+with commanding gesture said: “Miss, dese tings is from de Lord; dey is
+not from you, caze you is from Him. He sent you to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_123" title="123"></a> bring dem. We would
+not dare to quarrel ober dem things; we would not dare not to be honest
+wid ’em.”</p>
+
+<p>I presented the paper with no further pledge. It was signed with one
+name and three marks. The supplies were put off on the only little spot
+of land that could be reached. The negroes left the boat and stood
+beside the pile, which seemed a little mountain in the level space of
+waters. We raised steam and prepared to put off, expecting as we did so
+some demonstration, some shout of farewell from our newfound friends on
+shore and held our handkerchiefs ready to wave in reply&mdash;not a
+sound&mdash;and as we “rounded to” and looked back, the entire group had
+knelt beside the bags of grain and food and not a head or hand was
+raised to bid us speed. A Greater than we had possessed them, and in
+tearful silence we bowed our heads as well and went our way.</p>
+
+<p>After the first rush of danger was over and repairs commenced among the
+business men, it was not always easy to find faithful willing agents to
+distribute supplies among those who had nothing left to repair but their
+stomachs, and no material for this.</p>
+
+<p>At Point Coupee the Mississippi sends out a false branch of thirty miles
+in length, forming an island, and again joining the main river at
+Hermitage. These are known as False River and Island. The government
+boats had not entered False River, and there was great want among both
+people and cattle.</p>
+
+<p>All the way down we were besought to hold something back for this point.
+At Hermitage we found the one business man, owner of the boat which
+plied the thirty miles of river, its warehouse and all. He, of course,
+was the only man who could take charge of and distribute relief around
+the island; and Captain Trudeau was sought. He was a young, active man,
+full of business, just pulling out of his own disaster, and did not know
+how to attend to it. “Guessed the trouble was most over up there; hadn’t
+heard much about it lately.” We knew better and felt discouraged that
+persons could not be found of sufficient humanity to distribute relief
+when brought to them.</p>
+
+<p>I was sitting heart sore and perplexed in my stateroom trying to think
+out a way when two rather young women of prepossessing appearance
+entered with a bouquet of early flowers for me, introducing themselves
+as Mrs. and Miss Trudeau, wife and sister of the captain. I scarcely
+felt gracious, but those fair womanly faces were strong to win, and I
+entered into conversation asking Mrs. Trudeau what she thought of the
+condition of the people of the island. Her face grew sad<a class="pagenum" id="Page_124" title="124"></a> as she said in
+touching tones, “Indeed, I cannot say, Miss Barton; my husband’s boat
+runs around twice a week and I tried to go on it for a while, but the
+sight of such destitution and those starving cattle, mules, cows, horses
+and sheep were beyond my endurance. I had nothing to give them, and I
+could not see it, and so left off going.”</p>
+
+<p>“Would you ladies take the agency of the Red Cross to deliver supplies
+to these people?”</p>
+
+<p>I shall not forget the appropriate and womanly manner in which this
+delicate lady received the abrupt proposition&mdash;no hesitation, no
+surprise, no self-depreciation, no simpering, but the straightforward
+reply, “We would, most willingly and gladly, and do our best. Our
+warehouse could store them, our boat take and we distribute them.” The
+customary official document was at once drawn up and signed.</p>
+
+<p>An hour later the busy captain rushed in to see how much was really
+expected of him.</p>
+
+<p>“Captain,” I said, “I have found agents to distribute our relief, and
+very satisfactorily, I think, and shall be able to release you from all
+responsibility.” His fine face fell; he had not expected this and in
+spite of all did not relish being quite relieved from duty. I went on:
+“You will have some share in it, captain. For instance, you will supply
+storage in your warehouse; your boat will take supplies on any day when
+demanded. Your men will handle and load all material. You will, in
+short, provide all accommodations, do all the work, meet all the cost,
+obey orders implicitly, but have none of the credit! Mrs. and Miss
+Trudeau are my agents.”</p>
+
+<p>The good fellow fairly threw up his hat. “Good! That’s just what I’m
+used to. It shall be done.” And it was done; but how well it was done I
+could not describe to you&mdash;not only wisely and well, but elegantly.</p>
+
+<p>The captain’s warehouse had little empty space after our cargo of
+supplies had gone into it The next day but one would be the day
+appointed for Governor McEnnery, of Louisiana, to make at Point Coupee
+his re-election speech, which would call all the people of the island
+who could reach it to that point to see and hear the popular governor.
+The little steamer “Governor Wiltz” was laden with supplies, and under
+direction of Madame Trudeau proceeded to Point Coupee in order to meet
+the people, learn the needs, and inform everyone that supplies and
+relief were at hand. The gallant governor addressed the crowd from the
+deck of the “Governor Wiltz” under the Red Cross flag, and took passage
+on her down the river.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_125" title="125"></a>fWe resupplied these agents on our return. We did this all the way among
+both white and black. And from that time the Red Cross has had faithful,
+willing agents along all the uncertain track of the lower Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>Months later, in January, 1885, when a sea voyage, foreign travel, the
+cares of an international conference of military men, the splendor of
+foreign courts, much of weariness and illness had passed between, and I
+had thought all those little days of river work gone from memory, I
+found myself in the upper gallery of the New Orleans Exposition, and
+stepping in at a restaurant at the end of the hall was met by Colonel
+Lewis, the noted colored caterer of the South. He had been on the relief
+committee of New Orleans appointed to meet our steamer at the time of
+our visit in May.</p>
+
+<p>He came with cordial recognition, seated me and was telling me of his
+success in the restaurant when all his waiters, men and women, seemed to
+forget their work and stood gazing at us. The colonel smiled and said,
+“They have caught sight of the Red Cross brooch at your neck and
+recognize you by it. They will come to themselves in a few minutes.”</p>
+
+<p>Next day I went in again for my lunch, when Colonel Lewis brought to me
+a little, thin, white-haired mulatto man of seventy-three years, but
+still able to take charge of and direct the help at the tables, saying,
+“This, Miss Barton, is Uncle Amos, whom I promised yesterday to
+introduce to you when you came again. Uncle Amos is my most true and
+faithful man.” I reached out for the withered, hard, dark bony hand he
+gave me as he said: “Yes, Miss Barton, I wants to see and speak to you,
+to tell you in de name of our people how grateful dey is for what your
+society has done for dem. Dat is never forgot. You come to us when we
+had nothing. You saved what was never saved befo’ in a flood, our
+cattle, so dey could go on and help derselves to raise something to eat.
+Dey has all heard of it; all talk about it in de churches and de
+meetings. Our people is singular in some tings; dey never forgets a
+kindness. Dey hab notions. Dey hab a way of nailing up a hoss-shoe ober
+de do’ for luck. I want to tell you dat in a thousand little cabins all
+up and down dis river dey has put up a little Red Cross ober de do’ and
+every night before dey goes to bed dey names your name and prays God to
+bless you and de Red Cross dat He sent to dem in time of trouble and
+distress.” Uncle Amos looked straight in my face the while. Colonel
+Lewis wiped his eyes, and I got away as fast as I could.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_126" title="126"></a>It would scarcely be faithful to the subject of this relief if some
+mention were not made of the third trip, namely, that of the voyage up
+the Ohio after the fall of the waters and the attempted return of the
+people to their former homes.</p>
+
+<p>From an editorial of the Evansville <cite>Journal</cite>, May 28, 1884, headed
+“Good By Red Cross,” we make an extract or two which has reference to
+the voyage and its purposes:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The Red Cross, having concluded its labors on the Ohio River below
+  this point, will start to-day for the upper Ohio and go as far as
+  Pittsburg, relieving the meritorious cases on the way.... The “Josh
+  V. Throop,” which has been rechartered for this trip, was loaded
+  last Saturday. A part of the load was distributed between this point
+  and Cave-in-Rock, and the room made vacant by the lower river
+  distribution was filled with additional stores yesterday which will
+  be distributed up the river. The load consists of what the people in
+  the overflowed country will want and most need. There is clothing in
+  immense quantities, over a hundred plows, large quantities of rakes,
+  hoes, scythes, spades, shovels, groceries, flour, meat, meal, corn,
+  bedsteads, chairs, buckets, tubs, tables, queensware, tinware, pots,
+  kettles, skillets, etc.</p>
+
+<p>This trip was arranged in general at Cincinnati, when Miss Barton
+  first came West. At that time her policy took definite shape and it
+  has never changed. She saw that the government was providing for all
+  the immediate necessities of the sufferers and looked forward to the
+  time when the unfortunate people would come almost hopelessly back
+  to ruined homes&mdash;come back to find houses, furniture, tools, food,
+  everything gone&mdash;and although aid would have been extended during
+  the calamity by the government and benevolent institutions, the
+  ruined people would have but a poor chance to proceed in the
+  business of life. This was the anticipated opportunity of the Red
+  Cross; this was the time Miss Barton foresaw would be pregnant with
+  possibilities for doing large good, and the event has fully
+  justified her prophetic view of the situation. The load now on the
+  “Throop” will not only provide for the house, it will do much for
+  the farm.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It would be difficult to imagine a voyage more replete with live
+interest than this beautiful May passage from Evansville to Pittsburg.</p>
+
+<p>The banks were dotted with the marks of torn and washed-out homes; and
+occasionally one found the family, from father and mother to the wee
+little ones, gathered about the bare spot that once was home, trying in
+vain to find enough of the buried timbers to recommence a framework for
+another house, if ever they could build it, with all the hunger and need
+for daily food staring them in the face.</p>
+
+<p>Picture, if possible, this scene: A strange ship, with two flags,
+steaming up the river; it halts, turns from its course, and draws up to
+the nearest landing. Some persons disembark and speak a few minutes<a class="pagenum" id="Page_127" title="127"></a>
+with the family; then a half dozen strong mechanics man a small boat
+laden with all material for constructing a one-room house, take it to
+the spot and commence putting it up. Directly here is a structure with
+floor, roof, doors, windows and walls; the boat returns for furniture.
+Within three hours the strange ship sails away leaving a bewildered
+family in a new and clean house, with a bed, bedding, table, chairs,
+clothing, dishes, candles, a well-made little cooking stove, with
+blazing fire, with all the common quota of cooking utensils, meat, meal,
+groceries, a plow, rake, axe, hoe, shovel, spade, hammer, hatchet and
+nails, etc. We ask few questions, they none; but often it proves that
+the little, bare, boyhood feet of that desolated father had once skipped
+through the dewy grass of the green hills of New England, the brave old
+parent of States, where great riches are slow to come, and famishing
+hunger never enters.</p>
+
+<p>Again, referring to the Evansville <cite>Journal</cite> of May 28 we find the
+following:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>A band of little folks in Chicago, called the “Busy Bees,” were
+  organized in a plan to extend succor to the suffering and collected
+  a large box of goods which they sent to Miss Barton, with the
+  request that it might be put where it would do the most good. She
+  was some time in finding a place where she could put it with the
+  greatest satisfaction to the givers and the donees. She found the
+  opportunity she had been looking for yesterday. On her last voyage a
+  gentleman at Cave-in-Rock told her that a poor, but worthy, family
+  was in that vicinity, and on becoming acquainted with the family
+  Miss Barton gave them some supplies and left fifteen dollars with
+  the gentleman aforesaid, to either give to the family or spend for
+  them as he might think best. He concluded that it would be
+  judiciously expended by the people for whom it was intended and
+  accordingly turned it over to them. The woman of the family came
+  some days afterward to the gentleman, bringing with her another
+  woman who was very destitute, and said: “This is my neighbor, and I
+  have come to ask you if you think Miss Barton would care if I
+  divided my fifteen dollars with her.” “Most certainly not,” was the
+  reply; and then, out of her penury did this poor woman give. She
+  retained ten dollars and gave five. Yesterday Miss Barton divided
+  the contents of the store the “Busy Bees” had gathered among these
+  two families, consisting of eight and five persons respectively.
+  When she was delivering the goods to the poor woman who had
+  generously shared with her neighbor, Miss Barton gave her back her
+  five dollars, and said: “You have read where it is said, <em>He that
+  giveth to the poor lendeth to the Lord</em>, and He has sent it back
+  already.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On February 11, 1884, Congress, in response to appeals from Ohio,
+Kentucky and West Virginia, appropriated $300,000 for the relief of the
+people who had lost their homes and other property by the Ohio River<a class="pagenum" id="Page_128" title="128"></a>
+floods. On February 15, the first appropriation having been considered
+hardly sufficient to meet the demands, $200,000 more were appropriated
+for the same purpose, making $500,000 in all to be expended under the
+direction of the War Department. A boat load of supplies was sent down
+the river from Pittsburg; two boats left Cincinnati, one going up the
+river and the other down; one boat went down the river from Louisville
+and a fifth boat was sent down the river from Evansville. Afterward some
+additional boats were sent out from other places. Between February 15
+and March 15, 536,000 rations were distributed by the government at a
+cost of $350,000. The remaining $150,000 were transferred to the
+Mississippi flood relief.</p>
+
+<p>In the official report of the relief furnished to the Ohio River flood
+sufferers, written by R.P.M. Ames, Assistant Surgeon U.S. Marine
+Hospital Service, Evansville, Ind., he speaks as follows of the part
+taken by the Red Cross in this work:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>At this time also the Red Cross Association came actively to the
+  front for now had the time arrived when this association, of all
+  others, could do the most good.... Through its instrumentality much
+  suffering and destitution has been relieved throughout the Ohio
+  valley which it would have been almost impossible to reach but for
+  this organization. With Miss Clara Barton at the head, and a large
+  corps of active and intelligent assistants, the relief work
+  performed by this association has been most thorough and
+  efficacious. Contributions of money and clothing have been sent to
+  all points in the inundated districts of the Ohio valley where such
+  assistance was needed, while a thorough and careful investigation by
+  members of the association of the flooded territory has rendered the
+  aid most beneficial. As soon as it became apparent that the
+  suffering from the high water would necessitate the various relief
+  movements, Miss Barton removed her headquarters from Washington,
+  D.C., to Cincinnati, O., where she carefully and intelligently
+  superintended the distribution of a large amount of supplies donated
+  from all parts of the country, consisting of money, food, clothing
+  and fuel. As the water receded then came the time for the relief
+  proffered by this association to be given.</p>
+
+<p>After remaining several days in Cincinnati and relieving all the
+  suffering so far as it was met with, Miss Barton, on March 3,
+  removed her headquarters to Evansville, Ind., where arrangements
+  were at once commenced to reach and aid the sufferers between this
+  point and Cairo, Ill. Captain J.V. Throop kindly placed his steamer,
+  the “Josh V. Throop,” at the disposal of the Red Cross without any
+  expense except the actual running cost of the boat. The steamer was
+  at once loaded with an immense quantity of boxes, barrels, bales and
+  bundles of clothing, being donations from various private parties
+  and relief organizations throughout the country which had been
+  accumulating here for some time, together with a large amount of
+  bedding and fuel, and started on its mission of mercy down the river
+  in charge of Miss Clara Barton, Saturday, March 8, 1884.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_129" title="129"></a>Miss Barton was accompanied and assisted on this trip by Dr. J.B.
+  Hubbell, of Washington, D. C, the field agent of the association;
+  Rev. E.J. Galvin, agent of the Chicago Red Cross Association; Miss
+  Hamilton, of St. Louis, with Mrs. De Bruler and several other
+  Evansville ladies. Relief was given to all the sufferers needing it
+  below Evansville and Wickliff, Ky., below Cairo. The party reached
+  Cairo March 15, and after proceeding down the river to Wickliff,
+  Ky., turned back, arriving at Evansville March 20. In addition to
+  the supplies mentioned, the Rev. E.J. Galvin, of Chicago, had placed
+  at his disposal $25,000, from which checks were drawn and left with
+  any party needing financial assistance. Miss Barton and her corps of
+  assistants remained in Evansville after their return until April 2,
+  when the relief transactions throughout the Ohio valley having been
+  practically finished, she removed her headquarters to St. Louis,
+  Mo., where a relief boat was at once fitted out and similar
+  assistance tendered to the sufferers in the inundated districts of
+  the lower Mississippi. Miss Barton was further aided on this trip by
+  Mr. John Hitz, of Washington, D.C.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On May 25th Miss Barton made a second trip down the Ohio with the
+steamer “Josh V. Throop” under charter with household supplies and
+farming implements for the recent sufferers. The boat went as far as
+Elizabethtown, or possibly a few miles below, and then turning back,
+proceeded up stream to Wheeling or Pittsburgh till the supplies were
+exhausted.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_130" title="130"></a></p>
+<h3>“THE LITTLE SIX.”</h3>
+
+<p>It is possible that some readers may recall the story of the “Little
+Six,” which was locally published at the time, but which I venture to
+reproduce, as an extract from the Erie <cite>Dispatch</cite>, of Monday March 24,
+1884:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><cite>Dispatch</cite> readers doubtless recollect its account some weeks ago of
+  the manner in which six children of Waterford gave a public
+  entertainment for the benefit of the Ohio flood sufferers; how they
+  themselves suggested it; how their efforts were crowned with
+  success; and how they brought the entire proceeds, $51.25, raised by
+  their unpaid efforts, to the editor of the <cite>Dispatch</cite> with the
+  request that the latter forward it “where it would do the most
+  good.” The <cite>Dispatch</cite> complied by forwarding it to Miss Clara
+  Barton, president of the American Red Cross Association. The
+  following letter tells the story of the disposition of the money.
+  The names of the noble little band, of which any town in the nation
+  ought to be proud of, are: Reed White, Florence Howe, Lloyd Barton,
+  Joe Farrar, Mary Barton, Bertie Ensworth. The oldest is twelve years
+  of age.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>MISS BARTON’S LETTER<br />
+<span class="subtitle">A TOUCHING INCIDENT VERY TOUCHINGLY RELATED.</span></h4>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+  <p class="dateline"><span class="smcap">Red Cross Relief Steamer, “Josh V. Throop,”<br />
+   <span class="indent10">off Shawneetown, Illinois,</span><br />
+  Ohio River</span>, <em>March 18, 1884</em>,</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. M.E. Camp</span>, Editor of the Erie <cite>Dispatch</cite>:</p>
+
+
+<p>At length, I have the happiness to inform you that I have placed the
+  contribution of the brave Little Six to my own satisfaction, and, as
+  I believe, to the satisfaction of the little donors and the friends
+  interested in them as well. Your letter inclosing the touching
+  article describing their pretty thought and act, and the check for
+  the sum donated by them to the sufferers from the floods, came
+  during the early days of hurry and confused activity. The entire
+  matter was too beautiful and withal unique, to meet only a common
+  fate in its results. I could not, for a moment, think to mingle the
+  gift of the little dramatists with the common fund for general
+  distribution, and sought through all these weeks for a fitting
+  disposition to make of it, where it would all go in some special
+  manner to relieve some special necessity. I wanted it to benefit
+  some children who had “wept on the banks” of the river which in its
+  madness had devoured their home. I watched carefully all the way
+  down on this trip, and tried, last Sunday, at Smithland on our
+  return to make a little “foundation” for a children’s help and
+  instruction at that town which had suffered so terribly; but I could
+  not satisfy myself, and after telling the pretty story to the best
+  people of the town assembled on our boat, I still declined to leave
+  the appropriation, waiting in confidence for<a class="pagenum" id="Page_131" title="131"></a> the real opportunity
+  to present and which we have met in the last hour. As we neared that
+  picturesque spot on the Illinois side of the Ohio, known as
+  “Cave-in-Rock,” we were hailed by a woman and her young daughter.
+  The boat “rounded to” and made the landing and they came on board&mdash;a
+  tall, thin worn woman in a tattered suit, with a good, but
+  inexpressibly sad face, who wished to tell us that a package which
+  we had left for her at the town on our way down had never reached
+  her. She was a widow&mdash;Mrs. Plew&mdash;whose husband, a good river pilot,
+  had died from overwork on a hard trip to New Orleans in the floods
+  of the Mississippi two years before, leaving her with six children
+  dependent upon her, the eldest a lad in his “teens,” the youngest a
+  little baby girl. They owned their home, just on the brink of the
+  river, a little “farm” of two or three acres, two horses, three
+  cows, thirty hogs and a half hundred fowls, and in spite of the
+  bereavement they had gone on bravely, winning the esteem and
+  commendation of all who knew them for thrift and honest endeavor.
+  Last year the floods came heavily upon them, driving them from their
+  home, and the two horses were lost. Next the cholera came among the
+  hogs and all but three died. Still they worked on and held the home.
+  This spring came the third flood. The water climbed up the bank,
+  crept in at the door and filled the lower story of the house. They
+  had nowhere to remove their household goods, and stored them in the
+  garret carefully packed and went out to find a shelter in an old log
+  house near by, used for a corn crib. Day by day they watched the
+  house, hailed passing boats for the news of the rise and fall of the
+  water above, always trusting the house would stand&mdash;“and it would,”
+  the mother said “(for it was a good, strong house), but for the
+  storm.” The wind came and the terrible gale that swept the valley
+  like a tornado, with the water at its height, leveling whole towns,
+  descended and beat upon that house and it fell. In the morning there
+  was no house there and the waves in their fury rushed madly on. Then
+  these little children “stood and wept on the banks of the river,”
+  and the desolation and fear in the careful mother’s heart, none but
+  herself and her God can know.</p>
+
+<p>They lived in the corn-crib, and it was from it they came to hail us
+  as we passed to-day. Something had been told us of them on our
+  downward trip, and a package had been left them at “Cave-in-Rock,”
+  which they had not received. We went over shoe-tops in mud to their
+  rude home, to find it one room of logs, an old stone chimney, with a
+  cheerful fire of drift-wood and a clean hearth, two wrecks of beds,
+  a table, and two chairs, which some kind neighbor had loaned. The
+  Government boats had left them rations. There was an air of thrift,
+  even in their desolation, a plank walk was laid about the door, the
+  floor was cleanly swept, and the twenty-five surviving hens, for an
+  equal number was lost in the storm, clucked and craiked comfortably
+  about the door, and there were two and a half dozen fresh eggs to
+  sell us at a higher rate than paid in town. We stood, as we had done
+  so many scores of times during the last few weeks, and looked this
+  pitiful scene in the face. There was misfortune, poverty, sorrow,
+  want, loneliness, dread of future, but fortitude, courage, integrity
+  and honest thrift.</p>
+
+<p>“Would she like to return to the childhood home in Indiana?” we
+  asked the mother, for we would help them go.</p>
+
+<p>“No,” she said tenderly. “My husband lived and died here. He was
+  buried here, and I would not like to go away and leave him alone. It
+  won’t be very long, and it is a comfort to the children to be able
+  to visit his grave. No, I<a class="pagenum" id="Page_132" title="132"></a> reckon we will stay here, and out of the
+  wreck of the old house which sticks up out of the mud, we will put
+  another little hut, higher up in the bank out of the way of the
+  floods, and if it is only a hut, it will be a home for us and we
+  will get into it.”</p>
+
+<p>There were no dry eyes, but very still hearts, while we listened to
+  this sorrowful but brave little speech, made with a voice full of
+  tears.</p>
+
+<p>Our thoughtful field agent, Dr. Hubbell, was the first to speak.</p>
+
+<p>“Here are six children,” he said with an inquiring glance at me.</p>
+
+<p>No response was needed. The thing was done. We told the mother the
+  story of the “Little Six” of Waterford, and asked her if that money
+  with enough more to make up one hundred dollars would help her to
+  get up her house? It was her turn to be speechless. At length with a
+  struggling, choking voice she managed to say&mdash;“God knows how much it
+  would be to me. Yes, with my good boys I can do it, and do it well.”</p>
+
+<p>We put in her hands a check for this sum, and directed from the boat
+  clean boxes of clothing and bedding, to help restore the household,
+  when the house shall have been completed.</p>
+
+<p>Before we left her, we asked if she would name her house when it
+  would be done. She thought a second and caught the idea.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes,” she replied quickly, with a really winsome smile on that worn
+  and weary face, “yes, I shall name it ‘The Little Six.’”</p>
+
+<p>And so, dear Mr. Camp, will you kindly tell those brave little
+  philanthropic dramatists, that they are to have a house down on the
+  banks of the great rolling river, and that one day, I think, will
+  come a letter to tell them that another six children are nightly
+  praying God to bless them for the home that will shelter them from
+  the floods and the storms.</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">Sincerely and cordially yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Clara Barton.</span>
+ </div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In reply the following letters were received:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline">
+   <span class="smcap">Waterford, Pa.</span>, <em>March 25, 1884</em>.
+  </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M.E. Camp</span>, Editor of Erie <cite>Dispatch</cite>:</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: The “Little Six” met yesterday and wrote the accompanying
+  letter, which they would like to have you forward to Miss Clara
+  Barton. They wish me to thank you for sending them copies of your
+  paper containing Miss Barton’s beautiful letter to them. If you or
+  Miss Barton ever had any doubts in regard to a child’s appreciation
+  of favors shown, I wish you could have seen those bright, happy
+  faces as they gave three cheers for “ye editor” and three times
+  three for Miss Clara Barton and the “Home of the Little Six” on the
+  banks of the Ohio.</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+  <span class="smcap">Mrs. Loyd Benson</span>, Committee.
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+   <div class="dateline">
+     <span class="smcap">Waterford</span>, <em>March 24, 1884</em>.
+   </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Miss Barton</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We read your nice letter in the <cite>Dispatch</cite>, and we would like very
+  much to see that house called “The Little Six,” and we are so glad
+  we little six helped six<a class="pagenum" id="Page_133" title="133"></a> other little children, and we thank you
+  for going to so much trouble in putting our money just where we
+  would have put it ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>Sometime again when you want money to help you in your good work,
+  call on the “Little Six.”</p>
+
+<div class="pad50">
+  <span class="smcap">Joe Farrar</span>, twelve years old.<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Florence Howe</span>, eleven years old.<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Mary Barton</span>, eleven years old.<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Reed White</span>, eleven years old.<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Bertie Ensworth</span>, ten years old.<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Lloyd Barton</span>, seven years old.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It could not fail to have been a satisfaction to me to know that I had
+done my work as they would have “done it themselves.”</p>
+
+<p>As long as we remained on the river this family was occasionally visited
+by our boat. On one occasion a strong flagstaff twenty feet in length
+was taken and firmly set upon the bank near where they would place their
+house. Its well-lettered cross board at the top showed “Little Six Red
+Cross Landing,” and this point has remained a landing on the Ohio River
+probably unto this day.</p>
+
+<p>During this trip on the upper Ohio, which was even yet scarcely safe for
+running at night, we had, after a hard day’s work, found a cove and tied
+our boat for the night. It was a rather sequestered spot, and the
+appearance of a full-size river steamer, halting for the night on one of
+its banks, attracted the attention of the few people residing there, and
+at dusk a body of five or six men came to the boat to ask if we were in
+trouble that we stopped there, and if there were anything they could do
+for us. We quieted their kindly apprehensions and invited them on board.
+The lights revealed a condition of personal poverty which should have
+more naturally asked help than offered it. On the entire trip with its
+thousands of miles, among white and black, we had never seen such
+evidences of destitution. They scarcely could have decently gone among
+civilized people, and yet as they spoke, there was no lack of sense. On
+the contrary, they seemed in many ways to be men of the world. Their
+language, while provincial, had nothing uncommon in it, and altogether
+they were a study to us. We gave them some supper, and while eating,
+learned the facts of their lives.</p>
+
+<p>Either by blood or marriage, they were all relatives, consisting of six
+families, making in all about thirty people. They all lived
+together&mdash;such living as it was&mdash;and there seemed to be among them a
+perfectly good understanding. They had always lived on the river banks,
+probably more on the river than off of it. They were not<a class="pagenum" id="Page_134" title="134"></a> farmers, never
+planted or raised anything, subsisting mainly upon fish and the floating
+drift to be picked up. Thus, they clung to the river like the muskrat
+and beaver, and were washed out with every flood. Sixteen of them at
+that time were living under some slanting boards.</p>
+
+<p>After supper our men quietly invited them to the clothing department on
+the stern of the ship, and exchanged their garments.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we got hold of these people, clothed, fed, encouraged and advised
+them, got them into houses, furnished them, formed them into a little
+colony, put up a landing named, at their own request, “Red Cross Big
+Six,” and took care of the women and children. Every man foreswore his
+drink, his cards and his betting, and went to work for the first time in
+his life.</p>
+
+<p>We found a faithful merchant to stand by, advise them and report to us.
+From year to year we have helped to keep them clothed. The children
+immediately went to school, and the next year for the first time they
+planted land and raised their own food; and the growing thrift and
+strange prosperity of this body of heretofore vagrants began after a
+time to excite the envy of its neighbors, who thought they were getting
+on better than themselves, and their merchant friend had to repel it.</p>
+
+<p>Only one or two of them could write a little, but they made good use of
+their accomplishment as far as possessed. One day I received a letter
+from one of their <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">savants</em>, Charley Hunter, out of which among much
+that was encouraging, with considerable labor, I deciphered the
+following: “We are all doing well. We don’t drink or play cards no more.
+I got the flannel undershirts and drawers and the medicine you sent me.
+My rhumatis is better. I know now I have got two friends; one is you and
+the other is God.”</p>
+
+<p>I was sorry he named me first; I do not think he intended it. I might
+add that two years later these people had united with the church; that
+the children were all in school, and that one daughter was being
+educated for a teacher.</p>
+
+<p>On the lower Ohio one of the villages most wrecked by the waters and the
+cyclone was Smithland, an old aristocratic borough on the Kentucky side.
+They had no coal, and we supplied them as we went down. On our return we
+lowered steam and threw out our landing prow opposite the town. The
+whistle of the “Throop” was as welcome to their ears as the flag to
+their eyes.</p>
+
+<p>It was a bright, clear, spring morning and Sunday. In an hour the entire
+little hamlet of people stood on our decks; only four, they said, were
+left at home, and these sick and infirm. They had selected<a class="pagenum" id="Page_135" title="135"></a> their lawyer
+to speak their thanks, and they had chosen well. No words will ever do
+justice to the volume of native eloquence which seemed to roll unbidden
+from his lips. We listened in mute surprise until he finished with these
+sentences:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>At noon on that day we were in the blackness of despair. The whole
+  village in the power of the demon of waters, hemmed in by sleet and
+  ice, without fire enough to cook its little food. When the bell
+  struck nine that night, there were seventy-five families on their
+  knees before their blazing grates, thanking God for fire and light,
+  and praying blessings on the phantom ship with the unknown device
+  that had come as silently as the snow, they knew not whence, and
+  gone, they knew not whither.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A few days later we finished the voyage of relief, having covered the
+Ohio River from Cincinnati to Cairo and back twice, and the Mississippi
+from St. Louis to New Orleans and return, occupying four months’ time on
+the rivers, in our own chartered boats, finishing at Pittsburg and
+taking rail for Washington on the first of July, having traveled over
+eight thousand miles, and distributed in relief, of money and estimated
+material, $175,000.</p>
+
+<p>The government had expended an appropriation from the treasury on the
+same waters of $150,000 in money, and distributed it well. The
+difference was that ours was not appropriated; we gathered it as we used
+it.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_136" title="136"></a>THE TEXAS FAMINE.</h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i026.jpg" width="75" height="142" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">Occasional rumors reached us in the years 1885 and 1886 about a drouth
+in Texas and consequent suffering, but they were so contradictory and
+widely at variance that the public took little or no heed of them.
+During the year of 1886 the Rev. John Brown, a North Presbyterian
+minister, located at Albany, Shackelford County, Texas, began making
+appeals by circular and oral address to the people of the Northern
+States, in which he asserted that there were a hundred thousand families
+in northwestern Texas who were utterly destitute and on the verge of
+starvation. He stated that since the close of the war a large number of
+poor families had been constantly crowding into Texas from the Southern
+States principally, induced thither by land agents and others, who gave
+glowing representations of the character of the soil for farming
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>These poor people, by hard labor and industry, had been generally able
+to make a living and nothing more. The last fall they had planted wheat
+and other grain quite extensively, but the rains came not and everything
+perished; and in the following spring and summer, too, everything put
+into the ground was blasted by the hot winds, so that not a thing was
+raised for man or beast. For fifteen months no rain had fallen, and the
+condition of the people was pitiable and called aloud to the charitable
+throughout the land for relief. They must be carried through to the next
+summer or they would perish. At a meeting of the citizens of Albany,
+Texas, they decided that the task of relieving the sufferers was greater
+than the well-to-do people of the State were able to undertake, and that
+an appeal should be made to the good-hearted people of the North for
+immediate aid. The Governor of Texas also published an appeal to the
+people of the whole land, asking for food for these people. But as there
+was no concerted action, and so many denials of the stories of
+suffering, little or nothing in the way of relief work was accomplished
+for some time. Spasmodic attempts were made, and some food for man and
+beast was contributed, but not enough to relieve a hundredth part of the
+needy.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_137" title="137"></a>The Rev. Dr. Brown went to the State Capital and endeavored to interest
+the legislature in the matter, but there were seemingly so much
+misunderstanding and unbelief, and so many conflicting interests to
+reconcile, that he failed to receive any substantial assurances and left
+the place in disgust. When the citizens of Texas could not agree as to
+the necessities of their own people it was not to be expected that the
+citizens of the country would take much interest in them, hence the
+relief movement languished from inanition.</p>
+
+<p>About the middle of January, 1887, Dr. Brown came to Washington and, as
+solicitor and receiving agent for the committee which had issued an
+appeal to the country, appealed to me, as president of the American
+National Red Cross, asking our organization to come to the relief of the
+people, who were in a deplorable state, greatly needing food and
+clothing. I immediately shipped to Texas all the stores that were then
+in our warehouse, but they were no great quantity.</p>
+
+<p>An appeal direct to the Red Cross required immediate attention, and I at
+once sought a conference with President Cleveland, who was greatly
+worried over the contradictory stories that were constantly printed, and
+was anxious to learn the truth about the matter. When I said that I
+should go to Texas and see for myself, he was greatly pleased, and
+requested me to report to him the exact situation just as soon as I had
+satisfied myself by personal investigation.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hubbell and I proceeded directly to Albany, Texas, where we arrived
+near the end of January. We were met by the leading citizens and most
+heartily welcomed and accorded every privilege and attention. We began
+our investigations at once in a systematic way, carefully noting
+everything we heard and saw; and in the course of a two weeks’ trip over
+the afflicted region, we learned the extent of the need and formulated
+plans for its relief.</p>
+
+<p>Making Albany our object point, we traveled by private conveyance over
+such territory as we thought sufficient to give a correct knowledge of
+the condition of the country and the people. We met large numbers of the
+residents, both collectively and at their homes, and learned from them
+personally and by actual observation their condition and what they had
+to depend upon during the next few months. It will be borne in mind that
+when we entered upon this investigation little or no relief had come
+from the State, and none was positively assured.</p>
+
+<p>Almost no rain had fallen during a period of eighteen months; two
+planted crops had perished in the ground, and the seed wheat sown the
+previous fall gave no signs of life. The dust was rolling over the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_138" title="138"></a>
+great wind-swept fields, where the people had hidden their last little
+forlorn hope of borrowed seed, and literally a heaven of brass looked
+down upon an earth of iron.</p>
+
+<p>Here were twenty to forty counties of a size commensurate with Texan
+dimensions occupied by new settlers, making their first efforts in the
+pioneer work of developing home life in an untried country, soil and
+climate. They had put their all into the new home and the little stock
+they could afford for its use. They had toiled faithfully, planted two
+and three times, as long as there was anything to plant or sow, and in
+most instances failed to get back their seed. Many had grown discouraged
+and left the country. The people were not actually starving, but they
+were in the direst want for many of the necessities of life, and it was
+only a matter of days when they would have reached the condition of the
+reconcentrados as we later found them in Cuba. Hundreds of thousands of
+cattle had died for the want of food and water, and their drying
+carcasses and bleaching bones could be seen in every direction as the
+eye wandered over the parched surface of the plains.</p>
+
+<p>I at once saw that in the vastness of its territory and varying
+interests the real need of these suffering communities was not
+understood by the Texas people&mdash;it had not come home to them&mdash;but that
+once comprehending, it would be their wish to have it known and cared
+for by themselves and not by others outside of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Assuring these poor people that their actual condition should be made
+known to their own people, through the authoritative means of the Red
+Cross, and that they should be speedily cared for, we bade them farewell
+and hurried away to Dallas, where we intended to send out a statement to
+the people of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving there, we sought an interview with Colonel Belo of the Dallas
+<cite>News</cite> and laid before him the result of our observations. He placed the
+columns of his paper at our disposal, and through them we enlightened
+the people of the true status of affairs in their own State. The
+response was as quick as it was gratifying, and thence onward there was
+no further necessity for appealing to anyone outside of the State
+limits. Indeed, that act in the first place was the greatest mistake, as
+to the average Texan, feeling a genuine pride in the State’s wealth and
+resources, it savored of frauds and imposition, and prejudiced him
+against the brother who would pass him by and appeal to outsiders.</p>
+
+<p>The Texas Legislature appropriated one hundred thousand dollars for
+food, and in the meantime rain began to fall and the entire aspect<a class="pagenum" id="Page_139" title="139"></a> of
+affairs began to change for the better. But there were still many needs
+unprovided for&mdash;clothing, fuel, seeds for gardens and fields, live stock
+and many other things&mdash;and it was necessary to place these needs before
+the people. This the <cite>News</cite> took upon itself to do; and upon my
+suggestion it opened a popular subscription and announced that it would
+receive contributions of seed or cash and would publish the same from
+day to day and turn them over to the constituted authorities appointed
+to disburse them. In order to encourage the movement I inaugurated it
+with the first subscription, and from that time until now I do not
+believe any one has heard of any need in Texas that has not been taken
+care of by her own people.</p>
+
+<p>Congress had appropriated ten thousand dollars for seed to be given the
+Texas drouth sufferers; but President Cleveland promptly vetoed the act
+and thereby laid himself open to a great deal of unkind criticism. He
+was right, however, and by his resolute action saved the nation’s money
+and the State’s pride. I know that it must have been an unpleasant duty
+for the President to feel compelled to apply his pruning knife to that
+tender shoot, for he was one of the first to respond with his own
+personal check to the call for aid for the drouth sufferers; and the
+subject had always held his kindly interest.</p>
+
+<p>The services of the Red Cross, beyond those given by its president and
+field agent in making their investigation, were not required in this
+emergency; and as we had performed the duty most needed, viz.: to
+unravel the misunderstanding and rightly inform the people of the true
+condition of affairs in the stricken district, we concluded that our
+task was ended and that we could return to our home.</p>
+
+<p>On our return to Washington the following report was made to the
+President:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline"><em>February 19, 1889.</em>
+</div>
+
+<p><em>To the President of the United States</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. President</span>&mdash;I have not been unmindful of your distinguished
+permission to write you concerning the condition of the people of Texas
+suffering from the drouth. Desiring to spare your time and labor so far
+as possible, I delayed my communication until the investigations should
+be completed, and my opinions in regard to the extent of their
+necessities, and the sources from which relief should properly emanate,
+could be satisfactorily settled in my own mind.</p>
+
+<p>The prime reason for my going in person, to Texas was my entire
+inability to solve the mystery of why Texas was not equal to the care of
+its own poor and the meeting of its own calamities. I could not<a class="pagenum" id="Page_140" title="140"></a>
+comprehend how a couple of seasons of drouth in one sparsely settled
+corner of an old State of six millions of acres, with a treasury out of
+debt, should throw the people of that State upon the charity of the
+other States, or upon the support of the general government. My
+investigations brought to light the following perplexed conditions:</p>
+
+<p>She had contending interests between her original cattlemen who wanted
+the lands left open, and the farmers who came in to settle them up; the
+former placing every obstacle, like the cutting of fences and driving
+off stock, in the way of the little immigrant!
+
+A second conflicting interest arose between these same original lords of
+the soil&mdash;the free ranchmen&mdash;and those, who, through railroad grants or
+purchase, had become actual owners of land which they desired to sell,
+and for this purpose, and to this end, held out unwarranted inducements,
+clothed in glowing descriptions, both false and dangerous, to encourage
+immigration, for which no preparation against the failure of crops from
+any cause, or toward the opening of industries of any other kind had
+been made&mdash;not even the taking care to leave a small sum at the
+discretion of the governor in case any harm might befall these newly
+invited citizens. The immigrants, on their part, coming, as they had
+been instructed to believe, into a semi-tropical climate, with
+exhaustless soil covered with almost perpetual verdure, made no
+provisions beyond the wants of the hour. One looked long and generally
+in vain for some trace of a cellar, or storehouse, or barn, or even the
+marks of some former hayrick, which might betoken some thought of
+provision for the future on the part of these so-called farmers. Pioneer
+like, they had wasted what they could not at the moment use. In this
+condition the drouth struck this section of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Fearing the effect of these conflicting interests, the mistake was made
+of their coming out of the State to solicit aid, in the place of turning
+bravely and confidently to the people of her rich Southern sections for
+help among themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Again, the mistake of overstatement was made, and a population of
+thousands represented as “starving,” when in reality no one had starved
+nor was expected to. They were in far too great want, but not
+“starving.” These statements served to mortify and incense the people,
+and to turn the strength of nearly the entire press of the State against
+the statements of those representing the distress, and literally to kill
+all help from both without and within.</p>
+
+<p>Added to this, the courtesy of the railroads entering the State, and
+which at the first call for help had generously offered free freight on
+all<a class="pagenum" id="Page_141" title="141"></a> gifts for the drouth sufferers, had most unfortunately been abused,
+and the occasion used by dealers to send goods in free to their
+customers for sale. This had the effect in ten days to shut off all free
+railroad transportation into the State, and thus it remains to-day, and
+the freight on a carload of gift oats from the grain centres of the
+Northwest would exceed their value when there.</p>
+
+<p>These were a part of the perplexing conditions which confronted me upon
+my arrival in Albany, January, 1887.</p>
+
+<p>The Legislature was occupied in electing a senator, and so continued
+during two weeks, paying no attention to the Relief bill before it.
+Meanwhile, I occupied myself in traveling by private conveyance among
+the people, learning their conditions from themselves. They suffered
+every necessity but <em>homelessness</em>, and this was the worst feature in
+the case. Lacking this, they would have felt justified in going away and
+seeking plenty in the homes of others; but how to pick up their unfed
+children and travel out, leaving their few cattle to the cowboys and the
+farm to the tax collector.</p>
+
+<p>I attempted to write the real state of things to you; but of what use? I
+might as well have sent you a tangled skein of silk to pick out for the
+winding. It was clearly no case for a great call for charity from the
+people at large, neither for governmental aid. Texas was a thousand
+times equal to it herself, when once she looked it clearly in the face
+and set about the work. This she at length commenced by an appropriation
+of $100,000 for food.</p>
+
+<p>As good fortune would have it, rains commenced, the wheat was apparently
+saved, and hope revived. There was still need for staple grains at once
+to plant and sow the fields. These must come from the people within the
+State, as they had closed all avenues from without, and it was proper
+they should furnish them. But it could only be accomplished by the aid
+of the press, which was still pointing its horns at John Brown, who
+persisted in declaring that “a million of dollars must come from
+Congress or the people of the North.” There was no way but to reach the
+press, and turn its powers in the true direction.</p>
+
+<p>The arrangement was not difficult for us to make. The columns of both
+the Dallas and Galveston <cite>News</cite> are open for a “Seed Fund” from the
+State, pledged to close them only when the need is met. I left that
+night, feeling that the skein was unraveled, and <em>our</em> part of the work
+done.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you with all my heart, Mr. President, for the encouragement
+given me at the commencement, and the privilege of writing you.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_142" title="142"></a> I have
+done this little bit of work faithfully, and hope it may meet your
+approval. I am home, with scarcely strength to leave my bed, but I trust
+we have heard the <em>last of “Texas drouth</em>.”</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">I have the honor to be,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10">Most respectfully,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_143" title="143"></a>
+ <img src="images/i027.jpg" width="500" height="321" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">CAMP PERRY.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>The Northern Florida Yellow Fever Quarantine Station of the U.S. Marine
+Hospital, during the epidemic of 1888, for refugees coming north.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_144" title="144"></a>
+ <img src="images/i028.jpg" width="500" height="310" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">RED CROSS HEADQUARTERS.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption column-container">
+  <div class="column">
+     PARLORS.<br />FIRST OFFICE.
+  </div>
+  <div class="column">
+     VESTIBULE AND LOWER HALL.<br />
+     SECOND OFFICE AND BREAKFAST ROOM.
+  </div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_145" title="145"></a>THE MOUNT VERNON CYCLONE.</h2>
+
+<h3>ILLINOIS.</h3>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i029.jpg" width="75" height="117" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">Sunday, February 19, 1888, will ever be a memorable day in the annals of
+the little town of Mount Vernon, Ill.&mdash;a day of supreme horrors,
+destruction and death. There had been thunder and lightning during the
+afternoon, followed by rain and hail, which had given away to an ominous
+stillness. The sky was covered with a wierd light, and the air was
+strangely oppressive. The clouds rapidly changed color, rolling and
+whirling, and dropping nearer to the earth, until suddenly they assumed
+the dreaded shape of a huge funnel or inverted cone, which came whirling
+along with an awful roar, and within three minutes after the fury of the
+storm had struck the town, thirty people had been killed and scores of
+others injured, and an immense amount of property destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Mount Vernon is the county seat of Jefferson county, and contained four
+thousand inhabitants. It was a pretty and prosperous place; its business
+centre surrounded a public square, whose four sides were lined with
+stores, and the middle ground occupied by the county court house, a fine
+three-story building; its broad streets were bordered with shade trees
+and lighted by electricity.</p>
+
+<p>The cyclone cut a broad swath through the eastern half of the town,
+destroying everything in its path, tearing down brick houses, uprooting
+trees, and picking up small wooden houses and carrying them along as if
+they were made of cardboard, and finally dashing them to pieces against
+more substantial obstacles. In a very few minutes after the storm had
+passed, the sun shone out brightly, but on what a scene! The air was
+filled with cries of anguish coming from the maimed sufferers crushed
+under the ruins, and with the wailings for the dead and missing.</p>
+
+<p>To add to the horrors already wrought, fire broke out in a dozen places.
+Those who were uninjured quickly came to the rescue, quenching the
+flames and exerting themselves to relieve the unfortunate victims, who
+were, in most cases, pinned down under the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_146" title="146"></a> wreckage of their houses.
+All night long these brave men and women worked, and when morning came
+the few houses that remained standing were filled with the dead and
+injured.</p>
+
+<p>Appeals for assistance were sent out to the people of the country, but
+through an improper statement of the situation, the public was misled,
+and not realizing the pressing needs of the stricken community, failed
+to take up the matter in a business-like manner, and the town was left
+to suffer for a little of the great abundance that was around them. In
+their extremity the despairing citizens appealed to the Red Cross for
+aid, which responded at once.</p>
+
+<p>A most deplorable situation was presented: the people were homeless and
+helpless, neglected, and in a state of mind bordering on insanity.</p>
+
+<p>After a somewhat hasty examination of the situation, the following
+simple message was sent to both the Associated and the United Press:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The pitiless snow is falling on the heads of three thousand people
+  who are without homes, without food or clothing and without money.</p>
+  <div class="signature">
+    <span class="smcap">Clara Barton.</span>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>With only this little word to explain the needs, our generous American
+people responded promptly and liberally, as they always do when they
+fully understand what is needed.</p>
+
+<p>It was unnecessary to remain longer than two weeks with these people,
+who, as soon as they recovered from the first shock of their great
+misfortune, and when they felt that kind friends were by their side,
+lending them moral and substantial support, manfully commenced to bring
+order out of chaos, to rebuild their town and resume their usual
+avocations. Large quantities of relief supplies of all kinds quickly
+came to hand, and when we were ready to leave them, the Citizens’
+Committee had in its treasury a cash balance of ninety thousand dollars.
+And thus, with their blessings ringing in our ears, we left them.</p>
+
+<p>We were scarcely home from Mount Vernon when the yellow fever of Florida
+broke out in the summer and autumn of 1888.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_147" title="147"></a>YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC IN FLORIDA.</h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i030.jpg" width="75" height="130" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">During the month of August, 1888, yellow fever broke out in
+Jacksonville, and in September it was declared to be epidemic, the usual
+alarm and exodus of citizens taking place. On September eighth heroic
+measures to depopulate the city were taken. Every person that was still
+well and could leave was requested to go; very little urging was
+necessary. Camps were established outside of the city, where those who
+had not the means to go further and get better quarters were enabled to
+live under medical surveillance, and away from the seat of infection.</p>
+
+<p>The Mayor of Jacksonville had made an appeal for doctors and nurses,
+which had been quickly responded to, and they were doing everything
+possible to attend to the rapidly increasing number of patients.</p>
+
+<p>On the formation of the Red Cross Society of New Orleans in 1893, it had
+been carefully and wisely arranged that in case of yellow fever becoming
+epidemic in any place, no unacclimated persons, or those not immune,
+should be sent as assistants by the Red Cross. New Orleans was the home
+of the famous “Old Howard Association,” that had won its reputation and
+worn its grateful renown from the horrors of Memphis to the present
+time. This body freely united with the Red Cross of New Orleans, and it
+was arranged that the southern states, through this society, should
+provide all Red Cross nurses for yellow fever, and that the northern
+portion of the country should raise the money to pay and provide them.
+We felt this to be a security, and an immediate provision which the
+country had never before known. Fearing that this might not, at its
+first inception, be fully understood, I called at once on Dr. Hamilton,
+then in charge of the Marine Hospital, explaining it to him, and
+offering all the nurses that could be required, even to hundreds, all
+experienced and organized for immediate action. Perhaps it was not
+strange that a provision so new and so unknown in the sad history of
+plagues and epidemics, should have seemed Eutopian, and as such been
+brushed aside as not only useless, but self-seeking and obtrusive. Like
+the entire organi<a class="pagenum" id="Page_148" title="148"></a>zation of which it was a part, it had to wait and win
+its way against custom or even prejudice, by honest worth and stern
+necessity. It was the “old, old story.” The world takes reform hard and
+slow.</p>
+
+<p>As it was, however, we did what we could. Headquarters were established
+at the Riggs House in Washington. The good hearted people of the north
+who felt that they must go to Florida, had by some means gotten the idea
+that they must have a pass from the Central Committee of the Red Cross
+in order to go. They came to us in hundreds and were mercifully held
+back from a scourge for which they would have been both food and fuel.
+Whilst the entire people of the country in pity and horror at the
+reports received, were holding meetings, raising money, and pouring
+funds like water into the doomed city of Jacksonville, where the scourge
+had centered, and to which every effort was made to confine it.</p>
+
+<p>Not realizing the opposition there might prove to be to our nurses, we
+called upon their old time leader, Colonel F.R. Southmayd, the efficient
+secretary of the Red Cross Society of New Orleans, instructing him to
+enlist a body of nurses and take them at once to the fever district. He
+enlisted thirty, both men and women, white and colored, took a part with
+him, the remainder following next day.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Southmayd, Southern born and bred, was a man of quick impulse
+and intense feelings; his heart was warm with the love of humanity and
+the sense of justice. He had been identified with the old Howard
+Association almost from its inception, and had worked through every
+epidemic of fever or other disease that had afflicted the South since
+the war; and he knew full well the value of the services of his chosen
+nurses. He strongly resented the injustice that he felt they were
+receiving, and naturally became involved in an unfortunate altercation
+with his superiors. In order to restore peace and remove an impediment
+to effective work, I withdrew the Colonel, requesting him to come to
+Washington and assist the Central Committee.</p>
+
+<p>He came in obedience to the call, but burning with a sense of indignity
+and injustice to himself and the faithful suffering nurses he had
+brought&mdash;even with the lack of the good right arm which had swung his
+sword for the Confederate cause till it dropped from the shoulder, he
+was not an easy man to hold; but duty to the Red Cross, which he loved,
+and loyalty to its officers, whom he honored,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_149" title="149"></a> held him quiet. He would
+never return to New Orleans, but at length retired to some northern
+city, where, after a few years he died, beloved and respected by those
+who knew his proud high soul, sterling worth and devotion to humanity.</p>
+
+<p>His was one of the strong hearts that carried the impress of its
+memories and griefs to the grave, and we always felt that somewhere on
+that heart that had ceased to beat could have been found a spot still
+bruised and sore on which was written Jacksonville.</p>
+
+<p>Refugees who had fled from Jacksonville, carried the plague to several
+smaller places in the surrounding country, where in some instances it
+acquired quite a foothold; but owing to their obscurity and the lack of
+communication with the outside world, they were left alone to fight the
+disease as best they could. Among these places was the little town of
+MacClenny, where as soon as it became known that there was a case of
+fever within its limits, all trains were ordered to rush through without
+stopping, and an armed quarantine was placed around it with orders to
+shoot anyone attempting to leave the town. Thus left to their fate,
+without doctors, nurses or food, in any quantity, their situation was
+pitiable. There were a number of volunteers who had made attempts to get
+into MacClenny, but owing to the unreasoning panic existing, they were
+not permitted to enter the place.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Southmayd had heard of these neglected people, and he succeeded
+while en route to Jacksonville in dropping off ten nurses so much needed
+at MacClenny. How he did this, I have told in a little brochure entitled
+“The MacClenny Nurses,” that was issued at the close of the year 1888 as
+a holiday greeting, and intended as a public acknowledgment of the
+appreciation in which the Red Cross held those noble men and women who
+braved everything that they might serve their stricken brethren.
+Following is the story:</p>
+
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_150" title="150"></a>“<span class="smcap">THE MacCLENNY NURSES.</span>”</h3>
+
+<p class="center">
+A HOLIDAY TRIBUTE<br />
+TO<br />
+RED CROSS WORKERS,<br />
+IN</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Warm appreciation and grateful acknowledgment of the faithful hands
+that toiled, and the generous hearts that gave.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">BY</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>President of the American Association of the Red Cross</em>.</p>
+
+
+<h4>“THE MACCLENNY NURSES.”</h4>
+
+<p>During the fourth week in November a dispatch to National
+  Headquarters announced that the last band of Red Cross nurses, known
+  as the MacClenny nurses, had finished their work at Enterprise, and
+  would come into Camp Perry to wait their ten days’ quarantine and go
+  home to New Orleans for Thanksgiving.</p>
+
+<p>Seventy-nine days ago that would mean that their little company of
+  eighteen, mainly women, steaming on to Jacksonville, under guidance
+  of their old-time trusted leader, Southmayd, of New Orleans,
+  listened to his announcement that the town of MacClenny,
+  thirty-eight miles from Jacksonville, Florida, and through which
+  they would soon pass, was in a fearful state of distress; a
+  comparatively new town, of a few thousand, largely Northern and
+  Western people, suddenly stricken down in scores; poor, helpless,
+  physicians all ill, and no nurses; quarantined on all sides, no
+  food, medicine, nor comforts for sick or well.</p>
+
+<p>“Nurses, shall I leave a part of you there; the train cannot stop
+  in, nor near the town, but if I can manage to get it slowed up
+  somewhere, will you jump?”</p>
+
+<p>“We will do anything you say, Colonel; we are here in God’s name and
+  service to help His people; for Him, for you, and for the Red Cross,
+  we will do our best and our all.”</p>
+
+<p>“Conductor, you had a hot box a few miles back; don’t you think it
+  should be looked to after passing MacClenny?”</p>
+
+<p>“I will slow up and have it seen to, Colonel, although it may cost
+  me my official head.” And it did.</p>
+
+<p>One mile beyond town, the rain pouring in torrents, the ground
+  soaked, slippery, and caving, out into pitchy darkness, leaped three
+  men and seven women from a puffing, unsteady train, no physician
+  with them, and no instructions save the charge of their leader as
+  the last leap was made, and the train pushed on. “Nurses, you know
+  what to do; go and do your best, and God<a class="pagenum" id="Page_151" title="151"></a> help you.” Hand to hand,
+  that none go astray in the darkness, they hobbled back over a mile
+  of slippery cross-ties to the stricken town. Shelter was found, the
+  wet clothes dried, and at midnight the sick had been parceled out,
+  each nurse had his or her quota of patients, and were in for the
+  issue, be it life or death. Those past all help must be seen
+  through, and lost, all that could be must be saved. The next day a
+  dispatch from Southmayd went back to New Orleans for Dr. Gill, a
+  Norwegian by birth, tall, straight, honest, and true as the pines of
+  his native land, to come and take charge of the sick and the nurses
+  at MacClenny. It was done, and under his wise direction they found
+  again a leader. Their labors and successes are matters for later and
+  more extended record.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be borne in mind that these nurses found no general table,
+  no table at all but such as they could provide, find the food for,
+  and cook for themselves, for the sick, the children, and the old and
+  helpless who had escaped the fever and must be cared for. No patient
+  could be left till the crisis was passed, and many are their records
+  of seventy-two hours without change or sleep or sitting down. As the
+  disease gradually succumbed to their watchful care, experience and
+  skill, they reached out to other freshly attacked towns and hamlets.
+  Sanderson and Glen St. Mary’s became their charge, and return their
+  blessings for life preserved.</p>
+
+<p>On November first it was thought they could safely leave and go into
+  camp for quarantine; but no regular train would be permitted to take
+  them. The Red Cross secured and paid a special train for them, and,
+  as if in bold relief against the manner of their entry seven weeks
+  before, the entire town, saving its invalids, was assembled at the
+  station at seven o’clock in the morning to bid them good-by and
+  God-speed.</p>
+
+<p>But their fame had gone before them, and “Enterprise,” a hundred
+  miles below, just stricken down among its flowers and fruits,
+  reached out its hand for aid, and with one accord after two days in
+  camp, all turned back from the coveted home and needed rest and
+  added another month of toil to their already weary record. At length
+  this was ended, and word came again to us that they would go into
+  quarantine. Their unselfish, faithful, and successful record
+  demanded something more than the mere sending of money. It deserved
+  the thanks of the Red Cross organization in the best and highest
+  manner in which they could be bestowed; it was decided that its
+  president, in person, should most fittingly do this, and accordingly
+  left Washington on the morning of November twenty-second in company
+  with Dr. Hubbell, Field Agent, for Camp Perry, the quarantine
+  station of Florida. Two days and one night by rail, a few miles
+  across country by wagon, where trains were forbidden to stop, and
+  another mile or so over the trestles of St. Mary’s on a dirt car
+  with the workmen, brought us into camp as the evening fires were
+  lighted and the bugle sounded supper. The genial surgeon in charge,
+  Dr. Hutton, who carried a knapsack and musket in an Illinois
+  regiment in ’62, met us cordially and extended every possible
+  hospitality. Soon there filed past us to supper the tall doctor and
+  his little flock; some light and fair-skinned, with the easy step of
+  a well-bred lady, others dark and bony-handed, but the strong kind
+  faces below the turbans told at a glance that you could trust your
+  life there and find it again. They were not disturbed that night,
+  and no certain information of our arrival got among them. It was
+  cold and windy, and the evening short, as nine<a class="pagenum" id="Page_152" title="152"></a> o’clock brought taps
+  and lights out. In spite of all caution the news of our coming had
+  spread over the surrounding country, and telegrams bringing both
+  thanks for what had been received and the needs for more, came from
+  all sides, and the good mayor of MacClenny made his troubled way to
+  reach and greet us in person, and take again the faithful hands that
+  had served and saved his people. Surgeon Hutton’s headquarter tent
+  was politely tendered for the first meeting, and as one could never,
+  while memory lasts, forget this scene, so no words can ever
+  adequately describe it. The ample tent was filled. Here on the right
+  the mayor, broad shouldered, kind faced and efficient, officers of
+  camp, and many visitors, wondering what it all meant; in the centre
+  the tall doctor and his faithful band. Eliza Lanier, Lena Seymour
+  (mother and daughter), Elizabeth Eastman, Harriet Schmidt, Lizzie
+  Louis, Rebecca Vidal, Annie Evans, Arthur Duteil, Frederick Wilson
+  and Edward Holyland.</p>
+
+<p>I give these names because they are worthy a place in the history of
+  any epidemic; but no country, race, nor creed could claim them as a
+  body: four Americans, one German, one French, one Irish, three
+  Africans, part Protestant, and part Catholic, but all from New
+  Orleans, of grand old <em>Howard</em> stock, from Memphis down, nursing in
+  every epidemic from the bayous of the Mississippi to Tampa Bay; and
+  hereafter we will know them as the “<em>Old Guard</em>.”</p>
+
+<p>Here, in the winds of approaching winter they stand in the light
+  garb of early September in New Orleans, thin, worn, longing for
+  home, but patient, grateful and glad. Some trifling “nubia” or
+  turban about the head, but only one distinguishing feature in
+  common. A pitiful little misshapen Red Cross, made by their own
+  hands, of two bits of scarlet ribbon, soiled, fringed, and tattered,
+  pinned closely upon the left breast of each, strove in mute appeal
+  to say who they were, and what they served. A friendly recognition
+  and some words of thanks from their president, opened the way for
+  those anxious to follow. The rich, warm eloquence of Mayor Watkins
+  plainly told from how near his heart the stream of gratitude was
+  flowing, and his manly voice trembled as he reverted to the
+  condition of his stricken people, on that pitiless night, when this
+  little band of pilgrim strangers strayed back to them in the rain
+  and darkness. “I fear they often worked in hunger,” he said, “for
+  then, as now, we had little for ourselves, our sick, or our well;
+  but they brought us to our feet, and the blessing of every man,
+  woman and child in MacClenny is on them.”</p>
+
+<p>It was with a kind of paternal pride that Dr. Gill advanced and
+  placed before us his matchless record of cases attended, and life
+  preserved. “This is the record of our work,” he said. “I am proud of
+  it, and glad that I have been able to make it, but without the best
+  efforts of these faithful nurses I could not have done it; they have
+  stood firm through everything; not a word of complaint from, nor of,
+  one of them, in all these trying months, and I thank you, our
+  president, for this opportunity to testify to their merits in your
+  presence.” The full cups overflowed, and as we took each brown
+  calloused hand in ours, and felt the warm tears dropping over them,
+  we realized how far from calloused were the hearts behind them. The
+  silence that followed was a season of prayer.</p>
+
+<p>Then came opportunity for some conversation, questions and
+  explanations. “We wish to introduce to our president our chief
+  nurse, whom Colonel Southmayd placed in charge of us when we left
+  the car, and directed us to obey him; he is younger than any of us,
+  Ed. Holyland.” A slight young man with clear,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_153" title="153"></a> olive complexion, and
+  dark browed, earnest eyes that looked you straight in the face, came
+  forward; his apparent youthfulness gave rise to the first remark:</p>
+
+<p>“How old are you, Mr. Holyland?”</p>
+
+<p>“Twenty-nine, madam.”</p>
+
+<p>“And you have taken charge of these nurses?”</p>
+
+<p>“I have done what I could for their comfort; I think that was what
+  the Colonel desired; he knew they would need only care and advice,
+  they would do their best of themselves. During the few days that
+  Colonel Southmayd remained in Jacksonville,” he continued, “he was
+  able to send us some such comforts as we needed for the sick, and
+  some nourishing food for ourselves; but this was only a few days,
+  you know, and after that we got on as well as we could without. I
+  know that after he left the nurses gave to the sick, the children,
+  the old and the helpless, what they needed for their own strength.”</p>
+
+<p>“But you did not tell us this, Mr. Holyland.”</p>
+
+<p>“No, we were dazed and frightened by the things we heard. We felt
+  that your organization was having enough to bear. We knew we must
+  look to you for our pay, and we thought, under the circumstances,
+  that would be your share. But permit me, please, to call your
+  attention to Mr. Wilson (a stout colored man advanced), who took
+  charge of a little hospital of six cases, and carried them all
+  through day and night without an hour’s relief from any person, and
+  saved every case.”</p>
+
+<p>“And permit me,” chimed in the clear-toned Irish voice of Lizzie
+  Louis, “to tell of Mr. Holyland himself, who found a neglected
+  Italian family a mile or more outside of the town. He went and
+  nursed them alone, and when the young son, a lad of thirteen or
+  fourteen years died, knowing there was no one to bury him there, he
+  wrapped him in a blanket and brought him into town on his back, for
+  burial.”</p>
+
+<p>Holyland’s face grew sad, and his eyes modestly sought the floor, as
+  he listened to this unexpected revelation.</p>
+
+<p>“I wish to speak of something else,” added one of the men, “which we
+  were held back from doing, and for which we are now very glad. We
+  should not have thought of it ourselves. It is customary,” he
+  continued, “when a patient dies in an epidemic, to give the nurse
+  ten dollars for preparing the body for burial; this was done in our
+  first case, but Mr. Holyland had the gift promptly returned with
+  thanks, and the explanation that we were employed by an organization
+  which fully rewarded its nurses, and was too high and too correct to
+  accept tribute for misfortune; it was enough that the patient was
+  lost.”</p>
+
+<p>By this time poor black Annie Evans, the “Mammy” of the group, could
+  hold quiet no longer, and broke silence with, “Missus President!
+  whar is de Colonel? Colonel Southmayd; dey tells me all de time he’s
+  gone away from New Orleans, and I can’t b’l’eve ’em. He can’t go
+  away; he can’t lib anywhar else, he was always dar. I’se nursed in
+  yellow fever and cholera more’n twenty-five year, and I neber went
+  for nobody but him; it arn’t no New Orleans for us widout him dar. I
+  doesn’t know de name of dat place dey say he’s gone to, and I
+  doesn’t want to; he’ll be in New Orleans when we gets dar.”</p>
+
+<p>There were pitying glances among the group, at this little burst of
+  feeling, for in some way it was an echo of their own; and Lena
+  Seymour added tenderly:<a class="pagenum" id="Page_154" title="154"></a> “We have been trying for these two months
+  to convince “Mammy” about this, but she is firm in her faith and
+  sometimes refuses to hear us.” But the subject changed with “How
+  many cases did you lose in this epidemic, Mammy?”</p>
+
+<p>“I didn’t lose no cases! Lor’ bless you, honey, I doesn’t lose cases
+  if dey hasn’t been killed afore dey gets to me; folks needn’t die of
+  yellow fever.”</p>
+
+<p>We didn’t suppose that “Mammy” intended any reflection upon the
+  medical fraternity.</p>
+
+<p>“But now, friends, we must turn to our settlement, which cannot be
+  difficult. Three dollars a day for each nurse, for seventy-nine
+  days, till you are home on Thanksgiving morning. But here are only
+  ten. There are eighteen on our list who left with you and Colonel
+  Southmayd; where are your comrades?” Some eyes flashed and some
+  moistened, as they answered, “We do not know.” “They remained in the
+  car that night, and went on to Jacksonville.” Swift, dark glances
+  swept from one to another among them. Instinctively they drew closer
+  to each other, and over knitted brows and firmly set teeth, a
+  silence fell dark and ominous like a pall, which the future alone
+  can lift.</p>
+
+<p>The bugle sounded dinner, and this ended our little camp-meeting,
+  than which, few camp-meetings we believe, ever came nearer to the
+  heart of Him who offered His life a ransom, and went about doing
+  good.</p>
+
+<p>The winds blew cold across the camp; the fires shot out long angry
+  tongues of flame and drifts of smoke to every passer-by. The norther
+  was upon us. Night came down, and all were glad of shelter and
+  sleep. The morning, quiet, crisp, and white with frost, revealed the
+  blessing which had fallen upon a stricken land.</p>
+
+<p>Thanksgiving was there before its time. The hard rules relaxed. One
+  day more, and the quarantine was at an end. The north-bound train
+  halted below the camp, and all together, president and agent, tall
+  doctor and happy nurses, took places on it. The first for
+  headquarters at Washington, the last for New Orleans, and home for
+  Thanksgiving morning, full of the joys of a duty well done, rich in
+  well-paid labor in the love of those they had befriended and the
+  approval of a whole people south and north when once their work
+  should be known to them.</p>
+
+<p>To the last they clung to their little home-made Red Crosses as if
+  they had been gold and diamonds; and when at length, the tracks
+  diverged and the parting must be made, it was with few words, low
+  and softly spoken, but meaning much; with a finger touch upon the
+  little cross, “When you want us, we are there.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The fever spread during the fall to several points in Georgia, Alabama
+and Mississippi, and resulted in the usual panic and flight from many
+places; but happily the disease got no great headway before the frost
+put an end to its career.</p>
+
+<p>It was late in November when we closed this work; worn and disheartened
+as we were by both the needful and the needless hardships of the
+campaign, we were glad of the two or three months in which no call for
+action was made upon us.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_155" title="155"></a>
+ <img src="images/i031.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">JOHNSTOWN, PA., BEFORE THE FLOOD OF 1889.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_156" title="156"></a>
+ <img src="images/i032.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">RED CROSS HOTEL, LOCUST STREET, JOHNSTOWN, PA.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_157" title="157"></a>THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD.</h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i033.jpg" width="75" height="147" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">On the thirty-first of May the knell of disaster rang over the entire
+world, and we were sharply reminded that the need of the Red Cross is
+ever present, and that its members must hold themselves in readiness to
+move at a moment’s notice. The news of the awful calamity of Johnstown,
+Pa., with all its horrors, appalled us; and so frightful and improbable
+were the reports, that it required twenty-four hours to satisfy
+ourselves that it was not a canard.</p>
+
+<p>In order to get an intelligent idea of this disaster and the terrible
+damage wrought by the irresistible waters, it may be well to give a
+short sketch of the city of Johnstown and its adjacent surroundings.
+Before the flood there were thirty thousand people in this busy
+community, which embraced the city of Johnstown proper and numerous
+suburbs. The city is situated at the junction of Stony Creek and the
+Little Conemaugh, forming the Conemaugh River. These streams are liable
+to sudden overflows, and owing to the contraction of the waterway in the
+lower part of the city by the dumping of cinders and slag from the large
+iron works on the banks of the stream, and also encroachments by
+riparian owners, the upper portion of the city is liable to inundations.
+About nine miles above the city a dam had been thrown across the Little
+Conemaugh River many years ago for commercial purposes, but had been
+abandoned and the site with much surrounding property had been
+subsequently purchased by a sporting club, whose membership embraced
+some of the wealthiest citizens of Pennsylvania. These gentlemen were
+attracted by the picturesque scenery, and the hunting and fishing of the
+vicinity, and they spent thousands of dollars in improving and
+beautifying their holdings. The dam was raised to a height of over
+seventy feet and held an immense body of water covering many acres.</p>
+
+<p>This large mass of water was a constant source of fear to the
+inhabitants of the lower valleys, who were aware of the danger that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_158" title="158"></a>
+threatened them; and many protests were made against the continuance of
+the danger, but owing to the prominence of the owners of the dam, and
+the strong social and political influence they exerted, they remained
+unmolested in the possession of the monster that was to break its bounds
+and carry death and destruction in its pitiless pathway.</p>
+
+<p>A steady rainfall for several days in the latter part of May caused
+overflows in all the streams in western Pennsylvania, and much of the
+city of Johnstown was already under water to a depth of from two to ten
+feet, when suddenly the dam over the Little Conemaugh gave way, and its
+flood, resembling a moving mountain of water thirty feet high, was
+precipitated upon the doomed city. Numbers of the inhabitants, who had
+carried the fear of this disaster in their minds for years, had become
+so alarmed by the long continued rains, and the floods that were already
+upon them, took their families and fled to the high grounds on the
+hillsides. But the great majority of the people, who, though fully aware
+of the danger, had lived with it so long that they had become careless
+and indifferent, took no precautions whatever. These were overwhelmed by
+the tide almost without warning, and before they could seek safety were
+swept away.</p>
+
+<p>The number of lives lost will never be accurately known; but in all
+probability it reached in the entire valley nearly five thousand. It is
+said that property to the amount of twelve millions of dollars was
+absolutely lost.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Arrival at Johnstown">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>It was at the moment of supreme affliction when we arrived at Johnstown.
+The waters had subsided, and those of the inhabitants who had escaped
+the fate of their fellows, were gazing over the scene of destruction and
+trying to arouse themselves from the lethargy that had taken hold of
+them when they were stunned by the realization of all the woe that had
+been visited upon them. How nobly they responded to the call of duty!
+How much of the heroic there is in our people when it is needed! No idle
+murmurings of fate, but true to the godlike instincts of manhood and
+fraternal love, they quickly banded together to do the best that the
+wisest among them could suggest.</p>
+
+<p>For five weary months it was our portion to live amid these scenes of
+destruction, desolation, poverty, want and woe; sometimes in tents,
+sometimes without; in rain and mud, and a lack of the commonest
+comforts, until we could build houses to shelter ourselves and those
+around us. Without a safe, and with a dry goods box for a desk, we
+conducted financial affairs in money and material to the extent of
+nearly half a million dollars.</p>
+
+<p>I shall never lose the memory of my first walk on the day of our<a class="pagenum" id="Page_159" title="159"></a>
+arrival&mdash;the wading in mud, the climbing over broken engines, cars,
+heaps of iron rollers, broken timbers, wrecks of houses; bent railway
+tracks tangled with piles of iron wire; among bands of workmen, squads
+of military, and getting around the bodies of dead animals, and often
+people being borne away;&mdash;the smouldering fires and drizzling rain&mdash;all
+for the purpose of officially announcing to the commanding general (for
+the place was under martial law) that the Red Cross had arrived on the
+field. I could not have puzzled General Hastings more if I had addressed
+him in Chinese; and if ours had been truly an Oriental mission, the
+gallant soldier could not have been more courteous and kind. He
+immediately set about devising means for making as comfortable as
+possible a “poor, lone woman,” helpless, of course, upon such a field!
+It was with considerable difficulty that he could be convinced that the
+Red Cross had a way of taking care of itself at least, and was not
+likely to suffer from neglect. I don’t believe he quite got over his
+mistrust until a week later, when carloads of lumber from Iowa and
+Illinois began to come in consigned to the president of the Red Cross.
+As this was the only lumber that had come, the military were constrained
+to “borrow” from us in order to erect quarters in which to entertain the
+Governor of the State on the occasion of his first visit.</p>
+
+<p>Our first duty was to study the situation and take up the line of relief
+as necessities developed and opportunities presented. Western
+Pennsylvania and Ohio had been “instant in season.” Pittsburg had mainly
+provided for the survivors who were injured. Ohio had sent its troops
+under its efficient Adjutant-General Axline; and food, the first
+necessity, was literally pouring in from every available source.</p>
+
+<p>But the wherewithal to put and keep clothes upon this denuded city full
+of people, and something to sleep on at night was a problem; and shelter
+for them, a present impossibility. The <em>possible</em> must be attempted.</p>
+
+<p>The first days brought in dispatches and letters to the amount of about
+a hundred a day, tendering sympathy, offering help, and giving notice of
+material and money sent. We were then living in tents and working
+literally night and day, some of us at work <em>all</em> the time.</p>
+
+<p>From one mammoth tent, which served as a warehouse, food and clothing
+were given out to the waiting people through the hands of such volunteer
+agents, both women and men, as I scarcely dare hope ever to see gathered
+together in one work again. The great cry which had gone out had aroused
+the entire country, and our old-time helpers, full of rich experience
+and still richer love for the work, faithful to the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_160" title="160"></a> cross of humanity
+as the devotee to the cross of the Master, came up from every point&mdash;the
+floods, the cyclones, the battlefields&mdash;and kneeling before the shrine,
+pledged heart and service anew to the work. Fair hands laying aside
+their diamonds, and business men their cares, left homes of elegance and
+luxury to open rough boxes and barrels, handle second-hand clothing, eat
+coarse food at rough board tables, sleep on boxes under a dripping
+canvas tent, all for the love of humanity symbolized in the little flag
+that floated above them.</p>
+
+<p>Clergymen left their pulpits, and laymen their charge to tramp over the
+hillsides from house to house, find who needed and suffered, and to
+carry to them from our tents on their shoulders, like beasts of burden,
+the huge bundles of relief, where no beast of burden could reach.</p>
+
+<p>Let it not be supposed that all this was accomplished without perplexity
+to someone. Goods came in from many sources of transport, five entries
+by freight and express requiring to be constantly watched; for, strange
+to say, there is no work in which people grow more reckless, selfish and
+jealous, than in the distribution of charities. Persons outside grew
+anxious that the receipt of goods was not acknowledged before they were
+received; that checks were not drawn and returned before the bank safes
+were out of the mud; and that houses were not built and the people
+living in them before it was possible to find a cleared spot for a
+little tent in which a workman could sleep at night. We finally found
+space, however, for the erection of a pine warehouse, fifty by one
+hundred and fifty feet in dimensions in the centre of the old town. The
+building was put up in four days, and, still in the rain, our
+accumulation of supplies was removed to it on the first of July.</p>
+
+<p>We had been early requested by official resolution of the Finance
+Committee of the city of Johnstown to aid them in the erection of
+houses. We accepted the invitation, and at the same time proposed to aid
+in furnishing the nucleus of a household for the homes which should in
+any way be made up. This aid seemed imperative, as nothing was left for
+them to commence living with, neither beds, chairs, tables, nor cooking
+utensils of any kind; and there were few if any stores open, and no
+furniture in town.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Appointment of Committees">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>It now became possible to more fully systematize the work; and a
+committee of Johnstown ladies of every denomination was formed, at our
+request, to receive the people and ascertain their greatest wants, which
+were carefully noted on printed blanks to be returned to us. These wants
+we undertook to fill without further trouble to the people themselves.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_161" title="161"></a>The result of this committee’s work was the written requests of three
+thousand families, aggregating eighteen thousand persons, to be served,
+in addition to two thousand others whom we had previously promised to
+help.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="The Work of Relief">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>The great manufacturers of the country, and the heavy contributing
+agents, on learning our intentions, sent, without a hint from us, many
+of their articles, as for instance, New Bedford, Mass., sent mattresses
+and bedding; Sheboygan, Wis., sent furniture and enameled ironware;
+Titusville, Pa., with a population of ten thousand, sent ten thousand
+dollars’ worth of its well-made bedsteads, springs, extension tables,
+chairs, stands and rockers; and the well-known New York newspaper, <cite>The
+Mail and Express</cite>, sent car loads of mattresses, feather pillows,
+bed-clothing,&mdash;sheets, and pillow slips by the thousand, and cooking
+utensils by the ten thousands. Six large teams were in constant service
+delivering these goods.</p>
+
+<p>When the contributions slackened or ceased, and more material was
+needed, we purchased of the same firms which had contributed, keeping
+our stock good until all applications were filled. The record on our
+books showed that over twenty-five thousand persons had been directly
+served by us. They had received our help independently and without
+begging. No child has learned to beg at the doors of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile our building contracts were not neglected. It is to be borne
+in mind that the fury of the deluge had swept almost entirely the homes
+of the wealthy, the elegant, the cultured leaders of society, and the
+fathers of the town. This class who were spared, were more painfully
+homeless than the poor, who could still huddle in together. They could
+not go away, for the suffering and demoralized town needed their care
+and oversight more than ever before. There was no home for them, nowhere
+to get a meal of food or to sleep. Still they must work on, and the
+stranger coming to town on business must go unfed, and return to Cresson
+at night, if he would sleep, or, indeed, escape being picked up by the
+military guard.</p>
+
+<p>To meet these necessities, and being apprehensive that some good lives
+might go out under the existing lack of accommodations, it was decided
+to erect a building similar to our warehouse. The use of the former site
+of the Episcopal Church was generously tendered us by the bishop early
+in June, for any purpose we might desire. This house, which was soon
+erected, was known as the “Locust Street Red Cross Hotel;” it stood some
+fifty yards from our warehouse, and was fifty by one hundred and sixteen
+feet in dimensions, two stories in height,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_162" title="162"></a> with lantern roof, built of
+hemlock, single siding, papered inside with heavy building paper, and
+heated by natural gas, as all our buildings were. It consisted of
+thirty-four rooms, besides kitchen, laundry, bath rooms with hot and
+cold water, and one main dining-hall and sitting room through the
+centre, sixteen feet in width by one hundred in length with second floor
+gallery.</p>
+
+<p>It was fully furnished with excellent beds, bedding, bureaus, tables,
+chairs and all needful housekeeping furniture. A competent landlady, who
+like the rest, had a few weeks before floated down over that same ground
+on the roof of her house in thirty feet of water five miles below the
+city, rescued in a tree top, was placed in charge, with instructions to
+keep a good house, make what she could, rent free, but charging no
+Johnstown person over twenty-five cents for a meal of food.</p>
+
+<p>This was the first attempt at social life after that terrible
+separation, and its success was something that I am very glad of. The
+house was full of townspeople from the first day, and strangers no
+longer looked in vain for accommodations.</p>
+
+<p>The conception of the need of this house, and the method of selecting
+its inmates and the manner of inducting them into their new home, were
+somewhat unique and may be of interest to the reader. We had noticed
+among the brave and true men, who were working in the mud and rain, many
+refined looking gentlemen, who were, before this great misfortune
+carried away most of their worldly belongings, the wealthiest and most
+influential citizens. Never having had to struggle amid such hardships
+and deprivations, their sufferings were more acute than those of the
+poorer and more hardy people; and it did not require any great foresight
+to know that they were physically incapable of such labor if prolonged,
+nor to predict their early sickness and death if they were not properly
+housed and fed. As the salvation of the town depended in a great measure
+upon the efforts of these men, it was vitally necessary that their lives
+should be preserved. Realizing all this, it occurred to us that the most
+important thing to do, next to feeding the hungry, was to provide proper
+shelter for these men and their families. The idea once conceived was
+soon put in the way of realization.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_163" title="163"></a>
+ <img src="images/i034.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">RED CROSS FURNITURE ROOM, JOHNSTOWN.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_164" title="164"></a>
+ <img src="images/i035.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">TYPICAL SCENE AFTER THE FLOOD AT JOHNSTOWN, PA., MAY 30, 1889.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was decided that we should erect the house as quickly as possible,
+furnish it completely, and when ready, invite the citizens to a
+reception within its hospitable walls. This arrangement was carried out,
+and a printed invitation was issued, of which the following is a
+facsimile:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_165" title="165"></a>
+  <img src="images/teaparty.jpg" width="400" height="407" alt="Tea Party Invitation" />
+</div>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of July 27, hundreds of citizens called on us and
+congratulations and good wishes were the order of the day. As the
+members of each family whom we had selected to occupy apartments in the
+house arrived, they were quietly taken aside and requested to remain and
+have dinner with us. After all the guests were departed except those who
+had been requested to remain, dinner was announced, and the party was
+seated by the members of the Red Cross. Beside the plate of each head of
+the family were laid the keys to an apartment, with a card inviting the
+family to take possession at once, and remain as long as they chose.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot describe the scene that followed; there were tears and broken
+voices; suffice to say, the members of that household were<a class="pagenum" id="Page_166" title="166"></a> made happy
+and comfortable for many long months; and I venture to assert that those
+now living recall those days with the fondest recollections.</p>
+
+<p>This revealed a want so great, that a second house of the same
+dimensions and qualities was erected just across the river, known as the
+“Kernville Red Cross Hotel.” Another competent landlady was installed in
+charge, who had not only lost her home, but her beautiful daughter of
+twenty years. This house was also filled; and a fourth house of forty by
+one hundred feet was next built in the form of a block, the families
+living separately, for the accommodation of the working people of
+Woodvale, where no house was left. This was known as the “Red Cross
+Block,” or “Woodvale House.”</p>
+
+<p>There was no rent to pay for accommodations in this house, the only cost
+to the tenant being for fire, lights and living.</p>
+
+<p>Johnstown had neither a hospital nor an almshouse&mdash;never had, its poor
+being taken to Ebensville, twenty miles distant. Under ordinary
+circumstances this might do, but with the scant, poor homes of this
+winter we felt it to be unsafe, and saw that better provision should be
+made. Accordingly the use of some half-dozen unset portable houses,
+known as the “Oklahomas,” was asked of the Flood Commission, and erected
+adjoining our warehouse, as separate wards connected by a covered way,
+and provided with an adjoining house of eighteen by thirty feet, two
+stories high, for kitchen, dining, store, sleeping and living rooms for
+the use of the wards and attendants. These were all fully equipped and
+warmed for the accommodation of thirty patients, with the best of new
+outfit, and the hospital was known as the “Johnstown Infirmary.”</p>
+
+<p>These things accomplished, there remained but one more danger to be
+guarded against. The citizens still had no organization of their own for
+the relief of their needy people through the coming winter, and no
+protection against any alarming report which might be sprung upon them.
+Any sensational writer could still, if he chose to, report two hundred
+cases of typhoid fever in Johnstown, alarming the whole country, with
+not a case of genuine typhoid there, and there were none to say him nay;
+or that its people were freezing or starving, with nowhere the authority
+to correct the misstatement. This protection was needed, not alone for
+Johnstown, but the people at large as well.</p>
+
+<p>A few well-timed suggestions were sufficient. The meetings were held in
+our house and some of the leading men and women of the city effected a
+permanent organization to be incorporated under the name of the
+“Benevolent Union of Conemaugh Valley.”</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_167" title="167"></a>This completed, we had only to turn over to their hands, as the leaders
+of the town, our warehouse with its entire remaining stock, amounting to
+some thousands of dollars; the care of the infirmary; one of our trained
+clerks, with all papers and accounts of our relief work from the day of
+its inception; one of our experienced working men to handle
+transportation&mdash;to fit up for them large, warm rooms for winter use;
+give them our blessing; accept theirs in fullest measure; say good bye
+to them and to our faithful helpers, with heavy hearts and choking
+voices, and return to our home, bearing the record of a few months of
+faithful endeavor among a people as patient and brave as people are
+made, as noble and grateful as falls to the lot of human nature to be.
+Enterprising, industrious, and hopeful, the new Johnstown, phoenix-like,
+rose from its ruins more beautiful than the old, with a ceaseless throb
+of grateful memory for every kind act rendered, and every thought of
+sympathy given her in her great hour of desolation and woe. God bless
+her, and God bless all who helped save her!
+
+We had employed during our sojourn in Johnstown a working force of fifty
+men and women, whom we had housed, fed and paid, with the exception of
+the volunteers who worked for the good they could do and would accept
+nothing. The means which we so largely handled came from everywhere;
+accounts were rendered for everything, and no word of business
+complication ever came to us. There never has in all our work.</p>
+
+<p>There was much to do in Johnstown after we left; buildings to remove and
+property to care for when it had served its purpose and the ground
+became needed. But there is always a right time for any benevolent work
+to cease; a time when the community is ready to resume its own burdens,
+and when an offered charity is an insult to the honest and independent,
+and a degradation to the careless and improvident, tending to pauperize
+and make them an added burden on their better-minded fellow citizens.
+And then, the moment the tradesman is able to re-establish himself, he
+looks with jealous eyes on any agency that diverts possible business
+from his channels. Thus it is not only wise but just to all concerned to
+withdraw all gratuities from a people the instant they are able to gain
+even a meagre self-support.</p>
+
+<p>A rather curious circumstance, somewhat on the line of this reflection,
+fell to our lot after leaving Johnstown. The houses that we had built
+and furnished were indispensable to the tenants during the winter, when
+there were no other houses to be had; but in the spring the city,
+rejuvenated, began to build up again, and we were notified that the land
+on which our large houses were standing was needed by the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_168" title="168"></a> owners, who
+wished to use it for their own purposes, and they requested the Red
+Cross to remove its buildings. We promptly sent an agent to attend to
+the matter, and he began the work of vacating the premises. There was no
+hardship involved in this, as all the tenants were by this time in
+condition to pay rent, the relief fund of $1,600,000 having been
+distributed among them in proportion to their losses, and there were
+houses that they could get; in a few days our houses were empty. Then a
+new factor entered into the situation. When it became generally known
+that the Red Cross must remove these immense houses, and that a large
+quantity of lumber and house furnishings were to be disposed of, the
+self-interests of the dealers in those commodities were at once aroused,
+and they strongly protested against the gratuitous distribution of those
+articles among the people of Johnstown, asserting that the inhabitants
+were now prospering and had the means to buy everything they needed, and
+that a gift from us of any of these things would be an injustice to the
+honest traders who were trying to re-establish themselves.</p>
+
+<p>We saw the justice of their objection and gave assurances that no injury
+should be done them, still to have fully conformed to their idea and
+transported the entire material to some other point, would have put the
+Red Cross to an amount of trouble and cost unjust to itself.</p>
+
+<p>I am not prepared to say that our quiet field agent in charge of the
+work did not find resting places for very much of this material in still
+needy homes, where it did no harm to any one and for which no one but
+the pitiful recipients were the wiser.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the fact that we took away from Johnstown as little
+material and furniture as was possible, after quietly disposing of the
+greater part of it, and this at an expense and inconvenience to
+ourselves which we could ill afford, there were those, who could not
+understand why we should take <em>anything</em> away; and their unkind
+misconstruction and criticisms have scarcely ceased echoing even to this
+late day.</p>
+
+<p>The paths of charity are over roadways of ashes; and he who would tread
+them must be prepared to meet opposition, misconstruction, jealousy and
+calumny. Let his work be that of angels, still it will not satisfy all.</p>
+
+<p>There is always an aftermath of attempted relief where none is needed;
+and more or less criticism of any work, for it is always so much easier
+to say how a thing ought to be done than it is to do it.</p>
+
+<p>These little unpleasantnesses, however, cannot deprive us of the
+thousand memories of gratitude, appreciation, and kindnesses<a class="pagenum" id="Page_169" title="169"></a> exchanged,
+which were mutually needful and helpful; nor of the many lifelong
+friendships formed that will bless us all our days.</p>
+
+<p>I may perhaps be pardoned for quoting a few lines from the official
+report of the Johnstown Flood Finance Committee, appointed by Governor
+Beaver, as showing how these gentlemen, the foremost men in the
+community, regarded our efforts to give them a helping hand:</p>
+
+<div class="div">
+<p>In this matter of sheltering the people, as in others of like
+  importance, Miss Clara Barton, president of the Red Cross
+  Association, was most helpful. At a time when there was a doubt if
+  the Flood Commission could furnish houses of suitable character and
+  with the requisite promptness, she offered to assume charge, and she
+  erected with the funds of the association three large apartment
+  houses which afforded comfortable lodgings for many houseless
+  people. She was among the first to arrive on the scene of calamity,
+  bringing with her Dr. Hubbell, the field officer of the Red Cross
+  Association, and a staff of skilled assistants. She made her own
+  organization for relief work in every form disposing of the large
+  resources under her control with such wisdom and tenderness that the
+  charity of the Red Cross had no sting, and its recipients are not
+  Miss Barton’s dependents, but her friends. She was also the last of
+  the ministering spirits to leave the scene of her labors, and she
+  left her apartment houses for use during the winter, and turned over
+  her warehouse, with its store of furniture, bedding and clothing and
+  a well-equipped infirmary, to the Union Benevolent Association of
+  the Conemaugh Valley, the organization of which she advised and
+  helped to form; and its lady visitors have so well performed their
+  work that the dreaded winter has no terrors, mendicancy has been
+  repressed, and not a single case of unrelieved suffering is known to
+  have occurred in all the flooded district.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Johnstown <cite>Daily Tribune</cite> was one of the enterprising and reliable
+papers of the unfortunate city, which, though drowned out, would not
+stay dead, and insisted on “pulling itself together,” and cheering the
+people along in their efforts to re-establish their homes and their
+fortunes. On the eve of our departure the <cite>Tribune</cite> published an
+editorial which we are fain to believe reflected the feelings of the
+people, and which was as follows:</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3>FAREWELL TO MISS BARTON.</h3>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>How shall we thank Miss Clara Barton and the Red Cross for the help
+  they have given us? It cannot be done; and if it could, Miss Barton
+  does not want our thanks. She has simply done her duty as she saw it
+  and received her pay&mdash;the consciousness of a duty performed to the
+  best of her ability. To see us<a class="pagenum" id="Page_170" title="170"></a> upon our feet, struggling forward,
+  helping ourselves, caring for the sick and infirm and
+  impoverished&mdash;that is enough for Miss Barton. Her idea has been
+  fully worked out, all her plans accomplished. What more could such a
+  woman wish?</p>
+
+<p>We cannot thank Miss Barton in words. Hunt the dictionaries of all
+  languages through and you will not find the signs to express our
+  appreciation of her and her work. Try to describe the sunshine. Try
+  to describe the starlight. Words fail, and in dumbness and silence
+  we bow to the idea which brought her here. God and humanity! Never
+  were they more closely linked than in stricken Johnstown.</p>
+
+<p>Men are brothers! Yes, and sisters, too, if Miss Barton pleases. The
+  first to come, the last to go, she has indeed been an elder sister
+  to us&mdash;nursing, soothing, tending, caring for the stricken ones
+  through a season of distress such as no other people ever knew&mdash;such
+  as, God grant, no other people may ever know. The idea crystallized,
+  put into practice. “Do unto others as you would have others do unto
+  you.” “Even as ye have done it unto the least of these, so also have
+  ye done it unto Me!” Christianity applied, Nature appeased and
+  satisfied. This has been Miss Barton’s work, and nobly has she done
+  it.</p>
+
+<p>Picture the sunlight or the starlight, and then try to say good-bye
+  to Miss Barton. As well try to escape from yourself by running to
+  the mountains. “I go, but I return” is as true of her as of Him who
+  said it. There is really no parting. She is with us, she will be
+  with us always&mdash;the spirit of her work even after she has passed
+  away.</p>
+
+<p>But we can say God bless you, and we do say it, Miss Barton, from
+  the bottom of our hearts, one and all.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some bard, whose name I do not know, but whose sad, lovely words
+frequently recur to me, has commemorated the disaster of the Conemaugh
+in the following beautiful poem, which, I think, is worthy of
+preservation:</p>
+
+<h3>“THE DREAD CONEMAUGH.”</h3>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+ <div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">I tarried in Conemaugh Valley</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">One beautiful morning in spring,</div>
+   <div class="line">And loveliness mantled the mountains,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">The meadows and everything.</div>
+   <div class="line">The breezes were laden with odor</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Akin to the blossoming rose,</div>
+   <div class="line">And happiness brightened the faces</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Of people refreshed by repose.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">But death, the remorseless destroyer,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Looked down on the valley, so green,</div>
+   <div class="line">Beheld the quaint homes on the hillsides,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">The towns nestled snugly between,</div>
+   <div class="line"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_171" title="171"></a>And, hungry for awful disaster,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">For grief, lamentation and tears,</div>
+   <div class="line">Death paused where a lake in the mountains</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Had shimmered untroubled for years.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">The water grew dark in his presence,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Grew dark in the presence of death,</div>
+   <div class="line">And shrank from the terrible visage,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Away from his poisonous breath.</div>
+   <div class="line">A tempest came forth in its fury</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">And soon with an ominous flow</div>
+   <div class="line">The overcharged lake in the mountains</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Plunged into the valley below.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">A rumble, a roar, and destruction</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Came down with the pitiless flood</div>
+   <div class="line">To stifle the cry of the wicked</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">To silence the prayer of the good;</div>
+   <div class="line">Like straws in a bubbling cauldron</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">These homes in the valley were tossed</div>
+   <div class="line">Away on the hurrying waters,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Along with the dying and lost.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">There brother was taken from brother,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">The false were destroyed with the true.</div>
+   <div class="line">There lovers were torn from each other</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">With never a parting adieu.</div>
+   <div class="line">Confusion wrought havoc so wanton</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">That mercy grew deaf for a while,</div>
+   <div class="line">And beings, half demon, made merry</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">On Conemaugh’s funeral pile.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">But Heaven will surely remember</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">The names of the noble who died</div>
+   <div class="line">To rescue their perishing brothers</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">From death in that horrible tide.</div>
+   <div class="line">For some of the noblest heroes</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">That ever calamity saw,</div>
+   <div class="line">Repose uninterred in the valley</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Where wanders the dread Conemaugh.</div>
+  </div>
+
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The incidents attending a field of relief&mdash;some pathetic and sorrowful,
+others laughable and ludicrous&mdash;so loom up in the memory when the
+subject is opened, as almost to encumber the pen as one writes.
+Referring to our landlady at Locust Street Hotel, Mrs. Henrie, one
+recalls her wonderful experience during the night of the flood. By some
+means, entirely alone, she floated down the stream, not only<a class="pagenum" id="Page_172" title="172"></a> through
+Johnstown, but miles below in the darkness of the night, until some time
+next day perhaps she managed to stay herself in a tree-top, where she
+clung among the branches, her clothing torn from her in shreds during
+her struggle for life, until discovered and taken away.</p>
+
+<p>The family of Mr. John Tittle, one of the oldest, most respected and
+beloved in the town, floated clinging to the top of their house, without
+knowing that they were moving, but thought others were moving as they
+passed them; until at length, fearing that Mrs. Tittle’s strength and
+courage would fail, her husband joined hands with her firmly over the
+ridge-pole, and thus they hung on opposite sides of the roof through the
+long night. The courage and strength did often fail, and her pleading
+went out to her husband: “Oh, let us let go and end it, John! We cannot
+escape! I cannot endure it longer!” to be answered by his words of hope
+and cheer and a tightened grasp on the aching wrists. At length, near
+morning, having reached the vicinity of Kernville, the house struck the
+bridge and remained stationary. One by one the inmates slid onto the
+bridge and gained the land on the Kernville side.</p>
+
+<p>They had left within the house, unable to be gotten out, the old,
+decrepit black mammy of a lifetime, the great silky-haired setter,
+“Rob,” and the poll-parrot hanging in her cage. All had been
+transferred, as the water rose, to the topmost peak of the attic, where
+they were left to their fate. The great bread-wagons of Pittsburg, with
+their sturdy policemen, were already there; the dead and the living were
+being picked up together as they floated down. Some consciousness began
+to return to the dazed survivors, and at length it was thought safe to
+attempt an entrance to the Tittle mansion, still floating at the bridge.</p>
+
+<p>On gaining the attic, this picture as described at the time, presented
+itself: the water had never quite reached it; Poor, old mammy sat in the
+highest corner, with hands clasped, her chin resting on her knees, and
+her lips muttering her woes and her prayers; long-eared, silky-haired
+“Rob,” no longer a “setter” at least, bounding and roaring a welcome
+that required physical strength to resist; and “poll,” her cage
+topsy-turvy, striding about the floor, with an air of offended dignity,
+hungry and cross, said “she had had a devil of a time.”</p>
+
+<p>During one of the early days Mr. K., a citizen of the town, came into my
+tent, bringing with him another man&mdash;tall, firmly knit, dark visaged,
+with hair tangled and matted, and still the bearing of a man if not a
+gentleman. On introducing his companion, Mr. K. said that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_173" title="173"></a> he had been
+exceedingly unfortunate, and he had brought him to me to see if anything
+could be done for him. “I hoped so,” and turned to inquire what was most
+needed. “Had he a family; did they want food, or clothing? Had he little
+children?” His face grew darker still and his frown deeper, as at
+length, in a tone approaching contempt, he replied: “No; I don’t want
+anything <em>you</em> can give; you have nothing for me.” I had still the
+courage to persevere, and added, “What would you have me do, if I could
+do it?” Again a silence and a mental struggle that shook his whole
+frame, as he half hissed between clenched teeth, “Let me look on the
+face of one dead child;” and rushing from the tent, he disappeared from
+me forever.</p>
+
+<p>He had had five motherless children, for whom he toiled early and late
+in the great Cambria Iron Mills. The flood swept his little home before
+he could reach it, and every child was lost. He had wandered about the
+river banks, watched the receding waters, dug in the sands for the
+little bodies hidden beneath, until reason had given way&mdash;till even God
+seemed cruel and mankind weak idiots.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_174" title="174"></a>
+ <img src="images/i036.jpg" width="400" height="502" alt="" />
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>Executed and presented to Clara Barton by one of the
+Johnstown sufferers.</em></div>
+ <div class="caption">A PEN MEMORIAL TO CLARA BARTON BY ONE OF THE JOHNSTOWN FLOOD SUFFERERS,
+MR. J.F. DRURY.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_175" title="175"></a>THE RUSSIAN FAMINE,<br />
+   <span class="subtitle">1891&ndash;1892.</span></h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i037.jpg" width="75" height="119" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">To properly understand the Russian Famine of 1891&ndash;92, and the relief
+work of the Red Cross connected therewith, one needs to keep in mind the
+ordinary moral and economic condition of the Russian peasantry. They
+were, many of them, not long ago serfs attached to the land in a
+condition but little better than American slaves. Though the liberation
+of the serfs made their legal condition better, it left them in
+condition scarcely less discouraging than before. They were subject to
+all the disabilities of hard bargains on every side, from the exactions
+of taxes levied in one way or another, and payable in services or goods,
+all of which called for an ever increasing sacrifice. They were subject
+to onerous military service, and penal exactions for violations of the
+law. These conditions surrounded them with an atmosphere of depressing
+poverty, fear and hopeless endurance, if not of despair. They have not
+felt the stimulating habitual influence of hope, of courage, of
+enterprise. They are not educated to surmount discouragements by
+overcoming them. Difficulties do not down easily before them; they go
+down before difficulties and disasters in something like apathetic
+despondency, or live in an amazing light-hearted, careless recklessness
+that easily turns to drink, to idleness, weakness, disease and early
+death. Fear is with them always, as if fate was over and against them.</p>
+
+<p>The climate of Russia is cold in winter, and the means of cooking and
+artificial warmth are scanty, and not easily procured at any time; thus,
+when the famine really came upon them, observers were divided in opinion
+whether the famine, or fear of famine, or of something worse, destroyed
+or paralyzed these people the more.</p>
+
+<p>The harvest yields of 1889 and 1890 had been much less than an average,
+and at the beginning of 1891 but little of the old supplies of grain was
+left over. The harvest of 1891 was nearly a total failure throughout a
+vast region in central Russia extending from Moscow, roughly speaking,
+say, three hundred miles in a northeasterly direction over a plain eight
+hundred to a thousand miles in width, beyond the Ural Mountains, and
+some distance into Siberia in Asiatic Russia&mdash;a district of nearly a
+million square miles. Ordinarily this is the most<a class="pagenum" id="Page_176" title="176"></a> productive part of
+the Empire, upon which the remainder of the country had been accustomed
+to draw for food supplies in the frequent cases of deficiency elsewhere.
+The appearance of the country is similar to our prairie States in the
+early days before the growth of the planted trees; and the soil is a
+rich, black loam that usually produces good harvests.</p>
+
+<p>It was estimated by those best qualified to judge that from thirty to
+thirty-five millions of people were sufferers by the famine of 1891.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Count Tolstoi on the Character of the Peasants.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Count Tolstoi gave up his whole time to mitigating the suffering caused
+by this great disaster, and to understanding the situation broadly. He
+went into the homes of the people, and studied their needs
+sympathetically; he placed himself by their side, and with his dramatic
+instinct understood them, ascertained where the hurt was felt, and how
+it could be cured, if it could be cured at all.</p>
+
+<p>At that time the Count wrote of these poor, unfortunates: “I asked them
+what sort of a harvest they had had, and how they were getting along;
+and they replied in a blithe, off-hand manner: ‘Oh, right enough, God be
+praised!’ And yet these people who reside in the most distressed
+districts of the government of Toula, cannot possibly live through the
+winter, <em>unless they bestir themselves in time</em>. They are bound to die
+of hunger, or some disease engendered by hunger, as surely as a hive of
+bees left to face the rigors of a northern winter, without honey or
+sweets, must perish miserably before the advent of spring. The
+all-important question, therefore, is this: Will they exert themselves
+while yet they possess the strength, if, indeed, it be not already
+wholly exhausted? Everything that I saw or heard pointed with terrible
+distinctness to a negative reply. One of these farmers had sold out the
+meagre possessions which he could call his own, and had left for Moscow
+to work or beg. The others stayed on and waited with naive curiosity
+watching for what would happen next, like children, who, having fallen
+into a hole in the ice, or lost their way in a dense forest and not
+realizing at first the terrible danger of their situation, heartily
+laugh at its unwontedness.”</p>
+
+<p>“Unless they bestir themselves in time”&mdash;what a text is this! They are
+all the time overborne by the apathy of fear, of unused powers, of
+suppression and depression. Courage, hope, enterprise to bestir
+themselves, where will they come from? Not, surely, from fear, and more
+discouragement.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_177" title="177"></a><span class="smcap">The Beginning of the American Relief.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The work of the American National Red Cross in the Russian famine of
+1891-92 was comparatively less than in some others of the conspicuous
+fields in which it had done its work. The impulse to help in the work of
+that relief sprang up simultaneously in many American hearts and homes,
+in New York, in Philadelphia, in Minnesota and Iowa. In Iowa it took the
+form of a veritable crusade for a most holy cause; beginning in the
+fervid and indomitable spirit of Miss Alice French&mdash;the “Octave Thanet”
+of literature&mdash;it quickly enlisted Mr. B.F. Tillinghast, editor of the
+<cite>Davenport Democrat</cite>, who became its director-in-chief and organizing
+force, everywhere organizing it, and promoting it in every direction and
+in every form. The movement was taken up by the women of Iowa, and
+Governor Boies became a prime mover, till the whole State at last joined
+in a triumphal march bearing corn, God’s best gift to man, to the
+Atlantic coast in a procession of two hundred and twenty-five carloads,
+exceeding five hundred bushels in each car. The corn was consigned to
+Clara Barton in New York and reached her agents there without accident
+or delay.</p>
+
+<p>The American National Red Cross had authentic intelligence of the famine
+in Russia before it had attracted general attention; it had placed
+itself in communication with the Secretary of State, the Honorable James
+G. Blaine, and the Russian Charge d’Affairs at Washington, Mr. Alexander
+Gregor, and had ascertained that Russia would gladly receive any
+donations of relief that the people of America might send to her famine
+stricken people. Not only would they receive supplies, but would send
+their ships for them, and provide inland transportation from Russian
+ports to the destitute people for whom these benefactions were intended.
+America declined to allow her suffering sister nation to cross the seas
+to get this food, and quickly arranged to carry it to her. All the
+American agencies concerned in this movement met it in the noblest
+spirit; railroad companies gave free transportation, telegraph companies
+the free use of wires, brokers and steamship agents declined their usual
+commissions, and some insurance companies even gave premiums for the
+safe delivery of the precious cargo into the hands of the starving
+people.</p>
+
+<p>Congress had been appealed to for ocean transportation, and the Senate
+had voted a liberal appropriation, but the bill was defeated in the
+House of Representatives. Then the citizens of Washington took up the
+matter and were joined by the Society of Elks, one of the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_178" title="178"></a> noblest of
+our benevolent orders, ever ready to join in any good cause for
+humanity; and funds to charter a steamship to carry the cargo to Russia
+were soon raised and placed in the hands of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The sentiment that roused and sustained this great movement on the part
+of the people of America was a mingled one of sympathy for starving
+Russian peasants, and gratitude for timely moral help of the Russian
+navy in years gone by.</p>
+
+<p>Was it accident or design that chose the British steamship “Tynehead” to
+carry this material expression of American sympathy and gratitude and
+enabled the president of the American National Red Cross, on the deck of
+a British vessel, in presence of the American people, to say that,
+“these tributes of America to Russia in her hour of temporary distress
+were not to be counted as gifts, for they had been richly earned; not
+even accounted as loans, for they had been anticipated a hundred-fold in
+an hour of our own peril&mdash;far greater, God grant, than Russia may ever
+know. They were not even the principal of a great national debt; but a
+tithe of the interest long due, and joyously acknowledged&mdash;acknowledged
+there under the triple shadow of the three great flags floating above,
+blending now in their mighty folds the finest, purest attributes of
+God’s holy gifts to man, peace, love and charity.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Tillinghast, in describing the scene of the departure of the
+“Tynehead” from New York, at which the above quoted words were spoken,
+said: “Captain Carr, a brave man and a Briton, who had been tossed by
+the waves from the Indian Ocean to the Bay of Fundy, was for a moment
+speechless. The hardy sailors about him bowed, and their eyes moistened.
+There was not a man on that ship who had ever before been charged with
+the delivery of such a cargo.”</p>
+
+<p>A tug hauled the ship out into the river at high tide. She was greeted
+by saluting whistles of passing ferries, yachts and steamers, by waving
+flags and cheers from thousands. The “Tynehead” was headed for the long
+voyage to the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic on the shores of Russia.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hubbell, representative of the Red Cross to the international
+conference of the Red Cross to be held at Rome, and authorized to
+proceed to Riga and receive and distribute with the Russian Red Cross
+this gift of Iowa, was already on his ocean voyage and ready to do his
+part in this beautiful blending of international courtesies and services
+that it is the mission of the Red Cross to devise and to carry out
+where-ever it can make or find the fitting opportunity. Dr. Hubbell
+arrived on time at Riga and will further on state the facts about the
+distribution of the cargo.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_179" title="179"></a>It must not be thought that the Russian government or people were
+indifferent to the sufferings of their fellow countrymen during this
+great misfortune, or that they made no sufficient effort to meet their
+needs or relieve their sufferings. The question has often been asked:
+“While America was so active in this charity, what was the government of
+Russia doing for its unfortunates?” Perhaps this query is best answered
+by quoting from the official report of the American Ambassador at St.
+Petersburg, the Hon. Charles Emory Smith, to his government, which was
+written at that time, and says:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>In the presence of this national disaster the Russian government has
+  not been passive. Without reviewing the administrative system, it
+  must be said that it has sought to grapple in liberal measures with
+  the tremendous problem. Before the first of March, 1892, it had
+  appropriated one hundred and fifty million rubles or seventy-five
+  million dollars for this purpose, and the direct outlay by June can
+  hardly be less than two hundred million rubles. Besides this, taxes
+  have been remitted, and work has been furnished where practicable.
+  Vast quantities of grain have been bought and brought from the rich
+  fields of the Caucasus, though, with the limited means of
+  communication and the loss of horses, it has been difficult to
+  convey it to the regions remote from the railroads. Large public
+  works, employing hundreds of thousands of men, have been undertaken.
+  The forests of the imperial domain have been opened to the peasants
+  for fuel. The proprietary class have, as a rule, in this emergency,
+  proved worthy of their positions and responsibilities. There are
+  single families taking care of as many as twenty thousand people.
+  The women, especially, have come forward with a consecration and
+  self-sacrifice which commands admiration.</p>
+
+<p>If it were not invidious or indelicate many cases might be cited of
+  ladies of gentle birth who have left their homes, braved the dangers
+  of disease, faced the hardships of an unaccustomed and trying life,
+  and given up weeks and months to the feeding of the hungry and
+  ministering to the sick. One thing ought in fairness to be said. The
+  Emperor has been published abroad as indifferent. It is only just to
+  remark that this peculiar kind of indifference has been manifested
+  not merely in a vigorous direction of the later governmental
+  operations of relief, even to the summary dismissal of inefficient
+  agents; but in gifts from his private purse, which, if the belief of
+  St. Petersburg can be accepted, amount to fifteen or twenty times
+  all the contributions of all the world outside of Russia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ambassador Smith estimates that the American donations supported more
+than seven hundred thousand people for a month. This may be accepted as
+the result of their practical work for humanity.</p>
+
+<p>From the above report it will be seen that the distress was so excessive
+and widespread that even the available resources of so great an empire
+as Russia were sorely taxed in the endeavor to succor its famishing
+people; and that its people of all classes rose nobly to the work of the
+occasion.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_180" title="180"></a><span class="smcap">Appreciation of American Sympathy.</span></h3>
+
+<p>That the substantial sympathy of the American people was fully
+appreciated by the Russian people may be gathered from what follows. The
+mayor of St. Petersburg, in an address on behalf of that city to
+American donors, declared:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The Russian people know how to be grateful. If up to this day these
+  two great countries, Russia and the United States, have not only
+  never quarreled, but on the contrary, wished each other prosperity
+  and strength always, these feelings of sympathy shall grow only
+  stronger in the future&mdash;both countries being conscious that, in the
+  season of trial for either it will find in the other cordial succor
+  and support. And when can true friendship be tested if not in the
+  hour of misfortune?</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A peasant of Samara sent to a Russian editor, together with three
+colored eggs, a letter which he asked to have forwarded to America. It
+appeared in the <cite>Century Magazine</cite>. Here is an extract:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Christ is risen! To the merciful benefactors, the protectors of the
+  poor, the feeders of the starving, the guardians of the
+  orphans&mdash;Christ is risen! North Americans! May the Lord grant you a
+  peaceful and long life and prosperity in your land, and may your
+  fields give abundant harvests&mdash;Christ is risen. Your mercifulness
+  gives us a helping hand. Through your charity you have satisfied the
+  starving. And for your magnificent alms accept from me this humble
+  gift which I send to the entire American people for your great
+  beneficence, from all the hearts of the poor, filled with feelings
+  of joy.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Count Bobrinskoy, writing officially to the secretary of the Iowa
+Russian Famine Relief Commission, used these words:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>It gives me very great pleasure indeed to express to you the sincere
+  appreciation that the Russian people entertain toward the splendid
+  work organized in America for the relief of the sufferers in our
+  famine-stricken districts. I can assure that the same deep gratitude
+  is felt, not only by the poor who have received the generous
+  American contributions, but also by us all, who, having worked for
+  this relief, know how much it was needed. I know by Dr. Hubbell how
+  great was the activity of your peoples as well as that of Miss Clara
+  Barton in sending us the “Tynehead,” and how much you have done in
+  the interests of our people. The names of “Indiana,” “Missouri,”
+  “Conemaugh,” “Tynehead” and “Leo” will always remind us of the most
+  beautiful example of international charity and fraternal love that
+  history has perhaps ever mentioned.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_181" title="181"></a>
+  <img src="images/i038.jpg" width="500" height="320" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">TYPHUS FEVER PATIENTS IN THE RUSSIAN FAMINE, 1891-92.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_182" title="182"></a>
+  <img src="images/i039.jpg" width="400" height="618" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">COUNT LYOF NIKOLAYEVITCH TOLSTOY</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the first anniversary of the arrival of the Iowa ship, “Tynehead,” at
+Riga, there was a significant event in Philadelphia. The Russian
+man-of-war, the “Dimitre Donskoi,” the flagship of the North Atlantic
+Squadron, anchored in the Delaware River. The vessel was decorated with
+flags and the officer of the day was the Grand Duke<a class="pagenum" id="Page_183" title="183"></a> Alexander. By
+special invitation of this representative of the Czar, Dr. Hubbell and
+the nine other American commissioners, who went to Russia in behalf of
+the donors were present on board. They were received with the most
+impressive honors. The Czar had sent gifts by his officer, and the
+presentations were made in the name of his majesty, under the imperial
+flags. A large open trunk contained ten boxes of polished wood, and each
+of these was inscribed: “In remembrance of your visit to Russia.”
+Accompanying each was a letter expressive of his majesty’s gratitude.
+The tokens were all magnificent specimens of Russian art work in silver.</p>
+
+<p>The Department of State at Washington, under date of January 11, 1894,
+issued the following information:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>On November 7, 1893, the United States Minister at St. Petersburg
+  received from the nobility of that city, through their marshal,
+  Count Alexis Bobrinskoy, an address to the people of the United
+  States. This address, which is in the English language, embodies, in
+  terms fitly chosen, the thanks of the Russian people to the American
+  for the aid sent to their country from our own during the famine
+  periods of the past two years; it is beautifully engrossed and its
+  illumination embraces water-color drawings, which render it a most
+  attractive work of art. The document, which is superbly bound and
+  enclosed in a fine case, was duly forwarded to this city by Minister
+  White, and will be given a conspicuous place in the library of this
+  department.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following is the Text of the Testimonial from the Nobility of Saint
+Petersburg to the People of the United States:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>In the annals of Russia for 1892, painful though the memory be,
+  history will point out many a bright and joyous page scattered
+  throughout the Empire, on which will be written in letters of gold
+  the beautiful story of brotherly love as exemplified by the good
+  people of the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p>Hardly had human voices been heard calling for bread in certain
+  governments of Russia, that had suffered from drought, hail, and
+  untimely frost, ere that friendly people across the Atlantic, moved
+  by an earnest desire to help the afflicted and to feed the hungry,
+  collected from every state in the Union, as if by one accord,
+  shipload after shipload of corn, and dispatched them, one after the
+  other, on their errand of mercy and relief.</p>
+
+<p>Deeply grateful for such evident signs of evangelical feeling and
+  interest, the Assembly of Nobles of the government of St.
+  Petersburg, as representatives of the intellectual class in Russia,
+  has resolved to express their warm and heartfelt gratitude to those
+  friendly people who form the great nation of the United States of
+  America.</p>
+
+<p>May the Lord bless and keep all those kind-hearted Americans, men,
+  women and children, who took part in that great and good work of
+  charity, and may the Hand that giveth unto us all, reward them
+  bountifully, and ever keep them from a like misfortune.</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">(Signed.) The Marshal of the Nobility of St. Petersburg,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Count Alexis Bobrinskoy</span>.
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_184" title="184"></a>Previous to receiving this beautiful tribute, on the arrival of the S.S.
+“Indiana” from Philadelphia while not connected with the Red Cross work,
+a similar artistic tribute to American donors was presented by the
+workmen of Libeau to represent the sentiment of the workmen of Russia,
+we introduce it as an additional illustration of the universal sentiment
+of tender sympathy and gratitude of the Russian people.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr. Hubbell’s Report.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Arrived in St. Petersburg. It would be a week or ten days before we
+could expect the arrival of the “Tynehead,” with its cargo for the
+famine sufferers; but we had a copy of her manifest and knew what she
+would bring.</p>
+
+<p>There was something of anxiety, amounting even to consternation, among
+those who would have to do with the reception of the ship, for reports
+from the United States had been circulated that persons were on board
+the vessel who were objectionable, if not avowed enemies to the Russian
+government, and such could not be recognized nor received. This concern
+could not easily be dispelled until it was made clear that no one was
+aboard the “Tynehead” save its own officers and crew. Elaborate
+ceremonies had been held on the arrival of the other relief ships and
+were contemplated for the “Tynehead.” This we did not want, and took
+occasion to express the feelings of the Red Cross and of American donors
+in a letter acknowledging courtesies extended from the president of the
+Russian Red Cross affording opportunities to visit its various
+institutions, and particularly the regular working departments, in its
+clinics, dispensaries, hospitals and training for active service in
+civil as well as military field work.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline"><span class="smcap">St. Petersburg</span>, May 8/20, 1892.</div>
+
+<p>To His Excellency, <span class="smcap">General de Kauffmann</span>,<br />
+                      <span class="pad20"><em>President of the Red Cross of Russia</em>:</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Honored President</span>:&mdash;I desire to express my thanks for the courtesies
+  and the privilege of becoming acquainted with the every day
+  practical work of the Red Cross of Russia as shown by the kindness
+  of your secretaries.</p>
+
+<p>Nowhere have I seen more complete, comfortable and generous
+  provision for the general care of the sick poor than here in the
+  institutions of the Red Cross and under its work.</p>
+
+<p>And there can be no doubt that the practical experience that the
+  workers are receiving daily will greatly increase their efficiency
+  for service in time of war.</p>
+
+<p>It will be a source of pleasure to make a report to the American Red
+  Cross of the practical work of the Russian Society in time of peace.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the arrival of the cargo of the ship “Tynehead,” I trust
+  your excellency has already understood by our Charge d’Affairs, Mr.
+  Wurts, that no<a class="pagenum" id="Page_185" title="185"></a> public demonstrations have been nor are desired.
+  This cargo is largely from the people of an agricultural State, many
+  of whom have suffered from failure of crops in their own country,
+  and thus keenly appreciate similar conditions that others may suffer
+  when such a vast territory as the interior of the Russian Empire is
+  denied rain season after season in succession; and they have simply
+  taken this method of expressing their sympathy, for it is their
+  custom to give in like manner in their own country whenever
+  occasions of calamity or suffering of any kind require the aid of
+  outside help. At this particular time they feel that perhaps the
+  same rains that had been withheld from their brothers in Russia had
+  given the increase to their own crops, which have been unusually
+  abundant the past year; and thus added duty to desire. Moreover,
+  there is a deep brotherly feeling throughout the nation; for our
+  people never forget that Russia has always been the friend of
+  America.</p>
+
+<p>And further, the arrangements of your various committees in the
+  matter of distribution leave nothing to be desired, and that the
+  final reports will afford great pleasure and satisfaction to those
+  who have them to make, there is every reason to believe.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+   <span class="indent30">With great respect,</span><br />
+   <span class="indent20"><span class="smcap">J.B. Hubbell</span>,</span><br />
+   <em>General Field Agent American Red Cross</em><br />
+   <span class="indent10"><em>in charge cargo “Tynehead</em>.”</span>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following is General Kauffmann’s answer:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline"><span class="smcap">St. Petersburg</span>, May 11/23, 1892.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J.B. Hubbell</span>, M.D., <em>General Field Agent, American Red Cross</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Much Honored Sir</span>:&mdash;I am eager to express to you herewith my most
+  sincere thankfulness for the sympathetic account of the activity of
+  the Russian Red Cross Society, which you have been so kind to give
+  in your letter of the eighth May current. You have had the occasion
+  to persuade yourself of the common direction between the Russian and
+  American Societies of the Red Cross, by which the help to our fellow
+  creatures is not restricted to the relief of suffering in time of
+  war, but is extended to all the calls of national calamities, from
+  the gratuitous medical treatment of the poor to the large help
+  afforded in time of epidemic disease, famine and other calamities.
+  It is to me a great pleasure to see the sympathy of the American
+  people to the Russian, the proof of which has been in the last years
+  so evident. As you are instructed by the American Red Cross to
+  express this feeling of sympathy to our society, I beg you to
+  believe the heartfelt expressions of the like feeling from our side,
+  which I pray to present in our name to your society and to the
+  people of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The gift brought by the “Tynehead” will be accepted with deep
+  gratitude and distributed among the needy people, according to the
+  wish of the givers, through the offices of the beneficent committee
+  under the august presidency of His Imperial Majesty the Heir to the
+  Crown.</p>
+
+<p>I avail myself of the present occasion to pray you to accept the
+  assurance of my perfect consideration.</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">The president of the Russian Red Cross Society,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">M. de Kauffmann</span>.
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_186" title="186"></a>Through the help of Mr. Wurts of our legation; our Consul-General, Dr.
+Crawford; Count Bobrinskoy, representing the Russian Red Cross, and the
+Government, as well as the Czarowitch Committee; and through the active
+help of Mr. W.H. Hilton, an Englishman at the head of the large linseed
+oil works, deacon in the Anglo-American Church, whose thirty years’
+business acquaintance over Eastern Russia and his sympathy with a people
+in distress, particularly fitting him for the work; with these agencies
+the assignment of the cargo was arranged to be sent to eighty-two famine
+centres for distribution. It was to be consigned to persons of
+unquestioned integrity and fitness for the work. These people had been
+communicated with, and their acceptance of the charge assured, and the
+number of carloads that each should receive made known to each, that he
+might make the necessary provision for its reception and distribution.
+Count Bobrinskoy had ordered 320 freight cars to be in readiness at Riga
+to receive and transport the cargo free of cost to whatever point might
+be desired. When these preliminary arrangements had been completed and
+the “Tynehead” sighted from the signal station, we started in company
+with Count Bobrinskoy for Riga, the port that had been previously
+selected by the Russian Ambassador in Washington as being free from ice
+and most favorable for transporting the cargo to the interior.</p>
+
+<p>The “Tynehead” was a big ship, one of the largest ocean freighters, and
+came too heavily loaded to enter the harbor until her cargo had been
+partly discharged by lighters, and she anchored eight miles from the
+port. The governor’s ship, having on board his excellency, M. Znovief;
+Count Bobrinskoy, representative of the Czarovitch Committee; N. von
+Cramer, representing the Red Cross of Russia; R. Kerkovius, president of
+the Exchange of Riga; von Richer, chief of police; von Keldermann, chief
+of customs; von Nagel, captain of the port; N.P. Bornholdt, United
+States consul, and J.B. Hubbell steamed an hour down the river to
+welcome the “Tynehead,” which had all flags and streamers flying and by
+the activity of our consul, Mr. Bornholdt, the lighters already lying
+alongside to take in the grain. After an hour on board the captain was
+brought back in the governor’s ship on which we lunched, and later dined
+at the governor’s palace, where the captain was presented with a
+beautiful tea service of Russian enamel inlaid work as a present from
+the Czar.</p>
+
+<p>It was arranged that two lines of cars be kept on the dock, into which
+the grain should be carried direct from the ship, which lay alongside
+the wharf. As soon as a car was filled it was shifted, weighed and
+sealed, and when enough were filled they were made into trains<a class="pagenum" id="Page_187" title="187"></a> and sent
+to their destinations with right of way over every other traffic on the
+road, not excepting express and passenger trains; and at their
+destination no person presumed to break the seal save the one to whom it
+was consigned.</p>
+
+<p>When we reached Riga, we learned that two hundred and forty peasants had
+been waiting on the dock two days, waiting and waiting for the ship from
+America. Not waiting for food, for Riga was not in a famine province,
+but waiting that they might not miss the opportunity and the honor of
+unloading the American ship that had brought food to their unfortunate
+brothers in the interior. As soon as they could get into the hold of the
+ship, one hundred and forty of them began the unloading. They worked
+night and day, without rest, determined to unload the entire cargo
+themselves without help. But on the third night our consul, Mr.
+Bornholdt, insisted on their having a relief of twelve hours, and when
+the twelve hours were up they were all in their places again, and
+remained until the cargo was out, declining to take any pay for their
+labor. Twelve women worked along with them, in the same spirit, in the
+ship and on the dock, with needles, sewing up the rents in the bags to
+prevent waste in handling.</p>
+
+<p>Only a part of the “Tynehead’s” cargo was in bags; hence for convenience
+and economy in handling and the final distribution, we purchased in St.
+Petersburg and Riga 43,000 additional bags to sack the rest of the
+cargo, which in all amounted to nearly 117,000 bushels of shelled corn,
+11,033 bags of flour and meal, besides small amounts of wheat, rye,
+bacon, canned goods, drugs, etc., requiring 307 Russian freight cars for
+its transportation. Some of this was reshipped on steamboats sent up the
+headwaters of the Volga, reshipped again on cars nearly to the foot of
+the Ural Mountains, a distance of 3,000 miles from Riga. Notwithstanding
+our declaration while in St. Petersburg that neither the Red Cross nor
+the American people desired any public ceremonies in the way of
+acknowledgments: dinners, excursions and public demonstrations and
+illuminations were planned, which we felt ourselves obliged to decline
+on the ground we had first taken, that any effort and any money proposed
+to be used in this manner would be most acceptable to all Americans if
+turned into food for the hungry, whom we had come to help.</p>
+
+<p>At our hotel the Russian and American colors were crossed over the
+entrance; in the shop windows were the American colors, and in other
+places, where it seemed that these were not easily procured, title-pages
+of American sheet-music were displayed&mdash;such as “America,” “Hail
+Columbia,” “Yankee Doodle,” “Star-Spangled Banner,” etc,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_188" title="188"></a> and little
+boys in the streets carried American flags of their own make. One little
+fellow had made the Russian flag on one side and the American on the
+other side of his device. The telephone office was kept open all night,
+to be ready for any possible want, and the locomotive with steam up for
+any possible service. The Custom House floated on its main staff only
+the American flag during the entire time of the unloading of the
+“Tynehead,” from Saturday morning until Tuesday noon&mdash;three days and
+a-half. When all was finished at Riga, the last train on its way, all
+had been so well planned, so well done in every particular that we felt
+there was not the least necessity for any further attention on our part
+in looking after this charge. But to the donors at home Russia was a
+long way off; they had no personal knowledge of the people they were
+trying to help, and some critics had circulated misgivings about the
+gifts reaching their intended destination. Hence, that we might be
+prepared to give a report from personal observation for the satisfaction
+and the gratification of the people at home, who had contributed these
+stores, it was decided to see how some of the final distributions were
+made.</p>
+
+<p>Our first objective point in the famine district was the Province of
+Nijni Novgorod. But we must go by Moscow, where by the courtesy of Count
+Bobrinskoy a telegram was received, stating that his brother would pass
+through the city to the famine district, and his company could be made
+available, if desired. Such an opportunity was not to be lost, and our
+course is changed to the south, first by rail to Bogorodizk, thence by
+droschky to Michailovskoi, to the house of Shestoparoff, manager of the
+beet sugar mills of the Bobrinskoys. Here the home taste and appearance
+of everything inside make one feel as if he were in his own New England
+home, although not a word of English is heard. After breakfast the next
+morning we go to the distributing station, which is supported by the
+Bobrinskoy family in one of the sugar mill buildings. Here we find the
+doctor, the baker, the soupmaker, several of the first ladies of the
+place, great cauldrons of excellent soup, tea, milk, Nestle’s food, rye
+and corn bread&mdash;the tea and milk are for the sick and for the
+children&mdash;and the doctor, who is familiar with every family, directs who
+shall receive and what. The bread and the soup are served on regular
+account, the houses and families all having been visited and the
+condition of each carefully recorded. As soon as one is able in part to
+care for himself the bread is sold at a moderate price.</p>
+
+<p>A number of villages are supplied from this bakery and kitchen, and this
+is but one of nine carried on by this family entirely at their<a class="pagenum" id="Page_189" title="189"></a> own
+expense. In the afternoon we visit different villages, some twenty
+houses or more. We find two Red Cross nurses from Moscow, who are at
+work and have their home with the peasants. In four months one has lost
+but four cases; the other but two; and the average number of sick in the
+past four months by the doctor’s report is three hundred. The peasants
+say they would rather do without the doctor than be without the nurses
+in the village.</p>
+
+<p>The peasants’ home consists of one or two square rooms, built of logs,
+stone, or mud bricks, with floor of earth, and furniture of boards. One
+quarter of the room is given up to the brick oven, which is so
+constructed that it serves not only for a stove, oven, cupboard, and bed
+in cold weather, but the chickens and small animals find protection from
+the cold underneath during the severe cold weather. Usually a large
+horizontal pipe of terra cotta passes overhead and out through a
+thatched roof of straw, which is often two feet thick. The fuel may be
+wood, straw, or dry dung; fuel is scarce. A deep cellar, well covered,
+outside, may hold potatoes, roots, etc. The cattle and other animals
+find shelter in a room adjoining the family. At Bogorodizk another royal
+family, in addition to work similar to the above named, supplied the
+peasants with raw material for spinning, weaving and making of native
+goods and garments both for themselves and for the market, which the
+countess found either at home or by sending them to the larger cities.
+Through letters of introduction we had the good fortune to find Count
+Tolstoi on his estate at Yasnia Polonia.</p>
+
+<p>When the count was asked his opinion of the cause of the existing
+conditions, he said the government might not like to have him say that
+the peasants should have more land and own it themselves&mdash;that now they
+have only enough in the best seasons to give barely food for their
+support, and when a year of scarcity comes, they cannot help being
+destitute. When asked if there had been improvement in their conditions
+since the emancipation, he said if that meant in the way of property,
+financially, no, but mentally there had been progress and development.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first questions Count Tolstoi asked was, “What do you think
+of most? I would excuse him for such a question; but he always liked to
+get into sympathy with the person he was talking with and to know how to
+understand him. What subjects occupied my mind most when going to
+sleep?” etc.</p>
+
+<p>At night I slept in the library surrounded by English and American books
+and magazines.</p>
+
+<p>When asked about the demoralizing effect of giving free help to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_190" title="190"></a> the
+peasants, as said by many, he thought that an excuse of those who did
+not want to help. The peasant was never so unhappy as when out of work
+and had nothing to do. Even a day’s idleness was tiresome to him, and he
+did not think that a people who had been worked to their full endurance
+for a generation were going to be demoralized by giving them soup when
+they were hungry.</p>
+
+<p>Peasants were coming at all hours of the day to see the count. At dinner
+time two had been waiting several hours. The Count let the dinner go on,
+and stopped to read a long paper they had brought; read it through
+carefully; had a long talk with them; unfolded the paper again to look
+over passages more carefully; after further talk he read again, and told
+me after they were gone, for I remained with him, that they were having
+a law suit and had come to him for advice, and so far as he could judge,
+the peasants were in the right.</p>
+
+<p>When I bade him good-bye he said, from what he had heard of Miss Barton,
+he felt that she must be a very near relation, and wished me to give her
+his love.</p>
+
+<p>Starting again for Nijni Novgorod we meet at Moscow Mr. Frank G.
+Carpenter, the writer and lecturer, who accompanied us through the Volga
+and southern districts. Leaving Moscow in the evening by the fast
+express, we reached Nijni the next forenoon at ten. Here we were
+entertained by the governor. The city of Nijni Novgorod has a population
+of about sixty thousand ten months of the year; during the other two
+months its population is increased to six hundred thousand. This extra
+population from the twenty-seventh of July to about the fifteenth of
+August inhabit the “dead city” in which not a single family lives the
+rest of the year. Yet it contains one of the largest and finest
+buildings in Russia, and not a match nor a cigar can be lighted at any
+time under penalty of twenty-five rubles. The “dead city” is built at
+the junction of the Oka River with the Volga, so that it is yearly
+inundated to the ceiling of the first stories, when the spring rise of
+forty feet or more comes with the melting of the snow. Here, too, is
+located one of the largest churches of Nijni, and on the Volga side the
+Siberian wharves.</p>
+
+<p>In the living city is the residence of the governor on a clay bluff four
+hundred and seventy feet above the river, with the business part at the
+foot of the bluff adjoining the river. Nijni being in direct line of
+free river transportation as well as railway connection between St.
+Petersburg, Siberia, China, and the Caspian districts, the Caucasus, the
+oil region of southern Russia, with its wine, grain and fruit districts,
+make this city a great commercial centre. And the pulse of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_191" title="191"></a> famine or
+plenty is probably felt here as soon as in any part of the empire.</p>
+
+<p>In the two months named, traders from nearly every European and Asiatic
+country gather here with every variety of goods and product that can be
+carried by rail, water, or caravan: grains, hides, leather, teas,
+metals, precious stones, fish, meats, cloths, silks, peasants’ works and
+weavings; and the great sandbar in the river Oka of several hundred
+acres is covered with Siberian iron. Electricity furnishes light where
+needed, for it will be remembered that it is light enough in this
+latitude to read at midnight in summer time. Here are also royal
+quarters for the governor and State officials, whose social and
+executive residences are in the “dead city” during the entire time of
+the fair, in which time the governor is an absolute czar in power. To
+give briefly a Russian view of the famine and how it was felt in a
+single province and the Russian manner of dealing with it I give the
+following abridged account:</p>
+
+<p>Nijni claims to have been the first provincial government of Russia to
+take active measures to relieve the sufferers by famine. The first news
+came to the governor from reports of dry weather in his province in May,
+1891, for the crops of the three preceding years had been short, and at
+this time the peasants had begun to ask for bread, having already sold a
+part of their horses and tools; and only two of the eleven districts had
+sufficient bread for their people.</p>
+
+<p>Without waiting to consult the general government, in order to save
+time, the governor took the responsibility upon himself of immediately
+purchasing one hundred and twenty-five thousand poods (a pud is about
+forty pounds), or twenty-two hundred tons of grain, and sent this in the
+early part of June to the districts most affected by the drouth. He used
+his influence to stop speculation in grain, Nijni being a great grain
+centre, and formed a commission from all the districts to carry out
+relief measures. It was after this that the Department of the Interior
+appropriated one million rubles ($550,000) to buy bread.</p>
+
+<p>It has been a custom in Russia that when a loan is made to the <em>poor
+peasants</em> that the <em>rich</em> peasants of the community are held equally
+responsible for the payment; hence <em>they</em> have fallen into the habit of
+claiming an equal apportionment whenever loans have been made for relief
+measures in times past. Thus the Zemstvo (the elective magistrates of
+the village) have the power in themselves to say that they had not
+ordered nor asked for the grain, and refuse to receive it for those
+really needing it. Hence the governor of Nijni ordered that only those
+receiving should be charged with the loan.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_192" title="192"></a>The whole loan here received was 6,350,000 rubles, all of which except
+150,000 rubles had been distributed when we visited the district.</p>
+
+<p>In the nine needy districts of Nijni Novgorod Province there were
+587,000 persons needing assistance that were excluded from the
+government loan as being between the ages of fifteen and
+fifty-five&mdash;“therefore able-bodied and able to work.” The Nijni governor
+followed his judgment rather than the instructions of the Minister of
+the Interior, and seeing that this amount was insufficient and that no
+provision had been made for cattle and horses, he tried to get
+permission to begin public works in order to furnish labor and pay to
+those needing it; but this was not secured until December, when
+3,000,000 rubles were appropriated for roads, 420,000 rubles for town
+improvements, 40,000 for schools and churches. From eight to ten
+thousand men were given work in the woods at fifty kopeks, 27 cents, per
+day, and one ruble and fifty kopeks, about 77 cents, per team.</p>
+
+<p>To secure a general interest of the people the governor made every
+public commission (boards of directors, trustees, etc.), take an active
+part in the relief work. He created commissions among the nobility to
+superintend relief work, combining the Red Cross, the churches and other
+individual organizations all into one committee, so that when the Crown
+Prince’s committee was formed on the twenty-eighth of December 341,550
+rubles had been received and distributed besides 52,020 poods, 2,080,800
+pounds, of bread which had been given to those who had no right to the
+governmental loan.</p>
+
+<p>By contributions three hundred and thirty-one kitchens were established
+in villages, giving meals for one-half to two kopeks per meal. Nijni,
+with a living population of sixty thousand, contributed one hundred and
+ninety thousand rubles. Places were established in Nijni where twenty
+kitchen meal tickets may be purchased for one ruble. The citizens buy
+these and give to such as they desire to help.</p>
+
+<p>From Nijni we take steamer down the Volga, and through the kindness of
+Mr. Zeveke, owner of the American Steamboat Line, so called because
+American names are given to all of his twelve large steamboats, we are
+allowed time to visit each town on the Volga, as we pass down the river.
+At each place the grain has been received and being used. At Samara we
+find Mr. Bezant, one of our consignees, just recovering from the typhus
+which was contracted in his relief work. And we get direct reports from
+Count Tolstoi, Junior, whose work is in this province farther to the
+east, and Prince Dolgoruhow, another consignee in the district of
+Burulich; these have ten carloads of the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_193" title="193"></a> “Tynehead’s” corn, and are
+saving the lives of many. At this time the Province of Samara alone had
+lost five hundred thousand cattle, as many horses and 1,500,000 sheep
+from the famine.</p>
+
+<p>At Volsk we saw many people around the church. The bells in a dozen
+different towers all ringing; from another church a large procession of
+a thousand people were coming, bearing on high poles crosses and banners
+and icons. They are joined by the people from the first church, with
+their crosses and banners which are not raised till the first procession
+is joined, and all march in their variegated red and yellow and bright
+colored dresses, with bare feet and uncovered heads in the broiling sun,
+miles away to the open fields to pray for rain, which has still been
+withheld from this section of Saratoff Province.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Saratoff has a population of 125,000, contains many Germans,
+from having been one of the German colonies founded by Queen Catherine
+during her reign, to encourage agricultural industries. Here as in Volsk
+we found the people in the fields praying for rain, and in the evening
+it came. Here we met Mr. Golden, an Englishman, who has been the active
+agent in the Saratoff district, and Mr. Muhler, a German, who has been
+the active worker on the east side of the Volga in Samara Province. Both
+these gentlemen, together with a Catholic Bishop, say that the American
+help, both in material and money, came so timely that it saved thousands
+of lives that otherwise must have been lost. It came when they could get
+nothing from other sources, and their thanks to America are unbounded.
+The relief was “as if the Lord had ordered it.” Of the “Tynehead’s”
+cargo, Saratoff received fifty-three carloads and the Province of Samara
+one hundred and four cars.</p>
+
+<p>There was a small quantity of the corn that got wet when put into the
+ship during a rain in New York, and had begun to heat when unloaded.
+This was sent to Saratoff with a suggestion that they use it for their
+cattle, but when we reached that place the peasants had washed the corn
+and dried it, and said it made very good bread.</p>
+
+<p>As a typical incident and as an expression of the universal feeling
+throughout Russia:&mdash;when we reached the platform of the station at
+Saratoff to start westward, a Russian gentleman who could speak a little
+English, and another one and his wife who could not, came to the train,
+with an attendant bearing champagne and glasses, and made a speech of
+thanks, expressing the gratitude of the people of Russia to America for
+the heartfelt sympathy she had so beautifully expressed. The help she
+had brought to their people in a time of distress made every Russian
+feel to want to personally express his thanks. Wishing<a class="pagenum" id="Page_194" title="194"></a> every success to
+its representatives, they drank to America and bon voyage.</p>
+
+<p>To see some of the smaller consignments, on our way eastward from
+Saratoff we stopped at an inland station and went into the country some
+miles near Tambof, where two carloads of corn had been consigned. Here
+it was being ground in the wind-mills and made into the old-fashioned
+New England rye and Indian loaves and baked in great, brick ovens, just
+as we had found in other places.</p>
+
+<p>Referring back to Riga. After the last car had been sealed and the
+way-bills sent, we were speaking of the harmony and unity that existed
+in all the different branches of this relief work, and it incidentally
+came out that the count and his family were carrying on an extensive
+system of relief among the peasants in the famine district, supplying
+some thirty villages with rye and corn bread, obtaining their corn from
+southern Russia, with soup, broth and tea for the sick and Nestle’s food
+for the babies&mdash;the latter an experiment of his own. It was suggested
+that in such an extensive work as this he should have had some of the
+American corn, but he replied they could get on very well without it;
+that his family had taken that work upon themselves to do at the
+beginning, and would continue to do it until next August and did not
+need other help. I expressed a desire to see this work, which I later
+found was a fair sample of what is being so quietly done all over Russia
+that its extent is unknown until one comes upon it. And it was at
+Michailoviski that we had the pleasure of seeing some of this work.</p>
+
+<p>Everywhere we found people of all classes giving their time to the work
+of relief to supplement the governmental help; and this does not mean
+simply directing, superintending, or planning work for others to
+execute, but I found men giving up their own business, the attention of
+their estates, to see personally to the detail as well as the general
+work. I found cultivated, intelligent, refined women making their homes
+in the huts of the peasants, where they could be nearer their work. I
+found countesses working in the huts of the typhus hospitals, or taking
+the sick into their own homes, giving up social enjoyments and personal
+comforts, their own plans, in order to make their work of relief more
+effective. If the official side of Russia is subject to criticism, as
+sometimes claimed, surely the quiet, personal work and self-sacrifice of
+its people in this calamity is an example for any Christian land.</p>
+
+<p>Sitting at the hotel table Count George told how his conscience would
+protest against a good dinner after he had returned from his
+investigating tours in the famine district to learn the situation, as a
+member of the Grand Duke’s Committee, for, “the ruble spent for<a class="pagenum" id="Page_195" title="195"></a> wine
+and coffee would keep a peasant child or mother a whole month.” But he
+says when he got back to St. Petersburg a few days away from the
+distressing scenes, his mind occupied with other business, it did not
+trouble him at all to eat a good full meal just as he had done before.</p>
+
+<p>On another hand to show how suffering continues in any place from lack
+of competent oversight this incident will show.</p>
+
+<p>When going over the ground to see how the relief work had been done for
+his committee, he came to a village that was in a very bad condition.
+Many sick and dying for want of food, he asked the Zemstov if a kitchen
+could not be established. The reply was no; there was no one to manage
+it. “But,” he said, “you have a school here; the teacher can take charge
+of the kitchen.” “No; he is not capable; he is too slow and of no
+account, and we intend to get rid of him as soon as we can get someone
+to take his place. There is not a person in the village that could
+conduct a kitchen.” The count in his rounds came to the school house and
+found, as he had been told, that the school-master did look miserable
+enough in an old, worn and even ragged coat, and learned that he had not
+received his wages for some months; there was no money to pay him. His
+roll showed a list of sixty pupils; there were but fifteen present. When
+asked where the others were, he replied that it was so near the holiday
+time&mdash;only ten days&mdash;that he had let them go home. The count turned to
+one of the boys and asked if he had had anything to eat to-day,
+expecting him to say no; but he said yes; “he had a warm soup this
+morning.” The same question to the second boy, with the same reply; and
+so on with all the fifteen. When asked where they got their soup, they
+said the master had given it to them, and had been doing so for some
+weeks.</p>
+
+<p>The master stood in the corner with his face very red, looking very much
+ashamed. It was then learned that when the school-master found his
+pupils coming to school without food, he began to use the savings he had
+laid by, to feed them, until his purse would not allow him to continue
+with so large a number; and he had let all but the fifteen go, and he
+was feeding and teaching them from the savings of other years. The count
+said he could not pay him his wages due, but he furnished the village
+with the means for a soup kitchen, and the master was put in charge and
+conducted it in such a manner that no one thought of his being an
+incompetent manager.</p>
+
+<p>The shipping of the cargo of corn in the “Tynehead” to the Baltic in a
+voyage of twenty-eight days and its distribution through Russia answers
+a number of questions that were raised when the proposition to send corn
+to Russia was contemplated. These questionings<a class="pagenum" id="Page_196" title="196"></a> came from business men,
+shippers, boards of trade, the produce exchange and philanthropists, and
+by some it was stoutly asserted that corn could not bear ocean
+transportation that distance without spoiling.</p>
+
+<p>And if it should pass without spoiling, it was affirmed they had no
+mills to grind it in Russia, that the peasant knew nothing about corn,
+that they could not change their habit of living, and therefore would be
+unable to make use of it, if received. One of the leading business men
+of the country went so far as to write that we might as well ship a
+cargo of pebbles as a cargo of unground corn. Hence there was a degree
+of satisfaction to see the entire cargo, with the exception of a small
+quantity referred to loaded in the rain, come out of the ship in as good
+condition as when it was put in the hold, and to find in our journey in
+the interior that the peasants even needed no suggestion about grinding
+it in their windmills, which were amply sufficient.</p>
+
+<p>But when the little corn that had heated was sent to Samara with the
+suggestion that it be used to feed the cattle, with four additional days
+in the hot state in the cars, and this was still used by the peasants
+and called <em>good</em>, it removed any doubt that might be forced into one’s
+mind that a starving peasant would die rather than eat a food that he
+was not accustomed to.</p>
+
+<p>Referring back to St. Petersburg, after our list had been made up for
+the general distribution of the cargo, Mr. Hilton carefully went over it
+and said, from his personal knowledge of the people to whom the
+consignments were to be made, he would be willing to personally
+guarantee that 80 per cent of everything sent according to the list
+would be honestly and faithfully distributed, just as the donors wished,
+and he further believed that the remaining 20 per cent would be as
+faithfully handled.</p>
+
+<p>My trip to the various places of distribution, widely separated and at
+unexpected times, confirmed Mr. Hilton’s belief that the entire cargo
+could not have gone through better hands in any land.</p>
+
+<p>To be able, after such observations and inquiries, to give this report
+is a satisfaction that repays for all the anxious care and
+responsibility naturally felt with such a charge.</p>
+
+<p>To add to this, the deep gratitude expressed by nobleman and peasant
+alike, in capital or in far-away, unfrequented interior village, always
+the same, even the humblest peasant refusing compensation for any
+service rendered an American, manifests a genuine gratitude and
+friendliness to America and Americans which has characterized Russia
+during many years.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_197" title="197"></a>THE SEA ISLANDS HURRICANE.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Coast of South Carolina</span>.</h3>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i040.jpg" width="70" height="143" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">It is probable that there are few instances on record where a movement
+toward relief of such magnitude, commenced under circumstances so new,
+so unexpected, so unprepared and so adverse, was ever carried on for
+such a length of time and closed with results so entirely satisfactory
+to both those served and those serving, as this disaster, which, if
+remembered at all at the present day, is designated as the “Hurricane
+and Tidal Wave of the Sea Islands off the Coast of South Carolina.” The
+descriptions of this fearful catastrophe I shall leave to the reports of
+those who saw, shared its dangers and lived within its tide of death.
+They will tell how from 3,000 to 5,000 human beings (for no one knew the
+number) went down in a night; how in the blackness of despair they clung
+to the swaying tree tops till the roots gave way, and together they were
+covered in the sands or washed out to the reckless billows of the great
+mad ocean that had sent for them; of the want, woe and nothingness that
+the ensuing days revealed when the winds were hushed, the waters stilled
+and the frightened survivors began to look for the lost home and the
+loved ones, and hunger presaged the gaunt figure of famine that silently
+drew near and stared them in the face. How, with all vegetable growth
+destroyed, all animals, even to fowls, swept away, all fresh water
+turned to salt&mdash;not even a sweet well remaining&mdash;not one little house in
+five hundred left upright, if left at all; the victims with the clothing
+torn and washed off them, till they were more nearly naked than
+clothed&mdash;how these 30,000 people patiently stood and faced this silent
+second messenger of death threatening them hour by hour. Largely
+ignorant, knowing nothing of the world, with no real dependencies upon
+any section of its people, they could only wait its charity, its pity,
+its rescue and its care&mdash;wait and pray&mdash;does anyone who knows the negro
+characteristics and attributes doubt this latter? Surely, if<a class="pagenum" id="Page_198" title="198"></a> angels do
+listen, they heard pleading enough in those hours of agony to save even
+the last man and woman and the helpless babe. Something saved them, for
+there is no record of one who died of starvation or perished through
+lack of care.</p>
+
+<p>I have promised to leave these descriptions to those who saw. I will
+also leave the descriptions of the work of relief done at the field to
+those who so faithfully performed it, the members of my working staff
+and the volunteer workers of other fields who came to their assistance
+on this.</p>
+
+<p>I place here the more important of the reports made to me at the time,
+but which have until now remained under seal, no general report of that
+field having been made. The main interest of these reports will consist
+in showing the methods of work adopted, not only to preserve so many
+people in life with so small means as we had at hand, but to preserve
+them as well from habits of begging and conditions of pauperism; to
+teach them self-dependence, economy, thrift; how to provide for
+themselves and against future want, and help to fit them for the
+citizenship which, wisely or unwisely, we had endowed them with. I will
+then, with the reader’s kind permission, simply show the open doorway
+through which we were called to enter that field and introduce the
+nationally renowned advocates and escorts who personally conducted us
+and placed its work in our hands.</p>
+
+<p>About the twenty-eighth or twenty-ninth of August, 1893, the press
+commenced to give notice, such as it could get over wrecked roads and
+broken wires, of a fearful storm coming up from the West Indies that had
+struck our coast in the region of South Carolina, sweeping entirely over
+its adjacent range of islands, known as the Old Port Royal group,
+covering them from the sea to a depth of sixteen feet, with the wind at
+a rate of one hundred and twenty miles an hour&mdash;that its destructive
+power was so great that it had not only swept the islands, but had
+extended several miles onto the mainland of the State.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_199" title="199"></a>
+ <img src="images/i041.jpg" width="500" height="328" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">WOMEN CUTTING POTATOES FOR PLANTING&mdash;SEA ISLAND RELIEF, S.C., FEBRUARY, 1894.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_200" title="200"></a>
+ <img src="images/i042.jpg" width="500" height="314" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1894, by Charles Scribner’s Sons.</div>
+ <div class="caption">A WINDFALL FOR ST. HELENA.&mdash;WRECK OF THE “CITY OF SAVANNAH.”</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>I chanced to be familiar with the geography and topography of that group
+of islands, having lived on them in the capacity of war relief many
+months during the siege of Charleston in 1863&ndash;64. Knowing that they
+scarcely averaged four feet rise above the sea level, with no mountains,
+not even hills that could be called such, that the soft, sandy soil
+could not be trusted to hold its tree roots firm, that the habitations
+were only huts, to be washed away like little piles of boards&mdash;I thought
+I saw no escape for the inhabitants and that <em>all</em><a class="pagenum" id="Page_201" title="201"></a> must have
+perished; and so replied to all inquiries at first made as to whether
+this were not a disaster for the Red Cross to relieve, “No, there was
+nothing left to relieve.” Later and more reliable news brought the
+astonishing fact that it was estimated that from thirty to forty
+thousand had survived and were in the direst need. Was not this a call
+for the Red Cross? Still more emphatically, “No; if that is the case, it
+is beyond the Red Cross. Only the State of South Carolina or the general
+government can cope with that;” and again we closed our ears and
+proceeded with our work.</p>
+
+<p>But the first week of September brought pitiful paragraphs from various
+Southern sources&mdash;one I recall from the governor of the State, in which
+he proclaimed his perplexity and great distress at the condition of
+these poor people, needing everything, and who, at that season of the
+year, with crops all destroyed, would continue to need; and closed by
+wondering “if the Red Cross could perhaps do anything for them.”</p>
+
+<p>It would not do to close our ears or eyes against this suggestion, and I
+at once sought our congressional neighbor, General M.C. Butler, of South
+Carolina, then in the Senate, now on the Cuban Commission, asking his
+views. The response was such as would not have been looked for in that
+busy, hard-worked Senator, surrounded by a network of political wires,
+some of them only too likely to be “live;” he dropped all business,
+telegraphed at once to Governor Tillman at Columbia to learn the
+conditions and urgently requested us to go, and he would even leave his
+seat and go with us as soon as we could be ready. Time is never a
+question with the Red Cross, and the next night, in a dark cheerless
+September mist, with only two assistants, I closed a door behind me for
+ten months, went to the station to meet General Butler, prompt and kind,
+and proceeded on our way. At Columbia we were joyfully surprised at
+meeting Governor Tillman, prepared to accompany us, with a member of his
+staff, and thus powerfully reinforced we made our entrance into
+Beaufort.</p>
+
+<p>The work of relief had been wisely placed at first in the hands of
+committees from both Beaufort and Charleston, comprising the best
+business men of each city&mdash;its lawyers, merchants, bankers, all men of
+prominence and known practical ability. They had done and were doing all
+possible for them to do, with hearts full of pity, hands full of work,
+themselves large losers by the storm, business nearly wrecked, and
+needing every remaining energy for the repairing of their own damages
+and those of the citizens about them.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_202" title="202"></a>The governor, at whose request they had formed, realizing the
+necessities of the case, sought to release them, calling them together
+in each city and successively relieving them, placing the Red Cross in
+full charge of the relief. With the little knowledge we had of the
+conditions and surroundings, it would have been madness to accept, at
+least until both more knowledge and more numerical force were gained,
+and the refusal was as prompt as the proffer had been. We however
+promised to remain in Beaufort, meet with the committee each day, advise
+with them, study the situation and report our conclusions when we could
+safely arrive at them.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we remained until the first day of October, when, realizing that
+the relief coming in from outside would soon diminish, as the excitement
+should wear away, that the sum in hand was painfully small, that the
+number of destitute was steadily increasing, that the winter was
+approaching and they must be carried through in some manner till the
+next year’s crops could grow; and that, in order to do this a fixed
+system of relief must be adopted, a rigid economy enforced and every
+person who could do so must be made to work for his food and receive
+food and raiment only in return for labor; that this could only come
+from persons who had no interests but these to subserve and with the
+light of all experience that could be called to the task. Even then a
+successful result was questionable; but there was no question of the
+fatal result of any other course, and after a thoughtful council of our
+official board (which had meanwhile become nearly filled) on the night
+of September thirtieth it was decided that the Red Cross would accept
+the appointment of the governor and enter upon its duties the following
+day.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, at the meeting of the next day, October 1, 4 p. m., the
+Beaufort Relief Commission, as appointed by the governor, was formally
+released as a committee and immediately re-elected by the Red Cross as
+its “advisory board,” to meet and advise with us as we had done with
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Through all these years the tenderness springs to my heart and gathers
+in my eyes as I recall the kindly and affectionate intercourse of
+months, without one break, that grew up between us. And although some
+have been called to higher service and greener fields, I am confident
+that none of us will ever seek on this side a better, more trusted,
+kindlier association than were found in these.</p>
+
+<p>I desire to supplement the foregoing allusions to the storm by the full
+and ably rendered account of commodore, now admiral, Beardslee,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_203" title="203"></a> then in
+command of the naval forces of that section, with headquarters at Paris
+Island. The admiral and his charming wife were our neighbors, and most
+efficient helpers through all our work:</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Admiral Beardslee’s Description of the Hurricane.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Mrs. Beardslee and I were participators in the events and shared the
+dangers brought to the inhabitants of the Sea Islands of South Carolina
+by the terrific West India hurricane, with accompanying tidal wave,
+which desolated those unfortunate islands in August, 1893.</p>
+
+<p>Since our recent return and while on the journey, and at New York,
+friends whom we have met, and new acquaintances, have almost universally
+exhibited much interest in the description of the situation of affairs
+on those islands, before, during and after the storm, and to many the
+simple details which were to us but household words, brought the first
+realizing sense of the magnitude of the calamity.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Miss Clara Barton, the president of the American branch of the
+International Organization of the Red Cross, who has the management of
+contributions and of the dispensing of aid among the Sea Islands now,
+and had occupied a similar position at Johnstown, made us her agents to
+dispense on one of the islands, where weekly we feed over four hundred
+persons, and I know we are but doing as she would wish, in continuing so
+to act, during our brief respite from our work.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore I most cheerfully comply with the request, and trust that my
+efforts to interest and revive interest will not be in vain.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Geography of the Coast.</span></h4>
+
+<p>I will premise with a bit of geography: The coast of South Carolina is
+bordered for over a hundred and fifty miles by an archipelago consisting
+of hundreds of islands and islets from a hundred square miles to as many
+yards in area. These are nearly all well wooded with pine, oak, magnolia
+and gum trees. Many of them consist largely of arable land, which,
+before the war of the rebellion, was divided by hedges into great
+plantations, whereon the rich planters, aided by their hundreds of
+slaves, cultivated, besides vegetables of all kinds, the famous long
+staple “Sea Island cotton.” The islands are separated from each other
+and from the main land by arms of the sea,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_204" title="204"></a> here called rivers, or
+creeks, according to their width and depth, some, as Beaufort, Broad and
+Coosaw rivers, from one to three miles in width and thirty feet in
+depth, and others, which, at low tide, are but marshes, with a thread of
+water.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">After the War.</span></h4>
+
+<p>After the war the large plantations were subdivided into five, ten and
+twenty-acre farms, which were by the government distributed among the
+“heads of families,” generally of the slaves who were left on them, and
+these negroes, with their descendants, still occupy these farms, living
+in comfortable cabins, each plantation having its own hamlet or colony.
+After the first shock of change was over, these negroes developed into
+orderly, industrious, thriving Christian communities. Each farm was
+thoroughly cultivated, and there was produced every year good crops of
+potatoes, sweet and Irish, peas, corn, melons and one or two bales of
+cotton, which, mortgaged to the local storekeeper, generally a white
+man, furnished them with groceries. All raised and owned horses, mules,
+hogs, cattle, turkeys, domestic fowls and ducks. All were owners of one
+or more buggies, carts, plows and other agricultural implements, and
+those who lived near the sea owned one or more boats, with outfit of
+nets and fishing gear, and from spring until winter the sea yielded
+abundant harvest of good fish, turtles, crabs, shrimps, prawns, clams
+and oysters, and the marshes furnished terrapin, which sold at very
+remunerative figures, as I well know, for the storm took from me nearly
+three hundred of them. Every cabin was comfortable, from their point of
+view, furnished, and in many were sewing machines, house organs and
+melodeons, and for every member of the family, however slightly attired
+on week days, a fine, often gorgeous, suit of Sunday clothes&mdash;and they
+are all church-goers.</p>
+
+<p>The great barn-like structures that they build for churches are presided
+over by preachers of their own race&mdash;“reverence doctor” is the
+title&mdash;and are crowded. They have also smaller places of worship, called
+“praise houses,” where they assemble once or twice a week in the evening
+to indulge in “shouting” a mingled prayer, responding, singing, and when
+“spirit dun come pow’ful,” a wild, waltzing sort of a dance, such as I
+have seen in Africa. They have schools which troops of well-dressed
+children attend daily. There are lots of children, and but a very small
+portion of those under twenty have not quite a fair<a class="pagenum" id="Page_205" title="205"></a> common school
+education. Said an old aunty to a lady friend of mine: “Has yer
+children, honey?” “Yes, aunty, I have three boys and one girl.” “Is dat
+all?” “Yes, isn’t it enough?” “Dat’s as the Lord wills, honey; to some
+He sends little litters and to some big ones. I’se got thirteen head and
+I’se dun loss four head.”</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Disastrous Storm.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The climate is perfect, very little labor produces good results, and I
+think that without going more into detail you will all admit that the
+Sea Islanders were a happy, contented, very comfortably fixed set of
+people. So it was at the going down of the sun on the twenty-seventh day
+of August, 1893. When the sun rose the next morning, hundreds of those
+cabins had been swept from the earth, with all they contained. Over
+thirty thousand of those people were homeless, clotheless, foodless,
+with no resources. Over eight hundred were dead (the figures are from
+actual census). A hurricane on its way from the Gulf of Mexico to the
+north had swerved somewhat from the usual course of these storms, its
+centre, instead of following the Gulf Stream, had come in over the land,
+and the great uprising of the surface of the sea, which always occurs at
+the calm centre of these storms, caused by the low atmospheric pressure,
+as shown by low barometer, had, instead of dissipating itself on the
+surrounding ocean, inundated our islands to depths varying from one to
+ten feet according to the height of the land, the average height of the
+tidal wave, above high water, being about seven feet. Thus the surface
+of each island was a sea, and driven by the tremendous force of the wind
+over a hundred miles per hour, as recorded at Charleston, north of us,
+and at Savannah, south, into death-dealing waves.</p>
+
+<p>The houses, all built on posts two to four feet above ground, came down
+like card houses. Some collapsed and crushed their inmates on the spot;
+others went drifting off with men, women and children clinging to them,
+until falling to pieces they dropped their living freight into eternity.
+Some escaped by seeking shelter amid the branches of the giant pines and
+oaks; some were so saved, but others had but found death traps, for
+yielding to the force of the wind, many were thrashed to death by the
+whipping branches, or knocked off into the raging sea below. And among
+the thousands of these trees which were uprooted, or twisted off, were
+many on whose branches people were clinging. I knew nothing of what was
+occurring on other islands<a class="pagenum" id="Page_206" title="206"></a> than the one we were dwelling on, Paris
+Island, where I am in command of the naval station; for, deprived of
+every means of communication with the outer world by the destruction of
+all railroads and steamers that connected with us, telegraph and
+telephone lines down, and all of my boats either sunk or wrecked, our
+own affairs had my entire time and attention.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">A Work of Rescue.</span></h4>
+
+<p>I have been a sailor for forty-five years, and as such have battled with
+many tempests, but on my own ship, with plenty of sea room, I have known
+what to do to increase safety and lessen danger. But in this case I was
+nearly helpless. Fortunately I alone knew this, for I was now surrounded
+by those who looked to me for help. I was forced to “keep a stiff upper
+lip,” but the task was not a slight one. My house is a two-story frame,
+built on brick piers, about sixty rods from the beach. Between it and
+the water were six negro cabins and two quite large houses. Shortly
+after sunset the weaker of them succumbed, but the tide was not yet so
+high but that my men succeeded in saving from the wrecks the women and
+children, all of whom were carried first to the largest of the two
+houses. About 11 p.m. the tide was at its height, and there came driving
+onto my lawn and under my house great timbers, wrecks of houses,
+wharves, and boats, and fortunately a large flat boat, called a lighter.
+Some of the braver of my men captured this boat by plunging in up to
+their necks and pushed and pulled it to the house where the refugees had
+gathered, at which the screams told us there was trouble. They got there
+just in time to rescue about fifty and brought them to my house.</p>
+
+<p>During all this time the rain was falling in torrents and every person
+was soaked through, and as the wind was from the northeast, the rain was
+cold, and they were chilled through. An attempt to get up a fire in my
+kitchen stove disclosed the fact that my woodshed was gone and there was
+no wood. Some empty packing boxes in the garret were utilized; then a
+big pot was put on to make coffee. We then found that excepting in a few
+pitchers there was no fresh water. My cistern had been overflowed by the
+sea. Fifty men were put to bailing and pumping, and weather boards from
+my shed and servants’ quarters were quickly extemporized into gutters
+and pipes&mdash;then the rain proved a blessing, and we were saved from water
+famine. But there were chances of a food famine. My storerooms and those
+of my<a class="pagenum" id="Page_207" title="207"></a> only white neighbor, the civil engineer of the station, held all
+of the food on the island, and there were hundreds to feed. Fortunately
+it was Sunday. Saturday is our marketing day, and we had a week’s supply
+under ordinary circumstances, but with such a lot of boarders we had to
+handle it very sparingly.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Next Day.</span></h4>
+
+<p>By daylight the storm had modified and the sea subsided. Then came work.
+First of all my mules and carts were started with search parties for
+drowned people. Before night there were nine such laid out in my coal
+shed. To those we gave Christian burial, but to twelve others found
+during the next forty-eight hours, guided by the buzzards that had begun
+their feasts, we for sanitary reasons had to treat them as we did the
+many carcasses of animals, bury them at once where we found them. On the
+second day I captured a passing sailboat, one of the very few left, and
+obtained from Port Royal a big load of provisions, with which I started
+a store, paying the big gang of laborers that I had employed with checks
+on the store, where food was furnished at cost.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Red Cross to the Rescue.</span></h4>
+
+<p>On the fifth there came to us a great blessing. The Red Cross
+Association had been appealed to and had responded. Miss Barton, its
+president with her staff of physicians, nurses and other trained people,
+came, investigated and took charge of us, and under their systematic,
+business-like methods, taught them by much experience in many great
+calamities, are now keeping, and will keep, as long as the good people
+of the country will furnish the means, starvation away from this
+miserable mass of humanity.</p>
+
+<p>It may be that in this favored part of the country, where cyclones and
+earthquakes do not occur, many of your readers know little of this
+organization. I will tell them a little and close. During our war, in
+1863, a congress composed of representatives of the leading nations of
+Europe met at Geneva, Switzerland, its object being to make such
+international rules as would tend to lessen the horrors of war and
+alleviate the suffering. The United States was invited to participate,
+and Miss Clara Barton, a woman even then well known for her career of
+charitable deeds, and for her abilities, was afterward selected to bring
+in the United States to the treaty. Miss Barton secured for the United<a class="pagenum" id="Page_208" title="208"></a>
+States the privilege of adding to its war relief that of sufferings from
+storms, earthquakes, floods and other calamities due to natural causes.
+This addition is known as the American amendment. An American branch was
+formed, of which Miss Barton was elected president. She has a large and
+able corps of experienced assistants scattered throughout the Union,
+ready to respond at once to her call and hurry to place their services,
+free of cost, at her disposal. This corps of helpers take nothing for
+granted; they investigate for themselves and learn accurately just who
+need help, and how much, and what kind. Books are kept, and every penny
+or penny’s worth accounted for. The Red Cross does not, as a body, give
+charity&mdash;it dispenses intelligently that of others. The body is your and
+my agent to see that what we choose to give shall be honestly and
+intelligently put where it will do the most good. Its members, from
+principle, do not beg. It is their business to present facts to the
+public and let every man, woman and child act on his or her unbiased
+judgment. She has done me the honor to accept my service as an amateur.
+I am not quite so strictly bound by the rules as are the members,
+therefore if anyone detects a little tendency to beg in this article it
+is my fault, not that of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Present Headquarters.</span></h4>
+
+<p>At this present time Miss Barton has her headquarters in Beaufort, where
+she has chartered a large warehouse, over which she and her staff camp
+out, living, although I am told she is well off, in the plainest of
+styles. Her desk is a dry goods box, with a home-made drawer; her bed, a
+cot. Her agents are distributed on the various islands, living in negro
+cabins and tents. The Red Cross flag floats in their midst, and the
+food, clothing and other articles are served to the crowds of negroes,
+and trained nurses and physicians are caring for the sick and wounded.
+Hundreds of men are laboring digging drains to get clear of the brackish
+swamp water left by the mingling of sea water and rain, building houses
+and boats for the helpless, and the colored women, made beggars by the
+storm, have been organized into sewing societies, which repair all
+ragged garments sent, turn ticking into mattress covers, homespun into
+garments.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Detail of the Work.</span></h4>
+
+<p>There is now being served out, once a week, the following rations, which
+is all that her stock of stores allows: To a family of seven<a class="pagenum" id="Page_209" title="209"></a> persons
+for one week, one peck of hominy, one pound of pork. To those who work
+for the community, double the above. To sick people, a small portion of
+tea or coffee, sugar and bread. She would gladly double or quadruple
+this allowance, but she has not the material.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it stands. There are 30,000 American citizens who must be almost
+entirely supported by charity until they get a spring crop in April or
+May. Unless they are furnished with food they will starve, without
+bedding they will die from exposure; without medicines, of fever.
+Everything not perishable is needed, especially money to buy lumber,
+nails, bricks and hardware to rebuild the houses, cast-off and warm
+clothing, cooking utensils, pans, pots, spoons, etc. Most of the express
+companies send free all articles directed to:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>,<br />
+
+  <em>President Red Cross Association, Beaufort, S.C.</em><br />
+
+  For storm sufferers.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">White Sufferers.</span></h4>
+
+<p>In response to further inquiries Admiral Beardslee furnishes us the
+following:</p>
+
+<p>There is a very small population of whites living on the Sea Islands,
+and of them the greater number are storekeepers, supplying the negroes
+and taking mortgages on their growing crops, principally the cotton. As
+nearly all of the crops, including the cotton, which was nearly ready
+for picking, were ruined, these storekeepers, in addition to great
+direct loss by the flood, which swept away their storehouses, have lost
+largely by unrecoverable debts, thus they are not able to do much toward
+the relief of the sufferers. * * * Among the sufferers there are a few
+white families, generally descendants of the old-time planters, who,
+having recovered by purchase small portions of their family property,
+have made their living by hard work as farmers and truck growers. They
+are, in some cases, reduced to abject poverty.</p>
+
+<p>The merchants of the city of Beaufort lost heavily. Most of the
+principal stores were on Bay street, their storehouses stretching out on
+the wharf. All of these with the back buildings on them were swept away,
+and the merchants are not in position to give much help. Nearly all of
+the old Southern families were impoverished by the war and can do
+little, and that little is to a great extent very naturally<a class="pagenum" id="Page_210" title="210"></a> bestowed
+upon the negroes and their descendants, who were at one time their
+slaves.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">What is Needed.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The State of South Carolina is poor, one of its greatest sources of
+revenue, the phosphate business, which paid in royalties nearly $600 per
+day into its treasury, and expended thousands of dollars weekly, in
+payment of labor, was badly crippled and temporarily, at least, ruined.
+All of the dredges, lighters and most of the tugs and many of the
+“mines,” the great establishments where the phosphate rock is dried,
+crushed and prepared for export, were destroyed. * * * *</p>
+
+<p>While anything or everything eatable, wearable or usable in any shape
+will do good, I would suggest as most valuable, money with which to buy
+lumber and hardware to rebuild houses, and food, hard bread, hominy,
+pork and cheap groceries, warm cast-off clothing, thick underclothing,
+cooking utensils, such as frying pans, tea kettles, pots, pans, etc.,
+second hand as good as any, and children’s clothing, of which but a
+limited supply has been received.</p>
+
+<p>There will be no necessity to mend up clothing, the sewing societies
+will do that and prepare for use bedticking, homespun and cloth of all
+kinds.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_211" title="211"></a>RELIEF WORK SOUTH OF BROAD RIVER.</h3>
+
+<p>Next to the account of Admiral Beardslee, I desire to place that of Mr.
+John MacDonald, who, from having faced death in the rigging of the
+ill-fated “Savannah” for three days, enduring every privation and danger
+that could be endured, still lived to come to us, and to generously
+volunteer his services to the Red Cross as one knowing how to feel for
+those with whom he had suffered in common. After a visit to the northern
+end of the islands, and a full verbal report to us of their conditions
+and needs, he went in a like capacity to the southern end, and finding
+less likelihood of other assistance there, decided to take this as his
+field and accordingly made headquarters at Hilton Head, where he did
+most efficient and praiseworthy work, drawing from the supplies at
+Beaufort such as could be spared from the needs of the other hundreds of
+distributing points.</p>
+
+<p>The work of Mr. MacDonald and his capable wife (for he married while
+there Miss Ida Battell, a charming trained nurse from Milwaukee) was
+intelligent and comprehensive to an uncommon degree, not only relieving
+the colored population of the entire island, but raising them to a
+higher degree of industrial intelligence and self-help than they had
+ever dreamed of. I desire to tender in behalf of friendless humanity my
+grateful tribute of thanks to Mr. and Mrs. MacDonald for faithful and
+efficient service.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Report by Mr. McDonald.</span></h3>
+
+<p>On the night of August 27, 1893, while en route from Boston to Savannah
+on the steamer “City of Savannah,” the terrible devastating cyclone,
+which swept over the Sea Island Coast of South Carolina, was experienced
+by me in all its awfulness, terminating in the wreck and complete break
+up of that magnificent ship, and the terrible suffering and endurance of
+three days lashed to the rigging, without food or water and facing and
+hourly expecting death. Where could help come from? All the boats and
+ships in these waters had probably met the same fate as ours. All hope
+of help from nearby was abandoned, and our eyes were fastened on the
+North with anxious watchfulness. On the third night, when all hope had
+died out, in the darkness shot up<a class="pagenum" id="Page_212" title="212"></a> a bright signal light&mdash;the last we
+had on board&mdash;and in a few moments another light shot out into the sky
+about two miles away; our cry for help was answered! Out of the North
+came help to us, and after the perilous work of rowing from one ship to
+the other, trip after trip, through breakers and high-running seas, we
+were saved and carried into port.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving in Savannah and seeing from the papers, as the reports
+slowly came in, the awful wreckage which had been wrought on the
+islands, my sympathies were naturally aroused, for who could better know
+what these people must have passed through? When, a few days later, the
+call was issued for the Red Cross to assume control of the relief work,
+I abandoned the plans which had brought me South and joined Miss
+Barton’s forces.</p>
+
+<p>A first inspection of the devastated district was appalling, and even as
+the scenes of distress, sickness and destitution became more familiar,
+its sadness did not wear away. Here were pretty islands, where, a few
+days before, cotton had been in its full luxuriance, corn almost ready
+for harvesting waving in the breeze, a bounteous harvest smiling in the
+faces of a contented people, their little homes intact and comfortable
+and each one congratulating himself and each other on a prosperous
+season as the fruits of their labors. Yes, prosperous, for to these
+colored people, whose needs are small, whose ambition receives no
+stimulus, fifty or sixty bushels of corn is a bounteous harvest. But the
+storm came!
+
+In a few hours neat cottages were a heap of ruins, scattered perhaps
+miles away; giant trees lay across the roads, twisted and knotted into
+almost impossible shapes; corn and cotton gone, and human
+beings&mdash;missing. Roads flooded with water, almost impassable, but still
+alive with people&mdash;here a mother looking for her children, a husband for
+his wife, children for their parents. There in the marsh, a dark object
+is seen lying prostrate. Onward they push, waist deep in water and mud,
+till they grasp the inanimate object, and after a moment’s silence a
+piercing wail announces another loved one found, dead. Go with them as
+they carry their dead home. Home! where is it? Gone!
+
+A few boards or branches of trees have been put together, tent fashion,
+covered with corn stalks and mud, and into this the family crowd, wet
+(for it rained incessantly nearly two weeks after the storm), hungry,
+sick, ragged and helpless, unable to think or act for themselves, dazed
+by the calamity which had befallen them; they looked<a class="pagenum" id="Page_213" title="213"></a> around for some
+hand to lead them out of their pitiable condition, but everywhere the
+same wreckage and destitution faced them. But where should they look?</p>
+
+<p>As we on the wreck amidst the breakers looked northward, so these people
+cast their eyes thither and sent out a plea for help. Hoping against
+hope, they lingered on, until, when everything seemed darkest, a gleam
+of light shot out of the Northern sky and help came quickly; they were
+saved from starvation. They grasped at the finger of help extended to
+them, as a drowning man at a straw, and with a supreme effort dragged
+themselves out of a listless, apathetic condition and endeavored out of
+chaos to bring order. With such a vast territory, and so many thousands
+of destitute people to care for, the task of systematizing the work was
+a heavy one. It was, however, divided into districts, and each willing
+helper entered on his labor with very little to encourage him, but with
+obstacles innumerable. How to get from island to island&mdash;boats all
+wrecked; how to get supplies to them; how to pick out the most needy
+cases to serve first when all were needy and the supplies scanty. The
+steam launch from the United States navy-yard was placed at my service
+and provisioned for a week.</p>
+
+<p>I started out to the district assigned me, comprising the following
+named islands: Hilton Head, Pinkney, Harry Young, Savage, Hunting,
+Bull’s, Spring, Barataria and Dawfuskie, with Bluffton on the mainland
+south of Broad River, a treacherous stream, four miles wide, which
+received the full fury of the Atlantic and renders navigation by small
+craft hazardous. To prevent as far as possible any imposition on the
+part of applicants for relief, who were not in absolute necessity, I
+made my inspection from house to house, going into their corn cribs and
+estimating from their supply on hand how long they could <em>exist</em> without
+assistance. The condition of their houses, clothing and sickness in
+their families was also carefully noted. The stagnant water lying on the
+land, with no outlet, the hot sun, beating down on decaying animal and
+vegetable matter, the drinking water all polluted, had caused malaria in
+its worst form to be general amongst the people. With my medicine case
+constantly with me, scantily provided with quinine and other simple
+remedies, I relieved the cases as I met them, sending the worst cases to
+Beaufort, where they could be attended to by one of the doctors on the
+staff of the Red Cross located at headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>After examining some three hundred families on Hilton Head Island, after
+driving from one end of the island to the other<a class="pagenum" id="Page_214" title="214"></a>&mdash;fifteen miles&mdash;and
+being met on every hand with appeals for aid of every description, from
+young and old, from strong, healthy, able-bodied men to weak, tottering
+old uncles and aunties, I concluded that issuance of relief, without
+requiring some work from those able to work, would be demoralizing, and
+act as an incentive to people outside to flock to the islands, claiming
+assistance. What work should be organized was the next question. There
+were no ditches on the islands. Those which had been dug in ante-bellum
+times had become filled up. Had there been any outlet or drainage of any
+description, so that the waters could have run off the land, the loss of
+crops consequent on the heavy rains which followed the storm would not
+have been so serious. I therefore put those who were able to work
+digging ditches, those refusing to work I refused assistance. The result
+of this was that a total length of about thirty-seven miles of ditches,
+varying from two to four feet wide and from two to six feet deep, were
+dug. The benefit of this work was apparent during the summer and fall
+following, which was an unusually wet season, and in the bottom lands,
+but for these ditches, the crops would have been inundated. As it was,
+exceptionally good crops were produced, the health of the island was
+improved and a large area of otherwise waste land was reclaimed and
+rendered tillable.</p>
+
+<p>After visiting my district I concluded to make Hilton Head my
+headquarters. There was no building available so tents had to be brought
+over for our use as storage, hospital, sewing and living accommodations.
+What willing hands to help make our camp comfortable! Some making
+cupboards, desks, stools, benches, bedsteads, out of old packing boxes,
+some gathering moss to lay on the floor as a carpet, and finally
+unfurling the Red Cross flag to the breeze and we were established. To
+simplify the work of issuing supplies weekly, I gave each family a card.
+On this I marked everything to be issued and each issue was crossed off,
+preventing it being presented twice in one week. It also enabled the old
+and sick to send by children or any one else, and receive the supplies
+without coming themselves.</p>
+
+<p>How shall I describe our daily work? No regular hours, no routine, no
+system apparently, and yet everything went along in the twenty-four
+hours of duty as smoothly as possible. No regular hours? No; unless from
+sunrise to sunrise may be counted regular. No routine&mdash;no system? No;
+unless attending to everything as soon as it presented itself may be
+called system. At daylight the applicants would be around the tents
+waiting to see “Mr. Red Cross,” and from<a class="pagenum" id="Page_215" title="215"></a> then on a steady stream of
+people, some sick, wanting medicine; some hungry, wanting food; some
+ragged, wanting clothes; some loafers, wanting anything they could get.
+As soon as this stream could be stemmed, and a little breakfast eaten
+hastily, came visits to the sick who were unable to come to us; and in
+all sorts and conditions of vehicles, from a shaky cart with an ox as
+motive power, to a roadcart behind a mule, we went wherever we were
+called. On returning to camp, deputations of applicants from other
+islands would be in waiting, and while eating dinner, these would be
+attended to. After this the men working on the ditches would be visited.
+When it became dark and everyone had gone home, we would visit our
+hospital tents, make patients comfortable for the night, and retire to
+our own tents, hoping to sleep, hoping against hope, for “the poor ye
+have always with you:” and this case was no exception, for at all hours
+of the night we were called out to go anywhere from one to six or seven
+miles, to attend someone who was sick or dying. In the midst of this
+work visits had to be paid periodically to the other islands in my
+district (where I had local committees to look after the distribution of
+supplies) often taking up two or three days. And what a scene of bustle
+our camp presented every Friday when the supplies came! Thirty or forty
+carts in line at the landing&mdash;the boat arrives&mdash;all hands help unload,
+and then load the carts, the number of sacks or boxes in each cart being
+marked down against the driver, and away they go to the camp, three
+miles away. As soon as they arrive, the crowd of waiting recipients hand
+in their cards, and as they are called in one by one, their bags ready
+opened, the “weekly ration” is quickly measured, dropped in, the card
+returned marked, and away they go. While all this is being done, a
+flotilla of small boats from the other islands in the district, is at
+the landing, and as each “captain” presents his order issued by me, my
+storekeeper gives him the supply for his island, and away he goes home,
+to enact the same scene with cards and empty bags and hungry people. Nor
+was this all. Houses must be built, lumber and nails measured and
+distributed (tents being provided for the houseless temporarily). Those
+whose houses were not damaged were required to help others rebuild.
+Their clothing had to be brought over, repaired and distributed. How
+this was done is shown in Mrs. Macdonald’s report.</p>
+
+<p>This seems very simple to write about now after a year’s lapse of time,
+but it does not convey to the mind of the reader the constant anxiety
+resting on the mind of the Red Cross officer, with, as I had, 2,554
+people in absolute need of all the necessaries of life; separated<a class="pagenum" id="Page_216" title="216"></a> from
+Beaufort, the source from which I had to draw all my supplies, by Broad
+River, with the majority of the boats in this district rendered helpless
+by the storm&mdash;it was a matter of constant anxiety how I should get my
+weekly supplies for this large number of people, scattered over so large
+a territory, with so many rivers to cross. If the supplies were not here
+on time, think of these people having to tramp home empty-handed to
+hungry children, who could not understand that “it was too rough to
+cross Broad River.” With this difficulty constantly before me, it is a
+satisfaction now to put on record the self-sacrificing zeal of one
+colored man on Hilton Head Island&mdash;Ben Green&mdash;who placed his boat and
+the services of himself and men at my disposal and, without fee or
+reward of any kind, for several months, during good and bad weather,
+brought over the large amount of supplies required for this district.
+Another anxiety was, whether, when the boat went to Beaufort, sufficient
+supplies would be on hand to satisfy the demands of all the districts,
+or whether I should be put on “half rations.” Amid all this anxiety,
+there were occasional gleams of sunshine to cheer us in our arduous
+work, as, when I received from Miss Sarah S. Monroe, of 13 W. Ninth
+street, New York, two boxes of delicacies for the sick, and, after Mrs.
+Macdonald had cooked beef tea, corn starch, etc., and sent it round by
+little girls to the old and sick, how they would “tank de good Lawd fer
+sendin’ de buckra to look after us po’ cull’d folks;” how the name of
+“Miss Cla’ Ba’ton” was on everybody’s tongue, the infant girls named
+Clara Barton and the boys “Red Cross.” The self-appointed “Red Cross
+Deacons,” with an enormous Red Cross stitched on a piece of white cotton
+and worn on the left arm, were conspicuous in showing their gratitude
+for the bounty received. Then, when planting time came and seeds of
+every description and in large quantities were distributed to them, how
+eagerly they worked in their gardens, planting garden “yarbs” (herbs)
+and then their corn, cotton, etc. Our thanks are due to the J.C. Vaughan
+Seed Store of New York and Chicago (through Mr. Burt Eddy, their
+Southern Agent), for a large supply of potatoes and other seeds sent
+direct to me.</p>
+
+<p>A brief summary of food supplies issued in my district shows:</p>
+
+<table summary="food supplies">
+  <tr><td>Meat</td><td class="tdr">7,440</td><td>lbs.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Grits</td><td class="tdr">16,410</td><td>pecks.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Beef<br />Milk<br />Coffee<br />Sugar</td>
+       <td class="tdr">395<br />192<br />143<br />120</td>
+       <td>lbs.<br />cans<br />lbs.<br />lbs</td>
+       <td><img src="images/vrbracket_10x80.jpg" width="10" height="80" alt="" /></td>
+       <td>For the sick.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig400">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_217" title="217"></a>
+ <img src="images/i043.jpg" width="400" height="538" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">TESTIMONIAL FROM RUSSIAN WORKMEN FOR AMERICAN HELP AND
+                      SYMPATHY IN THE FAMINE OF 1892.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_218" title="218"></a>
+  <img src="images/i044.jpg" width="500" height="320" alt="" />
+  <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+  <div class="caption">A RUSSIAN PEASANT VILLAGE</div>
+  <div class="subcaption"><em>Scene taken during the famine</em></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_219" title="219"></a>There were 454 cases of sickness treated at the camp and 75 visits made
+to the sick at home. In May, with the vegetables and wild fruits in good
+supply and marketable, their crops all growing well, I asked the people,
+“Can you manage to get along now without further help?” They answered
+“Yes; we are thankful for what has been done for us, and will try to
+pull through till harvest, alone.” On the twentieth of May I issued a
+month’s supply to each family, took down the Red Cross flag and closed
+the relief work for this district. A year has passed since then. I am
+now a permanent resident on Hilton Head Island. I watched the crops
+grow, saw a good harvest gathered in, the people resumed their old-time
+cheerful tone, and the storm became a memory. With the exception of a
+very few old people who are hardly able to totter, and have no one to
+plant or work for them, the people of this island are again prosperous
+and happy. Occasionally some kind friend enables me still to make some
+old uncle or auntie happy with a little help, and so they totter down to
+“where the storms shall cease to roll.”</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_220" title="220"></a>CLOTHING BRANCH, HILTON HEAD DISTRICT.<br />
+  <span class="subtitle">REPORT BY MRS. MACDONALD.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Accustomed as I had been, in Chicago and other large cities, to see a
+miscellaneous assortment of rags worn under the name of clothing, I was
+little prepared for the sight of the almost nude condition of the great
+mass of people, which came to my notice on first entering on the relief
+work of the Sea Island Sufferers. After a couple of days and nights
+spent in the clothing room in Beaufort, packing barrels and boxes for
+the Hilton Head District, we proceeded there and amid loud exclamations
+of “closen” had the freight hauled to our camp. Before an hour had
+passed we were besieged with applicants, but as our present supply was
+limited, we could only attend to a few of the worst cases, and these
+were told to come at ten o’clock the next morning. Having already
+procured the information regarding the families&mdash;ages, sex and number of
+children&mdash;we spent the time in putting into bundles suitable clothing
+for such as had been told to come. Fearful of being late, they began to
+assemble by daylight, and as each man or woman was seen emerging,
+“toting” the bundle, a hum of voices would assail the lucky one with
+“Bress de Lawd; what ye done get?” The experience with this first
+installment showed that some work must be expended on the clothing
+before distribution, to make it more serviceable. As the men were put to
+work in the ditches, so the women who were able to leave their families
+were called on for a week’s work each in the sewing tents; a sewing
+machine was borrowed from one, and Miss Mary Clark (who was put in
+charge) assorted the garments, giving to some patching to do, to others
+buttons to sew on, to others apparently useless garments to make into
+children’s clothing. When all got steadily to work, one would commence a
+patter song, the rest would quickly join in, and, to the accompanying
+rattle of the sewing machine, work and music blended. To hear them sing,
+one would hardly think they had just passed through a great calamity;
+but it was the calm which follows the storm&mdash;they knew their troubles
+were over, and they were going to get “kiverin” for the “chilluns.” How
+they worked! Garment after garment was quickly mended, examined by Miss
+Clark for faults, and then placed in its proper barrel, ready for giving
+away. When all the clothing had been repaired, the list of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_221" title="221"></a> needy ones
+was examined, and, as before, the <em>most needy</em> told to come the next
+day. But the “most needy” generally included half the island, for
+telegrams never flew faster than did the news that clothes were going to
+be issued. Then, when the last garment had been issued, some happy, some
+dejected, they would go away to await the next issue. So week by week, a
+constant stream of barrels, boxes and bundles would be received, mended
+and given away to those who, many of them, hardly knew what a whole
+garment was. Occasionally one, more crafty than the rest, would try to
+excite extra sympathy by producing a goodly array of “motherless
+chilluns,” borrowed for the occasion, in the hope of getting an extra
+supply, not knowing that we already knew the full number and ages of
+each family. The system adopted by the Red Cross of first quietly
+getting its information complete, and then going to work, knowing what
+to do and how to do it, showed its value in preventing imposition, which
+must always be met with to some extent, in all charitable work. In this
+way 3,400 garments were repaired and given away in this district,
+besides shoes, hats, etc.</p>
+
+<p>While the sewing was in progress in one tent, I helped attend the cases
+in the hospital tents, and made daily calls when necessary on patients
+who were unable to come to me. My experience in Hahnemann Hospital,
+Chicago, fitted me for this part of the work. In all this work the lack
+of suitable supplies had to be overcome. As soon as our busiest season
+had passed and the sickness had abated, I opened a free school in one
+room of our house, expecting to teach reading, writing and arithmetic to
+ten pupils. The attendance rose almost immediately to forty and we gave
+up another room to the use of the school, and I had one of the older
+pupils assist me with the younger ones. To Mr. Proudfit, of Morristown,
+N.J., are due our thanks for his generous contributions, enabling us to
+purchase slates, books and other school supplies.</p>
+
+<h4><a class="pagenum" id="Page_222" title="222"></a>WAREHOUSE AND SHIPPING DEPARTMENT.</h4>
+
+<p>In introducing the dual reports of Dr. E.W. Egan, I imagine that I
+realize something of the feeling of the Queen of Sheba when she
+proclaimed that the half had not been told. The practical, unswerving
+and unique method of procedure pursued by Dr. Egan with these thousands
+of ignorant, hungry wards and waifs would constitute an interesting
+study for the most advanced philanthropist. The problem, as he tersely
+states it, of how to make thirty thousand dollars feed and shelter
+thirty thousand people a year, was not easily solved; and yet, largely
+under his original calculation and undeviating faithfulness to his own
+plans, it was solved, and how successfully, all the years from that time
+to this have testified. The medical aid which he established among these
+poor, deluded sufferers was as if an advanced clinic from his <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alma
+Mater</em>, Jefferson College, or the University of Pennsylvania, had been
+suddenly opened in their midst. The old dislocated joints, broken bones,
+tumors, internal diseases, carried about and dragged on through years of
+pain, disappeared; they literally took up their beds and walked. Their
+faithful hearts, like their eyes, followed him in admiring confidence,
+as with hurried step and quick glance he passed among the distributers
+of the warehouse; and if he told them that a pound of meat and a peck of
+grits was enough for a week&mdash;all they could have and must be
+supplemented either by work, if obtainable, or fish or game, if it could
+be caught&mdash;there was no complaint, no demur: “The doctor said so, and it
+was all right.”</p>
+
+<p>It is a comfort to me as I write to know that his skillful hand is now
+on the keys that have for such weary months locked in the untold agonies
+of the terrible dens in western Cuba, designated, for the lack of some
+more appropriate term, as “hospitals.”</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Report by E. Winfield Egan, M.D.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The first official word of the Port Royal Relief Field, ambiguously
+called the Sea Island Relief Field, came to Dr. J.B. Hubbell, the
+general field agent of the American National Red Cross, with whom it was
+my privilege to be at Indianapolis, attending the annual reunion of the
+Grand Army, where, for the first time in the history of that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_223" title="223"></a>
+organization, the Red Cross of Geneva took its place upon the arms of
+the surgeons, the ambulances and the tents which were regularly
+distributed along the line of march. Twenty-four hours found us en route
+to Beaufort, S.C., which was to be the headquarters of the American
+National Red Cross, through its year of effort to take care of 30,000
+human beings living upon the islands, known as the “Sea Island” or Old
+Port Royal group, as they were called during the war, lying off the
+coast of South Carolina, between Charleston and Savannah, and which had
+been devastated by that memorable cyclone of August 27, 1893.</p>
+
+<p>I reported to the president, at headquarters, for duty the twenty-eighth
+day of September, 1893. Upon arrival I found the president and field
+secretary quartered in an unused club house, using parts of billiard
+tables for dining purposes, desks made of dry goods boxes, crude
+furniture made in a day and nicely upholstered with manila paper&mdash;in
+short, it was camping out indoors.</p>
+
+<p>The local relief committee was still in charge, Miss Barton and her
+staff meeting with them by invitation as an advisory board.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross headquarters was the scene of busy census takers; men from
+every part of the field were constantly coming and going, bringing
+reports of the number of people, their condition, the condition of their
+homes and their needs.</p>
+
+<p>Their reports were being carefully indexed and entered upon one great
+book for future reference, a record of the greatest relief field America
+has ever known.</p>
+
+<p>October 2, came my “marching orders” which were, “Take charge of the
+warehouse and stores, make an inventory of them, disperse these men and
+rid this city of the demoralizing influence of idle people.” The doors
+were closed and preparations for an inventory begun.</p>
+
+<p>The manner of distribution previous to November 2, though performed by
+willing workers, was not, could not be, that systematic distribution
+which comes only after years of experience.</p>
+
+<p>The warehouse had to be cleaned, partitioned, shelved and made ready for
+the repacking, separating heavy from light goods, and getting ready for
+receiving and shipping. The inventory showed not enough food to keep ten
+families two weeks.</p>
+
+<p>On November 9, the doors of all the departments at headquarters were
+opened. The question of remuneration for workmen’s services must be
+determined upon and a standard adopted. There were at<a class="pagenum" id="Page_224" title="224"></a> headquarters
+twenty-five workmen in-doors&mdash;white and colored&mdash;beside the cartmen and
+out-door laborers.</p>
+
+<p>A standard of fifty cents in value was adopted for a day’s work and was
+given in flour, meal, grits, pork, or whatever there was in the
+storeroom at the end of each day, and the next day an entirely new set
+of men was employed, and this daily change lasted over a month, thus
+distributing to over a thousand people something beside the <em>regular
+weekly</em> distribution.</p>
+
+<p>Women were engaged to sew sacks and other light work (just as necessary
+as heavier), and they were paid in the same manner and at the same rate
+as men. Will some of my readers think that these women, some with large
+families to support, and all having some one depending upon them, should
+receive less than the men, because they were women?</p>
+
+<p>Shovels, spades and axes came in a few days in response to an order from
+our president, and men were put upon the public roads to clear and
+improve their condition and repair the damage which the storm had done.</p>
+
+<p>The tools were all marked before they left headquarters with a Greek
+cross&mdash;on the steel or iron part they were stamped with a steel die and
+the wood handles were burned with an iron die.</p>
+
+<p>This marking served many purposes. There was an indescribable respect
+for the Red Cross among the people it served and its insignia was its
+representative which meant a great deal for them.</p>
+
+<p>It removed a temptation; they were instructed that those implements were
+only loaned and must not see idle days, and were to be passed on to the
+next workmen when their labors were finished. The marking made them
+undesirable property and none were lost, though hundreds were at work
+all the time. Many were broken, and the pieces were returned to
+headquarters, mended and put into circulation again.</p>
+
+<p>Other sets of workmen were those who opened old drains and made new ones
+through the low farming portions of the islands. These men generally
+worked one week in relays of twelve. (A more detailed account of these
+drains will be found in the general field agent’s report.) Six months
+later, when the high water came, a few who had refused to go into these
+relays of workmen and open the drains, lost much of their crop&mdash;could a
+rebuke have been more eloquent?</p>
+
+<p>All the workmen were paid from headquarters through their overseer, who
+received the clothing, grits and meat, and proportioned it to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_225" title="225"></a> each man.
+In all cases where a man worked, he received the regular weekly
+allowance of one peck of grits and one pound of meat, in addition to
+what he received for his work.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit shown by these people, after they had been instructed in the
+demoralizing effect of free and plenteous distribution, was remarkable:
+they did not beg for food, they asked for work, and the Red Cross made
+work for them.</p>
+
+<p>The relief supply was received at three points: the railroad station,
+about one and a quarter miles from headquarters, the steamer “Pilot
+Boy,” bringing goods from Charleston, and the “Alpha,” bringing a few
+goods from Savannah. Freight was brought to headquarters in small carts
+drawn by horses or cattle of any kind, and it was always an interesting
+sight to the stranger: the animals were driven with a bit, with ropes
+for harness, and in most instances the bend of a tree had been sawed out
+and used as saddles, on which were ropes or wire holding up the shafts,
+with burlap or crudely made cushions to protect the animal’s back&mdash;all
+indications of the primitive condition of a people who were to be the
+wards of the Red Cross for a year, but who were also to be given an
+object lesson in practical life which was more to them, more to the
+country, than the little allowance of grits and meat to which they must
+add something more to support their families. “They must not eat the
+bread of idleness,” said our president. “We must not leave a race of
+beggars, but teach them the manliness of self-support, and methods of
+self-dependence.”</p>
+
+<p>The distributing was done through sub-committee men, representing
+anywhere from five people into the hundreds. They were the appointees of
+the local relief committee and retained to the end of the field, with
+but few exceptions. They came weekly, tri-monthly and monthly; those who
+came thirty and forty miles in crude boats were given supplies enough to
+last a month, for it was a long and sometimes difficult journey.</p>
+
+<p>Each sub-committee man presented himself at headquarters and was
+referred, in his turn, to the main office, where an order was issued for
+whatever the notes of the investigating committee called for&mdash;grits,
+meat, nails, hatchets, saws, lumber and clothing the most frequent.</p>
+
+<p>These orders were brought to the shipping room, where they were filled,
+marked with name of sub-committee man, his address and a Red Greek
+Cross, the insignia which would entitle it to protection and many times
+free transport to its destination. A complete record of this was made in
+the shipping room.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_226" title="226"></a>A most important step was the uniform issue to each person on the Red
+Cross books. How was it to be done? What could be done? All important
+questions were as familiar to each officer as his own department
+questions. The president would call her staff together (and many times
+it was in the small hours of the morning) and present the question for
+consideration. It was at one of these meetings the fact had been
+presented that the prime problem was “How to feed 30,000 people with
+$30,000 for one year?” It was evident that they must be provided with a
+way to produce something themselves, and to this end all assistance was
+given.</p>
+
+<p>One peck of grits and one pound of pork to a family of seven for one
+week was the regular Red Cross supply, and this was given to all who
+needed assistance, and the laboring men received one peck and one pound
+for their work.</p>
+
+<p>The description given us of the negro on our arrival was not flattering.
+“He cannot be trusted!” “He’ll steal anything he can get!” “You can’t
+make him work!” and similar expressions came from all sides. But Miss
+Barton had seen the negro before and knew the best way to lift him up,
+and her wisdom was manifest all through that field, as the splendid
+gardens (producing more than the people could eat or sell), the mended
+condition of the clothing, the division of cottages into rooms, the
+carefully selected, bottled and labeled seeds for next year’s planting,
+and the general elevation of their habits proved beyond argument.</p>
+
+<p>They were treated like gentlemen and they felt the responsibility. They
+were trusted and told so, and they lived up to the trust. They were
+shown the necessity of work, and they worked like men and women. No race
+of people could have borne their affliction better, more cheerfully
+(they are pre-eminently a cheerful, happy people) and with less record
+of crime than did these 30,000 people, the vast majority of whom were
+negroes.</p>
+
+<p>One important and erroneous impression among some of the less
+intelligent was that seeds were of little account which they raised in
+their own garden, and the proper procedure was to buy each year from the
+merchants “new and good seeds,” and that practice was common.</p>
+
+<p>One day one of the sub-committee men brought in a very large,
+magnificent onion, and with some pride presented it as a result of his
+work, and said, “Miss Barton, if I could git some ob dat y’ar seed, I
+reckon I could raise onyun ’nough to pay fo a critter nex’ year.”</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_227" title="227"></a>“Well,” said Miss Barton, “do you think you could not raise seeds enough
+from those onions?”</p>
+
+<p>“Oh, bress you, no marm. You see dem ain’ good what we raise; we has to
+buy de seed.”</p>
+
+<p>Then followed a long explanation and agricultural logic such as Jack
+Owen (for that is his name) had never heard before, and when he left he
+said: “To tink dat I could’n know befo’ dat a good onyun mus’ bring good
+seed, and dat good seed mus’ bring good onyun. I sabe my seed now, sho.”</p>
+
+<p>When he returned to his plantation, he called his neighbors together and
+gave them as many of the instructive points as he could remember, and
+they now plant seeds of their own raising and have established, in a
+very crude way, an exchange of seeds from “up country” and neighboring
+islands.</p>
+
+<p>An early crop was of great importance to the wards of the Red Cross, and
+our president began to look around for white potatoes, knowing their
+early productiveness. The merchants said the soil would not raise them;
+the negro would not take care of them; they did not know what they were,
+and if they did raise them, they would not eat them.</p>
+
+<p>Inquiry showed them to cost $5.00 per barrel, and was it any wonder they
+did not eat them?</p>
+
+<p>In the face of all this opposition Miss Barton ordered over one thousand
+bushels of white potatoes for planting. These were brought to
+headquarters and cut into small pieces (each having an eye or sprout)&mdash;a
+novel sight, the forty women cutting potatoes for seed. These were
+distributed from headquarters and from the two Red Cross
+sub-stations&mdash;Wadmalaw Island and Hilton Head Island&mdash;representing
+respectively the northern and southern end of the district. It is almost
+needless to add that the potatoes were planted, from which a fine crop
+was raised and eaten, and the people were grateful.</p>
+
+<p>Corn for planting was another important distribution; 2200 bushels of
+corn were distributed, and a second crop raised by many who had never
+asked mother earth for more than one crop. There were many doubts among
+the people as to the possibility of a second crop, so a second planting
+was urged to get the fodder for their cattle, and the full corn in the
+ear rewarded their second planting.</p>
+
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_228" title="228"></a>MEDICAL AND SANITARY REPORT.<br />
+  <span class="subtitle">BY E. WINFIELD EGAN, M.D.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The storm had left the sanitary condition of the islands in a very
+unhealthy state, and it became necessary to establish a medical and
+surgical department at headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Magruder of the United States Marine Hospital Service had done very
+efficient work in the vicinity of Beaufort, but many of the wells
+refilled with a brackish red-colored water and there were many cases of
+illness, two-thirds of which were fever, which, in the healthiest times,
+exists upon the islands.</p>
+
+<p>It required many emptyings of the wells to get good water and many wells
+had to be abandoned, as good water could not be brought into them.</p>
+
+<p>A clinic and dispensary was opened from 12 till 2 daily, at
+headquarters, and patients were required to see a local physician before
+they applied to the Red Cross, and if they could not get medical aid
+from any other source they were admitted and treated.</p>
+
+<p>This precaution was taken to protect the local physicians, who were
+themselves heavy losers by the cyclone and could not afford to do as
+much as they wished to. There were some noble-hearted men among them who
+counted no sacrifice too great to relieve their fellow beings.</p>
+
+<p>It is always the policy of the Red Cross to protect the merchants and
+people who have goods to sell, and giving in the way it does, it not
+only protects, but improves their business after the first effects of
+the calamity have passed off&mdash;say two or three months (according to the
+field) and it is conceded at every field where the Red Cross has worked,
+that it has left the locality more prosperous than even before its
+calamity.</p>
+
+<p>The average number of patients treated daily between November ninth and
+April 2d at this clinic was seventy-three. Nights were devoted to seeing
+those patients who were unable to leave their beds, and this
+“out-patient” service was only made possible by the tireless, faithful
+and competent nurses who had volunteered their services to the cause of
+humanity and had been assigned to the medical department by Miss
+Barton.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_229" title="229"></a>Patients came from all parts of the field, and as there was no hospital,
+they were placed in families who were on the supply list, and something
+additional given for the care of the sick.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday was given wholly to surgical cases and the operating room was
+often opened at daylight and not closed till dark; operations varying
+from a simple incised wound to a laperotomy were performed and the crude
+appliances often made the surgeon wish for a moderately well equipped
+operating room in one of our hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>It would be difficult to write a very clear medical history of the
+majority of cases from a subjective examination, and I insert one as an
+example:</p>
+
+<p>“I got a lump in de stomach here, sir” (pointing just above the pubic
+bone), “and he jump up in de t’roat and den I gits swingness in de head.
+Dat lump he done gone all over sometime; I fine him here and den he go
+way down in de leg.”</p>
+
+<p>April 2. A telegram from our president (who was in Washington, D.C.),
+ordered me to the northern end of the district, with headquarters on
+James Island, and on April 4 the scarlet banner of humanity waved over a
+hastily arranged office where for two weeks from forty to fifty patients
+were seen every day, when it became evident the trouble was in their
+drinking water. A tour of the island showed wells only twelve inches
+deep and draining the surface for rods around. These were curbed,
+cleaned, dug deeper and in many instances filled up and new ones dug.
+Three barrels were generally sunk for curbing.</p>
+
+<p>This labor was performed without a promise to pay, willingly and well,
+and it was not long before the daily number of applicants for medical
+aid on James Island was reduced to ten or twelve.</p>
+
+<p>Medicines and surgical dressings were provided for the work in this
+district by Mr. E.M. Wister, of Philadelphia, Mr. John Wright, of
+Greenfield, Mass., and others. These gentlemen not only contributed, but
+came personally to the field to lend their aid, the former spending a
+week at a time in the Cumbahee River district, in a small crude boat,
+among the unhealthiest parts of the islands.</p>
+
+<p>Many rough places were smoothed by Mr. W.G. Hinson, of James Island, who
+did much to lighten the work of the Red Cross representatives in his
+locality, and it is always a pleasure to look back upon his efforts to
+help the people in their affliction.</p>
+
+<p>One of the great evils existing upon the islands is the charlatanism
+practiced upon the ignorant.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_230" title="230"></a>“Traveling doctors,” who never saw a materia medica, infest the country
+and sell every imaginable cure, as well as cures which are not
+imaginable.</p>
+
+<p>Removing lizards, toads and various other things from various parts of
+the body is one form and perhaps the highest type of medical fraud. The
+“doctor” will declare the patient “conjured,” and at once contract to
+remove the offending spirit, the usual fee being five dollars; in 90 per
+cent of such cases, he takes a lien on a cow, horse, or pig, and
+finally, by foreclosure, gets the animal, for by the present unjust
+system of trial justices, almost any verdict may be rendered.</p>
+
+<p>I was asked to see a case one evening which was described to be a sore
+arm. It was four miles distant, but the husband of the patient had
+driven over for me because “de pain is powerful bad, sir.”</p>
+
+<p>I found the woman sitting in a chair, her right arm resting on a barrel
+that had been rolled in for the occasion, an immense poultice of bread,
+meal, feathers and numerous other ingredients wrapped around the arm,
+the whole weighing about three pounds. As I lifted the cloth I found a
+mass of the ordinary ground worms dead upon the surface. With a cry of
+pleasure, the couple said, “Dat ’em! Dat ’em! He tole us dat arm full of
+worm and sho’ ’nuf he come out.”</p>
+
+<p>Could anything appeal more piteously; could it be more pathetic? Think,
+at our very doors exists such barbarity, while each year thousands upon
+thousands of dollars go as many miles to help a people far beyond some
+of the people of our own country.</p>
+
+<p>I removed the poultice, washed the arm, and found a compound
+communicated fracture of both bones of the forearm.</p>
+
+<p>Who could stand by such a picture with an unmoved heart or an
+unmoistened eye! Tell her the error? No; only asked her not to let
+strangers treat her when she was ill and advised her to go to some
+doctor she knew in the future.</p>
+
+<p>Dried green peas coated with sugar was one of the staple drugs, and
+others as useless, but not as harmless.</p>
+
+<p>I found there a grateful people. They would bring eggs, chickens,
+berries and all kinds of gifts, including money, and when told that the
+Red Cross never received pay for its work, it was hard for them to
+understand; but as weeks passed, they learned it and tried to help each
+other as they had been helped. On the first of June the medical
+distributing department of the American National Red Cross was closed
+and all the officers were ordered to headquarters, where the field was
+closed and the president and staff left for Charleston, to repack and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_231" title="231"></a>
+ship to the northern district, June 7, 1894. Then came a few weeks at
+the Charleston Headquarters. Through the courtesy of Mr. Kaufman, his
+long warehouse (150 feet by 40 feet) was at the disposal of the Red
+Cross from the time it received the Charleston Committee to the close of
+its field, with privilege of occupying it as long as they wished.</p>
+
+<p>Tents were pitched in this room and Miss Barton and her staff lived
+there until June 30, when the field was officially closed.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Barton and her party went to Washington, leaving Dr. Hubbell, the
+general field agent and myself.</p>
+
+<p>Crops of vegetables and corn, building and ditching were in progress and
+instruction was necessary, and this instruction was given as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Each day we would meet from fifty to three or four hundred people and
+give them a good practical talk, with about these headings for notes:</p>
+
+<p>“Owe no man anything.”</p>
+
+<p>How to keep out of debt.</p>
+
+<p>Don’t sell cotton before it is picked.</p>
+
+<p>Plant more vegetables, and why.</p>
+
+<p>Divide cottages into rooms.</p>
+
+<p>Don’t mortgage, which was a continuation of the instruction given daily
+from the beginning of the field.</p>
+
+<p>These talks were of much help and the islanders would drive miles to get
+the advice which they knew was given unselfishly.</p>
+
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_232" title="232"></a>RELIEF METHODS IN THE FIELD.</h3>
+
+<p>However brilliant may be the scintillations lighting up the descriptions
+of the worker who sees a field for the first or the first few times, it
+is always to the steady-burning flame of the veteran of all the fields
+from the earliest to the latest, that we look for the steady light, by
+which we shall see the calm facts, and so far as possible, the machinery
+that moves the whole.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that Dr. Hubbell was the agent of the Red Cross in
+the Michigan fires of the North in 1881. We saw him in the snows of
+Russia, and now find him at the Islands. The doctor’s reports are always
+an unknown quantity. They may be but a few sentences; they may be many
+pages, but never too much. I will ask of him that he give his report
+independently, and not to me. The various topics which he will touch,
+render this preferable:</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dr. Hubbell’s Report.</span></h4>
+
+<p>On this field there were many <em>first</em> things to be done. Among these
+were the feeding of the people, rebuilding the houses, cleaning out the
+wells, draining the land of salt water, clothing and placing the people
+in ways to help themselves; half a million feet of lumber to be rafted
+down to accessible points, from the mills on the rivers which emptied
+into the waters of these island inlets. While this was being floated
+down, the well men and women were instructed in different kinds of work:
+to take care of the helpless, rebuild their homes, and to provide
+shelter and food for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>While the people of these islands, in great measure, own their little
+tracts of land, they retain the old plantation name for their home.
+These plantations usually contain from twenty to forty families. The
+inhabitants of each plantation were directed to select a representative
+from their own number who should be the representative and committeeman
+for that plantation, whose duty it should be to communicate with the Red
+Cross, receive and distribute supplies for his people, and be the
+director of the various kinds of work that should be carried on among
+his people. These committeemen from all over the islands<a class="pagenum" id="Page_233" title="233"></a> would come to
+headquarters to receive their instruction&mdash;food, seeds, tools, clothing,
+and learn the methods of work.</p>
+
+<p>These committeemen were received at headquarters by Miss Barton
+personally as well as by her officers, and careful explanations given to
+them that the supplies and the help that we were to give were in no way
+from the government, as many supposed from their memory of the old
+“Freedmen Bureau” days, but that they were the contributions very
+largely of poor people from over the country, who themselves had little
+to give, for the times were hard, but these had heard of the pitiable
+condition of the storm sufferers, and were willing and glad to divide
+the little they had to help them into their homes again. The funds we
+had in hand, they were made to understand, were very small, far less
+than we could wish, not likely to be much increased, and we should
+depend upon them to help us to use them to the very best advantage, and
+we would do our best in the same way to help them.</p>
+
+<p>Among the early contributions were a quantity of garden seeds. More were
+sent for, particularly of those vegetables that would grow there
+profitably during the late autumn and winter. It may not be generally
+known that it was not the custom of these people to plant anything but
+cotton, corn, sweet potatoes and rice. Hence they knew almost nothing
+about the raising of other field or garden products.</p>
+
+<p>These committeemen were carefully instructed and directed how to prepare
+the ground and plant the various kinds of new seeds which were put up in
+packages for families, which he would take home and in turn instruct his
+people what to do with them; in this way lettuce, onions, and garden
+peas were planted, and in a few weeks these plantings began to supply
+them with a vegetable food to go along with their grits and meat.</p>
+
+<p>From among those who could handle tools, building committees were formed
+whose duty it was to repair and rebuild the houses, first, of widows and
+the infirm, and afterward, their own. These committees were furnished
+with nails, lumber, and the necessary hardware; tools were purchased,
+marked with the insignia, and loaned until their work should be
+finished, when they would be returned and another committee would take
+these same tools and begin work on another plantation.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time a foreman for ditching would be elected from a
+plantation, who would select his force of men, clean out the wells and
+ditch the lands of his plantation, working jointly with adjoining
+plantations, so that the ditching of one piece of land should not flood<a class="pagenum" id="Page_234" title="234"></a>
+his neighbor. Spades, shovels, axes, hoes, mattocks, were furnished
+these men, who, when their work was finished, would return the tools to
+headquarters for others to take and work with in the same way.</p>
+
+<p>Men acquainted with the building of flood gates, or “trunks,” as they
+are called, and dams, built and put these in to protect the openings of
+the ditches from the incoming tides.</p>
+
+<p>Through their committees each man was instructed to split out palings
+from the fallen timber and fence in a large garden, so that it should be
+secure from his chickens and pigs. Nails and tools were likewise
+furnished for this work, frows, crosscut saws, axes, hatchets, hammers,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>As the season advanced, in February, the planting time, seedmen of New
+York and Philadelphia, as well as other cities, hearing of the success
+of these amateur gardeners through the winter season, sent generously
+from their stores, and the Congressmen of several districts joined them
+in directing the seeds in the Agricultural Department apportioned for
+their distribution to be sent direct to the Red Cross for the Sea
+Islanders. Again these committeemen, as formerly, were called and
+instructed in the manner of preparing the ground and planting <em>each
+kind</em> of seed, with instructions to communicate what he had learned to
+his neighbors, as before. As these people had never before made gardens,
+even the leading business men and merchants laughed at the idea of
+attempting to “make truck gardeners out of these people.”
+Notwithstanding this, Miss Barton bought nine hundred bushels of Early
+Rose potatoes. Women were set at work carefully cutting these into one
+or two eyes each for planting. This provision also removed any possible
+temptation, with their scant provisions, to use them at once for food.</p>
+
+<p>The seed corn, like everything else in all this vicinity, had been
+destroyed by the storm. Again Miss Barton sent to the Ohio valley for
+two carloads of seed corn. This was distributed over the entire
+storm-swept section, and many of these people at harvest time said that
+if the storm had brought them nothing but this new variety of seed corn,
+it would have been a blessing, for their crop was double what it had
+ever been before.</p>
+
+<p>In order to preserve the quality of the famed “sea island cotton,” which
+is a special variety, with long, silky fibre, used for making thread,
+the furnishing of this seed was given to the care of the local cotton
+merchants, who were directly interested in preserving its high standard
+and market value.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_235" title="235"></a>
+ <img src="images/i141.jpg" width="500" height="317" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">RECEIVING ROOM FOR CLOTHING, S.C. ISLAND RELIEF, 1893&ndash;94.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_236" title="236"></a>
+ <img src="images/i142.jpg" width="500" height="317" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">SOUTH CAROLINA SEA ISLAND RELIEF.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>Distributing day for St. Helena and Ladies’ Island at Massey’s Ferry
+opposite Beaufort. Beaufort in the distance at the right.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_237" title="237"></a>In the feeding and “rationing” of these people they were as carefully
+instructed in the principles of economy and care as in other lines of
+work. Where a fisherman could be found, he was furnished with a boat or
+net to supply his people with fish to help out with the living, and this
+was a great aid. The living ration for a family of seven was half a peck
+of grits a week and a pound of pork, simply as an insurance against
+starvation for those not having work. Those who were at organized work
+under a regular foreman received double that amount, <em>i.e.</em>, two pecks
+of grits or meal and two pounds of pork a week for each man.</p>
+
+<p>At all times these people were cautioned about going into debt for any
+purpose, and so faithfully did they follow these suggestions that when
+we questioned them in their churches when their corn was ready to use,
+no more than one in thirty had contracted debts for food or living
+supplies,&mdash;a matter of special interest in view of the fact that it has
+always been the custom of the country, to go into debt for food supplies
+until the crop should be ready for market. True, on some of these
+islands additional help was received from other sources, notably on St.
+Helena, Ladies and Port Royal, through the influence of some of the
+resident merchants and other friends&mdash;local merchants rebuilding their
+stores and warehouses gave employment to some, shipping to others, and
+later, a partial reopening of the phosphate industry brought labor to
+others.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that these people were constantly receiving
+lessons in practical economy, and suggestions in improvising and turning
+to best account what they might have at hand. These instructions, coming
+from Miss Barton direct made a deep impression on the minds of these
+people, and they were faithfully followed up by her representatives, who
+had received their lessons beforehand in practical, common sense
+economy. I recall an incident. After showing a number of the
+committeemen through the office and living apartments at headquarters,
+where they saw desks, working tables, book shelves, washstands,
+wardrobes, commodes, all neatly covered with manila paper or hung with
+tasty calico curtains or draperies, with neat and attractive effect&mdash;and
+then when shown the constructions they were amazed to find that nearly
+every piece of furniture before them was made from various sizes of dry
+goods boxes (that are usually broken up for kindlings) with shelves
+inside or on top, as occasion required. One of these committeemen made
+the practical remark that this half-hour observation and instruction was
+worth just seventy-five dollars to him,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_238" title="238"></a> for it showed him how for the
+present he could save that amount of debt, which he considered necessary
+to make his house furnishing comfortable for his family.</p>
+
+<p>Careful reports of tools borrowed and returned, of work done each week,
+as the basis of additional food support, encouraged accuracy, system and
+responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>I hope it may not prove too tedious if a few average reports of
+committees are here given from different sections of the field and a
+sample “labor sheet” to more clearly show some of the kinds of work
+done, and the character and spirit of the people. The labor sheet is
+intended to be a record of the tools given out and returned, the number
+of men at work, the kind of work done&mdash;whether ditches, bridges, roads,
+dams, repairing wrecked houses, or building new ones, digging wells,
+building chimneys, fencing gardens, splitting boards or shingles, etc.,
+and also the record of the condition as observed by the visitor or
+inspector of the work.</p>
+
+<p>The following sample is the work of Committeeman Jackson Gillison, of
+Stuart Point, Port Royal Island, being one of the first who began work:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Labor on Port Royal Island.</span></p>
+
+<div class="column-container">
+ <div class="column">
+  Committee, Jack Gillison.
+ </div>
+ <div class="column">
+  Stuart’s Point, Place.
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">BUILDING AND REPAIRING.</p>
+
+<table summary="Building and Repairing" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;font-size:90%">
+ <colgroup>
+   <col width="6%" />
+   <col width="6%" />
+   <col width="6%" />
+   <col width="6%" />
+   <col width="20%" />
+   <col width="10%" />
+   <col width="18%" />
+   <col width="18%" />
+ </colgroup>
+<tr><td class="top bb">Tools<br />Taken<br />Out.</td>
+    <td class="top bb">Tools<br />Returned.</td>
+    <td class="top bb">Number</td>
+    <td class="top bb">Number<br />of men.</td>
+    <td class="top bb" colspan="4">Description</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc">1893<br />Dec.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl bot">Sandy Brown’s</td>
+    <td class="tdl bot">House,</td>
+    <td class="bot">12 x 18,</td>
+    <td class="bot">Rebuilt.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+    <td class="tdc">1</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdc">15</td>
+    <td class="tdc">12</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Abby Hamilton’s</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+    <td>12 x 15,</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Shalcot Mack’s</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  <td>10 x 15,</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Thomas Devoe’s</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  <td>10 x 15,</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Robert Marshall’s</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  <td>15 x 15,</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">August Dunkin’s</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  <td>12 x 18,</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Storm Jackson’s</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdc">Shingled.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl top">Sanford Howard’s</td>
+  <td class="tdc top">”</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdc">All except<br />shingles.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl top">Thomas Williams’</td>
+  <td class="tdc top">”</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdc">”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl top">Tissey Small’s</td>
+  <td class="tdc top">”</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdc">Rebuilt.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl top">Sibby Robinson’s</td>
+  <td class="tdc top">”</td>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">moved 200 feet on<br />hill and blocked up.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="bot">April</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl top">Alfred Davis’</td>
+  <td class="tdc top">”</td>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">finished to the<br />shingles.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>27</td>
+  <td>12</td>
+  <td>24</td>
+  <td class="tdl top">Dick Bright’s</td>
+  <td class="tdc top">”</td>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">finished after frame<br />has been put up.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_239" title="239"></a></p>
+
+<p class="center">DITCHING.</p>
+
+<table summary="Ditching" style="font-size:90%">
+ <colgroup>
+   <col width="6%" />
+   <col width="6%" />
+   <col width="6%" />
+   <col width="6%" />
+   <col width="15%" />
+   <col width="11%" />
+   <col width="19%" />
+   <col width="19%" />
+ </colgroup>
+<tr><td class="tdc">1894<br />Feb.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdc bot">Width</td>
+    <td class="tdc bot">Depth</td>
+    <td class="tdc bot">Length.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc">16</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>24</td>
+    <td>24</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1 Dike</td>
+    <td>15</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>15</td>
+    <td>4</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;700</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>6</td>
+    <td>4</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;500-1600 feet Dikes.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc">16</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>24</td>
+    <td>24</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1 Ditch</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;700</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;800</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>1</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;600</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;700</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;400</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;600</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>1</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;300</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;200</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">2 Ditches</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;600</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;800</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;150-8650 Ditches.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+    <td>April</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td colspan="4" class="tdl">1 Trunk (Tide Gate), repaired</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>27</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>24</td>
+  <td>24</td>
+  <td colspan="3" class="tdl">2 Trunks (”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;), made</td>
+  <td class="tdl">3 Trunks.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>On Ladies Island George Barnwell, foreman for Eustis Place and Hazel
+Farm, reports four houses built, ten repaired, 87,870 feet of ditching,
+fifty feet of dam, three miles of road across the island, thirty feet
+wide, cleared up and repaired; this latter required seventy-five men at
+work three weeks cutting out fallen trees, rebuilding bridges, and
+filling in washed places. Barnwell says, in closing his report:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The improvement of the land that is redeemed and put in good order
+  for the farmers on Eustice Place, including the houses, is worth
+  about three thousand dollars. July 20th, 1894.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At that time we endorsed on this report the following:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>August 4th we inspected this work and found all well done, but we
+  found several buildings that Barnwell had begun were not mentioned
+  in his report because they were <em>not finished</em> when he made it.
+  Houses and ditches give evidence of good practical work.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_240" title="240"></a>From two plantations on St. Helena’s Island Rev. D.E. Washington’s
+report shows 32,331 feet of ditching, two houses built, four repaired.
+The close of his report has this:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>To the Red Cross officers: We, the undersigned sufferers, return a
+  vote of thanks to you for the goodness you have done for us by
+  giving us ditches to save our crops. The value to us is $2000.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="smcap indent10">D.E. Washington,</span><br />
+  <em>Agent of the Mary Ann Chaplin,</em><br />
+  <em>Tom Fripp and Village Plantations</em>.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>I find this observation on the back of this report, after a visit to
+look at his work and to speak to his people:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>August 13th, 1894, went over this work in part. The ditches are
+  doing excellent service and have been of great value to the
+  plantations during the wet season. It may be that the width of the
+  ditches is hardly sufficient in all places, but the condition of the
+  people is most gratifying, and the work of Reverend Washington has
+  been markedly unselfish.</p>
+
+<p>On reaching his place we learned for the first time that his own
+  house, a large plantation building of former years, had been burned
+  just before the storm, and he has since been living in his stable.
+  This personal loss he has never mentioned to the Red Cross people,
+  although his duties as committeeman brought him in contact with them
+  every week for nearly a year.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the mainland Rev. Wade Hampton, in returning his tools, after
+making nearly one mile of canal and ditches, and 330 feet of causeway,
+says:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>We, the committee on said places (Chaplin, Fripp, Toomer, and Tom
+  Rhodes), return our sincere thanks to you for the rations and the
+  tools to work with, for it was just the same as if you had given us
+  a hundred dollars apiece. This is to the Red Cross, by your
+  committee. Most respectfully,</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+   <span class="smcap indent10">Wade Hampton,</span><br />
+   <em>Agent Chaplin Plantation</em>.
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>From another section of the mainland, William Grant, of Pocotaligo,
+reports nearly two miles of canal eight feet wide, and about the same
+amount of ditches, and the building of four houses.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_241" title="241"></a>Jack Snipe, a young man, almost a boy, after building 5 chimneys,
+getting out over 4000 shingles and clapboards, and repairing 11 houses,
+began and made 2000 feet of ditches, and we find this endorsement on his
+paper. “July 27, I went over part of Jack Snipe’s work to-day. He was a
+hard working, conscientious man, but not very strong physically. After
+his work of building and repairing as the leader of his men, he took
+charge of the ditching; got sick from working in the water, and died
+soon after. Mrs. Barker, one of our volunteer trained nurses, worked
+faithfully during all his illness to save him, but in vain.”</p>
+
+<p>Ben Watkins, on Baker Place, shows 19,562 feet of ditches, 1 house
+built, 2 repaired, 3 large gardens fenced, 7 wells dug. “July 24, 1894,
+inspected this work, both buildings and ditches, and found the work well
+done, the ditches being new and important, carrying the water from three
+large ponds. One main ditch is from four to seven feet deep, equally
+wide at the top. The crops are in excellent and promising condition, and
+Watkins’ work is more than he has claimed for it, besides being
+practical and well done. The Gregorys and Browns on Baker Place have
+attractive homes, neat and orderly, with appearances of thrift and
+industry.”</p>
+
+<p>These quotations taken at random from a list of a hundred reports serve
+to give an idea of the kind and quality of the work done over the entire
+field, as well done in one district as another from Charleston to
+Savannah, a distance of 150 miles, including a large area of the
+mainland as well.</p>
+
+<p>While these people are in large measure cut off from the advantages that
+come from travel and contact with the outside world, they have a
+peculiar style of expression, and a musical sweetness of voice that is
+unusually attractive. They are of different origin and type from the
+Virginia or “upland people;” many are good scholars, due largely to the
+schools of Miss Batoum and Miss Murray on St. Helena, and others
+established soon after the war. Nearly all read and write. Still, there
+are some that retain the old-time style of expression, as in the
+following: “We’s de bes garden I eber seen sence I was a man grown.”
+“All de squash, de tomaty and de watermillion seed gone died, but de
+Lo’d’s will must be done.”</p>
+
+<p>“All de house (houses) is done ractified.” “I couldn’t tell a lie, for
+I’z deacon in de chuch. I has to be respectable.” Another says: “I’v ben
+dar from de fust upstartment, and dar ain’t ben de fust rag gin to dose
+people.”</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_242" title="242"></a>Another: A man who had seen the Red Cross staff getting on the boat to
+go to Charleston said: “I tell you, doctor, when I see Miss Barton
+gettin’ on the boat to go away I just <em>felt</em> so, my eyes couldn’t help
+leakin’ water, for you all have saved us people.”</p>
+
+<p>After the general relief had closed, and the body of the Red Cross staff
+had left, Dr. Egan remained with me to help finish the distribution of a
+remnant of supplies and tools that could be kept in use, and to
+encourage the continuance of the general improvements so well begun.
+Considerable attention was given to visiting the work, and the people on
+the different islands in their churches, where practical suggestions
+were made on the line of the instructions they had received from
+headquarters at first. These talks were always preceded by an inspection
+of the fields, gardens, buildings and work which had been done on the
+place, for the purpose of better judging what kind of suggestions would
+be of most profit to the people; but the subjects usually taken up would
+be headlined thus:</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Prosperity</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>Keep out of debt. Debt is a burden and a hindrance to prosperity, the
+cause of much trouble and bad feeling. “Owe no man anything.”</p>
+
+<p>How to keep out of debt. Keep the garden producing something to live on
+the entire year. The climate here will allow this to be done.</p>
+
+<p>Then a list of vegetables suitable for the soil and the climate that
+experience has shown can be raised with success.</p>
+
+<p>On the farm keep some kind of profitable crop growing the entire year,
+both for profit and for feed for the stock. Follow the regular corn crop
+with a second one for fodder, or with some of the root crops, as
+turnips, beets, rutabagas, cabbage or collards.</p>
+
+<p>Plant such things as the fowls will injure inside the garden fence.</p>
+
+<p>Fruits; figs and grapes grow from cuttings, and are easily raised, if
+only protected from the pigs, the goats, or the cattle. Pears, peaches,
+apples, oranges, pomegranates, pecans, walnuts, grow with a little care.
+(Fine samples of vegetables and fruits raised on the islands, often by
+their own people, were shown in evidence.)
+
+Let each one raise and preserve his own meat, or have a neighbor who has
+been successful, put it up for him until he learns how for himself. This
+point was particularly made, because the general custom of the country
+is to sell hogs for three or four cents a pound and pay twelve to
+sixteen cents a pound for pork.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_243" title="243"></a>Homes:&mdash;Make them neat, light, attractive; have trees, flowers and the
+simple conveniences, any and all of which can be had by a little
+thought, labor and interest.</p>
+
+<p>In the line of health, use less pork, more vegetables, fruit, milk,
+eggs, and pure water. Good wells are necessary, ditches are necessary
+for health as well as for agricultural development. If all the
+plantations are well drained, it will in large measure banish fevers
+from the islands.</p>
+
+<p>Observe among your people which one succeeds best in any undertaking,
+whether it is in the raising of a particular kind of crop, or the saving
+of it, the successful curing of his meat, the raising of fruit, the
+breeding of good stock, or having attractive home&mdash;go to <em>that one</em> for
+that particular kind of information or instruction that you want. Strive
+to improve the moral standing, which is necessary for physical as well
+as social advancement.</p>
+
+<p>No one who has been with these people, worked with them as we have, but
+must be pleased to observe their gratitude, their gentle manner of
+expressing it, their desire to improve and their attention to
+instruction or suggestion, their cheerful disposition and their faith in
+God and the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_244" title="244"></a>ON THE CHARLESTON GROUP.</h3>
+
+<p>Among those who lived the storm and later brought their experience and
+quickened sympathy to us for such help as they could give to their still
+suffering companions in danger and woe, was our tireless and faithful
+assistant, Mr. H.L. Bailey, of Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>It has never been my good fortune to find one who&mdash;entirely new to the
+work and to its conception&mdash;has grasped more readily the field of labor
+presented to him. The success attending his work and the satisfaction
+attested by his beneficiaries are rich stores of memory for a lifetime.
+The Red Cross could not have asked for better service.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Report of Mr. H.L. Bailey.</span></h4>
+
+<p>In order to make the following narrative more complete I deem it not
+amiss to preface it with a short account of my own experience in the
+great Cyclone of 1893, and a few incidents relating thereto.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1893, I was doing business on that part of Edisto Island,
+known as “Little Edisto,” and spending the nights at a small place “just
+across the creek” called “Brick House,” said place taking its name from
+an old and substantial brick house which had been built on that spot, at
+a time ante-dating the Revolutionary War, and much honored in that
+locality on account of its antiquity and the good material of which it
+was built, the bricks, etc., having been imported from Holland.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday morning, August 30th, I went to my business on “Little
+Edisto” as usual, and on arriving I remarked to Mr. Whaley (my employer)
+how promising the crops were looking, and the bright prospects of a fine
+harvest. His answer was “Yes; but I am afraid a storm is brewing, and
+one of unusual severity, too, because the signs of the last few days
+have been ominous of such, and I feel very uneasy.” I, being young and
+skeptical, of course took no heed of his prophetic words, and alas, only
+a few hours more convinced me that something of unusual magnitude was
+upon us. I retired that night, and on awaking next morning (Sunday) took
+breakfast, and parted from Mr. W. to spend the day at “Brick House,”
+promising him to return that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_245" title="245"></a> evening and remain all night. But
+circumstances intervened (which prevented me from doing so for several
+days later) so appalling that even as I write them now, a cold shudder
+comes over me, and all the horrors of that awful time come back.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday morning dawned dull and hazy with a stiff breeze blowing from the
+east and in crossing the creek, I remarked to my companion that we would
+have bad weather, and on reaching “Brick House” we all began speculating
+on the approaching storm (no one ever dreaming such a storm was coming),
+etc., etc., and so the day wore on, the wind rising higher and higher
+every moment, and towards afternoon the trees began to bend and sway in
+a terrible manner, branches and limbs flying in all directions. By
+sunset we were all thoroughly alarmed and moved over to the previously
+mentioned “Brick House,” deeming that the safest place to pass the
+night, and in a few hours’ time the whole population of the village was
+gathered under its protecting roof, all feeling thankful a safe shelter
+was provided for us. How we passed that night of terror, only God knows,
+for the winds blew, the rain fell, and the tide rose, until towards
+midnight it seemed as if everything was lost; but the old house stood
+and carried us through until dawn of another day, and then what a sight
+met our anxious eyes. What had been a smiling pretty village, was
+nothing but a pile of wreckage and a mass of ruins, some houses having
+been washed away completely, and those that remained, so badly damaged
+as to be uninhabitable. To make matters worse even our food had been
+swept away, and there we were, cut off from the island on this point of
+land, wrecked, desolate and hungry, some of us with only the clothing on
+our backs, all the balance gone; and as far as the eye could reach there
+was nothing to see but water, and those spots from which the tide had
+receded, covered with portions of houses, trunks of clothing broken open
+and scattered, drowned poultry, and every crop ruined and prostrated.
+After a little while we found some grist that had been saved by a
+colored man, and cooking this with some saltwater and “drowned” chicken,
+we subsisted till evening, when help came in the shape of water and
+food.</p>
+
+<p>By Wednesday I returned to “Little Edisto” and Mr. Whaley, who I had
+been so anxious about during the storm. I found the brave old man
+“holding the fort,” and trying to save, by drying out, etc., what the
+storm had left; but oh! how different everything looked. What had been
+of so much promise and beauty had been literally swept from the face of
+the earth, nothing remaining but ruin, desolation and death for those
+whose all had been taken from them if help did<a class="pagenum" id="Page_246" title="246"></a> not come quickly. It is
+hard for those who were not there to realize such a condition of things;
+but just imagine a whole island completely covered with water (and a
+raging sea, at that) from three to six feet in depth. Can you wonder
+that so many poor creatures were drowned or that anything was saved at
+all?</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately Mr. Whaley had saved some provisions which were stored in
+his house out of the reach of the tide, and gathering up all else we
+could find, we began issuing food to the poor hungry negroes around us,
+who had been entirely bereft of their all. And there I stayed on that
+little island for some time after the cyclone, giving out each day of
+our own little store, food, medicine and comfort to those who came,
+trusting that when that supply was exhausted, other means would be
+provided to carry on the good work, thus so nobly begun; for it must be
+understood that those who had, freely gave to those who had not, and the
+men of that section worked hand to hand and heart to heart to help those
+of their colored brethren, who otherwise must have died of hunger,
+sickness and exposure.</p>
+
+<p>Such then, was the condition of affairs when news was received that the
+Red Cross would take the field, and a sigh of relief, and a prayer to
+God went up from thousands of homeless, hungry, helpless and demoralized
+people, who had gone through so much, it seemed a miracle they were
+still alive. I then went to Charleston and immediately wrote to Miss
+Barton offering her my services, telling her of my knowledge of the
+people and the islands, and how glad I would be to help her in any way
+to relieve the necessities of the thousands that were begging for help.
+My offer was accepted; a telegram summoning me to Beaufort, the Red
+Cross Headquarters, and there I made the acquaintance of the noble lady
+who had come to our stricken people with her valued corps of assistants,
+to perform a task that was gigantic in its contemplation.</p>
+
+<p>I was retained by Miss Barton in Beaufort three weeks, and by practical
+teaching was soon able to grasp intelligently the true intents and
+purposes of the Red Cross, and able then to undertake any duty assigned
+me. I was then sent to take charge of the district composed of Edisto,
+Wadmalaw, John’s and Kiawah Islands, the first three named being very
+large islands, with a combined population of nearly 10,000 souls.</p>
+
+<p>Kiawah being directly on the sea was almost entirely submerged by
+tidewater, and on the other islands, those portions which were directly
+exposed to the sea and the tributary streams suffered in like<a class="pagenum" id="Page_247" title="247"></a> manner.
+Cotton, the main dependence of the people, was almost totally destroyed,
+and only in some localities were any potatoes and corn saved, and these
+badly damaged. I found <em>many</em> people hungry, destitute, without suitable
+habitation or sufficient clothing and badly demoralized. Such, then, was
+the condition of things when I took charge, and how to meet the various
+problems that arose, and to cover this territory in the most intelligent
+and speedy way of course became my first object. After planning a little
+I soon arrived at a happy solution, and proceeded to organize the
+territory into working condition.</p>
+
+<p>Rockville, on Wadmalaw Island, had been selected as the most central
+point to work from, and making this my headquarters and basis of
+supplies, I secured a house and was soon comfortably fixed, with
+sufficient supplies on hand to meet the immediate wants of the people.
+To reach all these people quickly and often was the next point to be
+settled (scattered as they were over an area of vast dimensions, divided
+in many places by streams, at times dangerous to navigate). This
+difficulty was overcome by thoroughly canvassing each island, and
+establishing one or more sub-stations at the most central location, and
+from these stations I would each week make my distribution of rations,
+receive reports, arrange work for the coming week and transact other
+business. All this time petitions of various kinds had been coming in,
+and my time was fully occupied in seeking out those who were in
+immediate want, among the old people and children especially, and I soon
+got that settled sufficiently to give me a chance to start all
+able-bodied men, that needed help, in ditching, house-building,
+bridge-building and any other work I could find that would benefit the
+general community; and soon I had large forces at work on each island. A
+school for children was established at Rockville, which was successfully
+conducted for some time, and a wharf built, which is as unique as it is
+substantial, having been built by native workmen with raw materials cut
+and hewn out of the woods, the piles being driven by a pile driver of
+our own construction. This wharf stands to-day, a monument of strength
+and an object lesson to those who were doubtful of its completion. On
+the several islands much good work was done; new dams being thrown up;
+bridges rebuilt and abandoned lands reclaimed. I occupied this field for
+over eight months, and during that time visited every district one day
+of each week and personally distributed all rations given out, thus
+being certain that nothing was misappropriated. From Monday until
+Saturday I would travel by team and boat, on an average of twenty miles
+a day, never allowing rain, wind or anything<a class="pagenum" id="Page_248" title="248"></a> else to keep me from
+going, as some of these poor people had to walk miles to reach the point
+of distribution, and I could not disappoint them and cause them to go
+back empty handed. The distribution of seeds, as they came in season,
+was started from the beginning, and soon gardens of various dimensions
+began to spring up in all directions, thus making another valuable food
+supply which was practically inexhaustible, as long as no frosts
+interfered. Happily the season was propitious, and the people by these
+little gardens were well supplied with vegetables of all kinds. Corn,
+bean and Irish potato seed were also supplied. Knowing these people as
+well as I did (having been amongst them from childhood), I had a
+peculiar sympathy for them, and in every possible way so conducted my
+affairs as to benefit and instruct them in the highest possible manner,
+the results obtained fully repaying me for all my exertions in their
+behalf. I never at any time found them anything but kind, respectful and
+extremely grateful for what was bestowed upon them, and the evidences
+shown to-day, amply testify to the good that was done by Red Cross
+methods and teachings. Of course troubles and trials would arise, but
+these were soon overcome, and things would go on smoothly again.</p>
+
+<p>The methods adopted by Miss Barton, and through me carried out, gave
+universal satisfaction, and all able-bodied men were willing and anxious
+to work for their rations. The clothing (a large quantity), with the
+exception of that given by me in exchange for labor, was distributed
+through the sewing societies formed by Miss Barton.</p>
+
+<p>This field was taken in December, 1893, and held till August, 1894, when
+I left there, feeling satisfied that all danger from want and privation
+was over. Vegetables had been abundant, still coming in, the rivers
+furnishing their portion in abundance of fish, etc.; all crops promising
+a good harvest, the people in the meantime having been brought safely
+through the most trying period of their lives. Many incidents could be
+mentioned of the trials and sufferings endured by these people, and when
+the whole story is told, those who bestowed their charity in this, the
+most appalling disaster that has ever visited our coast, will not feel
+that it was injudiciously expended, or their kindness misplaced.</p>
+
+<p>Too much cannot be said in praise of Miss Barton, that great and wise
+general, on this most peculiar and difficult field, for there never was
+a man or woman who labored more zealously or untiringly in a work so
+varied in its character or harder to perform. Enough has been said to
+tell the arduous duties to be performed, and the cares and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_249" title="249"></a> anxieties
+attendant upon a work of this kind, but after a hard day’s work, the
+consciousness of having made so many poor souls happy would take away
+all feeling of fatigue, and long in the night would we be packing and
+unpacking goods and clothing, and sometimes all day Sunday, thus showing
+that no amount of time or effort was spared in behalf of those dependent
+upon us.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the good accomplished by the Red Cross (a question so often
+asked), can more be said than this? That human life was saved from death
+by starvation; the homeless were housed, and the naked were clothed, and
+by our words of counsel and cheer we were enabled to give new hope and
+life to a people who were in a most pitiable condition. Some <em>who were
+not</em> on that hard fought field have been so bold as to criticise us, but
+we who were there with these people in their hour of need, and worked
+with them heart to heart and shoulder to shoulder, know what we did and
+the everlasting good accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>I kept a complete record of all goods received and everything given out,
+from a pint of grits to a barrel of clothing. Committees composed of the
+most intelligent men and women were formed to investigate and report for
+each plantation, and as each new applicant appeared, their home was
+immediately visited, and relief extended according to their needs. In
+justice to all who came, I can truly say that in very few instances was
+I imposed upon, as they very seldom stated other than the truth in
+regard to their condition. This narrative could be extended
+indefinitely, there is so much to write about, but fear I must come to a
+close, as my patient readers must be tired by this time. Sincerely
+trusting that these lines will convey their true meaning to those
+interested, I will subscribe myself as a sincere admirer of Miss Barton
+and that grand institution she so fittingly represents.</p>
+
+<p>Eight thousand one hundred and nine souls were in the wards of the Red
+Cross in this district, in the following proportions on each island:</p>
+
+<table summary="Sea Island populations">
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Edisto</td><td class="pad tdr">1,812</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Wadmalaw</td><td class="pad tdr">2,123</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">South John’s</td><td class="pad tdr">1,650</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">North John’s</td><td class="pad tdr">2,469</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Kiawah</td><td class="pad tdr bb">55</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td><td class="pad tdr">8,109</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Upwards of 200 packages of clothing (barrels, boxes and cases) were
+given out, besides blankets, comforters, etc., special attention<a class="pagenum" id="Page_250" title="250"></a> being
+given to those who were sick, old or helpless. Food stuff was
+distributed in the following amount:</p>
+
+<table summary="Foodstuff distribution">
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Grits</td><td class="pad tdr">1,527</td><td>bushels.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Meal</td><td class="pad tdr">163</td><td>bushels.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Rice</td><td class="pad tdr">672</td><td>pounds.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Wheat flour</td><td class="pad tdr">23,980</td><td>pounds.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Bacon</td><td class="pad tdr">7,000</td><td>pounds.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>and other sundries, such as tea, sugar, canned beef, etc. Seeds were
+supplied, such as peas, tomatoes, okra, melon, bean, corn, etc., of the
+following amounts:</p>
+
+<table summary="Sundries">
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Corn</td><td class="pad tdr">140</td><td>bushels.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Bean</td><td class="pad tdr">60</td><td>bushels.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Irish potato</td><td class="pad tdr">75</td><td>bushels.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Assorted seed</td><td class="pad tdr">30</td><td>bushels.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Assorted seed</td><td class="pad tdr">3</td><td>crates.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Garden seed</td><td class="pad tdr">3</td><td>boxes.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap larger">Statement of Work Done on Each Island.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">WADMALAW ISLAND.</p>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>Twenty miles of ditching.</li>
+<li>One-half mile of road work.</li>
+<li>One house repaired and others rebuilt.</li>
+<li>Three chimneys repaired and others rebuilt.</li>
+<li>Five hundred shingles cut and split.</li>
+<li>Six thousand feet of planking and timber hewn and cut.</li>
+<li>Wharf built at Rockville of the following dimensions:
+    <ul class="IX">
+      <li>One hundred and ten feet long.</li>
+      <li>Ten feet wide with a bulkhead twenty by thirty feet.</li>
+    </ul>
+</li>
+<li>A school started and carried on for several months.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">EDISTO ISLAND.</p>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>Two hundred and eleven and one-half miles of ditching.</li>
+<li>One thousand four hundred and seventy feet of causeway, twelve by two feet, built.</li>
+<li>Two hundred feet of timber cut and hewn.</li>
+<li>One bridge eighty feet long and twelve feet wide rebuilt.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_251" title="251"></a>KIAWAH ISLAND</p>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>One bridge thirty-four feet long and ten feet wide rebuilt and put in order.</li>
+<li>One bridge fifty feet long and ten feet wide rebuilt and put in order.</li>
+<li>Lumber to do same cut and hewn out of woods.</li>
+<li>Nine hundred feet of causeway repaired and put in good order.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The above account does not include the hundreds of little things which
+would come up from day to day, and the many cares that were upon us at
+all times, requiring immediate attention.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i045.jpg" width="500" height="404" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">THE ISLAND DISTRICT FROM SAVANNAH TO BEAUFORT.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_252" title="252"></a>THE CLOTHING DEPARTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>Whilst food for the nourishment of these thousands of human bodies was
+of the first and highest importance, it was followed so closely by the
+necessity of something to cover them, that the two seemed well nigh
+inseparable; and while our men stood over the boxes of meats and the
+bags of grain, by the carload and the trainload, it was no less
+imperative, that some one stand by the boxes and barrels of clothing
+sent from, everywhere&mdash;sent by the great, warm, pitying hearts of our
+blessed, generous countrywomen, from the church, with its towering
+steeple and the soft-toned bell that calls to prayer, the blazing
+bazaar, with its galaxies of beauty, animate and inanimate, the dimly
+lighted, one little room of the woman who has toiled out all day and
+returns weary and heavy laden to the waiting family of little ones, who,
+in the midst of their own hard life and the need of much, still bless
+God for a fate better than those they hear of&mdash;from all of these alike
+come the gifts of Dorcas. In tons they come, and some one must, “stand
+and deliver,” as hour by hour goes out the appeal: “Closen marm&mdash;please
+give me some closen. I’s lost all I had!” How literally true this was
+may be judged by the fact that here as at Johnstown, there were those
+who came out of that terrific strife for life with no thread left on the
+body but the shirt band about the neck, which a strong, well-sewed
+button had served to hold.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_253" title="253"></a>
+ <img src="images/i046.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">SICK WITH THE FAMINE FEVER.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_254" title="254"></a>
+ <img src="images/i047.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">HUNGER STRICKEN.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Again, as always, we turned to our “Mistress of the Robes,” Mrs. Dr.
+Gardner, whose quick and clear judgment seems to double the value of all
+she handles. She goes to every field, helps to organize, and remains as
+long as the strength in her slender, wiry body permits. She left her
+unpretending report as far as she was able to do, or to make it:</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h4><span class="smcap">Mrs. Gardner’s Report.</span></h4>
+
+<p>On the first day of October, 1893, the American National Red Cross took
+charge of the relief work of the Sea Islands of South Carolina. During
+the month before this and just after the storm, the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_255" title="255"></a> clothing
+department had been in the hands of a very efficient local committee
+composed of some of the most prominent ladies and gentlemen of the
+section around Beaufort.</p>
+
+<p>In the first days after a disaster of this kind, the necessity of relief
+work is so great, that it is impossible to keep a correct record of
+supplies that pour in from every part of the country, and this was no
+exception, with both hearts, and hands full, distributing to the
+thousands of destitute who were imploring them on every hand for help,
+this committee had nothing to tell of what had been received.</p>
+
+<p>After we took charge, a faithful record was kept, and when there was a
+mark of any kind to show us where the goods came from, an acknowledgment
+was sent at once. Many, many things came without a sign of any
+directions to tell where they were from. In these cases close watch was
+kept for any writing inside to give some clew. I have even taken the
+newspaper the box, barrel or parcel was lined with, and tried in that
+way to reach the donors.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the United States are a most generous people, and yet so
+modest with it, that they very often miss the verification of the saying
+that “it is more blessed to give than to receive.” Could they stand, as
+do the members of the National Red Cross, and look into the glad,
+grateful faces of the relieved ones, there would be no need of our
+president sending out circulars and letters all over the country,
+praying that articles for the relief be plainly marked. Would it be out
+of place for me to urge the good people who read this report to remember
+this when sending to the next field?</p>
+
+<p>The distribution of the clothing had to be systematically planned. Here
+was a territory 150 miles long by 50 miles wide, not on the main land,
+but on islands, surrounded by water, with the most treacherous channels,
+and many impossible to even get into. The people to be helped, kind and
+industrious, but they had been dependent from their cradles, and were in
+such a dazed condition, they hardly knew what had overtaken them.</p>
+
+<p>The clothing, plenty of it, but all for adults. What was to become of
+the little waifs of the wind, rain and high tide? Evidently these goods
+had to be fashioned into little garments.</p>
+
+<p>Bedding, comparatively none, and every few minutes the plea, “Please
+miss, just a little bedding to keep the chilluns warm at night.”</p>
+
+<p>I have stood at my table from 7 a.m. until way into the night, opening
+boxes, barrels and parcels, and not one piece of bedding to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_256" title="256"></a> come to my
+hands. The people on half rations, thinly clothed and nothing to keep
+them warm of a night.</p>
+
+<p>This, as well as all other puzzling questions, were referred to our most
+honored president, and I have asked her to tell how she came to the
+rescue, and by her wise forethought not only assisted her own workers,
+but placed a responsibility upon the people that made them help each
+other, and gave them a self-respect that they would have gained in no
+other way.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_257" title="257"></a>THE SEWING CIRCLES.</h3>
+
+<p>There are many points in the administration of relief that will never
+present themselves until forced upon the mind by the absolute
+necessities of the case. It was not long until we were confronted with a
+condition of things that called for ingenious methods and diplomatic
+action. All <em>foods</em> sent or purchased were always of good quality and in
+readiness for immediate distribution and use&mdash;these could be given to
+the committeeman, who in turn sent them out as veritable rations a
+specified quantity to each. There was no question, no judgment required,
+no opportunity for favoritism, no chance for reserve. But with the
+clothing all these conditions changed and securities vanished. The
+committeeman who came for the rations of food, took also the boxes of
+clothing, and naturally claimed the privilege of distribution. The
+clothing sent was very largely, as is always the case, for women and
+children. This rough negro, however well versed in corn meal, hominy and
+bacon, was not likely to prove a skillful manipulator of women’s
+wardrobes. Jealousies would arise and criminations follow. Again the
+clothing was almost entirely secondhand, sent hastily, and usually so
+out of repair as to be nearly useless for actual wear until overlooked,
+mended, strengthened and put into proper condition. How was this to be
+done? Thirty thousand people to clothe, winter at hand, little shelter,
+and almost no bedding&mdash;surely <em>we</em> could not undertake this labor. That
+a poor, untaught negro laboring women, would never of herself mend a
+hole, or sew on a button, even if she had a button, a needle, and
+thread, and a place to do it in. How to formulate some system by which
+this could be done, how to get them under intelligent direction, to get
+the women interested and into the work and the men out of it, for the
+committeemen were fast gaining in importance and influence among the
+other men by reason of patronage, a kind of “political pull,” one might
+say.</p>
+
+<p>I struggled with this problem some days, until finally&mdash;it might have
+been the spirit of the Widow Bedott that come to my assistance&mdash;for
+suddenly there flits through my perplexed mind the idea of “sewing
+societies.” No amendment was required, and the resolution was put<a class="pagenum" id="Page_258" title="258"></a> and
+motion carried in far less time than it had taken to evolve the idea.
+Word went out at once that the president of the Red Cross, accompanied
+by her staff, of ladies especially, would be pleased to meet the women
+of one of the most important islands; that the meeting would be held in
+the interest of the women; that they might consider it <em>their</em>
+meeting&mdash;but men were not forbidden&mdash;would they kindly appoint a day,
+and place of meeting, and the hour most convenient for themselves. The
+church which had been repaired was selected, and its clergyman notified
+us.</p>
+
+<p>It was a sunny autumn day when our party crossed over the ferry and
+landed on the sandy beach of Coosaw, and took our pathways through the
+clumps of shrubs and trees, basking in the sunshine, but ripening and
+reddening with the dying year. Soon groups of women commenced to appear
+from the by paths and the little trails on either side, dressed in the
+best we had given them, and traveled on with cheery faces, full of
+expectation.</p>
+
+<p>After a journey of perhaps two miles, the little “ractified” church came
+in sight, or rather would have come in sight but for the crowd of people
+gathered about it. The entrance was politely held clear for us. The
+little edifice, which would seat with its gallery perhaps two hundred
+persons, was packed with a waiting audience. The platform and desk had
+been reserved for the “extinguished visitors,” and we took our places.
+The entire space filled and echoed with the sweet, plaintive melody that
+the negro voice alone can give. This was followed by earnest prayer by
+the pastor; then a little speech of welcome by the elder, and we were
+introduced to our audience. And, who could ask a more attentive or
+sympathetic audience than this! The president, who has addressed some
+bodies of people, never stood before one that she enjoyed or honored
+more. Here was the simplicity of nature, the earnestness of truth, the
+innate trust in the love and care of the living God of Heaven that even
+its winds and waves could not shake, and the glorious spirit of
+resignation that could suffer and be glad, if not strong.</p>
+
+<p>But to business. The situation was fully explained to them, and they
+were told that in spite of all we had for them, they alone could
+comfortably clothe themselves through the winter. Then the plan of a
+well arranged sewing society, with its constitution, laws, officers and
+regulations was explained, and their approval and co-operation asked. On
+a unanimous assent, they were required to select twenty-five women from
+among them, who should retire for twenty minutes and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_259" title="259"></a> discuss the
+subject among themselves, selecting their chief officers, and so far as
+possible, give us the points of their organization.</p>
+
+<p>In the body of women that rose and retired for consultation one saw good
+ground for hope of success. A part were the strong, matronly women,
+whose childhood and youth had been passed in the service of the
+hospitable home of the master in the old days of elegant luxury “’fo de
+wa’,” and who needed no one to teach them courtesy or what belonged to a
+family household; others were sewing girls, some of whom had partially
+learned trades, and a few were teachers, for the great majority of the
+children of ten years and upwards on these islands had been taught to
+read. These women needed only the proper instruction, encouragement, the
+way opened for them, the suitable material distributed, and the liberty
+of action and conscience, with no patronage or politics invading their
+premises.</p>
+
+<p>The system formulated for one society became the system for all; each
+district which received rations of food had its regularly organized
+sewing society for the clothing sent to them on requisition. First some
+room was found, with a fire, shelves arranged for garments and tables
+for work. Of the twenty-five official women, each should give one week
+of her time in every month, but changing regularly in order that at no
+time should there be more than one-fourth of the number new to the work
+in hand. Four women should visit and inspect applicants for assistance,
+and two should attend entirely to the wants of the feeble and old and
+the sick, to see that they were in no way neglected.</p>
+
+<p>Of those in the sewing room, a part cut over garments for children, as
+there are never enough of these; others repaired and mended. As the
+barrels and boxes went in from the committeemen, they were received and
+opened on one side of the room; when repaired they were placed on the
+shelves on the opposite side and given out from there on the
+recommendation of the visiting inspectors. Along with the clothing went
+thread, needles, pins, thimbles, wax, shears, knives and pieces for
+mending. For the bedding, besides two thousand heavy wool blankets which
+were donated, as many more purchased; cotton batting and calico, or
+muslin, by the ton were bought, and the societies instructed in tying
+“comforts,” which in many instances served as both cover and bed.</p>
+
+<p>There was never any complaint with these women about the time given to,
+or the labor performed, in this service for the common weal, and seldom
+any difficulty arose between them. If so, a few words set<a class="pagenum" id="Page_260" title="260"></a> it right, and
+the offending individual was discovered, pointed out, and put out of the
+society, with the usual explanatory remark: “She want too much rule; she
+done always do make trouble.” But whatever trials the day might bring to
+them, they were solaced and forgotten in the nice afternoon lunch, and
+the steaming cups of tea and coffee prepared by one of the members from
+the rations so wisely planned and faithfully sent by Mrs. Gardner.</p>
+
+<p>Next to the absolute necessity for the distribution of food supplies,
+and the great essentials of life itself, I regard the sewing societies
+as perhaps the most important feature of the field. From these they
+learned not alone the lesson of self-help, but of mutual help, which
+they had never known before. It had never occurred to them to look about
+and see who was in need, and find a way to help it; and it was a glad
+satisfaction to hear their voluntary pledges when we left them, never to
+give up the custom of these societies, and the habit of caring for their
+poor.</p>
+
+<p>Appended to Mrs. Gardner’s report are long, tiresome lists of names of
+recipients, which, however necessary and business like in their time and
+place, we may well spare the reader in these belated years; but one
+little list appeals to me with such loving interest, that I am
+constrained to ask the privilege of inserting it. It is a partial roll
+of the presidents of the sewing societies, of whose tireless, faithful
+work no adequate description could be given. And when we read among them
+the name of Mrs. Admiral Beardslee, and that missionary of scholarship
+and teaching on St. Helena, Miss Ellen Murray, the lovable and
+accomplished late wife of Robert Small, and Mrs. John MacDonald, who
+humbly and magnanimously placed themselves side by side with poor,
+unlettered, but honest and faithful Patty Frazier, and her kind, the
+reader will feel with me that it is indeed a roll of honor:</p>
+
+<table summary="Societies and Presidents">
+<tr><td class="tdc"><em>Society.</em></td><td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>President.</em></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Coosaw Works</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mrs. Mary Chaplain</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beaufort</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mrs. General Small</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hilton Head</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mrs. John MacDonald</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wadmalaw</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mrs. Frank Whaley</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ladies’ Island</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mrs. Sam Green</td></tr>
+<tr><td>St. Helena</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Miss Ellen Murray</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coosaw Island</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Maria Rivers</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bennet’s Point</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>C.C. Richardson</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a class="pagenum" id="Page_261" title="261"></a>Musselboro</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mrs. Phillips</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hutchinson, Bolders,<br />Beef, Warren</td><td>
+              <img src="images/vrbracket_10x40.jpg" width="10" height="40" alt="" /></td><td>W. Rivers</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rockville</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>H.L. Bailey</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Edisto</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Amanda Brown</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tommy Johns</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mary Jenkins</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Johns Island</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mrs. Chas. Wilson</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Big State Plantation</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Jackson Field</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Jericho, Rhetts</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>F.C. Garrett</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dixonville</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>General Saunders</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paris Island</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mrs. Beardslee</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tommy Rhodes</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Patty Frazier</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Christmas, which two months before had seemed but a veil of future
+blackness, opened bright and cheerful. Most of the churches had been in
+some way reopened, and Christmas Eve brought again its melody, its
+prayer and its praise.</p>
+
+<p>There was in all this a Christian spirit, so sweet, so much to be
+commended, that I could not refrain from passing in my little
+contribution of a Christmas carol, for which they at once found a tune
+and sang it with a will. Light-hearted, happy race.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3>A CHRISTMAS CAROL.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">For my 30,000 Sea Island Friends.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>A Loving Greeting and Merry Christmas.</em>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Clara Barton.</span></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+ <div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">Lo! The Christmas morn is breaking,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Bring the angels bright array,</div>
+   <div class="line">For the Christian world is waking,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">And the Lord is born to-day.</div>
+   <div class="line indent2">Shout then, brothers; shout and pray,</div>
+   <div class="line indent2">For the blessed Lord is born to-day.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">No more tears and pain and sorrow,</div>
+   <div class="line">Hark! I hear the angels say</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Blessed be the bright to-morrow,</div>
+   <div class="line">For the Lord is born to-day.</div>
+   <div class="line indent2">Shout then, sisters; shout and pray,</div>
+   <div class="line indent2">For the blessed Lord is born to-day.</div>
+   </div>
+   <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_262" title="262"></a>Forget your night of sad disaster,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Cast your burdens all away,</div>
+   <div class="line">Wait the coming of the Master,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">For the Lord is born to-day.</div>
+   <div class="line indent2">Shout then, children; shout and pray,</div>
+   <div class="line indent2">For the blessed Lord is born to-day.</div>
+   </div>
+   <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">In the sunlight, soft and golden,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Round the babe the angels play;</div>
+   <div class="line">List, their notes so grand and olden,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Lo! The Lord is born to-day.</div>
+   <div class="line indent2">Shout, all people; shout and pray.</div>
+   <div class="line indent2">For the blessed Lord is born to-day.</div>
+  </div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_263" title="263"></a>CLOTHING DEPARTMENT&mdash;Continued.</h3>
+
+<p>As the work dropped from the weary hand of Mrs. Gardner, another,
+stronger, more fresh and new in the work, took it up. Mrs. Harriette L.
+Reed, of Boston, who, while never permanently with us, seldom allows a
+field to escape her. We regard it as a loss to any field where her
+genial presence, clear perception and sound judgment take no part. Mrs.
+Reed, like our beloved and brilliant countrywoman, Mrs. Logan, went to
+the civil war of 1861, a bride. Her gallant young husband, Captain J.
+Sewall Reed, took the first detachment of volunteer cavalry from
+California, known as the “California One Hundred.” He fell in an
+ambuscade, in the Army of the Potomac, 1864. His brave young wife was
+always with him at the front, and received his dead body when brought
+in. Thus early bereft, she took up the march of life alone, and
+faithfully and tirelessly has she made it, with a cheering word and an
+outstretched hand to every weary comrade in the tedious march of more
+than three decades, and still she serves, and still they call her
+blessed.</p>
+
+<p>Her graceful report, which has lain in my portfolio since 1893, now
+comes to light with its waiting companions:</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Mrs. Reed’s Report.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The preceding account of the distribution of clothing, relates to the
+early part of the work covering a period of several months, and was
+under the charge of Mrs. Dr. Gardner, of Bedford, Ind., who was called
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Coming upon the scene about this time, I was more than glad to take up
+her work to a small extent, and for three months it was my privilege to
+labor in this field of the Red Cross work, bringing so often to my mind
+the words of the Master, “for I was naked and ye clothed me.”</p>
+
+<p>And what a strange, unusual and extraordinary field of labor it was and
+how unlike anything I had ever seen before. Let me briefly picture a few
+of the regular types of “sufferers” besieging headquarters, the old,
+decrepit uncle of the days “befo’ the wah” with<a class="pagenum" id="Page_264" title="264"></a> white head and bent
+shoulders; the little one, toddling along behind the young mother,
+hiding in her tattered garments, with great black eyes peering through
+the rags; the strong young man, barefoot or with pieces of shoes tied on
+with strings, coat and pants that looked like relics of a bygone time
+and a conspicuous absence of under garments; the old-time “mammy”
+shivering with cold and begging for a little “closen” to keep her warm,
+all these and more were our daily, hourly visitors, imploring our aid
+and needing it oh, how sorely! And what heartrending tales of loss and
+sorrow and fearful destitution were brought to us by these messengers
+from a stricken people! Many of them, before the cyclone, had
+comfortable little homes and clothing sufficient for their simple needs;
+occasionally a sewing machine was owned, and sometimes, in more favored
+homes, an organ. Now, there was absolutely nothing of all this. Parents,
+children, friends were gone&mdash;not a vestige left of the home; horses,
+mules, cows, hens swept away, and scarcely clothing enough left to cover
+part of the family. It was not an infrequent tale that fell upon our
+ears, that the little band that had left the home were all that could
+find sufficient clothing to come in and the rest were left nearly naked
+in consequence.</p>
+
+<p>Very early in the morning a motley crowd gathered in the street, in the
+vicinity of headquarters, and all day long they were coming and going
+and it was far into the evening before the last one had departed. And,
+what a good-natured, patient, orderly crowd it was! Seldom was there any
+loud talking, screaming, quarreling such as is ordinarily heard in a
+like gathering, in scenes with which I had been more familiar. The
+shadow of the terrible calamity that had befallen them had in no wise
+departed from them, and not yet had the dawn of the new day restored the
+happy, careless, cheery manner that seems to be natural to them.</p>
+
+<p>When they were admitted to the office, singly or in small groups, as was
+necessary, for our quarters were limited, how quietly, respectfully,
+they made their entrance! No crowding nor jostling to get the best
+places or be served first, but patiently waiting their turn, entering
+with a low bow or deep courtesy, they received the slip of paper that
+meant so much to them and, with words and tears of gratitude, withdrew
+as quietly as they came.</p>
+
+<p>It is simply impossible within the limits of this report, and indeed
+words are inadequate, to convey even a faint idea of the immensity of
+the labor required in this department. Kind hearts all over our land had
+been stirred by the appeals that had been made for those needy<a class="pagenum" id="Page_265" title="265"></a> ones,
+and boxes, barrels, bundles, all sorts and descriptions of these came
+pouring in upon us. All of these must be unpacked and sorted and again
+repacked before they could reach those for whom they were intended.
+Think of this, careful housekeepers, as you sort over and pack away your
+family wardrobe and household goods. Think what it would mean to sort
+over and pack away clothing for the use of thirty thousand people.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>As I think it will not be without interest to our readers, to give a
+little closer view of the people among whom we worked; for this purpose
+I shall make a few extracts from various letters received at Red Cross
+headquarters. The first is a plea for help and is a fair sample of these
+papers, I copy words and spelling with no attempt at correction:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton the queen of the Red cross Society.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>we ar now, making a Plead before you mam. we are the suffers of the
+  Storm. we beg you mam to helph we to som clothing. mam we ar all
+  naked. mam, there is Som old People is there mam can not helph thom
+  Self Some motherlis children is there can not helph them Self
+  Waiting for Som clothing If you Please mam. Thanks you mam for the
+  Rashon (rations) we get it mam But no clothing we Get We is the
+  committee of the clothing.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is signed by the three women of the committee.</p>
+
+<p>As pleas for help came by mail, so also did letters of thanks and a few
+of these will tell their own story much better than any description of
+mine could possibly hope to do. Here is one:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>we the people of this Plantation have sen much thank to you Dear
+  madam for the closing (clothing) what you have send for ous the very
+  children sen there thanks to you for the shoes an closing that you
+  have sent for them an we the people pray Day and night that the god
+  of heaven will keep you an gard you an when this short life is pass
+  heaven will be your home nothing more to say at present. Signed by
+  one member of the committee, a woman.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_266" title="266"></a>As an instance of the desire of many of the committees in charge of the
+distribution of clothing, to be honest and fair, I copy another letter:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Barton</span>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Madam</span>: Mrs. Diana Williams president of Sewing Society No. 1
+  Say she coming over for Clothing on Monday I dont think eny clothing
+  need not right away I would like to see on my Section how many needy
+  person are not serve in Clothing yet and plese dont send over no
+  clothing before for it will take me some time. when clothing are
+  need to go over I will let you now (know) for further information I
+  can explain it something I like to say to you before eny more
+  clothing go over.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I have thus far mentioned the more pleasant features of this work, but
+no one will be surprised if I touch lightly upon some of its trials.
+Life was not always “one long, bright, sunny day” in the Sea Islands,
+any more than it is in the more favored sections of our land. This great
+work of relief had its reverse side; the usual trials, disappointments
+and discouragements attending most lines of philanthropic work were not
+lacking here. Not all were entirely content with the necessary
+restrictions and methods; not all were wholly satisfied with such things
+as could be found for them just at that time; not all committees worked
+in absolute peace and harmony, and the common faults of humanity in
+general were not wholly absent.</p>
+
+<p>I well remember one instance which will illustrate these conditions. Two
+rival committees presented themselves before our president, both anxious
+to establish their rights and claims, and with great earnestness and
+vehemence related their grievances. With her usual wisdom and patience,
+sitting in their midst like a judge in his court, she pronounced the
+sentence which was that no more clothing should be issued to <em>either</em>
+side for the present. This will explain the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Miss Barton</span>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Madam</span>: We the people of this Island give you grate thanks, for
+  what you are Doing for us. as the cormittee We have put Before us,
+  are Doing all in their power and knowdge (knowledge) We Believe, and
+  Dear Madam the committee of the cloth (clothes) Who Went before you
+  with the corruption We Dont recunize (recognize) them in that for We
+  the people of this island are very happy for all that you are Doing
+  for us. Now Dear Madam We ask you, as we lern that the close are
+  stop on account of the fust (fuss) that the cormittee made among
+  themselves this we nows nothing about this nether the cormittee We
+  put before us these don’t no anything about it</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_267" title="267"></a>This is signed by twenty-two men of the Island.</p>
+
+<p>Scenes of this sort were not of frequent occurrence and were the
+exception to the rule of general satisfaction which prevailed
+everywhere. As the months went by, smiles returned to their faces and
+hope to their hearts, and by every method in their power, they evinced a
+most sincere desire to do something for their benefactors. Delegations
+of men and women came from long distances, sailing in their boats days
+and nights, oftentimes to express their gratitude and thanks.</p>
+
+<p>With the coming of spring, they brought us early vegetables from their
+gardens, seeds having been furnished them by the Red Cross; they
+searched the woods and the fields for the beautiful wild flowers so
+abundant there, till our rooms were filled with beauty and fragrance and
+our hearts gladdened by their brightness.</p>
+
+<p>I have tried in this very imperfect report to give a little idea of our
+life at the Sea Islands and the manner of our work. Its great magnitude,
+its far-reaching results must be imagined, for they cannot be told. The
+history of philanthropy has few brighter pages to record and its
+pleasant memories will gladden our hearts long after its weary hours are
+forgotten.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_268" title="268"></a>LEAVING THE FIELD.</h3>
+
+<p>If it be desirable to understand when to commence a work of relief, to
+know if the objects presented are actually such as to be benefited by
+the assistance which would be rendered, it is no less desirable and
+indispensable that one knows when to end such relief, in order to avoid,
+first, the weakening of effort and powers for self-sustenance; second,
+the encouragement of a tendency to beggary and pauperism, by dependence
+upon others which should be assumed by the persons themselves. It has
+always been the practice of the Red Cross to watch this matter closely
+and leave a field at the suitable moment when it could do so without
+injury or unnecessary suffering, thus leaving a wholesome stimulus on
+the part of the beneficiaries to help not only themselves individually,
+but each other.</p>
+
+<p>Seldom a field, or any considerable work of relief which may have
+attracted public notice, comes to a close that there does not some
+person or body of persons arise and propose to continue the work under
+some new form, but using the former well established sources of
+supplies; to put out new appeals to old patrons, detailing great need,
+newly discovered, and thus keep the sympathetic public forever on the
+anxious seats of never-ending pity and help. We have been compelled to
+guard against this at the close of every long-continued field, notably
+Johnstown, where it became necessary for the citizens to organize a
+“Home Relief” to keep sensational strangers off the ground, and their
+well arranged “Benevolent Union” of to-day is the result.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Letter to the “News and Courier”">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>The Sea Islands were no exception, and at the last moment of our stay a
+well-drawn petition was discovered (for it was to be kept concealed
+until we were gone), and was checked only by the vigorous aid of the
+Charleston <cite>News and Courier</cite>, of June 25, 1894, always our stay and
+friend in time of trouble. I append a letter to that journal which
+followed a visit from their able correspondent. The last weeks of our
+stay in that place were passed in Charleston, hence the letter dates
+from there:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><em>To the Editor of the “News and Courier,”</em><br />
+  <span class="pad30"><em>Charleston, S.C.</em>:</span></p>
+
+<p>If no other service called for my pen this morning it would be
+  sufficient motive that it comes to thank you for the graceful, manly
+  and cordial note of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_269" title="269"></a> yesterday, which will always hold its place
+  among my treasures of elegant literature, asking for a personal
+  audience for your correspondent for some facts concerning the work
+  which has recently been brought to a close. * * *</p>
+
+<p>It is little to say that, without the strong, honest support given
+  in notes of no uncertain sound, bearing in every line the courage of
+  its convictions, of the Charleston <cite>News and Courier</cite>, no work of
+  relief of this great disaster could have lived and been carried on
+  to any success. * * *</p>
+
+<p>The rations issued have been as follows: St. Helena, 5,724 persons;
+  Ladies’ Island, including Coosaw, Corn, Morgan and adjoining smaller
+  islands, 3,500; Hilton Head, including the twelve islands in the
+  group and adjoining mainland, including Bluffton, 2,875; Paris
+  Island, 597; Port Royal Island, 2,666; Kean’s Neck, situated on the
+  mainland, including Coosaw and Pacific phosphate districts, 1,437;
+  Hutchinson Island district, including Bennett’s and Musselboro
+  Points, Fenwick, Seabrook, Baird’s, Sampson and other smaller
+  islands, 3,238; Edisto, Wadmalaw, John’s and adjacent islands,
+  8,000. The above figures do not include the special issue on the
+  mainland of 34,000 in number nor the regular labor rations of 6,500,
+  which is a double ration.</p>
+
+<p>I say I was more than willing to leave all this needful detail to
+  other hands, inasmuch as the subject which I desired to present is
+  of a different nature, concerning the general points of welfare,
+  and, may I say, reputation of South Carolina, and addressed to the
+  people of all this grand and goodly State of old renown. Proud and
+  chivalrous, all the world knows that it must be hard and distasteful
+  for her to accept help under any conditions, and it is only in the
+  fury of an elemental rage, as when the earth crumbles under her, or
+  the seas roll over her, that anyone essays to attempt it; and it was
+  for this reason, if no other had been needed, that I came personally
+  to stand among my workers, and see to it that the Red Cross, at
+  least, bear in all it did a demeanor of delicacy and respect, where
+  it must extend its aid. I believe it has done this.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be necessary to repeat at this late day that I was asked
+  by your governor to accept the charge of the relief of the sufferers
+  of the Sea Islands, of whom it was said there were thirty thousand
+  who would need aid until they could raise something to subsist upon
+  themselves. This was accepted with great hesitancy, and only in view
+  of the fact that no other body of persons in all the land appeared
+  to assume the responsibility, and with the cordial, unselfish and
+  generous support of the advisory committee of Charleston and
+  Beaufort, to whom our earnest thanks are due, the work has been
+  carried on to a successful conclusion. It later developed that an
+  equal number of persons, both white and colored, residing on the
+  seagirt coast of the State, now known as the “mainland,” were nearly
+  as destitute as the islanders, and many of them equally storm swept.
+  Finding these people appealing to us, and well knowing that, in the
+  depressed financial condition of the entire United States, we could
+  not safely take on this double charge, we memorialized the South
+  Carolina Legislature in November; the people, also under our advice,
+  petitioned for a little aid to get them through the winter. The
+  governor also recommended the suggestion.</p>
+
+<p>For some reason, which we never knew, no response was given. We
+  never questioned this, but redoubled our exertions to meet the wants
+  as they came by single rations issued upon application, until our
+  books show an issue up to June 1 of over 34,000 to the needy white
+  and colored on the mainland of the State, from<a class="pagenum" id="Page_270" title="270"></a> Charleston to
+  Savannah. No applicant, unless detected in absolute imposition, and
+  this after having been repeatedly served with all he needed for the
+  time, has ever been declined. Our thirty thousand Sea Islanders have
+  received their weekly rations of food, they have been taught to
+  distribute their own clothing, making official report, and have done
+  it well. They are a well clothed people, and over 20,000 garments
+  have gone to the mainland. Thousands of little homes have been
+  rebuilt or repaired, and are occupied. Over 245 miles of ditches
+  have been made, reclaiming and improving many thousands of acres of
+  land; nearly five tons of garden seeds, producing all varieties of
+  vegetables in their well-fenced gardens of from a quarter of an acre
+  to one acre and more for each family, with 800 bushels of peas and
+  beans, have been provided. These seeds have been distributed on the
+  islands and to every applicant from the mainland; 1,000 bushels of
+  Irish potato seed, 400 bushels of which went to the mainland; 1,800
+  bushels of seed corn, 800 bushels of this distributed on the
+  mainland. Those provisions, together with a revival of the phosphate
+  industries, the fish in the rivers and their boats in repair, have
+  served to make the 30,000 Sea Islanders, whom we were asked to take
+  charge of nine months ago, a prosperous and self-helping people.
+  They know this and realize that they can take care of themselves,
+  and we cannot but regard any attempt at throwing them again upon the
+  charities of the outside world as demoralizing, misleading and fatal
+  to them, as a self-supporting and independent class of industrial
+  people, and a matter which should concern the State whose wards they
+  are.</p>
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Clara Barton.</span></div>
+
+<p class="salutation"><em>Charleston, S.C., June 24, 1894.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_271" title="271"></a>
+ <img src="images/i048.jpg" width="500" height="323" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">MISS BARTON’S ROOM.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>Sleeping apartments, on living floor, Charleston Red Cross headquarters
+and warehouse.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_272" title="272"></a>
+ <img src="images/i049.jpg" width="500" height="317" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">IN THE OLD SCHLOSS OF BADEN.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>A Group of the Fourth International Red Cross Conference held at the
+Court of Carlsruhe, Baden, 1887.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_273" title="273"></a>
+ <img src="images/i050.jpg" width="600" height="179" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Circular to Clergymen and Committees">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<div class="dateline"><em>February 26, 1895.</em></div>
+
+<div class="hang">
+  <em>Copy of Circular Letter Sent to Each Clergyman and Committeeman of
+  Our Sea Island Relief Work the Season After We Came Away from the
+  Islands.</em>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although the claims upon our time are more than we can meet by working
+all the day and much of the night, the memory and the interest of our
+faithful Sea Island friends with whom we worked last year, through the
+months that followed the great storm, still claim much of our thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>Another planting season is approaching, and we are hoping that your
+people have been doing the preparatory work of ditching for the raising
+of good crops. If any have not begun this work, will you see those who
+would take an active interest in the public good, like yourself, and get
+them to start the work again at once, so that there may be as great an
+advance over last year’s improvements as last year was over previous
+years.</p>
+
+<p>Get the neighbors to join together and clean out the old ditches, make
+all the new main ditches and canals that they can, and then make the
+smaller ones to connect with them; this will help to give them better
+health, less fever, larger crops and better ones.</p>
+
+<p>We hope they will give particular attention to their gardens and have
+even better ones this year than they did last, improving each season by
+experience and by learning from one another, particularly from those who
+have been most successful.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hubbell has made a list of seeds profitable to plant, in two groups,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">For Early Planting.</span></p>
+
+<p>Early purple-top strap-leaf turnip, early cabbage, lettuce, rutabaga
+turnips.</p>
+
+<p>In a hot-bed or in a protected place, where they can be covered at night
+when it is cold, the cabbage plants and tomato plants should be started
+at once, to be ready for transplanting when the ground is warm.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">For Planting When the Time for Frost is Past.</span></p>
+
+<p>Early Rose potatoes, onions (sets and seed), early turnip, blood beet,
+early corn, English peas, snap or wax beans, bush Lima or Sevier beans,
+early squash, okra, tomatoes, carrots, cucumbers, collards, late
+cabbage, taniers, and large sugar beet for stock. (Some of these may be
+planted in the field.)</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_274" title="274"></a>In the field (with corn or cotton) pumpkins and large squashes,
+cantaloupes and watermelons may be planted.</p>
+
+<p>The garden should be well fertilized and no weeds or grass allowed to
+grow. The weeds take the nourishment from the plants, use up and waste
+the fertilizers.</p>
+
+<p>There should be a good fence to keep the chickens out; then the garden,
+with the chickens and their eggs, will furnish most of a good living for
+a family until the regular crops can be harvested and save from debt.</p>
+
+<p>A good garden and a variety of crops are as necessary for the prosperity
+of a farmer as they are for his health.</p>
+
+<p>Every Sea Islander should plant now a few fig cuttings and a few grape
+cuttings, and such fruit trees as he may be able to get; peaches, pears,
+pecans. In a few years these plantings (if protected from the goats,
+pigs and cattle) will give plentiful fruit through the “dry season”
+(particularly the fig), and the grapes and other fruit will be a luxury
+and profit in their season, besides keeping the people in health.</p>
+
+<p>With good ditches everywhere, with plenty of vegetables from the
+gardens, figs and grapes, there should be almost no sickness on those
+prosperous islands, and every one should be happy.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the other crops, as cotton, corn, rice, sweet potatoes,
+peanuts and cow peas, the people should be encouraged to get and save
+the best seed. Select from the earliest and best of their own or their
+neighbor’s raising. Fertilize as much as possible with those fertilizers
+that they can get by their own labor, such as marsh-grass, sea mud,
+stable compost, fish, oyster shell lime, ashes, etc. (and some
+commercial fertilizer).</p>
+
+<p>They should strive to raise the best of everything. The best yields the
+most for the same labor, and brings the highest price, gives the
+greatest satisfaction to him who grows it and him who buys it. That
+means prosperity, which we wish for you all in largest measure.</p>
+
+<p>Enjoin the people to keep out of debt, to “owe no man anything;” this
+course will make the road of honesty and integrity easier and shorten
+the way to plenty and prosperity; speak no evil of thy neighbor, then
+all will work together happily in their public work of ditches, bridges,
+roads, wells, etc., and live happy in their homes.</p>
+
+<p>The people should not forget the fact that water from wells not
+thoroughly cleaned will breed fever and other sickness, and that good
+pure water will in a large degree keep the fever off.</p>
+
+<p>To encourage the general continuance of this work of improvement your
+people so readily took up at our request and carried on of yourselves to
+our gratification and to the astonishment of your old-time neighbors, I
+will have copies of this letter sent to other leading Sea Island
+citizens, thus all may be at work at the same time and all will receive
+the benefits of your united labors by lessened sickness and increased
+crops.</p>
+
+<p>May the good Lord bless the efforts of a faithful people is the wish of</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">Your friend,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap indent10">Clara Barton,</span><br />
+  <em>President of the American Red Cross</em>.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_275" title="275"></a>ARMENIA.</h2>
+
+<div>
+  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i051.jpg" width="70" height="132" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">In November, 1895, the press commenced to warn us of a possible call for
+the relief of the terrible sufferings of Armenia, which were engaging
+the attention of the civilized world. These warnings were followed later
+by a letter from Rev. Judson Smith, D.D., of Boston, secretary of the
+American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, referring his
+suggestion back to Rev. Henry O. Dwight, D.D., of the American Board of
+Foreign Missions at Constantinople. The American Red Cross was requested
+by these representative gentlemen, to undertake the distribution of
+relief funds among the sufferers of Armenia. Owing to the disturbed
+condition of the country and of its strict laws, combined as they were
+with existing racial and religious differences, it was found almost
+impossible at the moment to distribute the relief needed. The faithful
+but distressed resident missionaries were themselves helpless sufferers
+to a great extent and practically prisoners in their own houses. These
+had not always been spared to them in the wild excitement which reigned
+for several months previous, otherwise they would have been the normal
+channels for distributing aid. This written request from Dr. Smith was
+nearly identical with a similar one from Mr. Spencer Trask, of New York,
+who, with others, was about to form a National Armenian Relief
+Committee, to be established in that city. Following their letters, both
+of these gentlemen, Dr. Smith and Mr. Trask, came to Washington to
+personally urge our compliance with the request that we accept the
+charge of this distribution of relief funds. Accustomed to the trials,
+responsibilities and hardships of field relief labor, this proposition
+seemed something to be shrunk from rather than accepted and we naturally
+hesitated. The idea, however, became public, and a general importunity
+on the part of the people became prevalent. The necessity for immediate
+action was urged; human beings were starving and could not be reached,
+hundreds of towns and villages had not been heard<a class="pagenum" id="Page_276" title="276"></a> from since the fire
+and sword went over them, and no one else was so well prepared for the
+work of field relief, it was said, as ourselves. It was urged that we
+had a trained force of field workers, and as Turkey was one of the
+signatory powers to the Red Cross Treaty of Geneva, having given its
+adhesion as long ago as July, 1865, it must consequently be familiar
+with its methods and humanitarian ideas. Thus it was hoped that she
+would the more readily accept its presence than that of a more strange
+body of workers. These are only a shadowing of the reasons urged on
+behalf of our acceptance. Under this pressure, coupled with our strong
+sympathies, the subject was taken into serious consideration with the
+simple demand on our part of two positive assurances: First, we must be
+assured by the committees that we were the choice of the people of the
+entire country, that there was no opposition to us, and that there was
+perfect unanimity between themselves; there must be nowhere any discord;
+the task would be difficult enough under the best conditions. Second,
+that they had the funds to distribute. Assured on both these points, our
+promise was given that we would go and do our best to make the desired
+distribution in the interior of Asia Minor.</p>
+
+<p>With this ray of hope that something might be done, the pent-up
+sympathies of the people burst forth. Public meetings were held,
+addresses made, Armenian conditions estimated, horrors reproduced,
+responsibilities placed, causes canvassed, and opinions expressed;
+honest, humane, and entirely natural, precisely the course to rouse
+public sentiment and indignation, if that were the only or the main
+object in view. In consideration, however, of the relief effort, it was
+of questionable wisdom perhaps, when it is borne in mind that we had yet
+to ask the opening of a door hitherto closed against the world, when we
+needed permission to enter, in order to reach the starving sufferers
+with the relief that was planning for them. In the enthusiasm of the
+hour, this fact seemed to be entirely lost sight of. It also seemed to
+be forgotten that if this difficult and delicate task were to be
+assigned to the Red Cross and its officers, that the making of their
+mission or of themselves personally, prominent or laudatory features of
+public gatherings where Ottoman officials or representatives were always
+listeners, could not fail to render the post more difficult, and
+prospects of success more doubtful.</p>
+
+<p>The international and neutral character of the Red Cross, as a medium of
+relief in mitigation of war or overwhelming calamity, appeared to be
+overlooked or wholly misunderstood. It was not recognized that only by
+abstaining from discordant opinions could we be in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_277" title="277"></a> a position to
+perform our work. By the obligations of the Geneva Treaty, all national
+controversies, racial distinctions, and differences in creed must be
+held in abeyance and only the needs of humanity considered. In this
+spirit alone can the Red Cross meet its obligations as the
+representative of the nations and governments of the world acting under
+it. But American enthusiasm is boundless, and its expression limitless;
+and the same breath that crushed the Ottoman Empire, scattered it to the
+winds or sunk it in the lowest depths, elevated the Red Cross and its
+proposed relief out of sight among the clouds. Precautionary
+remonstrance from us was in vain, but it was not until after we had
+publicly given our consent, made all arrangements and appointed our
+aids, that the fruits of these ardent demonstrations became visible in a
+pronunciamento through the Turkish Minister resident at Washington,
+prohibiting the Red Cross from entering Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>I found this decision on the part of the Bey and his government very
+natural and politically justifiable&mdash;our own government and people would
+probably have done the same or even more under similar conditions,
+provided similar conditions could have existed among them. I was ready
+to abide by the decision and remain at home. This, neither people nor
+committees, would consent to. Of course our selected force of more than
+a score of trained and experienced field workers, each a specialist,
+must be given up. If any relief were now attempted it could only be
+individual, with two or three officers from headquarters as
+indispensable aids.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to the announcement of the Turkish Minister prohibiting the Red
+Cross from entering Turkey, the promise had been gained from us to leave
+by the steamship “New York” on the twenty-second of January, and
+notwithstanding the reply to a cablegram from the Department of State to
+Constantinople, asking if the prohibition against the entrance of the
+Red Cross was really official and from the government itself, or but
+semi-official, had not been received, our promise was kept and we sailed
+with this uncertainty resting over us.</p>
+
+<p>The picture of that scene is still vivid in my memory. Crowded piers,
+wild with hurrahs, white with parting salutes, hearts beating with
+exultation and expectation&mdash;a little shorn band of five, prohibited,
+unsustained either by government or other authority, destined to a port
+five thousand miles away, from approach to which even the powers of the
+world had shrunk. What was it expected to do or how to do it? Visions of
+Don Quixote and his windmills loomed up, as I turned away and wondered.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_278" title="278"></a>A week at sea, to be met at midnight at Southampton, by messenger down
+from London, to say that the prohibition was sustained, the Red Cross
+was forbidden, but that such persons as our minister, Mr. Terrell, would
+appoint, would be received. Here was another delicate uncertainty which
+could not be committed to Ottoman telegraph, and Dr. Hubbell was
+dispatched alone to Constantinople (while we waited in London) to learn
+from Mr. Terrell his attitude toward ourselves and our mission. Under
+favorable responses we proceeded, and reached Constantinople on February
+15; met a most cordial reception from all our own government officials,
+and located <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">pro tem.</em> at Pera Palace Hotel; it being so recently after
+the Stamboul massacres that no less public place was deemed safe.</p>
+
+<p>The following day we received in a body the members of the Missionary
+Board in Constantinople, including its treasurer, W.W. Peet, Esq., and
+Dr. Washburn, president of Robert College, and here commenced that
+friendly intercourse which continued without interruption, strengthening
+as the days wore on through the half year that followed, till moistened
+eyes and warm hand-grasp at parting told more plainly than words how
+fraught with confidence that intercourse had been. If one would look for
+peers of this accomplished Christian body of our countrymen, they would
+only be found in the noble band of women, who, as wives, mothers and
+teachers, aid their labors and share their hardships, privations and
+dangers. I shall always feel it a privilege and an honor to have been
+called, even in a small way, to assist the efforts of this chosen body
+of our countrymen and women, whose faithful and devoted lives are made
+sacred to the service of God and their fellow men.</p>
+
+<p>The first step was to procure an introduction to the government which
+had in one sense refused me; and accompanied by Minister Terrell and his
+premier interpreter, Gargiulo, perhaps the longest serving and one of
+the most experienced diplomatic officers in Constantinople, I called by
+appointment upon Tewfik Pasha, the Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs
+or Minister of State. To those conversant with the personages connected
+with Turkish affairs, I need not say that Tewfik Pasha is probably the
+foremost man of the government; a manly man, with a kind, fine face, and
+genial, polished manners. Educated abroad, with advanced views on
+general subjects, he impresses one as a man who would sanction no wrong
+it was in his power to avert.</p>
+
+<p>We were received at the Department of State in an uninterrupted
+interview lasting over an hour. As this was the main interview and the
+base of all our work, it is perhaps proper that I give it somewhat<a class="pagenum" id="Page_279" title="279"></a> in
+detail. Mr. Terrell’s introduction was most appropriate and well
+expressed, bearing with strong emphasis upon the suffering condition of
+the people of the interior in consequence of the massacres, and the
+great sympathy of the people of America, their intense desire to help
+them, the heartfelt interest in their missionaries whose burdens were
+greater than they ought to bear, and the desire to aid them, and that
+for all these reasons we had been asked to come; that our objects were
+purely humanitarian, having neither political, racial, nor religious
+bearing; that as the head of the organization thus represented I <em>could</em>
+have no other ideas, and it was the privilege of putting these ideas
+into practice and the protection required meanwhile that the people of
+America, through him and through me, were asking.</p>
+
+<p>The Pasha listened most attentively to the speech of Mr. Terrell,
+thanked him, and replied that this was well understood; that they knew
+the Red Cross and its president, and, turning to me, repeated: “We know
+you, Miss Barton; have long known you and your work. We would like to
+hear your plans for relief and what you desire.”</p>
+
+<p>I proceeded to state them, bearing fully upon the fact that the
+condition to which the people of the interior of Asia Minor had been
+reduced by recent events had aroused the sympathy of the entire American
+people until they asked, almost to the extent of a demand, that
+assistance from them should be allowed to go directly to these
+sufferers, hundreds of whom had friends and relatives in America&mdash;a fact
+which naturally strengthened both the interest and the demand; that it
+was at the request of our people, <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en masse</em>, that I and a few
+assistants had come; that our object would be to use the funds ourselves
+among the people needing them wherever they were found, in helping them
+to resume their former positions and avocations, thus relieving them
+from continued distress, the State from the burden of providing for
+them, and other nations and people from a torrent of sympathy which was
+both, hard to endure and unwholesome in its effects; that I had brought
+skilled agents, practical and experienced farmers whose first efforts
+would be to get the people back to their deserted fields and provide
+them with farming implements and material wherewith to put in summer
+crops and thus enable them to feed themselves. These would embrace
+plows, hoes, spades, seed-corn, wheat, and later, sickles, scythes,
+etc., for harvesting, with which to save the miles of autumn grain which
+we had heard of as growing on the great plains already in the ground
+before the trouble; also to provide for them such cattle and other
+animals as it would be possible to purchase or to get back; that if some
+such thing were not done before another<a class="pagenum" id="Page_280" title="280"></a> winter, unless we had been
+greatly misinformed, the suffering there would shock the entire
+civilized world. None of us knew from personal observations, as yet, the
+full need of assistance, but had reason to believe it very great. That
+if my agents were permitted to go, such need as they found they would be
+prompt to relieve. On the other hand, if they did not find the need
+existing there, none would leave the field so gladly as they. There
+would be no respecting of persons; humanity alone would be their guide.
+“We have,” I added, “brought only ourselves, no correspondent has
+accompanied us, and we shall have none, and shall not go home to write a
+book on Turkey. We are not here for that. Nothing shall be done in any
+concealed manner. All dispatches which we send will go openly through
+your own telegraph, and I should be glad if all that we shall write
+could be seen by your government. I cannot, of course, say what its
+character will be, but can vouch for its truth, fairness and integrity,
+and for the conduct of every leading man who shall be sent. I shall
+never counsel nor permit a sly or underhand action with your government,
+and you will pardon me, Pasha, if I say that I shall expect the same
+treatment in return&mdash;such as I give I shall expect to receive.”</p>
+
+<p>Almost without a breath he replied&mdash;“And you shall have it. We honor
+your position and your wishes will be respected. Such aid and protection
+as we are able to, we shall render.”</p>
+
+<p>I then asked if it were necessary for me to see other officials. “No,”
+he replied, “I speak for my government;” and with cordial good wishes,
+our interview closed.</p>
+
+<p>I never spoke personally with this gentleman again; all further business
+being officially transacted through the officers of our Legation. Yet I
+can truly say, as I have said of my first meeting with our matchless
+band of missionary workers, that here commenced an acquaintance which
+proved invaluable, and here were given pledges of mutual faith of which
+not a word was ever broken or invalidated on either side, and to which I
+owe what we were able to do through all Asia Minor. It is to the strong
+escorts ordered from the Sublime Porte for our expeditions and men, that
+I owe the fact that they all came back to me, and that I bring them home
+to you, tired and worn, but saved and useful still.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hubbell, and the leaders of the five expeditions tell us that they
+were never, even for a portion of a day, without an escort for
+protection, and this at the expense of the Turkish Government, and that
+without this protection they must not and could not have proceeded.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_281" title="281"></a>
+ <img src="images/i052.jpg" width="400" height="590" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">RED CROSS HEADQUARTERS, CONSTANTINOPLE.</div>
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_282" title="282"></a>
+ <img src="images/i053a.jpg" width="500" height="311" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">VIEW FROM RED CROSS HEADQUARTERS, CONSTANTINOPLE.</div>
+
+ <img src="images/i053b.jpg" width="500" height="375" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">TURKISH CEMETERY.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_283" title="283"></a>This interview with Tewfik Pasha was equal to a permit. Both Minister
+Terrell and myself cabled it to America as such. Dr. Hubbell, as general
+field agent, commenced at once to fit himself for a passage by the Black
+Sea, through Sivas to Harpoot. He had engaged a dragoman and assistants,
+and with Ernest Mason, who went with us as Oriental linguist, was
+prepared to ship next day, when at Sélamlik I was officially waited upon
+by a court chamberlain who informed me that although greatly regretting
+it, they were compelled to ask me to delay my expedition, in order to
+give the government time to translate and read some of the immense
+quantities of newspaper matter which was being thrown in upon them from
+America, and which from its context appeared to be official,
+representing all our State governors as engaged in a general move
+against Turkey, and that the chief seat of operations was the National
+Capitol. The Chamberlain tried by motions to show me that there were
+bushels of papers, and that it was impossible for them to translate them
+at once; that if they prove to be official as appeared by the great
+names connected with them, it was imperative that the government
+consider them; but if it proved to be mere newspaper talk it was of no
+consequence, and I was begged to delay until they could investigate.
+Having received some specimens myself, I did not wonder at this request,
+I only wondered at the kindly courtesy with which it was made. I will
+take the liberty of inserting one of the clippings which I had received
+as a sample of what Turkey had to consider. This is only one among
+scores, which had led me to consider how, with these representations, we
+were ever to get any further:</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3>PRO-ARMENIAN ALLIANCE.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ITS WORK TO BE EXTENDED TO THE REMOTEST SECTIONS OF THE UNITED
+STATES&mdash;GOVERNORS OF STATES WILL AID.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="bulletin">[Special dispatch to the Sunday <cite>Herald</cite>.]</span></p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+ <div class="dateline">
+    <span class="smcap">Washington, D.C.</span>, <em>February 8, 1896</em>.
+ </div>
+
+<p>The pro-Armenian Alliance, with headquarters in this city, says the
+  <cite>Evening News</cite>, which is working hand in glove with Miss Clara
+  Barton and the Red Cross Society for the relief of the Armenians, is
+  rapidly completing arrangements for extending its work to the
+  remotest sections of the United States. The permanent organization
+  of the alliance was perfected in this city a little over a week ago,
+  when the following officers were elected: President, R.S. Tharin;
+  vice-presidents, B. Sunderland, D.D., and I.E. Gilbert, D.D.;
+  secretary, H. L. Sargent; treasurer, F.A. Stier.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few days the broadest promulgation of a pamphlet prepared
+  by the alliance will begin.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_284" title="284"></a>On the title page of the little book will appear these unique
+  mottoes: “God against Allah, Christ against Mohammed, Bible against
+  Koran, Heaven against Hell!”</p>
+
+<p>It is proposed to proceed at once with the organization of local
+  alliances throughout the Union, any person connected with a
+  Christian Organization or society, regardless of denomination, being
+  eligible to membership.</p>
+
+<p>The headquarters of the alliance at the National Hotel are open from
+  ten to twelve o’clock.</p>
+
+<p>It is intended to send out about two million of the pamphlets
+  explaining the purposes of the alliance, in lots of two hundred
+  thousand or more. The delegates to the national convention will be
+  selected by the different local clubs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Well knowing, however, that investigation would show no trace of
+government or other official authority, we decided to lose no time, but
+to prepare ourselves for work at the earliest moment; and taking up the
+rôle of merchants, went into Stamboul, and purchased from the great
+wholesale houses, immense quantities of such material as could not fail
+of being useful and needed, to be later taken by caravans into the
+interior.</p>
+
+<p>Just at this interval, a request was brought to me by Dr. Washburn, of
+Robert College, from Sir Philip Currie, English ambassador, asking if I
+could not be “persuaded” to turn my expedition through the
+Mediterranean, rather than the Black Sea, in order to reach Marash and
+Zeitoun, where the foreign consuls were at the moment convened. They had
+gotten word to him that ten thousand people in those two cities were
+down with four distinct epidemics&mdash;typhoid and typhus fevers, dysentery
+and smallpox&mdash;that the victims were dying in overwhelming numbers and
+that there was not a physician among them, all being either sick or
+dead, with no medicines and little food. This was not a case for
+“persuasion,” but of heartfelt thanks from us all that Sir Philip had
+remembered to call us whom he had never met. But here was a hindrance.
+The only means of conveyance from Constantinople to Alexandretta were
+coasting boats, belonging to different nationalities, and which left
+only once in two weeks and irregularly at that. Transport for our goods
+was secured on the first boat to leave, the goods taken to the wharf at
+Galata, and at the latest moment in order to give time, a request was
+made to the government for <em>teskeres</em> or traveling permits for Dr.
+Hubbell and assistants. To our surprise they were granted instantly, but
+by some delay on the part of the messenger sent for them, they reached a
+moment too late; the boat left a little more than promptly, taking with
+it our relief goods, and leaving<a class="pagenum" id="Page_285" title="285"></a> the men on the dock to receive their
+permits only when the boat was beyond recall. It was really the fault of
+no one. With the least possible delay the doctor secured passage by the
+first boat to Smyrna, and a fortunate chance boat from there, took him
+to Alexandretta, via Beyrout and Tripoli, Syria. The goods arrived in
+safety and two other of our assistants, whom we had called by cable from
+America, Messrs. Edward M. Wistar and Charles King Wood, were also
+passed over to the same point with more goods. There caravans were
+fitted out to leave over the, to them, unknown track to Aintab, as a
+first base. From this point the reports of each of these gentlemen made
+to me and compiled with this, will be living witnesses. I leave them to
+tell their own modest tales of exposure, severe travel, hard work and
+hardship, of which no word of complaint has ever passed their lips.
+There has been only gratitude and joy that they could do something in a
+cause at once so great and so terrible.</p>
+
+<p>These little changes and accidents of travel, of not the slightest
+importance or concern to any one but ourselves, were naturally picked up
+and cabled to America as “news.” The naming of the mere facts, with
+neither explanations nor reasons assigned, could not be understood and
+only created confusion in the minds of the readers. They must,
+nevertheless, be accepted by our reporters, circulated and discussed by
+our anxious people and perplexed committees.</p>
+
+<p>The transcript of a paragraph from a letter received from America, March
+25, will serve to recall, at this late date, something of the state of
+feeling at the moment prevailing in America:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Great doubt and dissatisfaction is felt here at the changeable
+  course you seem to pursue&mdash;why you should propose to go first to the
+  Black Sea, then to the Mediterranean, then not at all. Why to
+  Smyrna, then to Alexandretta, points where nothing is the matter and
+  no help needed? They feel that you do not understand your own
+  course, or are being deceived&mdash;will never get into the country&mdash;a
+  fact which, it is said, is clearly seen here.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To further elucidate the intense feeling in our sympathetic country we
+give a few sentences from other letters received at that time:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>What are those folks doing over there? First we hear they are going
+  to Harpoot by the Black Sea, next they have gone to Smyrna; there is
+  nothing the matter at Smyrna; next to Alexandretta; what have they
+  gone there for? that is no place to go; any one can go to
+  Alexandretta. They don’t seem to know what they <em>are</em> about. They
+  will never get into the country; we said so when they went; they
+  ought to have known better themselves; we knew the Sultan would
+  forbid them, as he has; they are only being duped.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_286" title="286"></a>Unpleasant and somewhat ludicrous as these criticisms were they served a
+purpose in coming back to us, as by them we were able to understand more
+fully the cables which had preceded them. “Give us news in full of your
+doings, it is important that we know.” Every cable was answered with all
+the news we could send by that costly method.</p>
+
+<p>I had asked permission and escort for two caravans from Alexandretta,
+but had learned later from them that they would unite and go together to
+Aintab, in company with the Rev. Dr. Fuller, of that city, who requires
+no introduction to the missionary or religious world. At this junction
+Mr. Gargiulo, of the legation, came to me in great haste (he having been
+sent for by the Sublime Porte) to know where our expeditions were. They
+had provided for two and could only get trace of one; where was the
+other? Please get definite information and let them know at once. I had
+served on too many battlefields not to understand what this meant. I
+knew our men were in danger somewhere and some one was trying to protect
+them, and sent back the fullest information that there was but one
+expedition out, and waited. Two days later came the news of the massacre
+at Killis by the Circassians. Killis lay directly in their track,
+unknown to them, and the Turkish troops had unexpectedly come up and
+taken them on. I can perhaps, at this distant date, give no more correct
+note of this, and the condition of things as found, than by an extract
+from a letter written by me at the time to our world’s friend and mine,
+Frances Willard. We were at this moment securing the medical expedition
+for Marash and Zeitoun:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Dear Frances Willard: ... May I also send a message by you to our
+  people, to your people and my people; in the name of your God and my
+  God, ask them not to be discouraged in the good work they have
+  undertaken. My heart would grow faint and words fail, were I to
+  attempt to tell them the woes and the needs of these Christian
+  martyrs. But what need to tell? They already know what words can
+  say&mdash;alone, bereft, forsaken, sick and heartbroken, without food,
+  raiment or shelter, on the snow-piled mountain sides and along the
+  smoking valleys they wander and linger and perish. What more should
+  I say to our people, but to show them the picture of what they
+  themselves have already done.</p>
+
+<p>The scores of holy men and women sustained by them, with prayers in
+  their hearts, tears in their voices, hovering like angels and
+  toiling like slaves, along all these borders of misery and woe,
+  counting peril as gain and death as naught, so it is in His Name.
+  But here another picture rises; as if common woe were not enough,
+  the angel of disease flaps his black wings like a pall, and in once
+  bright Zeitoun and Marash contagion reigns. By scores, by hundreds,
+  they die; no help, no medicine, no skill, little food, and the last
+  yard of cotton gone to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_287" title="287"></a> cover the sick and dying. To whom came the
+  cry, “Help or we perish! Send us physicians!” The contributed gifts
+  of America open the doors of classic Beyrout, and Ira Harris, with
+  his band of doctors, speeds his way. In Eskandaroon sleep the
+  waiting caravans. The order comes, “Arise and go! henceforth your
+  way is clear.” Camels heavy laden, not with ivory and jewels, gold
+  in the ingot and silk in the bales, but food and raiment for the
+  starving, the sick, and the dying. Onward they sweep toward dread
+  Killis&mdash;the wild tribe’s knives before, the Moslem troops
+  behind&mdash;“go on! we protect;” till at length the spires of Aintab
+  rise in view. Weary the camels and weary the men&mdash;Hubbell, Fuller,
+  Wistar, Wood, Mason&mdash;names that should live in story for the brave
+  deeds of that march but just begun. The quick, glad cry of welcome
+  of a city that had known but terror, sorrow and neglect for
+  months&mdash;a little rest, help given, and over the mountains deep in
+  snow, weary and worn their caravans go, toiling on toward fever and
+  death. Let us leave them to their task. This is the work of
+  America’s people abroad. My message, through you, to her people at
+  home&mdash;not to her small and poor, but to her rich and powerful
+  people, is, remember this picture and be not weary in well doing.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="smcap">Clara Barton.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>While the first and second expeditions were fitting out from
+Alexandretta, the terrible state of things at Zeitoun and Marash was
+confirmed by the leading missionaries there, and we were asked to assume
+the expense of physicians, druggists, medicines and medical relief in
+general. This we were only too glad to do. Negotiations had already been
+opened by them with Dr. George E. Post, of Beyrout, the glorious outcome
+of which was the going out of Dr. Ira Harris, of Tripoli, Syria, with
+his corps of local physicians, and the marvelous results achieved. For
+some cause the doctor took the route via Adana, rather than by
+Alexandretta, and found himself in the midst of an unsafe country with
+insufficient escort. After a delay of two or three days, he got a
+dispatch to us at Constantinople. This dispatch was immediately sent
+through our legation to the Porte, and directly returned to me with the
+written assurance that the proper steps had been instantly taken. On the
+same day Dr. Harris left Adana with a military escort that took his
+expedition through, leaving it only when safe in Marash.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hubbell had arrived some days previous, but following instructions
+left immediately on the arrival of Dr. Harris, to pursue his
+investigations in the villages, and supply the general need of the
+people wherever found. This formed really the fourth expedition in the
+field at that early date, as the separate charges later so efficiently
+assumed by Messrs. Wistar and Wood, who were on the ground previous to
+the medical expedition, became known as the second and third
+expeditions.</p>
+
+<p>It will be inferred that the assignment, furnishing and direction of
+these several expeditions, nearly a thousand miles distant, four weeks<a class="pagenum" id="Page_288" title="288"></a>
+by personal travel, six weeks to write a letter and get reply, from two
+days to almost any time by telegraph, according to the condition of the
+wires, and in any language from Turkish and Greek to Arabic, with all
+other duties immediately surrounding, could not leave large leisure for
+home correspondence. While conscious of a restlessness on this score, we
+began to be mystified by the nature and text of dispatches from
+committees at home: “Contributors object to Turkish distribution.” What
+could it mean? We could only reply: “Do not understand your dispatch.
+Please explain.” These were followed by others of a similar character
+from other sources; finally letters expressing great regret at the means
+to which I had been compelled to resort in order to accomplish my
+distribution, and the disastrous effect it could not fail to have upon
+the raising of funds. “Well, it was probably the only way to do, they
+had expected it, in fact, foretold it all the time.”&mdash;What had I done?
+The mystery deepened. Finally, through the waste of waters and the lapse
+of time it got to me.&mdash;A little four-line cablegram from Constantinople
+as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The council of ministers has decided that Miss Clara Barton can work
+  only in conjunction with the Turkish Commission in the distribution
+  of relief, and can only use their lists of destitute Armenians. An
+  Irade to that effect is expected.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No one had thought to inquire if this statement were <em>true</em>, no one had
+referred it to me, and as well as I ought to be known by our people, the
+question if I would be <em>likely</em> to take such a step, seems not to have
+been raised. It had been taken for granted through all America, England,
+and even the Missionary Boards of Turkey, that I had pledged myself and
+signed papers, to distribute the funds entrusted to me, under Turkish
+inspection and from lists furnished by Turkish officials. Myself and my
+officers appeared to be the only persons who had never heard of it.
+Astonished and pained beyond measure it was plainly and emphatically
+denied.</p>
+
+<p>Our press books of that date are marvels of denial. Sir Philip Currie
+and the Turkish Government itself, came to the rescue, declaring that no
+such course was ever intended. Secretary Olney was cabled to try “to
+make the people of America understand that the Turkish Government did
+not interfere with their distribution.” In spite of all this, it went on
+until people and committees were discouraged; the latter cabling that in
+the present state of feeling little or nothing more could be expected,
+and gently suggesting the propriety of sending the balance<a class="pagenum" id="Page_289" title="289"></a> in hand to
+other parties for distribution. My own National Red Cross officers in
+America, hurt and disgusted at the unjust form affairs were taking, in
+sympathy, advised the leaving of the field and returning home.</p>
+
+<p>Here was a singular condition of affairs. A great international work of
+relief, every department of which was succeeding beyond all expectation,
+wherein no mistakes had been made, letters of gratitude and blessing
+pouring in from every field of labor, finances carefully handled and no
+pressure for funds. On the other hand a whole nation in a panic, strong
+committees going to pieces, and brave faithful officers driven through
+pity to despair and contempt, and the cause about to be abandoned and
+given up to the lasting harm of all humanity. So desperate a case called
+for quick and heroic measures. Realizing the position of the committees
+from their own sad reports, I at once cabled relieving them from further
+contributions: “<i>We will finish the field without further aid.</i>” To my
+Red Cross officers I dictated the following letter, which I believe was
+used somewhat by the harassed committees in struggling on to their feet
+again:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline">
+    <span class="smcap">Ayaz-Pacha, Taxim, Constantinople</span>, <em>April 18, 1896</em>.
+  </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">P.V. DeGraw, Esq.</span>, <em>Corresponding Secretary</em>,<br />
+  <span class="pad10"><em>American National Red Cross, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.</em>:</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear. Mr. DeGraw</span>: I received both your and Stephen E. Barton’s
+  heavy-hearted and friendly letters, and they fell on soil about as
+  heavy. I could not understand how it could be, for I knew we had
+  done our best, and I <em>believed</em> the best that could have been done
+  under the circumstances and conditions. I knew we held a great, well
+  organized relief that would be needed as nothing else could be.
+  That, besides us, there was no one to handle the terrible scourge
+  that was settling down&mdash;no one here, no one to come, who could touch
+  it. I knew I was <em>not</em> interfered with; that no “restrictions” nor
+  propositions had been imposed or even offered; that the government
+  was considerate and accorded all I asked.</p>
+
+<p>But what had stirred America up and set it, apparently, against us?
+  The relief societies going to pieces, and turning sad glances here?
+  We could not understand it. I did not wonder that you thought we
+  “had best come home,” still I knew we would not; indeed, we could
+  not. I have a body of relief on these fields, hundreds of miles away
+  in the mountains, a thousand miles from me, that I could not draw
+  off in six weeks, and if we were to, it would be to abandon
+  thousands of poor, sick, suffering wretches to a fate that ought to
+  shock the entire world. Sick, foodless, naked, and not one doctor
+  and no medicine among them; whole cities scourged and left to their
+  fate, to die without a hand raised to help excepting the three or
+  four resolute missionaries, tired, worn, God-serving, at their posts
+  until they drop. The civilized world<a class="pagenum" id="Page_290" title="290"></a> running over with skilful
+  physicians, and not one there; no one to arrange to get them there;
+  to pay expenses, take special charge and thus make it possible for
+  them to go. And we, seeing that state of things, holding in our
+  grasp the relief we had been weeks preparing and organizing in
+  anticipation of this, to turn back, draw off our helpers, send back
+  the doctors already started, give all up because somebody had said
+  something, the press had circulated it, the world had believed it,
+  our disappointed committees had lost heart and grown sore struggling
+  with an occupation rather new to them, and the people had taken
+  alarm and failed to sustain them.</p>
+
+<p>Was this all there was of us? No purpose of our own? “On Change,”
+  like the price of wheat on the market? In the name of God and
+  humanity this field must be carried, these people must be rescued;
+  skill, care, medicines and food for the sick must reach them. And it
+  is a glad sight to my soul to think of Turkish troops taking these
+  bands of doctors on to Marash. They have done it, and are at this
+  very hour marching on with them to their field of labor. What does
+  one care for criticism, disapproval or approval, under circumstances
+  like these. Don’t be troubled&mdash;we can carry it. We are fair
+  financiers, not dismayed, and God helping, can save our hospitals.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It remains to be said that the remedy was effective. The panic settled
+away and it is to be hoped that there are few people in any country
+to-day who do not understand that America’s fund was distributed by its
+own agents, without molestation or advices from the Turkish or any other
+government.</p>
+
+<p>I have named this incident, not so much as a direct feature of the work
+of distribution, nor to elicit sympathy, as to point a characteristic of
+our people and the customs of the times in which we are living, in the
+hope that reflection may draw from it some lessons for the future. One
+cannot fail to see how nearly a misguided enthusiasm, desire for
+sensational news, vital action without thought or reflection, came to
+the overthrowing of their entire object, the destruction of all that had
+been or has since been accomplished for humanity, and the burial of
+their grand work and hopes in a defeated and disgraceful grave, which,
+in their confusion, they would never have realized that they had dug for
+themselves. They are to-day justly proud of their work and the world is
+proud of them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_291" title="291"></a>
+ <img src="images/i054.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">CHIEF OF THE DERSIN KOURDS AND HIS THREE SUB-CHIEFS.<br />
+    <span class="subcaption">(<span class="smcap">North of Harpoot.</span>)</span>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_292" title="292"></a>
+ <img src="images/i055.jpg" width="400" height="551" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">CHIEF OF THE DERSIN KOURDS.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Our very limited number of assistants made it necessary that each take a
+separate charge as soon as possible; and the division at Aintab and the
+hastening of the first division, under Dr. Hubbell, northeastward to
+Marash, left the northwestern route through Oorfa and Diarbekir, to
+Messrs. Wistar and Wood; the objective point for all being Harpoot,
+where they planned to meet at a certain date. Nothing gave <a class="pagenum" id="Page_293" title="293"></a>me greater
+joy than to know they would meet our brave and world-honored
+countrywoman, Miss Shattuck, isolated, surrounded by want and misery,
+holding her fort alone, and that something from our hands could go to
+strengthen hers, emptied by the needs of thousands every day. If they
+might have still gone to Van, and reached our other heroic, capable and
+accomplished countrywoman, Dr. Grace Kimball, it would have been an
+added joy. But the way was long, almost to Ararat; the mountains high
+and the snows deep; and more than all it seemed that the superb
+management of her own grand work made help there less needed than at
+many other less fortunate points. It seemed remarkable that the two
+expeditions separating at Aintab, on the sixth day of April, with no
+trace of each other between, should have met at Harpoot on April 29,
+within three hours of each other; and that when the city turned out <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en
+masse</em>, with its missionaries in the lead, to meet and welcome Dr.
+Hubbell and the Red Cross, that far away in the rear, through masses of
+people from housetop to street, modestly waited the expedition from
+Oorfa.</p>
+
+<p>This expedition containing as it did two leading men, again divided,
+taking between them, as their separate reports show, charges of the
+relief of two hundred villages of the Harpoot vilayet, and later on
+Diarbekir, and that by their active provision and distribution of
+farming implements and cattle and the raising of the hopes and courage
+of the people, they succeeded in securing the harvest and saving the
+grain crops of those magnificent valleys.</p>
+
+<p>While this was in progress, a dispatch came to me at Constantinople,
+from Dr. Shepard, of Aintab, whose tireless hands had done the work of a
+score of men, saying that fevers, both typhoid and typhus, of a most
+virulent nature, had broken out in Arabkir, two or three days north of
+Harpoot; could I send doctors and help? Passing the word on to Dr.
+Hubbell, at Harpoot, the prompt and courageous action was taken by him
+which his report will name, but never fully show. It is something to say
+that from a rising pestilence with a score of deaths daily, in five
+weeks, himself and his assistants left the city in a normally healthful
+condition, in which it remained at last accounts, the mortality ceasing
+at once under their care and treatment.</p>
+
+<p>During this time the medical relief for the cities of Zeitoun and Marash
+was in charge of Dr. Harris, who reached there March 18. The report of
+the consuls had placed the daily number of deaths from the four
+contagious diseases at one hundred. This would be quite probable when it
+is considered that ten thousand were smitten with the prevailing
+diseases, and that added to this were the crowded conditions<a class="pagenum" id="Page_294" title="294"></a> of the
+patients, by the thousands of homeless refugees who had flocked from
+their forsaken villages; the lack of all comforts, of air, cleanliness,
+and a state of prolonged starvation. Dr. Harris’ first report to me was
+that he was obliged to set the soup kettles boiling, and feed his
+patients before medicine could be retained. My reply was a draft for two
+hundred liras, with the added dispatch: “Keep the pot boiling; let us
+know your wants.” The further reports show from this time an
+astonishingly small number of deaths. The utmost care was taken by all
+our expeditions to prevent the spread of the contagion and there is no
+record of its ever having been carried out of the cities, where it was
+found, either at Zeitoun, Marash, or Arabkir. Lacking this precaution,
+it might well have spread throughout all Asia Minor, as was greatly
+feared by the anxious people. On the twenty-fourth of May Dr. Harris
+reported the disease as overcome. His stay being no longer needed, he
+returned to his great charge in Tripoli with the record of a medical
+work and success behind him never surpassed if ever equaled. The lives
+he had saved were enough to gain heaven’s choicest diadem. Never has
+America cause to be so justly proud and grateful as when its sons and
+daughters in foreign lands perform deeds of worth like that.</p>
+
+<p>The appalling conditions at Zeitoun and Marash on the arrival of Dr.
+Harris, naturally led him to call for more physicians, and the most
+strenuous efforts were made to procure them, but the conditions of the
+field were not tempting to medical men. Dr. Post had already sent the
+last recruit from Beyrout, still he manfully continued his efforts.
+Smyrna was canvassed through the efforts of our prompt and efficient
+Consul, Colonel Madden, on whom I felt free to make heavy drafts,
+remembering tenderly as we both did, when we stood together in the Red
+Cross relief of the Ohio floods of 1884. Failing there, I turned my
+efforts upon Constantinople. Naturally, we must seek nationalities
+outside of Armenians. We succeeded in finding four Greek physicians, who
+were contracted with, and sailed May 11, through perplexing delays of
+shipping, taking with them large and useful medical supplies and
+delicacies for the sick, as well as several large disinfecting machines
+which were loaned to us by the Turkish Government, Dr. Zavitziano, a
+Greek physician, who kindly assisted us in many ways, conducting the
+negotiations. Through unavoidable delays they were able to reach
+Alexandretta only on May 25. By this time the fevers had been so far
+overcome that it was not deemed absolutely necessary for them to proceed
+to Marash; and after conferring with Dr. Harris, they returned to
+Constantinople, still remaining under kindly contract without
+remunera<a class="pagenum" id="Page_295" title="295"></a>tion to go at once if called upon by us even to the facing of
+cholera, if it gained a foothold in Asia Minor. We should not hesitate
+to call for the services of these gentlemen even at this distance if
+they became necessary. This was known as the fifth expedition, which,
+although performing less service, was by far the most difficult to
+obtain, and the most firmly and legally organized of any.</p>
+
+<p>The closing of the medical fields threw our entire force into the
+general relief of the vilayet of Harpoot, which the relieving
+missionaries had well named their “bottomless pit,” and where we had
+already placed almost the entire funds of the Boston and Worcester
+committees.</p>
+
+<p>One will need to read largely between the lines of the modest skeleton
+reports of our agents in order to comprehend only approximately the work
+performed by them and set in motion for others to perform. The apathy to
+which the state of utter nothingness, together with their grief and
+fear, had reduced the inhabitants was by no means the smallest
+difficulty to be overcome; and here was realized the great danger felt
+by all&mdash;that of continued almsgiving, lest they settle down into a
+condition of pauperism, and thus, finally starve from the inability of
+the world at large to feed them. The presence of a strange body of
+friendly working people coming thousands of miles to help them, awakened
+a hope and stimulated the desire to help themselves.</p>
+
+<p>It was a new experience that these strangers <em>dared</em> to come to them.
+Although the aforetime home lay a heap of stone and sand, and nothing
+belonging to it remained, still the land was there and when seed to
+plant the ground and the farming utensils and cattle were brought to
+work it with, the faint spirit revived, the weak, hopeless hands
+unclasped, and the farmer stood on his feet again; and when the cities
+could no longer provide the spades, hoes, plows, picks, and shovels, and
+the crude iron and steel to make them was taken to them, the blacksmith
+found again his fire and forge and traveled weary miles with his bellows
+on his back. The carpenter again swung his hammer and drew his saw. The
+broken and scattered spinning wheels and looms from under the storms and
+debris of winter, again took form and motion, and the fresh bundles of
+wool, cotton, flax, and hemp, in the waiting widow’s hand brought
+hopeful visions of the revival of industries which should not only
+clothe but feed.</p>
+
+<p>At length, in early June, the great grain fields of Diarbekir, Farkin
+and Harpoot valleys, planted the year before, grew golden and bowed
+their heavy spear-crowned heads in waiting for the sickle. But no
+sickles were there, no scythes, not even knives, and it was a new and
+sorry sight for our full-handed American farming men, to see those<a class="pagenum" id="Page_296" title="296"></a>
+poor, hard, Asiatic hands, trying by main strength to break the tough
+straw or pull it by the roots. This state of things could not continue,
+and their sorrow and pity gave place to joy when they were able to drain
+the cities of Harpoot and Diarbekir of harvest tools, and turned the
+work of all the village blacksmiths on to the manufacture of sickles and
+scythes, and of the flint workers upon the rude threshing machines.</p>
+
+<p>They have told me since their return that the pleasantest memories left
+to them were of those great valleys of golden grain, bending and falling
+before the harvesters, men and women, each with the new sharp sickle or
+scythe&mdash;the crude threshing planks, the cattle trampling out the grain,
+and the gleaners in the rear as in the days of Abraham and Moab. God
+grant that somewhere among them was a kind-hearted king of the harvest
+who gave orders to let some sheaves fall.</p>
+
+<p>Even while this saving process was going on, another condition no less
+imperative arose. These fields must be replanted for the coming year, or
+starvation had been simply delayed. Only the strength of their old time
+teams of oxen could break up the hard sod and prepare for the fall
+sowing. Not an animal&mdash;ox, cow, horse, goat or sheep&mdash;had been left. All
+had been driven to the Kourdish mountains. When Mr. Wood’s telegram
+came, calling for a thousand oxen for the hundreds of villages, some of
+which were very large, I thought of our not rapidly swelling bank
+account, and all that was needed everywhere else, and replied
+accordingly. But when, in return, came the telegram from the Rev. Dr.
+Gates, president of Harpoot College, the live, active, practical man of
+affairs, whose judgment no one could question, saying that the need of
+oxen was imperative, that unless the ground could be ploughed before it
+dried and hardened, it could not be done at all, and the next harvest
+would be lost, and that “Mr. Wood’s estimate was moderate,” I loosened
+my grasp on the bank account and directed the financial secretary to
+send a draft for 5,000 liras ($22,000) to care of Rev. Dr. Gates,
+Harpoot, to be divided among the three expeditions for the purchase of
+cattle and the progress of the harvest of 1897.</p>
+
+<p>This draft left something less than $3,000 with us to finish up the
+field in all other directions. As the sum sent would be immediately
+applied, the active services of the men would be no longer required, and
+directions went with the remittance to report in person at
+Constantinople. Unheard of toil, care, hard riding day and night, with
+risk of life, were all involved in the carrying out of that order. Among
+the uncivilized and robber bands of Kourds, the cattle that had been
+stolen and driven off must be picked up, purchased and brought back to
+the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_297" title="297"></a> waiting farmer’s field. There were routes so dangerous that a
+brigand chief was selected by those understanding the situation as the
+safest escort for our men. Perhaps the greatest danger encountered was
+in the region of Farkin, beyond Diarbekir, where the official escort had
+not been waited for, and the leveled musket of the faithless guide told
+the difference.</p>
+
+<p>At length the task was accomplished. One by one the expeditions closed
+and withdrew, returning by Sivas and Samsoun and coming out by the Black
+Sea. By that time it is probable that no one questioned the propriety of
+their route or longer wondered or cared why they went to Smyrna or
+Alexandretta, Sivas or Samsoun. The perplexed frowns of our anxious
+committees and sympathetic people had long given way to smiles of
+confidence and approval, and glad hands would have reached far over the
+waters to meet ours as warmly extended to them.</p>
+
+<p>With the return of the expeditions we closed the field, but contributors
+would be glad to know that subsequent to this, before leaving
+Constantinople, funds from both the New York and Boston committees came
+to us amounting to some $15,000. This was happily placed with Mr. Peet,
+treasurer of the Board of Foreign Missions at Stamboul, to be used
+subject to our order, and with our concurrence it is now being employed
+in the building of little houses in the interior as a winter shelter and
+protection where all had been destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>The appearance of our men on their arrival at Constantinople confirmed
+the impression that they had not been recalled too soon. They had gone
+out through the snows and ice of winter and without change or rest had
+come back through the scorching suns of midsummer&mdash;five months of rough,
+uncivilized life, faring and sharing with their beasts of burden, well
+nigh out of communication with the civilized world, but never out of
+danger, it seemed but just to themselves and to others who might yet
+need them that change and rest be given them.</p>
+
+<p>Since our entrance upon Turkish soil no general disturbance had taken
+place. One heard only the low rumbling of the thunder after the storm,
+the clouds were drifting southward and settling over Crete and
+Macedonia, and we felt that we might take at least some steps towards
+home. It was only when this movement commenced that we began to truly
+realize how deep the roots of friendship, comradeship, confidence, and
+love had struck back among our newly found friends and countrymen; how
+much a part of ourselves&mdash;educational, humanitarian and official&mdash;their
+work and interest had become, and surely from them we learned anew the
+lesson of reciprocity.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_298" title="298"></a>Some days of physical rest were needful for the men of the expeditions
+after reaching Constantinople before commencing another journey of
+thousands of miles, worn as they were by exposure, hardship and
+incessant labor, both physical and mental. This interval of time was,
+however, mainly employed by them in the preparation of the reports
+submitted with this, and in attention to the letters which followed them
+from their various fields, telling of further need, but more largely
+overflowing with gratitude and blessing for what had been done.</p>
+
+<p>For our financial secretary and myself there could be neither rest nor
+respite while we remained at a disbursing post so well known as ours.
+Indeed there never had been. From the time of our arrival in February to
+our embarkation in August there were but two days not strictly devoted
+to business, the fourth of July and the fifth of August&mdash;the last a
+farewell to our friends. For both of these occasions we were indebted to
+the hospitality of treasurer and Mrs. W.W. Peet, and although held in
+the open air, on the crowning point of Proti, one of the Princes’
+Islands, with the Marmora, Bosporus and Golden Horn in full view, the
+spires and minarets of Constantinople and Scutari telling us of a land
+we knew little of, with peoples and customs strange and incomprehensible
+to us, still there was no lack of the emblem that makes every American
+at home, and its wavy folds of red, white and blue shaded the tables and
+flecked the tasteful viands around which sat the renowned leaders of the
+American missionary element of Asia Minor.</p>
+
+<p>Henry O. Dwight, D.D., the accomplished gentleman and diplomatic head,
+who was the first to suggest an appeal to the Red Cross, and I am glad
+to feel he has never repented him of his decision. One fact in regard to
+Dr. Dwight may be of interest to some hundreds of thousands of our
+people: On first meeting him I was not quite sure of the title by which
+to address him, if reverend or doctor, and took the courage to ask him.
+He turned a glance full of amused meaning upon me as he replied: “That
+is of little consequence; the title I prize most is <em>Captain</em> Dwight.”
+“Of what?” I asked. “Company D, Twentieth Ohio Volunteers, in our late
+war.” The recognition which followed can well be imagined by the
+comrades for whose interest I have named the incident.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Joseph K. Greene, D.D., and his amiable wife, to whom so much is
+due towards the well being of the missionary work of Constantinople. I
+regret that I am not able to reproduce the eloquent and patriotic
+remarks of Dr. Greene on both these occasions, so true to our<a class="pagenum" id="Page_299" title="299"></a> country,
+our government and our laws. Rev. George P. Knapp, formerly of Bitlis,
+whose courage no one questions. Mrs. Lee of Marash, and Mrs. Dr. George
+Washburn of Robert College, the worthy and efficient daughters of Rev.
+Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, the veteran missionary and founder of Robert College,
+living in Lexington, Mass. A half-score of teachers, whose grand lives
+will one day grace the pages of religious history. And last, though by
+no means least, our host, the man of few words and much work, who bears
+the burden of monetary relief for the woes and wants of Asia Minor, W.W.
+Peet, Esq.</p>
+
+<p>It was a great satisfaction that most of our field agents were able to
+be present at the last of these beautiful occasions and personally
+render an account of their stewardship to those who had watched their
+course with such interest. The pleasure of these two days of recreation
+will ever remain a golden light in our memories.</p>
+
+<p>As the first official act of the relief work after our arrival in
+Constantinople was my formal presentation to the Sublime Porte by the
+American Minister, Honorable A.W. Terrell, diplomatic courtesy demanded
+that I take proper occasion to notify the Turkish Government of our
+departure and return thanks for its assistance, which was done formally
+at “Selamlic,” a religious ceremony held on the Turkish Sabbath, which
+corresponds to our Friday. The Court Chamberlain delivered my message to
+the palace. It was received and responded to through the same medium and
+I took my departure, having finished my diplomatic work with that
+government which had from first to last treated me with respect,
+assisted my work and protected my workers.</p>
+
+<p>To correct certain impressions and expressions which have been
+circulating more or less extensively in this country, and for the
+correct information of the people who through their loyal interest
+deserve to know the facts, I make known my entire social relations while
+residing in Turkey. Personally I did not go beyond Constantinople. The
+proper conduct of our work demanded the continuous presence of both our
+financial secretary and myself at headquarters. I never saw, to
+personally communicate with, any member of the Turkish Government
+excepting its Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tewfik Pasha, as named
+previously. I never spoke with the Sultan and have never seen him
+excepting in his carriage on the way to his mosque.</p>
+
+<p>On being informed through our Legation that the Turkish minister at
+Washington, Mavroyeni Bey, had been recalled and that his successor was
+about to leave for his new position, I felt that national courtesy
+required that I call upon him and, attended by a member of our<a class="pagenum" id="Page_300" title="300"></a>
+legation, my secretary and myself crossed the Bosporus to a magnificent
+estate on the Asiatic shore, the palatial home of Moustapha Tahsin Bey,
+a gentleman of culture, who had resided in New York in some legal
+capacity and who, I feel certain, will be socially and officially
+acceptable to our Government.</p>
+
+<p>I have received a decoration, officially described as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Brevet of Chevalier of the Royal Order of Melusine, founded in 1186,
+  by Sibylle, Queen and spouse of King Guy of Jerusalem, and
+  reinstituted several years since by Marie, Princess of Lusignan. The
+  Order is conferred for humanitarian, scientific and other services
+  of distinction, but especially when such services are rendered to
+  the House of Lusignan, and particularly to the Armenian nation. The
+  Order is worn by a number of reigning sovereigns, and is highly
+  prized by the recipients because of its rare bestowal and its
+  beauty. This decoration is bestowed by His Royal Highness, Guy of
+  Lusignan, Prince of Jerusalem, Cyprus and Armenia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i056.jpg" width="500" height="325" alt="ORDRE DES CHEVALIERS DE MÉLUSINE" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_301" title="301"></a>
+ <img src="images/i057.jpg" width="400" height="513" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">TOWER OF CHRIST, CONSTANTINOPLE</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_302" title="302"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+  <div class="figure50">
+     <img src="images/i058a.jpg" width="200" height="267" alt="" />
+     <div class="caption">W.W. PEET, ESQ.</div>
+   </div><div class="figure50">
+     <img src="images/i058b.jpg" width="200" height="264" alt="" />
+     <div class="caption">REV. HENRY O. DWIGHT, D.D.</div>
+   </div>
+  <div class="figure50">
+   <img src="images/i058c.jpg" width="200" height="271" alt="" />
+   <div class="caption">REV. JOS. K. GREENE, D.D.</div>
+   </div><div class="figure50">
+   <img src="images/i058d.jpg" width="200" height="267" alt="" />
+   <div class="caption">REV. GEO. WASHBURN, D.D.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Some months after returning home I received through our State Department
+at Washington the Sultan’s decoration of Shefaket and its accompanying
+diploma in Turkish, a reproduction and translation of which is here
+given:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig400">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_303" title="303"></a>
+ <img src="images/i059.jpg" width="400" height="625" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">TURKISH DIPLOMA ACCOMPANYING DECORATION.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption">As Miss Barton, American citizen, possesses many great and distinguished
+qualities and as recompense is due to her, I am pleased therefore to
+accord to her the second class of my decorations of
+Shefaket.&mdash;[Translation.]</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_304" title="304"></a>The first notice of this honor came to me through our own Smithsonian
+Institute, as indicating its scientific character.</p>
+
+<p>On the ninth of August we took passage on board the steamship “Meteor,”
+a Roumanian steamer plying between Constantinople and the ports of the
+Black Sea, our objective point being Costanza, at the mouth of the
+Danube River. This was our first step toward home, and the leaving of a
+people on whom, in common with the civilized world, our whole heart
+interest had been centred for more than half a year; having no thought,
+however, until the hour of parting revealed it, of the degree of
+interest that had been centred on us.</p>
+
+<p>On the spacious deck of the steamer were assembled our entire American
+representation at Constantinople, prepared to accompany us through the
+Bosporus, their boats having been sent forward to take them off near the
+entrance of the Black Sea.</p>
+
+<p>The magnificent new quay in either direction was crowded with people
+without distinction of nationality, the strange costumes and colors
+commingling in such variety as only an Oriental city can produce,
+patiently waiting the long hour of preparation. When at length the
+hoarse whistle sounded and the boat swayed from its moorings, the dense
+crowd swayed with it and the subdued tones pealed out in tongues many
+and strange; but all had one meaning&mdash;thanks, blessings and God speed.
+We received these manifestations reverently, for while they meant
+kindliness to us and our work, they meant far more of homage and honor
+for the nation and people we represented. And not only in Constantinople
+but the shores of the Bosporous as we proceeded presented similar tokens
+of recognition&mdash;the wavy Stars and Stripes from Robert College, Rebek,
+and Hissar, told more strongly than words how loyal to their own free
+land were the hearts and hands toiling so faithfully in others.</p>
+
+<p>Touching at Budapest for a glimpse at its Millenial Exposition; at
+Vienna to pay respects to our worthy Minister, Hon. Bartlett Tripp; we
+hastened to meet the royal greeting of the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess
+of Baden, at their beautiful island of Minau in Lake Constance&mdash;the
+wedding gift of the Grand Duke to his young princess bride forty-three
+years ago. It was a great pleasure to be able to bring our hard-worked
+men into personal contact with these active royal personages, who know
+so well in their own philanthropic lives how to appreciate such labor in
+others.</p>
+
+<p>Lest some may not recall directly the lines of royal succession, our
+readers will pardon me if I say that the Grand Duchess of Baden is the
+only daughter of the old Emperor William and Empress Augusta,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_305" title="305"></a> the
+sister of Germany’s “Fritz,” the aunt of the present Emperor, the mother
+of the Crown Princess of Sweden, and the granddaughter of the beloved
+Queen Louise, whom she is said to very much resemble.</p>
+
+<p>One day was given to Strasburg&mdash;another labor field of the Franco-German
+war, of longer duration than Armenia&mdash;reaching London on the
+twenty-fourth day of August.</p>
+
+<p>Our passage was engaged on the “Servia,” to sail September 1, when the
+news of the terrible troubles in Constantinople reached us. We were
+shocked and distressed beyond words. The streets where we had passed,
+the people who had served us, the Ottoman Bank where we had transacted
+business almost daily for nearly a half a year, all in jeopardy if not
+destroyed. Our men of the interior feared a general uprising there, in
+which case we might be able to help. Our sense of duty did not permit us
+to proceed until the facts were better known. We cancelled or rather
+transferred our passage by the “Servia,” telegraphed to Constantinople
+and cabled to America, expressing our willingness to return to the field
+if our services were in any way needed. Kindly advices from both
+directions, together with a more quiet condition of things, decided us
+to continue our journey, and engaging passage by the “Umbria” for the
+fifth, we arrived in New York on the twelfth of September, eight months
+lacking ten days from the time of our departure on the twenty-second of
+January.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Distances and Difficulties of Travel, Transportation and Communications.</span></h3>
+
+<p>For the convenience of the closely occupied who have not time to study
+as they read, I have thought it well to condense the information above
+referred to in a paragraph, which can be taken in at a glance, in
+connection with the map.</p>
+
+<p>The one great port of Asia Minor is Constantinople. To reach the centre,
+known as Anatolia or Armenia, there are two routes from Constantinople.
+One by way of the Mediterranean Sea to Alexandretta, the southern port
+or gateway; the other by the Black Sea, to reach the northern ports of
+Samsoun and Trebizond, lying along the southern coast of the Black Sea.
+There is no land route, but a “pony post,” like the overland days of
+California, takes important dispatches for the government, or money. The
+way is infested by brigands.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_306" title="306"></a>There are no regular passenger boats, but Russia, Austria, France and
+Greece have dispatch&mdash;in reality, coasting boats&mdash;one of which aims to
+leave Constantinople each week, although at first we found it at least
+two weeks between the times of sailing and irregular at that.</p>
+
+<p>The time from Constantinople to Alexandretta is eight to ten days. From
+Constantinople to Samsoun, two days. From either of these ports the
+interior must be reached by land.</p>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li>From Alexandretta to Harpoot is fifteen (15) days,</li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marash is five (5) days.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zeitoun is seven (7) days.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oorfa is six (6) days.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Diarbekir is twelve (12) days.</li>
+<li>On the north from Samsoun to Harpoot is fifteen (15) days.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>These journeys were made by horse, mule or donkey, over mountain paths,
+rocks and precipices. Only in comparatively a few places are there roads
+allowing the passing of a wheeled vehicle of any kind, even the passing
+of a horse along the steep declivities is sometimes dangerous.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Communications.</span></h3>
+
+<p>As will be seen, the sending of a letter from Constantinople to the
+interior, requires at the best six weeks, or forty-six days with no
+delays.</p>
+
+<p>Only the large and more important towns have telegraphic communication.
+This requires two, three, four days of a week, according to
+circumstances. These dispatches are all sent and must be answered in
+Turkish.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i060.jpg" width="500" height="312" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">Head of Turkish Telegraph Blank.</div>
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_307" title="307"></a>
+ <img src="images/i143.jpg" width="425" height="218" alt="" />
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">[Translation of above Telegram.]</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<div class="dateline"><span class="smcap">Arabker</span>, May 17, 1896.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Barton</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Since three days we are attending with our doctors and their attendants
+to one hundred sick per day. The contagious fever (typhus) is
+diminishing. Miss Bush and all the party are distributing clothing and
+bedding. Lemme is giving implements and seed to the farmers. The needs
+here are extreme. Wistar’s party are at Pyre. Wood with his party are
+working in the district of Palou.</p>
+
+<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">HUBBELL</span>.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The larger towns have mails usually leaving once a week, carried on
+horses with a military guard. No newspaper is published in Asia Minor.</p>
+
+<p>The missionary stations, with but two or three exceptions, are not near
+the seacoast, but from three to fifteen days’ travel from either the
+Mediterranean or the Black Sea, or three to twenty-five days to the
+nearest Mediterranean port. As will be seen by reference to the map the
+following stations are on the seaboard: Trebizond on the Black Sea;
+Smyrna and a small station near Merisine on the Mediterranean, and
+Constantinople on the Bosporus.</p>
+
+<p>The following are inland and during several months in the winter and
+spring must be nearly, if not quite, inaccessible to outside approach:
+Adabazar, Bardezag, Brousa, Cesarea, Marsovan, Hadjin, Tarsus, Adana,
+Mardin, Aintab, Marash, Sivas, Harpoot, Oorfa, Erzingan, Erzroom, Van,
+Bitlis.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Funds.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It should be distinctly understood by contributors that neither their
+letters, nor any individual contributions came to us; these were
+received by the committees or parties raising the funds in America.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_308" title="308"></a> The
+letters were doubtless faithfully acknowledged, and the various sums of
+money placed in the general fund forwarded to us by them. All
+contributions received by us directly at Constantinople are acknowledged
+in our report.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <img src="images/i061.jpg" width="500" height="395" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">INTERIOR OF GREGORIAN CHURCH AT OORFA, WHERE MANY
+HUNDREDS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE MASSACRED.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although an account of the disposition of all funds is rendered in the
+report of the financial secretary, which, after verification, I signed
+jointly with him, I will, however, at the risk of repetition, take the
+liberty of adding the following remarks on the subject:</p>
+
+<p>It is to be borne always in mind that the <em>amount</em> of money to be
+distributed was never made a concern of ours, provided they were
+actually “<em>funds to distribute</em>.” To the question so frequently and
+kindly asked of us, “Did you have money enough, or were you embarrassed
+in your operations by want of funds?” I beg to have this reply
+intelligently understood: that we had always money enough in hand for
+the work in hand. We were never embarrassed in our operations by lack of
+funds, holding, as I always have, that charitable relief in order to be
+safe and efficient, should be conducted on the same reason<a class="pagenum" id="Page_310" title="310"></a><a class="pagenum" id="Page_309" title="309"></a>able basis
+as business, and that a good business man, unless by accident on the
+part of other persons, or of circumstances, will never find himself
+embarrassed, as he will never undertake more than he has the means to
+successfully accomplish. We were never embarrassed in our operations by
+lack of funds, and our committees will testify that no intimation of
+that kind ever came to them from us. This would have been both unwise
+and unjust. According to the universal system of charitable relief, all
+was being done that could be done; but if asked if we had enough for the
+<em>needs of the people</em>, enough to relieve the distress through desolated
+Asia Minor, enough to make those people comfortable again, then a very
+tender chord has been touched. No hearts in America are more sore than
+ours; its richest mine might drain in that attempt. Our men in the
+interior have seen and lived among what others vainly strive to picture;
+they are men of work, not words, and under heaven have labored to do
+what they could with what they had. It is their stewardship they are
+trying to render to a great-hearted, sympathetic and perplexed people,
+racked by various emotions, seeking light through every channel, and
+conclusively solving and settling in a score of ways, every day,
+problems and questions which have unsettled a considerable portion of
+the world for centuries.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i062.jpg" width="600" height="326" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">MAP SHOWING THE COUNTRY TRAVERSED BY THE RED CROSS
+EXPEDITIONS CARRYING AMERICAN RELIEF TO THE VICTIMS OF THE ARMENIAN
+MASSACRES IN ASIA MINOR IN 1896.</div>
+  <div class="subcaption"><em>The shaded district indicates the territory in which personal work was
+done.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Committees.</span></h3>
+
+<p>On behalf of the wretchedness and suffering met through Asia Minor, we
+return heartfelt thanks to the committees who labored with such untiring
+zeal toward their relief. We were never unmindful of the difficulties
+which they were constantly called to encounter and to overcome. Not
+having in hand the funds desired or even guaranteed, they must raise
+them, and this largely from persons whose sympathies outran their
+generosity, if not their means. This naturally opened the door for
+excuses for withholding, until it could be seen that “something was
+actually being accomplished;” then the doubt if anything “could be
+accomplished;” next the certainty that it “could not be,” and so on
+through whole chapters of dark prophecies and discouragements sufficient
+to dishearten the most hopeful natures, and weaken at times the best
+efforts that could be put forth. Against volumes, nay, oceans of these
+discouragements, our committees must have struggled, with more or less
+of success, and again for their efforts on behalf of such suffering as
+even they never witnessed, we return with reverence our sincerest
+gratitude. Their efforts have been herculean, their obstructions
+scarcely less.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_311" title="311"></a>
+ <img src="images/i063a.jpg" width="500" height="327" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">AMERICAN COLLEGE BUILDINGS, AINTAB.</div>
+ <img src="images/i063b.jpg" width="500" height="361" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">AMERICAN AND ARMENIAN QUARTERS, HARPOOT.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_312" title="312"></a>
+ <img src="images/i064a.jpg" width="500" height="314" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">MARASH</div>
+ <img src="images/i064b.jpg" width="500" height="293" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">RED CROSS CARAVAN.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_313" title="313"></a>The cause of these difficulties lay in the customary conception and
+methods of charitable relief which they were naturally compelled to
+adopt and follow. Until the world comes to recognize that charity is not
+beggary, and should not be made to depend upon it, that a legitimate and
+ready fund to draw from in order to facilitate and validate its
+transactions is as necessary as in other movements, the difficulties of
+our tireless and noble committees will be everywhere met.</p>
+
+<p>It is with these views that the Red Cross has never solicited means in
+aid of its work of relief. Heretofore on all its fields, the people have
+been left free to contribute what they desired, and through whom they
+desired, and it is we believe, a well understood fact, that the use of
+the name of the Red Cross in the raising of funds for the late Armenian
+relief, was simply incidental, one of the methods naturally resorted to
+in order to secure the end, and by no concurrence of ours, as has been
+previously and fully explained.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">To the Press of the United States.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Among the dark hours that came to us in the hopeless waste of work and
+woe on every side, the strong sustaining power has been the Press of the
+United States. While naturally compelled to give circulation to
+unauthorized reports from other sources, it has evidently done it with
+regret, and hastened by strong editorials, in words of no uncertain
+sound, to set right before its readers any errors that may have crept
+in. The American press has always been loyal to the Red Cross and to its
+work, and once more it is our privilege to tender to it our meed of
+grateful praise.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">To the Contributors of the United States,</span></h3>
+
+<p>Whose sympathy, God-like pity and mercy prompted them to the grand work
+of relief for the half million suffering and dying in a land they had
+never seen, whose purses were opened, whose own desires were repressed
+that they might give, not of their abundance, but of their scantiness
+ofttimes, whose confidence made us their almoners, whose whole-hearted
+trust has strengthened us, whose hearts have been with us, whose prayers
+have followed us, whose hopes have sustained us, and whose beckoning
+hands were held out in tenderness to welcome us back to them, what can
+be said, what can be done, but to bow our<a class="pagenum" id="Page_314" title="314"></a> heads in grateful recognition
+of the words of unexpected commendation which nearly overwhelm us, and
+pray the gracious God that He bless our work, to the measure of the
+praise bestowed.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">To our Government at Washington</span>;</h3>
+
+<p>To its cordial sympathy so warmly expressed through its honored
+Secretaries of State and Navy, and through whose ready access we were at
+all times able to reach the public, our earnest and respectful thanks
+are rendered, begging our warm-hearted people to bear in mind that our
+rulers are a part of, and like themselves; that the security of the
+government lies largely in the fact that responsibility tends to
+conservatism&mdash;not necessarily less sympathetic, but less free, more
+responsible and more thoughtful.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">To our Legation in Constantinople.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Our thanks are due to our genial minister, Hon. A.W. Terrell, his
+accomplished secretary, and <i>chargé d’affairs</i>, J.W. Riddle, his
+interpreter and dragoman, Gargiulo; our Consul General, Luther Short,
+Esq.; the consular interpreter, Demetriades, from every one of whom we
+received unremitting care and attention during all the months of our
+residence at Constantinople, and without which aid we could not have
+succeeded in our work. There was not an hour that their free service was
+not placed at our command. Through them all governmental business was
+transacted. The day was never too long nor the night too short for any
+active help they could render; I only hope that our diplomatic service
+at all courts is as faithfully and cheerfully rendered as at
+Constantinople. In this connection I desire to make special mention of
+the assistance of United States Consul, Dr. Milo A. Jewett, at Sivas,
+and Consular Agent, Daniel Walker, at Alexandretta.</p>
+
+<p>Both personally and officially I believe the record of Minister Terrell
+will sustain him. While firm and direct of speech he is a man of
+uncommon courtesy, abounding in the old time hospitality of his native
+state, Virginia. If at the close of his official term, he shall be able
+to report that through all the months&mdash;nay, years&mdash;of unheard-of
+troubles, dangers and deaths in the country to which he was assigned,
+while some hundreds of his fellow citizens were constantly and
+peculiarly exposed to these dangers, that with no direct governmental
+aid or authority, without even a ship of his own country in port, that
+no life<a class="pagenum" id="Page_315" title="315"></a> in his charge has been lost, and that only such dangers,
+hardships and losses as were incident to the terrible transactions about
+them had been inflicted upon them, we will, I trust, look calmly at the
+results, and decide that if this were not diplomacy, it was a very good
+substitute.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">To the Ambassadors of Other Nations at Constantinople.</span></h3>
+
+<p>To these high and honorable gentlemen our thanks are due. To Sir Philip
+Currie of England, there seemed to come no difference in sentiment
+between our people and his own; a tower of strength where-ever he took
+hold. Germany and Russia were cordial and ready to aid, as also our
+English Consul, R.A. Fontana, at Harpoot, and C.M. Hallward, at
+Diarbekir; and following these, may I also name the ready help of
+Reuter’s Express and the United and Associated Presses of both
+Constantinople and London.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Commendatory.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Here is a phase of our work which should not be entirely passed by, and
+yet, if only partially taken up would overrun our entire report. Only
+one or two excerpts must suffice to show what the others might mean.</p>
+
+<p>From Rev. Dr. H.O. Dwight, one word among the many so generously spoken:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Miss Barton has done a splendid work, sensibly and economically
+  managed. Wherever her agents have been, the missionaries have
+  expressed the strongest approval of their methods and efficiency.
+  The work done has been of great and permanent importance.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From Rev. Joseph K. Greene, D.D., to the New York “<cite>Independent</cite>”:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>After some six months of service, Miss Clara Barton and her five
+  able assistants have left Constantinople on their return to America.
+  It was only on the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_316" title="316"></a> earnest solicitation of the missionaries, the
+  officers of the American Board and many other friends of the
+  suffering Armenians that Miss Barton undertook the relief in this
+  land. The difficulties of the work, arising from the suspicions of
+  the Turkish authorities, the distance from the capital to the
+  sufferers, the perils and discomforts in communicating with them,
+  and from unfamiliarity with the languages and customs of the people
+  of the land, would surely have appalled a less courageous heart.
+  Under such circumstances it is only just and fair that the American
+  public should be apprised of the substantial success of this mission
+  of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, Miss Barton has shown a rare faculty in getting
+  on well with everybody. To facilitate her work she, and the
+  assistants whom she loves to call “my men,” laid aside all the
+  insignia of the Red Cross and appeared everywhere simply as private
+  individuals. She clearly understood that she could accomplish her
+  mission only by securing the confidence and good will of the
+  authorities, and this she did by her patience and repeated
+  explanations, and by the assistance of the American Legation. When
+  the <em>iradé</em>, or imperial decree sanctioning her mission, was
+  delayed, she sent forward her assistants with only a traveling
+  permit for a part of the way, trusting, and not in vain, that the
+  local authorities, instructed from headquarters, would facilitate
+  their way. As a matter of fact, while Mr. Pullman, her secretary and
+  treasurer, remained at Constantinople with Miss Barton, her
+  distributing agents, namely, Dr. Hubbell and Mr. Mason, Mr. Wistar
+  and Mr. Wood, either together or in two parties, traveled inland
+  from Alexandretta to Killis, Aintab, Marash, Zeitoun, Birejik,
+  Oorfa, Diarbekir, Farkin, Harpoot, Palou, Malatia, Arabkir, Egin,
+  Sivas, Tokat, Samsoun and back to Constantinople without
+  interruption or molestation. They were readily and constantly
+  supplied with guards, and could not with safety have made their
+  perilous four months’ journey without them. Demands are said to have
+  been made that the distribution of aid be made under the supervision
+  of government officials, but in fact, Miss Barton’s agents knew how
+  to make their distributions in every place, after careful
+  consultation and examination, without any interference on the part
+  of the authorities.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Barton received in all about $116,000, and an unexpended
+  balance of $15,400 was committed to Mr. Peet, the treasurer of the
+  American Missions in Turkey, to be held as an emergency fund,
+  subject to Miss Barton’s orders. No expense has been incurred for
+  Miss Barton or her agents save for traveling expenses and the wages
+  of interpreters, and with this exception the entire sum expended has
+  gone to the actual relief of the sufferers. While the fund committed
+  to the Anglo-American Committee, of which Mr. Peet is a member&mdash;a
+  sum four to five times the amount committed to Miss Barton&mdash;has been
+  expended through the missionaries, largely to save the hungry from
+  starvation, the relief through the agents of the Red Cross has for
+  the most part been wisely devoted to the putting of the poor
+  sufferers on their feet again, and thus helping them to help
+  themselves. Some 500 liras (a lira is $4.40 of <em>good</em> money) were
+  given for the cure and care of the sick in Marash, Zeitoun and
+  elsewhere, and some 2,000 liras’ worth of cloths, thread, pins and
+  needles were sent inland; but many times this amount was expended in
+  providing material for poor widows, seeds, agricultural implements
+  and oxen for farmers; tools for blacksmiths and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_317" title="317"></a> carpenters, and
+  looms for weavers. In some places Miss Barton’s agents had the
+  pleasure of seeing vegetable gardens coming forward from seed
+  furnished by the Red Cross, and village farmers reaping the grain
+  with sickles which the Red Cross had given. The great want now&mdash;a
+  want which the funds of the Red Cross agents did not permit them to
+  any large extent to meet&mdash;is aid to the poor villagers to help them
+  rebuild their burned and ruined houses, and thus provide for
+  themselves shelter against the rigors of the coming winter. The Red
+  Cross agents have, however, gathered a great stock of information;
+  and passing by the horrors of the massacres and the awful abuse of
+  girls and women, as unimpeachable witnesses they can bear testimony
+  to the frightful sufferings and needs of the people. We most
+  sincerely hope and pray that Miss Barton and the agents and friends
+  of the Red Cross will not esteem their work in Turkey done, but
+  knowing now so well just what remains to be done, and what can be
+  done, will bend every effort to secure further relief for the widows
+  and orphans of the more than sixty thousand murdered men&mdash;mostly
+  between the ages of eighteen and fifty&mdash;whose lives no earthly arm
+  was outstretched to save.</p>
+
+<p>While we gratefully bear witness to the wise and indefatigable
+  efforts of Miss Barton’s <em>agents</em>, permit us to add that during her
+  more than six months’ stay in Constantinople Miss Barton gave
+  <em>herself</em> unremittingly to the work of her mission. She seems to
+  have had no time for sight-seeing, and not a few of her friends are
+  disposed to complain that she had no time to accept the invitations
+  of those who would have been glad to entertain her. The only
+  relaxation she seems to have given herself was on two occasions&mdash;the
+  first, a Fourth of July picnic with a few American friends, on one
+  of the Princes’ Islands, and the second, another picnic on the same
+  island, on Wednesday, August 5, when, with three of her “men,” she
+  met some twenty American lady teachers and missionaries, in order to
+  bid them a courteous farewell. The first occasion she unqualifiedly
+  declared to have been the happiest Fourth of July she had ever had;
+  and inspired by the occasion, she penned some verses which she
+  kindly read to her friends on the second gathering, and which we
+  very much wish she would permit the editor of the <cite>Independent</cite> to
+  publish. On the second occasion, at Miss Barton’s request, the
+  financial secretary read his report and Dr. Hubbell and Mr. Wood
+  presented reports of the work of distribution. We gratefully
+  acknowledged the honor done us in permitting us to hear these
+  reports; and, remembering our concern for Miss Barton while
+  preparing for the work of distribution six months ago, we gladly
+  expressed our joy and congratulations now on the happy return of her
+  faithful and efficient agents, of whom it may be truly said that
+  they went and saw and conquered. We rejoiced that these new friends
+  had come to know so well the American missionaries in Turkey, and
+  were truly thankful for a mutually happy acquaintance. We wished
+  Miss Barton and her “men” a hearty welcome on their arrival, and,
+  now, with all our hearts, we wish them god-speed on their return
+  home.</p>
+
+<p class="salutation"><em>Constantinople, Turkey.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The little “verses” so kindly referred to by Dr. Greene, were not even
+written, but were a simple train of thought that took rhythmic<a class="pagenum" id="Page_318" title="318"></a> form as
+we crossed over the sea of Marmora, on our way to an island celebration
+of the Fourth of July. Later I found time to put them on paper and read
+them to the guests at our farewell meeting, presenting them to our host,
+Mr. W.W. Peet. They appear to have gained a favor far beyond their
+merit, and by request of many friends they are given place in the report
+as a “part of its history.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i065.jpg" width="400" height="529" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">AN ANCIENT MOSQUE IN KILLIS.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_319" title="319"></a>MARMORA.</h3>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+ <div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">It was twenty and a hundred years, oh blue and rolling sea,</div>
+   <div class="line">A thousand in the onward march of human liberty,</div>
+   <div class="line">Since on its sunlit bosom, wind-tossed and sails unfurled,</div>
+   <div class="line">Atlantic’s mighty billows bore a message to the world.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">It thunders down its rocky coast, and stirs its frugal homes;</div>
+   <div class="line">The Saxon hears it as he toils, the Indian as he roams;</div>
+   <div class="line">The buffalo upon the plains, the panther in his lair,</div>
+   <div class="line">And the eagle hails the kindred note, and screams it through the air.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">“Make way for liberty,” it roared, “here let the oppressed go free,</div>
+   <div class="line">Break loose your bands of tyrant hands, this land is not for thee.</div>
+   <div class="line">The old world in its crusted grasp grinds out the souls of men,</div>
+   <div class="line">Here plant their feet in freedom’s soil, this land was made for them.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">The mother slept in her island home, but the children heard the call,</div>
+   <div class="line">And ere the western sun went down, had answered, one and all;</div>
+   <div class="line">For Britain’s thirteen colonies had vanished in a day,</div>
+   <div class="line">And six and half a hundred men had signed their lives away.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">And brows were dark, and words were few, the steps were quick and strong,</div>
+   <div class="line">And firm the lips as ever his who treasures up a wrong;</div>
+   <div class="line">And stern the tone that offered up the prayer beside the bed,</div>
+   <div class="line">And many a Molly Stark that night wept silent tears of dread.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">The bugles call, and swords are out, and armies march abreast,</div>
+   <div class="line">And the old world casts a wondering glance to the strange light in the west;</div>
+   <div class="line">Lo, from its lurid lightnings play, free tossing in the wind,</div>
+   <div class="line">Bursts forth the star-gemmed flag that wraps the hopes of all mankind.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">And weary eyes grew brighter then, and fainting hearts grew strong,</div>
+   <div class="line">And hope was mingled in the cry, “How long, oh Lord, how long?”</div>
+   <div class="line">The seething millions turn and stir and struggle toward the light;</div>
+   <div class="line">The free flag streams, and morning gleams where erst was hopeless night.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">And grim Atlantic thunders still adown its rocky shores,</div>
+   <div class="line">And still the eagle screams his note, as aloft he sails and soars;</div>
+   <div class="line">And hope is born, that even thou, in some far day to come,</div>
+   <div class="line">O blue and rolling Marmora, shalt bear the message home.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="line">Dedicated to W.W. Peet, Esq.<span class="pad30 smcap">Clara Barton.</span></div>
+  <div class="line"><span class="pad10"><em>Constantinople, July 4, 1896.</em></span></div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tb" />
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_320" title="320"></a>Reports are always tedious. If some reader, having persevered thus far,
+if such there be, shall find himself or herself saying with a little
+thrill of disappointment, “But this does not give the information
+expected, it does not recommend any specific course to be pursued,
+whether emigration for the Armenians, and if so, where, and how; or
+autonomy, and if so, how to be secured, and assured; if more ships
+should be sent, and what they should do when there; if greater pressure
+of the Powers should be demanded by us, or what course, as a nation, we
+ought to pursue. We had expected some light on these questions.”</p>
+
+<p>Appreciating and regretting this disappointment, we must remind our
+anxious readers and friends&mdash;for such they are&mdash;that we have never been
+required to do this; that all conclusions to that effect are simply
+inferential, and all such expectations were born of anxious hope. But
+that which we feel <em>does</em> immediately concern us, and comes directly
+within our province, is, to state that notwithstanding all that has been
+done through all sources, infinitely more remains to be done by some
+one; and while speculation upon the moral duty of nations, the rights or
+wrongs of governments, the problem of whether one ruler or another shall
+sit upon a throne for the next six months; what expressions of
+individual principle in regard to certain actions should be given; the
+proper stand for a people to take and maintain on high moral and
+religious questions&mdash;all important subjects&mdash;none value them more than
+I&mdash;all marking the high tone and progressive spirit of the most advanced
+stage of human thought and culture the world has yet known, it would
+seem that each and all of these, imperative and important as they are,
+admit of at least a little moment of time for consideration, and will
+probably take it whether admitted or not.</p>
+
+<p>But the facts are, that between the Archipelago and the Caspian Seas,
+the Black and the Mediterranean, are to-day living a million and a half
+of people of the Armenian race, existing under the ordinances of, at
+least, semi-civilization, and professing the religion of Jesus Christ;
+that according to the stated estimate of intelligent and impartial
+observers of various countries and concurred in by our own agents, whose
+observations have been unrestricted, from 100,000 to 200,000 of these
+persons, men, women and children, are destitute of shelter, raiment,
+fire, food, medicines, the comforts that tend to make human life
+preservable, or any means of obtaining them, save through the charitable
+beneficence of the world.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig600">
+  <div class="figure50">
+    <img src="images/i066a.jpg" width="225" height="304" alt="" />
+    <div class="caption">REV. C.F. GATES, D.D. HARPOOT.</div>
+   </div><div class="figure50">
+    <img src="images/i066b.jpg" width="225" height="308" alt="" />
+    <div class="caption">MISS CAROLINE E. BUSH HARPOOT.</div>
+  </div>
+  <img src="images/i066c.jpg" width="500" height="374" alt="" />
+    <div class="caption">FIRST EXPEDITION EMBARKING ON FERRY BOAT, EUPHRATES RIVER.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The same estimates concur in the statement, that without such outside
+support, at least 50,000 of these persons will have died of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_323" title="323"></a><a class="pagenum" id="Page_322" title="322"></a><a class="pagenum" id="Page_321" title="321"></a>
+starvation or perished through accumulated hardship, before the first of
+May, 1897.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig400">
+ <img src="images/i067.jpg" width="400" height="580" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton</div>
+ <div class="caption">A TURKISH TESKERE OR PASSPORT.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>That even now it is cold in their mountain recesses, the frosts are
+whitening the rocky crests, trodden by their wandering feet, and long
+before Christmas the friendly snow will have commenced to cover their
+graves.</p>
+
+<p>These facts, bare and grim, are what I have to present to the American
+people; and if it should be proposed to make any use of them there is
+not much time for consideration. We have hastened, without loss of a
+day, to bring them plainly and truthfully before the public as a subject
+pertaining peculiarly to it.</p>
+
+<p>I would like to add that this great work of human relief should not fall
+<em>wholly</em> upon the people of our own country&mdash;by no means without its own
+suffering poor&mdash;neither would it. The people of most enlightened nations
+should unite in this relief, and I believe, properly conferred with,
+would do so.</p>
+
+<p>None of us have found any better medium for the dispensation of
+charitable relief than the faithful missionaries already on the ground,
+and our government officers, whose present course bespeaks their active
+interest.</p>
+
+<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Clara Barton.</span></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i068.jpg" width="300" height="310" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A BIT OF PALOU.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_324" title="324"></a>REPORT OF THE FINANCIAL SECRETARY.</h3>
+
+<p>The following financial report, of necessity, has to deal with the
+currencies of five different countries, viz.: American, English, French,
+Austrian and Turkish, but as nearly all except expenses of travel and
+maintenance are in Turkish money, and as American, English, French and
+other moneys received were naturally reduced to the coin of the Ottoman
+Empire, we were obliged to make our accounts to correspond. As the
+report is made on the gold basis of 100 piasters to a lira, our friends
+may easily find the value in American money by multiplying the number of
+piasters by 4.4, as a gold lira (100 piasters) is approximately worth
+four and four-tenths dollars.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the difference in values between gold and silver coin, the wide
+range of values between the same coin in different cities, also the
+singular variation of the purchasing power of the same coin in the same
+cities for various commodities, complicated and curious mathematical
+problems have constantly confronted us, and for the correctness and
+accuracy of our report we are under many obligations to W.W. Peet, Esq.,
+treasurer of the American Board of Foreign Missions; the officers of the
+Imperial Ottoman and Credit Lyonnais Banks; as well as George Künzel,
+Esq., expert accountant of the Administration de la Dette Publique
+Ottomane. Our grateful acknowledgments are also due and heartily given
+to Rev. Dr. H.O. Dwight, the executive head of the Missionary Board at
+Constantinople, and Rev. Dr. George Washburn, president of Robert
+College, for many valuable suggestions.</p>
+
+<p>To give a single illustration of the acrobatic acquirements of the
+sprightly piaster, the ignus fatuus characteristics of the mejidieh
+(nom. 20 piasters), and the illusive proclivities of the lira, we will
+outline a transaction connected with our first medical expedition, under
+Dr. Ira Harris, of Tripoli, Syria. We had sent four hundred liras to Dr.
+George E. Post, of Beyrout, who was fitting out the expedition for us,
+and presumed we would receive a receipt for that amount, or for 40,000
+piasters, its equivalent. The acknowledgment came, and we were somewhat
+nonplussed to note that we had been credited with a sum far exceeding
+that amount. A letter of inquiry was sent, as we supposed our good
+doctor had made an error. We quote a paragraph or two in his letter of
+reply: “I am not surprised that you do not quite understand the
+intricacies of Turkish finance. After thirty-three years of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_325" title="325"></a> residence,
+I am still trying to get some idea of what a piaster is. * * * In
+Beyrout it is worth one piaster and five paras, with variations; a
+mejidieh is worth from nineteen piasters to almost anything. Every town
+has its rate. * * * The nominal value changes daily. Thus if I credit
+you to-day with 123.20 piasters on the lira, next week I may be out of
+pocket, or vice versa. * * * Internally, it is well nigh impossible to
+keep accounts. * * * The only way our college books are kept is by
+giving the rate as it is when the account is entered, and as it appears
+in all receipts and other vouchers.”</p>
+
+<p>We were much gratified with this assurance, for if a college president,
+after thirty-three years’ study, had not solved the piaster puzzle,
+there was some excuse for us. Hundreds of accounts and bills have been
+received, audited and paid, and scarcely any two correspond in piaster
+equivalents. Therefore, although the money unit is the gold piaster, and
+the monetary standard the gold lira, the frequent changes in valuation
+is very bewildering to foreigners, and necessitates frequent conference
+with persons who, after long years of residence, have reached an
+equitable basis by which monetary equivalents can be ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>A glance at our column of receipts shows a considerable variation in
+rates of exchange, and also the selling price of British gold (most of
+our drafts and cabled credits were in English sovereigns). We sold the
+greater part of our gold at a rate exceeding 110, which is the
+commercial rate in business transactions. In all credits received, the
+values are of course given according to the rate on the day of sale.</p>
+
+<p>Many of our accounts, receipts and vouchers are curiosities, as they are
+in various languages, Arabic, Kourdish, Turkish, Armenian, Greek,
+Italian, etc. They were interesting but at the same time exceedingly
+perplexing to us, though our expert accountant found no difficulty with
+any of them, and right here we desire to make special acknowledgment to
+Mr. Künzel for his excellent but unpaid services.</p>
+
+<p>In our column of expenses will be found an exceedingly rare Red Cross
+item, namely, “Wages Account.” All the native or local doctors and
+apothecaries with one exception, had to be paid “contagious disease
+rates,” as they called it. The exception was Dr. Ira Harris, of Tripoli,
+Syria, that brave and self-sacrificing American, whose great medical
+ability and splendid surgical skill accomplished so much in curing the
+sick in the terribly distressed cities of Marash and Zeitoun, with their
+many surrounding villages. We are glad to make this public
+acknowledgment in full appreciation of his heroic services. Besides the
+doctors, there were interpreters and dragomen for the various
+expeditions in the field to whom wages were paid. No adverse<a class="pagenum" id="Page_326" title="326"></a> reflection
+is designed in the making of this statement, as the conditions
+surrounding life and service in that region of operation made such
+remuneration an equitable necessity.</p>
+
+<p>It is, we think, a well understood fact that the Red Cross officers
+neither receive nor ask any remuneration for their services, but away
+from our own country we did not find the splendid volunteer aids we have
+had on former fields. But few could be found, and these we have had with
+us both in Constantinople and Asia Minor, and very efficient helpers
+they have been; to these our thanks are due and cordially given.</p>
+
+<p>After our expeditions had entered the field, and begun work, the first
+remittances to our chief officers were sent in a manner which for
+slowness and seeming insecurity would have appalled American business
+men. The <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus operandi</em> was as follows: A check for the amount desired
+was drawn and taken to the bank; after half an hour or more the gold
+would be weighed out and handed over&mdash;our bankers would have performed
+the same service in two minutes. The coin was then put into a piece of
+stout canvas cloth, done up in a round ball, securely tied and taken to
+the Imperial Turkish postoffice, where it was placed in a piece of
+sheepskin, all the ends brought together very evenly, cut off square and
+covered with sealing wax, the strong cords binding the package in a
+peculiar manner were woven in so that the ends could be passed through a
+small wooden box like a pill box; this box was filled with wax. After
+the imperial post and our seals were attached, bakshish given, and the
+package insured in an English company, the only thing remaining after
+the three or four hours’ work and delay was to go home and, with fear
+and trembling, wait some twenty-five or thirty days until the pony
+express arrived at its destination and acknowledgment by telegraph of
+the receipt of the money relieved the nervous strain as far as <em>that</em>
+package was concerned. This trying business was kept up until it became
+possible to use drafts in the interior. We are happy to report that,
+though the money had to be taken through a country infested with
+robbers, outlaws and brigands, we never lost a lira.</p>
+
+<p>Bakshish is another custom of the country, infinitely more exasperating
+than our “tip” system, which is bad enough. This is trying to most
+people, but peculiarly irritating to a financial secretary. Bakshish is
+a gift of money which an Oriental expects and demands for the most
+trifling service. Beggars, by instinct, seem to know a financial
+secretary and swarm around in the most appalling manner. To make any
+headway with this horde at least two Turkish words must be<a class="pagenum" id="Page_327" title="327"></a> mastered the
+first day, namely, “<em>Yok</em>,” No, and “<em>Hidé-git</em>,” “Be off with you.”
+These expressions are sometimes efficacious with beggars, but the
+bakshish fiend must be paid something.</p>
+
+<p>As long columns of figures have no interest to the great majority of
+people, and detailed accounts of receipts and expenses are never read,
+as it is of no possible importance what moneys were received at certain
+times, or what goods were purchased on specific days for the field work,
+or gold or drafts sent into the interior, we give our statement in as
+condensed a form as possible. The committees have received their
+respective reports, with all vouchers and other detail.</p>
+
+<p>We believe the account of our stewardship will be approved by our
+countrymen; we know that the people whom we came to assist, are grateful
+and thoroughly appreciative, as numberless letters of gratitude,
+testimonials and personal statements abundantly prove.</p>
+
+<p>To the $116,326.01, at least a third if not a half more should be added,
+as in all kinds of industrial business we have made the money do double
+duty. For instance: We purchased iron and steel and gave to the
+blacksmiths to make tools. That started their work. They paid us for the
+iron and steel in tools; these we gave to other artisans to start their
+various trades. In like manner spinning, weaving and garment-making
+avocations were commenced. Speaking of values, the consensus of opinion
+of our countrymen in the interior is, that putting a price on our work,
+the people of Anatolia have gained twice or thrice the actual money
+spent, and that the moral support given was far beyond any valuation.
+(At such a money valuation then, the aggregate value of the chief
+distribution will be nearly $350,000.)
+
+A few words of explanation in regard to the table of expenditures: “Cash
+sent to the Interior” includes all moneys sent by pony express or draft,
+and of this amount something over seven thousand liras are in the hands
+of W.W. Peet, Esq.; Rev. C.F. Gates, at Harpoot; C.M. Hallward, Esq.,
+British Consul, at Diarbekir; Rev. E.H. Perry, at Sivas, and other
+equally responsible representatives, for an emergency fund, to be used,
+on order, as occasion requires.</p>
+
+<p>“Relief Expeditions, General and Medical,” represents largely the goods
+purchased and shipped with the four expeditions from Constantinople and
+Beyrout for relief purposes. A portion of this supply is still held at
+different stations awaiting the proper time for its distribution to the
+best advantage.</p>
+
+<p>“General Expense Account” represents freights, postage, bakshish,
+hammals, car fares, carriages, etc. “Donations for Relief of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_328" title="328"></a> Orphan
+Children” represents sums of money given to the Armenian and German
+hospitals for Armenian refugee children. The other items we think
+explain themselves.</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that the special Red Cross fund, as noted in our
+tabulation of debits and credits, more than covers expenses of “Red
+Cross Headquarters, Field,” “Travel and Maintenance,” “General Expense
+and Wages Accounts,” and “General and Medical Relief Expeditions
+Accounts,” all of which items were of direct benefit to the field as all
+were necessary to the successful conduct of our work. We only mention
+this to show that, besides the work we have been able to successfully
+perform, the Red Cross has also materially contributed monetarily to the
+field. And it will not be out of place to note that in the total of cash
+expended ($116,326.01) there is shown to be an administrative cost
+amounting to $7,526.37, as covered by such items as “Telegrams and
+Cables,” “Wages Account,” “General Expense,” “Headquarters, Field,”
+“Stationery and Printing,” and “Travel and Maintenance.” This cost was
+but a fraction over 6 per cent on the cash total. If the estimated money
+value in field results be taken at three times the cash received and
+paid, for relief material, food, etc., as stated, it will be found that
+the cost of administration is only about 2 per cent. In either account
+or estimate the result is gratifying though not surprising to the
+officers of the Red Cross, since the methods pursued are the fruits of a
+wide experience that evaded no responsibility and learned only to spend
+wisely for the trust imposed and accepted. It is also satisfactory to
+know that such expenditures came direct from the “Special Funds” of the
+Red Cross itself. An examination of the balance sheets accompanying this
+report shows that of funds expended, the Red Cross is credited with
+$24,641.93, which leaves an excess for relief over the cost of
+administration of $17,115.56.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps this brief financial review of the work achieved may be properly
+closed by a reference to the sincere enthusiasm and earnestness with
+which the efforts to raise funds in the United States were animated. The
+incidents herein mentioned may also illustrate how the wisdom of
+experience accepts the earnestness and yet discounts without criticism
+the over confident calculations, to which a noble zeal may run. It would
+appear that the collection of funds for the purpose of relieving a
+Christian people in danger of starvation and violent death by knife or
+bullet&mdash;of aiding a historic race in the throes of dissolution from
+massacre, and dispersion in winter by storm and famine, would be a very
+easy thing to accomplish. A good many of our countrymen, unaccustomed to
+great relief work, found the collection of the means<a class="pagenum" id="Page_329" title="329"></a> needed, a task
+more than difficult. A single illustration will prove how misleading is
+the conception. It must be borne in mind always that the Red Cross never
+solicits funds. It sees its field of benefit work and having fully
+examined the needs, states them through the press and all other public
+avenues, to the American people, leaving the response direct to their
+judgment and generosity. When it is asked to accept the administration
+of relief funds and material, in fields like this that awaited it in
+Asia Minor, the trust is surely met, but the Red Cross does not ask for
+the means and money. Others do that, stating that the work will be under
+its charge. When it is once accepted there is no retreat, no matter how
+far the exertions may fall short of reaching the hoped-for results.</p>
+
+<p>Last November (1895), after many petitions had been received and
+carefully considered, representatives of the great Armenian Relief
+Committees came to Washington for the purpose of supplementing such
+earnest petitions by personal appeals. A conditional consent having been
+obtained, the subject of funds was brought up by the following question:</p>
+
+<p>“Miss Barton, how much do you think it will cost to relieve the
+Armenians?”</p>
+
+<p>The question was answered by another: “Gentlemen, you are connected with
+the various missionary boards, with banks and other great institutions
+and enterprises. What amount do you consider necessary?”</p>
+
+<p>After deliberation, $5,000,000 was suggested as the proper sum and the
+question was asked if the Red Cross concurred. Miss Barton, with the
+faintest suggestion of a smile, replied that she thought $5,000,000
+would be sufficient. As the difficulties of raising money became more
+apparent to the committees, numerous meetings were held and various
+other amounts suggested, Miss Barton agreeing each time. From $5,000,000
+to $500,000, with a guarantee for the balance; then $100,000 cash, with
+$400,000 guaranteed, and so on, until $50,000 was named to start the
+work with, such sum to be available on the arrival of the Red Cross in
+Constantinople. The president and a few officers of the Red Cross
+arrived there on February 15, 1896, but it was late in the following
+April before the $50,000 was received. These facts as given are intended
+solely to show the difficulties the committees had to contend with in
+raising the amount they did.</p>
+
+<p>For general information it will, perhaps, not be inappropriate to state
+that all relief work is governed and conducted on military lines to
+preclude the possibility of confusion, as the Red Cross on fields of
+disaster is the only organized body in a disorganized community. Thus,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_330" title="330"></a>
+wherever the organization has control, Miss Barton has personal
+supervision of all departments: the financial, receiving and disposing
+of all funds; the correspondence, opening all letters and directing
+replies; the field, assigning workers to attend to such duties as are
+best suited to their various abilities, who report daily, if possible,
+and receive instructions for the prosecution of the work, the supplies,
+receiving accurate reports of all material and giving directions as to
+its disposition.</p>
+
+<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">George H. Pullman.</span><br />
+<em>Constantinople, August 1, 1896.</em></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_331" title="331"></a>
+ <img src="images/i069.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">DIARBEKER, VILAYET OF DIARBEKER.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>In the Field of Mr. Woods’ Work.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_332" title="332"></a>
+<img src="images/i070.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">RUINS OF AN OLD GATEWAY AT FARKIN.</div>
+<div class="subcaption"><em>In the Field of Mr. Woods’ Work.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_333" title="333"></a><span class="smcap">Financial Balance Sheet of the Relief Funds and Service of 1896 in Asia
+Minor.</span></p>
+
+<p><em>The American National Red Cross, in account with the Relief Field of
+Asia Minor</em>.</p>
+
+<table summary="Armenia Balance Sheet">
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">Dr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To The National Relief Committee</td><td class="tdr"><a id="FNanchor_B" href="#Footnote_B" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>Ltq.</td><td class="tdr">14,784 51</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">The New England Relief Committee</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">5,667 25</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">The Worcester Relief Committee</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">402 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">The Ladies’ Relief Committee, of Chicago</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">922 50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">The Friends of Philadelphia, through Asa S. Wing</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">481 69</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Citizens of Newark, through C.H. Stout, Esq.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">674 65</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Citizens of Milton, North Dakota</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">4 66</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">St. George’s Church S.S. through C.H. Stout, Esq.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">40 06</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Ransom Post, G.A.R., Wales, Minn.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2 95</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">The Davenport, Iowa, Relief Committee</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">54 78</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">American Ladies in Geneva, Switzerland</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">5 85</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Miss Phillips, Mission school, Balisori, India</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">13 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Mrs. Dr. Galbraith, Tarentum, Pa.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">3 30</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">“Sailors’ Rest,” Genoa, Italy</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2 33</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">A citizen of Chester, N.J.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">02</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Miss Mayham Winter, Philadelphia, Pa.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">The American National Red Cross (special)</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr bb">3,376 66</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Total</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">26,437 73</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">Cr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>By telegrams and cables</td><td class="tdc">Ltq.</td><td class="tdr">245 12</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Cash sent to interior</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">18,965 70</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Relief expeditions, general</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2,917 81</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Relief expeditions, medical</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">543 68</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Wages account</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">421 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">General expense account</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">138 02</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Red Cross Headquarters, Field</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">235 05</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Stationery and printing</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">128 79</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Expense account, travel and maintenance</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">542 36</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Donations for relief of orphan children</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">100 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Emergency Fund, deposited with W.W. Peet</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr bb">2,200 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pad">Total</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">26,437 73</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>I have carefully examined the books, accounts and vouchers of the
+American National Red Cross, in its relief work in Asia Minor, and find
+everything correct and accurate.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+   <span class="indent20">(Signed.) <span class="smcap">George Kunzel</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>Accountant, Administration Ottoman Public Debt</em>.</div>
+
+<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Constantinople</span>, <em>August 1, 1896</em>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_334" title="334"></a>GENERAL FIELD AGENT’S REPORT.</h3>
+
+<p class="dateline"><span class="smcap">Anatolia, Asia Minor.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">To Miss Clara Barton</span>, <em>President</em>:</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of the relief work in Asia Minor, may I be allowed to begin
+at Constantinople, at which place, while waiting for the necessary
+official papers for our work, we were all busy selecting and purchasing
+relief supplies, camping outfit, cooking utensils, and making other
+preparations for interior travel; and also securing competent
+interpreters and dragomans. Although the <em>Irade</em> of the Sultan granting
+permission to enter Asia Minor had not yet been received, we were
+naturally anxious to follow the first shipment of supplies purchased and
+sent by steamer to the port of Alexandretta as the safest route, to be
+forwarded again by camels under guard to different places in the
+interior; and with our own men to accompany and attend the work of
+distribution. Accordingly, accompanied by interpreter Mason, I left
+Constantinople on the tenth of March, touching at Smyrna, Latakea,
+Mersina and Tripoli, reaching Alexandretta on the eighteenth, and by the
+kind help of our Consular Agent, Mr. Daniel Walker, and Mr. John
+Falanga, began making up the caravans for shipment to Aintab, as a
+central point for the southern field.</p>
+
+<p>By the time the caravans were ready and horses for travel selected, Mr.
+Wistar and Mr. Wood, with dragomans, arrived by steamer from
+Constantinople. Rev. Dr. Fuller, president of the Aintab (American)
+College, had also just come through with friends from Aintab to take
+steamer, himself to return again immediately, and together we all set
+out under soldier escort the next morning. Alexandretta was in a state
+of fear while we were there, notwithstanding the fact that the warships
+of England, France, Turkey, and the United States lay in her harbor.
+Kirk Khan, the first stopping place on our journey inland, was
+threatened with plunder and destruction on the night before our arrival
+there. At Killis we found the town in a state of fear from the recent
+massacres. Here, with Dr. Fuller, we visited the wounded who were under
+the good care of a young physician just from the college at Aintab, but
+without medicine, surgical dressings and appliances. These with other
+needed things we arranged to send back to him from the supplies that had
+gone ahead.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_335" title="335"></a>Aintab, with its American school, college, seminary and hospital
+buildings standing out in relief and contrast from the native buildings,
+was a welcome reminder of home; and the greeting of the hundreds of
+pupils as they came hurrying down the road to welcome back their own
+loved president, became a welcome for the Red Cross. We were most
+cordially offered the hospitality of Dr. Fuller’s house and home, but as
+we were still strangers in a strange land, it seemed best to place
+ourselves in a khan, where we could have better opportunity to make an
+acquaintance with the people to obtain the varied information necessary
+to accomplish best results in the disposition of our relief. Here we
+remained long enough to learn the needs of the place and surrounding
+country, to obtain carefully prepared lists of those artisans needing
+tools and implements for their various trades and callings. Supplies
+were left, clothing, new goods for working up, thread, needles,
+thimbles, medicines, and surgical stores.</p>
+
+<p>Aintab is favored with its Mission Hospital; with its surgeon and
+physician, Dr. Shepard and Dr. Hamilton, and a strong American colony of
+missionary teachers, besides the Franciscan Brothers, who are doing
+excellent select work. The Father Superior was killed near Zeitoun.
+Supplies were selected and made up for Oorfa, Aintab, Marash and other
+points, while a quantity of supplies, by the kindness of Dr. Fuller, was
+left in storage in the college building to be forwarded as our inquiries
+should discover the need. To Oorfa, where the industrial work had been
+so successfully established by Miss Shattuck, we sent material and
+implements for working, needles, thread, thimbles, cotton and woolen
+goods for making up. To Marash and Zeitoun, ready-made goods in addition
+to new, with surgical appliances and medicines.</p>
+
+<p>From Aintab, Mr. Wood and Mr. Wistar started by way of the most
+distressed points needing help eastward, and then north to Harpoot; and
+because of your telegram of the report of typhus and dysentery at Marash
+and Zeitoun, we started in that direction, with Rev. L.O. Lee, who was
+returning home. After facing rain, snow and mud for three days we came
+to Marash. Here we remained until our caravan of goods came on. Typhus,
+dysentery and smallpox were spreading as a result of the crowded state
+of the city; Marash had been filled with refugees since the November
+massacres, notwithstanding a large part of its own dwelling houses had
+been burned and plundered. The surrounding country had also been
+pillaged, people killed and villages destroyed, and the frightened
+remnant of people had crowded in here for protection, and up to this
+time had feared to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_336" title="336"></a> return. With insufficient drainage and warm weather
+coming on, typhus, dysentery and smallpox already in the prisons, an
+epidemic was becoming general. True, the preachers <em>requested mothers
+not to bring children with smallpox</em> to church, nevertheless the typhus
+and smallpox spread, and rendered medical supervision a necessity. By
+the efforts of Mrs. Lee and Mrs. Macallum, wives of the missionaries of
+the Marash station, a hospital had been established with plenty of
+patients, but they had no funds for physicians or medicines. Medicines
+were left and funds furnished for a native doctor educated in America
+(who himself had just recovered from typhus) and was placed in charge of
+the hospital and out-of-door service, and was doing efficient work
+before we left Marash. Arrangements were made with Rev. Mr. Macallum to
+have tools and implements made and distributed to artisans and
+villagers; and we left with him to begin this work the sum which you had
+sent for our own use 500 lire&mdash;$23,000.</p>
+
+<p>By this time Dr. Ira Harris, whom you had called from Tripoli, Syria,
+with his assistants, arrived for the Zeitoun field. Dr. Harris had his
+well-filled medical chests and surgical supplies in a mule caravan, and
+being more needed at other places, we left immediately for Adioman via
+Besnia, passing through Bazarjik and Kumaklejercle, a three days’
+mountain journey. Our officer kindly told us, when we stopped at a
+Kourdish village for the night, to “order what we want and not pay if we
+do not want to.” But we made it clear to him, that while we are not
+extravagant in our wants, <em>we</em> always pay for what we take. It is
+customary in this country for villages to entertain soldiers free of
+charge. At Bazarjik when we inquired concerning the health of the place,
+an official said they had no sickness <em>except a few cases of smallpox,
+and this was confined to children</em>&mdash;that his little girl had it, and she
+was brought in as a proof.</p>
+
+<p>Besnia was saved from pillage and massacre by the efforts of Pasha
+Youcab, Osman Zade, Mahund Bey, and several other Turkish Beys, but the
+surrounding villages were attacked and suffered more or less severely.
+Some of the women escaped and found protection in Besnia, where they
+were still living. We did some medical work here and left, in good
+hands, a moderate sum for emergencies. Our reception by the officials at
+Besnia, as indeed at every place we have been, large or small, was most
+cordial and friendly. With only an exception or two, no more considerate
+treatment could have been expected or asked from any people. Before
+reaching the city we had heard that there was a feudal war in progress
+ahead of us, and when the military commander learned that we were
+intending to go to Adioman, he interposed,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_337" title="337"></a> saying he could take no
+responsibility in sending us there; that he had just sent a hundred
+soldiers out on that road to quell a riot; that it was dangerous, but he
+would give us a good officer and soldiers for another road to Malatia.
+This we accepted and four days more of mountain travel, via Paverly,
+Soorgoo, and Guzena, brought us to the fruit and garden city of Malatia,
+which formerly had a population of 45,000. It is reported that about
+1500 houses were plundered and 375 were burned, and some thousands of
+persons killed. The people of all classes were still in fear.</p>
+
+<p>A sum of money from friends in America had been sent by the
+missionaries, but its distribution had been delayed several weeks
+through some formality in the post-office, and was but just being made
+the day we arrived. We left here a sum for special cases and typhus
+patients, and with a promise to return, pressed on to our objective
+point, two days’ journey more across the Euphrates at Isli to Harpoot,
+when the limit of our time would be out for meeting the second
+expedition which arrived only two hours ahead of us. Here the people
+turned out <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en masse</em> to welcome the Red Cross; the road was lined, the
+streets and windows filled, and house roofs covered, and all had words
+of welcome on their lips. We were told by the Rev. Dr. Wheeler, the
+founder of the Mission and American College of Central Turkey, that we
+were the second party of Americans, not missionaries, that they had seen
+in Harpoot in forty years. We were most cordially met by the mission
+people. Although they, too, had been plundered, and most of their
+buildings and their homes had gone in the flames, we were offered, most
+kindly, the shelter of the remaining roofs and seats at their table as
+long as we would stay.</p>
+
+<p>We felt at home again, though startled, too, when we stopped to think we
+were 8000 miles away and fifteen days by horseback to the nearest
+steamer that might start us on a homeward trip or that could carry a
+letter for us to the outside world. We had been told from the first that
+Harpoot was suffering more than any other part of the interior, and here
+we prepared to begin systematic work; Mr. Wistar taking the Char-Sanjak
+with Peri as a centre, the Harpoot plain, and later the Aghan villages.
+Mr. Wood took the Palou district with two hundred villages, and Silouan
+in the Vilayet of Diarbekir with one hundred and sixty villages, with
+the town of Palou and the city of Farkin as centers. While making these
+arrangements we received your telegram of May 1st: “Typhus and dysentery
+raging at Arabkir. Can you send doctors with medicines from Harpoot?
+Please investigate.” Upon inquiry we found reported one thousand sick
+and many dying. This naturally would be my field.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_338" title="338"></a>After telegraphing to the various centres for additional medical help
+without success, we found a native physician, educated in America, Dr.
+Hintlian, at Harpoot, who was ready to go. Miss Caroline Bush and Miss
+Seymour of the Mission, with unassumed bravery, volunteered to accompany
+the expedition. As only one could leave, the choice fell upon Miss Bush.
+When one reflects that this was a slight little body, never coming up to
+the majesty of a hundred pounds, with sensitive nature, delicate
+organization, educated and refined conditions of early life, fears might
+well be felt for the weight of the lot assumed; but every day’s contact
+convinced us that the springs were of the best of steel, tempered by the
+glowing fires of experience, thus teaching us how far mind may be
+superior to matter.</p>
+
+<p>On our first night out, as is frequently the custom in this country, we
+slept in the stable with our horses&mdash;and <em>smaller animals</em>. On the
+second day in crossing the Euphrates at Gabin Madin, the big wooden
+scoop-shovel ferryboat struck a rock in the swift current mid-stream,
+and came very near capsizing with its load of luggage, horses and human
+beings. The boatmen lost their chance of making the opposite shore, and
+we were in the swift current fast making for the gorge and rapids below.
+I looked as unconcerned as I could at Miss Bush, only to see that she
+was as calm as if this was an every-day occurrence or that she had been
+from childhood accustomed to such experiences. We knew she had not, only
+she had lived long enough in the interior not to be frightened at
+anything that might happen. However, another rock was reached near the
+bluff and we unloaded. Each leading his horse and the pack animals
+following, we climbed up over the edge of a precipice, over loose
+stones, slippery earth and ragged rocks, back to the landing we should
+have made had we gone directly across.</p>
+
+<p>Our next day’s travel was through a cold, pouring rain, into the ruined
+city of Arabkir, but notwithstanding the rain, hundreds of people stood
+in the streets as we passed to make their “salaams” and to say their
+word of welcome to those who had come to bring the gifts of another land
+to the suffering, the sick and needy of their own. Passing through the
+rain, we arrived at the native pastor’s house, which had been saved by a
+Turkish military officer and cleared of refugees and typhus patients for
+our installation.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly the entire city of Arabkir was in ruins, only heaps of stones
+where houses had been. Out of eighteen hundred homes but few remained;
+the markets as well as the dwellings were destroyed, and the people,
+plundered and destitute, were crowded into the few remaining houses,
+down with the typhus. We were told that six hundred had<a class="pagenum" id="Page_339" title="339"></a> already died of
+the disease, and the people’s physician, the only one in that part of
+the country, was in prison. Later we were told that the arrival of help
+changed the character of the disease the moment it was known that we had
+come. Miss Bush went with us directly into the sick rooms, and the
+presence of a woman gave cheer and strength. A hundred patients were
+seen daily. After the first wants of the typhus patients had been met
+the long neglected surgical cases were looked after, and many lives and
+limbs were saved. The medical and surgical efforts gave gratifying
+results, of which Dr. Hintlian will make a special report from his daily
+record.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately upon our arrival the Gregorian church and school buildings,
+which escaped destruction, were offered for our use as a hospital. These
+rooms were admirably adapted for this purpose but by selecting and
+employing persons already in need of help as assistants and nurses we
+found that we could better care for the sick in their own quarters than
+to attempt to remove them to a hospital, where the congregation of sick
+would only be increased. To give employment was the one thing needed for
+the well, therefore we made no hospitals, but employed competent,
+healthy women in need, instructed and put them to care for sick families
+also in need, but of another kind. The piaster a woman earned for a
+day’s work gave food for herself and for her own family, and gave the
+sick family the services necessary to save their lives. The necessary
+beds for the patients were furnished.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i071.jpg" width="400" height="493" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">SOME METHODS OF WORK.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A sheep or a goat given where there was a helpless babe or mother would
+give food for both, and be a permanent property that would grow by the
+increase of its own young. A small sum for fowls would be a gift that
+would furnish more than its value in eggs for food for present use. It
+would prove a small investment that must multiply in kind and value as
+chicks were hatched. While medical work was going on other forms of
+relief were also in progress. A supply of tools had been ordered from
+Harpoot, directly upon our arrival, for blacksmiths, carpenters,
+tinkers, masons, stone workers, etc. The blacksmiths were set to work
+making sickles for cutting grass and reaping grain; shovels, plows and
+other implements for farmers. Others were put at making spinning-wheels
+for the destitute women, who with these could earn their own living;
+others made weaving looms. Out of the twelve hundred hand looms formerly
+in the city it was said only forty remained. Arabkir was the chief
+manufacturing centre for native cotton cloth, and if a man had a loom
+which would cost three medjidieh (about $2.50) he could earn his own
+family’s living. Field and garden seeds were bought in quantity and
+distributed.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_340" title="340"></a>For the villages which had no cattle we gave oxen for plowing the
+fields. Sometimes with the oxen, cows were given, with instructions that
+in this stress of need the cows should be made to work with the oxen,
+even while they were giving milk for the family. Thus they<a class="pagenum" id="Page_343" title="343"></a> would
+secure a double service for one outlay. Melkon Miranshahian, the
+druggist, kindly offered his services, and we arranged with him to take
+up special cases and to continue to care for them after we would no
+longer be able to remain on the field. Then, feeling that we might
+safely leave this work in the hands of Dr. Hintlian, we went to Egin to
+arrange for distribution in the Aghan villages, Miss Bush accompanying.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_341" title="341"></a>
+ <img src="images/i072a.jpg" width="500" height="381" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">SALEMLIK.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i072b.jpg" width="500" height="376" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">PERA BRIDGE, CONSTANTINOPLE.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_342" title="342"></a>
+ <img src="images/i073a.jpg" width="475" height="339" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">TURKISH COFFEE HOUSE.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i073b.jpg" width="494" height="264" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">HAMALLS, SHOWING MANNER OF CARRYING HEAVY BURDENS.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The inquiry will naturally be made as to how relief was received. The
+gratitude of the people was almost overwhelming at times. If you could
+only have heard the blessings that were poured out upon Clara Barton,
+the Red Cross, and the good people everywhere who have aided, you would
+realize that deep as the need, so fervent and sincere have been the
+thankful prayers and blessings that the unfortunate people who survive
+the massacre could alone render to all who help them. To you and your
+name especially were they responsive. Of all this, I would say we often
+had most gratifying evidence and expression on the lonely roads, in the
+stricken homes, and through personal letters from many sources.</p>
+
+<p>When we were some six miles out on the road to Egin, we met the leading
+men of the village of Shepik coming to town; they had heard that we were
+going away soon, and the villagers had sent this committee to Arabkir to
+express their gratitude for what they had received and for all that had
+been done for them. This was five or six weeks after we had made a
+distribution of seeds, and as we came in sight of their village we saw
+gardens green with onions, potatoes, beans, cucumbers, melons, squash,
+pumpkins, etc., from the seeds we had given. Here, too, the women were
+in the fields cutting the grass and grain with the sickles which, the
+blacksmith had made from the iron and steel we had furnished. The men
+were plowing with the plows and oxen we had supplied and,
+notwithstanding they had been plundered of every movable thing and their
+houses burned or destroyed, there was an air of prosperity in the fields
+that banished thoughts of want or suffering. We rode on past the little
+room where the school was kept and every child rose to his feet and made
+a most profound, though youthful bow to our passing company.</p>
+
+<p>Egin is an old, strangely beautiful city, inhabited by the descendants
+of the noble families of Mosul (NINEVEH) who fled to this mountain
+stronghold on the Euphrates during the Persian invasion, many years ago,
+and they are still a royal and gentle people. At Egin the officials
+declared it unsafe for us to go to the villages as we had proposed.
+Accordingly we made purchases in this market and sent them<a class="pagenum" id="Page_344" title="344"></a> to the needy
+points. Egin had bought the Kourds off with 1500 lire, and consequently
+it had remained up to the date of our arrival unharmed through all the
+destruction about it. We also left a sum of money with a responsible
+committee for eight unfortunate villages, and did what medical work we
+could in our short stay. We then returned to Harpoot.</p>
+
+<p>On our road back, Miss Bush had with her a young girl whom we were
+taking to Harpoot for safety (we had frequent charges of this kind), and
+she wanted me to stop at her favorite beautiful village of Biervan, for
+a pleasant picture to carry back in memory to America. We had a long
+day’s journey at best to reach our village, and had met with delays;
+four hours in the morning waiting for a zaptieh. Our muleteer left us at
+the ferry some twelve miles back, in order to stop over night at his own
+village; and the second zaptieh was two hours late, but having started
+we must keep on through the mountain pass, and it was ten o’clock at
+night when we reached the village. Our zaptieh took us to the house of
+the “Villageman” (each village is provided with such a personage whose
+duty it is to see that shelter is provided for travelers). We rode up
+together and the zaptieh pounded on the door. The dog on the roof barked
+viciously, then all the dogs in the village barked. A woman on another
+roof above this one raised herself and talked, then shouted down the
+chimney-hole (the roof is the sleeping place in warm weather), after a
+time she pointed with her hand and the zaptieh started off in the
+direction indicated; the moon had gone down and it was too dark to see
+anything distinctly. He came to a small pile, poked it with his foot,
+punched it with his gun, kicked it.</p>
+
+<p>After a time a part of the pile raised itself in a sort of surprised
+astonishment, mystified, uncertain, complicated attitude&mdash;evidently
+looking at the “poker.” Then the pile expressed itself emphatically, the
+zaptieh did the same more emphatically, each in turn louder and louder,
+all with necessary and unnecessary gesticulation. Then the pile got up
+and began on our servants for having the pack mules and animals on his
+roof. After these had been led off the house, he wanted to know what we
+came there for anyway, at that time of night, to wake him up when there
+were six other villages we could have gone to; why didn’t we go to one
+of them? Then our zaptieh changed his tone and attitude and in the most
+polite, persuasive, pleading voice and manner, tried to explain that he
+himself was not to blame for all this trouble, he was under orders and
+had to come with these people; he couldn’t help doing his duty. But this
+made no impression, and we were told there was no place for us.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_345" title="345"></a>None could be found at this time of night; besides there was no barley
+for the horses, and nothing was to be done unless it was to go on and
+try another village. Our zaptieh seemed to have exhausted his resources
+and said no more. Other villagers had come and were standing around the
+“villageman,” who still insisted that he could do nothing. Miss Bush
+quietly suggested “<em>Argentum</em>.” We got down from our horse, went around
+carelessly, and slipped a “cherek” (a five piaster piece) into his
+fingers. He took and felt of it, and then went away without a word.
+After about ten minutes he returned with a light, a door was opened
+close beside us, and we unloaded our animals, put them all in, took in
+the luggage, went in ourselves, got our supper, spread our blankets,
+drove away our audience of villagers, fastened the stable door and
+announced to ourselves that we were one hour into the “next day,” and
+went to sleep. We were off again the next morning before the sun was up.
+This is a sample incident of what happened in frequent variation during
+interior travel.</p>
+
+<p>At Harpoot we arranged for supplying tools and cattle to the remaining
+villages which we failed to reach from Egin. Here, too, we found Mr.
+Wistar busy supplying harvesting and threshing implements, and cattle
+for plowing in the Harpoot plain and villages. In this vilayet there are
+upwards of two hundred villages either plundered or wholly destroyed,
+and from these many persons of all classes came for medical or surgical
+help.</p>
+
+<p>Preparations were made to work in Malatia, where, some weeks before, we
+had ordered supplies and medicines sent to be ready for our arrival, but
+owing to the unsettled conditions there, no such work could be done to
+advantage. The time for our return to Constantinople was drawing near
+and on the twenty-seventh of June we were ready to start for the Black
+Sea. We called to pay our respects to the governor of Harpoot and found
+him as cordial as he had always been. Inquiries were made and
+explanations given, so that he might more thoroughly understand the
+character and purposes of the Red Cross. His Excellency remarked that it
+gave to those engaged in the work great opportunities to become
+acquainted with different countries, and that we must have found Turkey
+the most difficult of them all to work in. He regretted that he himself
+had been of so little assistance to our efforts, etc., but we took
+pleasure in saying that he had done at all times all that we had asked
+and ofttimes more. Speaking for those associated with our work I could
+safely say that all the recollections of our personal relations with the
+vali of Harpoot will remain with us as pleasant and satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_346" title="346"></a>The principal food and the main crop of the interior is wheat, and this
+year’s growth wherever we have been is reported to be unusually good. If
+the wheat can be distributed where the destitution will be this coming
+winter, many lives may be saved; if not, many must inevitably be lost
+for want of food. When we left the Harpoot valley harvesting had well
+begun, and was even more briskly going on as we neared the Euphrates,
+which we crossed for the last time at Isli on the twenty-ninth of June.
+The usual Euphrates ferry-boat is twenty-four to thirty feet long, eight
+feet wide, and two feet high at one end and eight at the other where a
+rudder, or sweep, forty feet long is hung. An American frequently sees
+methods of work and management that lead him sometimes, when first
+traveling, to make suggestions. After seeing the ferrymen upon many
+occasions putting loaded wagons on the boat, lifting them by main force
+some two or three feet with much awkwardness over the edge of the craft,
+we ventured to suggest that two planks laid on the bank and end of the
+boat so as to roll the wagons in or out would save much trouble and time
+and extra help and labor. We were met with this unanswerable reply: “Who
+would pay for them?”</p>
+
+<p>To Malatia we carried money to the people from their relatives in
+America which had been entrusted to Dr. Barnum at Harpoot. We also left
+in the hands of a responsible committee a fund for artisans’ tools, and
+a smaller sum for food and supplies in special needy cases. The feeling
+of security among the people in Malatia was entirely absent. They had
+seen terrible slaughter. They were possessed with fear to such an extent
+that we could meet very few of them; and had we not known, that it was
+Doctor Gates’ Plan to visit the place soon with assistants and means
+from Harpoot it would have pained us still more to leave them in their
+terrible condition, for we could not remain to carry on the work, and an
+unwise or untimely effort often fails of its end or only aggravates the
+conditions it seeks to relieve.</p>
+
+<p>The sun is extremely hot during the summer in the interior, hence when
+the moon was favorable we traveled by night, leaving the saddle long
+enough to sleep in the “Araba” (a sort of small, springless, covered
+wagon used where there are roads) so as to have the day to work in while
+our horses rested. When we could do so in our journey we left funds for
+specified purposes, but frequently the sufferers felt safer without such
+assistance and declined to receive it. At Sivas we gave a fund for
+farmers’ tools. Here the grain crop was later than in the valleys
+further south. We also left here with the Rev. Messrs. Perry and
+Hubbard, a horse, in order to facilitate their relief work. From Malatia
+several families and individuals placed themselves under the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_347" title="347"></a> protection
+of the Red Cross and its guards in order to go in safety to the coast. A
+portion of this road is infested with brigands and a strong guard is
+necessary, in fact it is needed throughout the whole region. The
+government took particular care of us by giving us a brigand as a
+special guard through the dangerous part of the road, saying that we
+should be safer with him than with the regular military guard. A few
+weeks before a rich caravan was robbed on this road, and when we passed
+we had the interesting pleasure of taking tea and journeying for a while
+with the chief of these brigands who had two days before been enlisted
+in government service. With the ample government protection we have at
+all times had, we seldom felt concern for our personal safety,
+notwithstanding that in places where we visited there was often a great
+deal of anxiety and fear on the part of the people for their own safety
+and that of their friends, or their property if they had any.</p>
+
+<p>Tokat and Amasia were on our homeward route&mdash;the latter place being the
+site of the ancient castle of Mithridates, King of Pontus.</p>
+
+<p>At Samsoun we had two saddle horses to dispose of, and our consular
+agent, Mr. Stephapopale, having a stable, kindly offered to sell them to
+the best profit for us, and to see that the proceeds were used in aiding
+the refugees who crowd to the coast in the hope of getting farther on,
+but only find themselves stranded and unable to return, becoming thereby
+veritable sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>On the sixteenth of July we reached the Bosphorus, four months and six
+days from the time we started out from Constantinople for the interior,
+glad of the privilege and power we have enjoyed as messengers to carry
+some of the gifts that have been entrusted to your care by the people of
+America for the innocent, unfortunate sufferers of Anatolia.</p>
+
+<p>Wherever we have met the missionaries, Protestant or Catholic, we have
+found them devoting most, if not all, of their time to the work of
+relieving the suffering about them, regardless of sect or nationality;
+but in all cases their fields of work have been greater than their
+strength or their means. With them we have worked always harmoniously
+and without consciousness of difference of place or creed; and to them
+and to many others we are indebted for courtesies and for hospitalities
+that will always be remembered with gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>The real work of the relief expedition was greatly aided by the hearty
+co-operation of every European and American resident with whom we came
+in contact. Each did all in his power for our aid, and we regret that
+space forbids our telling how each gave his support and help.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_348" title="348"></a>At Egin we will ever remember the generous hospitality during our short
+stay with the families of Nicoghos Agha Jangochyan and Alexander Effendi
+Kasabyan, noblemen, who by their energy and liberality saved the city
+and people from destruction, while the country round about was being
+plundered and burned, and who gave us great assistance in furnishing
+tools and implements to this section of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after leaving Egin we learned the sad news that these gentlemen
+with nearly a thousand others had been killed. These families were the
+centre of a large community of the most charming and cultivated people
+we had met.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <img src="images/i074.jpg" width="500" height="276" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">RED CROSS EXPEDITIONS PASSING THROUGH THE VALLEY OF CATCH
+BEARD.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To the Turkish officials everywhere we are grateful for their careful
+supervision of our personal safety, and for the general personal freedom
+allowed ourselves wherever we worked. To the officers and guards who
+always accompanied us in our journeys through cold and heat, on the road
+by night or day, over desolate plain or mountain trail, for bringing us
+safely through from sea to sea without a scratch or harm of any kind,
+for all this we are most assuredly grateful, and oft recall the cheerful
+vigilant service and special courtesies we enjoyed at their hands, which
+could only be prompted by the most friendly feelings and consideration.</p>
+
+<p>But we do not forget, dear Miss Barton, that the success of this
+expedition is due to your careful and constant oversight and direction
+of all our movements, from the seat of government at Constantinople,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_349" title="349"></a>
+from first to last, and to the conviction which you had impressed upon
+the Sublime Porte of your own and your officers’ honesty, integrity and
+singleness of purpose. Hence for your statesmanship and generalship and
+constant oversight, we would express our warmest gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>We are grateful for the gratitude of the people we tried to relieve. It
+was universal and sincere. The kindness with which we were everywhere
+welcomed, and the assistance so cordially rendered by all the noble men
+and women, with whom it has been my good fortune to become personally
+acquainted. Surrounded as they were with desolation, dangers and misery,
+they will be remembered for their worth and devotion to duty.</p>
+
+<p><em>Constantinople, August 1, 1896.</em><span class="pad20 smcap">J.B. Hubbell.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i075.jpg" width="500" height="300" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A TURKISH WEDDING PROCESSION IN ARABKIR.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_350" title="350"></a>MEDICAL REPORT.</h3>
+
+<p>Dr. Ira Harris, resident American physician at Tripoli, Syria, a
+gentleman of high attainments, Christian character, scholarship and
+service, who directs a large private hospital and practice of his own,
+honored the Red Cross and contributed largely to the beneficence of his
+and our own people’s efforts to relieve and rebuild the people of Asia
+Minor, by accepting a commission to command an expedition for the relief
+of the fever-stricken thousands, residents and refugees, crowded into
+the cities of Marash and Zeitoun. The reports received from consuls and
+missionaries presented a terrible condition of affairs, threatening the
+lives of thousands by pestilence and hunger, more rapidly than the
+Circassian knife and the Kourdish spear and bullet had done. Our own
+special agents were all in charge of difficult and distant fields, and
+none could be spared to this section. After various disappointments,
+aided by the Rev. Dr. Post at Beyrout, Dr. Ira Harris was reached and
+asked to aid in organizing and forming a relief expedition at once.
+Besides himself as director, six other physicians and two pharmacists
+were required. Dr. Harris, though burdened with hospital patients and
+promised operations, finally decided to proceed to Beyrout and meet Dr.
+Post, taking with him his own assistant and pharmacist. Dr. Hubbell had
+already been Dr. Harris’ guest and this fact aided the latter’s
+acceptance. At Beyrout time was spent in examining medical applicants,
+most of whom withdrew however on learning of the dangers before them.
+Two Protestant doctors were secured on the second day, and so with half
+the needed medical force at hand, the supplies and stores were quickly
+purchased and packed for travel. Arrangements at Tripoli for the care of
+Dr. Harris’ own patients were then made, and upon the third of April our
+fourth expedition was under way. A route was chosen via Mersene and
+Adana. At the latter city some delay was occasioned by the rumors of
+incursions of bandit tribes to neighboring towns and villages and an
+insufficient military escort available. After trying in vain two or
+three days, to influence the local authorities Dr. Harris telegraphed to
+Red Cross headquarters for assistance. The matter was immediately
+brought to the attention of the Porte, through the United States
+Legation, and within an hour an imperial order was sent to the governor
+of Adana. As fine a mounted Turkish soldier guard as ever escorted an
+expedition <a class="pagenum" id="Page_353" title="353"></a>was at once found, and Dr. Harris with his corps of
+assistants, hastened on to Marash, where he was welcomed by Dr. Hubbell
+of our first expedition, on the eighteenth of April, after five days of
+severe travel. Dr. Harris’ report was embodied in a letter. After
+enumerating the trials at Adana, from which he was so quickly freed by
+the order from the Porte, the doctor in his communication says:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>We found that the medical work was being cared for by native
+  physicians, and the missionaries and their wives were caring for the
+  other relief work, one feature of which seemed to me very valuable
+  indeed, <em>i.e.</em>, the making of clothing by poor women from the
+  material sent by you from Constantinople or purchased by Dr. Hubbell
+  in Marash. I wish the dear people in America who gave of their
+  means, could see with their own eyes the condition of thousands in
+  these districts alone. The hundreds of women, almost destitute of
+  covering, and that a mass of rags. It does not require much thought
+  to realize the value of good clothing at such a time.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig400">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_351" title="351"></a>
+  <img src="images/i076.jpg" width="400" height="598" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">JUDGE ALEXANDER W. TERRELL,</div>
+  <div class="subcaption"><em>United States Minister to Constantinople during the Armenian
+  troubles.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_352" title="352"></a>
+  <img src="images/i077.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">ARMENIAN AND TURKISH DECORATIONS.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A consultation was held and our party decided to proceed to Zeitoun,
+  just as soon as our weary bodies were rested. Unfortunately the day
+  after we arrived I had a severe chill and fever which prostrated me
+  for several days. As the symptoms seemed to resemble typhus fever
+  the doctors remained with me until a clear diagnosis was made by the
+  fever leaving me on Thursday. The next day the party went to Zeitoun
+  with Mr. Macallum, I following three days later.</p>
+
+<p>I have witnessed scenes of suffering, both in the United States and
+  the Orient, but never, to my dying day, will I be able to dismiss
+  from my mind the horror of the pinched, haggard faces and forms that
+  gathered about me that first day. Before we left the tent one of the
+  doctors said: “We will now see the place is full of walking
+  skeletons.” This expressed fully their condition. Just imagine a
+  place having a normal population of 12,500 living all told in 1403
+  houses, you can see there is not much cubic space to spare; then
+  imagine 7000 or more refugees to be provided for in the town also.
+  Some of the Zeitounes gave shelter to a small number, but the
+  greater majority lived on the street, under the houses, in many
+  instances too vile to be of use to its owner; in cow and donkey
+  stables with the animals; in spaces in close proximity to
+  water-closets; in fact not a place that even suggested shelter was
+  unoccupied. The smell and presence of human excrement were
+  everywhere, and this, added to divers other odors, made the air a
+  fit place for the culture of disease germs. So much for the hygienic
+  conditions of the place.</p>
+
+<p>Diseases.&mdash;I regret that I am unable to give the exact number of
+  those afflicted with each individual disease; to ascertain this
+  would have taken too much valuable time. We found it a difficult
+  task even to make a true estimate of the number ill with acute
+  diseases. Our first estimate sent you, viz., 1400 dysentery and
+  diarrhœa, 600 typhus fever, afterwards proved nearly correct,
+  <em>i.e.</em>, if we take about three hundred from the typhus and add to
+  the dysentery. These were acute cases. Of the refugees, ninety-eight
+  per cent complained and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_354" title="354"></a> were treated for diseases such as chronic
+  dysentery, diarrhœa, dropsy (usually those recovering from
+  typhus), rheumatism, bronchitis, dyspepsia, malaria; all were
+  suffering from anæmia and debility.</p>
+
+<p>Causes.&mdash;Overcrowding and bad air; but that condition bordering on
+  starvation was the principal cause of all the sickness. I should
+  add, many of the cases of diarrhœa were caused from eating a soup
+  made from grass, weeds, buds and leaves of shrubs and trees. In fact
+  anything green that could be gathered in the fields was boiled in
+  water to which a small quantity of flour was added. This diet was
+  especially dangerous to children.</p>
+
+<p>Treatment.&mdash;We were soon convinced that if we expected to gain the
+  upper hand of all this sickness and save even a remnant of the
+  refugees, we must first feed the sick, and then when they were
+  well&mdash;to give the former every possible chance to get well, and to
+  prevent the well from becoming ill. Second, we must try in every way
+  in our power to get the refugees to return to their homes, or at all
+  events to camp out in the fields. The first day we filled the
+  hospital opened by Consul Barnum with cases off the street, and from
+  that time on we increased hospital facilities as fast as possible.
+  We engaged two men and one woman to care for the hospital; four
+  interpreters and one assistant for the pharmacist. We then divided
+  the town into districts so as to systematically get at every sick
+  person. Then we hired (for we could get nothing without a system of
+  bargaining as to price) two large copper kettles used to make grape
+  molasses, and purchased two hundred pounds of beef and made a
+  strong, rich soup. We then strained every nerve to get a soup ticket
+  into the possession of every sick person. We did not waste time by
+  trying to cull out the impostors; in fact there were very few of
+  this class, all the refugees were needy and hungry. The second day
+  we added three kettles, and to supply the number we served at ten
+  o’clock clear meat broth; at four o’clock thick soup of beef and
+  rice. By the end of the third day every sick person was receiving
+  food. Then all complaints of vomiting the medicine ceased.</p>
+
+<p>The problem then to be met was&mdash;how to get the people to go outside
+  the town. We suggested that if they would, we would place a soup
+  kettle out in the open fields to the south, north and east, and in
+  addition to the soup we would give them flour. This had a very
+  decided effect, for one thousand went the first day. The moving
+  continued until every person living on the streets and in cow
+  stables had built for himself shelters of twigs and leaves. Now the
+  butchers saw a chance of applying the plan of putting up the price
+  of meat from seven to fourteen piasters per oke (2¾ pounds). But
+  we had anticipated this and sent men to a friendly Moslem village to
+  purchase cattle. So their scheme failed. By the end of the second
+  week there were no hungry people in Zeitoun.</p>
+
+<p>Results.&mdash;The typhus cases began to recover, the new cases took on a
+  mild form, the same could be said of dysentery. The new cases of
+  both became less and less until they almost disappeared. The most
+  marked improvement was the rapidity which the daily funerals in the
+  three burying grounds decreased. I watched these places with deep
+  interest, for they were a thermometer to gauge the success of our
+  work, and it was with deep gratitude to God that we saw the daily
+  burials reduced from fifteen to none. So much for the acute cases.
+  The first week the chronic cases took the entire time of one doctor,
+  each taking our<a class="pagenum" id="Page_355" title="355"></a> regular turn. Tonic treatment and food so reduced
+  the number that sixty became the daily average at the end of the
+  second week. At the end of the third week, fell to ten. Our
+  pharmacist, Shickri Fakhuri, proved, as he always has, a jewel. His
+  hands were full to prepare the prescriptions of three doctors. At
+  first it was necessary for one of us to give him assistance of an
+  hour or so daily. On the twentieth of May we felt we could leave the
+  town free of acute typhus and dysentery. We gave to the committee
+  selected by Mr. Macallum, funds enough to keep the soup kettles
+  going for one week, and 200 liras ($880) worth of flour, which would
+  suffice for at least six weeks, and by that time it was hoped that
+  all the refugees would have departed for their homes.</p>
+
+<p>On our return to Marash we remained four days superintending the
+  work of relief of the native doctors, and performing surgical
+  operations. We then started for the coast. We chose a shorter and
+  less expensive route than that by which we came. We were able in
+  several places on the road to give needed relief, although to a
+  limited amount. The lessons learned by our experience have been
+  many:</p>
+
+<p>1. The value of keeping well, for obviously, success depends upon
+  this. It is evident to us the way to reduce the danger of infection
+  to a minimum for medical men, is to eat and sleep outside the
+  infected town. This plan may present difficulties, but if possible,
+  it is best. The dreadful mortality among doctors and nurses in the
+  epidemics of typhus fever is well known. The query is, could not
+  this mortality be reduced by the plan suggested? It proved so in our
+  case at least.</p>
+
+<p>2. The food supply is of first importance, especially for epidemics
+  caused by <em>lack</em> of food.</p>
+
+<p>3. The utter worthlessness of medication without it.</p>
+
+<p>4. Pure air. It is much better for people to risk possible exposure
+  out in the open air, than risk contagion in vile, unwholesome
+  shelter in an overcrowded town.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, I am more than ever convinced that small doses of medicine
+  oft repeated give better results in typhus and dysentery than those
+  usually recommended in text-books. I, at least, had ample
+  opportunity to test this to my satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, I wish to express my hearty approval of the methods
+  pursued by yourself and associates, especially as applied to the
+  giving relief to the suffering people. The distribution of your
+  forces was admirable, and the way they grasped the situation and the
+  needs of the people of each particular place should excite the
+  admiration of all who have the relief of this afflicted people at
+  heart. Instead of scattering the money here and there in an aimless
+  way, food, medical and surgical supplies, clothing, seed, cattle,
+  farming utensils, simple cooking vessels, were systematically
+  distributed, thus putting all in the way of providing for themselves
+  in the future and becoming independent again. It is very easy to
+  pauperize the people of the Orient, but your methods prevent this.</p>
+
+<p>Again, the non-sectarian aspect of your work has made a favorable
+  impression. It eliminates all religious prejudices from the minds of
+  all, especially the religious heads. Therefore no ungenerous remarks
+  as to the ulterior motives of your relief. On the contrary we heard
+  nothing but words of commendation.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_356" title="356"></a>No one but yourself and your associates and those who have lived in
+  Turkey for a number of years, can appreciate the difficulties and
+  perplexities under which you have labored from the very first.</p>
+
+<p>I am sorry that this report ends my official relations with you, but
+  believe me, dear Miss Barton, my wife and I shall hold yourself and
+  your associates always in interested remembrance.</p>
+
+<div class="signature"><span class="indent10">Truly and sincerely yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Ira Harris</span>.</div>
+
+<p class="salutation"><em>Tula, Mt. Lebanon, August 15, 1896.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Equally interesting reports are in hand of the work of our special field
+agents, E.M. Wistar, of Philadelphia, and Charles King Wood, whose
+labors extended to different fields of Harpoot; Chimiskezek Peri
+Diarbekir; Palou Silouan Farkin, feeding and clothing the people,
+furnishing tools, cattle, seeds, grain for harvesting the crops, and
+planting the fields for future provision.</p>
+
+<p>We regret that space will not allow their introduction here in full.</p>
+
+<p>So faithful and competent agents deserve their own recitation of a work
+so well done.</p>
+
+<p>Returning from the field when called, Dr. Hubbell and assistants arrived
+in Constantinople July 16, Mr. Wistar and Mr. Wood on the twentieth of
+the same month.</p>
+
+<p>I need not attempt to say with what gratitude I welcomed back these
+weary, brown-faced men and officers from a field at once so difficult
+and so perilous, and none the less did the gratitude of my heart go out
+to my faithful and capable secretary, who had toiled early and late,
+never leaving for a day, till the face grew thin and the eyes hollow,
+striving with tender heart that all should go well, and “the children
+might be fed.”</p>
+
+<p>And when the first greetings were over, and the first meal partaken, the
+full chorus of manly voices: “Home Again,” “Sweet Land of Liberty,”
+“Nearer My God to Thee,” that rolled out through the open windows of the
+Red Cross headquarters in Constantinople, fell on the listening ears of
+Christian and Moslem alike, and though the tones were new and strange
+all felt that to some one, somewhere, they meant more than mere notes of
+music.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_357" title="357"></a>
+ <img src="images/i078.jpg" width="500" height="365" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">GROUP OF ARMENIAN TEACHERS AND PUPILS, HARPOOT AMERICAN MISSIONARY COLLEGE.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_358" title="358"></a>
+ <img src="images/i079.jpg" width="400" height="563" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">CLARA BARTON.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>Taken in 1897.</em></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_359" title="359"></a>THE RED CROSS FLAG.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>“When the smoke of the cannon cleared away we saw the Red Cross flying
+over the hospital.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+ <div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">The shot sped out from our serried ships,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Like the sob of a strong man crying;</div>
+   <div class="line">The sun was veiled as with sudden eclipse,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">When the shot sped out from our serried ships,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">And England’s flag was flying.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">Up from the shore the answer came,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">The cry of the wounded and dying;</div>
+   <div class="line">A burst of thunder, a flash of flame&mdash;</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Up from the shore an answer came,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Where the Prophet’s flag was flying.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">So we dealt destruction the livelong day,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">In war’s wild pastime vying;</div>
+   <div class="line">Through the smoke and thunder and dashing spray,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">We dealt destruction the livelong day,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">And the hostile flags were flying.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">But far through the rolling battle smoke&mdash;</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Ah, God! ’mid the groans and the crying&mdash;</div>
+   <div class="line">A sudden gleam on our vision broke;</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Afar through the rolling battle smoke,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">And the Red Cross flag was flying.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">O’er the house of mercy with plain, white walls,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Where they carried the wounded and dying,</div>
+   <div class="line">Unharmed by our cannon, unfearing our balls;</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">O’er that house of mercy with plain, white walls,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">The Red Cross flag was flying.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">As the sign of the Son of Man in the heaven</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">For a world of warring and sighing</div>
+   <div class="line">We hailed it; and cheered, for the promise given</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">By the sign of the Son of Man in the heaven&mdash;</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">The Red Cross banner flying.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">For we know that wherever the battle was waged,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">With its wounded and dead and dying&mdash;</div>
+   <div class="line">Where the wrath of pagan or Christian raged&mdash;</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Like the mercy of God, where the battle was waged,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">The Red Cross flag was flying.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="line center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</div>
+
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_360" title="360"></a>Let the angry legions meet in the fight,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">With the noise of captains crying;</div>
+   <div class="line">Yet the arm of Christ outstretched in its might,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Where the angry legions meet in the fight,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Keeps the Red Cross banner flying.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">And it surely will come that war will cease,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">With its madness and pain in crying,</div>
+   <div class="line">Lo! the blood-red Cross is the prophet of peace&mdash;</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Of the blessed time when war will cease&mdash;</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">And the Red Cross flag is flying.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="signature"><span class="smcap">John T. Napier</span>, in the Moravian.</div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.</h2>
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div>
+ <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i080.jpg" width="75" height="121" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">In the subsequent chapters is traced the history of the operations of
+the American National Red Cross during the past year, including the
+distribution of relief among the “Reconcentrados” in Cuba, and the
+auxiliary field and hospital service in the Spanish-American war.</p>
+
+<p>Being called away to Cuba in the midst of the preparations for war
+relief, with much of the preliminary work unfinished, it seemed proper
+to leave at home, for a time, a personal representative familiar with
+the obligations of the National Red Cross, to relieve the overburdened
+committee in New York of some of the details which fell more
+particularly within my own province, and to which I had planned to give
+personal attention.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, Mr. D.L. Cobb, of my staff, was detached for this service.
+Being familiar with the work which was done in my absence, and in which
+he has faithfully and efficiently served with an interest second only to
+my own, I have asked him to tell the story of the relations of the
+National Committee with the Government, the formation of the committees
+and the auxiliary societies, through whose guidance and administrations
+all the great work of relief in the Camps and elsewhere was carried on.
+This he has done in the following chapter, under the title, “Home Camps
+and American Waters.”</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_361" title="361"></a>HOME CAMPS AND AMERICAN WATERS.<br />
+  <span class="subtitle smcap">D.L. Cobb.</span></h3>
+
+<div>
+ <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i081.jpg" width="75" height="96" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">During the summer of 1897 there began to appear reports of great
+suffering among the unfortunate people of Cuba, since familiarly known
+as the “reconcentrados.” They were the non-combatants, men, women and
+children, ordered from their homes and plantations in the interior and
+concentrated in the seacoast towns under control of the Spanish arms.
+Thousands were dying, hundreds of thousands were in want; the terrible
+story of their misery and awful distress was re-echoed throughout the
+country, and everywhere the cries for relief and the appeals to humanity
+were heard. Congress, too, had taken the matter up and were discussing
+plans for Cuban relief. The time had arrived when something must be
+done. Finally the President opened the way by issuing the following
+appeal to the people on the twenty-fourth of December:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">Department of State,<br />
+  Washington, D.C.</span></p>
+
+<p>By direction of the President the public is informed that, in
+  deference to the earnest desire of the Government of the United
+  States to contribute, by effective action, toward the relief of the
+  suffering people in the island of Cuba, arrangements have been
+  perfected by which charitable contributions, in money or in kind,
+  can be sent to the island by the benevolently disposed people of the
+  United States.</p>
+
+<p>Money, provisions, clothing and like articles of prime necessity can
+  be forwarded to General Fitzhugh Lee, the Consul-General of the
+  United States at Havana, and all articles now dutiable by law, so
+  consigned, will be admitted into Cuba free of duty. The
+  Consul-General has been instructed to receive the same and to
+  co-operate with the local authorities and the charitable boards, for
+  the distribution of such relief among the destitute and needy people
+  of Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>The President is confident that the people of the United States, who
+  have on many occasions in the past responded most generously to the
+  cry for bread from peoples stricken by famine or sore calamity, and
+  who have beheld no less generous action on the part of foreign
+  communities when our own countrymen have suffered from fire or
+  flood, will heed the appeal for aid that comes from the destitute at
+  their own threshold, and especially at this season of good will and
+  rejoicing give of their abundance to this humane end.</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">John Sherman</span>, <em>Secretary</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_362" title="362"></a></p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Appointment of the Central Cuban Relief Committee">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>This appeal was sent out through the Associated Press and distributed
+through the mails, and met with a most generous response from the
+public. It soon became apparent, however, that to inaugurate a thorough
+system of relief, to concentrate and administer the varied contributions
+of the people, a central committee would be required who should be
+charged with the duties of organization, collection and shipment. A
+conference was held at Washington, between President McKinley, the
+Secretary of State and the American National Red Cross, the result of
+which appears in the following communications:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p class="dateline indent5"><span class="smcap">Department of State</span>,<br />
+  <em>January 1, 1898</em>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>, <em>President, American National Red Cross</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Madam</span>: After my conference with you yesterday, I saw the
+  President again, who expressed his great pleasure that the Red Cross
+  will so cheerfully respond to the initiative which the President has
+  taken toward the relief of the suffering people of Cuba. No less
+  could have been expected by him in view of the good work which the
+  Red Cross has done in the past when called upon to fulfill its
+  humane mission of relieving suffering, either at home or in foreign
+  countries, and acting as the medium for the effective application of
+  the charitable gifts of our citizens.</p>
+
+<p>With the President’s approval, I have the pleasure to suggest to you
+  the way in which it is deemed that the co-operation of the Red Cross
+  in this humane endeavor can be most practically accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>The first necessity is the organization, in New York City as the
+  most convenient centre of operations, of a committee whose functions
+  it will be to appeal to the kindly sentiments of the American people
+  in behalf of the sufferers in Cuba; to receive contributions in
+  money or in kind, and to forward the same to Havana, consigned to
+  the Consul-General of the United States, he having been placed by
+  the President, in sole charge of the receipt and application of the
+  relief in the island; the committee, as a whole, to act under the
+  supervision and direction of the Secretary of State, with whom it
+  may correspond on all matters of business arising and requiring
+  direction in the name of the Government of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the generous and cordial offer of Mr. Louis Klopsch, of
+  the <cite>Christian Herald</cite>, the President desires that, if agreeable to
+  you, he shall be a member of the committee and, in concert with a
+  third member to be designated by the Chamber of Commerce of New
+  York, co-operating with the representative of the Red Cross to make
+  effective the effort which is now being put forth.</p>
+
+<p>The representation of the Red Cross on the proposed relief
+  committee, is left to you. While the President would be most
+  gratified were you in person to act as the second member, he
+  recognizes that the duties and labors of the office might more
+  conveniently fall upon a representative of the Red Cross in New York
+  City, and will cheerfully accept your suggestion that Mr. Stephen E.
+  Barton, second vice-president of the American National Red Cross,
+  serve in that capacity.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_363" title="363"></a>  Mr. Barton will be furnished with letters to Mr. Louis Klopsch and
+  to Mr. Alexander E. Orr, president of the New York Chamber of
+  Commerce, explaining the circumstances under which their
+  co-operation toward the formation of the proposed committee is
+  solicited. It is trusted that speedy action may be had, so that the
+  organization of the Central Cuban Relief Committee may be announced
+  to the people of the United States by the Secretary of State at the
+  earliest possible day.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">I am, my dear madam,</span><br />
+      <span class="indent10">Very respectfully yours,</span><br />
+                  <span class="smcap">Alvey A. Adee</span>,<br />
+                   <em>Second Assistant Secretary</em>.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Letters of notification were then sent by the Secretary of State to Mr.
+Stephen E. Barton, Mr. Louis Klopsch and Mr. Alexander E. Orr. Mr.
+Barton being appointed, Mr. Klopsch having accepted the invitation to
+serve, Mr. Charles A. Schieren was selected to represent the New York
+Chamber of Commerce, and thus was formed what is still known as the
+Central Cuban Relief Committee. The committee met early in January of
+this year and organized, Mr. Barton being elected as chairman, Mr.
+Schieren treasurer. This committee began active work by sending a
+telegraphic appeal to the governors of all the States and Territories,
+announcing the object of the committee’s existence, and asking their
+co-operation and active support, in order to carry out the President’s
+policy in the administration of relief to the starving people in Cuba.
+All responses received were favorable, many committees were appointed,
+and the supplies and funds began to come in. It was at this point that
+the Secretary of State issued the second public appeal by the
+government, on January the eighth, again urging the people, the
+municipal authorities and the great corporations to assist in the work.</p>
+
+<p>The first shipment of supplies to Cuba by the Central Cuban Relief
+Committee was made on January 4, and the second on January 12, the first
+consisting of 160 cases of condensed milk, and the second of about forty
+tons of food, clothing and medicines. These supplies were consigned to
+Consul-General Lee at Havana, and were transported by the Ward Line of
+steamships free of charge.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the committee issued its own circular appeal to all
+local authorities, business houses, boards of trade, religious
+institutions, charitable corporations, social and business clubs,
+organizations and societies generally in every State of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>The question of transportation and its cost now became one of vital<a class="pagenum" id="Page_364" title="364"></a>
+importance. If full freight charges were to be paid on all consignments
+to the committee to the Atlantic coast, the expense of shipment might in
+many cases equal the value of the supplies, and in any event would be a
+serious burden upon the treasury. Accordingly, negotiations were carried
+on with the principal railway and steamship transportation lines, and
+with the Joint Traffic Association of New York, one result of which was
+that the association shortly afterward issued its general circular of
+instructions, the substance of which was:</p>
+
+<p>That, responsive to the request of the Central Cuban Relief Committee,
+appointed by the President of the United States and acting under the
+direction of the Department of State, it shall be permissible for the
+railway companies, parties to the Joint Traffic Association, to forward
+free of transportation charges, from points subject to its jurisdiction
+to or from New York, New Orleans, Mobile, Montgomery and Tampa,
+shipments of food, clothing and medicines, and other necessary supplies
+intended for the use and relief of the inhabitants of the island of Cuba
+who are suffering from sickness and famine.</p>
+
+<p>Through this generous action on the part of the Joint Traffic
+Association, comprising the principal railroads east of Chicago, with
+branch lines extending north and south, all contributions were carried
+to the Atlantic and Gulf ports free. The Ward Line from New York, and
+the Plant System of railways and steamships had already taken similar
+action, then the great trunk lines of the West, the New England
+companies, the Southern railways, and all the coastwise steamship
+companies and the Munson Line united in furnishing free transportation
+to the ports of Cuba. Of the steamship lines whose kind assistance did
+so much to further the work of relief, special mention is due to Messrs.
+James E. Ward &amp; Co., of New York, owners of the Ward Line, whose
+steamers running to Havana, Santiago, Cienfuegos and ports along the
+southern shore of Cuba, not only carried the larger amount of
+provisions, but unloaded it and delivered it on shore without charge.</p>
+
+<p>No single agency did greater service than the press. By the daily and
+widespread dissemination of news concerning the actual conditions in
+Cuba, by the reports of their own representatives in the famine-stricken
+districts, and by the persistent reiteration of appeals the great heart
+of the American people was reached, and the response was prompt and
+abundant.</p>
+
+<p>Operating over such a large territory, communication by mail would have
+often been too slow to be effective, and it was constantly<a class="pagenum" id="Page_365" title="365"></a> necessary to
+resort to the telegraph, and the cost of such service would have
+ordinarily been very great. But the Postal Telegraph Company and the
+Western Union Telegraph and Cable Company, in order to assist the work,
+extended unusual privileges, the first company transmitting all messages
+free, and the second accepting messages at the government rates. The
+Central Cuban Relief Committee in their report to the President, extend
+their thanks to many other companies, and individuals, for whose kindly
+assistance they are indebted, and special mention is made of the
+valuable service rendered by the United States dispatch agent, Mr. I.P.
+Roosa, in the receipt and storage, the purchase and shipment of relief
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of March a conference was held at Washington, between
+the Secretary of State and the Central Cuban Relief Committee, which
+resulted in bringing the committee into relationship with the American
+National Red Cross, and the designation of the Red Cross as the
+distributing agent in Cuba, acting for the State Department and the
+committee. As told elsewhere, the work of distribution in Cuba was
+scarcely begun when friendly relations between the United States and
+Spain were suspended, and upon the advice of the Consul-General at
+Havana, the Red Cross retired when the President called all Americans
+home.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the committee, upon the advice of the Department of
+State, had chartered the steamship “State of Texas” of the Mallory Line,
+and, loading her with a general cargo of food, clothing, medicines and
+hospital supplies, dispatched her, under the flag of the Red Cross, to
+Key West.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose for which this good ship was dispatched, and the conditions
+under which she was sent, are best explained by the correspondence
+exchanged at that time by the Departments of State and Navy, the
+American National Red Cross, the Central Cuban Relief Committee and the
+naval commanders:</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="The Red Cross Requested to Administer Relief in Cuba">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Central Cuban Relief Committee</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Appointed by the President of the United States and acting under the
+direction of the Department of State.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline"><span class="smcap">New York</span>, <em>April 20, 1898.</em></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>,<br />
+   <span class="pad10"><em>President, American National Red Cross, Washington, D.C.</em>:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Miss Barton</span>: In confirmation of the verbal request by the
+  chairman and treasurer of the Central Cuban Relief Committee, in
+  conjunction with the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_366" title="366"></a> Hon. Wm. R. Day, Assistant Secretary of State,
+  that you proceed to the island of Cuba, there to carry on the work
+  of distribution and relief to the suffering people in behalf of this
+  committee and in co-operation with the United States Consuls, I beg
+  to inform you that at a special meeting of this committee, held on
+  thirteenth of April, 1898, the following action was taken:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The Department of State having extended the authority of
+  this committee to the supervision of the distribution of relief
+  supplies, and the carrying out of all necessary relief measures, in
+  co-operation with the American Consuls in Cuba; and this committee,
+  having verbally joined with the Department of State in asking the
+  American National Red Cross, Miss Clara Barton, president, to
+  proceed at once to Cuba as the representative of this committee, and
+  to perform, in behalf of the committee, all necessary work of
+  relief; therefore be it</p>
+
+<p><em>Resolved</em>, That the chairman be authorized to write suitable
+  letters to Miss Clara Barton, Consul-General Lee and the other
+  American Consuls in Cuba, notifying them of this action.</p>
+
+<p>As you are aware, this committee at request of the Department of
+  State, has determined to send the steamship “State of Texas,” with
+  relief supplies from New York City to Key West, Florida, there to
+  await orders and instructions from the United States Government. By
+  instructions from the Department of State, the committee have to
+  send the steamship under the Red Cross flag and the provisions of
+  the Geneva Convention, turning the vessel over to the American
+  National Red Cross upon leaving New York.</p>
+
+<p>I, therefore, beg to say to you that in all probability the vessel
+  will be loaded and made ready to sail on Saturday the twenty-third
+  inst., and you are expected to have such of your representatives&mdash;as
+  you desire shall accompany and take charge of the ship from New York
+  to Key West&mdash;in readiness to go aboard Saturday forenoon. The
+  arrival of the vessel at Key West should be reported to this
+  committee by telegraph immediately, when instructions will be given
+  by the Government at Washington for proceeding further. If
+  hostilities shall have begun between the United States and Spain, it
+  will be your duty to call upon the United States Government for the
+  necessary naval consort&mdash;as provided by the Geneva Convention.</p>
+
+<p>This program has been proposed by the Assistant Secretary of State,
+  who will immediately issue the necessary orders upon hearing from
+  us.</p>
+
+<p>Before your departure from Key West for Cuba, this committee will
+  give you further information as to its desires and recommendation
+  concerning the distribution of supplies from the different ports in
+  Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>This committee stands ready to furnish you with the funds necessary
+  to carry on this work of relief to the extent of its ability, and it
+  is expected that you will render to the treasurer a detailed account
+  of your expenditures in the work entrusted to your organization.</p>
+
+<p>You are requested to make requisition by letter or telegraph from
+  time to time, as you need further funds.</p>
+
+<p>We will thank you for your official acknowledgment of this
+  communication in writing.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">  Very truly yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Stephen E. Barton</span>, <em>Chairman</em>.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_367" title="367"></a></p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline"><span class="smcap indent20">Navy Department,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>April 25, 1898</em>.</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Miss Clara Barton, the representative of the American National
+  Red Cross Society, is about to proceed to Key West to take charge of
+  the distribution of the supplies now aboard the steamship “State of
+  Texas,” and which supplies it is proposed to distribute among the
+  starving reconcentrados of Cuba. There are enclosed herewith copies
+  of letters from the Department of State to the Department of the
+  Navy and from the Secretary of the Navy to the Commander-in-Chief of
+  the North Atlantic Station which contain the terms upon which this
+  trust is undertaken, and the Department’s instructions in relation
+  thereto.</p>
+
+<p>The Department desires that you will afford every assistance within
+  your power to Miss Barton and her associates, while they are in Key
+  West.</p>
+
+<p>The departure of the “State of Texas” from Key West and its
+  destination are, of course, matters coming entirely under the
+  jurisdiction of the Commander-in-Chief of the North Atlantic
+  Station.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">Very respectfully,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap indent10">John D. Long,</span><br />
+  <em>Secretary</em>,
+</div>
+<p class="salutation">Commandant,<br />
+  <span class="pad10">Naval Station, Key West, Fla.</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline"><span class="smcap indent20">Navy Department,</span><br />
+    <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>April 25, 1898</em>.
+  </div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: There is forwarded enclosed a copy of a letter received this
+  day from the Department of State, which fully states the conditions
+  under which Miss Clara Barton, as the representative of the American
+  National Red Cross Society, proceeds to Key West. You will afford
+  Miss Barton every facility that shall become feasible for the
+  distribution of the supplies now on board the steamship “State of
+  Texas” to the starving reconcentrados, but it is, of course,
+  necessary that none of these supplies shall come into the possession
+  of the Spanish Army, as this would result in defeating the purposes
+  for which the blockade has been established.</p>
+
+<p>It is believed that you will fully appreciate the wishes of the
+  Departments of State and the Navy in this matter, and all the
+  details are necessarily left to your discretion.</p>
+
+  <div class="signature">
+    <span class="indent20">Very respectfully,</span><br />
+    <span class="smcap indent10">John D. Long,</span><br />
+    <em>Secretary</em>,
+  </div>
+
+<p class="salutation">Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Force,<br />
+  <span class="pad20">North Atlantic Station.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="smcap indent10">Department of State,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>April 25, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p class="salutation"><em>The Honorable the Secretary of the Navy</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The Central Cuban Relief Committee of New York, organized by
+  direction and under the authority of the President, for the
+  collection and transmission to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_368" title="368"></a> Cuba of supplies for the relief of
+  the suffering and destitute in that island, has, after consultation
+  with this Department and with full approval of its course, chartered
+  and dispatched from New York the steamer “State of Texas” laden with
+  supplies and sailing under the ensign of the National Red Cross. The
+  only passengers she carries are officers and employes of the Red
+  Cross for the purpose of assisting in the distribution of this
+  charitable relief.</p>
+
+<p>As at present contemplated, the destination of the “State of Texas”
+  is either Matanzas or Cardenas, or perhaps, if circumstances favor,
+  both; but the point of landing will largely be determined by
+  circumstances of which the Admiral commanding the blockading force
+  on the north coast of Cuba will necessarily be the best judge.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Clara Barton, president of the American National Red Cross, is
+  about to proceed to Tampa and Key West at which latter point she
+  will go aboard the “State of Texas” upon its arrival there.</p>
+
+<p>Upon reaching Key West Miss Barton, as the person in charge of the
+  relief expedition, will report to such naval officer as you may
+  designate and take from him directions as to the movements of the
+  “State of Texas” from that point on.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to commend Miss Barton to the kind attentions of
+  your Department in order that she may receive, before leaving
+  Washington, such instructions as you may deem it necessary and
+  proper to give her.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+   <span class="indent20">Respectfully yours,</span><br />
+   <span class="smcap indent10">John Sherman,</span><br />
+   <em>Secretary</em>.</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Taking Command of the “State of Texas”">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>With these credentials, the President and staff of the American National
+Red Cross immediately proceeded to Key West, and, after reporting to the
+commandant of the naval station and to the representative of Admiral
+Sampson, the party boarded the “State of Texas” and awaited an
+opportunity to carry out the mission of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>During the year prior to the outbreak of hostilities between the United
+States and Spain, Cuban families were fleeing from the island, and this
+exodus continued until war began. The refugees, numbering several
+thousand, took up their abode at Tampa, Key West and other Atlantic and
+gulf ports. They had been obliged to leave their native country hastily,
+leaving nearly all their personal property behind them, and in a short
+time after their arrival in America were actually without food and with
+no means wherewith to purchase it.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Relief Work at Tampa and Key West">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>Committees and agents of the Red Cross were established in both Tampa
+and Key West, and acting as the distributing agencies for the supplies
+forwarded by the Central Cuban Relief Committee, the refugees were cared
+for. In Key West the number supplied with food from the warehouse and
+kitchen of the Red Cross were over seventeen hundred people, and the
+distribution still continues. Key West has been one of the most
+important distributing stations, and from the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_369" title="369"></a> beginning has been under
+the efficient direction of Mr. George W. Hyatt, for whose continuous and
+faithful service the Red Cross is much indebted.</p>
+
+<p>The distributing station was kept constantly supplied by the Central
+Cuban Relief Committee, and when the stock began to run low in the
+latter part of July, the committee dispatched the schooner “Nokomis”
+from New York with 125 tons of assorted provisions to replenish the
+storehouse.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Feeding Spanish Prisoners of War">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>Before the “State of Texas” arrived at Key West, war had been declared
+between the United States and Spain, and soon after the prize ships,
+schooners, steamers and fishing smacks, captured off the Cuban coast
+began to come in, in tow, or in charge of prize crews. The navy worked
+rapidly and brought in their prizes so quickly that the government
+officials were not prepared to feed the prisoners of war. On the ninth
+of May the United States Marshal for the southern district of Florida
+made the following appeal:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+ <div><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>,<br />
+      <span class="pad10"><em>President, American National Red Cross</em>:</span></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Miss Barton</span>: On board the captured vessels we find quite a
+  number of aliens among the crews, mostly Cubans, and some American
+  citizens, and their detention here and inability to get away for
+  want of funds has exhausted their supply of food, and some of them
+  will soon be entirely out. As there is no appropriation available
+  from which food could be purchased, would you kindly provide for
+  them until I can get definite instructions from the Department at
+  Washington?</p>
+
+  <div class="signature">
+    <span class="indent20">Very respectfully,</span><br />
+    <span class="indent10 smcap">John F. Horr,</span><br />
+    <em>U.S. Marshal</em>.
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Attached to this letter was an official list of the Spanish prizes whose
+crews were in need of food. The boats of the “State of Texas” were
+quickly loaded with a supply of assorted provisions and, being taken in
+tow by the steam-launch of the transport “Panther,” the work of
+distribution began. All the ships in need were supplied with food and
+medicines for ten days, and their supply renewed every ten days for some
+weeks until government rations were regularly issued and auxiliary
+assistance was no longer necessary. The supplies on the “State of Texas”
+being intended for the reconcentrados in Cuba, her cargo was drawn upon
+to the smallest possible extent. Many of the prizes had on board cargoes
+of bananas and plantains, and the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_370" title="370"></a> wells of the “Viveros” were filled
+with live fish. After some negotiating, arrangements were made to secure
+these cargoes at a trifling cost, and they were distributed among the
+crews of the vessels that carried nothing eatable. Tasajo, or jerked
+meat, was also bought and given out in the same way, and from one of the
+prizes loaded with dried meat from the Argentine, which was afterward
+sold at auction in Key West, forty tons were purchased and stored in the
+warehouse to supply the refugees, and to replace that portion of the
+cargo of the “State of Texas” which had been distributed to the
+prisoners of war.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_371" title="371"></a>
+ <img src="images/i082.jpg" width="500" height="324" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A PART OF THE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS FLEET IN THE
+SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR OF 1898.</div>
+
+  <div class="subcaption xs">
+   <table summary="American Fleet">
+    <colgroup>
+      <col width="33%" />
+      <col width="33%" />
+      <col width="33%" />
+    </colgroup>
+    <tr><td class="top">
+        <p><span class="smcap">Yacht “Red Cross.”</span>&mdash;Failed to reach Cuba in time for service, and was
+used for transporting sick between military camps and New York.</p>
+
+   <p><span class="smcap">S.S. “San Antonio.”</span>&mdash;Carried assorted cargo and hospital supplies to
+Matanzas and Cardenas for distribution to the interior towns.</p>
+         </td>
+       <td class="top pad1">
+       <p><span class="smcap">S.S. “State of Texas.”</span>&mdash;Loaded before the declaration of war, with 1400
+tons of food and hospital supplies and clothing for Cuban hungry.
+Carried Red Cross president and working staff and nurses. Used cargo for
+both U.S. Army and Cubans at Guantanamo, Siboney, the front and
+Santiago.</p>
+       </td>
+       <td class="top pad1">
+     <p><span class="smcap">Schooner “Mary E Morse.”</span>&mdash;Carried 800 tons of ice to Santiago, used on
+transports carrying returned soldiers and sick men. Afterward carried
+transferred cargo of “Port Victor” to Baracoa and Jibarra for
+distribution among Cuban hungry.</p>
+
+    <p><span class="smcap">Schooner “Nocomis.”</span>&mdash; Carried 700 tons of ice to Porto Rico.</p>
+        </td>
+   </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_372" title="372"></a>
+ <img src="images/i083.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">OFFICERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED
+CROSS.</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Correspondence with Admiral Sampson">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>While waiting for an opportunity to get into Cuba, the reports which
+reached us showed that the distress among the reconcentrados was daily
+increasing, and it was determined to make an attempt to land with the
+“State of Texas,” or at least to show the willingness of the Red Cross
+to do so, if permitted. As the ship was under the direction of the Navy
+Department, the following letter was addressed to the admiral in command
+of the blockading fleet:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline">S.S. “<span class="smcap">State of Texas</span>,” <em>May 2, 1898</em>.</div>
+
+  <p><span class="smcap">Admiral William T. Sampson</span>, U.S.N.,<br />
+       <span class="pad30"><em>Commanding fleet before Havana</em>:</span>
+  </p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Admiral</span>: But for the introduction kindly proffered by our mutual
+  acquaintance, Captain Harrington, I should scarcely presume to
+  address you. He will have made known to you the subject which I
+  desire to bring to your gracious consideration.</p>
+
+<p>Papers forwarded by direction of our government will have shown the
+  charge entrusted to me, viz: To get food to the starving people of
+  Cuba. I have with me a cargo of fourteen hundred tons, under the
+  flag of the Red Cross, the one international emblem of neutrality
+  and humanity known to civilization. Spain knows and regards it.</p>
+
+<p>Fourteen months ago, the entire Spanish Government at Madrid cabled
+  me permission to take to, and distribute food to the suffering
+  people in Cuba. This official permission was broadly published; if
+  read by our people, no response was made, no action taken until two
+  months ago, when under the humane and gracious call of our honored
+  President, I did go, and distributed food unmolested anywhere on the
+  island, until arrangements were made by our government for all
+  American citizens to leave Cuba. Persons must now be dying there by
+  the hundreds if not thousands daily, for the want of the food we are
+  shutting out. Will not the world hold us accountable? Will history
+  write us blameless? Will it not be said of us that we completed the
+  scheme of extermination commenced by Weyler? I fear the mutterings
+  are already in the air.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_373" title="373"></a>Fortunately, I know the Spanish authorities in Cuba, Captain-General
+  Blanco and his assistants. We parted with perfect friendliness. They
+  do not regard me as an American merely, but as the national
+  representative of an international treaty to which themselves are
+  signatory and under which they act. I believe they would receive and
+  confer with me, if such a thing were made possible.</p>
+
+<p>I would like to ask Spanish permission and protection to land and
+  distribute the food now on the “State of Texas.” Could I be
+  permitted to ask to see them under flag of truce? If we make the
+  effort and are refused, the blame rests with them; if we fail to
+  make it, it rests with us. I hold it good statesmanship to at least
+  divide the responsibility. I am told that some days must elapse
+  before our troops can be in position to reach and feed this starving
+  people. Our food and our force are here, ready to commence at once.</p>
+
+<p>With assurances of highest regard, I am, Admiral,</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">Very respectfully yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>.
+ </div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>On the same day, Admiral Sampson, in his reply, pointed out why, as
+commander of the blockading squadron, his instructions would not permit
+him to admit food into Cuba at that time.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+   <span class="smcap indent10">U.S. Flagship “New York,” First Rate.</span><br />
+   <span class="smcap">Key West, Florida</span>, <em>May 2, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>,<br />
+   <span class="pad10"><em>President, American National Red Cross, Key West, Fla.</em>:</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Madam</span>: I have received, through the senior naval officer
+  present, a copy of a letter from the State Department to the
+  Secretary of the Navy, a copy of a letter of the Secretary of the
+  Navy to the commander-in-chief of the naval force on this station,
+  and also a copy of a letter from the Secretary of the Navy to the
+  commandant of the naval station at Key West.</p>
+
+<p>2. From these communications it appears that the destination of the
+  steamship “State of Texas,” loaded with supplies for the starving
+  reconcentrados in Cuba, is left, in a measure, to my judgment.</p>
+
+<p>3. At present I am acting under instructions from the Navy
+  Department to blockade the coast of Cuba for the purpose of
+  preventing, among other things, any food supply from reaching the
+  Spanish forces in Cuba. Under these circumstances it seems to me
+  unwise to let a ship-load of such supplies be sent to the
+  reconcentrados, for, in my opinion, they would be distributed to the
+  Spanish army. Until some point be occupied in Cuba by our forces,
+  from which such distribution may be made to those for whom the
+  supplies are intended, I am unwilling that they should be landed on
+  Cuban soil.</p>
+
+  <div class="signature">
+    <span class="indent20">Yours, very respectfully,</span><br />
+    <span class="smcap">W.T. Sampson</span>,<br />
+    <span class="indent5"><em>Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy</em>,</span><br />
+    <em>Commander-in-Chief U.S. Naval Force</em>,<br />
+    <span class="indent5"><em>North Atlantic Station</em>.</span>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_374" title="374"></a>The Red Cross had been requested to hasten south to take food into Cuba,
+but the admiral had been instructed to keep it out. Nothing remained to
+do but to inform the government at Washington, and the committee in New
+York, regarding the situation as developed by this correspondence, and
+await farther instructions, which was done by cablegram addressed to the
+chairman of the Central Cuban Relief Committee in New York:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline"><span class="smcap">Key West, Fla.</span>, <em>May 3, 1898</em>.</div>
+
+<p>Herewith I transmit copies of letters passed between Admiral Sampson
+  and myself. I think it important that you should immediately present
+  this correspondence personally to the government, as it will place
+  before them the exact situation here. The utmost cordiality exists
+  between Admiral Sampson and myself. The admiral feels it his duty,
+  as chief of the blockading squadron to keep food out of Cuba, and
+  recognizes that from my standpoint my duty is to try to get food
+  into Cuba and this correspondence is transmitted with his cordial
+  consent. If I insist, Admiral Sampson will try to open communication
+  under a flag of truce, but his letter expresses his opinion
+  regarding the best method. Advices from the government would enable
+  us to reach a decision. Unless there is objection at Washington, you
+  are at liberty to publish this correspondence if you wish.</p>
+
+  <div class="signature">
+    <span class="smcap">Clara Barton.</span>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In a few days the following cablegram was received in reply:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+  <div class="dateline"><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>May 6, 1898</em>.</div>
+
+  <p><span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>, <em>Key West</em>:</p>
+
+<p>Submitted your message to President and cabinet, and it was read
+  with moistened eyes. Considered serious and pathetic. Admiral
+  Sampson’s views regarded as wisest at present. Hope to land you
+  soon. President, Long and Moore send highest regards.</p>
+
+  <div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Barton.</span><br />(S.E.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>We too hoped to land soon, but the opportunity never came, and the
+“State of Texas” whose finely assorted cargo was primarily intended for
+the starving reconcentrados, did not get to Cuba until she went with the
+transports conveying the invading army, and, after doing good service in
+the relief of the sick and wounded at El Caney and Siboney, she entered
+the harbor of Santiago, the first American ship to reach the city.</p>
+
+<p>While these things were transpiring, preparations were being made by the
+Red Cross, in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty of Geneva, to
+render auxiliary medical and hospital service during the war. Upon the
+declaration of war, a special committee was appointed, composed of Dr.
+J.B. Hubbell, Mr. John Hitz and Mr.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_375" title="375"></a> Stephen E. Barton, to wait upon the
+President of the United States, the Secretaries of State, War and Navy,
+and the Surgeon General, to give oral notice of the intention of the Red
+Cross to be ready to furnish any supplemental aid that might be required
+by the armies in the field.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Appointment of the Executive Committee of the Red Cross
+and the Relief Committee of New York">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>Following the usual custom, the American National Red Cross was about to
+issue a statement to the American people for funds and materials to
+support its ministrations to the sick and wounded, when a resolution was
+passed by the board of directors of the New York Red Cross Hospital, of
+which institution Mr. William T. Wardwell is president, proposing the
+formation of a Relief Committee. The purpose of this committee was to
+raise funds and supplies, in the name of the Red Cross, and to act as a
+national auxiliary in the capacity of trustees and temporary custodians
+of the contributions of the people in support of the work to be done by
+the American National Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The tender of the proposed Relief Committee, thus voluntarily formed,
+was provisionally accepted by Mr. Stephen E. Barton, subject to the
+official acceptance by the American National Red Cross. Upon this
+provisional acceptance the Relief Committee proceeded to organize, and
+its membership was enlarged by the addition of men well known in social
+and financial circles of the City and State of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The name adopted by the committee: “The American National Red Cross
+Relief Committee,” was perhaps unfortunate, in some respects, inasmuch
+as it created a certain confusion in the minds of the people, who were
+often unable to distinguish between the parent organization, the
+American National Red Cross, and the Relief Committee of New York. The
+committee having completed its organization, the tender of its services
+during the war was made and accepted in the following terms:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline">
+    <span class="smcap">New York</span>, <em>May 3, 1898</em>.
+  </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>: We have before us the official communication in which
+  your secretary, Mr. John P. Faure, transmits to us for action
+  thereon, the following resolution from your executive committee:</p>
+
+  <div class="quote">
+  <p><em>Resolved</em>, That the secretary be and he hereby is instructed to
+  officially notify the American National Red Cross of the fact of the
+  organization of this committee, requesting official acknowledgment
+  and acceptance by the American National Red Cross, of the tender of
+  financial co-operation and support offered by this committee.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>In reply we would say that it gives us great pleasure to accept your
+generous offer of financial co-operation and support. In carrying out
+the object of your offer, you are authorized to make such a public
+appeal, in the name of the American National Red Cross, as you may think
+best.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_376" title="376"></a>For the purpose of unifying all effort, and concentrating all
+  financial and material support to the American National Red Cross,
+  we also confidently entrust to you, in consultation with our own
+  executive committee, the work of inviting, through your committee,
+  the co-operation of all Red Cross Relief Committees throughout the
+  United States.</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent50">Very truly yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent20">The American National Red Cross,</span><br />
+  <div class="left pad20">
+    <span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>, President,<br />
+    <span class="smcap">Geo. Kennan</span>, Vice-President,<br />
+    <span class="smcap">Stephen E. Barton</span>, Second Vice-President.
+  </div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The acceptance of this offer made necessary the formation of an
+executive committee of the American National Red Cross, with
+headquarters in the city of New York, whose function it would be to
+represent the Red Cross in its official dealings with the government at
+Washington, the American people and the Relief Committee, and to devise
+ways and means for the administration of the contributions of the
+people, through the appointment and direction of official
+representatives of the Red Cross in the camps. The executive committee
+was at once appointed and consisted of the following members: Stephen E.
+Barton, Charles A. Schieren, Hon. Joseph Sheldon, George W. Boldt and
+William B. Howland, and organized with Mr. Barton as chairman and Mr.
+Schieren as treasurer.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>On the fourteenth day of May the Relief Committee addressed the
+following letter to the President of the United States, reciting the
+formal offer of the American National Red Cross to supplement the field
+and hospital service of the army and navy, and reiterating their tender
+of co-operation and financial support:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+ <div class="dateline"><span class="smcap">New York</span>, <em>May 20, 1898</em>.</div>
+
+<p><em>To the President</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In accordance with the request made by you to the special
+  committee appointed by the American National Red Cross Relief
+  Committee, during its recent visit to you, the undersigned members
+  of said special committee beg leave to submit the following
+  statements for your consideration:</p>
+
+<p>The American National Red Cross Relief Committee of New York,
+  organized with an unlimited number of co-operating and auxiliary
+  bodies throughout the country, for the purpose of providing
+  financial and material sustenance to the work of the American
+  National Red Cross, Miss Clara Barton, president, begs leave to
+  represent to the Government of the United States as follows, viz:</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_377" title="377"></a>
+  <em>First.</em>&mdash;That the American National Red Cross is the duly
+  incorporated committee representing the work of the Red Cross in its
+  civil capacity, and is recognized as such by the Government of the
+  United States, the governments of other countries and the
+  International Committee at Geneva.</p>
+
+<p><em>Second.</em>&mdash;That we are informed that the said American National Red
+  Cross has given formal notice to the Departments of State, War and
+  Navy and the Surgeons-General of the army and navy of its readiness
+  to respond to any calls for civil aid to supplement the hospital
+  work of the army and navy, in accordance with the provisions of the
+  resolutions of the Geneva Conference of 1863 and the Geneva
+  Convention of 1864, and their amendments.</p>
+
+<p><em>Third.</em>&mdash;That, in order to guarantee the fullest effectiveness of
+  the aid thus offered by the civil Red Cross, this committee hereby
+  gives you official notice that it stands ready, together with other
+  co-operating committees, to furnish all necessary money and material
+  to support the work of the said American National Red Cross, as
+  hereinbefore outlined.</p>
+
+<p>We beg to request, Mr. President, that you take the necessary action
+  to have the several departments of the government duly notified of
+  this financial guarantee of the assistance tendered by the American
+  National Red Cross, to the end that the fullest reliance may be
+  placed upon its offer, should the extent of the present war over tax
+  the preparations of the medical departments of the army and navy.</p>
+
+<p>Please favor us with a prompt acknowledgment of this letter and
+  information as to your action thereon.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+      <span class="indent40">Respectfully,</span><br />
+       <div class="left pad20">
+         <span class="smcap">Levi P. Morton</span>,<br />
+         <span class="smcap">Henry C. Potter</span>, D.D., LL.D.,<br />
+         <span class="smcap">William T. Wardwell</span>,<br />
+         <span class="smcap">George F. Shrady</span>, M.D.,<br />
+         <span class="smcap">A. Monae Lesser</span>, M.D.
+       </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Communication from the Secretary of State Acknowledging
+Official Status of the American National Red Cross">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>On May 24, the above communication was transmitted by the Secretary of
+State to the Department of War, in the following letter in which he
+explains the position of the American National Red Cross and its
+national and international status:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline"><span class="smcap">Department of State.</span></div>
+
+<p><em>The Honorable the Secretary of War</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit to you copy of a letter addressed
+  to the President under date of the twentieth inst., by Messrs. Levi
+  P. Morton, Henry C. Potter, D.D., William T. Wardwell, George F.
+  Shrady, M.D., and A. Monae Lesser, M.D., a special committee
+  appointed by the American National Red Cross Relief Committee, in
+  regard to the work proposed to be undertaken by that organization
+  for the purpose of providing financial and material support to the
+  work of the American National Red Cross, of which latter Miss Clara
+  Barton is president.</p>
+
+<p>The proposal has the President’s cordial approbation in view of the
+  distinctive position of the American National Red Cross as the sole
+  central organization in the United States in affiliation with the
+  International Committee of Berne, and through<a class="pagenum" id="Page_378" title="378"></a> it with the Central
+  Red Cross Committees which have been formed in every country which
+  has adhered to the Geneva Convention of 1864.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be remembered that the Geneva Convention itself is largely
+  the outgrowth of American initiative. The American Sanitary
+  Commission, organized during the first years of the War of the
+  Rebellion, proved the efficacy of uniform and concentrated effort to
+  bring into play the benevolent influences of the people to aid the
+  military authorities in caring for the sick and wounded in war, and
+  its conspicuous success attracted attention abroad to such a degree
+  that, in obedience to a very general desire in European countries,
+  the Swiss Government, in 1863, invited an international conference
+  to formulate and adopt a general plan for the amelioration of the
+  suffering of the sick and wounded in war. As a result of that
+  conference arrangements were perfected for the organization of
+  central civil committees in the several countries to supplement the
+  work done by the military service of the armies in the field, thus
+  creating in nearly all the Continental States organizations similar
+  to the American Sanitary Commission. The following year another
+  conference was held at Geneva, under the auspices of the
+  International Committee, which resulted in the signing of the Geneva
+  Convention of 1864, to which the United States is a party. Still
+  another conference in 1868 resulted in the additional articles
+  extending the principles of the Geneva Convention to naval
+  operations, which have been adopted by this government and Spain as
+  a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em> during the present war.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these truly international conventions, conferences held at
+  Geneva in 1867 and in 1869 still further perfected the organization
+  and operation of the International Committee of Berne and its
+  relations to the several civil central Red Cross Committees in the
+  adhering States, to the end that the latter might not alone
+  cooperate with the governments of their respective nations in time
+  of war, but should perform analogous relief work in each State in
+  time of pestilence, famine or other national calamity.</p>
+
+<p>The American National Red Cross, incorporated under the laws of the
+  United States for the District of Columbia, constitutes the sole
+  legitimate and recognized local branch in this country of the great
+  international association, of which the International Committee of
+  Berne is the head. Of its conspicuous peaceful services in time of
+  national suffering at home and abroad, it is superfluous to speak.
+  Its relation to the military and naval hospital service in time of
+  war is now under consideration. Under the terms of the Geneva
+  conventions, its aid may be powerfully given to the military and
+  naval armies, with the added prestige which belongs to it as the
+  American branch of the International Red Cross. By the terms of the
+  Geneva Convention of 1864, the participation of its agents in the
+  active ambulance and hospital service of the armies and naval forces
+  of the United States is effected through the express neutralization
+  of its individual workers by the military and naval authorities and
+  the issuance to them of the stipulated armlet bearing the sign of
+  the Red Cross. Its assistance, however, is not limited to this
+  individual employment of its agents in the field; it stands ready to
+  co-operate in the equipment and supply of ambulances and medical
+  stores, drawing for its resources on the benevolence of the
+  community and systematizing effort and aid throughout the country by
+  the various local committees it has organized.</p>
+
+<p>By Article II of the protocol of the Geneva Conference of 1863,
+  which created the International Committee of Berne and its
+  associated national committees,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_379" title="379"></a> each National Central Committee is
+  to enter into relations with the government of its country so that
+  its services may be accepted if occasion should present itself, and
+  by Article III, on being called upon, or with the assent of the
+  military authorities, the respective Central Committee is to send
+  volunteer nurses to the field of battle, there to be placed under
+  the orders of the commanding officer. These articles sufficiently
+  show the character of the aid to be rendered in time of war by the
+  widespread organization of which the International Committee of
+  Berne is the head.</p>
+
+<p>There is pending in Congress at the present time an act to
+  legitimize the national status of the American National Red Cross
+  and to protect its exclusive use of the insignia of the Red Cross
+  for the work it was organized to perform, and its early passage is
+  expected. Indeed, it would probably have become a law before now but
+  for a need of a slight amendment which this Department has advised.
+  The purpose of that act has the President’s cordial approval.</p>
+
+<p>In referring to me the annexed letter from the special committee of
+  the American National Red Cross Relief Committee the President has
+  requested me to take such steps as may be necessary and effective to
+  recognize the American National Red Cross as the proper and sole
+  representative in the United States of the International Committee,
+  and, as such, corresponding to the central committees which have
+  been constituted in the several States which have adhered to the
+  Geneva Convention. So far as international correspondence with the
+  Swiss Government in relation to the deliberations of the Geneva
+  Conference is concerned, this government has uniformly recognized
+  the American National Red Cross as the only civil body in the United
+  States which is regularly affiliated with the International
+  Committee of Berne for the purpose of carrying out the arrangements
+  elaborated by the various conferences held at Geneva, and the
+  representatives of the American National Red Cross at those
+  conferences have uniformly attended with the sanction of the United
+  States Government. No additional recognition or sanction is needed
+  in that quarter.</p>
+
+<p>I have therefore the honor to inform you, by direction of the
+  President, that this government recognizes, for any appropriate
+  co-operative purposes, the American National Red Cross as the Civil
+  Central American Committee in correspondence with the International
+  Committee for the relief of the wounded in war and to invite similar
+  recognition of its status by your department with a view to taking
+  advantage of its proffered aid during the present war so far as may
+  be available.</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+   <span class="indent20">Respectfully yours,</span><br />
+   <span class="smcap indent10">William R. Day,</span><br />
+  <em>Secretary of State</em>.
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The foregoing letter from the Secretary of State defines the position of
+the American National Red Cross, as uniformly recognized by the
+Government of the United States, and by the International Committee
+representing all the treaty nations. The treaty contemplates that there
+shall be in each country one national organization of the Red Cross,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_380" title="380"></a>
+with power to organize an unlimited number of subordinate branches, or
+auxiliaries, all directly tributary to the national body. As the
+personnel and equipment of the Red Cross are expressly neutralized and
+protected by the treaty, it was essential to the security of all, that
+the civil power and responsibility should be concentrated. It was for
+this reason that the president of the International Committee, in his
+letter of March 24, 1882, urged that:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>It is important that we be able to certify that your government is
+  prepared to accept your services in case of war; that it will
+  readily enter into co-operation with you and will encourage the
+  centralization, under your direction, of all voluntary aid.</p>
+
+<p>We have no doubt that you will readily obtain, from the competent
+  authorities, an official declaration to that effect, and we believe
+  this matter will be merely a formality; but we attach the greatest
+  importance to the fact, in order to cover our responsibility,
+  especially in view of the pretensions of rival societies which might
+  claim to be acknowledged by us. It is your society and none other
+  that we will recognize.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It will be seen that, in the opinion of the International Committee, not
+recognition alone, but cordial co-operation on the part of the
+government is of vital importance. In each country, the National Red
+Cross, or national committee as it is sometimes called, is the only
+civil medium contemplated by the treaty, through which the people of the
+respective countries may lawfully communicate with the armies in the
+field, for the purpose of rendering such auxiliary medical and hospital
+service, and other relief, as may be required. It must be constantly
+born in mind, in order to clearly understand the operations of the Red
+Cross, that our government and the people are bound, not only by the
+solemn provisions of the treaty, but also by the resolutions of the
+international conferences, composed of delegates authorized by their
+respective governments. Thus, the Secretary of State in his letter says:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The American National Red Cross constitutes the sole legitimate and
+  recognized local branch, in this country, of the great International
+  Association, of which the International Committee at Berne is the
+  head. This government has uniformly recognized the American National
+  Red Cross as the only civil body in the United States which is
+  regularly affiliated with the International Committee of Berne, for
+  the purpose of carrying out the arrangements elaborated by the
+  various conferences held at Geneva, and the representatives of the
+  American National Red Cross at those conferences have uniformly
+  attended with the sanction of the United States Government. No
+  additional recognition or sanction is needed in that quarter.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_381" title="381"></a>
+ <img src="images/i084.jpg" width="500" height="362" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">ADMIRAL WILLIAM T. SAMPSON.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_382" title="382"></a>
+ <img src="images/i085.jpg" width="500" height="354" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">GOVERNOR GENERAL’S PALACE, HAVANA.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_383" title="383"></a>The American National Red Cross is, consequently, the recognized source
+from which is derived all civil authority to use the official insignia
+and to work under the Red Cross as auxiliary to the army and navy. The
+national Red Cross, in each country, is responsible to its own
+government and, through the International Committee, to all the nations
+of the treaty, for the integrity of its branches. Auxiliaries of the Red
+Cross must therefore receive their charters or certificates of authority
+from the parent organization, which, in turn, is held to a strict
+observance of all its treaty obligations. Hence the use of the name or
+of the insignia of the Red Cross by civil societies, in relief work,
+without the sanction of the national organization, is an imposition and
+a violation of the treaty. Without such official permission or charter,
+no auxiliary can have any rightful existence, as a branch of the
+American National Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>After having secured for the people by treaty the right, through their
+own national organizations of the Red Cross, to contribute to the relief
+of the sick and wounded in war, the delegates to the international
+conventions at Geneva continued their labors until there was added to
+the functions of the Red Cross, the power to administer relief, in times
+of peace, on fields of national disaster. Out of compliment to the
+president of the American National Red Cross, who advocated this
+extension, the addition to the treaty is known as “The American
+Amendment.” Referring to it, the Secretary of State in his letter
+continues:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Conferences held at Geneva in 1867 and 1869, still further perfected
+  the organization and operation of the International Committee of
+  Berne, and its relations to the several civil Central Red Cross
+  Committees in the adhering States, to the end that the latter might
+  not alone co-operate with the governments of their respective
+  nations in time of war, but should perform analogous relief work in
+  each State in time of pestilence, famine or other national calamity.
+  Of the American National Red Cross, and its conspicuous peaceful
+  services in time of national suffering at home and abroad, it is
+  superfluous to speak.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus is clearly explained why, on such great fields of suffering and
+disaster as the Ohio Floods, the Russian Famine, the Sea Islands
+Hurricane, in Armenia and in Cuba, the American National Red Cross is
+found endeavoring to carry out the benign intentions of the Treaty of
+Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>For the first time in the history of warfare, it was now proposed to fit
+out, and maintain at sea, hospital ships for the relief of sick and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_384" title="384"></a>
+wounded. The Treaty of Geneva, however, only provided for the
+recognition and protection of the hospital service of the army in its
+operations upon the land. An amendment to the treaty was proposed by the
+convention which met at Geneva on October 20, 1868, extending the treaty
+to include hospital service at sea. This amendment, concerning naval
+hospital service, was known as the “Additional Articles,” and, although
+the Government of the United States in acceding to the Treaty of Geneva
+included the proposed amendment, President Arthur in his proclamation of
+August 9, 1882, reserved the promulgation of the Additional Articles
+until after the exchange of ratifications by the signatory Powers. The
+Additional Articles were never ratified by the other treaty nations,
+and, at the beginning of the Spanish-American war, they were not in
+force as a part of the treaty. Spain was therefore under no treaty
+obligation to respect the flag of the Red Cross upon the ocean.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="The Modus Vivendi with Spain">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>Although the Additional Articles had not yet been formally ratified, the
+Swiss Government, acting as an intermediary, and with a view to securing
+their observance by both belligerents during the war, opened a
+diplomatic correspondence between the governments of the United States
+and Spain, proposing the adoption of a temporary agreement, or <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus
+vivendi</em>, during the continuance of hostilities. The official
+correspondence on the subject between the Secretary of State and the
+Swiss Minister will be of interest, as showing the method by which the
+temporary agreement between the two countries was secured, the
+modifications made and the interpretation placed upon some of the
+doubtful clauses:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+ <div class="dateline"><span class="smcap indent5">Swiss Legation,</span><br />
+   <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>April 23, 1898</em>.
+  </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Secretary of State</span>: War having been now unhappily declared
+  between the United States and Spain, my government, in its capacity
+  as the intermediary organ between the signatory states of the
+  convention of Geneva, has decided to propose to the cabinets of
+  Washington and Madrid to recognize and carry into execution, as a
+  <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em>, during the whole duration of hostilities, the
+  additional articles, proposed by the International Conference which
+  met at Geneva on October 20, 1868, to the convention of Geneva of
+  August 22, 1864, which (additional articles) extend the effects of
+  that convention to naval wars. Although it has as yet been
+  impossible to convert the said draft of additional articles into a
+  treaty, still, in 1870, Germany and France, at the suggestion of the
+  Swiss Federal Council, consented to apply the additional articles as
+  a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em>, during the whole duration of hostilities. The
+  Federal Council proposes the additional articles as they have been
+  amended at the request of France and construed by that power and
+  Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_385" title="385"></a>My government, while instructing me to make this proposition to Your
+  Excellency, recalls the fact that, on March 1, 1882, the President
+  of the United States declared that he acceded, not only to the
+  Geneva Convention of August 22, 1864, but also to the additional
+  articles of October 20, 1868.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish Government, likewise, in 1872, declared itself ready to
+  adhere to these articles. The Federal Council, therefore, hopes that
+  the two governments will agree to adopt the measure, the object of
+  which is to secure the application on the seas of the humane
+  principles laid down in the Geneva Convention.</p>
+
+<p>With the confident expectation of a favorable reply from the United
+  States Government to this proposal, I avail myself, etc.,</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+  <span class="smcap">J.B. Pioda</span>.
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline">
+    <span class="indent20"><span class="smcap">Department of State</span>,</span><br />
+    <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>April 25, 1898</em>.
+  </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the
+  twenty-third instant, whereby, in view of the condition of war
+  existing between the United States and Spain, you communicate the
+  purpose of your government to propose to the cabinets of Washington
+  and Madrid that they recognize and carry into execution, as a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus
+  vivendi</em>, during the whole duration of hostilities, the additional
+  articles proposed by the International Conference of Geneva, under
+  date of October 20, 1868, for the purpose of extending to naval wars
+  the effects of the convention of Geneva of August 22, 1864, for the
+  succor of the wounded in armies in the field.</p>
+
+<p>As you note in the communication to which I have the honor to reply,
+  the United States, through the act of the President, did on the
+  first day of March, 1882, accede to the said additional articles of
+  October 20, 1868, at the same time that it acceded to the original
+  convention of Geneva of August 22, 1864; but, as is recited in the
+  President’s proclamation of July 26, 1882, a copy of which I enclose
+  herewith, the exchange of the ratifications of the aforesaid
+  additional articles of October 20, 1868, had not then (nor has
+  since) taken place between the contracting parties, so that the
+  promulgation of the accession of the United States to the said
+  additional articles was (and still remains) reserved until the
+  exchange of the ratifications thereof between the several
+  contracting states shall have been effected and the said additional
+  articles shall have acquired full force and effect as an
+  international treaty.</p>
+
+<p>I find, upon examination of the published correspondence which took
+  place in 1870 at the time of the war between France and North
+  Germany (British and Foreign State Papers, vol. 60, pp. 945-946),
+  that upon the initiative of the Prussian minister at Berne, followed
+  by the proposal made by the government of the Swiss confederation to
+  the French and North German governments, the then belligerents
+  severally notified to the government of Switzerland their
+  willingness to accept provisionally and at once to establish as a
+  <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em> applicable to the war then in progress, both by sea
+  and land, all the additional articles to the convention of Geneva of
+  October 20, 1868, together with the subsequent interpretations of
+  the ninth and tenth articles thereof agreed upon and proposed by
+  England and France. I understand from your note that, although those
+  articles have not as yet become a matter of international
+  convention, it is desired that the United States and Spain accede to
+  the same, together with the same amendments and construction as
+  above stated. I entertain no doubt that the United States will
+  readily lend<a class="pagenum" id="Page_386" title="386"></a> its support and approval to the general purpose of
+  those articles and be in favor of adopting them as a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus
+  vivendi</em>; it has ever been in favor of proper regulations for the
+  mitigation of the hardships of war. But before it can accede to them
+  as a matter of fact, in the present instance, it must first fully
+  understand the nature and text of the amendments and construction
+  placed upon the articles by France and England as stated by you.</p>
+
+<p>I would respectfully suggest, therefore, that there be furnished to
+  this government either the text or a clear exposition of the
+  articles, with the amendments and constructions referred to, in
+  order that the understanding may be complete. A certain pamphlet,
+  written by Lieutenant Colonel Poland in 1886, is said to contain
+  these amendments and constructions, but there is not now accessible
+  to the Department of State a copy of such pamphlet or other reliable
+  means of information on the subject. I shall await with pleasure
+  fuller and exact information from you of the terms to which we are
+  asked to accede.</p>
+
+<p>Accept, etc.</p>
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="smcap">John Sherman.</span>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="indent30"><span class="smcap">Swiss Legation,</span></span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington, D.C.</span>, <em>May 4, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Secretary of State</span>: I have had the honor to receive the note
+  which your honorable predecessor did me the favor of addressing to
+  me under the date of the twenty-fifth of April, in reply to mine of
+  the twenty-third of the same month, upon the subject of the
+  proposition of my government to the cabinets of Washington and
+  Madrid to adopt as a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em> pending the entire duration of
+  the war, the articles of the twentieth of October, 1868, additional
+  to those of the convention of Geneva of the twenty-second of August,
+  1864.</p>
+
+<p>The documents which, in the aforesaid note of your predecessor, were
+  desired and which, as I have had the opportunity of telling you
+  verbally, my government had sent at the same time that it instructed
+  me by cable to make the overtures on the subject, have just arrived,
+  and I enclose them herein in duplicate copies. They confirm the text
+  of the additional articles, the modification of Article IX proposed
+  by France and the notes exchanged between England and France
+  concerning the import of Article X. The Spanish Government having,
+  by note of its Legation of the seventh of September, 1872, also
+  declared that it was ready to adhere to the articles in question,
+  the Federal Council hopes that the governments of America and Spain,
+  appreciating the sentiments which have guided it in its course, will
+  be of accord in adopting as a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em> a measure which has
+  for its purpose the securing of the application upon the sea of the
+  humanitarian principles consecrated by the Geneva Convention.</p>
+
+<p>Awaiting your communication to me of the decision which the
+  Government of the United States shall see fit to take in regard to
+  this proposition, I offer you, Mr. Secretary of State, the
+  expression of my very highest consideration.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="smcap">J.B. Pioda.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="indent20"><span class="smcap">Department of State</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>May 9, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Upon receiving your note of the fourth instant, in reply to
+  mine of the twenty-fifth of April, concerning the proposition of the
+  Government of the Swiss<a class="pagenum" id="Page_387" title="387"></a> Confederation that the United States and
+  Spain adopt as a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em>, pending the entire duration of the
+  war, the articles of October 20, 1868, additional to those of the
+  convention of Geneva on August 22, 1864, I communicated all the
+  papers in the case to the Secretary of the Navy, calling his
+  attention to the form of the <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em> adopted during the
+  Franco-German war, which your government was pleased to suggest as a
+  precedent to be followed during the existing war. The printed paper
+  you enclose, besides giving the text of the original additional
+  articles of October 20, 1868, contains the correspondence had in
+  1868 and 1869 concerning the interpretation of Articles IX and X of
+  the said additional convention and thus establishes the precise
+  nature of the understanding to which France and the North German
+  States respectively acceded.</p>
+
+<p>As so expressed, the Government of the United States finds no
+  difficulty in acceding to the suggestion of the Government of
+  Switzerland. It had, in fact, anticipated it, so far as concerns its
+  own conduct of hostilities and its own purpose to observe the humane
+  dictates of modern civilization in the prosecution of warfare upon
+  the sea as well as upon land by fitting out and equipping a special
+  ambulance ship, the “Solace,” in conformity with the terms of the
+  additional convention aforesaid, thus confirming emphatically its
+  adhesion to the principles of that beneficient arrangement without
+  regard to the absence of its formal ratification by the various
+  signatories.</p>
+
+<p>I am happy, therefore, to advise you, and through you the Government
+  of the Swiss Confederation, that the Government of the United States
+  will for its part, and so long as the present war between this
+  country and Spain shall last, treat as an effective <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em>
+  the fourteen additional articles of October 20, 1868, with the
+  interpretations of the ninth and tenth articles thereof appearing in
+  the publication you communicate to me. While it is proper to adopt
+  this course on its own account, and without reference to such action
+  as Spain may take, this government would nevertheless be glad to
+  hear that the representations made by your government to that of
+  Spain had met with a favorable response in order that the two
+  parties to the present contest may stand pledged to the same humane
+  and enlightened conduct of naval operations as respects the sick and
+  wounded as was recognized and adopted by the respective parties to
+  the Franco-Prussian war.</p>
+
+<p>Should the Government of Spain likewise accede to the Swiss
+  proposition, I should be much gratified to be apprised of the fact,
+  and also that the Spanish accession contemplates acceptance of the
+  interpretations of Articles IX and X which were adopted by France
+  and the North German States and which are embraced in the
+  proposition of your government.</p>
+
+
+<p>Accept, etc.</p>
+  <div class="signature">
+    <span class="smcap">William R. Day</span>
+   </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="indent30"><span class="smcap">Swiss Legation</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington, D.C.</span>, <em>May 9, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Secretary of State</span>: As I had the honor verbally to inform the
+  Assistant Secretary of State this morning, my Government has charged
+  me to bring to the knowledge of Your Excellency that the Spanish
+  Government has accepted the proposition of the Federal Council
+  concerning the additional articles of the Geneva Convention.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_388" title="388"></a>I doubt not that Your Excellency will be pleased very soon to enable
+  me to announce to the Federal Council that the Government of the
+  Union also adheres for its part to the proposed <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em>, and
+  in this expectation I offer to Your Excellency the expression of my
+  very high consideration.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="smcap">J.B. Pioda.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="smcap indent20">Department of State,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>May 10, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of May
+  9, formally notifying me that the Spanish Government has accepted
+  the proposition of the Federal Council concerning the additional
+  articles of the Geneva Convention, and expressing the hope that you
+  would be soon enabled to inform your government that the United
+  States Government adheres for its part to the proposed <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus
+  vivendi</em>.</p>
+
+<p>As you were advised in the verbal interview with the Second
+  Assistant Secretary of State, to which you refer in your note of the
+  ninth, I have already had the pleasure of informing you, by my
+  official note of that date, that the United States Government would
+  for its part treat as an effective <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em> the additional
+  articles of 1868, with the amendments and interpretations of
+  Articles IX and X thereof appearing in the publication communicated
+  to me by you. I trust that that note, which apparently had not
+  reached your hands at the time of your note to me of the same date,
+  has now been received by you and its contents transmitted to the
+  Federal Council.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent30">Be pleased to accept, etc.,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">William R. Day.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The additional articles concerning the Maritime Hospital Service in war,
+as modified by the <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em>, forming Articles VI to XV of the
+Treaty of Geneva when formally ratified, are:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. VI.</span> The boats which, at their own risk and peril, during and
+  after an engagement pick up the shipwrecked or wounded, or which,
+  having picked them up, convey them on board a neutral or hospital
+  ship, shall enjoy, until the accomplishment of their mission, the
+  character of neutrality, as far as the circumstances of the
+  engagement and the position of the ships engaged will permit.</p>
+
+<p>The appreciation of these circumstances is entrusted to the humanity
+  of all the combatants. The wrecked and wounded thus picked up and
+  saved must not serve again during the continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. VII.</span> The religious, medical and hospital staff of any captured
+  vessel are declared neutral, and, on leaving the ship, may remove
+  the articles and surgical instruments which are their private
+  property.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. VIII.</span> The staff designated in the preceding article must
+  continue to fulfill their functions in the captured ship, assisting
+  in the removal of the wounded<a class="pagenum" id="Page_389" title="389"></a> made by the victorious party; they
+  will then be at liberty to return to their country, in conformity
+  with the second paragraph of the first additional article.<a id="FNanchor_C" href="#Footnote_C" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p>The stipulations of the second additional article<a id="FNanchor_D" href="#Footnote_D" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> are applicable
+  to the pay and allowance of the staff.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. IX.</span> The military hospital ships remain under martial law in all
+  that concerns their stores; they become the property of the captor,
+  but the latter must not divert them from their special appropriation
+  during the continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p>[The vessels not equipped for fighting, which during peace, the
+  government shall have officially declared to be intended to serve as
+  floating hospital ships, shall however, enjoy during the war
+  complete neutrality, both as regards stores, and also as regards
+  their staff, provided their equipment is exclusively appropriated to
+  the special service on which they are employed.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. X.</span> Any merchantman, to whatever nation she may belong, charged
+  exclusively with removal of sick and wounded, is protected by
+  neutrality, but the mere fact, noted on the ship’s books, of the
+  vessel having been visited by an enemy’s cruiser, renders the sick
+  and wounded incapable of serving during the continuance of the war.
+  The cruiser shall even have the right of putting on board an officer
+  in order to accompany the convoy, and thus verify the good faith of
+  the operation.</p>
+
+<p>If the merchant ship also carries a cargo, her neutrality will still
+  protect it, provided that such cargo is not of a nature to be
+  confiscated by the belligerent.</p>
+
+<p>The belligerents retain the right to interdict neutralized vessels
+  from all communication, and from any course which they might deem
+  prejudicial to the secrecy of their operations. In urgent cases
+  special conventions may be entered into between commanders in chief,
+  in order to neutralize temporarily and in a special manner the
+  vessels intended for the removal of the sick and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. XI.</span> Wounded or sick sailors and soldiers, when embarked, to
+  whatever nation they may belong, shall be protected and taken care
+  of by their captors.</p>
+
+<p>Their return to their own country is subject to the provisions of
+  Article VI of the convention and of the additional Article V.<a id="FNanchor_E" href="#Footnote_E" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. XII.</span> The distinctive flag to be used with the national flag, in
+  order to indicate any vessel or boat which may claim the benefits of
+  neutrality, in virtue of the principles of this convention, is a
+  white flag with a red cross. The belligerents may exercise in this
+  respect any mode of verification which they may deem necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Military hospital ships shall be distinguished by being painted
+  white outside with green strake.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_390" title="390"></a><span class="smcap">Art. XIII.</span> The hospital ships which are equipped at the expense of
+  the aid societies, recognized by the governments signing this
+  convention, and which are furnished with a commission emanating from
+  the sovereign, who shall have given express authority for their
+  being fitted out, and with a certificate from the proper naval
+  authority that they have been placed under his control during their
+  fitting out and on their final departure, and that they were then
+  appropriated solely to the purpose of their mission, shall be
+  considered neutral, as well as the whole of their staff. They shall
+  be recognized and protected by the belligerents.</p>
+
+<p>They shall make themselves known by hoisting together with their
+  national flag, the white flag with a red cross. The distinctive mark
+  of their staff, while performing their duties, shall be an armlet of
+  the same colors. The outer painting of these hospital ships shall be
+  white, with red strake.</p>
+
+<p>These ships shall bear aid and assistance to the wounded and wrecked
+  belligerents, without distinction of nationality.</p>
+
+<p>They must take care not to interfere in any way with the movements
+  of the combatants. During and after the battle they must do their
+  duty at their own risk and peril.</p>
+
+<p>The belligerents shall have the right of controlling and visiting
+  them; they will be at liberty to refuse their assistance, to order
+  them to depart, and to detain them if the exigencies of the case
+  require such a step.</p>
+
+<p>The wounded and wrecked picked up by these ships cannot be reclaimed
+  by either of the combatants, and they will be required not to serve
+  during the continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. XIV.</span> In naval wars any strong presumption that either
+  belligerent takes advantage of the benefits of neutrality, with any
+  other view than the interest of the sick and wounded, gives to the
+  other belligerent, until proof to the contrary, the right of
+  suspending the convention as regards such belligerent.</p>
+
+<p>Should this presumption become a certainty, notice may be given to
+  such belligerent that the convention is suspended with regard to him
+  during the whole continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. XV.</span> The present act shall be drawn up in a single original
+  copy, which shall be deposited in the archives of the Swiss
+  Confederation.</p>
+
+<p>An authentic copy of this act shall be delivered, with an invitation
+  to adhere to it, to each of the signatory powers of the convention
+  of the twenty-second of August, 1864, as well as to those that have
+  successively acceded to it.</p>
+
+<p>In faith whereof, the undersigned commissaries have drawn up the
+  present project of additional articles and have apposed thereunto
+  the seals of their arms.</p>
+
+<p>[Done at Geneva, the twentieth day of the month of October, of the
+  year one thousand, eight hundred and sixty-eight.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_391" title="391"></a>
+  <img src="images/i086.jpg" width="500" height="303" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">ENTRANCE TO HARBOR OF HAVANA&mdash;PUNTA PARK.</div>
+
+  <hr class="tb" />
+
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_392" title="392"></a>
+  <img src="images/i087.jpg" width="350" height="545" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">SECRETARY OF THE NAVY LONG.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following note shows the special amendment and the interpretation of
+certain clauses of the articles, as agreed by the Governments of the
+United States and Spain:</p>
+
+
+<h4><a class="pagenum" id="Page_393" title="393"></a>NOTE.</h4>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>(<em>a</em>) The amendment proposed by France is contained in brackets
+  after Article IX.</p>
+
+<p>(<em>b</em>) The interpretation placed upon Article X by England and France
+  is to the following effect:</p>
+
+<p>The question being raised as to whether under Article X a vessel
+  might not avail herself of the carrying of sick or wounded to engage
+  with impunity in traffic otherwise hazardous under the rules of war,
+  it was agreed that there was no purpose in the articles to modify in
+  any particular the generally admitted principles concerning the
+  rights of belligerents; that the performance of such services of
+  humanity could not be used as a cover either for contraband of war
+  or for enemy merchandise; and that every boat which or whose cargo
+  would, under ordinary circumstances, be subject to confiscation, can
+  not be relieved therefrom by the sole fact of carrying sick and
+  wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Question being raised as to whether, under Article X an absolute
+  right was afforded to a blockaded party to freely remove its sick
+  and wounded from the blockaded town, it was agreed that such removal
+  or evacuation of sick and wounded was entirely subject to the
+  consent of the blockading party. It should be permitted for
+  humanity’s sake where the superior exigencies of war may not
+  intervene to prevent, but the besieging party might refuse
+  permission entirely.</p>
+
+<p>The full text of the French interpretation of Article X is
+  subjoined.</p>
+
+<p>The second paragraph of the additional Article X reads thus: “If the
+  merchant ship also carries a cargo, her neutrality will still
+  protect it, provided that such cargo is not of a nature to be
+  confiscated by the belligerent.”</p>
+
+<p>The words “of a nature to be confiscated by the belligerent” apply
+  equally to the nationality of the merchandise and to its quality.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, according to the latest international conventions, merchandise
+  of a nature to be confiscated by a cruiser are:</p>
+
+<p><em>First.</em> Contraband of war, under whatever flag.</p>
+
+<p><em>Second.</em> Enemy merchandise under enemy flag.</p>
+
+<p>The cruiser need not recognize the neutrality of the vessel carrying
+  wounded if any part of its cargo shall, under international law, be
+  comprised in either of these two categories of goods.</p>
+
+<p>The faculty given by the paragraph in question to leave on board of
+  vessels carrying wounded a portion of the cargo is to be considered
+  as a facility for the carriage of freight, as well as a valuable
+  privilege in favor of the navigability of merchant vessels if they
+  be bad sailors when only in ballast; but this faculty can in no wise
+  prejudice the right of confiscation of the cargo within the limits
+  fixed by international law.</p>
+
+
+<p>Every ship the cargo of which would be subject to confiscation by
+  the cruiser under ordinary circumstances is not susceptible of being
+  covered by neutrality by the sole fact of carrying in addition sick
+  or wounded men. The ship and the cargo would then come under the
+  common law of war, which has not been modified by the convention
+  except in favor of the vessel exclusively laden with wounded men, or
+  the cargo of which would not be subject to confiscation in any case.
+  Thus, for example, the merchant ship of a belligerent laden with
+  neutral merchandise and at the same time carrying sick and wounded
+  is covered by neutrality.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_394" title="394"></a>The merchant ship of a belligerent carrying, besides wounded and
+  sick men, goods of the enemy of the cruiser’s nation or contraband
+  of war is not neutral, and the ship, as well as the cargo, comes
+  under the common law of war.</p>
+
+<p>A neutral ship carrying, in addition to wounded and sick men of the
+  belligerent, contraband of war also is subject to the common law of
+  war.</p>
+
+<p>A neutral ship carrying goods of any nationality, but not contraband
+  of war, lends its own neutrality to the wounded and sick which it
+  may carry.</p>
+
+<p>In so far as concerns the usage which expressly prohibits a cartel
+  ship from engaging in any commerce whatsoever at the point of
+  arrival, it is deemed that there is no occasion to specially subject
+  to that inhibition vessels carrying wounded men, because the second
+  paragraph of Article X imposes upon the belligerents, equally as
+  upon neutrals, the exclusion of the transportation of merchandise
+  subject to confiscation.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, if one of the belligerents should abuse the privilege
+  which is accorded to him, and under the pretext of transporting the
+  wounded should neutralize under its flag an important commercial
+  intercourse which might in a notorious manner influence the chances
+  or the duration of the war, Article XIV of the convention could
+  justly be invoked by the other belligerent.</p>
+
+<p>As for the second point of the note of the British Government,
+  relative to the privilege of effectively removing from a city,
+  besieged and blockaded by sea, under the cover of neutrality,
+  vessels bearing wounded and sick men, in such a way as to prolong
+  the resistance of the besieged, the convention does not authorize
+  this privilege. In according the benefits of a neutral status of a
+  specifically limited neutrality to vessels carrying wounded, the
+  convention could not give them rights superior to those of other
+  neutrals who can not pass an effective blockade without special
+  authorization. Humanity, however, in such a case, does not lose all
+  its rights, and, if circumstances permit the besieging party to
+  relax the rigorous rights of the blockade, the besieged party may
+  make propositions to that end in virtue of the fourth paragraph of
+  Article X.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was under this <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em> that the steam launch “Moynier”
+received from the Government of the United States her commission as a
+little hospital ship of the Red Cross. For this little vessel, presented
+by Mr. William B. Howland, the editor of the <cite>Outlook</cite>, as the gift of
+the readers of that popular periodical, the Red Cross is gratefully
+indebted.</p>
+
+<p>On June 6, 1898, the tender of the services of the American National Red
+Cross to act as an auxiliary to the Medical and Hospital Service of the
+Army and Navy, in accordance with the treaty, was formally accepted by
+the Departments of War and Navy:</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Services of the Red Cross Field Agents for the Camps">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_395" title="395"></a>
+ <div class="dateline">
+  <span class="indent20"><span class="smcap">War Department,</span></span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>June 6, 1898</em>.
+ </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>,<br />
+  <span class="pad10"><em>President of the American National Red Cross, Washington, D.C.</em>:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>The tender of the services of the American National Red Cross, made
+  to this department through the Department of State under date of May
+  25, 1898, for medical and hospital work as auxiliary to the hospital
+  service of the Army of the United States, is accepted; all
+  representatives and employes of said organization to be subject to
+  orders according to the rules and discipline of war, as provided by
+  the 63d Article of War.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">Very respectfully,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">R.A. Alger</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>Secretary of War</em>.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+ <div class="dateline">
+  <span class="indent20"><span class="smcap">Navy Department</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>June 6, 1898</em>.
+ </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>,<br />
+  <span class="pad10"><em>President of the American National Red Cross, Washington, D.C.</em>:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>The tender of the services of the American National Red Cross, made
+  to this department through the Department of State under date of May
+  25, 1898, for medical and hospital work as auxiliary to the hospital
+  service of the navy of the United States, is accepted; all
+  representatives and employes of said organization to be subject to
+  orders according to the rules and discipline of war.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">Very respectfully,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">Chas. H. Allen</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>Acting Secretary</em>.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Appointment of Red Cross Field Agents for the Camps">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>In the meantime, war was officially proclaimed, and the President had
+issued his call for volunteers. As the troops responded to the call,
+they were assembled in camps in various sections of the country,
+principally in Washington, Chickamauga Park, Georgia, Jacksonville,
+Tampa and Port Tampa in Florida. Soon after the formation of the camps
+it became evident that the auxiliary service of the Red Cross would be
+necessary in caring for the men, and a formal tender of such service was
+made to the government by Mr. George Kennan, first vice-president of the
+American National Red Cross, to which the following reply was received:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+ <div class="dateline">
+   <span class="indent5"><span class="smcap">War Department</span>,</span><br />
+   <em>June 8, 1898</em>.
+ </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I have, by your reference, the letter of this date from
+  Mr. George Kennan, of the American National Red Cross, and see no
+  objection whatsoever to their establishing a station in every
+  military camp for the purpose indicated in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_396" title="396"></a> their letter.
+  Instructions have been issued by me to-day to the surgeon general,
+  who will communicate this information to the chief surgeons of the
+  camps.</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent30">Very truly yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">R.A. Alger</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>Secretary of War</em>.
+ </div>
+
+ <p class="salutation">
+   <span class="smcap">Hon. John Addison Porter</span>,<br />
+   <span class="pad10"><em>Secretary to the President.</em></span>
+ </p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Acting upon this acceptance, the executive committee, of which Mr.
+Stephen E. Barton was the chairman, appointed and sent to each camp an
+agent, to represent the Red Cross in the field. These representatives
+were instructed to report to the respective medical officers of the army
+in charge, to make, personally, a formal tender of assistance, and to
+ascertain if the Red Cross could be of service, by furnishing quickly
+any medical and hospital supplies of which the camps might be in need.</p>
+
+<p>It is perhaps proper to state here, as a matter of history, that while
+these field agents were always most courteously received, in many
+instances the auxiliary services of the Red Cross were not at first
+welcomed by the medical officers of the army. Indeed it often happened
+that the assistance, of which the hospital service of the army was
+apparently in need, was not accepted until after its efficiency was
+seriously diminished by reason of delay.</p>
+
+<p>The reluctance to permit the people, through the Red Cross, to assist in
+ministering to the comforts of the men, did not generally seem to arise
+from personal objection on the part of the medical officers at the
+camps, but from an apparent fear, whether well founded or not, that
+immediate acceptance of assistance would result in official censure and
+disapproval.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_397" title="397"></a>CAMP ALGER.</h3>
+
+<p>Among the first of the Red Cross field agents appointed was Mr. B.H.
+Warner, of Washington, to whose special charge was assigned the field
+known as “Camp Alger.” Mr. Warner makes the following report of the work
+done by himself and the committee of which he was chairman:</p>
+
+<p>On June 10, 1898, I was notified by letter of George Kennan, Esq., first
+vice-president of American National Red Cross, that I had been appointed
+as its representative, at Camp Alger, Virginia, and was requested to
+report to Chief Surgeon Girard, regarding the establishment of a station
+at that camp; to ascertain if anything in the form of hospital supplies
+were needed, and to advise the Executive Committee.</p>
+
+<p>It was suggested that, as the work to be established at Camp Alger was
+the first step of the Red Cross in the field in connection with the
+Spanish war, that prudence and tact should be used in maintaining
+friendly and harmonious relations with the military authorities,
+especially with the surgeons.</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with my appointment, I visited the War Department, and
+obtained a special letter of introduction from Secretary Alger to
+Major-General Graham, commanding at Fort Alger, asking him to give me
+every facility possible in connection with the work to be undertaken.
+General Graham introduced me to Colonel Girard, with whom I had a long
+conference, the result of which was the establishment of headquarters of
+the Red Cross in the camp, and the settlement of some details as to work
+which was to be done in accordance with the advice and authority of the
+surgeon in charge.</p>
+
+<p>I found Colonel Girard exceedingly busy, and apparently very sanguine as
+to the ability of the government to meet all demands that might be made
+by every department of the army. He seemed, however, willing that the
+Red Cross should furnish extra comforts for the men at the camp. I was
+impressed with the fact that he considered men who had received a
+regular army education thoroughly competent to meet the situation, and
+that all supplies could be had as soon as needed; that he did not want
+too many comforts for sick men, so as to unfit them for the hardships of
+war when they should go nearer to the scene of active operations.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_398" title="398"></a>On the twenty-first of June, in accordance with a call issued by me,
+quite a large number of citizens met at the Arlington Hotel, and I was
+formally elected chairman of an executive committee, Mrs. J. Ellen
+Foster, vice-chairman; C.J. Bell, treasurer, George C. Lewis, secretary.
+Power was given to add to this committee which, as finally constituted,
+consisted of the following named persons: E.H. Warner, Simon Wolf,
+William F. Mattingly, Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, Mrs. Thomas Calver,
+president of the Legion of Loyal Women; Mrs. James Tanner, national
+president of the Ladies’ Union Veteran Legion; Mrs. Sarah A. Spencer,
+Mrs. J.A.T. Hull, wife of Representative Hull, Mrs. Ellen S. Mussey, one
+of the counsel to the Red Cross, and Mrs. M.M. North.</p>
+
+<p>Quite a number of prominent citizens were present at the first meeting,
+including Rev. T.S. Hamlin, D.D., and Rev. Byron Sunderland, D.D.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Spencer was compelled by other engagements to retire from the work
+of the Executive Committee early in its history, but still remains as a
+member of the General Committee. I want to say for the ladies, who
+served on the Executive Committee, that I never saw more devoted,
+energetic and efficient service on any committee or under any conditions
+with which I have been familiar, than that rendered by them. They were
+all constantly active, both at Camp Alger, Fort Myer, and all along the
+line, at all hours, day and night, whenever and wherever their presence
+was required. They were exceptionally competent to direct, possessed of
+a high order of ability and intelligence, and deserve, not only the
+thanks of the national organization, but also of all who are friendly to
+the thousands of soldiers who were benefited by their administration.
+The Executive Committee met every Tuesday and more frequently when
+required.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. J. Ellen Foster began service at the commencement of war, and was
+very active in and around Washington in camp, hospital, and the railway
+relief work. She also visited Camp Wikoff, Camp Black, Camp McPherson,
+Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, camp at Huntsville, Ala., and the hospitals in
+New York and Boston, where sick soldiers were quartered. Her experience
+gave her opportunities of suggesting improvement in many departments of
+work, and the administration of relief, not only by the Red Cross, but
+by other organizations as well.</p>
+
+<p>Captain George C. Lewis, on the twenty-first of June, was elected
+secretary of the committee. He had been an officer in the Civil War,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_399" title="399"></a>
+and had large experience among soldiers, both in camp and hospital. His
+first visit to Camp Alger was made on that date, and from that time,
+until the camp was discontinued, he was constantly on duty there, seeing
+that supplies were furnished, and all possible relief extended. His
+headquarters were in a large hospital tent, from which the flag of the
+Red Cross was flying. The principal office of the Executive Committee
+being in Washington, at No. 1310 G street, which was tendered free of
+charge by Dr. and Mrs. J. Ford Thompson, and which the committee has
+retained much longer than originally anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>Experienced nurses seemed to be needed at Camp Alger. Patients were not
+receiving the necessary care and attention. The committee supplied
+mattresses, sheets, pillows and slips, mosquito bars, lemons, and a
+large quantity of medicine, pajamas, underclothing, night-shirts,
+handkerchiefs, groceries, delicacies, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The surgeons at the hospitals were timid about asking the government for
+supplies. As stated, the surgeon-in-chief at Camp Alger seemed to think
+that the soldiers who were taken sick should be treated in such a manner
+as would inure them to the hardships of camp, and the life of a soldier.
+When spoken to on this subject he said, “These men must understand that
+war is not play.” One of the assistant surgeons said, “It is much easier
+to ask the Red Cross for supplies, and they can be obtained sooner than
+by asking the government, as there is so much red tape and it takes so
+long to get everything.” When the kitchens at Camp Alger were inspected
+the food did not appear to be of the right kind, and was not properly
+cooked. Point Sheridan, Va., was visited by Mrs. Mussey on July 29, and
+sixteen men were found sick. They seemed to be suffering for supplies,
+especially medicine, which had been ordered on June 27, but had not been
+received. The Red Cross delivered them proper medicine within
+twenty-four hours. It was found that each camp hospital must have its
+regular visitors, and different members of the committee were appointed.
+Articles needed were supplied from headquarters in Washington, and large
+shipments were also sent direct from New York to various points. On
+several occasions underclothing and pajamas were supplied by the hundred
+within twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>Early in August, the Washington Barracks were made a post hospital, and
+the Red Cross aid was gladly accepted by Major Adair, surgeon in charge.
+For a long time our committee supplied this point with 800 pounds of
+ice, 5 gallons of chicken soup, 30 gallons of milk, 20 pounds of butter
+daily, as well as 2 crates of eggs weekly. We also<a class="pagenum" id="Page_400" title="400"></a> furnished 1200 suits
+of underwear, several hundred suits of pajamas, 500 towels, several
+hundred pairs of slippers, socks and medicines, antiseptic dressings,
+and numerous small articles. The work at this point was closed up
+October 8, with expressions of mutual satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of War gave authority for the establishment of diet
+kitchens in the camps near Washington, and Mrs. Mussey, who had taken a
+special interest in this work from the beginning, was given general
+charge of the establishment of the kitchens.</p>
+
+<p>A diet kitchen was established at Camp Bristow, and two competent male
+colored cooks placed in charge. Major Weaver, the chief surgeon, and his
+staff of five surgeons, were both devoted and competent in their
+service, and the sick soldiers were loud in their praise.</p>
+
+<p>We found it was unnecessary to establish one at the hospital at the
+Washington Barracks as arrangements there were so good, and it only
+seemed necessary to furnish fresh soups daily, and the committee made a
+contract for five gallons per day at cost for material only.</p>
+
+<p>The committee authorized Mrs. E.S. Mussey and Mrs. J.A.T. Hull to
+establish a diet kitchen at Fort Myer. Major Davis, surgeon in charge,
+yielded his own wishes to the Secretary of War. As no building was
+furnished, the committee made a contract for one of a temporary
+character, which was put up at a cost, when completed with range,
+plumbing, etc., of about $350.00. Dr. Mary E. Green, president of the
+National Household Economical Association, was secured as
+superintendent, and in not more than ten days from the time of its
+commencement the building was completed, furnished and orders being
+filled. It has been a great assistance, not only in furnishing properly
+cooked food, but invaluable as an object lesson in neatness and skilled
+cooking.</p>
+
+<p>The government has voluntarily paid all the bills for meat, chickens and
+milk, leaving the committee to pay for groceries, and wages of employes.
+Dr. Green has rendered such efficient service that she has been employed
+by the government to establish diet kitchens at other points.</p>
+
+<p>At Fort Myer nearly four hundred patients were suffering with typhoid
+and no provision existed for preparing a special diet. Canned soup was
+heated up and served to those just leaving a strictly milk diet, and the
+so-called chicken broth, which was served wholly unsatisfactorily to
+both physicians and nurses. When the diet kitchen was completed, beef,
+mutton and chicken broth, made fresh daily in the manner best calculated
+to bring out the nutritive value of the meat,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_401" title="401"></a> were prepared. Mutton
+broth was made from hind quarters only, and beef broth from solid meat,
+with no waste. Albumen, so necessary to repair the waste of the system
+by fevers, was supplied in the palatable form of rich custards, as ice
+cream and blanc mange&mdash;gelatine made into jellies with port and sherry
+wines&mdash;and albumen jelly, all nourishing to the irritated linings.</p>
+
+<p>During the month of September from the seventh instant, 55c orders,
+averaging fifteen portions each, or 8250 portions, were filled in the
+diet kitchen. Physicians, nurses and patients unite in saying the aid
+they secured from this work is of inestimable value, not only in saving
+lives, but in hastening the recovery of all. Major Davis, as the surgeon
+in charge, has expressed his high appreciation of the good results
+obtained by establishing the kitchen, and the methods pursued in
+conducting it.</p>
+
+<p>In response to suggestions from the general committee in New York, a
+special committee was sent to Fortress Monroe to meet the first wounded,
+who came up from the battlefields of El Caney, San Juan and Guasimas.
+The surgeon in charge, Dr. DeWitt, stated their immediate needs, and
+supplies were sent one day after they were called for, consisting in
+part of 500 pairs of pajamas, twenty-five pairs of crutches, 200 pairs
+of slippers, 350 yards of rubber sheeting, large quantities of
+antiseptic dressings, five dozen gallons of whiskey and brandy, 200 cans
+of soup, granite-ware basins, pitchers, dishes, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Several other visits were made to this point, resulting in the
+employment of additional trained nurses, with proper provision for their
+maintenance. Arrangements were also made on behalf of the general
+committee for supplying ice for the use of troops on board the
+transports going south, and also for the sick on their journey
+northward. Mr. Bickford was afterward designated to take charge of the
+work of the Red Cross at this point, so further work on the part of our
+committee was unnecessary.</p>
+
+<p>The branch of the work, which has been really one of the most difficult
+to conduct, was the looking after soldiers, who passed through the city
+mostly from Southern to Northern camps, and those who were going home.
+There was such a general demand on the part of the men for coffee, bread
+and other supplies, and it was so hard to limit our service to the sick
+soldiers alone, that we soon determined to feed not only the
+convalescent, but all who were hungry. Soldiers from the following
+organizations were fed and supplied, the well men receiving bread and
+butter sandwiches:</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_402" title="402"></a>Parts of the 5th and 6th Artillery, 25th Infantry, two troops of 1st
+Cavalry, 12th, 16th and 17th Infantry, portions of the 8th, 9th and 10th
+Cavalry, all United States troops, and the following volunteer forces:
+22d Kansas, 3d and 4th Missouri, 1st Maine, 2d Tennessee, 7th Illinois,
+1st, 8th, 9th, 12th, 13th, 15th and 17th Pennsylvania, 1st Connecticut,
+5th Maryland, 2d, 3d, 8th, 9th, 14th and 65th New York, 1st and 2d New
+Jersey, two brigades of United States Signal Corps, and detachments from
+a number of other regiments, in all about 40,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>Very frequently the committee furnished handkerchiefs and soap, as well
+as reading matter. The sick were given soup and milk packed in ice,
+fruit, medicines, etc. Forty-five were removed from the trains and taken
+to the hospitals in Washington. We used, in this connection, not only
+the services of trained nurses in the employ of the Red Cross, but Dr.
+Bayne was detailed by the War Department, and rendered most efficient
+service, as he was always ready and willing to do everything in his
+power, day or night, for the relief of the sick.</p>
+
+<p>The War Department ordered for the use of the committee the erection of
+two tents in close proximity to our rooms, which were at 915 Maryland
+Avenue. One of these tents was filled with fully equipped cots, on which
+the invalids were placed while waiting the arrival of ambulances, and
+the other was used as a general depot for supplies. The War Department
+paid for the bread we used in this work, and, also, for 4346 loaves
+furnished to the Pension Office Relief Committee, which was engaged in
+the same kind of work. Many donations of food and material were
+received, and as stated, nearly forty thousand men were fed, and how
+some of them did eat not only as if they were making up for the fasts of
+the past, but for any which might occur in the future.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. James Tanner had charge of this work, which was very exacting, and
+she had been appointed a committee to secure reading matter for the
+different camps, before the Red Cross Committee was organized, and
+collected several wagon loads of books, magazines, and other
+periodicals, which were sent to Camp Alger, Fort Myer, Point Sheridan,
+Fort Washington, Chickamauga, Tampa and Santiago. Distribution of this
+reading matter was also made at the Red Cross quarters at 915 Maryland
+Avenue and handed to the soldiers who passed through the city on trains.</p>
+
+<p>All bills for ice furnished to Point Sheridan, Va., Washington Barracks,
+and to the Diet Kitchen at Fort Myer have been paid by the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_403" title="403"></a> Red Cross
+Ice Plant Auxiliary of New York, which also furnished the large ice
+chests for the latter point.</p>
+
+<p>The Legion of Loyal Women, of which Mrs. Thomas W. Calver, a member of
+our committee, was president, acted as an auxiliary for the Red Cross
+Committee, and made a large number of mosquito nets, flannel bandages,
+wash cloths, and pajamas. Besides this, they collected many supplies,
+consisting of boxes of oranges, lemons, tea, coffee, jelly, condensed
+milk, crackers, yeast powder, cocoa, stamps, writing paper, tobacco,
+fruit, soap, socks, handkerchiefs, towels, nightshirts, underclothes,
+pajamas, quinine and other medicine, which were sent to the various
+camps.</p>
+
+<p>Generous donations of clothing, jellies, cordials and money were also
+received from various auxiliaries of the ladies’ of the Union Veteran
+Legion.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross Committee assisted in the establishment of a temporary
+home in this city for the returning volunteers. The existence of this
+home was limited to two months. The time will expire November 10, when
+it will be broken up. It has cared for a daily average of sixty
+soldiers. The Red Cross assisted by furnishing cots and furniture. Mrs.
+Calver, of our committee, is in charge, and it is conducted without
+expense to the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The total amount expended in the Railway Relief work, in feeding men as
+they passed through the city, was $2637.13.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements were also made after this work closed to look after all the
+sick soldiers, who came in at the several railroad stations.</p>
+
+<p>The treasurer, C.J. Bell, will transmit a full report, with vouchers for
+all expenditures which have been up to this date, $7560, and with
+outstanding bills amounting to about $1000 more.</p>
+
+<p>A large number of ladies rendered excellent service in making sheets,
+pillow-cases, mosquito nets, pajamas, bandages and articles too numerous
+to mention. Many volunteer nurses were anxious to go where they could
+render service to the sick and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>It is gratifying to be able to state that whatever view the surgeons and
+other officers may have had as to the need of the Red Cross at the
+beginning of the war, at the close they joined with the private soldiers
+in testifying to its wonderful and efficient work.</p>
+
+<p>Among the principal donations were those from the Lutheran Church
+Society, Hagerstown, Md., consisting of 50 pajamas, 50 suits of
+underclothing, 50 nightshirts, 40 sheets, 250 pairs of socks, 100
+towels, 200 handkerchiefs, 75 rolls of bandages, delicacies and sundry<a class="pagenum" id="Page_404" title="404"></a>
+articles. There were also daily contributions of different supplies,
+demonstrating the general interest taken in our work.</p>
+
+<p>There were distributed by this committee, in part, 800 sheets, 500
+pillow-cases, 800 suits of pajamas, 1500 suits of underclothing, 1600
+abdominal bandages, 800 pairs of socks, 750 nightshirts, 350 mosquito
+bars, 100 rubber sheets, 400 pairs of slippers, 2000 palm leaf fans, 75
+large boxes of soap, 150 cots, 250 mattresses, 100 pairs of blankets,
+275 pillows, $1000 worth of groceries, $300 malted milk, $850 soups and
+bouillons, $725 medicines and surgical supplies, $250 wines and liquors,
+and $1050 milk, a great variety and quantity of smaller articles and
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p>The following supplies were received from the general New York
+Committee: 50 boxes of ivory soap, 50 rubber sheets, 400 suits of
+underwear, 250 sheets, 250 pillow-cases, 250 nightshirts, 200 pairs of
+slippers, 500 suits of pajamas, $200 worth of malted milk, beef extract
+and Mellin’s food, $700 worth of canned soups and bouillons and $6000
+cash.</p>
+
+<p>In closing, permit me to thank Vice-President Barton and the Executive
+Committee for prompt and liberal responses to every request made for aid
+of any character, and for immediately recognizing the fact that the
+committee at this point had a work placed upon it very extensive and
+unique in character, and requiring a large outlay of money and service.</p>
+
+<p>I desire to call to your special attention the great service rendered by
+Mrs. E.S. Mussey, who, during the absence of Mrs. Foster and myself from
+the city, acted as chairman of the committee, and for two months gave
+nearly all of her time to its service, visiting different camps and
+hospitals, and in the work devolving upon her she was untiring and
+unusually efficient.</p>
+
+<p>Much complaint has been made as to the location of Camp Alger, because
+of the prevalence of typhoid and malarial fever, and the absence of
+water supply both for drinking and bathing purposes. A personal
+knowledge of this section of Virginia, extending over many years,
+enables me to state that it has been regarded as unusually healthy, and
+a most desirable section for homes, the growth and development of which
+would have been very rapid had there been an additional bridge giving
+greater facilities for crossing the Potomac. The water there has been
+considered pure and healthy, and used by many families without bad
+results.</p>
+
+<p>Falls Church, near this camp, has been regarded as one of the healthiest
+and most desirable suburbs of the National Capital. The<a class="pagenum" id="Page_405" title="405"></a> topography of
+the ground and the presence of a large amount of shade were very
+suitable for the purposes of camp life. It was, however, evident, even
+to the inexperienced eye of a layman, that good, practical daily
+scavenger service aided by the effective use of disinfectants was sadly
+needed both for the comfort and health of the men; that the presence of
+numerous booths, stands and peddlers engaged in selling soft drinks,
+fruits, cakes, candy, etc., tended to further demoralize the already
+interrupted digestion of the soldiers. No matter what the general orders
+were they could not be made effective without the earnest and
+intelligent co-operation of regimental officers and soldiers. Could this
+be secured within two or three months from men not experienced in war? A
+feeling of individual responsibility appeared to be lacking. One of the
+most useful officers who can be detailed for camp duty is an inspector,
+one who will not only inspect daily, but insist that the men take care
+of themselves, and co-operate to prevent disease, especially in keeping
+the camp in proper sanitary condition by constant attention to sinks and
+the water supply.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross entered upon its great work at the beginning of the war
+under many difficulties. Instead of being aided and encouraged in an
+undertaking that comprehended the generous spirit of the nation, its
+mission was oftimes interrupted and hindered by officers of prominence
+and rank. It is proper to say, however, that the President and Secretary
+of War were at all times deeply interested in our work, and did all in
+their power to expedite our plans. There appeared to be a jealous
+apprehension in some quarters that the Red Cross would interfere with
+established institutions. What it has accomplished is a matter of
+history, daily recorded in the public press, it has not been aggressive,
+nor has it dominated any legitimate authority. It has sought to be the
+servant and not the master. As one general particularly friendly to the
+organization remarked, “the Red Cross has not been the foe, but the
+friend of every one, even of red tape.”</p>
+
+<p>If we had any criticism to make it would be in favor of more practical
+common sense dealing with all matters especially those pertaining to the
+camp and hospital, and of the necessity of fixing individual
+responsibility so as to be certain of results as well as orders.</p>
+
+<p>Many high-minded and patriotic officers have been blamed where they
+ought to have been praised; one distinguished professional man dying
+from the effects of undeserved fault finding.</p>
+
+<p>If another war should ever come to us as a nation, we trust the lessons
+of that which has just closed will not be forgotten. Many of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_406" title="406"></a> the very
+best and most conscientious surgeons are not business men. Men who have
+not had business experience in time of peace cannot be expected to learn
+at once new methods in time of war so as to perfect or harmonize a great
+system. Should not the executive officer in every large hospital be
+selected somewhat with reference to his business capacity? Good surgeons
+and physicians have enough to occupy them in attending to their
+professional duties. They had too much to attend to in most instances
+during the Spanish war, and the number of deaths in comparison to the
+number of sick and wounded has been surprisingly small.</p>
+
+<p>I want to place upon record the generous kindness of Dr. and Mrs. J.
+Ford Thompson in tendering to the committee the use of house No. 1310 G
+Street for headquarters; W.B. Moses &amp; Sons for furniture loaned for our
+use; Springman &amp; Sons for free transportation of goods; to the railroads
+for reduction of fare; to the Falls Church Electric Railroad, and
+Washington and Norfolk Steamship Company for free transportation; to the
+Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company for telephone, and to all who
+generously worked and contributed for the success of the committee.</p>
+
+<p>The army and navy embodied the power of the government in the Spanish
+war, but the Red Cross in a large degree represented the affectionate
+regard of the American people, for those who went out to defend the flag
+of the Union, and their great desire to mitigate in every possible way
+the sufferings resulting from exposure, disease and conflict, as well as
+to relieve distress wherever it existed.</p>
+
+<p>Courage and charity go hand in hand, and when the smoke of battle has
+rolled away, and the tattoo and reveille are memories of the past; when
+the white tents of the camps are folded; the equipment of war is
+exchanged for the implements of peace the appreciation of the citizen
+soldier for the Red Cross will grow in volume as he sits by his fireside
+and tells how its ministries gave relief and aid to his comrades and
+himself in the camp, the hospital, at Siboney, Santiago, Porto Rico and
+elsewhere, and how it extended succor even to his enemies when the
+conflict ceased.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross of peace will outlive the Red Flag of war, even as charity
+shall survive the force of arms. Let us hope that the former ensign may
+soon float by the side of the flags of all the nations and peoples of
+the world, as an evidence of the advance of civilization, and the
+universal desire that there be no more war; that men everywhere are
+ready to extend a helping hand to all who suffer from disaster or<a class="pagenum" id="Page_407" title="407"></a>
+disease. When this glad day comes war will be no more. Arbitration will
+be the supreme power.</p>
+
+<p>And may I say, in closing, that no one during the past quarter of a
+century has in a larger degree aided in the cultivation of peace and
+good will among men and the promotion of a spirit of fraternity among
+the peoples of the earth than the president of the American National Red
+Cross, who, during the Spanish war, has rendered such valuable and
+indefatigable service in the cause of humanity.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i088.jpg" width="450" height="497" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">ON SAN JUAN HILL, SANTIAGO.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_408" title="408"></a>CAMP THOMAS.</h3>
+
+<p>The agent first appointed for Chickamauga Park, was Dr. Charles R. Gill.
+Shortly afterwards, however, Dr. Gill expressed a desire to go to Cuba,
+and he was relieved, Mr. E.C. Smith being placed in charge of this
+field, which proved eventually to be one of the most important stations
+of the Red Cross. As the demands of the camp increased, Mr. A.M. Smith
+was sent to assist his brother in the work. Their services have been
+eminently satisfactory to all concerned, and many voluntary expressions
+of appreciation have been received. All requisitions for assistance were
+promptly filled by the Executive Committee in New York, and in addition
+to the large amount of supplies sent, about $16,000 in cash were
+expended at the camp. Mr. Smith, in his report on the work done at this
+camp, says:</p>
+
+<p>The headquarters of the American National Red Cross, at Camp Thomas,
+Chickamauga Park, Ga., was located alongside the historic Brotherton
+House, which was in the thickest of the fight in 1863. No array of mere
+numerals written to express dollars, or tables of figures standing for
+quantities, could in comprehensive sense tell the story of Red Cross
+work at Chickamauga, in 1898. The record is written indelibly in the
+hearts of thousands of soldiers who were stricken with disease on this
+battlefield, and the story has been told at quiet home firesides in
+every State of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>All those who have labored in the work of mercy have been repaid a
+thousandfold in words of thankfulness and appreciation from fevered
+lips, and the praise of Christian men and women throughout the country.
+In answer to the petitions of anxious wives, mothers and fathers, and
+the tender prayers of prattling infants, God put strength in the arms of
+the noble women who wore the badge of the Red Cross, and made them
+heroic in an hour of great trial.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_409" title="409"></a>
+ <img src="images/i089.jpg" width="500" height="354" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">SPANISH GUERILLAS.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_410" title="410"></a>
+ <img src="images/i090.jpg" width="500" height="342" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A MOUNTED ADVANCE, RECONNOITRING.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It has been testified by the gallant survivors of Santiago, and other
+sanguinary engagements, that the chief terror was carried to the hearts
+of our gallant men through the awful silence of the enemy’s bullets, and
+the mystery which enshrouded their position because of the use of
+smokeless powder, leaving no mark for retaliation. Here in Chickamauga,
+men fell from the ranks day after day, who seemed to have been
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_411" title="411"></a>singled out as the most robust and hardy of all, and were carried
+helpless to the regimental, division, corps, and general hospitals,
+stricken by an unseen foe. The danger lurked in the air that all
+breathed, and the apparently pure, limpid water, God’s greatest gift to
+man, became his deadliest enemy.</p>
+
+<p>When the plague descended on the camp, and a full realization of present
+and impending horrors was forced upon all intelligent minds, frantic
+efforts were made to stay the progress of the destroyer, but the seeds
+had been sown, and the epidemic was fated to run its course. It seemed
+incongruous that such a spot should be so afflicted; in all the wide
+continent there is no fairer place. The valley stretching between
+Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge is one of the most beautiful of
+all the fertile valleys of the world; sunshine and shade here mingle to
+satisfy every sense. Our boys entered the park joyfully, and all who
+should have known of the requirements of a camp, pronounced it an ideal
+spot. There was no adequate preparation for the unexpected, which some
+say “always happens.” The action of the Red Cross redeemed the
+situation. Stephen E. Barton, chairman of the Executive Committee,
+promptly authorized measures to alleviate suffering, to quote the
+language of the authorization, “without stint.” Elias Charles Smith, the
+field agent of the Red Cross, acting at once on the orders of his
+superior, proceeded to find ways, the means being furnished. Milk and
+ice were the chief requisites. All the farming country surrounding the
+camp was called upon to supply the milk, some of it coming from as far
+as Biltmore, N.C., from the celebrated dairy of a millionaire.</p>
+
+<p>The ice came from Chattanooga, and both ice and milk were supplied
+without delay, with no red tape, no halting, “without stint,” to the
+sick. Requisitions for carloads of delicacies were sent by telegraph,
+and when the needs were urgent the goods came, not by freight but by
+express. Soups, wines, fruit, and in fact every conceivable article that
+could contribute to the comfort and recovery of the sick was sent for,
+dispatched, received and distributed. There were no “middle men” to
+question or quibble about the advisability of things being done, no
+halting and haggling about how things should be done. The field agent of
+the Red Cross ascertained the urgent necessities of the sick, through
+the best official sources, and&mdash;presto!&mdash;the necessities were on the
+ground and in use.</p>
+
+<p>The problem of nursing was coincident. Men in the division and other
+hospitals were willing, no doubt, but there was “lack of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_412" title="412"></a> woman’s
+nursing.” There was no “dearth of woman’s tears,”&mdash;at home.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross Auxiliary No. 3 of New York, through the agency of Miss
+Maud Cromlein in the field, took up this work. At one time there were
+140 young women graduate nurses in the service of the Red Cross in this
+camp, mainly at Sternberg Hospital. How to care for this large number of
+refined young women, unused to the hardships of camp life, was a serious
+problem. Dormitories were built to shelter them, and furnished for their
+comfort. A contract was made with a steam laundry at Chattanooga to wash
+their clothing and everything possible was done to make their stay at
+least endurable. Some fell sick, of course, and were tenderly cared for
+or furloughed and sent to their homes. Under the direction of Miss
+Maxwell a perfect system was established in all the work, which
+commanded the respect and approbation of the medical officers. Diet
+kitchens were introduced, and the sick were furnished with every
+necessary delicacy.</p>
+
+<p>It is now a matter of history that this first organized experiment of
+using women in large numbers as nurses in a field hospital has been an
+unqualified success. It has the official approval of the medical
+officers of the government from Surgeon-General Sternberg to the
+smallest, humblest subaltern.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross did not confine its efforts to the help of nurses wearing
+the Red Cross. At the old Third Division First Corps Hospital, afterward
+called Sanger, Sisters of Charity and Sisters of Mercy ministered to the
+sick. The same attention was given to them; all requisitions for milk
+and ice and delicacies were promptly filled. One of these noble women,
+Sister Stella Boyle, wrote, “We are overwhelmed with your kindness&mdash;what
+should we have done without the Red Cross!” Leiter Hospital received the
+same help; milk and ice and delicacies were furnished “promptly and
+without stint.” That was the watchword. And so with the regimental
+hospitals; the surgeons in charge made requisition for necessary
+supplies and they were forthcoming, even to the day of the departure of
+the last troops from the camp, the hospital trains being supplied as
+well. Thus the Red Cross followed the sick to the doors of their own
+homes.</p>
+
+<p>The Christian women of Chattanooga belonging to the Epworth League and
+the churches of that city, did a greatly needed work in establishing
+hospitals for the care of sick soldiers enroute. They were amazed and
+delighted when they learned they could make requisition on the Red Cross
+for necessary supplies.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_413" title="413"></a>Field Agent E.C. Smith, frail of body but stout of soul, was stricken at
+his post of duty with typhoid September 12, but is convalescent and
+rapidly gaining strength. When Miss Cromlein and Miss Maxwell retired
+about the same date, they were succeeded by Miss Gladwin and Miss
+Lounsbury, who have ably managed the affairs of the Red Cross at
+Sternberg. Under my direction Miss Gladwin recently visited Anniston,
+Ala., and found the service of the Red Cross greatly needed at Camp
+Shipp. Miss Gladwin has established a Diet Kitchen at that camp and has
+done much to better the condition of the soldiers in the camp hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>There are still 200 sick at Sternberg and 50 at Leiter, but these will
+soon I hope be furloughed and returned to their homes.</p>
+
+<p>All who have represented the Red Cross at Chickamauga have worked with
+the greatest self-denial and enthusiasm with full appreciation of the
+lofty aims of the society and with personal pride. When the roll of
+honor is made up, I know of no name that should be omitted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+  <img src="images/i091.jpg" width="400" height="352" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">U.S.S. “OREGON.”</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_414" title="414"></a>JACKSONVILLE, FLA.</h3>
+
+<p>At Jacksonville, Fla., the work at the camp was under the direction of
+the Rev. Alexander Kent, of Washington, D.C., who has been a member of
+the American National Red Cross for many years. He began his duties
+about the middle of June and, assisted by his son, continued until the
+order for the abandonment of the camp was issued. The territory covered
+by this agency included also the camps at Miami and Fernandina. The
+affairs of the Red Cross in this field were most efficiently conducted
+and with great credit to Dr. Kent and his assistant. In addition to the
+medical and hospital supplies and delicacies, which were furnished in
+great quantities, over thirteen thousand dollars were spent in adding to
+the comforts of the sick and convalescent. Dr. Kent makes the following
+interesting report:</p>
+
+<p>On June 16 I arrived in Jacksonville, in company with Miss Clara Barton,
+then on her way to Key West and Santiago. We visited Camp Cuba Libre in
+the afternoon, when I enjoyed the great advantage of being presented by
+Miss Barton to several of the officials as the representative of the Red
+Cross at this point. On the following morning I visited the
+hospital&mdash;that of the Second Division, the First being at Miami and the
+Third not formed&mdash;where I found what appeared to me to be very
+distressing and unhealthful conditions. The number of patients at that
+time was small, but, few as they were, no adequate provision had been
+made for their comfort. Most of them, indeed, were on cots, but few had
+either sheets or nightshirts to cover their nakedness. They were either
+lying in soiled underclothing, sweltering in the heat under army
+blankets, or destitute of any clothing whatever. I lost no time in
+ordering one hundred sheets, with the same number of pillow-cases and
+ticks, having assurance from one of the surgeons that the latter could
+be readily filled with moss and pine needles, making a comfort-giving
+and healthful pillow. By the time this need was met I learned that the
+sick were destitute of suitable food, so I made it my next business to
+provide a sufficiency of this. No sooner had I begun this work than I
+had to face the fact that the hospital had no proper facilities for
+cooking this food and no place in which to care for it and keep it cool
+and sweet when prepared. So I purchased a large Blue Flame oil stove and
+a No. 6 Alaska ice chest. I soon discovered that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_415" title="415"></a> the patients were
+suffering from want of ice and made haste to secure an adequate supply
+of this. But in all these things adequate provision for one week was no
+adequate provision for the next. Patients came into the hospital in
+ever-increasing numbers; cots, sheets, pillows and pillow-cases had to
+be doubled and trebled and quadrupled as the weeks went by. The
+government provided many sheets, many cots and many pillows, but the
+demand ever outran the supply, and the Red Cross was called on
+continually to make up the lack. In the matter of ice, milk, eggs,
+lemons, malted milk, peptonoids, clam bouillon, beef extract, calfsfoot
+jelly, gelatine, cornstarch, tapioca, condensed milk, rice, barley,
+sugar, butter, and delicacies of all kinds, the government made no
+provision, neither did the hospital from its ration fund. All supplies
+of this kind were furnished by the Red Cross or by other charitable or
+beneficent agencies. So far as I have been able to learn, and I
+questioned those in charge of the division hospitals, no use was made of
+the ration fund in the Jacksonville hospitals in the way of procuring
+delicacies for patients. The sole reliance for these things was the Red
+Cross and similar agencies of individual and organized beneficence.</p>
+
+<p>Of individual beneficence the most marked examples were Mrs. Marshall,
+proprietor of the Carleton Hotel; Mrs. Moulton, wife of Colonel Moulton,
+of the Second Illinois, and Mrs. Rich, a quiet, modest lady of this
+city. These gave their whole time to the work of devising ways and means
+for promoting the comfort and health of the sick. They made chicken
+broth, ice cream, wine jellies and a variety of delicacies grateful to
+the palates of the sick soldiers. Other Jacksonville ladies did much in
+this direction, but these ladies were constant and untiring in their
+efforts. Though Mrs. Marshall had many of the soldiers cared for free of
+charge at her own hotel, never for a day was she absent from the camp.
+She was a veritable ministering angel, and the Red Cross is greatly
+indebted to her for much of the information that helped us to give
+wisely and when most needed. Through Mrs. Moulton many of the good
+people of Chicago bestowed their benefactions. Five days out of every
+week found Mrs. Rich at one of the division hospitals, making her ice
+cream for the boys and giving them a taste of her delicious wine
+jellies. When the Red Cross learned of her excellent work it took pains
+to keep her supplied with all needed material, beside furnishing a
+twenty-five quart ice cream freezer with which to do her work. All of
+these women deserve a more extended and a worthier tribute than we can
+pay them in this report.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_416" title="416"></a>With the growth of the hospital there came ever-increasing demands for
+ice and milk, for delicacies of every sort, and for all the comforts and
+conveniences that tend to make hospital work pleasant and effective.
+Early in the history of the Second Division hospital, the Red Cross paid
+the bills for a bath house and a kitchen. It furnished also the large
+circular wall tent for convalescents. It gave over a hundred cots and
+mattresses, and nearly a thousand pillows. Of sheets and pillow-cases,
+nightshirts and pajamas, it gave many thousands. We not only distributed
+a large number sent from New York; boxes were sent us from St.
+Augustine, from Augusta, Ga., from Connecticut, Pennsylvania and the
+District of Columbia. Few people have any conception of the quantity of
+such articles required to keep a hospital with five hundred to seven
+hundred patients in good running order. So often are these things soiled
+that there must be at least three or four sets to every cot. When there
+are three or four hospitals, with an aggregate sick list ranging from
+fifteen hundred to two thousand, the number of sheets and pillow-cases,
+nightshirts and pajamas necessary to keep the beds and the patients
+presentable is surprisingly large. Of course the government has supplied
+the greater number of sheets and pillow-cases, but the Red Cross has
+furnished probably the greater number of pillows, nightshirts and
+pajamas. In none of these things has the supply ever quite equaled the
+demand. Even at the present time the cry of need is almost as loud as
+ever. When the recuperating hospital was established at Pablo Beach, the
+Red Cross, at the request of the chief-surgeon, supplied two hundred and
+fifty sets of dishes with a complete outfit of pitchers, trays, buckets
+and many other things. Even the business of the chief-surgeon’s office
+and that of the surgeon at Pablo Beach is transacted on desks furnished
+by the Red Cross at the request of these parties. It has contributed to
+furnish the diet kitchens with stoves, utensils and dishes, and has
+supplied the hospitals themselves with many articles of convenience and
+comfort. It provided four dozen large clothes hampers, printed many
+thousands of patient records and other papers. It had fifty large ice
+chests manufactured and placed one in each ward of the principal
+hospitals. It gave over seven hundred buckets for the carrying of offal,
+and furnished screens for the use of the nurses. It gave bed-pans and
+urinals in large numbers, over a thousand tumblers, medicine glasses,
+graduated glasses, a sterilizing apparatus, hypodermic syringes and
+needles. Of the latter we learned that there was not a single whole one
+in the hospital at the time we were called on. Scores of men had been<a class="pagenum" id="Page_417" title="417"></a>
+obliged to receive their hypodermic injections from a broken point,
+suffering greatly from the operation and subsequent results. The Red
+Cross has furnished over one thousand dollars worth of medicines not on
+the government list, besides malted milk, peptonoids, pepto mangan,
+peptogenic milk powder, maltine and a large shipment of medicines sent
+from New York. It has given over a thousand bath and surgical sponges
+and towels in immense quantities. In short, with the exception of tents,
+cots, blankets, and, to a considerable extent, sheets, furnished by the
+government, the Red Cross, up to September 1st, furnished the greater
+part of the hospital equipment. As the several heads of divisions have
+said to me again and again. “The hospitals never could have equipped
+themselves from their ration fund. They would have broken down utterly
+without the aid of the Red Cross.”</p>
+
+<p>We have spent here over thirteen thousand dollars in cash for hospital
+equipment and supplies of various kinds, including ice and milk, in
+addition to the large quantities of goods sent from New York the cost of
+which we do not know. And with all this, the need has not been met as
+fully or as promptly as it should have been. The number of the sick
+increased so greatly beyond the expectations of the officers in charge
+that the supply has never, for any considerable time, been equal to the
+demand. Even now, when the government has allowed sixty cents a day for
+each patient in the hospital, and has recently so extended the order as
+to include regimental as well as division hospitals, there is still
+continuous appeal to the Red Cross for a variety of things, which those
+in charge of the hospital fund do not feel warranted in buying, and as
+yet few of the regiments have gotten their hospitals into shape to ask
+for anything. As they move to Savannah in a few days, they will not be
+in condition to draw any money for weeks to come. It is very fortunate
+therefore, that your committee has seen fit to grant our last
+requisition, for the goods you have shipped will be of great benefit to
+the soldiers on their way to Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>I have omitted to state that a most important part of the work of the
+Red Cross has been the supplying of ice for the purpose of cooling the
+drinking water of the camps. Our ice bills for camp and hospitals, at an
+average of thirty-five cents per hundred pounds have been over six
+thousand dollars, the Second Division hospital alone often consuming
+from four to five tons a day. Our milk bills were also large, averaging
+for some time over five hundred dollars a week, at a cost of forty cents
+a gallon.</p>
+
+<p>Our relations with both army and medical officials have been, on the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_418" title="418"></a>
+whole, harmonious and pleasant. Perhaps the best evidence of this is the
+fact that the government teams and men have always been at our service
+whether to haul the goods from the wharf to the store or from the store
+to the camp. Some little feeling arose over my attitude in regard to the
+necessity for female nurses, but as the outcome has abundantly shown the
+soundness of my contention, that has pretty much passed away. Our
+hospitals have been far from ideal but I believe they are generally
+regarded as the best in the country, and perhaps none have realized
+their shortcomings and defects more than the men charged with their
+administration. It is not an easy matter to select, even from an
+American army, a sufficient number of capable and reliable men for so
+large and complex an institution, and incapacity or infidelity at any
+point is liable not only to bring most serious results, but to throw
+discredit upon the entire management. Doubtless many things have been
+done that should never have been permitted, and many left undone that
+constitute a record of what ought to be criminal neglect, yet these
+things can be wholly avoided only by men of the highest ability and
+largest experience, working with trained subordinates, and with every
+facility for successful endeavor. It has not been possible to secure
+such conditions in any of the hospitals. The men in charge have been
+obliged to use such material as they could get, and often the commanding
+officers of regiments, when asked for a detail for hospital work, have
+given the very poorest material they had. I am disposed, therefore, to
+have pretty large charity always for the surgeon-in-charge. He has a
+most difficult task, and at the very best, can only hope for moderate
+success. Ideal results he can never secure.</p>
+
+<p>I have said nothing of our work at Miami or Fernandina, for there is
+little to say. The troops were moved from Miami so soon after we were
+made acquainted with their needs, that we did little more than supply
+the hospital with ice, during the weeks in which the sick were
+convalescing. We were not permitted to do even this at Fernandina. Those
+in charge of the hospitals, division and regimental, disclaimed all need
+of aid. The government supplied them with all that they required. We
+have had many testimonies from officers and privates, showing the
+profound appreciation everywhere felt for the work of the Red Cross.
+Perhaps no other part of its work was so highly prized by the soldiers
+at large as that which furnished them cool drinking water.</p>
+
+<p>Had the chief-surgeon, Colonel Maus, not been so deeply prejudiced
+against female nurses in general, and Red Cross nurses in particular, we
+might have done a much greater work in the hospitals<a class="pagenum" id="Page_419" title="419"></a> than was permitted
+to us. While the Second Division hospital was still young, the Red Cross
+offered its nurses freely and gratuitously. It offered to shelter and
+feed them at its own expense, but the offer was spurned indignantly and
+with scarcely disguised contempt. We were told that female nurses were
+not needed, that the hospital had already more skilled nurses that it
+could use, and that the female nurses were a nuisance round a camp
+anyway. Most of them, the chief-surgeon affirmed, were drawn to the work
+by a morbid sentimentality or by motives of even a more questionable
+character. He would have none of them. But the time came when even this
+officer had to change his attitude if not his opinions, and women nurses
+were sought for and welcomed to the hospital by hundreds. That they have
+proven a great blessing to the boys, no one now questions; many most
+pronounced in their opposition are now loudest in their praise, and the
+Red Cross rejoices that the good work is being done, though itself
+denied the privilege of doing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i092.jpg" width="400" height="358" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">“ALMIRANTE OQUENDO” AFTER THE ENGAGEMENT.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_420" title="420"></a>FORT MCPHERSON, GA.</h3>
+
+<p>Early in August Mr. D.L. Cobb, on a tour of inspection, arrived at Fort
+McPherson, Georgia, to see if any assistance was required at the post,
+and if an agency could be established. It was found that Mrs. Anna E.
+Nave, wife of Rev. Orville J. Nave, chaplain of the post, and their
+daughter, Miss Hermione Nave, had established a small dietary kitchen
+and were supporting a table for convalescents. The object of the kitchen
+was to provide light and nutritive diet for the soldiers in the barracks
+who were suffering from stomach troubles, dysentery and kindred
+digestive disorders, and to care for the convalescents from typhoid
+fever and other serious sickness, until they were sufficiently recovered
+to be again returned to the company mess.</p>
+
+<p>As this kitchen was performing an important part in the care of the men,
+and the demands upon it were daily increasing, it was proposed that it
+be continued, and its work extended as the demands increased, and that
+the Red Cross would pay all expenses and furnish all the supplies
+required. Rev. Orville J. Nave was accordingly appointed as the field
+agent at Fort McPherson, the kitchen remaining under the immediate care
+and supervision of Mrs. Nave and her daughter, assisted by a committee
+of representative women of the city of Atlanta, including Mrs. Governor
+Atkinson, Miss Mary L. Gordon-Huntley, Mrs. Loulie M. Gordon, Miss Junia
+McKinley, Mrs. E.H. Barnes, and others.</p>
+
+<p>Under the auspices of the Red Cross the capacity of the kitchen was soon
+doubled, and the table was maintained until the first of October, when
+assistance was no longer necessary. At the table about 20,000 meals were
+served. By this means doubtless many lives were saved, for the
+percentage of relapses among the typhoid fever cases, ordinarily quite
+large, was very small at this post. In addition to the supplies of food,
+medicines and clothing sent to this field, in response to the
+requisitions, some $1400 in cash were expended in support of the table
+and in furnishing those things which were at times needed quickly, and
+which could be purchased in the local markets at Atlanta.</p>
+
+<p>A stenographer was also furnished, so that Dr. Nave might be able to
+answer the many inquiries from parents and relatives of men in the
+hospitals, and attend to the ordinary correspondence connected<a class="pagenum" id="Page_421" title="421"></a> with the
+work. Seven nurses were supplied to assist in the hospital work. Dr.
+Nave in his report says:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The importance of this work, as a supplement to that done by the
+  government for the relief of the sick, cannot be overstated. An
+  institution, such as an army hospital, deals with the sick by
+  masses. Much must be left to subordinates, many of whom have little
+  or no experience in caring for the sick. The system is devised for
+  the many. But, where many are sick, a percentage of the patients
+  cannot regain health without special care. The work done by the Red
+  Cross at Fort McPherson was that which could not be done effectually
+  by institutional methods. Furthermore, those who assisted in the
+  work were actuated solely by philanthropic motives. They therefore
+  brought elements to their work that employes too often lack,
+  elements of gentleness and love. Two thousand soldiers in as many
+  homes, nursed back to health, live to love and honor the Red Cross
+  in memory of the helping hand sent to them and administered through
+  the hospital at Fort McPherson. The total cash expenditures,
+  including the cost of maintaining the kitchen, was $2242.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To Dr. Nave, his wife and daughter, and to the Atlanta Committee of the
+Red Cross, great credit is due for the efficient manner in which the
+auxiliary work at this point was carried on. Acting with discretion, and
+with loyalty to the principles of the Red Cross, they have carried their
+work to a successful conclusion without a complaint from any source.</p>
+
+<div class="fullimage">
+  <div class="figcenter fig500">
+    <img src="images/i093.jpg" width="500" height="280" alt="" />
+    <div class="caption">U.S. WAR SHIPS BEFORE THE ENTRANCE TO SANTIAGO HARBOR.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sandbagged">
+  <div class="figcenter fig500">
+   <img src="images/i093top.jpg" width="497" height="157" alt="" class="split" />
+   <img src="images/i093bot.jpg" width="340" height="123" alt="" class="split" />
+    <div class="caption">U.S. WAR SHIPS BEFORE THE ENTRANCE TO SANTIAGO HARBOR.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_422" title="422"></a>CAMP HOBSON, GA.</h3>
+
+<p>At Camp Hobson, Lithia Springs, Ga., a diet kitchen was also maintained,
+under the direction of Miss Junia McKinley, assisted by the Atlanta
+Committee of the Red Cross, of which the following account is received:</p>
+
+<p>The diet kitchen was opened here on Monday, August 9, and remained in
+operation three weeks, at the expiration of which time the camp broke
+up. During the first week after the kitchen was established, when
+detachments from the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Twenty-first and
+Twenty-fifth regiments were in camp, 1176 meals were served. The next
+week orders were received for the removal of the Eighth and part of the
+other regiments to Montauk Point, consequently the number of
+convalescents was reduced, but during the second and third week 2066
+meals were served, making a total of 3242 meals served at the table and
+in the hospital during the time the kitchen was in operation. The meals
+were furnished to convalescents in the hospital, men relieved from duty
+but not sick enough to be in the hospital, and to the hospital corps.
+The table meals consisted of the following: For breakfast, cereals,
+coffee, tea, fresh milk, eggs, toast, bread and butter. For dinner,
+soups, bouillons, rice and milk, eggs, crackers, bread and fresh milk,
+coffee, California fruits (canned), wine, jelly or simple dessert.
+Supper was the same as breakfast, with the addition of stewed fruit. To
+patients in hospital, beef tea (made from fresh beef as well as
+extracts), soft-boiled eggs, cream toast and fresh milk was served at
+regular hours.</p>
+
+<p>The only paid help were two men and one woman, the latter lived near the
+camp and reported for duty at first meal call and remained until dining
+tent and kitchen were in order. The other work in kitchen was
+gratuitously done by Atlanta members of Red Cross Society, assisted by
+Mrs. Edward H. Barnes, Miss Loulie Gordon Roper (niece of General J.B.
+Gordon), Miss Emmie McDonnell, Miss Estelle Whelan, Mrs. George Boykin
+Saunders, all of Atlanta, and the ladies from Sweetwater Park Hotel, who
+came over daily from the hotel, about half a mile distant from camp, and
+assisted in serving table meals, also in carrying delicacies to
+hospitals and distributed flowers among the patients.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_423" title="423"></a>It affords us pleasure to acknowledge the uniform courtesy of the army
+officials, especially the commandant, Major Thomas Wilhelm, Chief
+Surgeon Major E.L. Swift, Assistant Surgeons Street, Bak and Johnson and
+Lieutenant Norman, quartermaster. Major Wilhelm had our kitchen built
+and fly tent for dining hall put up in a few hours after our arrival,
+detailed men to help whenever needed in kitchen, and with finest
+courtesy assured us of his appreciation of what was being done to add to
+the comfort of his sick and convalescent men.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the regular kitchen work at Camp Hobson, the Red Cross furnished
+for a short time to the hospitals one special nurse (Miss McKinley) and
+one trained nurse (Miss McLain), who remained until our last patients
+were sent to Fort McPherson General Hospital and went with them in the
+hospital train, ministering to their wants until they were transferred
+to their respective wards there. In this connection we think proper to
+state that many of our Camp Hobson patients now in Fort McPherson
+Hospital, one of the best equipped and best managed hospitals in the
+country, assure us that they can never forget the unfailing kindness of
+Chief Surgeon Swift and assistants, the faithful care of their Red Cross
+nurses, nor the delicacies furnished by the diet kitchen at Camp Hobson.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross having authorized Miss McKinley to furnish anything
+necessary for the sick, medicines, fine whiskey and hospital supplies
+were ordered by telephone from Atlanta, as there was some delay in
+shipment of government supplies, the orders were promptly filled and
+proved important factors in improving hospital wards. Clothing was
+furnished to some of the Camp Hobson men who were left behind and could
+not draw needed articles of clothing as their “descriptive lists” had
+not been furnished. When the Twenty-first Regiment left for the North
+coffee was served on the train to the entire regiment in second section.
+Most of the ice used after the diet kitchen was established was
+furnished through Mr. Percy R. Pyne, of New York, who kindly supplied
+what was needed. Thanks are due G.F. Matthews &amp; Co., of New York, who
+wrote that they would furnish all the tea needed in the kitchen, but as
+the camp was about to break up, their kind offer was not accepted.</p>
+
+<p>Special thanks are due to H.W. Blake, manager of Sweetwater Park Hotel
+at Lithia Springs, for many courtesies extended, when our milkman was
+late, or our groceries (ordered from Atlanta) were delayed, he furnished
+fresh milk and eggs for the patients until our supplies arrived. Mrs.
+Blake sent daily from the beautiful hotel<a class="pagenum" id="Page_424" title="424"></a> gardens, flowers for
+hospitals and dining table, also for distribution in hospital trains
+before leaving Camp Hobson.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, we can venture to assure you that while the time of our
+work at Camp Hobson was short, great good was accomplished, the
+improvement of convalescents who took meals at the kitchen was very
+rapid, owing to the well prepared and nourishing food furnished them.
+The surgeons, as well as hospital stewards, were much gratified at
+marked improvement in hospital wards after the arrival of Red Cross
+nurses.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the departure of every hospital train, we served iced milk to fever
+patients, milk toast to those not restricted to liquid diet, and
+supplied milk and stimulants for their journey. We thank the Red Cross
+for the privilege of assisting in their relief work for our soldiers at
+Camp Hobson, whose appreciation for all that was done for them was
+unbounded and their gratitude a delight for those who ministered to
+their wants.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+  <img src="images/i094.jpg" width="400" height="269" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">“MARIE TERESA” AFTER THE ENGAGEMENT.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_425" title="425"></a>ST. PAUL, MINN.</h3>
+
+<p>The story of the Red Cross of St. Paul, Minn., is briefly told in the
+report by Miss Caroline M. Beaumont, the recording secretary:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The St. Paul Red Cross Aid Society was organized on the ninth of
+  May, 1898, shortly after the beginning of the war, pursuant to a
+  general call for aid, with Mr. A.S. Tallmadge as president, and a
+  full board of officers. It was at first intended to form a regular
+  auxiliary of the Red Cross, directly tributary to the National
+  Organization, and distribute supplies through headquarters only. But
+  the fact that the State volunteer regiments were actually in need of
+  immediate aid to equip them to leave for points of mobilization,
+  induced the society to turn their attention to local needs first.</p>
+
+<p>The Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Minnesota Volunteers were
+  first furnished with hospital supplies, delicacies for the sick, and
+  all those necessary articles which the government does not supply,
+  or furnishes only in meagre quantities. Working headquarters were
+  established, requests for donations were published which met with
+  immediate response, which testified to the generosity of the
+  citizens of St. Paul and surrounding towns. Successful
+  entertainments were also given, sewing and packing committees were
+  appointed, and women from all over the city gave freely of their
+  means, their time and their efforts, as they thought of a husband, a
+  son or a dear one in far away Cuba or Manila. The patriotism and
+  loyalty of the men of Minnesota was shared and often inspired by the
+  women who gave so freely. The women of St. Paul with willing hands
+  and loving hearts, have shared in the glories of the war, and the
+  sorrows of personal loss has been mitigated by pride of race, and
+  the love of a country that has borne such soldiers and sailors as
+  our brave boys.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not in Minnesota alone, but in all the States, the willing hands and
+loving hearts of the women of America have been among the foremost in
+affording relief to the sick and wounded. At home in the auxiliaries, in
+the hospitals, on the transports and at the front, wherever sickness and
+suffering called.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the campaign they seemed to awaken to the true meaning and the
+great mission of the Red Cross, and, setting before them the standard,
+they have followed it from one field of suffering to another. True
+soldiers of humanity, they have labored earnestly and incessantly, and
+have proven themselves worthy to wear the emblem of their loving,
+faithful service&mdash;the Red Cross of Geneva.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_426" title="426"></a>MONTAUK POINT, L.I.</h3>
+
+<p>At the request of the New York Relief Committee, the executive committee
+of the Red Cross appointed Mr. Howard Townsend as the field agent at
+Montauk Point, Long Island, under whose supervision the work of the Red
+Cross at this important station was admirably conducted. Mr. Townsend in
+his report says:</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross appeared on the ground on Sunday, August 7, 1898, and its
+representative remained there permanently after August 10. The first,
+and in some respects the most important work, was the delivery of a
+daily supply of pure water to the government officials at the camp. For
+the first ten days the most serious problem was how to obtain good
+water, and until the great well was dug, the hospitals were supplied by
+the Red Cross. Ten thousand gallons of Hygeia water were delivered at
+the camp, and four tank cars brought daily from Jamaica sufficient
+spring water to prevent a water famine.</p>
+
+<p>There was important work to be done also in connection with the general
+hospital, furnishing to it such supplies as were rendered necessary by
+the hurry and confusion of the first two weeks of the camp’s existence.
+Cots, clothing, bed-clothing, household appliances and cooking utensils,
+refrigerators and other articles, in short a large part of the things
+necessary for a hospital. All of these things were promptly supplied,
+through the quick communication established with the Red Cross supply
+depot in New York City, and the system of placing orders by telegraph,
+by which supplies most needed were often on hand within a few hours
+after the need was discovered.</p>
+
+<p>Delicacies, fruits and milk were furnished to the hospitals until the
+government itself was able to meet the demand in this direction.
+Although the quarantine regulations prevented the Red Cross from being
+in constant attendance at the detention hospital, yet we kept it
+abundantly supplied with delicacies, and quite often with necessities.
+Many tons of supplies were furnished, including food, clothing and
+stimulants.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_427" title="427"></a>
+ <img src="images/i095.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">CHICKAMAUGA CAMP.</div>
+
+ <hr class="td" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_428" title="428"></a>
+ <img src="images/i096.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">CAMP THOMAS, HEADQUARTERS AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The necessity arising for trained nurses at the general hospital, the
+services of twenty trained women nurses were offered about August 16,
+their salaries and all expenses to be paid by the Red Cross. The
+Secretary of War promptly directed the acceptance of the offer,
+although <a class="pagenum" id="Page_429" title="429"></a>insisting that the government should pay all expenses. Since
+that time there have been as many as one hundred and forty nurses in the
+hospital at one time, in addition to about one hundred and ten Sisters
+of Charity. These women nurses uniformly conducted themselves with
+decorum in the camp, and their services undoubtedly saved the lives of
+many patients. All the nurses, except the Sisters of Charity, were
+furnished through the instrumentality of the Red Cross. The division
+hospitals were established later in the history of the camp, and these
+were also supplied with suitable provisions, delicacies, medical stores
+and instruments, and Red Cross nurses.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross yacht arrived at Camp Wyckoff on the eleventh of August
+with the first load of supplies. The boat was furnished for the use of
+the Red Cross by the Relief Committee of the Red Cross in New York. This
+vessel is admirably fitted for carrying a small number of sick people,
+and was offered to the government by the relief committee, and has been
+in steady use as a hospital ship, conveying fifteen invalids at a time
+to the various hospitals along the Connecticut coast and in New York
+City.</p>
+
+<p>After the first confusion incident to the establishment of the camp, the
+Red Cross extended its field to include a visit to the regimental
+hospitals, which were discovered to be in great need of food and
+equipment suitable for sick, particularly in the hospitals of the
+infantry divisions. The assistant agent, Dr. Brewer, and Mr. Samuel
+Parrish, of Southampton, N.Y., devoted themselves particularly to daily
+visits to the regiments, and were able to materially help the regimental
+surgeons in their discouraging work, hampered as they were by lack of
+medical stores and equipment.</p>
+
+<p>The auxiliary for the maintenance of trained nurses sent to the camp
+Mrs. Willard, a dietary expert, who, in conjunction with the
+Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association, and with the assistance of Dr.
+Prescott, established diet kitchens in the various hospitals, and
+supplied the patients with such satisfactory diet that the government
+agreed to pay the expense of this part of the work.</p>
+
+<p>Another branch of work was carried on by the Red Cross and which
+appealed particularly to the sick, which was an attempt made to answer,
+each day, inquiries from all parts of the country concerning men from
+whom their relatives and friends had heard nothing perhaps since the
+army left Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>Another division of the work was that concerning the feeding of the sick
+and hungry men arriving on the transports. Dr. Magruder,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_430" title="430"></a> the chief
+quarantine officer, gave much of his time to this part of the service,
+carrying continually in his boats stores of Red Cross provisions and
+delicacies with which he supplied those ships that were in quarantine
+and suffering most from lack of food. At the quarantine dock, where the
+sick men were landed, Captain Guilfoyle of the Ninth Cavalry rendered
+most efficient service in helping the sick, while at the same time
+enforcing the quarantine regulations.</p>
+
+<p>At the railroad dock an important part of this work was carried on.
+There Dr. and Mrs. Valentine Mott were stationed day after day as the
+transports unloaded their men. Captain Edwards, of the First United
+States Cavalry, had already volunteered to aid and, by order of
+Major-General Young, he was permitted to have his men assist. Every
+regiment that landed stacked arms, and in single file passed by a tent,
+erected by the military officials, where each man was given a glass of
+milk, or a cup of beef tea, and in some instances the men volunteered
+the statement that they were too weak to have marched to the hospital,
+and could have gone no further but for this friendly help at the dock.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, at the railway station, the men going on sick furlough
+frequently collapsed just before the departure of the train, or became
+faint through want of food. Here the Red Cross arranged that every sick
+man should be supplied with milk, and, where it was necessary, given a
+few ounces of whiskey, so as to enable him to continue his journey. The
+increasing number of furloughed men required the establishment of an
+emergency hospital near the railway station, and this was installed in
+two tents erected for the Red Cross by the army officers.</p>
+
+<p>These tents at times sheltered for the night as many as twenty sick men
+who were unable to catch the train, and who would otherwise have been
+obliged to sit up in the station until morning. This work, and the
+emergency hospital, were under the charge of Miss Martha Draper.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the cheerful recognition given to the Red Cross, when the camp
+was first opened, due to the courtesy of Major-General Young, the Red
+Cross was able to enter into a far broader sphere of usefulness than
+would otherwise have been possible. We are also particularly indebted to
+Captain Chase, of the Third Cavalry, Captain Guilfoyle, of the Ninth
+Cavalry, and Captain Fuller, of the First Cavalry, for their constant
+endeavors to aid the representatives of the Red Cross in carrying out
+their work of supplementing the efforts of the government, to relieve
+the suffering and in ministering to the comfort of the men and officers
+of the Fifth Army Corps.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_431" title="431"></a>THE PACIFIC COAST.</h3>
+
+<p>The States of the Pacific coast, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada
+and others, have taken a very prominent part in the relief work during
+the war, under the Red Cross. It is yet too soon to write the story of
+the great service they have rendered, for the work still continues and
+only partial reports are at hand. In the latter part of June the
+following letter was received by the chairman of the executive committee
+of the Red Cross, from Mrs. L.L. Dunbar, secretary of the Red Cross of
+San Francisco:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:&mdash;Referring to my letter of a few days since, I enclose
+  herewith summary of the Red Cross work in California to date, which
+  I trust will prove of interest to you.</p>
+
+<p>You will note that there has been a generous response by the
+  citizens of California to the call for funds with which to establish
+  the work of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>This society seems to have sprung into life fully equipped for any
+  emergency. Committees have been formed. Ten to twelve thousand
+  dollars on hand available for further use; soldiers welcomed on
+  arrival with friendly words and good cheer; none have left the port
+  of entry for their long march to the camping ground without a good
+  breakfast furnished by the Red Cross; further comforts provided
+  while in camp, and physical welfare carefully looked after.</p>
+
+<p>Without working on constitutional lines, not having to this date
+  received details of the plan of operation as carried out under the
+  rules or regulations of the American National Red Cross, we have
+  adopted common sense methods as seem proper in war times, or as
+  would suggest themselves in case of any great public calamity, not
+  standing on the order of doing, but doing as occasion seems to
+  require.</p>
+
+<p>The primary movement toward organization was the result of a desire
+  to equip our National Guard to a war footing, it having been pointed
+  out to a few leaders in charitable and patriotic work after the
+  first call for troops that the need existed for medical supplies and
+  surgical appliances in the National Guard to properly outfit them to
+  meet all contingencies. At that time they were not aware that the
+  Spaniards were so poor at target practice as they proved to be at
+  Manila. While it is the province of the State to supply above needs,
+  the Legislature was not in session, time was limited, ships for
+  Manila were soon to sail, therefore it seemed proper not to wait on
+  uncertain legislation, and it was resolved and immediately made
+  effective to supply above needs which was done, involving the
+  expenditure of three thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>Referring to the minutes of the Red Cross Society of San Francisco,
+  we find a communication was forwarded to Washington, placing all
+  resources at the service of the government. The supplies for the
+  National Guard, mentioned above, were<a class="pagenum" id="Page_432" title="432"></a> purchased under the direction
+  of Surgeon-General Hopkins, National Guard of California. As the
+  movement enlarged and we learned the intention to concentrate large
+  bodies of troops from all over the United States, our work expanded.
+  The government was inadequately prepared to take care of so many
+  troops on the coast and for some time after their arrival, to
+  prevent positive suffering, the Red Cross Society by and with the
+  consent of the United States commanding officers, supplied any and
+  everything that seemed to be needed by the soldiers for their health
+  and comfort. All of the ladies connected with the society vied with
+  each other in giving their whole time and attention to the work, and
+  the number of letters that have since been received by the society
+  from the soldiers is the best evidence of the appreciation of the
+  manner in which this work has been done. We erected a Red Cross
+  hospital tent, supplied trained nurses, medical supplies, etc., and
+  from that day to this the tent has been occupied by those in need of
+  medical attention.</p>
+
+<p>The matter of sending an expedition to the Philippines was
+  discussed, but as we got along in our work we found to do effective
+  work in this connection it was necessary to have the authority of
+  the government through the American National Red Cross, and my
+  previous letter upon this subject explains in detail our views in
+  regard to this expedition. This will remain in statu quo until we
+  hear further from you.</p>
+
+<p>We furnished twenty thousand bandages to the troops, made after
+  patterns given to us by the army officers. We arranged with several
+  of the hospitals here to receive and care for very sick men, and
+  they have been generous in this respect. The French hospital has
+  been very kind. That you may see the scope of our work, we have the
+  following committees at work harmoniously under the intelligent
+  direction of a most efficient chairman, aided by the noble work on
+  the part of their assistants: Hospital Committee, Finance Committee,
+  Nursing Committee, Subscription Committee, Society Badge Committee,
+  Identification Medal Committee, Printing, Entertainments,
+  Hospitality, Press, Information, Auditing, Stores, Ambulance,
+  Schools, Clubs. From this you will see that the field has been very
+  comprehensively covered, and as a sample of the work of each
+  committee, I enclose herewith the report of the Nursing Committee,
+  from which you can judge the nature of the work and how it is
+  conducted by each committee, and I trust that this will give you the
+  information required to judge what has been done here, and we would
+  be glad to receive such suggestions from you in reference to this
+  matter as you, from your large experience, may find necessary to
+  make.</p>
+
+<p>We hope that your representative will visit San Francisco to confer
+  with the State Association. It seems to us necessary.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In response to this appeal it was decided to send a representative of
+the American National Red Cross to confer with the proposed societies of
+the Pacific Coast, to acquaint them with the rules governing the Red
+Cross in time of war, to explain the relationship that exists between
+such societies and the national body, and to accord to them official
+recognition, so that they might proceed as regular auxiliaries of the
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_433" title="433"></a>THE RED CROSS OF CALIFORNIA.</h3>
+
+<p>The Red Cross of California has, perhaps, been the most prominent in war
+relief on the coast, and in the islands of the Pacific. To add to the
+comforts of the men, and to assist in the care of the sick and wounded,
+the people of the State of California have contributed, and expended
+through their own auxiliaries of the Red Cross, over one hundred
+thousand dollars. I here insert, as an example of the work done by the
+people of the Pacific Coast, the report of one of the leading central
+State organizations, the California Red Cross:</p>
+
+<p>The beginning of Red Cross organization and work in California can best
+be told in the reports of the San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley and other
+societies, as they existed some little time before the State Association
+was formed. In less than one month after the organization of the San
+Francisco Red Cross, the necessity for a central organization through
+which the many societies forming throughout the State could work
+intelligently, became apparent. All were desirous of doing something to
+aid the “Boys in Blue,” and realizing the truth of the old statement,
+“In union there is strength,” it was decided to form a State
+organization, which all Red Cross Societies would be invited to join. An
+advisory council met on May 16, in the Occidental Hotel, and the
+question of a State organization was thoroughly discussed. On May 25 the
+council again met and final steps were taken toward organizing a State
+Association. It was resolved that the governing body of the association
+should be an executive board, consisting of fifteen members, six of whom
+should be from San Francisco, four from Alameda County and five from the
+State at large, and that the headquarters should be in San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>Pursuant to this resolution the following were elected an executive
+board: Mrs. W.B. Harrington, Mrs. W.R. Smedberg, Mrs. J. F. Merrill,
+Mrs. E.R. Dimond, Mrs. L.L. Dunbar, of San Francisco; Mrs. J.M.
+Griffith, of Los Angelés; Mrs. Granville Abbott and Mr. F.B. Ginn, of
+Oakland; Mrs. G.W. Haight, of Berkeley; Mrs. S.A. O’Neill, of Alameda;
+Mrs. A. Elkuss, of Sacramento, and Mrs. W. Baker, of Marin County;
+leaving two vacancies, which were later filled by Mrs. S.F. Lieb, of San
+Jose, and Mrs. D.H. Webster, of Fresno. Several changes have occurred in
+the board since its formation. Mrs. Merrill, having been elected
+President of the San Francisco<a class="pagenum" id="Page_434" title="434"></a> Society, resigned from the State Board,
+and Mr. Adolph Mack was elected to fill the vacancy thus caused. Mrs.
+Granville Abbott and Mr. Ginn, of the Oakland Society, resigned, their
+successors being Mrs. O. F. Long and Mrs. J.G. Lemmon. Mrs. Haight, of
+the Berkeley Society, was succeeded by Mrs. Warring Wilkinson, and Mrs.
+Louis Weinman was elected to fill the vacancy created by the resignation
+of Mrs. E.R. Dimond. The officers of the board are Mrs. W.B. Harrington,
+president; Mrs. J.M. Griffith, vice-president; Mrs. L.L. Dunbar,
+secretary; William E. Brown, treasurer, and Mrs. E.R. Dimond, assistant
+treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>Later the positions of second and third vice-presidents were created and
+Mrs. Long was elected second vice-president and Mrs. Elkus third
+vice-president. Mrs. Louis Weinman was elected corresponding secretary.
+Mrs. Dimond, who had been in the work since its inception, was compelled
+to resign on account of ill health, early in September, her positions
+both as a member of the board and as assistant treasurer, the vacancies
+being filled by the election of Mrs. Weinman, Miss Miriam K. Wallis
+being elected corresponding secretary in place of Mrs. Weinman. It was
+with sincere regret that Mrs. Dimond’s resignation was received, her
+work, both as assistant treasurer and as a member of the board, having
+been most satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the formation of the State Association, through the
+kindness of Mrs. P.A. Hearst, two rooms were given us rent free in the
+Examiner Building for headquarters. We owe a very large debt of
+gratitude to Mrs. Hearst, and take this occasion to thank her most
+sincerely for her kindness. Since its organization the executive board
+has held twenty-three meetings, besides these there have been two
+meetings of the association.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first steps taken by the board was to open a correspondence
+with the American National Red Cross, with a view to becoming an
+auxiliary to the parent organization, and also to gain official
+information in regard to the work of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>While awaiting a reply to our communication a constitution was framed
+and adopted. A circular letter was prepared, giving information in
+regard to the formation of auxiliary societies, the conditions of
+membership in the State Association and other matters of detail. This
+circular letter, the constitutions of the State Association and the San
+Francisco Red Cross, and a form of constitution for local societies were
+printed in pamphlet form and sent to all Red Cross societies throughout
+the State, also to societies in Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, Dakota,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_435" title="435"></a>
+Nebraska, Kansas and Iowa. Applications for membership were rapidly
+received until we had enrolled 101 auxiliary societies. Besides these
+there are a number of Red Cross societies not enrolled which have aided
+us with both money and supplies. A copy of the pamphlet, together with a
+detailed statement of the work of the Red Cross of California, was sent
+to Mr. Stephen E. Barton, vice-president of the American National Red
+Cross, and soon after a response was received, expressing pleasure at
+what had been done and promising that a delegate should be sent to
+inspect our work and advise in organizing.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Joseph Sheldon, the promised delegate, arrived about the middle of
+July; he informed himself fully as to what had been done; expressed his
+surprise that without definite knowledge of the work of the American
+National Red Cross, we had planned our work so closely on its lines.
+Being satisfied with the work, Judge Sheldon recognized California Red
+Cross State Association as an auxiliary to the American National Red
+Cross. Leaving each auxiliary to tell its own story of the work it has
+done, we shall give an account of our own stewardship.</p>
+
+<p>With the first expedition, two finely trained nurses, Messrs. Waage and
+Lewis, were sent by the San Francisco Red Cross to Manila. The splendid
+work of these men, who gave up lucrative positions, and volunteered
+their services, has been told over and over again in letters received
+from both officers and men. Following the formation of the State
+Association, it was decided that it should take charge of the nurses,
+and Mrs. Wendell Easton, chairman of the Committee on Nurses,
+transferred her work to the State Society. Through the efforts of Mrs.
+Easton, aided by Dr. Beverly Cole, a course of lectures and clinics was
+arranged. Fifty or sixty enthusiastic men and women were in daily
+attendance on these lectures. Drs. Cole, Kugeler, McCone, Rixford,
+Stafford, Somers and Weill gave much of their valuable time to this
+work, and aided Mrs. Easton greatly. The sincere thanks of the society
+are again extended to them.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until the fourth expedition was ordered to Manila that an
+opportunity was given us to send more nurses. Mrs. Easton reported four
+good men available, Dr. F.J. Hart, Leon Crowther, Eugene Rosenthal and
+O.H.J. Schlott, all of whom were engaged at once. It being deemed
+advisable, and strongly urged by army surgeons, it was decided to
+establish on the arrival of this expedition at Manila a Field Hospital.
+A financial agent, and a steward who would take charge of the bulk of
+the supplies for such a hospital, and such funds as the society should
+see fit to place at his disposal, being a necessity,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_436" title="436"></a> Mr. Schlott was
+selected to fill the position. There being four transport ships, Dr.
+Hart was assigned to duty on the “Puebla,” Mr. Crowther on the “Peru,”
+Mr. Rosenthal on the “Pennsylvania,” and Mr. Schlott on the “Rio
+Janeiro.” With each of the ships, supplies were sent in charge of our
+nurses for the use of the sick men en route.</p>
+
+<p>In Mr. Schlott’s care was also sent the greater portion of an equipment
+for a Field Hospital of 125 beds, and supplies sufficient for five or
+six months’ use. The balance of the equipment was sent on the “Scandia,”
+as there was not sufficient room on the “Rio Janeiro.” Five hundred
+dollars was placed in the Hong-Kong and Shanghai Bank to be drawn upon
+by Mr. Schlott. We have received letters telling of the excellent work
+done by our nurses on the ships. All have arrived in Manila and our
+Field Hospital has been established. A cablegram signed by Majors
+McCarthy and Woodruff, surgeons, was received recently apprising us of
+the success of the work. The State Association had now sent six nurses
+to the front. Not nearly enough considering the reports of sickness
+among the troops; it was therefore decided, if possible, to send more.
+The great desire of the board was to send women nurses as well as men.</p>
+
+<p>In the earlier stages of our work, it was decided to take initiatory
+steps toward securing a hospital ship for the Pacific Coast, but in
+response to telegrams sent to the President, and Secretaries of War and
+Navy, we were assured that such a ship would be furnished by the
+government, and the matter was dropped. In August, the ships “Scandia”
+and “Arizona” were purchased by the government, to be used for
+transportating troops and government hospital supplies to Manila and to
+return as hospital ships. We were notified that we could send nurses on
+these ships and steps were taken at once to secure them. Shortly after,
+the office was thrown into a commotion by the announcement from General
+Merriam that a limited number of women nurses would be sent. Mrs. Easton
+had a long list of names of nurses who had offered their services and
+were ready to go at a moment’s notice. Eight of these were: Misses
+Garlick, Smythe, Ralph, Elsifer, Laswell, Shaefer, Mrs. Palm, and Mrs.
+Leman. The men selected were: Drs. Ross, Caldwell, Dwight, and Messrs
+Leonard, Durst, Kibbel, Heyl, and Tanner. Four were sent on the
+“Scandia,” the remaining twelve on the “Arizona.” We were rejoiced at
+being able to send the women nurses and feel sure they will do excellent
+work. As many of the nurses as are needed will remain on duty at the
+Field Hospital, the others will return with the ships, caring for the
+sick men being sent back.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_437" title="437"></a> We have not as yet had time to receive
+reports from our agent Mr. Schlott, but feel assured that the work is in
+good hands and that our Field Hospital at Manila will prove a blessing
+to many a sick boy.</p>
+
+<p>No provision having been made by the government, for the care of
+convalescent soldiers, who upon leaving the hospital went back to their
+tents and in their weakened condition in many instances contracted cold
+or suffered relapses that perhaps resulted in death, it was decided to
+secure a home where convalescent men could have better care. An effort
+was made to secure a suitable house in the neighborhood of the Presidio.
+This being impossible, upon consultation with the military authorities,
+it was decided to build a house at the Presidio. General Miller looked
+over the ground and selected the most eligible spot. The idea of
+erecting the home was taken up most enthusiastically by the auxiliaries,
+and the money required was soon in the treasury. Messrs Newsom and
+Meyers kindly donated plans and in three weeks from the day of starting,
+it was finished. It is a one story building, containing a large ward,
+four small rooms, dining and sitting room combined, kitchen, office,
+storerooms, two bath rooms, etc. The large ward accommodates twenty
+beds, the fourth room is used by the nurses.</p>
+
+<p>Requests came quickly from both private individuals and auxiliaries to
+be allowed to completely furnish one or more beds, so that by the time
+the building was finished the furnishings were ready. Fourteen patients
+were admitted the day of opening and within a few days every bed was
+occupied. It is a most inviting and homelike place, exquisitely neat,
+with health-giving sunlight pouring in all day. Trained nurses are in
+attendance night and day and everything possible is done to bring back
+health and strength. The happiness of the boys is unbounded, and their
+expressions of joy are pathetic. “It’s most like heaven” was one boy’s
+sentiment. It is talked of in the Division Hospital and is the goal to
+which the sick men look forward. Miss McKinstry who has been
+superintendent since the opening, has done splendid work. She received
+no compensation whatever, other than the gratitude of her charges and
+the high commendation of the surgeons.</p>
+
+<p>The sincere thanks of the executive board are extended to Miss
+McKinstry, and it is with deep regret that her resignation, which she
+was compelled to send in because of illness in her family, was accepted.
+Sixty-three men have been cared for in the home, and thirty-seven
+discharged. They are under the care of Major Surgeon Matthews, of the
+Division Hospital, who regulates their coming and going. He<a class="pagenum" id="Page_438" title="438"></a> expresses
+himself in most unqualified terms of praise of Miss McKinstry’s work,
+and also of the benefit the home has been to the boys.</p>
+
+<p>All of the troops leaving for Manila have been supplied with
+identification medals by the State Society, irrespective of the States
+from which they came. In several instances the money expended for these
+has been refunded by either the governor of the State, or Red Cross
+societies. The executive board desires to express its sincere
+appreciation of the aid it has received from its auxiliaries. All have
+responded promptly and royally to our calls for aid, which have only
+been made when absolutely necessary. It has been our endeavor to expend
+all money sent to us as carefully and judiciously as possible,
+considering the trust placed in us as sacred. Our treasurer’s report
+will show how the money has been expended. Not a dollar has been paid
+for the services of our women since the organization of the association.
+We have been in the office from 9 a.m. until 5 and 6 p.m., gladly giving
+our time and strength for the cause.</p>
+
+<p>We have endeavored in all our work not to transgress army regulations.
+To that end our president has held many conferences with Generals
+Merritt and Merriam, as well as the surgeons in charge. They have aided
+us courteously and kindly in our work, and have granted us all the
+privileges possible, for which we are most grateful. We have also kept
+in touch with the American National Red Cross, and have reported our
+work fully.</p>
+
+<p>The parent organization has shown its confidence in us by delegating the
+work in the Philippines to our association. Mr. Barton, the chairman of
+the executive board and vice-president of the American National Red
+Cross, has referred all societies in the West to us, advising them to
+work through the California Red Cross. We have in our membership a
+society in Pocatello, Idaho; one in Almo, Idaho; one in Corvallis,
+Oregon; and one in Beatrice, Nebraska.</p>
+
+<p>The Elko (Nevada) Red Cross has withdrawn to become an auxiliary of
+their own State organization. Two societies have disbanded, their
+members were only summer residents, who have returned to their city
+homes. It is our earnest desire that our auxiliary societies will not
+disband, feeling that the war is over. We have assumed certain
+obligations in establishing the Field Hospital at Manila, as well as the
+Convalescent Home at the Presido, and our work cannot cease at this
+time. We sincerely hope the auxiliaries will stand loyally by us as they
+have done in the past.</p>
+
+<p>A short time since, an appeal was made for a regular monthly<a class="pagenum" id="Page_439" title="439"></a>
+contribution, no matter how small, from each auxiliary. Many of the
+societies have responded, and we hope soon to hear from others. We have
+certain and sure expenses to meet and a variable income is rather a
+source of uneasiness.</p>
+
+<p>The thanks of the executive board are extended to the Pacific Telephone
+and Telegraph Company for the free use of the telephones; to the Western
+Union Telegraph Company for the free use of their wires in the State; to
+Wells, Fargo &amp; Co., and the Southern Pacific Railroad Company for free
+transportation of supplies. Our demands upon them have been heavy, and
+were generously granted. To the press of San Francisco we are most
+deeply indebted for the generous and courteous treatment we have
+received, and we extend our sincere thanks. To the 20,000 people of
+California, wearing the little badge of membership in the Red Cross, we
+extend cordial greetings and thanks for their kind interest in our work.</p>
+
+<p>We have been helped more than we can tell by the kind words and
+expression of confidence from our auxiliaries. How well we have done our
+work, we leave you to judge.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Consolidated Financial Statement of the Red Cross of California.</span></p>
+
+<p>While this statement is incomplete, inasmuch as reports from all the
+local auxiliaries have not yet been received, it illustrates how
+universal was the organization of the Red Cross in one of the States of
+the far West:</p>
+
+<table summary="California Financial Statement">
+
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><span class="fakesc">PLACE.</span></td><td class="tdc"><span class="fakesc">RECEIPTS.</span></td><td class="tdc"><span class="fakesc">EXPENSES.</span></td><td class="tdc"><span class="fakesc">BALANCE.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">California Red Cross State Association, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">$22,119.74</td><td class="tdr">$10,472.63</td><td class="tdr">$11,647.11</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Red Cross Society, San Francisco, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">55,408.83</td><td class="tdr">33,434.18</td><td class="tdr">21,974.65</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>San Jose, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">2,274.66</td><td class="tdr">1,465.03</td><td class="tdr">809.63</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Lompoc, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">234.70</td><td class="tdr">124.35</td><td class="tdr">110.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Palo Alto, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">222.90</td><td class="tdr">153.15</td><td class="tdr">69.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Ventura, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">193.40</td><td class="tdr">179.95</td><td class="tdr">13.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>San Leandro, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">73.50</td><td class="tdr">69.65</td><td class="tdr">3.85</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Centerville, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">165.90</td><td class="tdr">133.55</td><td class="tdr">2.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Suisun, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">405.80</td><td class="tdr">154.65</td><td class="tdr">251.15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Tulare, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">55.70</td><td class="tdr">53.45</td><td class="tdr">2.25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Sacramento, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">6,373.43</td><td class="tdr">2,749.75</td><td class="tdr">3,623.68</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Mendocino, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">105.10</td><td class="tdr">102.29</td><td class="tdr">2.81</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Grass Valley, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">787.10</td><td class="tdr">571.09</td><td class="tdr">216.01</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Berkeley, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">1,092.91</td><td class="tdr">485.37</td><td class="tdr">607.54</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a class="pagenum" id="Page_440" title="440"></a>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Sausalito, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">612.30</td><td class="tdr">322.20</td><td class="tdr">290.10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Redwood City, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">335.55</td><td class="tdr">222.63</td><td class="tdr">112.92</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Galt, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">67.75</td><td class="tdr">59.04</td><td class="tdr">8.71</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Auburn, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">257.67</td><td class="tdr">200.77</td><td class="tdr">56.90</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Santa Cruz, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">493.45</td><td class="tdr">393.60</td><td class="tdr">99.85</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>San Diego, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">410.25</td><td class="tdr">257.39</td><td class="tdr">152.86</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Fresno, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">326.00</td><td class="tdr">292.30</td><td class="tdr">33.70</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Los Angeles, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">2,586.28</td><td class="tdr">1,397.92</td><td class="tdr">1,188.36</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Walnut Creek, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">171.75</td><td class="tdr">142.28</td><td class="tdr">29.47</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Belvedere, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">310.00</td><td class="tdr">192.35</td><td class="tdr">117.65</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Martinez, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">233.31</td><td class="tdr">199.80</td><td class="tdr">33.51</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Monterey, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">312.38</td><td class="tdr">177.95</td><td class="tdr">134.43</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Stockton, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">316.10</td><td class="tdr">176.00</td><td class="tdr">140.10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>San Rafael, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">1,416.55</td><td class="tdr">750.10</td><td class="tdr">666.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Colfax, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">116.13</td><td class="tdr">50.00</td><td class="tdr">66.13</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Nevada City, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">365.05</td><td class="tdr">342.77</td><td class="tdr">22.28</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Vacaville, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">211.85</td><td class="tdr">141.26</td><td class="tdr">70.59</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Calistoga, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">168.80</td><td class="tdr">135.53</td><td class="tdr">33.27</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Downieville, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">43.00</td><td class="tdr">25.16</td><td class="tdr">17.84</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Willow Glen, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">97.35</td><td class="tdr">52.40</td><td class="tdr">44.95</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Hopeland, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">58.00</td><td class="tdr">50.05</td><td class="tdr">7.95</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>New Almaden, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">45.00</td><td class="tdr">10.10</td><td class="tdr">34.90</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Marysville, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">527.04</td><td class="tdr">400.56</td><td class="tdr">126.48</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>St. Helena, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">229.05</td><td class="tdr">173.25</td><td class="tdr">55.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Dixon, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">152.30</td><td class="tdr">124.17</td><td class="tdr">28.13</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Point Arena, Cal.</td><td class="tdr">48.00</td><td class="tdr">35.00</td><td class="tdr">13.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td>Pasadena, Cal.</td><td class="tdr bb">382.14</td><td class="tdr bb">298.58</td><td class="tdr bb">83.56</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">$99,806.72</td><td class="tdr">$56,772.25</td><td class="tdr">$43,034.47</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="fullimage">
+ <div class="figcenter fig500">
+  <img src="images/i097.jpg" width="500" height="294" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">FORTIFICATIONS OF MANILA.</div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sandbagged">
+ <div class="figcenter fig500">
+  <img class="splitleft" src="images/i097top.jpg" width="500" height="175" alt="" />
+  <img class="splitleft" src="images/i097bot.jpg" width="271" height="121" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">FORTIFICATIONS OF MANILA.</div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_441" title="441"></a>THE RED CROSS OF OREGON.</h3>
+
+<p>From the Red Cross of Oregon, comes the following report, forwarded by
+Mrs. Levi Young. In transmitting the report Mrs. Young says: “While it
+may be longer than desired, still we feel that the eyes of our country
+have been more particularly turned toward Cuba and the relief work done
+by the eastern branches, while the Pacific Coast has been doing a work
+second to none. Conditions here make it difficult to raise the necessary
+funds, and every dollar expended represents untiring devotion to the
+cause:”</p>
+
+<p>The call “to arms” was still ringing through the land, when a band of
+patriotic women responding to an appeal for assistance assembled at the
+armory in Portland, Oregon, on the morning of April 26, to offer their
+services to the military board of the State in providing material, aid
+and comfort for the Second Regiment Oregon Volunteers.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel O. Summers was present and briefly explained the object of the
+appeal. He suggested that as speedily as possible a society be formed to
+take up that branch of work which belongs alone to women in time of war
+and consists in providing the requisites for a soldier’s welfare not
+laid down in army regulations.</p>
+
+<p>Temporary offices were chosen, and twelve committees were appointed.
+Each committee consisted of six members, the chairman selecting those
+she desired as helpers. The duty of each committee was the personal
+supervision of one company alphabetically assigned to it.</p>
+
+<p>Final organization was perfected April 27, when the following permanent
+officers were elected: Mrs. Henry E. Jones, president; Mrs. W.A.
+Buchanan, vice-president; Mrs. F.E. Lounsbury, recording secretary; Mrs.
+Martin Winch, treasurer. The executive committee, Mrs. O. Summers, Mrs.
+A. Meier, Mrs. Levi White, Mrs. W.T. Gardner, Mrs. B.E. Miller, Mrs.
+J.E. Wright, Mrs. E.C. Protzman, Mrs. R.S. Greenleaf, Mrs. G.T. Telfer
+and Mrs. J.M. Ordway.</p>
+
+<p>The name, “Oregon Emergency Corps,” was adopted and Mrs. W.A. Buchanan,
+Mrs. Levi Young appointed to draft a constitution. This was presented at
+the next regular meeting and after a slight revision, unanimously
+adopted.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_442" title="442"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Preamble to Constitution.</span></p>
+
+<p>“The Oregon Emergency Corps realizing that its aims and objects are
+far-reaching, will remain a permanent organization to aid not only the
+brave Oregon Volunteers upon land or sea, but assist in the welfare of
+the wives and children, many of whom may need care and support while
+their loved ones are absent.”</p>
+
+<p>In compliance with the provisions of the constitution, the following
+standing committees were appointed:</p>
+
+<p><em>Finance Committee.</em>&mdash;Mrs. Charles F. Beebe, Mrs. Ben Selling, Mrs. H.W.
+Goddard.</p>
+
+<p><em>Auditing Committee.</em>&mdash;Mrs. H.W. Wallace, Mrs. James Jackson, Mrs. J.
+Frank Watson.</p>
+
+<p><em>Purchasing Committee.</em>&mdash;Mrs. H.H. Northrup, Mrs. Adolph Dekum, Mrs. B.
+Blumauer.</p>
+
+<p><em>Sewing Committee.</em>&mdash;Mrs. Wm. Patterson, Mrs. W.C. Alvord, Mrs. A.E.
+Rockey, Mrs. E. Nollain, Miss T. Rose Goodman.</p>
+
+<p><em>Press Committee.</em>&mdash;Mrs. Levi Young, Mrs. H.L. Pittock, Miss Ida
+Loewenberg.</p>
+
+<p><em>Naval Committee.</em>&mdash;Mrs. John Cran, Miss Nina Adams, Miss Zerlina
+Loewenberg, Miss Carrie Flanders, Miss Lena Brickel.</p>
+
+<p>A suitable badge was adopted and a membership list opened, affording all
+patriotic women an opportunity to enroll their names and become active
+workers of the corps. Regular meetings were held at the armory once a
+week, the executive committee meeting at the call of the president as
+often as the business of the society required. Being now in readiness
+for work, the question arose as to what should be done and the most
+practical way of doing it. To this end the military board was consulted
+and valuable suggestions received from General Charles F. Beebe, Colonel
+James Jackson, Colonel B.B. Tuttle and Major Daniel J. Moore, brigade
+commissary, O.N.G., each advising that a regimental fund for the Second
+Regiment Oregon Volunteers be raised; also the making and purchasing of
+such articles for a soldier’s knapsack as army quartermasters do not
+keep in stock.</p>
+
+<p>A room on First street was placed at the disposal of the society by Mr.
+Adolph Dekum, and here the Oregon Emergency Corps’ headquarters opened
+May 5, 1898. Captain R.S. Greenleaf, of Battery A, kindly detailed
+members of the company to decorate and make attractive the room, loaning
+for this purpose the historic centennial flag<a class="pagenum" id="Page_443" title="443"></a> which, for the first time
+in over twenty years, passed from the custody of the company. Members of
+the battery reported for duty each morning, thus assisting the committee
+of ladies in charge in many ways.</p>
+
+<p>A telephone was put in by the Oregon Telephone Company, electric lights
+supplied by the General Electric Company, chairs, tables and other
+furnishings provided by the business houses of the city. The Singer
+Machine Company sent sewing machines for the use of the supply committee
+and work began in earnest. Women from every part of the community
+representing church, club and society organizations, enrolled their
+names and offered their services in the emergency call, showing more
+plainly than words can describe the broadening influence of these
+organizations upon the mother heart of the land. Laying aside
+prejudices, creeds and personal affiliations, they became a unit in this
+patriotic work. Day after day with aching hearts but smiling faces they
+toiled&mdash;the membership grew into the hundreds&mdash;subscriptions came
+pouring in, the sums ranging from $100 to the dimes, nickels and pennies
+of the children.</p>
+
+<p>Word was received that the volunteers of Oregon were to be mobilized at
+Portland and on April 27, Brigadier-General Charles F. Beebe, O.N.G.,
+issued special orders for the preparation of a suitable camp within the
+city limits. The site selected was the Irvington race track, and April
+29 one hundred and sixty-one tents were pitched, the name, Camp
+McKinley, adopted and on the morning of April 30, 1898, the first
+company arrived and active camp life began.</p>
+
+<p>Members of the different committees of the Emergency Corps visited the
+camp daily, consulting with the commanding officers as to the health,
+comfort and needs of the soldiers in their charge. Open house was kept
+at headquarters for the volunteers when in the city and everything human
+ingenuity could suggest and loving hearts contribute to smooth the
+pathway from comfortable civil life to the hardship and discipline of
+camp life was done. This was not planned nor worked out by <em>one</em> person
+but by united effort on the part of <em>all</em>, whose kindly ministrations
+grew out of a desire to cheer and encourage these brave Oregon
+volunteers&mdash;the flower of the State&mdash;who had given up home and position,
+offering their lives to their country in the noble work of liberating an
+oppressed and outraged people.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime circular letters had been sent to the cities and towns
+throughout the State urging the patriotic women to form auxiliaries for
+the purpose of raising money to swell the regimental fund and also help
+in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_444" title="444"></a> the purchasing of a flag to be presented to the volunteers by the
+women of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Hood River was the first to respond with Roseburg, Pendleton, Corvallis,
+Hillsboro, LaFayette, LaGrande, Hubbard, Weston, Woodburn, Astoria and
+The Dalles, quickly falling into line. Faithfully have these auxiliaries
+assisted in every line of work that it has been found necessary to take
+up&mdash;contributions of money and supplies have been given, while in their
+respective localities a fund has been raised to assist the families of
+the volunteers. Hospital supplies of caps, fever belts and cordials are
+constantly forwarded, and daily, letters are received asking for
+instructions.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday, May 8, a patriotic and sacred concert was given at Camp
+McKinley to increase the regimental fund that the Emergency Corps were
+raising and the proceeds netted the creditable sum of $1399.35. The
+attendance of over ten thousand people was an evidence of their zeal and
+desire to contribute their mite toward the object. The program was
+furnished by the First Regiment Band, Miss Rose Bloch and Madame
+Norelli. It was a scene never to be forgotten by that vast audience
+when, at the close of the evening drill, the stars and stripes were
+slowly lowered at the booming of the sunset gun, and the long lines of
+volunteers, motionless as statues, listened as the inspiring strains of
+the Star Spangled Banner floated upon the summer air, while the setting
+sun, kissing the peak of the distant snow-crowned mountain, shed its
+departing rays like a heavenly benediction upon these sons of valor.</p>
+
+<p>May 11, 1898, the first battalion consisting of Companies A, B, C, D,
+Second Regiment Oregon Volunteers, under command of Major C. H.
+Gantenbein, by order of the War Department, left for San Francisco and
+one week later, May 16, Companies E, F, G, H, I, K, L and M, under
+command of Colonel O. Summers, broke camp and proceeded to join the
+others at the Presidio to await transportation to Manila.</p>
+
+<p>To the captains of these respective companies, the Oregon Emergency
+Corps gave one hundred dollars in gold coin as an emergency fund. To
+Major M.H. Ellis, commanding regimental surgeon in charge of the
+Hospital Corps, was given one hundred dollars, also eight hundred yards
+of flannel for bandages. In addition to this, contributions from other
+sources made the available amount fully two thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_445" title="445"></a>
+ <img src="images/i098.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">RED CROSS DINING ROOM FOR CONVALESCENTS, FORT McPHERSON, GA.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_446" title="446"></a>
+ <img src="images/i099.jpg" width="500" height="320" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">DINING TENT ATTACHED TO RED CROSS KITCHEN, AT CAMP HOBSON, GA.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the departure of the volunteers for San Francisco the headquarters
+were transferred from First street to the Armory which the military
+board turned over to the Emergency Corps for their use. <a class="pagenum" id="Page_447" title="447"></a>Here meetings
+were held, a bureau of information established with a committee in
+charge, and all other business transacted.</p>
+
+<p>On May 14 an offer was made by the firm of Lipman, Wolfe &amp; Co., to turn
+over their department store to the Emergency Corps upon any date they
+might select. The entire charge of this establishment was to be assumed
+by the organization for one day&mdash;ten per cent of all sales to go to the
+regimental fund. To this generous offer was added the privilege of
+serving a mid-day lunch and introducing other suitable features that
+would help to swell the treasury. This offer was unanimously accepted
+and on May 17 the most novel scene ever witnessed in Portland’s business
+history, was presented. Women, prominent in charitable and philanthropic
+work, leaders of society, sedate and stately matrons, assumed control of
+the various departments of this large business house, acting as
+superintendent, assistant superintendent, cashier and floor managers,
+while a hundred or more of Portland’s fair daughters from early morning
+till late at night stood behind the counters serving customers. The
+store was gaily decorated with flags, bunting and roses; music was
+furnished by the Kinross Orchestra and Columbia Mandolin Quartette.
+Thousands of purchasers who had waited for this day surged back and
+forth through the aisles, crowded stairways and elevators in their haste
+to give their ten per cent to the soldiers’ fund. The East Indian
+department which was transformed into a most enticing restaurant proved
+inadequate to the demand, as hundreds whom it was impossible to serve,
+were turned away. The result proved the success of the venture, one
+thousand dollars being added to the treasury of the society while the
+remark made by the senior member of the firm that it had “been the
+happiest day in a business career of over thirty-five years,” left no
+other conclusion than that a twofold blessing follows such generous
+deeds.</p>
+
+<p>After the departure of the Second Regiment for San Francisco the
+Emergency Corps continued the work of its supply department in meeting
+the wants of the soldiers&mdash;not only Oregon volunteers but all or any
+needing assistance. May 23 an appeal was received from a member of the
+Red Cross Society in San Francisco for fever belts and sleeping caps as
+it was impossible to meet the needs for these articles then existing.
+The following telegram was at once sent:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="indent20"><span class="smcap">Red Cross Society,</span></span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">San Francisco, Cal.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Greeting:&mdash;Count on us; will send one thousand caps and one thousand
+  fever belts.</p>
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="smcap">Oregon Emergency Corps.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_448" title="448"></a>Work was at once begun and in a few days the supplies were shipped to 16
+Post street.</p>
+
+<p>The Sewing Committee has continued its labors, hundreds of articles
+being made and furnished to the Second Regiment Engineer Corps Oregon
+recruits and Washington volunteers, etc.</p>
+
+<p>It has been the privilege of the Oregon Emergency Corps to entertain all
+troops passing through Portland en route to different stations on the
+coast. This was at first done at the Union depot, where the soldiers
+were met by committees and served a substantial lunch, consisting of
+coffee, sandwiches, cake, fruit, etc. In this branch of work the Flower
+Mission, composed of twenty or more young women, have rendered valuable
+assistance in serving refreshments and decorating the trains. Tons of
+flowers have been donated for this purpose and the departing soldier has
+been given a bouquet of Oregon roses in addition to his box of lunch.
+Frequently has a letter accompanied by a box of flowers been sent at the
+request of husbands, brothers and sons to their distant homes, and
+replies received from many have made sweeter the saying, “Small service
+is true service while it lasts.”</p>
+
+<p>After the use of the armory was tendered the corps by the State Military
+Board, the soldiers were met on their arrival at the depot and escorted
+to military headquarters and lunch served in the spacious drill hall.
+The freedom of the building was extended, the gymnasium, bowling alley,
+reading room, etc., affording rest and recreation for all.</p>
+
+<p>In July the work was found to be increasing so rapidly that it was
+necessary to enlarge the executive staff. To this end the president made
+the following appointments: first assistant, Mrs. Levi Young; second
+assistant, Mrs. H.W. Wallace; assistant to treasurer, Mrs. Wm.
+Patterson; assistant for correspondence, Mrs. Edmund Nollain; assistant
+for recording, Mrs. Lischen Miller.</p>
+
+<p>Headquarters were again established at 137 First street, to meet the
+request of business men and others who wished to contribute to the
+society and found the armory at an inconvenient distance.</p>
+
+<p>An honorary membership list was opened with the fee fixed at one dollar.
+This list at present numbers over 300, and among the named recorded are
+those of Captain C.E. Clark, of the battleship “Oregon,” Hon. Edward
+Everett Hale, General Longstreet, Hon. Jos. E. Sheldon and Mrs. James
+Shafter.</p>
+
+<p>The total membership of the society is 1557. Of this number 553 are
+members of auxiliary corps, leaving 1004 members for the Portland
+organization. The membership of the various auxiliaries is as follows:</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_449" title="449"></a></p>
+
+<table summary="Portland Auxiliary Membership">
+<tr><td>Weston</td><td class="tdr">27</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Astoria</td><td class="tdr">69</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hillsboro</td><td class="tdr">69</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pendleton</td><td class="tdr">38</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lafayette</td><td class="tdr">33</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corvallis</td><td class="tdr">51</td></tr>
+<tr><td>La Grande</td><td class="tdr">39</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hood River</td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hubbard</td><td class="tdr">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Roseburg</td><td class="tdr">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Woodburn</td><td class="tdr">23</td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Dalles</td><td class="tdr">80</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Valuable service has been rendered the State of Oregon by a member of
+the corps, Madame A. de Fonfride Smith, who has compiled an “Official
+Roster” of the enlisted men for 1898. This has been entirely her own
+work and contains a careful history sketch of each member of the State
+Military Board, officers of the Second Regiment and the name of every
+volunteer. This little book is tastefully bound and illustrated with
+views of Camp McKinley and photographs of the officers of each company.
+The author has visited nearly every town in the State from which
+volunteers were recruited circulating the work, while a copy has been
+kept for every man whose name is recorded on its pages. Several thousand
+copies have been sold and the net proceeds are to be a contribution to
+the treasury of the Emergency Corps. In work of this kind Oregon stands
+alone, being the only State that is the fortunate possessor of so
+concise and comprehensive history of its brave sons.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the time of the departure of the Oregon recruits for San
+Francisco, there had been an ample field for the labors of the Oregon
+Emergency Corps in its local work, but it became evident that in order
+to carry out the promises of continued care and attention to the
+volunteers while in the service of their country; to assist in the
+relief work of furnishing supplies for the hospital ships or sending
+nurses to care for the sick at Manila it was now necessary to have
+governmental protection. This could only be obtained through the agency
+of the Red Cross Society and the question of expediency in this
+direction was considered. On July 23, Judge Joseph Sheldon visited
+Portland in the interests of the American National Red Cross. In an
+address before the Emergency Corps he presented the advantages resulting
+to the relief societies of the different States through co-operation
+with this national body, advising affiliation as soon as possible.
+Action was deferred on the part of the society till the next regular
+meeting in order that members might be given an opportunity to
+investigate for themselves. Meanwhile, the executive board held several
+conferences with Judge Sheldon relative to their power to continue local
+work, and their obligations as an organization to the national
+committee. At a<a class="pagenum" id="Page_450" title="450"></a> regular meeting July 30th the subject was resumed, and
+after a presentation of both sides of the question a unanimous vote in
+favor of affiliation resulted. The name of the organization was changed
+to the Oregon Emergency Corps and Red Cross Society and an application
+made to the national committee for proper recognition. The wisdom of the
+step was demonstrated a few weeks later when transportation was given by
+the government for two nurses, Dr. Frances Woods and Miss Lena Killiam
+for Manila. These nurses were outfitted and furnished funds by the
+Portland Society and sent forward on the “Arizona” as Oregon’s
+representatives in the relief work of caring for her sick or suffering
+volunteers.</p>
+
+<p>Reports having been received of the sickness and general discomfort of
+the Oregon recruits at Camp Merritt, the Society, at a meeting held
+August 6, voted to send the president, Mrs. H.E. Jones, and Mrs. Levi
+Young to visit the recruits and inquire into the matter. They proceeded
+at once to San Francisco, spending two weeks in investigating conditions
+and doing whatever their judgment advised to make more comfortable their
+unpleasant surroundings. These recruits, whom it was expected would be
+sent at once to their officers and regiment, turned out veritable
+military orphans stranded at Camp Merritt and left for weeks to the care
+of young officers from other regiments. Happily this condition is
+changed, as on the twentieth of August they were turned over to the
+command of an able and experienced officer, Major Goodale, of the
+Twenty-third U.S. Infantry. They have since been moved to the Presidio,
+where surroundings are pleasanter, pending orders for their
+transportation to their own regiment at Manila or return to their homes.</p>
+
+<p>During their stay in San Francisco the representatives of the Oregon
+Emergency Corps and Red Cross Society were enabled to look into the
+various lines of relief work of the California society. Many courtesies
+were extended by the officers of the State and local associations,
+valuable suggestions were received, and it was also their privilege to
+attend the meeting of the State Association, held in Golden Gate hall,
+and listen to Judge Sheldon’s able address upon the American National
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>It gives us pleasure to publicly acknowledge the unbounded gratitude of
+the Emergency Corps of Portland for the many kindnesses bestowed by the
+women of the California Red Cross upon the soldiers from Oregon. First,
+for their attention to the Second Regiment Volunteers, who, though with
+them but a few weeks, were the recipients<a class="pagenum" id="Page_451" title="451"></a> of many comforts; but more
+particularly to the sick or afflicted ones of the Oregon recruits for
+whom they have cared, supplying both medicines and delicacies and in
+other ways providing for their necessities.</p>
+
+<p>In the space of this article it is impossible to mention in detail the
+many contributions from patriotic citizens throughout the State of
+Oregon. Gifts from corporations, business houses, independent leagues
+and individuals bear testimony to the interest all feel in this great
+relief work, and their confidence in the Red Cross Society, through
+which their offerings are dispensed. The press has been our staunch and
+valued friend, freely giving editorials and space to further the cause.</p>
+
+<p>There are no salaried officers, men and women having generously given
+their time from the first day of organization to the present. It has
+been the aim of the officers to faithfully and conscientiously discharge
+their duties, realizing the great responsibility and confidence reposed
+in them.</p>
+
+<p>Each month a carefully prepared report of the proceedings, receipts and
+disbursements of the society has been given the public, and the
+treasurer’s report here appended is in full from April 26 to November 5.</p>
+
+<p>The work of the organization will be carried on in future, as in the
+past, along every line which best serves the interest of those for whose
+benefit it was begun. The treasurer’s report shows: receipts, $7,526.03;
+disbursements, $6,389.54; balance on hand, $1,136.49.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i100.jpg" width="500" height="133" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">PANORAMA OF MANILA.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_452" title="452"></a>THE RED CROSS OF WASHINGTON STATE.<br />
+ <span class="subtitle smcap">Extract From the Official Report.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The tocsin of war started in each community, from which went out the
+brave defenders, a desire to benefit and make soldier life more
+comfortable. As emergency corps, relief corps, or without name, the
+women went to work to do something for the soldiers. The Red Cross was a
+name to most known only in an indefinite way, until reports began to
+come in of grand work done. Not knowing how to proceed, groping in the
+dark, feeling our own way instinctively, we organized in Tacoma and
+Seattle. The Seattle Red Cross, desiring a State organization, called a
+convention for August 16, to meet at Seattle, and successfully launched
+the Red Cross of Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Of the work done much of it has not been reported to the State
+Association, and even the reports represent only a small part of the
+work done throughout the State. Had all reported to a common centre
+Washington would have made a magnificent showing. As it was, all
+contributions have been sent directly to the company each city was
+directly interested in. Thus much relief given the soldiers materially
+or financially by the State of Washington cannot be stated here, as many
+of the emergency corps and other relief societies have disbanded since
+the cessation of hostilities. However, the Red Cross of Washington is
+effecting auxiliary Red Cross societies all over the State, and in the
+future all relief work in this State will be under the insignia of the
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross of Washington was organized on August 16, at Seattle. The
+officers are:</p>
+
+<table summary="Washington Red Cross officers">
+  <tr><td>Mrs. John B. Allen, President,</td><td>Seattle.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Mrs. Chauncy Griggs, Vice-President,</td><td>Tacoma.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Mrs. J.C. Haines, Vice-President,</td><td>Seattle.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Miss Birdie Beals, Vice-President,</td><td>La Conner.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Mrs. Lester S. Wilson, Vice-President,</td><td>Walla Walla.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Mrs. Virginia K. Haywood, Vice-President,</td><td>Spokane.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Mrs. John C. Evans, Vice-President,</td><td>New Whatcom.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Mrs. Francis Rotch, Corresponding Secretary,</td><td>1512 Thirteenth ave., Seattle.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Miss Helen J. Cowie, Assistant Corresponding Secretary,</td><td>Seattle.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td><a class="pagenum" id="Page_455" title="455"></a>Miss Sadie Maynard, Treasurer,</td><td>807 North J st., Tacoma.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Miss Jessie Seymour, Assistant Treasurer,</td><td>Tacoma.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Miss Marie Hewitt, Recording Secretary,</td><td>501 North Fourth st., Tacoma.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Mrs. Everett Griggs, Assistant Recording Secretary,</td><td>Tacoma.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_453" title="453"></a>
+ <img src="images/i101.jpg" width="500" height="295" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">IN THE TRENCHES BEFORE SANTIAGO&mdash;JUST BEFORE SURRENDER.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_454" title="454"></a>
+ <img src="images/i102.jpg" width="500" height="311" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">McCALLA CAMP&mdash;EARLY MORNING ATTACK</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Seattle Red Cross.</span></h4>
+
+<p>In answer to a call issued by Mrs. J.C. Haines through the Daily Press
+to all loyal women of Seattle, there were gathered in Elks Hall, June
+20, 1898, nearly one hundred women, anxious to organize on definite
+lines; the universal sentiment prevailing, that organization under the
+Red Cross banner would result in the most effective work. The present
+officers are:</p>
+
+<table summary="Seatle Red Cross officers">
+ <tr><td>Mrs. J.C. Haines,</td><td>President.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Mrs. H.E. Holmes,</td><td>Vice-President.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Mrs. Mary M. Miller,</td><td>Second Vice-President.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Mrs. C.D. Simson,</td><td>Treasurer.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Mrs. W.P. Giddings,</td><td>Recording Secretary.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Mrs. H.C. Colver,</td><td>Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>An executive committee was elected, composed of twelve members, with the
+officers ex-officio members of the same. The constitution and by-laws
+were drafted and copies mailed to all local Red Cross Societies of
+Washington. Through the various committees much work has been
+accomplished, the same spirit which pervaded the organization in its
+infancy having increased until the membership now shows two hundred and
+fifty active members.</p>
+
+<p>It afforded the Seattle society great satisfaction to be able to send to
+the national society a check for $500. To the captains of Companies B
+and D, Washington Volunteers, at San Francisco, was sent $350 to be used
+in cases of illness and other emergencies, and to the Independent
+Battalion, Washington Volunteers, at Vancouver Barracks, was sent $100
+for similar purposes. In many instances the relief committee has drawn
+upon the emergency fund for the relief of soldiers’ families. Upon a
+half day’s notice fifty-one lunches were put up by the members for a
+company of volunteers on their way to San Francisco, and to a call from
+Major L.R. Dawson, for funds to purchase food and milk for hospital
+patients at the Presidio, the society responded with $100. To<a class="pagenum" id="Page_456" title="456"></a> the
+sufferers from the New Westminster fire was disbursed over $400,
+collected by the Seattle Red Cross women, and $50 was donated by the
+society itself. Carloads of food, cots and needful clothing were sent
+and distributed by a committee chosen by the society. The chairman of
+the Sewing Committee has expended $401.43 for material for Red Cross
+work and much besides has been donated by Seattle merchants. From this
+material have been made 232 denim pillow cases, 843 flannel bandages,
+408 eider-down caps and 248 housewives (the latter filled with
+necessaries and comforts), besides hospital night shirts, handkerchiefs
+and a variety of different bandages. To Dr. L.R. Dawson, surgeon of the
+First Washington Volunteers, was sent a dozen boxes of hospital supplies
+and delicacies to be shipped on the transport “Ohio” with that portion
+of our troops, and the society has also decided to take charge of a
+Christmas box to be sent to the Washington Volunteers at Manila.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tacoma Red Cross.</span></h4>
+
+<p><em>The Tacoma Red Cross</em> was the first Red Cross organization in the State
+of Washington, and has done most effective work. The officers are:</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Chauncy Griggs, president; Mrs. A.B. Bull, first vice-president;
+Mrs. G.S. Holmes, second vice-president; Mrs. Lincoln Gault, third
+vice-president; Mr. Chester Thorne, treasurer; Mrs. W.C. Wheeler,
+assistant treasurer; Mrs. Frank Sharpe, recording secretary; Mrs. H.M.
+Thomas, corresponding secretary.</p>
+
+<p>The Tacoma Red Cross has 400 members. Receipts, $684.82. Disbursements,
+$592.08.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Walla Walla Red Cross.</span></h4>
+
+<p>In June, 1898, a temporary organization was effected at Walla Walla,
+known as the Red Cross Aid, with Mrs. J.H. Stockwell as chairman. This
+Aid Society cared for and entertained 229 soldiers passing through, and
+forwarded to Company I, several boxes of bandages, towels,
+handkerchiefs, etc. On September 21, 1898, the Red Cross Aid became a
+permanent organization under the name of the Walla Walla Red Cross and
+the following officers were elected:</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_457" title="457"></a></p>
+
+<table summary="Spokane Red Cross officers">
+   <tr><td>Mrs. Lester S. Wilson,</td><td>President.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. Thomas H. Brents,</td><td>Vice-President.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. D.T. Kyger,</td><td>Vice-President.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Miss Grace O. Isaaca,</td><td>Recording Secretary.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. Eugene Boyer,</td><td>Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. George Whitehouse,</td><td>Treasurer.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Upon notice that Company I was to start for Manila, the Red Cross of
+Walla Walla forwarded money and delicacies to the value of $100. Since
+permanent organization, the membership has more than doubled, and now
+numbers about one hundred and fifty. Receipts, $1,408.00. Disbursements,
+$1,058.00.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Spokane Red Cross.</span></h4>
+
+<p>A meeting for the organization of a Red Cross Auxiliary was called in
+Spokane, Washington, on July 11, 1898. Two days later the final
+organization was completed and officers elected to serve until the
+annual meeting in October:</p>
+
+<p>The work of the society has been largely along the lines of raising
+funds for supplies, and to aid the families of the two companies of
+volunteers, Company O and L, both of which have gone to Manila. Supplies
+of underclothing, socks, towels, soap, combs, sleeping caps, fever bands
+and other necessary articles have been sent. Five hundred pounds of
+jellies were sent to Manila. Christmas packages have been sent to every
+man in the two companies. The sewing committee is steadily at work on
+hospital supplies. The membership is 173.</p>
+
+<p>The present officers are:</p>
+
+<table summary="Spokane Red Cross officers">
+   <tr><td>Mrs. Virginia K. Hayward,</td><td>President.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. George Turner,</td><td>Honorable Vice-President.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. F.F. Emery,</td><td>First Vice-President.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. H. Salmorason,</td><td>Second Vice-President.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. A.J. Shaw,</td><td>Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. L.J. Birdseye,</td><td>Recording Secretary.</td></tr>
+   <tr><td>Mrs. N.W. Durham,</td><td>Treasurer.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary="Spokane Finances">
+  <tr><td>Receipts</td><td class="tdr">$951.78</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Disbursements</td><td class="bb tdr">355.07</td></tr>
+  <tr><td>Cash on hand</td><td class="tdr">$596.71</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_458" title="458"></a>To Miss Birdie Beals belongs the credit of organizing the La Conner
+Auxiliary, and also the Bellingham Bay Auxiliary at New Whatcom. The La
+Conner Auxiliary was most active to respond to the call of the Red
+Cross. They sent large boxes of fruits and jellies to the Hospital of
+the First Regiment Washington Volunteers, made caps and bandages, etc.,
+and contributed towards the outfit for the First Regiment Washington
+Volunteers.</p>
+
+<p>The Bellingham Red Cross was organized by Miss Birdie Beals, President
+of the La Conner Auxiliary. They have adopted the constitution and
+by-laws, selected officers and are ready to do active work. The officers
+are: Mrs. John A. Evans, president; Mrs. E.S. McCord, vice-president;
+Mrs. S.J. Craft, recording secretary; Mrs. T.J. Kershaw, corresponding
+secretary; Mrs. E.W. Purdy, treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>The report from the Emergency Corps throughout the State is very
+incomplete, as many corps who have done good work have sent directly to
+the Company of soldiers raised in that particular town, and not reported
+to the Red Cross at all.</p>
+
+<p>The following is an extract from the report of the Emergency Corps:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The Emergency Corps of the State of Washington, having accomplished,
+  as far as lay within its power, the work for which it organized,
+  has, through its officers and executive board and with the consent
+  of its members as represented at the meeting of October 11, decided
+  to disband.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of its organization the corps pledged its undivided
+  effort to the service of the volunteers of the State of Washington
+  during the war between the United States and Spain. That emergency
+  having happily ended in victory and peace, the society feels that
+  its special work is over. To those of its members who can still
+  devote time and strength to patriotic and humane effort, the
+  president and the executive board cordially suggest that they enroll
+  themselves as members of the Tacoma Red Cross society organized for
+  permanent effort in the broad field of the nation’s and the world’s
+  need, and when the aid and support that they can give will result in
+  practical benefit to any cause to which it is applied.</p>
+
+<p>In closing the work of this organization the officers and executive
+  board wish to make a public report of what has been accomplished
+  during the four months of its existence. In absolute harmony the
+  society has worked together, members and officers alike. The
+  following record, taken from the secretary’s last report, speaks for
+  itself in proof of the patriotic energy which has inspired its
+  labors. Since June 1 the Emergency Corps of the State of Washington
+  has distributed for the use of state volunteers: Flannel abdominal
+  bandages, towels, suits of pajamas, night shirts, suits balbriggan
+  underwear, hospital pads and shirts, hospital pillow cases, and
+  linen handkerchiefs.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_459" title="459"></a>  In closing the work of the organization the officers and executive
+  board desire to express their appreciation of the aid and sympathy
+  extended them by the public and especially by the merchants of
+  Tacoma, whose donations of money and material assisted so largely in
+  what has been accomplished. To the Tacoma Chamber of Commerce they
+  are greatly indebted for the use of a room for headquarters and for
+  work and storage rooms. To the Northern Pacific Express Company, and
+  to the Northern Pacific Steamship Company, they owe many thanks for
+  aid and courtesy. It is impossible in this short summary to
+  enumerate every instance of cordial sympathy and support which has
+  cheered and aided the Emergency Corps in its labors; from all sides
+  encouragement came and substantial help.</p>
+
+<p>In dissolving the bond between officers and members now remains in
+  each heart a cordial memory of mutual interest and sympathy, respect
+  and confidence.</p>
+
+<p>To the press of Tacoma the Emergency Corps acknowledges its many
+  obligations. To the press and citizens of the State at large it is
+  also indebted for much of its power of usefulness and would express
+  an earnest appreciation and gratitude. The following letter was
+  received from Captain Sturges, of Company C, stationed at the
+  Presidio, San Francisco:</p>
+
+  <div class="quote">
+    <p><em>To the Ladies of the Washington Emergency Corps, Tacoma,
+  Washington</em>:</p>
+
+  <p>It is with a feeling of almost inexpressible gratitude that the
+  officers and members of Company C, First Washington Volunteer
+  Infantry, try to express to you their warmest and most lasting
+  thanks for your kind and very useful donations and your expressions
+  of sympathy and interest. The many kindnesses of their Emergency
+  Corps have done much to help the soldiers more easily to bear their
+  many hardships and to more enjoy their few comforts, knowing that
+  kind hearts are interested in their welfare.</p>
+
+  <p>We unite in wishing you all the reward that your noble work so
+  justly merits.</p>
+
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent30">Very thankfully yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">E.C. Sturges</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>Captain Commanding</em>.
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_460" title="460"></a>PORTO RICO.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The labors of the Executive Committee of the Red Cross in New York were
+not confined to the work in the camps. Upon them devolved the larger
+share of the responsibility for the administration of relief everywhere,
+including the vast correspondence and the myriad details that arise in
+connection with the systematic management of a work so far-reaching and
+varied as the auxiliary relief by the Red Cross in time of war.</p>
+
+<p>Outside of the United States, the relief of the sick and wounded in war
+was not confined to Cuba and the Philippines, but was extended to Porto
+Rico. Horace F. Barnes, of Boston, Mass., was appointed by the committee
+as the field agent of the Red Cross in Porto Rico, and taking with him a
+large assortment of supplies, sailed on the transport “Concho” for Ponce
+on the thirteenth of August. Later, General W. T. Bennett, of
+Philadelphia, Pa., was appointed to assist Mr. Barnes. All requisitions
+from Porto Rico were promptly filled by the committee and the relief
+continued so long as any necessity for it remained. Of the field work in
+Porto Rico the following report is made:</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Report by Horace F. Barnes.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Red Cross relief work for Porto Rico began with the arrival of a
+detachment of female nurses before the American and Spanish armies had
+ceased hostilities. These nurses, however, were ordered back to the
+States at once as attendants for returning sick and wounded soldiers. On
+the tenth of August the Executive Committee commissioned me as the Red
+Cross field agent for Porto Rico, and put me in charge of a cargo of
+relief supplies then on the steamship “Concho,” which sailed from New
+York on August 13.</p>
+
+<p>With the aid of a good military map of the island, and of information
+obtained before sailing as to the location of the different divisions of
+the army, during the voyage the line of Red Cross work was determined.
+The army was in three divisions. The eastern, under General Brooke, was
+above Guayama; the central, under General Wilson, was at Ponce and
+vicinity; the western, under General Schwan, was in Mayaguez and the
+neighboring region.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_461" title="461"></a>It seemed to be the natural course to visit these divisions as soon as
+possible, ascertain their sanitary condition, give supplies as needed
+for the sick, wounded and convalescent, and then, after supplying the
+American forces, to visit the Spanish camps and hospitals and provide
+for them. Afterwards headquarters for stores and operations should be
+fixed at the most central convenient port for receiving goods from New
+York and distributing them with least cost and difficulty to all army
+stations. The plan outlined was closely followed, circumstances making
+it easily possible to do so. The “Concho” arrived at Ponce on August 20.</p>
+
+<p>Two days afterward the ship with the cargo of Red Cross stores still
+unbroken on board, started for Arroyo, the port of Guayama, about thirty
+miles east of Ponce, where General Brooke’s command had its base of
+operations. There a large selection of relief supplies was left in
+charge of Chief Surgeon Huidekoper, of the division hospital at Guayama.
+Nothing could have been more auspicious as the beginning of Red Cross
+work in Porto Rico than this quick and free transportation of supplies
+to a distant command, with the minimum of labor and delay, at a period
+of most urgent need.</p>
+
+<p>Returning, the “Concho” reached Ponce again on the twenty-fifth. The
+same night, on ascertaining that the steamship “Alamo” was to proceed
+the next day to Mayaguez and Arecibo, I arranged for lighters to put a
+cargo on board, to be divided between these two ports, intending the
+first for General Schwan’s command, and the second for the Sixth
+Massachusetts, at Utuado, the latter to be landed at Arecibo. The
+Surgeon of the Sixth Massachusetts was accordingly notified by wire to
+have wagons sent up to Arecibo to meet the “Alamo” on her arrival. Every
+thing worked admirably. The “Alamo” reached Mayaguez August 27, and
+ample supplies for the hospital of General Schwan’s command were landed
+at Mayaguez, and delivered to Dr. Bailey K. Ashford, surgeon in charge,
+who expressed most cordial and grateful appreciation.</p>
+
+<p>Thence the “Alamo” proceeded, August 29, to Arecibo, which port was
+reached on the same day. There the wagons of the Sixth Massachusetts
+from Utuado were found in readiness to receive the consignment of goods
+brought for them, which were put in charge of Assistant Surgeon of the
+Sixth Massachusetts, Dr. F.A. Washburn. At Arecibo was a strong force of
+Spanish troops, having a military and a Red Cross hospital. The Spanish
+military commander, the captain of the port, and the chief surgeon of
+the Red Cross hospital,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_462" title="462"></a> personally gave the kindest attentions,
+conducting me to all the military quarters and hospitals, yet while
+expressing thanks for the offer of goods from the American Red Cross,
+they declared they were not in need, as was evidently the case.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, August 29, my visit and departure having been wired to
+the Spanish Governor General Macias at San Juan, I took train thither,
+reaching the capital in the evening. The next day with an interpreter I
+visited General Macias at his headquarters, and was most cordially
+received, given the freedom of the city, especially including all the
+forts, barracks and hospitals, and on inquiry allowed if I chose to make
+any photographs of the military works, concerning which he said it did
+not matter as they would be so soon in the hands of the Americans. Five
+days were spent in San Juan. The forts, barracks and hospitals of the
+Spaniards were visited, but all need of American Red Cross supplies was
+courteously disavowed, evidently with truthfulness, for signs of want
+were nowhere apparent. General Macias kindly gave me a pass through all
+the Spanish military guards and civil jurisdictions under his command
+throughout the island of Porto Rico.</p>
+
+<p>With this pass I started from San Juan September 2 by coach for Ponce.
+At Caguas I was politely invited by the German Consul General of Porto
+Rico, Herr Adolph Rauschenplat, who had been traveling alone in his
+coach behind me from San Juan, to join him in his carriage, and send
+mine back to San Juan. The invitation was heartily accepted. We dined
+together at Cayey. On reaching Aibonito while our relay of horses was
+being harnessed, and we had been surrounded by the Spanish soldiers and
+townspeople, engaging in pleasant chat with them, suddenly the captain
+of the Spanish troops with a guard appeared and marched us
+unceremoniously to the guardhouse. There we were challenged, and a
+parley ensued, until I showed my pass from General Macias. The change of
+front was spectacular, apologies were profuse, but I ended the affair by
+insisting successfully that the officer sign his name to my pass which
+was already rather heavily overloaded with the names of military and
+civil magnates, both Spanish and American.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_463" title="463"></a>
+ <img src="images/i103.jpg" width="500" height="397" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A SOLDIER FUNERAL.</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>This team shows the manner of yoking the cattle by the head and
+horns.</em></div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_464" title="464"></a>
+ <img src="images/i104.jpg" width="500" height="320" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A TYPICAL CUBAN CAMP.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This trip was memorable not only for the enjoyment of a ride over one of
+the best long roads in the world, amid the displays of all tropical
+fruits and flora, views of many characteristic people, habitations,
+customs, and cultivated sections of the island, but for the intelligent
+and charming exposition of everything, together with discussion of the
+social, political, military and commercial interests and problems of
+Porto Rico, at the present stage of affairs, by Herr Rauschenplat,
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_465" title="465"></a>whose English speech scarcely betrays his German vernacular or his
+customary Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving at Ponce on the evening of September 2, on the following day
+storage for Red Cross goods was secured in the Custom House at the
+Playa, or Port of Ponce, which continued our only headquarters during
+work in Porto Rico. The distribution of goods commenced on Sunday,
+September 4. The goods at first distributed in Ponce were the remainder
+of the cargo brought on the “Concho,” but left in charge of and
+lightered off of the “Concho,” and carefully stored by kind agreement in
+the Custom House, when I was obliged to depart on the “Alamo” for
+Mayaguez and Arecibo or lose a most valuable opportunity for
+distributing stores where urgently needed.</p>
+
+<p>Every applicant not seeking for himself alone was interrogated as to the
+number of sick or convalescents for whom the goods were desired, and
+informed that our provisions were specifically for these classes. The
+amount bestowed was in view of the number of sick thus reported. Then on
+a sheet of paper headed by the date of application all articles were
+recorded, checked off when taken, and the signature of the officer
+applying was affixed. Then my official stamp as field agent was affixed,
+and the paper put on file as a voucher. All goods received by steamer
+came into the office under my personal supervision, and with very few
+necessary exceptions none went out without it.</p>
+
+<p>On September 4 the office work of the Red Cross in Porto Rico was
+inaugurated with five representative issues of stores, which became
+matter of record. As the later files show, the number rapidly multiplied
+and the office work was increased by a constant procession of single
+applicants for small things. A dose of medicine, a pencil, an abdominal
+band, a comfort bag, something to read, a pair of stockings, a
+handkerchief, a towel&mdash;a little stationery&mdash;such applications alone made
+work enough for one man, and one had to be secured, Corporal Patrick
+Syron, who was detailed from the First Engineers, and whose help was
+invaluable.</p>
+
+<p>As the work was increasing very rapidly, and appeals pouring in from all
+the camps and hospitals, the executive committee sent as my assistant
+General W.T. Bennett, who arrived September 7 on the “Seneca,” which
+also brought a fresh and valuable cargo of stores. Having like myself
+had army experience in the Civil War, General Bennett easily grasped the
+situation, and while I attended specially to the distribution of goods
+at the office, he gave efficient help in managing the outside relations
+of the work, made doubly exacting by the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_466" title="466"></a> necessity of lightering off
+all goods from ships, and transferring them by native porters to the
+headquarters, amidst piles of army stores, and a horde of omnipresent
+and vigilant thieves. Any lull in the office work was improved in
+visiting hospitals and camps, and noting how goods were received and
+distributed. By frequent consultation of the official figures, at the
+chief surgeon’s office, of the sick rate at all military stations on the
+island, it was possible to judge correctly concerning the neediest
+places for sending relief, and also to judge the merits of applications.</p>
+
+<p>The extraordinary amount of typhoid fever and intestinal diseases among
+the troops was the object of thoughtful attention. Several native
+physicians and army surgeons were solicited to write their diagnosis and
+treatment of these diseases, in the hope that their combined testimony
+may furnish valuable data for guidance of physicians and surgeons who
+may have charge of our troops here in the future.</p>
+
+<p>On October 6, Mr. Monroe Scott, arrived from New York on the steamship
+“Chester,” to be second assistant in our work. He was desirous of giving
+personal service to the sick, as he had just came from such work in the
+Northern army hospitals. But the needs at the various hospitals in Porto
+Rico were being so fully met that he gave his attention to the varied
+demands at the office, where his courteous manner and efficiency in
+detail were highly appreciated. Two ambulances were sent to Ponce in
+September. They proved of great value in emergency cases requiring quick
+transportation to and from the hospitals, and in conveying our goods for
+short distances. It must be admitted, however, that they proved also a
+delicate responsibility, as everybody seemed to regard them as free
+pleasure coaches in which the Red Cross was eager to take the town to
+ride.</p>
+
+<p>A daily care was to note all incoming steamers, to board them to inquire
+for Red Cross supplies, also to note all departing steamers and provide
+that all sick and convalescents had Red Cross goods enough to insure
+their comfort for the homeward voyage. The chief surgeons were appealed
+to and asked not to allow any detachment of sick men to go home without
+previously notifying us, so that we might provide for their nutriment in
+supplement to that provided by the Government. It is proper to add that
+the surgeons going home in charge of the sick on ships were all
+attentive to their duty in securing Red Cross supplies for their
+patients. Twelve shipments were made for transports carrying home the
+sick.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_467" title="467"></a>One of the duties of the office was to give first aid to the sick and
+injured. Hardly a day passed without our giving many prescriptions of
+medicine to soldiers for intestinal troubles, or first dressing to men
+injured on the pier or on shipboard. We carefully gave antiseptic
+dressing and bound up gashed heads and limbs, and tenderly conveyed the
+unfortunates to the proper hospitals or to their homes or ships.</p>
+
+<p>In September on order from New York, we began to furnish ice to
+hospitals not already supplied. We purchased machine-made ice at the
+heavy cost of forty pesos a ton, and had arranged with the hospitals of
+Coamo and Guayama, the only ones not supplied, to send wagons weekly for
+a load. For this work we were about to establish an ice-storage plant,
+when a large cargo furnished by the Government arrived, and although
+about one hundred tons soon after came from New York, consigned to the
+Red Cross, it was not needed, nor an ice-house for storage, as the
+government supply was freely furnished to all in need, and was so large
+as to last till the Red Cross ice, though carefully stored in a covered
+lighter, had entirely melted. Had the Government not made this
+provision, a free grant of site, lumber and labor for an ice plant
+already secured, would have been utilized. The same cablegram
+authorizing an ice supply also authorized the supply of milk as needed.
+On inquiry it was found that all of the hospitals were already well
+provided with this article. In case of the hospital for the First
+Engineers, however, the ingenious surgeon, Dr. Proben, had opened
+negotiations for a cow, and we promptly insisted on paying for it, but
+were allowed to pledge only one-half its cost, which we most cheerfully
+did.</p>
+
+<p>Twelve hospital tents, 14x14 feet each, were furnished by the Red Cross,
+of which one was loaned to the Engineers’ hospital, one to the Sixth
+Massachusetts hospital, and ten were located, under medical supervision,
+beneath a row of cocoanut trees, for the accommodation of convalescents
+awaiting transportation. A suitable trench was dug, flooring put in all
+the tents by the engineers, and straw was furnished for bedding by the
+quartermaster. This camp was named “Camp Barton.”</p>
+
+<p>Some of the incidental work of the Red Cross was to answer letters of
+inquiry concerning missing soldiers; to guide numerous strangers
+arriving at the port; to get stragglers of the army into their proper
+quarters; to help soldiers in various conditions of distress; always to
+be ready with a kind look and friendly hand, as proper representatives
+of a generous public, desiring to show full appreciation of these who<a class="pagenum" id="Page_468" title="468"></a>
+upheld the nation’s honor with the offering of their lives. Every man on
+the staff of the Red Cross in Porto Rico, could he have embodied his
+real preferences, would have spent his whole time personally with the
+boys in their tents or hospitals. It was a real regret to us all that
+from early morning until dark we had to be hard at work, with few
+exceptions, in dealing out stores and attending to duties at
+headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>But as we were serving, not a campaigning army, but garrisons after
+hostilities had ceased, and the supply of surgeons and nurses was ample,
+there was no need of personal field service on our part. A tribute of
+respect and praise is demanded in honor of the army officials of Porto
+Rico, especially those of the southern district, so wisely administered
+by General Guy V. Henry, now Governor of Porto Rico. The different
+departments were ably conducted. Their relations were entirely cordial.
+The difficult problems presenting themselves were handled in a manful
+way.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross carefully avoided the role of critic or censor, and sought
+to conform to the wishes of commanders and surgeons, while watchfully
+providing for the needs of the sick, as ascertained by independent
+investigation. It never had occasion to make a protest, nor acted as a
+meddler, but attended strictly to its own business, and kept in its own
+place as an army auxiliary, and servant of the sick. Hence from the
+first of its work the military, naval, surgical, medical, commissary and
+quartermaster’s departments treated it as a part of their own common
+fraternity, freely granting all its requests, subjecting it to no
+restrictions, and cordially accepting and forwarding its beneficent
+operations. We received every advantage gratuitously. Not in a single
+instance were our requests denied. By this cordial understanding many
+hundreds of dollars of expense were saved to the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>Indications of the heavy sick rate in the army of Porto Rico may be
+found in the following data, gathered at the time from official sources:
+In August the surgeon in charge at Mayaguez reported that fully 7.5 per
+cent of the troops stationed there were sick in hospitals, or in
+quarters, or unfit for duty. September 10 there were in the district of
+Ponce over 1400 sick, including 350 typhoid cases, 600 malarial, 350
+intestinal diseases. September 20 the official report shows 750 sick in
+Ponce, 799 in Coamo, 336 in Mayaguez, 264 in Utuado, 22 in Guanica, and
+328 in Guayama. September 28th the Sixteenth Pennsylvania Infantry, at
+Coamo, reported 625 sick. One<a class="pagenum" id="Page_469" title="469"></a> company had no officers on duty, all
+being sick. October 3 there were 125 sick in Ponce, 60 in Guayama, 65 in
+Utuado, 40 in Mayaguez, and 491 at Coamo. Total in these places, 781.
+This great reduction in the number of reported sick was due to large
+shipments of patients to the States. October 20 there were 747 sick in
+the general hospital in Ponce, 120 in that at Mayaguez, and 125 in that
+at Guayama.</p>
+
+<p>On November 10, 603 men were reported sick in the district of Ponce. The
+data above given will best be understood if it is remembered that they
+comprise for the most part only hospital inmates. The sick in quarters
+were not generally reported, though they fully equaled in number those
+in hospitals. Again it should be remembered that those unfit for duty
+equaled in number both of the other two classes. In brief, during
+September, October and November, not more than one-half of the army was
+available for duty. In September a captain of engineers informed me that
+in the morning he had only four men report for duty.</p>
+
+<p>Several obvious causes operated to produce the great sick rate. The
+effects of exposures and hardships before reaching Porto Rico, the
+nature of the food, malarious influences, native fruits, the heavy
+rains, and the excessive heat, were potent factors in producing the
+general illness. There was no invigoration in the atmosphere, its heat
+and humidity being very depressing, and not allowing rapid recovery
+after prostration. Almost every man lost heavily in weight, the amounts
+varying from twenty-five to one hundred pounds. This was true even of
+those who were extremely careful of their diet and habits. During
+September and October a register of temperatures, kept by Dr. Charles I.
+Proben, surgeon of the First Engineers, showed an average daily
+temperature of 82.52° Fahrenheit, and in October 80.136° Fahrenheit.
+These figures give little suggestion of what the soldiers had to endure,
+as for instance, September 20 the mercury stood 96° in the shade at
+midday, and 113° in the sun. October 3 the mercury stood at 92° at
+midday. These health conditions made every American in Porto Rico a
+fitting subject for relief, but Red Cross supplies were limited as far
+as practicable to the sick and convalescent.</p>
+
+<p>The extent and direction of our Red Cross work are indicated below:</p>
+
+<table summary="Red Cross issues" style="width:80%">
+ <tr><td class="hang">Number of issues to twenty-four army hospitals</td><td class="tdr">150</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="hang">Number of issues to United States transports returning North
+      with sick</td><td class="tdr">12</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="hang">Number of issues to Infantry, regiments and detachments</td><td class="tdr">101</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="hang">Number of issues to Artillery batteries</td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="hang"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_470" title="470"></a>
+  Number of issues to Cavalry troops</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="hang">Number of issues to Officers’ messes</td><td class="tdr">8</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="hang">Number of issues to Miscellaneous parties</td><td class="tdr bb">61</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="pad">Total issues</td><td class="tdr">362</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>These issues were all recorded, and vouchers filed. The number of issues
+to single applicants for their own immediate use, mostly private
+soldiers, were over 1200. Prescriptions of medicine to sick soldiers,
+applying at the office, about 300. Wounds dressed at office, in first
+aid to wounded men, about 30. Sick carried in ambulances of Red Cross,
+50.</p>
+
+<p>The camps and hospitals served by the Red Cross were scattered all over
+the island, some accessible only through difficult mountain passes, bad
+roads, or by long sea voyages, necessitating weekly consultation of the
+chief surgeons, sick reports from all military stations, and careful
+study of the best routes and means of transportation.</p>
+
+<p>Three months’ experience lead one to say that if a man knows how to keep
+a hotel, run a restaurant, and a refreshment stand; if he be a good
+grocer, dry goodsman, apothecary, financier, accountant, doctor, and
+linguist; if he have the strength of a Samson, the patience of a Job,
+and the cheerfulness of the morning lark; if he have the power to see
+much and say little, to sweat and not swear, to behold limitless
+suffering and be fair to all; if he is pachydermous to the shafts of
+criticism, diplomat enough to secure universal favor, and worthy to hold
+it by solid merit, let him try a Field Agency of the Red Cross with
+confidence, for in such service he will need all of these qualities in
+abundance. And yet, in the midst of it all, he will daily hear the
+sweetest words of gratitude, and feel that he is doing the most
+self-rewarding work of his whole life.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3>SHIPMENTS BY TRANSPORTS.</h3>
+
+<p>By the courtesy of the War Department, the Executive Committee were
+enabled to make several shipments, both to Cuba and to Porto Rico, on
+the United States transports. With the exception of the first cargo by
+the “Port Victor,” the larger part of these supplies which should
+properly have been consigned to the Red Cross at the front, were sent
+direct to the commanding officers, or to the officers<a class="pagenum" id="Page_471" title="471"></a> of the medical
+department of the army, upon request. The consignment of the “Port
+Victor,” although received by the Red Cross and forwarded to Gibra for
+distribution, was afterward taken by an officer of the U.S. army without
+permission. Among the shipments were:</p>
+
+<div class="quote hang">
+<p>“Port Victor,” July 10, to Santiago, 800 tons general provisions and
+     medical supplies.</p>
+
+<p>“New Hampshire,” July 15, to Santiago, 25 tons groceries and
+     hospital supplies.</p>
+
+<p>“Olivette,” July 18, to Santiago, clothing and delicacies.</p>
+
+<p>“Resolute,” July 19, to Santiago, general supplies and clothing.
+     Value, $2000.</p>
+
+<p>“Missouri,” July 19, to Santiago, clothing, laundry plant, ice
+     plant, cots and delicacies.</p>
+
+<p>“Seneca,” July 21, to Santiago, clothing for 50 men.</p>
+
+<p>“Kanawa,” July 22, to Santiago, 10 cases of supplies.</p>
+
+<p>“Concho,” August 1, to Santiago, supplies for 200 men.</p>
+
+<p>“Breakwater,” August 6, to Santiago, 10 cases general supplies.</p>
+
+<p>“Harvard,” August 5, to Santiago, 16 cases groceries and clothes.</p>
+
+<p>“Altai,” August 5, to Santiago, 96 cases delicacies and clothing.</p>
+
+<p>“Seguranca,” August 20, to Santiago, 113 cases provisions and soups.</p>
+
+<p>“Port Victor,” October 7, to Santiago, 115 tons of ice, 50 equipped
+     cots.</p>
+
+<p>“Concho,” August 13, to Porto Rico, 900 cases general provisions and
+     50 equipped cots.</p>
+
+<p>“Yucatan,” September 7, to Porto Rico, 545 cases general provisions
+     and medical supplies.</p>
+
+<p>“Obdam,” September 14, to Porto Rico, 387 cases assorted provisions
+     and 2 ambulances.</p>
+
+<p>“Chester,” September 27, to Porto Rico, 406 cases assorted supplies.</p>
+
+<p>“Missouri,” September 19, to Porto Rico, 60 cases general supplies.</p>
+
+<p>“Berlin,” September 20, to Porto Rico, 20 barrels ginger ale.</p>
+
+<p>“Port Victor,” October 7, to Porto Rico, 115 tons of ice and 50
+     equipped cots, duplicate of shipment to Santiago.</p>
+
+<p>“Panama,” October 12, to Porto Rico, 300 cases of groceries and
+     clothing, 50 equipped cots and 101 cases medicine for General
+     Wood at Santiago.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Since their appointment by the President of the United States, the
+Central Cuban Relief Committee have been busily engaged in carrying on
+the great work entrusted to them by the government. In addition to the
+smaller consignments of materials sent for distribution to the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_472" title="472"></a> relief
+stations in Cuba and on the Florida coast, they have expended in the
+purchase and forwarding of larger shipments of relief, over two hundred
+thousand dollars, and have collected in money and supplies nearly half a
+million. The latest important shipment was sent by the steamer “City of
+San Antonio,” consisting of an assorted cargo of about 700 tons, which
+was landed at the port of Matanzas, and distributed by the
+representatives of the Red Cross in charge of the vessel.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_473" title="473"></a>THE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS RELIEF COMMITTEE OF NEW YORK.</h3>
+
+<p>The origin of this great volunteer emergency committee has already been
+explained in these pages. But the story of their wonderful work can
+never be fully told. With their co-operation much suffering has been
+prevented or relieved, and many lives have been saved; through the
+ministrations made possible by their efforts, the humblest private in
+the ranks now realizes that “the great heart of the nation will not let
+the soldier die.” No words can express the gratitude of the Red Cross
+for their powerful assistance. Faithful, earnest and efficient, they
+have labored incessantly through the campaign, and now at the close they
+make the following short but eloquent report:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Report of the Relief Committee.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Organized May 3, 1898.</em></p>
+
+<p><em>Officers.</em>&mdash;Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter, D.D., chairman; Alexander E. Orr,
+vice-chairman; William T. Wardwell, vice-chairman; John P. Faure,
+Secretary; Frederick D. Tappen, treasurer; Samuel Woolverton, assistant
+treasurer.</p>
+
+<p><em>Members.</em>&mdash;Dr. Felix Adler, Bishop Edward G. Andrews, August Belmont,
+Joseph H. Choate, William P. Clyde, John D. Crimmins, Chauncey M. Depew,
+Cleveland H. Dodge, John P. Faure, Edwin Gould, Clement A. Griscom, Jr.,
+John S. Huyler, Morris K. Jesup, Edwin Langdon, Dr. A.M. Lesser, William
+G. Low, Rev. Sylvester Malone, J. Pierpont Morgan, Levi P. Morton,
+Alexander E. Orr, Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter, D.D., LL.D., Percy R. Pyne,
+Douglas Robinson, John D. Rockefeller, Jacob H. Schiff, Gustav H.
+Schwab, Charles Stewart Smith, Dr. George F. Shrady, James Speyer,
+William R. Stewart, A.S. Solomons, Frederick D. Tappen, Howard Townsend,
+Dr. T. Gaillard Thomas, William T. Wardwell.</p>
+
+<p><em>Executive Committee.</em>&mdash;William T. Wardwell, chairman; John P. Faure,
+secretary; Levi P. Morton, Frederick D. Tappen, George F. Shrady, M.D.,
+William G. Low, Gustav H. Schwab, Cleveland H. Dodge, A.S. Solomons,
+Douglas Robinson, Howard Townsend, A. Monae Lesser, M.D.; Rt. Rev. Henry
+C. Potter, D.D., LL.D., ex-officio; Alexander E. Orr, ex-officio.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_474" title="474"></a><em>Finance Committee.</em>&mdash;J. Pierpont Morgan, chairman; Frederick D. Tappen,
+vice-chairman; August Belmont, James Speyer, Gustav H. Schwab, Edwin
+Langdon, Levi P. Morton.</p>
+
+<p><em>Committee on Yacht “Red Cross.”</em>&mdash;William T. Wardwell, Gustav H.
+Schwab, Alexander E. Orr.</p>
+
+<p><em>Supply Committee.</em>&mdash;Cleveland H. Dodge, chairman; Mrs. W.S. Cowles,
+Mrs. John Lyon Gardiner, John S. Huyler, Percy R. Pyne, George F.
+Shrady, M.D., A.S. Solomons, Howard Townsend; Miss Helen Fidelia
+Hoffman, secretary; F.C. Garmany, purchasing agent.</p>
+
+<p><em>Medical Advisory Board.</em>&mdash;Wm. H. Draper, M.D., chairman; Andrew J.
+McCosh, M.D., secretary; Francis P. Kinnicutt, M.D., Francis Delafield,
+M.D., John S. Billings, M.D., Edward G. Janeway, M.D., Charles McBurney,
+M.D., Richard H. Derby, M.D.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Treasurer’s Report</span><br />
+<em>And Analysis of Expenditures, May 9 to December 1, 1898.</em></h4>
+
+<table summary="Treasurer’s Report">
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Total receipts</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">$305,229 66</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl pad">Office supplies</td><td class="tdr">$5,117 89</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl pad">Food supplies, groceries, milk, fruit, etc.</td><td class="tdr">46,067 95</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Cots and equipments</td><td class="tdr">24,946 09</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Medical supplies, wines, liquors, etc.</td><td class="tdr">11,357 33</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Clothing and dry goods</td><td class="tdr">1,413 61</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Miscellaneous supplies</td><td class="tdr">16,051 14</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Account nurses</td><td class="tdr">17,718 24</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Ambulances and mules</td><td class="tdr">7,782 56</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Ice</td><td class="tdr">27,666 14</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Yacht “Red Cross” and maintenance</td><td class="tdr">54,057 16</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Cash to General Committee, account of camps</td><td class="tdr">59,913 02</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Laundry plant</td><td class="tdr">1,230 10</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl pad">Freight, express charges, towing, transportation, etc.</td><td class="tdr bb">4,283 05</td><td class="tdr bb">277,604 28</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdl">Balance on hand</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">$27,625 38</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><em>Woman’s Committee on Auxiliaries.</em>&mdash;Mrs. John Lyon Gardiner,
+  chairman; Mrs. Paul Dana, secretary; Miss Martha L. Draper,
+  treasurer; Mrs. Butler Duncan, Mrs. James W. Gerard, Mrs. Bettina
+  Hofker Lesser, Mrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, Dr. Lucy Hall Brown, Mrs.
+  W.S. Cowles, Mrs. Winthrop Cowdin, Mrs. Levi P. Morton, Mrs. Henry
+  C. Potter, Mrs. G.F. Shrady.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>By a resolution of the Executive Committee the above ladies were
+appointed a Woman’s Committee on Auxiliaries, charged with the duty of
+organizing auxiliary committees throughout the United States, to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_475" title="475"></a> assist
+in Red Cross work. This committee met for the first time on May 12, and
+it was decided to interest, by personal effort and correspondence, the
+people of the country in serving the sick and wounded soldiers and
+sailors during the war without regard to nationality, in accordance with
+the rules of the Conference of Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>From its inaugural meeting on May 12 until the present date the Woman’s
+Committee has authorized the organization of ninety-two auxiliaries,
+many of these with numerous sub-auxiliaries, thus spreading the work
+throughout the country from Maine to the Rocky Mountains, the western
+limit of the work of the Relief Committee.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Following Auxiliaries Were Organized</span>:</h4>
+
+<table summary="Red Cross Auxiliaries" cellpadding="2" style="font-size:90%">
+  <tr><td>No.</td><td class="tdc">Name.</td><td>Place.</td><td>President.</td><td>No. of<br />Sub-Aux.</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">1</td><td class="top">First N.Y. Ambulance Equip. Society</td><td class="top">New York</td><td class="top">Mrs. W.S. Cowles</td><td class="tdr">3</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">2</td><td class="top">Women’s Confer. Soc. of Ethical Culture</td><td class="tdl top">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td class="top">Mrs. Henry Ollesheimer.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">3</td><td class="top">Maintenance of Trained Nurses</td><td class="tdl top">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td class="top">Mrs. James Speyer.</td><td class="tdr">15</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">4</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Yonkers, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. William Sharman.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">5</td><td class="top">Metcalf-Bliss Hospital Cot Equipment</td><td class="top">New York</td><td class="top">Mrs. William Metcalf-Bliss.</td><td class="tdr">16</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">6</td><td class="top">Columbia University</td><td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td class="top">Mrs. Seth Low.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">7</td><td class="top">N.Y. City Ch. D.A.R.</td><td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td class="top">Mrs. Donald McLean.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">8</td><td class="top">Council of Jewish Women</td><td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td class="top">Mrs. Cyrus L. Sulzberger.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">9</td><td class="top">Hartford Wom. Aux.</td><td class="top">Hartford, Conn</td><td class="top">Mrs. F.W. Cheney.</td><td class="tdr">9</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">10</td><td class="top">Ice Plant Auxiliary</td><td class="top">New York</td><td class="top">Miss Julia L. Delafield.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">11</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Norwalk, Conn.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Jennings.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">12</td><td class="top">Soldiers’ Field Hosp.</td><td class="top">New York</td><td class="top">Miss E.C. Hebert.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">13</td><td class="top">Mohegan Ch. D.A.R.</td><td class="top">Sing Sing, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Annie Van Rensselaer Wells.</td><td class="tdr">8</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">14</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Morristown, N.J.</td><td class="top">Miss Louisa E. Keasby.</td><td class="tdr">7</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">15</td><td class="top">Green Twigs Aux.</td><td class="top">Flushing, L.I.</td><td class="top">Miss Helen A. Colgate.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">16</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Litchfield, Conn.</td><td class="top">Mrs. George M. Woodruff.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">17</td><td class="top">First Penn. Red Cross Auxiliary</td><td class="top">Pittsburg, Pa.</td><td class="top">Mr. John B. Jackson.</td><td class="tdr">74</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">18</td><td class="top">Miscellaneous Aux.</td><td class="top">New York</td><td class="top">Miss Helen Dominick.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">19</td><td class="top">Laundry Plant Aux.</td><td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td class="top">Miss Alice B. Babcock.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">20</td><td class="top">Westchester Co. Aux.</td><td class="top">Mt. Kisco, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Henry Marquand.</td><td class="tdr">14</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">21</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Hazleton, Pa.</td><td class="top">Mrs. W.C. Gailey.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">22</td><td class="top">Land and Sea Aux.</td><td class="top">Pelham Manor</td><td class="top">Mrs. Frank K. Hunter.</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">23</td><td class="top">Staten Island Aux.</td><td class="top">New Brighton</td><td class="top">Mrs. George Beers.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">24</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Princeton, N.J.</td><td class="top">Mrs. James P. Morgan.</td><td class="tdr">3</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">25</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Hackensack, N.J.</td><td class="top">Mrs. James Romeyn.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">26</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Sewickley, Pa.</td><td class="top">Rev. B.A. Benton.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_476" title="476"></a>27</td><td class="top">The Farmers’ Aux.</td><td class="top">Jennerstown, Pa.</td><td class="top">Miss F.E. Coffin.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">28</td><td class="top">Fort Stanwix Aux.</td><td class="top">Rome, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Louise M. Duffy.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">29</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Fairfield, Conn.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Henry S. Glover.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">30</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Norwich, Kan.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Sarah A. King.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">31</td><td class="top">Beaver County Aux.</td><td class="top">New Brighton, Pa.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Mary C. Kennedy.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">32</td><td class="top">Grace Par. Laun. Aux.</td><td class="top">New York</td><td class="top">Mrs. Butler Duncan.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">33</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Athens, Pa.</td><td class="top">Mrs. L.M. Park.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">34</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Canandaigua</td><td class="top">Mrs. C.C. Wilcox.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">35</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Eau Claire, Wis.</td><td class="top"> Mrs. Francis P. Ide.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">36</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Mount Vernon, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. William Wilson.</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">37</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Elmhurst, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. A.C. Green.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">38</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Dublin, N.H.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Lewis B. Monroe.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">39</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Larkinsville, Ala.</td><td class="top">Miss Anna L. Morris.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">40</td><td class="top">Western Reserve Ch. D.A.R.</td><td class="top">Cleveland, Ohio</td><td class="top">Mrs. Andrew Squire.</td><td class="tdr">163</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">41</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">New Canaan, Conn.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Willard Parker.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">42</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Flatbush, Brooklyn</td><td class="top">Mrs. Cornelius L. Wells.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">43</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Colorado Springs</td><td class="top">Mrs. E.S. Cohen.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">44</td><td class="top">North Shore, L.I., Au.</td><td class="top">Glen Cove, L.I.</td><td class="top">Mrs. John E. Leech.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">45</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td class="top">Mrs. W. Zabriskie.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">46</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Far Rockaway.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Alexander Stevens.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">47</td><td class="top">First R.I. Auxiliary.</td><td class="top">Providence</td><td class="top">Mrs. Charles Mason.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">48</td><td class="top">Nassau Co., L.I., Aux.</td><td class="top">Roslyn, L.I.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Valentine Mott.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">49</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Kinderhook, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. P.S.V. Pruyn.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">50</td><td class="top">Tobacco Auxiliary</td><td class="top">Newport, R.I.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">51</td><td class="top">Central Falls, R.I., Au.</td><td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”</td><td class="top">Mrs. Arthur Rogers.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">52</td><td class="top">Rhode Island Aux.</td><td class="top">Providence</td><td class="top">Mrs. Mary Frost Evans.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">53</td><td class="top">Westmoreland Co., Pa., Auxiliary</td><td class="top">Greensburg, Pa.</td><td class="top">Miss Louise Brunot.</td><td class="tdr">3</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">54</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Pottstown, Pa.</td><td class="top">Mrs. E.S. Cook.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">55</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Emporia, Kan.</td><td class="top">Miss Sabia E. Whitley.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">56</td><td class="top">Scott Schley, of</td><td class="top">Frederick, Md.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Henry Williams.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">57</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Lenox, Mass.</td><td class="top">Mrs. John E. Alexandre.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">58</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Caldwell, N.J.</td><td class="top">Mrs. F.H. Wing.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">59</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Upper Red Hook</td><td class="top">Mrs. Theodore Cookingham.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">60</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Saugerties-on-Hudson</td><td class="top">Mrs. George F. Shrady.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">61</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Hokendauqua, Pa.</td><td class="top">Miss Bessie Thomas.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">62</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Bridgeport, Conn.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Charles B. Read.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">63</td><td class="top">Suffolk Co., N.Y., Aux.</td><td class="top">Greenport L.I.</td><td class="top">Miss Bessie Clark.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">64</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Staatsburgh, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Miss Madeleine Dinsmore.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">65</td><td class="top">Otsego Co., N.Y., Aux.</td><td class="top">Springfield Centre</td><td class="top">Mrs. H.W. Wardwell.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">66</td><td class="top">Plymouth Church Au.</td><td class="top">Worcester, Mass.</td><td class="top">Mr. Arthur Reed Taft.</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">67</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Oyster Bay, L.I.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Thomas S. Young, Jr.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">68</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Cranford, N.J.</td><td class="top">Mrs. F.R. Bourne.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">69</td><td class="top">Loyal Friends Aux.</td><td class="top">New York</td><td class="top">Mrs. F.P.P. Miller.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">70</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">London, Ohio</td><td class="top">Mrs. George Lincoln.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_477" title="477"></a>71</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Shortsville, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. O.S. Titus.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">72</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Richmond Hill</td><td class="top">Mrs. Walter P. Long.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">73</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">South Orange, N.J.</td><td class="top">Mrs. F. Arnold.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">74</td><td class="top">Telegraph Signal Corps Auxiliary</td><td class="top">Brooklyn, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Miss Mary A. Tomlinson.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">75</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Platteville, Wis.</td><td class="top">Mrs. E.G. Buck.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">76</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Walden, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Phoebe Saxe.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">77</td><td class="top">First West Va. Aux. Wheeling, W.Va.</td><td class="top">Mrs. William F. Butler.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">78</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Toledo, Ohio</td><td class="top">Mrs. S.S. Knabenshue.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">79</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Lovington, Ill.</td><td class="top">Mr. S.S. Boggs.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">80</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">New Brunswick, N.J.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Nicholas G. Rutgers.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">81</td><td class="top">Colored Women’s Au.</td><td class="top">Kansas City, Kan.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Katie Minor.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">82</td><td class="top">Sons and Daughters Red Cross Aux.</td><td class="top">North Berwick, Me.</td><td class="top">Chester A. Hayes.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">83</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Orange, N.J.</td><td class="top">Miss Rosamond Howard.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">84</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Hammond, Ind.</td><td class="top">Dr. Mary E. Jackson.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">85</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Holdredge, Neb.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Reeves.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">86</td><td class="top">Girls’ Towel Aux.</td><td class="top">Glen Cove, L.I.</td><td class="top">Miss Alice O. Draper.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">87</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Brattleboro, Vt.</td><td class="top">Miss Mary E. Cabot.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">88</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Evanston, Ill.</td><td class="top">Mrs. N. Gill Kirk.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">89</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Montclair, N.J.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Benjamin Strong.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">90</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Lyons, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Miss Eudora A. Lewis.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">91</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.</td><td class="top">Mrs. Walston Hill Browne.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+  <tr><td class="tdr top">92</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">Marshall, Mich.</td><td class="top">Mrs. W.H. Porter.</td><td class="top">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Supplies Contributed by Auxiliaries through Supply Committee.</span></h4>
+
+<table summary="Supplies contributed" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3">
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Cots</td>  <td class="tdr padr2 br">3,601</td> <td class="pad2">Under drawers</td><td class="tdr">6,937</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Sheets</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">13,623</td><td class="pad2">Comfort bags</td><td class="tdr">1,188</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Draw sheets</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">994</td><td class="pad2">Palm-leaf fans</td><td class="tdr">6</td><td>cs.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Rubber sheets</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">226</td><td class="pad2">Cot pads</td><td class="tdr">1,006</td><td>cs.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Pillowcases</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">13,858</td><td class="pad2">Mosquito netting</td><td class="tdr">32</td><td>pcs.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Blankets</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">586</td><td class="pad2">Nurses’ caps</td><td class="tdr">271</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Towels</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">36,821</td><td class="pad2">Nurses’ aprons</td><td class="tdr">100</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Wash cloths</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">10,473</td><td class="pad2">Brassards</td><td class="tdr">90</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Nightshirts</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">12,388</td><td class="pad2">Old linen</td><td class="tdr">10 cs.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Pajamas</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">14,264</td><td class="pad2">Napkins</td><td class="tdr">466</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Wrappers</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">53</td><td class="pad2">Stationery</td><td class="tdr">2 cs.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Handkerchiefs</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">40,268</td><td class="pad2">Delicacies</td><td class="tdr">900 cs.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Socks</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">8,484</td><td class="pad2">Tobacco</td><td class="tdr">20 cs.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Slippers</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">2,342</td><td class="pad2">Pipes</td><td class="tdr">5,000</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Abdominal bands</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">18,557</td><td class="pad2">Literature</td><td class="tdr">120 cs.</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Negligee shirts</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">5,097</td><td class="pad2">Miscellaneous articles</td><td class="tdr">3,394</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdl">Undershirts</td><td class="tdr padr2 br">6,937</td><td class="pad2">Red Cross flags</td><td class="tdr">70</td></tr>
+ <tr><td class="tdc" colspan="4">Estimated value, $80,000.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_478" title="478"></a></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Special Work Done by Auxiliaries.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Auxiliary No. 1 provided eleven equipped ambulances with forty mules.
+For Hospital Ship “Missouri”: two hundred electric fans, telephones, six
+rubber beds, disinfecting plant, carbonating plant, twenty-eight foot
+steam launch, thirty-seven foot steam launch, sent to Chief Surgeon
+Havard at Santiago. Supplies of clothing and delicacies sent to Colonel
+Wood at Santiago.</p>
+
+<p>Auxiliary No. 2 opened a work shop on Madison Avenue and Fifty-ninth
+Street. There women, members of the families of enlisted men, were
+employed to make the garments supplied by this auxiliary. Employment was
+given to these women both at their homes and at the shop. Those who took
+work home were paid by the piece. In all, 142 women were employed, many
+having steady work for over five months. Up to December 1, 20,842
+articles were made by this Auxiliary.</p>
+
+<p>Auxiliary No. 3 has perhaps brought more comfort to the sick and wounded
+soldiers than any of the others. It was organized for the special work
+of providing funds for the maintenance of trained nurses, and as will be
+seen by the following list of nurses sent out by this auxiliary, no
+opportunity to relieve the suffering of the sick was ever passed by.</p>
+
+<p>Railway transportation was furnished for nearly four hundred nurses sent
+out from the New York office.</p>
+
+<p>The number of nurses employed may be divided approximately into four
+classes: (1) Those employed, maintained and paid by the auxiliary. (2)
+Those whose salaries and maintenance were borne partly by the
+government, and partly by the auxiliary. (3) Those who signed the
+government contract and were paid and supplied with army rations by the
+government, but received additional supplies from the auxiliary. (4)
+Those who were paid by the auxiliary and maintained by local aid.</p>
+
+<table summary="Hospital staff" style="width:80%">
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="3"><em>Class I.</em></td></tr>
+<tr><td>At Fort Wadsworth</td><td class="tdr pad">41</td><td>Nurses.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Charleston</td><td class="tdr pad">20</td><td class="pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Leiter Hospital</td><td class="tdr pad">10</td><td class="pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Governor’s Island</td><td class="tdr pad">6</td><td class="pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Tampa</td><td class="tdr pad">5</td><td class="pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a class="pagenum" id="Page_479" title="479"></a>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Atlantic Highlands</td><td class="tdr pad">5</td><td>Nurses, 1 Surgeon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Convalescent Home for Nurses</td><td class="tdr pad">1</td><td>Nurse.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Hospital Cars</td><td class="tdr pad">4</td><td>Nurses.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="3"><em>Class II.</em></td></tr>
+<tr><td>At Camp Black</td><td class="tdr pad">42</td><td>Nurses.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp;  Fort Hamilton</td><td class="tdr pad">23</td><td class="pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp;  Fortress Monroe</td><td class="tdr pad">43</td><td class="pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td>On Hospital Ship “Missouri”</td><td class="tdr pad">14</td><td>Nurses (Men).</td></tr>
+<tr><td>At Bedloe’s Island</td><td class="tdr pad">1</td><td>Nurse.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp;  Portsmouth</td><td class="tdr pad">6</td><td>Nurses (Men).</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="3"><em>Class III.</em></td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Hospital, Montauk</td><td class="tdr pad">125</td><td>Nurses.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sternberg Hospital, Chickamauga</td><td class="tdr pad">64</td><td class="pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="3"><em>Class IV.</em></td></tr>
+<tr><td>L.I. City Relief Station</td><td class="tdr pad">29</td><td>Nurses, 2 Surgeons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Relief Tents, Montauk Station</td><td class="tdr pad">1</td><td class="pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nassau Hospital, Hempstead</td><td class="tdr pad">20</td><td class="pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Home for Convalescent Soldiers at Sag Harbor</td><td class="tdr top pad">6</td><td class="top pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Convalescent Home of 8th Reg’t, Hunter’s Island</td><td class="tdr top pad">2</td><td class="top pad">”</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="top">U.S. Transport “Lampasas”</td><td class="tdr pad top">29</td><td>Nurses(of these many were Volunteers).</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The salaries of some and maintenance of all were borne by the auxiliary.
+Nurses were also supplied on emergency calls to the Eighth and Ninth
+Regiment Armories.</p>
+
+<p>Auxiliary No. 5 sent equipped cots to the different camps in the United
+States, Cuba and Porto Rico, supplying in all 3766.</p>
+
+<p>Auxiliary No. 10 undertook to send ice to Cuba and Porto Rico, the
+blockading fleet, and the different camps. This auxiliary also furnished
+the ice plant on the Hospital Ship “Missouri,” and expended in all for
+ice $27,802.20.</p>
+
+<p>The work of this auxiliary appealed especially to every one during the
+hot weather, and donations poured in upon it, not the least of which was
+a steady income from the “Nathalie Schenck Ice Chain,” which produced a
+revenue of $24,000 in three months.</p>
+
+<p>Auxiliary No. 17, enrolled seventy-four sub-auxiliaries, with a total
+membership of 6173.</p>
+
+<p>To the Supply Committee this auxiliary sent in the largest quantity of
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_480" title="480"></a>Auxiliary No. 19 raised funds for a laundry plant, and put same on
+Hospital Ship “Missouri.”</p>
+
+<p>Auxiliary No. 22 had five sub-auxiliaries, with a total membership of
+1018. 14,144 garments, 850 cases and packages of food, and 12,583 books
+and magazines were sent to the Supply Depot. In September the auxiliary
+took as its particular work the supplying of clothing to destitute
+soldiers applying for same, with properly signed orders, at 554
+Broadway. Nearly 800 men were given underwear, blue flannel shirts,
+socks, handkerchiefs, night shirts, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>Auxiliary No. 40.&mdash;The War Emergency Relief Board of Cleveland became an
+auxiliary to the Red Cross in June, with 163 sub-auxiliaries. Ten
+thousand dollars in money, and between thirty and forty thousand dollars
+worth of supplies, were sent to the front. Two thousand dollars were
+spent in fitting up unfurnished wards in Cleveland hospitals, where 533
+soldiers were cared for. The wives and families of soldiers and sailors
+were also cared for. Five thousand four hundred and fifty hot breakfasts
+and dinners were served at the Union Depot to soldiers passing through
+Cleveland. Four hundred cases of clothing and delicacies were shipped by
+this auxiliary.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Requisitions Filled by Supply Committee.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><em>June 22 to December 1.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Total Number, 427.</span></p>
+
+<table summary="Requisitions filled">
+<tr><td>To Santiago</td><td class="pad">Shipments,</td><td class="tdr">26</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Porto Rico</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Camp Wikoff</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">53</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; Thomas</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">34</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; Alger</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; Black</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; Townsend</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; Hobson</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Jacksonville</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Tampa</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Miami</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Governor’s Island</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Bedloe’s Island</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Seavey’s Island</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Fort Wadsworth</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a class="pagenum" id="Page_483" title="483"></a>
+&nbsp;”&nbsp; Fortress Monroe</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Fort Riley</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Fort Hamilton</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Fort McPherson</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Quarantine</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Bellevue Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Roosevelt Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Brooklyn Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; St. Peter’s Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; St. Francis’ Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; St. Catherine’s Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; St. Joseph’s Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Yonkers Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Mount Vernon Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; New Rochelle Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Jamaica Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Nassau Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Long Island College Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Long Island Red Cross Emergency Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Stapleton Marine Hospital</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; U.S.S. “St Paul”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; “New Hampshire”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; “Nahant”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; “Harvard”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; “Kanawha”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; “Elfrida”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; “Vigilancia”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; “Supply”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; Hospital Ship “Missouri”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  ”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ”&nbsp; &nbsp; “Relief”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; “Red Cross” Yacht</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; 9th Regiment Armory</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; 8th&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; 71st &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; 13th&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ”&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Convalescent Homes</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">43</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Soldiers’ Comfort Committees</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Distribution to Soldiers at Supply Depot</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">13</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Stephen E. Barton</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Dr. B.B. Lanier, U.S.A.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Major Henry Page, U.S.V.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Mrs. L. Hutton, Athens, Ga.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Mrs. G.M. Moulton, Savannah</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;”&nbsp; Mrs. F.M. Armstrong, Hampton, Va.</td><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdr bb">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdc" >Total</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">427</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_481" title="481"></a>
+ <img src="images/i105.jpg" width="400" height="517" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A CUBAN “BLOCK HOUSE,” GARRISONED.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_482" title="482"></a>
+ <img src="images/i106.jpg" width="500" height="343" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A VIEW OF EASTERN CUBA.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_484" title="484"></a>EXTRACTS OF REPORTS FROM CAMPS.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Jacksonville, Fla.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center">Field Agent, Rev. Alexander Kent.</p>
+
+<p>Headquarters opened June 16, 1898. The hospital was found in a very
+distressing and unhealthful condition. Most of the patients were indeed
+on cots, but few had either sheets or night shirts to cover them! It was
+also found that the sick had no suitable food, and when the suitable
+food was provided it was found that there was no provision for preparing
+it!</p>
+
+<p>The government provided many sheets, many cots, many pillows, but the
+demand ever outran the supply, and the Red Cross was called on
+continually to supply the lack.</p>
+
+<p>The government made no provision for ice, milk, eggs, lemons, malted
+milk, peptonoids, clam bouillon, beef extracts and delicacies of all
+kinds until after the first of September, when each patient was allowed
+sixty cents a day. All supplies of this sort were furnished by the Red
+Cross, or by the beneficient agencies.</p>
+
+<p>At the Second Division Hospital the Red Cross paid for a bath house,
+kitchen and large circular tent for convalescents&mdash;100 cots, mattresses
+and 1000 pillows. Sheets, pillow cases, night shirts, pajamas and towels
+were sent by the thousand.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross furnished over $1000 worth of medicines not on the
+government list, over 1000 bath and surgical sponges, 50 ice chests,
+over 700 buckets, tumblers by the barrel, medicine glasses, ice bags,
+hypodermic syringes, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Over $1300 was spent for hospital equipment and supplies of various
+kinds; in addition to this, large shipments were received from New York.</p>
+
+<p>An important part of the work in this camp was the supplying of ice for
+the purpose of cooling the drinking water. The cost of this ice, $6000,
+was met by Auxiliary No. 10.</p>
+
+<p>The milk bills averaged $500 a week.</p>
+
+<p>When the Recuperating Hospital was opened at Pablo Beach, the Red Cross,
+at the request of the chief surgeon, supplied 250 sets of dishes, with a
+complete outfit of pitchers, trays, buckets, etc.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_485" title="485"></a>The several heads of divisional hospitals have said to the agent again
+and again, “The hospitals never could have equipped themselves. They
+would have broken down utterly without the aid of the Red Cross.”</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, Ga.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center">Field Agent, E.C. Smith.</p>
+
+<p>“No array of mere numerals written to express dollars, or tables of
+figures standing for quantities, could, in comprehensive sense, tell the
+story of the Red Cross work at Chickamauga in 1898. The record is
+written indelibly in the hearts of thousands of soldiers who were
+stricken with disease on this battlefield, and the story has been told
+at quiet firesides in every State of the Union.” Here in Chickamauga men
+fell from the ranks day after day, and were carried helpless to the
+regimental, division, corps and general hospitals, stricken by an unseen
+foe. It was at these hospitals that the Red Cross sent supplies of all
+kinds, medical and surgical, clothing, bedding, delicacies, etc. The
+agent, Mr. Smith, was told to supply everything needed, regardless of
+cost. Milk and ice were the chief requisites, and all the surrounding
+farming country was called upon to supply the milk, some of it coming as
+far as Biltmore, N.C. The agent ascertained the necessities of the sick
+through the best official sources, and without delay the necessities
+were supplied.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smith was stricken at his post with typhoid, but is now
+convalescent.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Washington, D.C.</span></h4>
+
+<div class="quote hang">
+  Headquarters for Camp Alger, Point Sheridan, Va., Washington
+  Barracks Post Hospital, Camp Bristow, Fort Meyer, Fortress Monroe.
+  B.H. Warner, Agent and Chairman Executive Committee of Red Cross at
+  Washington.
+</div>
+
+<p>By this branch of the Red Cross a large part of the work in camps was
+undertaken. A meeting was called on June 21, at which a large number of
+citizens met, and an Executive Committee was formed to carry on the
+relief work at these different posts.</p>
+
+<p>Captain George C. Lewis was the representative of the committee at Camp
+Alger. He was constantly on duty there, seeing that supplies were
+furnished and all possible relief extended&mdash;mattresses, pillows, sheets,
+pillow cases, mosquito bars, night shirts, pajamas, handkerchiefs,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_486" title="486"></a>
+underclothing, medicines, groceries and delicacies were supplied in
+large quantities to this camp.</p>
+
+<p>Point Sheridan was visited by Mrs. Mussey, a member of the Committee. It
+was found that they were suffering for supplies of all kinds, but
+especially for medicines, which had been ordered a month before, but had
+not been received. Proper medicines were delivered by the Red Cross
+within twenty-four hours, and other necessities were supplied, large
+shipments being also sent from New York.</p>
+
+<p>When the Washington Barracks was made a post hospital, the Red Cross
+supplied daily 800 pounds of ice, 5 gallons chicken soup, 30 gallons of
+milk, 20 pounds of butter and 2 crates of eggs weekly. Also furnished
+1200 suits underwear, several hundred suits of pajamas, several hundred
+pairs socks, and slippers, 500 towels, medicines, antiseptic dressings,
+etc. The work at this point closed October 8.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of War gave authority for the establishment of diet
+kitchens, in the camps near Washington, and Mrs. Mussey was given
+general charge of this special work. A diet kitchen was established at
+Camp Bristow, one at the hospital at the Washington Barracks and at Fort
+Meyer.</p>
+
+<p>The government had voluntarily paid for meat, chicken and milk, leaving
+the committee only bills for groceries and wages of employees.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Green rendered such efficient service that she has been employed by
+the government to establish diet kitchens at other points.</p>
+
+<p>“Physicians, nurses and patients unite in saying the aid they secured
+from the work was of inestimable value.”</p>
+
+<p>To Fortress Monroe supplies were sent one day after they were called
+for, consisting in part of 500 suits pajamas, 25 pairs crutches, 200
+pairs slippers, 350 yards rubber sheeting, large quantities antiseptic
+dressings, 60 gallons whiskey and brandy, 200 cans soups, basins,
+pitchers, dishes, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements were also made at this point for supplying ice for the use
+of the troops on board the transports going South, and also for the sick
+on their journey North.</p>
+
+<p>The branch of work undertaken by this committee, which was the most
+difficult to conduct, was in looking after the sick soldiers who passed
+through the city. Soldiers from almost forty different regiments were
+fed and cared for when ill. In all, about 40,000 men. The War Department
+paid for the bread used in this branch of the work. All bills for ice,
+and ice chests provided by this committee, were paid for by Auxiliary
+No. 10.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_487" title="487"></a>“It is gratifying to be able to state that whatever view the surgeons
+and other officers may have had as to the need of the Red Cross at the
+beginning of the war, at the close they joined with the private soldier
+in testifying to its wonderful and efficient work.”</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Yacht “Red Cross.”</span></h4>
+
+<p>The yacht “Red Cross” was bought by the Relief Committee, to be used by
+Miss Barton as headquarters during her stay in Cuba. The yacht sailed
+from New York for Key West on June 30, laden with twenty-five tons of
+surgical and medical supplies, and with five doctors, arriving at Key
+West on July 10. From Key West the yacht sailed for Santiago on July 16.
+She ran into a storm, and was so badly damaged she had to put back to
+Key West for repairs. It was found impossible to repair her there, so
+the medical supplies were transferred to a transport sailing for Cuba,
+and the “Red Cross” returned to New York, arriving August 4.</p>
+
+<p>In three or four days she was in order again, and took on board a cargo
+of supplies for Camp Wikoff. She was then offered to the government to
+transfer patients from the general hospitals at Camp Wikoff to the
+hospitals in New York, New Haven, and adjacent cities, where the
+soldiers could receive better shelter and care. The yacht was
+comfortably fitted out, and made twenty-eight trips, carrying in all 449
+sick men. During these trips she carried a doctor and three trained
+nurses to care for the sick, and often the relatives and friends of the
+soldiers were allowed to accompany those whom they had been to find at
+Camp Wikoff.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Camp Wikoff, Montauk Point, L.I.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center">Field Agent, Mr. Howard Townsend.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult indeed, in giving extracts of this report, to present
+any idea of the great work accomplished here. Mr. Townsend visited the
+camp on August 8, and, after returning to New York to report to the
+Relief Committee, went to Montauk on the 10th to open “headquarters.”
+The first, and in some respects the most important work was the delivery
+of a daily supply of water for the troops. Ten thousand gallons of
+hygeia water were delivered to the government,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_488" title="488"></a> and four tank cars were
+brought daily from Jamaica with fresh spring water. This work ceased
+when the great well was finished. To the general hospital such supplies
+were furnished as were rendered necessary by the confusion and hurry of
+the first weeks, indeed a large part of the articles necessary for a
+hospital were placed in the wards a few hours after the need was
+discovered.</p>
+
+<p>We supplied but few delicacies to the hospital after it was in running
+order. Oranges and lemons, were, however, supplied at the rate of 1000 a
+day, and 200 gallons of milk were furnished, until, by order of
+Secretary Alger, the government furnished 2000 gallons of milk a day to
+the hospitals and troops. The detention hospital we also kept abundantly
+supplied with delicacies, and often with necessities.</p>
+
+<p>The regimental hospitals were found to be in great need of equipment and
+food suitable for the sick, and to this part of the work Dr. Geo. E.
+Brewer and Mr. Samuel Parrish devoted themselves, making daily visits to
+the regiments, and assisting the regimental surgeons in their
+discouraging work.</p>
+
+<p>Auxiliary No. 3 sent a dietary expert, Mrs. Willard, to the camp to
+establish diet kitchens, and with the aid of Mr. Prescott, of the
+Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Society they were established in connection
+with the various hospitals, and such satisfactory results were worked
+out that the government agreed to pay all the expenses.</p>
+
+<p>The feeding of all the sick and half-starved men who arrived from Cuba
+on the transports was undertaken by Dr. and Mrs. Valentine Mott, while
+Dr. Magruder, chief quarantine officer, exerted himself admirably in Red
+Cross work, carrying continually stores of Red Cross delicacies to those
+ships which were in quarantine and suffering for lack of food.</p>
+
+<p>At the railroad station, the men leaving on sick furlough frequently
+collapsed, and here the government erected two tents for the Red Cross,
+and Miss Martha L. Draper was asked to take charge. The men were fed
+with milk, and when necessary given a few ounces of whiskey to enable
+them to continue their journey. Those who were unable to take the train
+were kept in the tents over night, which sheltered at times as many as
+twenty sick men!
+
+A great effort was made to answer all the inquiries from relatives of
+the missing soldiers. Few can realize the number of letters and
+telegrams received each day from all parts of the country.</p>
+
+<p>“Owing to the recognition given to the Red Cross agent by Major-General
+Young when the camp was first begun, the Red Cross<a class="pagenum" id="Page_489" title="489"></a> was able to enter
+into a far broader sphere of usefulness than would otherwise have been
+possible.”</p>
+
+<p>The following list is given of articles furnished by the Red Cross, to
+show in what quantities the supplies were used:</p>
+
+<table summary="Articles furnished by the Red Cross">
+<tr><td>Equipped cots</td><td class="tdr pad">1,523</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Suits underwear</td><td class="tdr pad">4,948</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pairs of socks</td><td class="tdr pad">4,322</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Night shirts</td><td class="tdr pad">4,322</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pajamas</td><td class="tdr pad">4,733</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Comfort bags</td><td class="tdr pad">1,511</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sheets</td><td class="tdr pad">2,471</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pillow cases</td><td class="tdr pad">2,536</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Handkerchiefs</td><td class="tdr pad">10,946</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pairs of slippers</td><td class="tdr pad">2,423</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Towels</td><td class="tdr pad">6,554</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pillows</td><td class="tdr pad">800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Blankets</td><td class="tdr pad">929</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cocoa</td><td class="tdr pad">1,440</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Soups (cans)</td><td class="tdr pad">10,344</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lactated food (bottles)</td><td class="tdr pad">3,456</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beef extract</td><td class="tdr pad">1,224</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In all, 178 different articles were furnished, and many of them in as
+large, some in even larger numbers than these given.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Red Cross Relief Station, Long Island City.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center">Mrs. Hammond in charge.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross Relief Station was opened on August 29th. The building
+which was directly opposite the railroad station, and in every way most
+admirably adapted to the work, was offered to the Society by Patrick J.
+Gleason, ex-Mayor of Long Island City. On the second and third floors of
+this building, cots were erected, diet kitchens were started, a corps of
+servants employed, and in a day or two everything was in readiness. All
+the trains arriving from Montauk were met and the men assisted to the
+Red Cross Relief Station, where they were all fed. Many men were too ill
+to continue on their journey and were kept at the “Emergency Hospital,”
+or sent to hospitals in New York and Brooklyn. The work, in a day or
+two, assumed such large proportions that cots were erected on the first
+floor, and the Information and Business offices were in a tent in front
+of the building. Even this proved inadequate, and fifteen tents were
+erected, each holding six cots.</p>
+
+<p>Competent trained nurses were on duty, supplied by Auxiliary No. 3.</p>
+
+<p>Two ambulances were supplied by Auxiliary No 1.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_490" title="490"></a>Clothing and delicacies of all kinds were dispensed in large quantities.</p>
+
+<p>Over fourteen thousand men were fed, and about $7000 was spent in
+carrying on this work.</p>
+
+<p>From the reports of the physicians in charge we can safely say that for
+the first two weeks 75 per cent of all that came in were sick, needing
+care and medical attention, the third week about 50 per cent, and the
+fourth week about 25 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>It was due to the untiring enthusiasm of the women interested in the
+relief work that the society was able to carry it on so successfully.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_491" title="491"></a>
+THE WOMAN’S AUXILIARIES OF THE RED CROSS.</h3>
+
+<p>By special authority from the American National Red Cross, these
+auxiliaries were organized under the auspices of the Relief Committee in
+New York, acting in conjunction with the Executive Committee of the Red
+Cross. Therefore, full reports of what they have accomplished have not
+been sent direct to the national headquarters. Among the woman’s
+auxiliaries it was the custom for each to organize for some special
+work, and devote their entire attention to it. It is a pleasure to be
+able to insert here, as an example of the manner in which these loyal
+women did their part in the work of war relief, the following from the
+report of Auxiliary No. 3, organized for the maintenance of trained
+nurses:</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">From the Report of Red Cross Auxiliary No. 3.</span></h4>
+
+<p>At the request of the Women’s Committee on Auxiliaries, this auxiliary
+was organized on May 18, 1898, to provide funds for the maintenance of
+trained nurses. It was the original intention that these nurses should
+be placed on a hospital ship to be furnished by the National Relief
+Committee. It was not long, however, before this plan of specialized
+work was abandoned by the Relief Committee, and the Executive Committee
+of the auxiliary adapted itself to the change, by using its funds and
+devoting its energies in supplying and maintaining trained nurses in
+army hospitals, where, owing to the suddenness and greatness of the
+emergency, the supply and maintenance of an adequate number of nurses
+were not in the government’s power. This form of work was begun early in
+July, and on the 19th of that month was, with the concurrence of the
+Relief Committee, finally adopted as the chief purpose of the auxiliary.
+It is hoped that some estimate of the success achieved may be gained
+from this report.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on its organization, the important work of raising money was
+undertaken, systematic efforts were made to reach subscribers, associate
+members were enlisted, circulars were sent out, and personal appeals
+were made. From Paris alone, by the generosity of French and American
+friends, more than $21,000 was received. Suburban branches were also
+established, which, under the direction<a class="pagenum" id="Page_492" title="492"></a> of separate committees, labored
+earnestly and contributed largely, both in money and in supplies. The
+chief of these branches were at Seabright, Elberon, Navesink, Orange,
+New Hamburg, Tuxedo, Tarrytown, Northern Westchester County, Riverdale,
+Rye and Harrison, White Plains, Lake George, St. Hubert’s Inn, Lenox,
+Wakefield and Narragansett and Bar Harbor. The Executive Committee met
+frequently to consider this question of ways and means, and the
+assistant treasurer, Mrs. Edmund L. Baylies, was soon able to report a
+generous response. As shown by her account, the sum of $107,785.12 has
+in all been collected, of which $72,101.64 has already been expended.
+Without this hearty support from the friends of the cause, the good
+accomplished by the auxiliary would have been sadly restricted. Indeed,
+when the critical time of arranging coöperation with the government
+came, we might never have felt justified in undertaking such a
+responsibility, had our actual contributions not been so large, and the
+assurance of further financial support so definite.</p>
+
+<p>On June 30 the first call for nurses came in the shape of a telegraphic
+dispatch from Santiago, sent by Dr. A. Monae Lesser, chief surgeon of
+the American National Red Cross Society. Two days later, in compliance
+with this dispatch, a party consisting of twelve trained nurses, one
+immune nurse, and one assistant, was sent from New York to Tampa in
+charge of Miss Laura D. Gill, with orders to proceed to Santiago at the
+first opportunity. This party was reinforced by a second, consisting of
+three physicians and eleven nurses, who left New York on July 4 in
+charge of Miss Isabel Rutty. A third party of two physicians, thirty-two
+nurses, and six orderlies was sent forward the same week, and reached
+Tampa on the evening of July 9. The first available steamer for Santiago
+was the U.S. transport “Lampasas,” which was taking out Col. Black and
+his engineering corps, and through the kindness of General Coppinger and
+Col. Edmond Rice, five physicians, twenty-nine nurses, and two orderlies
+were given transportation upon that ship.</p>
+
+<p>The “Lampasas” reached Santiago just after its surrender, but owing to
+the recent outbreak of yellow fever in the city, a strict quarantine had
+been established, and none but immunes were permitted to go ashore. The
+steamer thereupon proceeded to Porto Rico, and on reaching the harbor of
+Guanica was converted into a hospital ship. The plan of landing the
+nurses was abandoned, and they immediately devoted themselves to the
+care of the 112 soldiers, most of them typhoid fever patients, for whom
+accommodation was provided on the vessel.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_493" title="493"></a> Two of these patients died at
+Guanica, two at Ponce, and four on the homeward voyage. The remaining
+104 were safely landed at Fort Monroe early in August. Miss Mary E.
+Gladwin, who was with the party, spoke for all the nurses when she said
+that this “Lampasas” trip was the opportunity of a lifetime, and that
+the two weeks of absorbing work “were worth years of ordinary living.”</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the rest of our party at Tampa had embarked on another
+government transport, the “Nueces,” also bound for Santiago. But within
+a few hours after the “Lampasas” left the dock at Tampa, and before the
+“Nueces” could get away, a telegram was received telling of the outbreak
+of yellow fever in Cuba. By direction of the government, all of our
+party, except one trained nurse and four assistants, were thereupon
+removed from the “Nueces,” and left in Tampa to await further
+developments. The five excepted members of the party proceeded to Cuba,
+and some time afterwards returned to New York in attendance upon the
+patients who were brought home on the steamer “Concho.”</p>
+
+<p>It was in Tampa, while these nurses were impatiently awaiting
+transportation to the front, that the sudden outbreak of typhoid fever
+in the camp there gave the first important occasion for their services.
+Four nurses, under the charge of Mrs. E.B. Freer, were assigned to the
+Division Hospital at Picnic Island, and continued their work until about
+July 27, when the sick men were removed and the island abandoned as a
+camp. The services of Mrs. Freer’s party were then desired by Colonel
+O’Reilly, chief surgeon of the Fourth Army Corps, and she was asked on
+Saturday, July 30, to superintend the opening of a new military hospital
+in West Tampa. Authority and funds were, on application to the auxiliary
+in New York, telegraphed her accordingly, and the effectiveness of the
+compliance with the chief surgeon’s request will appear when it is said
+that by evening of the next day (Sunday) a three-story brick building
+was selected for the hospital, thoroughly cleaned, equipped with cots
+and other necessary hospital appliances, and the cots themselves
+occupied by fifty soldiers suffering from typhoid and malarial fevers.
+The spirit of this auspicious beginning guided the conduct of the
+hospital until its last patient had been discharged on October 14. Five
+hundred soldiers, chiefly typhoid patients, were treated during those
+ten weeks, and only eleven deaths occurred. Even a modern city hospital
+might be proud of such a record.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the constant efforts of the auxiliary to send nurses to Cuba
+were thwarted by the appearance of yellow fever in Santiago.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_494" title="494"></a>
+Notwithstanding our repeated offers, the government adhered to its
+determination to permit none but immune nurses at the front, and the
+extension of the auxiliary’s work seemed to be hopelessly checked. The
+situation with which we were confronted was most serious. We had sought
+and collected over $60,000 in money, and notwithstanding the great
+amount of suffering, and our conviction that if only permitted to do so
+we might relieve so much of it, we were nearly helpless. Happily, a
+speedy and most gratifying solution of the problem was found in the
+following manner: The Executive Board of the Relief Committee decided to
+send a committee representing itself and this auxiliary to Washington,
+to reach some positive understanding with the President and the
+surgeon-general of the army regarding the regular employment of our
+nurses.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of July 15, this committee, consisting of Mr. Howard
+Townsend, Mrs. Whitelaw Reid and Mrs. Winthrop Cowdin, was accorded a
+private interview at the White House by President McKinley, who listened
+with kindly attention to a brief explanation of the aims and purposes of
+the auxiliary, and expressed himself as entirely in sympathy with them.
+At his request, a conference at the White House between the committee,
+the Secretary of War and the surgeon-general was arranged for the
+following morning. That same evening the committee called also upon the
+adjutant-general, and was assured of his co-operation in their efforts.
+Owing doubtless to the limited time at the disposal of the
+surgeon-general, who was on his way to meet the hospital ship “Olivette”
+on its first journey North with a load of wounded from Santiago, no
+definite results were reached at the conference the next morning. The
+Secretary of War, however, said he would aid us to the extent of his
+power, and the surgeon-general promised another interview with the same
+committee at Mrs. Reid’s house in New York, Sunday afternoon, July 17.
+The result of this interview is thus stated in a letter from General
+Sternberg to Mrs. Reid:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>I take pleasure in confirming by letter the arrangements made at our
+  interview in New York on the 17th instant.</p>
+
+<p>I am quite willing to employ female nurses vouched for by yourself
+  as secretary of the Red Cross Society for Maintenance of Trained
+  Nurses. I had previously made very satisfactory arrangements for the
+  employment of trained female nurses through a committee of the
+  Daughters of the American Revolution. As I said to you during our
+  interview, I recognize the value of trained female nurses in
+  general<a class="pagenum" id="Page_495" title="495"></a> hospitals, and we expect to make use of their services to
+  such an extent as seems to be desirable. But I do not approve of
+  sending female nurses with troops in the field or to camps of
+  instruction. It is the intention to transfer the seriously sick men
+  from our field hospitals to the general hospitals as soon as
+  practicable; and we wish our enlisted men of the Hospital Corps to
+  take care of the sick in the Division Field hospitals and in camps
+  of instruction, so that they may be fully prepared to perform the
+  same duties when the troops are in active operations.</p>
+
+<p>Among these privates of the Hospital Corps who constitute the Red
+  Cross organization of the regular military service, and who are
+  non-combatants in accordance with the terms of the Geneva
+  Convention, we have many medical students and even graduates in
+  medicine.</p>
+
+<p>I have made an exception with reference to sending female nurses to
+  Cuba in view of the outbreak of yellow fever in Santiago, and am now
+  sending immune nurses, both male and female, for duty at the yellow
+  fever hospitals. In accordance with our agreement, you are
+  authorized to send ten female trained nurses, selected by yourself,
+  to the Leiter Hospital at Camp Thomas, Ga.; ten to the U.S. General
+  Hospital at Fort Monroe, Va.; and two to the hospital at Fort
+  Wadsworth, N.Y., the understanding being that those at Fort Monroe
+  and at Fort Wadsworth shall be boarded and lodged outside of the
+  hospital.</p>
+
+<p>Thanking you very sincerely for your earnest efforts in behalf of
+  our sick and wounded soldiers, I am, etc.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This letter was accompanied by an order for twenty nurses to be sent at
+once to the hospitals in the city of Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of this permission of the government, three men nurses were
+sent on July 21 to the Marine Hospital at Staten Island, and Miss
+Marjorie Henshall went with three women nurses to the Post Hospital at
+Fort Wadsworth, where a number of sick and wounded officers had just
+been landed from the “Olivette.” An example of the immediate benefit
+resulting from the increased powers of the auxiliary may be found in the
+case of one of the lieutenants in the regular army, who had been ill
+with fever for weeks in Santiago without proper care, and who had
+reached New York in an almost dying condition. The surgeons in charge
+attributed his recovery to the timely arrival of the nurses under Miss
+Henshall.</p>
+
+<p>In further accordance with the surgeon-general’s permission, the nurses
+who were on waiting orders at Tampa were sent to the Leiter Hospital
+near Chattanooga, where ten were immediately placed on duty by the chief
+surgeon, Major Carter; and as they could not be provided for in the
+hospital building, Miss Gill went to Chattanooga to arrange for their
+maintenance in quarters near by. The service at the Leiter Hospital was
+peculiarly hard, and one of the nurses, Miss Phinney,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_496" title="496"></a> died there as a
+result of the great mental and physical strain to which she was
+subjected.</p>
+
+<p>Ten nurses were sent on July 22 to the General Hospital, Fort Monroe, in
+charge of Miss Lida G. Starr. As this hospital consisted largely of
+tents, it was necessary for the nurses to be maintained in hotels, in
+the neighborhood. Later, other nurses came, and soon the entire force,
+with two exceptions, had signed contracts with the government, but were
+maintained at the expense of the auxiliary. The total number of nurses
+maintained by the auxiliary in service at this place was at times as
+large as forty-five. Ten other nurses, maintained by the Woman’s War
+Relief Association, shared in the work there. In all seventeen hundred
+patients were treated at this hospital, of whom only thirty-four died.
+To Miss Starr is due much credit for the admirable management of the
+funds intrusted to her by the auxiliary, and for the sedulous care she
+bestowed upon the welfare of the nurses. Only this, as they themselves
+realized, made it possible for them to perform so remarkable a work,&mdash;a
+work of which Major De Witt, the surgeon in charge, said: “I am
+satisfied that whatever success we may have had in the treatment of our
+sick and wounded has been in great measure due to the skill and devotion
+of the female nurses.”</p>
+
+<p>Our labor at Charleston involved somewhat different necessities. The
+city hospitals were crowded with soldiers who had been taken ill on
+their way from the camps to the transports. Additional nurses were thus
+greatly needed, and on July 24 twenty, in charge of Miss Martha L.
+Draper, were sent to meet the emergency. That their services were
+valuable and appreciated is shown by the testimonials granted them by
+the Board of Commissioners of the City Hospital of Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>When, in early August, the steamship “Missouri” was bought by the
+government for a hospital ship, Mrs. Reid offered women nurses to the
+officer in charge, Major Arthur. As the construction of the ship did not
+afford accommodations which permitted the presence of women on board,
+this offer was changed. The department had allowed Major Arthur ten male
+nurses, but the government salary did not command the quality of service
+which the special work of superintendence required. It was therefore
+proposed to choose, under the advice of Dr. Fisher, of the Presbyterian
+Hospital, a small supplementary corps of exceptionally able nurses, who
+could assume the responsibility of the wards. When these men had been
+chosen, they impressed Major Arthur so favorably that he decided to
+dispense with the ten<a class="pagenum" id="Page_497" title="497"></a> nurses allowed him by the government, take these
+selected men under contract, pay them the regulation salary, and leave
+upon the auxiliary the expense only of the additional salary necessary
+to command this superior nursing ability. The men retained the position
+of Red Cross nurses, and wore the special uniform provided by the
+auxiliary. Ten men made the trip to Santiago, but for the second and
+third trips the staff was increased to fourteen. The spirit and capacity
+of these men were severely tested on the first voyage by the unprepared
+state in which the emergency required that the “Missouri” be sent South,
+but they met their labors and hardships in a way which brought forth
+Major Arthur’s warmest praise.</p>
+
+<p>Forty-two nurses have in the course of the summer been sent to Fort
+Wadsworth, Staten Island, where, under the able management of Miss
+Marjorie Henshall, effective service has been rendered, giving absolute
+satisfaction to the surgeons in charge.</p>
+
+<p>At Governor’s Island Miss Alice Marie Wyckoff and Miss Barker have
+represented the auxiliary. Early in July they were occupied on Swinburn
+Island in caring for the many patients who arrived on the “Concho;” and
+when those patients were transferred to Governor’s Island, Major
+Kimball, the surgeon in charge, asked that the nurses be sent there to
+assist his hospital corps. This request was granted, and additional
+nurses have since been supplied. He speaks in high terms of what these
+nurses have done to aid him, and of their conspicuous success in rousing
+apathetic patients to assist in their own recovery.</p>
+
+<p>The situation of these two harbor hospitals, and of the hospital at Fort
+Hamilton, was especially favorable for the treatment of the very sick
+patients received from the transports directly from Santiago, or from
+the general hospital at Camp Wikoff. The remarkably small death-rate is
+directly attributable to the skill and devotion of the surgeons and
+nurses, to the carefully prepared food, and to the sea air blowing
+through the tents. “It has been most wonderful,” remarked Miss Ellen M.
+Wood, who was in charge of the nurses at Fort Hamilton, “to watch the
+soldiers grow young again” amid such surroundings. The part which Miss
+Wood and her assistants played in this beneficial change may be
+indicated by a quotation from a recent letter to the acting president of
+the auxiliary from Major and Brigade Surgeon Rafferty, commanding the
+General Hospital at Fort Hamilton:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_498" title="498"></a>Miss E.M. Wood, with five nurses, will report to you on Saturday,
+  October 15, 1898. They have been on duty with me in the camp and
+  wards of the United States General Hospital at this place for the
+  past six or eight weeks, and have rendered me noble, efficient and
+  conscientious work.</p>
+
+<p>I wish you would express to your auxiliary for me my great
+  appreciation of their efforts to ameliorate the suffering and
+  sickness of our soldiers returning from the seat of war. Were I to
+  choose the most worthy and successful body of workers from among all
+  the generous people who have been rendering such beautiful aid to
+  our sick and wounded, I should unhesitatingly point to your
+  Auxiliary for the Maintenance of Trained Nurses.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Much has been accomplished by the mission of the special committee to
+the surgeon-general in July; but later in the month it became
+increasingly apparent that some simpler routine of co-operation with the
+government must be established in order to secure the more rapid placing
+of the nurses. Under the existing conditions, all nurses ordered to army
+hospitals were selected by the Daughters of the American Revolution
+Hospital Corps, consisting of Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee, director; Miss
+Mary Desha and Mrs. Francis G. Nash, assistant directors; and Mrs. Amos
+G. Draper, treasurer. This hospital corps did noble work for the cause,
+and its co-operation was highly appreciated by the auxiliary. Dr. McGee,
+on whose advice in these matters the surgeon-general greatly relied, was
+indefatigable in her efforts, working day and night and month after
+month.</p>
+
+<p>But since Congress had provided no special fund for the transportation
+of nurses, considerable delay had always occurred before the nurses
+could reach the army hospitals; and as these hospitals were rapidly
+filling up with patients in consequence of the outbreak of typhoid and
+malarial fevers in the different camps, the effects of such delay became
+daily more dangerous. The acting president went again to Washington, and
+after conference with Dr. McGee and other members of this hospital
+corps, placed a fund of five hundred dollars in the hands of Mrs.
+Draper, as acting treasurer, to meet transportation expenses originating
+at Washington. This fund was most efficiently managed by Mrs. Draper,
+and was replenished from time to time until September 6, when $5425.80
+had been so disbursed. Thereafter the government assumed the entire
+expense of transportation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_499" title="499"></a>
+ <img src="images/i107.jpg" width="500" height="317" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">A PART OF THE RED CROSS CORPS</div>
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>That was working with the Reconcentrados in Cuba before the declaration
+of war, waiting at Tampa, Florida, for the Red Cross Relief Ship “State
+of Texas,” to carry them back to Cuba to resume their work.</em></div>
+
+ <hr class="tb"/>
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_500" title="500"></a>
+ <img src="images/i108.jpg" width="500" height="380" alt="380" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by <cite>The Christian Herald</cite>.</div>
+ <div class="caption">“I AM WITH THE WOUNDED.”&mdash;<em>Clara Barton’s cable message from Havana.</em></div>
+ <div class="subcaption poetry-container">
+  <div class="poetry">
+   <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="line">“I am with the wounded,” flashed along the wire</div>
+    <div class="line">from the isle of Cuba, swept with sword and fire.</div>
+    <div class="line">Angel sweet of mercy, may your cross of red</div>
+    <div class="line">Cheer the wounded living; bless the wounded dead.</div>
+   </div>
+   <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="line">“I am with the starving,” let the message run</div>
+    <div class="line">From this stricken island, when this task is done;</div>
+    <div class="line">Food and money plenty wait at your command.</div>
+    <div class="line">Give in generous measure; fill each outstretched hand.</div>
+   </div>
+   <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="line">“I am with the happy,” this we long to hear</div>
+    <div class="line">From the isle of Cuba, trembling now in fear.</div>
+    <div class="line">May the great disaster touch the hearts of men,</div>
+    <div class="line">And, in God’s great mercy, bring back peace again.</div>
+    <div class="signature">&mdash;<span class="smcap">James Clarence Harvey.</span></div>
+   </div>
+  </div>
+ </div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>This general subject of transportation was one regarding which the
+auxiliary was able to render substantial service, and merits a few
+descriptive words. The pressure upon the Quartermaster’s Department at
+Washington during the summer made it impossible to be<a class="pagenum" id="Page_501" title="501"></a>certain of
+immediate transportation for nurses to their posts of duty. Even after
+orders were received, the nurses might be delayed several days for the
+necessary transportation pass. Under ordinary circumstances this might
+have seemed comparatively unimportant; but when a new hospital is opened
+and scores of patients lie waiting for the care which can be given only
+by the expected nurses, it is a matter of vital importance whether they
+come in twelve hours or a week.</p>
+
+<p>When the auxiliary acceded to the suggestion from Washington, and
+undertook to relieve this pressure by paying the transportation of
+nurses who could not otherwise be put into immediate service, quite a
+change in plan was made. A number of nurses were ordered to New York by
+Dr. McGee, and were held in readiness to respond to requests from any
+part of the country. These nurses, added to the numbers being constantly
+enlisted here, made a substantial reserve for sudden calls. In a few
+hours after a telegram asking for a given number of nurses was received,
+the nurses could meet at the railway station, find an agent of the
+auxiliary there, who would distribute the tickets and sleeping-car
+accommodations that had already been secured, check their trunks,
+provide for the payment of the incidental expenses of the journey, and
+see the party off for its destination. It is believed that the money,
+labor and thought expended in this way brought a rich return.</p>
+
+<p>As the responsibilities of the auxiliary developed, the need of a
+permanent office became apparent. In the absence of the president and
+first and second vice-presidents, Mrs. Cowdin became acting-president,
+and from July 28 to September 20 headquarters for the auxiliary were
+maintained at her residence, No. 15 West Eleventh street. Since
+September 20 the office of the auxiliary has been at Mrs. Reid’s
+residence, No. 451 Madison avenue. The scope and interest of the work
+increased daily, and its details required the entire attention of the
+executive officer, her assistants, Miss Gill and Miss Wadley, a
+stenographer and a bookkeeper. In addition, Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting, Mrs.
+W. Lanman Bull and Mrs. Geo. F. Shrady, Jr., of the executive committee,
+though compelled to be out of town, were in frequent communication with
+the New York office, and, in town and out, labored constantly to render
+the auxiliary more effective.</p>
+
+<p>On August 10, Miss Gill, who from the beginning gave herself completely
+to the work, and whose services were of inestimable value, went to
+Washington to clear up several points relative to the enlistment of
+nurses. Aside from the adjustment of some details, two<a class="pagenum" id="Page_502" title="502"></a> important
+results were obtained. One of these was the appointment by the
+surgeon-general of the acting president of the auxiliary as direct
+superintendent of the nurses at Fort Wadsworth, Fort Hamilton and
+Governor’s Island, with full power to appoint, transfer and recall them;
+the other, to which fuller reference will be hereafter made, was
+permission for Miss Maxwell, of the Presbyterian Hospital, New York, to
+go to Chickamauga with a party of nurses chosen by her. The Red Cross
+Hospital in New York, from which the nurses had theretofore been
+enlisted, being temporarily closed, Miss Maxwell offered her office at
+the Presbyterian Hospital for the registration of nurses sent out by the
+auxiliary; and at her urgent request, Miss K.M. Pierce, superintendent
+of the Samaritan Hospital at Troy, who was then in New York, devoted her
+vacation to making arrangements for the registration and transportation
+of the large number of nurses called into the city. After September 1
+this work devolved upon Miss Wadley, and was transferred to a separate
+bureau at No. 6 East Forty-second street, where, under her direction, it
+has reached a high degree of efficiency.</p>
+
+<p>One of the largest fields of the auxiliary’s activity was at
+Chickamauga. The typhoid epidemic which broke out in all the camps of
+instruction where our troops were stationed severely taxed the resources
+of the division hospitals. The surgeons had to rely mainly on the
+services of untrained men, and while the great need for the services of
+women was apparent, their employment in military camps had not then been
+attempted. Nowhere were the conditions more threatening than at
+Chickamauga; and toward the end of July, Miss Maud Cromelien, an agent
+of the auxiliary, visited the Division Hospitals at Camp Thomas. The
+need for prompt relief there manifested was imperative; and, acting
+under authority from New York, she made the following offer on behalf of
+the auxiliary to Lieutenant-Colonel Hoff, surgeon-in-chief at the camp,
+namely: to supply at least one division hospital with nurses; to meet
+all expenses of maintaining the nurses; and to erect, equip, and supply
+tents for their occupation; to supply a competent supervising nurse, and
+to make the entire party subject to the orders of the chief surgeon.
+This offer was reported to the surgeon-general at Washington, and by his
+direction accepted. Through the kindness of the managers of the
+Presbyterian Hospital, the auxiliary had the great good fortune to
+secure the consent of the superintendent of their training school, Miss
+Maxwell, to take charge of this relief party.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Maxwell at once threw herself into the arduous task, and having
+obtained twenty most capable nurses, with promises of many<a class="pagenum" id="Page_503" title="503"></a> more to
+follow, selected Miss Frances A. Stone as assistant superintendent, and
+started from New York with the party August 7. In the meantime, under
+the supervision of Miss Cromelien, dormitories and other accommodations
+had been provided at Camp Thomas, not only for this party, but for the
+large number of additional nurses that were expected. Upon reaching the
+camp, Miss Maxwell inspected the division hospitals, and then, by
+arrangement with the government authorities, took charge of the nursing
+at the Sternberg United States Field Hospital, which had just been
+opened to receive the overflow of patients from the crowded division
+hospitals. The suffering of the patients, and the pitiable lack of
+almost everything necessary to their proper care, are described by Miss
+Maxwell as among the saddest sights in her long experience. Yet out of
+all this misery and chaos much alleviation of pain and admirable order
+were soon brought. Beginning with 136 patients, 900 were received during
+the four weeks of Miss Maxwell’s superintendence. Of these 470 were
+furloughed and 68 died. In all the auxiliary expended at Chickamauga,
+for buildings, equipment, nurses, supplies and maintenance, more than
+$9000. In concluding her report of the work to the managers of the
+Presbyterian Hospital, Miss Maxwell wrote among other things:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>I cannot say enough in praise of the liberality and thoughtfulness
+  of the auxiliary of the Red Cross in supplying us with eight
+  dormitories, a bath-house, store-rooms, kitchen, dining-room,
+  house-keeper, servants, and not only the necessities, but many of
+  the luxuries of life.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This proposition of organizing a large field hospital with women nurses
+was at first generally looked upon as impracticable. It was urged that
+it had never been done, that women could not endure the hardships of
+field life, and that they would be an embarrassment in the camps, and so
+it was altogether as an experiment that the nurses were allowed to begin
+their work at the Sternberg Hospital. Something of the success of the
+experiment in changing the attitude of the surgeons toward the idea of
+women nurses in the field is shown by the following letter from
+Lieutenant-Colonel Hoff to Miss Cromelien, in which he says:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>I desire to express my sense of obligation to you and the society
+  you represent for the generous offer made on the 2d of August to
+  supply Sternberg Hospital with trained nurses and meet all their
+  natural wants, which offer, with the approval of the surgeon-general
+  of the army, I accepted on the 3d instant.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_504" title="504"></a>A very short time after this you established a nursing service in
+  this field hospital, which I venture to say is not surpassed in any
+  hospital, and is equaled in few,&mdash;a service which already has
+  brought to our sick soldiers untold comfort, and is aiding
+  materially in their restoration to health and strength. Certainly no
+  nobler undertaking could be inaugurated and carried out by the women
+  of our country, and none deserving of greater appreciation.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following tribute from Major Giffen, the surgeon in command at the
+Sternberg Hospital, is equally significant:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The Red Cross Society for the Maintenance of Trained Nurses can
+  truly say, <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">Veni, Vidi, Vici</em>, for without their helping hand I
+  would have been unable to have stayed the dread disease that has
+  been raging in our camp. Their helping hand came in the hour of
+  need, and the history of the future shall record each and every
+  member of the Red Cross Society as the guardian angels of the
+  Sternberg Hospital. My experience of years of hospital work has
+  enabled me to judge of the abilities of nurses, and I am proud to
+  say that this corps of nurses, under the excellent supervision of
+  Miss Maxwell, has never before been equaled.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>About the first of August the arrival of the transports from Santiago,
+and the opening of Camp Wikoff, at Montauk Point, afforded another great
+opportunity. The call, however, was sudden, and no chance was given to
+the auxiliary to provide tents specially fitted for the comfort of the
+nurses, as was done at the Sternberg Hospital. By special arrangement
+with the surgeon-general, the nurses ordered by him to Montauk reported
+to the acting president of the auxiliary and were sent forward
+immediately, or, as the occasion demanded, were cared for over night.
+Much has been said in criticism of the hospital conditions at Montauk,
+and too little of the fine service of the surgeons and nurses, who,
+under trying conditions, worked day and night to save the lives of their
+patients. Under the efficient management of Mrs. L.W. Quintard, of St.
+Luke’s Hospital, the nurses took up their labors with enthusiasm and
+with a determination to make the best of existing circumstances. By
+personal visits to the camp the acting president was enabled to
+ameliorate in many ways the hard conditions under which the nurses were
+so bravely working. Supplies of all sorts were sent down with the least
+possible delay.</p>
+
+<p>In the Detention Hospital, at Camp Wikoff, the fifty nurses to whose
+special needs Miss Virginia C. Young devoted herself on behalf of the
+auxiliary, cared for nearly eighteen hundred seriously ill<a class="pagenum" id="Page_505" title="505"></a> soldiers,
+many of whom had had yellow fever in Cuba, and were suffering, when
+brought to the hospital, from typhoid fever, pernicious malarial fever
+and dysentery. A few had measles or diphtheria. Sixty-two, or rather
+less than 4 per cent, of these patients died, a result which is believed
+to bear striking testimony to the quality and success of the care they
+received. In a graphic account of her experience at this hospital Miss
+Young writes:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>I wish I could make the women of the auxiliary fully understand what
+  their splendid generosity meant to us who had the joy of ministering
+  in their name. For the fifty women who fought day by day that grim
+  battle with disease and death could but have wrung their hands in
+  hopeless impotence had it not been for the hundreds of other women
+  by whose aid we were able to carry on our work. One could have no
+  more eloquent testimony to this than that furnished by a walk
+  through one of the fever wards of Detention Hospital, where the men
+  lay on Red Cross cots, in Red Cross pajamas, covered by Red Cross
+  sheets and blankets, and taking their Red Cross medicines or broth
+  or delicacies from Red Cross cups and glasses at the hands of Red
+  Cross nurses.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Through the energy of Mrs. M.H. Willard, agent for the auxiliary, and
+with the permission of Colonel Forwood, a diet kitchen was opened at the
+General Hospital, at Camp Wikoff, for the sick and convalescent
+soldiers. The expense of maintaining this kitchen was shortly afterwards
+entirely assumed by the government and by the Massachusetts Volunteer
+Aid Association. So successful was its operation under Mrs. Willard’s
+administration that four additional kitchens were opened. It is
+estimated that more than twenty thousand specially prepared meals for
+the sick and the convalescent have been served from these five kitchens.</p>
+
+<p>When the rooms of the Long Island City Relief Station were opened, near
+the railroad station, this auxiliary offered to supply the services of a
+physician and nurses, and continued to do so until, by reason of the
+removal of the troops, the need for the relief station ceased. One does
+not soon forget the first days when the soldiers began to arrive, the
+kindly interest felt by every one in and about the railroad station, the
+eagerness of the small newsboy to show the soldiers where the “Red
+Cross” was. To the soldier himself, weakened by illness and the fatigue
+of the journey, the place seemed a veritable haven of rest. Arrangements
+were made by the ladies in charge to send the very sick men immediately
+to the hospitals in Brooklyn and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_506" title="506"></a> New York. The others were given proper
+food and cared for until morning, or for the several days that sometimes
+elapsed until the soldier was able to continue his journey.</p>
+
+<p>Through the efforts of Mrs. Whitelaw Reid, and by the kindness of the
+president of the Wagner Car Company, the cars “Franconia” and “Wayne”
+were placed at the service of the auxiliary, and under its direction
+were fitted up and maintained as hospital cars. Surgeons and nurses
+accompanied these cars on the trips from Montauk, and ministered to
+those among the returning soldiers who needed special care. At Montauk
+itself the tents erected by the Red Cross Relief Committee at the
+railway station, a distance of two or three miles from the hospital and
+camp, were supplied with nurses by the auxiliary.</p>
+
+<p>Some excellent emergency work was accomplished by the auxiliary at the
+time of the outbreak of typhoid fever at Camp Black. Twelve nurses were
+selected, and at the urgent request of the acting president, Miss Irene
+Sutliffe of the New York Hospital, consented to take them to the camp on
+September 4, and organize a hospital under conditions which would have
+daunted the courage of most women. Nothing but tents and beds were
+provided for the reception of the one hundred and fifty patients, most
+of whom were very ill. Supplies of all kinds, including a complete diet
+kitchen outfit, were sent to the camp by the auxiliary. Additional
+nurses were furnished, and every effort was made to aid Miss Sutliffe
+and her staff in their arduous labors. It is gratifying to learn that in
+this way much suffering, and perhaps loss of life, was averted. On
+September 20 the patients then remaining were transferred to the Nassau
+Hospital, Hempstead.</p>
+
+<p>The destruction of Admiral Cervera’s fleet, and the landing of the
+Spanish prisoners at Seavey’s Island, Portsmouth, N.H., gave the
+auxiliary another opportunity for service. Learning that it was
+impossible for the government surgeons to obtain nurses in the
+neighborhood of Portsmouth, the acting president made a personal request
+to the surgeon-general of the navy to authorize the sending of six men
+nurses. This application was granted. In the two pavilions temporarily
+erected for the patients the nurses went to work with enthusiasm. They
+found the patients easily managed and always grateful for what was done
+for them. The nurses were able to excite feelings of such trust and
+confidence that these same patients, when placed upon the “City of Rome”
+for their homeward journey, asked that the Red Cross nurses should go
+with them to Spain. This<a class="pagenum" id="Page_507" title="507"></a> request was granted, and Mr. Brayman, who was
+in charge of the party, reports that the nurses were treated with much
+courtesy and cordiality, and that the voyage was accomplished without
+the loss of a single patient. It will be remembered that at the time of
+the sailing of the “City of Rome” many of the Spanish prisoners were not
+expected to live to reach their native land. At Santander the nurses
+were warmly welcomed by the Spanish representatives of the Red Cross
+Society. Mr. Brayman speaks of meeting one of his former patients in the
+streets of Santander, still wearing the United States uniform. On
+inquiry, the man replied, “This blouse was given me with three stripes
+and two stars. I shall wear them all.” At Bilboa the nurses received an
+especially cordial reception, and the American and Spanish
+representatives of the society which bears for its emblem, “Neutrality,
+Humanity,” exchanged brassards. Mr. Brayman afterward sent the brassard
+which was received by such exchange to a representative of the auxiliary
+in New York, with a letter from which the following extract is taken:
+“It gives me great pleasure to tell you that I do not believe any
+country can boast of a truer or nobler son than the young Spanish
+gentleman who formerly wore this emblem. His mother expressed a wish
+that one of the nurses might become ill there, that she might show how
+an American would be cared for by her.”</p>
+
+<p>Nurses were also sent by the auxiliary to the Eighth Regiment Home at
+Hunter’s Island, and to the Home for Soldiers opened by the citizens of
+Sag Harbor, Long Island.</p>
+
+<p>Supplementing these various branches of hospital service, two homes for
+convalescent soldiers were established under the direction of the
+auxiliary. One of these, Eunice Home of Chapel Hill, beautifully
+situated at Atlantic Highlands, N.J., was offered to the auxiliary by
+the trustees of the Chapel Hill Fresh Air Mission. Miss M.E. Melville
+and Dr. G.R. Winder were placed in charge, with a staff of nurses and
+servants, and several hundred soldiers have been cared for. Through the
+liberality of the Church of the Incarnation, our other home, the Summer
+Home Rest at Peekskill, was opened September 19, and has, aided by the
+untiring efforts of Mrs. W. Lanman Bull, cared for forty-two
+convalescent men. Every effort has been made in these homes to make the
+men happy, and they have returned to their regiments greatly improved in
+health, and in many cases quite recovered.</p>
+
+<p>But it was not the soldiers alone who demanded the aid of the auxiliary.
+The nurses themselves have also been objects of anxious<a class="pagenum" id="Page_508" title="508"></a> care. Unless
+their capacity for efficient service had been maintained, all our
+efforts would have been paralyzed. While in New York awaiting orders,
+they were placed in excellent boarding houses, through a satisfactory
+arrangement made by the auxiliary with the Home Bureau of No. 15 West
+Forty-second street. At every camp and hospital where they were
+stationed we undertook to supply them with pure water and milk, with
+nourishing food, and such other comforts as would increase their
+efficiency and remind them of the support and sympathy they were
+receiving at home. When any nurse has succumbed to the strain and fallen
+ill, every effort has been made to relieve her suffering and to restore
+her speedily to health. And to aid that happy result, a home for
+convalescent nurses, through the generosity of Mrs. Alice Dean Ward, was
+opened early in November at Rowayton, Conn.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_509" title="509"></a>THE WOMEN WHO WENT TO THE FIELD.</h3>
+
+<p>The following poem is here inserted because of its prophetic application
+to those women who, during the Spanish-American War, went bravely to
+field and camp to minister to the sick and the wounded. The poem was
+read by Clara Barton at the farewell Reception and Banquet by the Ladies
+of the Potomac Corps, at Willard’s Hotel, Washington, D.C., Friday
+evening, November 18, 1892, in response to the toast:</p>
+
+<p class="center">“<span class="smcap">The Women Who Went to the Field.</span>”</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+ <div class="poetry">
+  <div class="line">The women who went to the field,</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">you say,</div>
+  <div class="line">The <em>women</em> who went to the field;</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">and pray</div>
+  <div class="line">What did they go for?&mdash;just to be</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">in the way?</div>
+  <div class="line">They’d not know the difference</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">betwixt work and play.</div>
+  <div class="line">And what did they know about <em>war</em>,</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">anyway?</div>
+  <div class="line">What could they <em>do</em>?&mdash;of what <em>use</em></div>
+       <div class="line indent10">could they be?</div>
+  <div class="line">They would scream at the sight of a gun,</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">don’t you see?</div>
+  <div class="line">Just fancy them round where the</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">bugle-notes play,</div>
+  <div class="line">And the long roll is bidding us on</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">to the fray.</div>
+  <div class="line">Imagine their skirts ’mong</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">artillery wheels,</div>
+  <div class="line">And watch for their flutter as they</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">flee ’cross the fields</div>
+  <div class="line">When the charge is rammed home</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">and the fire belches hot;</div>
+  <div class="line">They never will wait for the</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">answering shot</div>
+  <div class="line">They would faint at the first drop of blood</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">in their sight.</div>
+  <div class="line">What fun for us boys,&mdash;(ere we enter</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">the fight);</div>
+  <div class="line"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_510" title="510"></a>They might pick some lint, and tear up</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">some sheets,</div>
+  <div class="line">And make us some jellies, and send on</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">their sweets,</div>
+  <div class="line">And knit some soft socks for Uncle’s Sam’s</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">shoes.</div>
+  <div class="line">And write us some letters, and tell us</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">the news.</div>
+  <div class="line">And thus it was settled, by common</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">consent,</div>
+  <div class="line">That husbands, or brothers, or whoever</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">went,</div>
+  <div class="line">That the place for the women was in</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">their own homes,</div>
+  <div class="line">There to patiently wait until victory</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">comes.</div>
+  <div class="line">But later it chanced&mdash;just how,</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">no one knew&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="line">That the lines slipped a bit, and some</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">’gan to crowd through;</div>
+  <div class="line">And they went,&mdash;where did they go?&mdash;Ah! where</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">did they not?</div>
+  <div class="line">Show us the battle,&mdash;the field,&mdash;or the</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">spot</div>
+  <div class="line">Where the groans of the wounded rang out</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">on the air</div>
+  <div class="line">That her ear caught it not, and her hand</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">was not there;</div>
+  <div class="line">Who wiped the death sweat from the cold,</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">clammy brow,</div>
+  <div class="line">And sent home the message:&mdash;“’Tis well</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">with him now;”</div>
+  <div class="line">Who watched in the tents whilst the fever</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">fires burned,</div>
+  <div class="line">And the pain-tossing limbs in agony</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">turned,</div>
+  <div class="line">And wet the parched tongue, calmed</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">delirium’s strife</div>
+  <div class="line">Till the dying lips murmured, “My mother”</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">“My wife?”</div>
+  <div class="line">And who were they all?&mdash;They were many,</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">my men;</div>
+  <div class="line">Their records were kept by no tabular</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">pen;</div>
+  <div class="line">They exist in traditions from father</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">to son,</div>
+  <div class="line">Who recalls, in dim memory, now here</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">and there one.</div>
+  <div class="line"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_511" title="511"></a>A few names were writ, and by chance</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">live to-day;</div>
+  <div class="line">But ’s perishing record, fast fading</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">away.</div>
+  <div class="line">Of those we recall, there are scarcely</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">a score,</div>
+  <div class="line">Dix, Dame, Bickerdyke,&mdash;Edson, Harvey</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">and Moore,</div>
+  <div class="line">Fales, Wittemeyer, Gilson, Safford</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">and Lee,</div>
+  <div class="line">And poor Cutter dead in the sands of</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">the sea;</div>
+  <div class="line">And Francis D. Gage, our “Aunt Fanny”</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">of old,</div>
+  <div class="line">Whose voice rang for freedom when</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">freedom was sold.</div>
+  <div class="line">And Husband, and Etheridge, and</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">Harlan and Case,</div>
+  <div class="line">Livermore, Alcott, Hancock and</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">Chase,</div>
+  <div class="line">And Turner, and Hawley, and Potter</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">and Hall.</div>
+  <div class="line">Ah! the list grows apace, as they come</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">at the call:</div>
+  <div class="line">Did these women quail at the sight</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">of a gun?</div>
+  <div class="line">Will some soldier tell us of one</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">he saw run?</div>
+  <div class="line">Will he glance at the boats on the great</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">western flood,</div>
+  <div class="line">At Pittsburg and Shiloh, did they faint</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">at the blood?</div>
+  <div class="line">And the brave wife of Grant stood there</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">with them then,</div>
+  <div class="line">And her calm stately presence gave strength</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">to his men.</div>
+  <div class="line">And <em>Marie of Logan</em>; she went with them</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">too;</div>
+  <div class="line">A bride, scarcely more than a sweetheart,</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">’tis true.</div>
+  <div class="line">Her young cheek grows pale when the</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">bold troopers ride.</div>
+  <div class="line">Where the “Black Eagle” soars, she is close</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">at his side,</div>
+  <div class="line">She staunches his blood, cools the fever-burnt</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">breath,</div>
+  <div class="line">And the wave of her hand stays the</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">Angel of Death;</div>
+  <div class="line"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_512" title="512"></a>She nurses him back, and restores</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">once again</div>
+  <div class="line">To both army and state the great</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">leader of men.</div>
+  <div class="line">She has smoothed his black plumes</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">and laid them to sleep</div>
+  <div class="line">Whilst the angels above them their high</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">vigils keep;</div>
+  <div class="line">And she sits here <em>alone</em>, with the snow</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">on her brow&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="line">Your cheers for her, Comrades! Three cheers</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">for her now.</div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>[At this point, as by one impulse, every man in the room sprang to his
+feet and, led by General W.W. Dudley, gave three rousing cheers, while
+Mrs. Logan, with her beautiful white head bent low, vainly sought to
+staunch the fast-falling tears; the air was white with the sympathetic
+’kerchiefs of the ladies, and the imposing figure of Clara Barton
+standing with uplifted arm, as if in signal for the cheers, so grandly
+given, completed the historic and never-to-be-forgotten scene.]</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+ <div class="poetry">
+  <div class="line">And these were the women who went</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">to the war:</div>
+  <div class="line">The women of question; what <em>did</em> they</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">go for?</div>
+  <div class="line">Because in their hearts God had planted</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">the seed</div>
+  <div class="line">Of pity for woe, and help for</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">its need;</div>
+  <div class="line">They saw, in high purpose, a duty</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">to do,</div>
+  <div class="line">And the armor of right broke the</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">barriers through.</div>
+  <div class="line">Uninvited, unaided, unsanctioned</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">ofttimes,</div>
+  <div class="line">With pass, or without it, they pressed</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">on the lines;</div>
+  <div class="line">They pressed, they implored, ’till they ran the</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">lines through,</div>
+  <div class="line">And <em>that</em> was the “running” the men saw</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">them do.</div>
+  <div class="line">’Twas a hampered work, its worth largely</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">lost;</div>
+  <div class="line">’Twas hindrance, and pain, and effort, and</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">cost:</div>
+  <div class="line">But through these came knowledge,&mdash;</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">knowledge is power,&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="line">And never again in the deadliest</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">hour</div>
+  <div class="line"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_513" title="513"></a>Of war or of peace shall we be</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">so beset</div>
+  <div class="line">To accomplish the purpose our spirits</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">have met.</div>
+  <div class="line">And what would they do if war</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">came again?</div>
+  <div class="line">The <em>scarlet cross floats</em> where all was</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">blank then.</div>
+  <div class="line">They would bind on their “<em>brassards</em>”<a id="FNanchor_F" href="#Footnote_F" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></div>
+       <div class="line indent10">and march to the fray.</div>
+  <div class="line">And the man liveth not who could</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">say to them nay;</div>
+  <div class="line">They would stand with you now, as they</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">stood with you then,&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="line">The nurses, consolers, and saviors</div>
+       <div class="line indent10">of men.</div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;Returning home from a journey, Miss Barton was notified in the
+afternoon that she would be expected to attend the banquet and respond
+to the toast, “The Women Who Went to the Field.” As there was little or
+no time for preparation, the foregoing poem was hastily written, and may
+almost be considered as impromptu.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_514" title="514"></a>CUBA AND THE CUBAN CAMPAIGN.</h2>
+
+<div>
+<img class="drop-cap" src="images/i109.jpg" width="100" height="84" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">We had scarcely returned from Armenia when paragraphs began to appear in
+the press from all sections of the country, connecting the Red Cross
+with some undefined method of relief for Cuba. These intimations were
+both ominous and portentous for the future, something from which we
+instinctively shrunk and remained perfectly quiet. “The murmurs grew to
+clamors loud,” and, I regret to say, not always quite kind. There were
+evidently two Richmonds in the field, the one ardently craving food
+alone, simply food for the dying. The other wanting food and arms. They
+might have properly been classed under two distinct heads. The one,
+merely the friends of humanity in its simple sense; the other, friends
+of humanity also, but what seemed to them a broader and deeper sense,
+far more complex. They sought to remove a cause as well as an effect,
+and the muffled cry of “Cuba Libre” became their watchword. Naturally,
+any general movement by the people in favor of the former must have the
+effect to diminish the contributions of the latter, too small at best
+for their purpose, and must be wisely discouraged. Thus, whenever an
+unsuspecting movement was set on foot by some good-hearted,
+unsophisticated body of people, and began to gain favor with the public
+and the press, immediately would appear most convincing counter
+paragraphs to the effect that it would be useless to send relief,
+especially by the Red Cross:</p>
+
+<p>First, it would not be permitted to land.</p>
+
+<p>Next, whatever it took would be either seized outright, or “wheedled”
+out of hand by the Spanish authorities in Havana.</p>
+
+<p>That the Spaniards would be only too glad to have the United States send
+food and money for the use of Havana.</p>
+
+<p>Again, that the Red Cross being international, would affiliate with
+Spain, and ignore the “Cuban Red Cross” already working there and here.
+As if poor Cuba, with no national government or treaty-making power,
+could have a legitimate Red Cross that other nations could recognize or
+work with.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_515" title="515"></a>That doubtless the American Red Cross, flushed with victory in Armenia,
+would be only too glad to enter on another campaign, direct another
+field, and handle its donations. Tired, heart-sore and needing rest, we
+were compelled to read columns of such reports, and understanding that
+it was not without its political side and might increase to proportions
+dangerous to the good name of the Red Cross, we felt compelled to take
+steps in self-protection. Accordingly through the proper official
+authorities of both nations, we addressed to the government of Spain at
+Madrid a request for royal permission for the American Red Cross to
+enter Cuba and distribute, unmolested, among its starving reconcentrado
+population such relief as the people of America desired to send.</p>
+
+<p>This communication brought back from Spain perhaps the most courteous
+assent and permission ever vouchsafed by a proud government to an
+individual request, especially when that request was in its very nature
+a rebuke to the methods of the government receiving it. Not only was
+permission granted by the crown, the government, the Captain-General at
+Cuba, and the Queen Regent, but to the assent of the latter were added
+her majesty’s gracious thanks for the kindly thought.</p>
+
+<p>This cablegram was published broadcast through the Associated and United
+Presses in its exact text, with all official signatures duly appended,
+and over my signature the statement that the American Red Cross was
+ready to enter upon the relief of the starving Cubans whenever the
+people of the United States should place at its disposal a sum in money
+or material sufficient to warrant a commencement of the work.</p>
+
+<p>Strange to say, so sensational had the tone of our press become, so
+warped the judgment, so vitiated the taste of its readers, that in the
+hurried scramble between headlines and the waste basket they failed to
+discriminate between this announcement of clear, true official relations
+on the part of a government, with a body which it held sufficiently
+responsible to deal with officially, and the sensational guess of some
+representative of the press.</p>
+
+<p>It will seem a little singular to any one who should ever take the time
+to coolly read this account (if such there be), that in response to this
+announcement not one dollar or one pound ever came or was offered, and
+the cry for “starving Cuba” still went on as if no door had been opened.
+Had the nation gone mad, or what <em>had</em> happened to it?</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_516" title="516"></a>Societies of women were formed to raise money; among these the most
+notable, influential and worthy ladies in American society. They
+labored, instant in season and out of season, with small results;
+perfectly unable to comprehend their want of success.</p>
+
+<p>I think that dear Mrs. Thurston, one of their most ardent members, came
+to comprehend it a little by the strong, prophetic words she spoke to me
+as months later in Havana our carriages rattled and thundered over rocky
+streets from one hospital of death to another. And this only
+comparatively a few hours before the cruel, restless sea surged out of
+that worn, frail body the soul that glowed with the flame of humanity,
+justice and pity to the last.</p>
+
+<p>This state of things continued through the year of 1897, but as the
+present year of ’98 opened the reports of suffering that came were not
+to be borne quietly, and I decided to confer with our government and
+learn if it had objections to the Red Cross taking steps of its own in
+direct touch with the people of the country, and proposing their
+co-operation in the work of relief. I beg pardon for the personality of
+the statement which follows, but it is history I am asked to write:</p>
+
+<p>Deciding to refer my inquiry to the Secretary of State, I called at his
+department to see him, but learned that he was with the President. This
+suiting my purpose, I followed to the Executive Mansion, was kindly
+informed that the President and Secretary were engaged on a very
+important matter and had given orders not to be interrupted. As I turned
+to leave I was recalled with, “Wait a moment, Miss Barton, and let me
+present your card.” Returning immediately, I entered the President’s
+room to find these two men in a perplexed study over the very matter
+which had called me. Distressed by the reports of the terrible condition
+of things so near to us, they were seeking some remedy, and producing
+their notes just taken revealed the fact that they had decided to call
+me into conference.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_517" title="517"></a>
+ <img src="images/i110.jpg" width="500" height="320" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">WRECK OF THE BATTLESHIP “MAINE,” HAVANA HARBOR.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_518" title="518"></a>
+ <img src="images/i111.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">THE PRADO&mdash;PRINCIPAL STREET IN HAVANA.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The conference was then held. It was decided to form a committee in New
+York, to ask money and material of the people at large to be shipped to
+Cuba for the relief of the reconcentrados on that island. The call would
+be made in the name of the President, and the committee naturally known
+as the “President’s Committee for Cuban Relief.” I was courteously asked
+if I would go to New York and assume the oversight of that committee. I
+declined in favor of Mr. Stephen E. Barton, second vice-president of the
+National Red Cross, who, on being immediately called, accepted; and with
+Mr. Charles Schieren as treasurer and Mr. Louis Klopsch, of the
+<cite>Christian Herald</cite>, as the <a class="pagenum" id="Page_519" title="519"></a>third member, the committee was at once.
+established; since known as the Central Cuban Relief Committee.</p>
+
+<p>The committee was to solicit aid in money and material for the suffering
+reconcentrados in Cuba, and forward the same to the Consul-General at
+Havana for distribution. My consent was then asked by all parties to go
+to Cuba and aid in the distribution of the shipments of food as they
+should arrive. After all I had so long offered, I could not decline, and
+hoping my going would not be misunderstood by our authorities there, who
+would regard me simply as a willing assistant, I accepted. The
+Consul-General had asked the New York Committee to send to him an
+assistant to take charge of the warehouse and supplies in Havana. This
+request was also referred to me, and recommending Mr. J.K. Elwell,
+nephew of General J.J. Elwell, of Cleveland, Ohio, a gentleman who had
+resided six years in Santiago in connection with its large shipping
+interests, a fine business man and speaking Spanish, I decided to
+accompany him, taking no member of my own staff, but going simply in the
+capacity of an individual helper in a work already assigned.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, February 6, we left Washington for Cuba via Jacksonville,
+Tampa and Key West.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, with that simple beginning, with no thought on the part of any
+person but to do unobtrusively the little that could be done for the
+lessening of the woes of a small island of people, whom adverse
+circumstances, racial differences, the inevitable results of a struggle
+for freedom, the fate of war, and the terrible features of a system of
+subjugation of a people, which, if true, is too dark to name, was
+commenced the relief movement of 1898 which has spread not alone over
+the entire United States of America from Maine to California, from
+Vancouver to the Gulf of Mexico, but from the Indias on the west, to the
+Indias on the east, and uniting in its free-will offerings the gifts of
+one-third of the best nations in the world.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_520" title="520"></a>HAVANA.</h3>
+
+<p>“We reached Havana February 9, five weeks ago, and in all the newness of
+a strange country, with oriental customs, commenced our work.”</p>
+
+<p>The above entry I find in my diary. In speaking of conditions as found,
+let me pray that no word shall be taken as a criticism upon any person
+or people. Dreadful as these conditions were, and rife as hunger,
+starvation and death were on every hand, we were constantly amazed at
+the continued charities as manifested in the cities, and small, poor
+villages of a people so over-run with numbers, want and woe for months,
+running into years; with all business, all remuneration, all income
+stopped, killed as dead as the poor, stark forms around them, it was
+wonderful that they still kept up their organizations, municipal and
+religious, and gave not of their abundance, but of their penury; that
+still a little ration of food went out to the dens of woe. That the
+wardrobe was again and again parceled out; that the famishing mother
+divided her little morsel with another mother’s hungry child; that two
+men sat down to one crust, and that the Spanish soldier shared, as often
+seen, the loaf&mdash;his own half ration&mdash;with the eager-eyed skeleton
+reconcentrado, watching him as he ate. In another instance the
+recognition might have been less kind it is true, for war is war, and
+all humanity are not humane.</p>
+
+<p>The work was commenced in earnest. I still turn the pages of the diary,
+which says: “We were called on deck to look at Morro Castle, which, grim
+and dark in the bright morning sunlight, skirts the bay like a frowning
+ogre.”</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Los Fosos">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>We were met at the dock and driven to Hotel Inglaterra, where letters of
+welcome awaited us. After paying our official respects, our first
+business was to meet the committees appointed for the distribution of
+food. We found them pleasant gentlemen. We were notified of the arrival
+of the steamship “Vigilancia,” with fifty tons of supplies, sent by the
+New York Committee; took carriage and drove to the dock. It was a glad
+sight to see her anchors dropping down into the soil of that starved
+spot of the earth. We boarded her, met the gentlemanly officers, and saw
+the goods being put on the lighters. This was the largest quantity of
+supplies that had yet arrived by<a class="pagenum" id="Page_521" title="521"></a> any one steamship. In returning to
+land, we threaded our way through the transports and yachts&mdash;among the
+latter the “New York Journal,” that had just taken Julian Hawthorne
+across from Key West&mdash;and grandest of all, the polished, shining
+battleship “Maine.” She towered above them like a monarch, or rather
+like an elegant visitor whom all the household felt bound to respect. On
+landing, we resumed our carriage and drove to Los Fosos, a large, long
+building filled with reconcentrados,&mdash;over four hundred women and
+children in the most pitiable condition possible for human beings to be
+in, and live; and they did not live, for the death record counted them
+out a dozen or more every twenty-four hours, and the grim, terrible pile
+of rude black coffins that confronted one at the very doorway, told to
+each famishing applicant on her entrance what her exit was likely to be.</p>
+
+<p>We went from room to room, each filled to repletion&mdash;not a dozen <em>beds</em>
+in all. Some of the inmates could walk, as many could not,&mdash;lying on the
+floors in their filth&mdash;some mere skeletons; others swollen out of all
+human shape. Death-pallid mothers, lying with glazing eyes, and a
+famishing babe clutching at a milkless breast. Let me attempt no further
+description. The massacres of Armenia seemed merciful in comparison.</p>
+
+<p>We went our rounds, and sought the open air; drove to another building
+of like character, but in a little better condition&mdash;one hundred and
+fifty-six inmates. These persons had been recommended by someone, who
+paid a little for each, and thus kept them from daily starvation. From
+here to the third building (the Casino), of about an equal number, still
+a little better off.</p>
+
+<p>From here to the fourth building (La Yocabo)&mdash;two hundred and fifty
+persons, the best of the reconcentrados. The sisters of charity had
+recently taken hold of these, and cleanliness and order commenced to
+appear. The children had books, were being taught, and rooms were fitted
+out for some kind of industrial training. This place seemed like heaven
+in comparison.</p>
+
+<p>From here to the fifth building, a distributing house, where American
+rations were given out on Sundays to great crowds of people who thronged
+the streets.</p>
+
+<p>This finished, we drove to our warehouse, the San Jose, where our
+supplies were stored. Here was what remained of the several shipments
+which had preceeded us, the result of the tireless and well directed
+efforts of the New York Committee, only so recently established, and so
+new in its work. Possibly three hundred tons of flour, meal, rice,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_522" title="522"></a>
+potatoes, canned meat, fruit, bacon, lard, condensed and malted milk,
+quinine, some of which had come by the first shipment, showing how
+difficult the distribution had been found to be; and it was not strange
+that a “warehouse man” had been asked for by the Consul General. Surely
+Mr. Elwell had not a sinecure.</p>
+
+<p>Somehow the report got abroad that we had brought money for
+distribution, and a thousand people thronged the hotel.</p>
+
+<p>We found among our supplies large quantities of flour, and the people
+had no way of cooking it. There are no ovens in these oriental countries
+except those of the baker. Consequently only he could make bread of
+flour. We found a baker with whom we arranged to take our flour and
+return bread in its place at a fair percentage.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="The Orphanage">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>“The Consul General has named a desire to have an orphanage created, and
+asked of me to find a building, and establish such an institution. I
+commence a search among the apparently suitable buildings of the town,
+but regretting always that I have not his knowledge of the city and its
+belongings. Up to this time the search, although vigilant, has been
+fruitless. Still there are only three days of it all since our arrival,
+and to-morrow will be Sunday.”</p>
+
+<p>This hopeful entry ended the first half week of life in Cuban relief. Up
+to this moment no American food had ever entered Los Fosos, as the
+institution was under Spanish military and municipal direction. How to
+get our distributors into proper and peaceful aid there, if not into
+control, was a politic question.</p>
+
+<p>The diary continues: “That Sunday morning, fine, clear and warm, brought
+three matters of interest to our attention:</p>
+
+<p>“First. An interview with a householder concerning the
+orphanage&mdash;unsuccessful.</p>
+
+<p>“Second. The visiting of all the various points, some nine in number,
+where American food would be distributed for the coming week to the
+waiting thousands and&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Third. A bull fight.”</p>
+
+<p>One would feel something of the same dread in attempting to describe
+these gathering moving masses of starving humanity as in picturing the
+“still life” of Los Fosos. The children of three and four years old
+often could not walk and the mother was too weak to carry the burden,
+and they fell in a heap among the crowd.</p>
+
+<p>The food was distributed by tickets, suited to the family and put up in
+paper bags, for few had any vessel to get it in.</p>
+
+<p>At the first place of distribution there were 1000 fed; at the second,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_523" title="523"></a>
+1300; at the third, 2200, and so on&mdash;some larger, some less. At one of
+the larger distributions, when about half served, it was announced that
+there was no more food and the people were directed to disperse. We
+inquired the cause and were told there were no more American supplies in
+Havana&mdash;that they had been so informed. We could not persuade them that
+they had been misinformed, that there was plenty of food in the
+warehouse, but we did succeed in having the disappointed, hungry
+hundreds called back and told to come again next day and get their food.
+We never knew how the mistake occurred, but were more than ever
+convinced that some systematic work must be instituted among the
+constantly arriving supplies at the warehouse. The task had all along
+been too great. The next morning took us with proper assistants to San
+Jose, when a systematic inventory of stock as per each shipment was
+instituted. At 3.30 p.m. our work was interrupted. A cordial invitation
+from Captain Sigsbee to visit the “Maine” that afternoon had been
+received. His launch courteously came for us; his officers received us;
+his crew, strong, ruddy and bright, went through their drill for our
+entertainment, and the lunch at those polished tables, off glittering
+china and cut glass, with the social guests around, will remain ever in
+my memory as a vision of the “Last Supper.”</p>
+
+<p>The next day took us again to the warehouse. I cannot refrain from
+taking the liberty of mentioning my most distinguished volunteer
+assistant, General Ross, a general in our Civil War and the uncle of
+Commissioner Ross, of Washington, D.C. Being in Havana on a passing
+tour, and perceiving the need, he volunteered freely to do the work
+which he had once commanded his under officers to direct their private
+soldiers to do. It was most intelligent help.</p>
+
+<p>While passing quickly among the rows of barrels, with dress pinned back,
+a letter of introduction from the Consul-General was handed to me by a
+manly, polished-mannered gentleman, on whose playful features there
+mingled a look of amused surprise, with a tinge of well-covered
+roguishness and complacency, that bespoke the cultured man of the world.
+The note, addressed to my hotel, said that the Consul took pleasure in
+introducing to me Mr. William Willard Howard, of New York. Although
+never having met we were by no means strangers. He had worked on the
+Eastern fields of Armenia in the hard province of Van, while I was in
+Constantinople, and our expeditions in the great centre districts of
+Harpoot and Diarbeker. He evidently felt that the surroundings were a
+little rough and unexpected<a class="pagenum" id="Page_524" title="524"></a> for a first meeting, but collecting
+himself, at once rallied me with the grand opportunity I was affording
+him for a sensational letter to the States, with a cartoon of the
+president of the American National Red Cross in a Cuban warehouse, with
+dress pinned back, “opening boxes.” He admitted that the latter stroke
+of the picture was a little stretch of imagination, but he hoped it
+might realize, as he really wanted it for his cartoon. After a few
+moments of pleasant badinage he left, under pretext of not hindering me
+in my favorite occupation of “opening boxes.”</p>
+
+<p>The next day I was detained at home by an accumulation of clerical work
+and heavy mails to be gotten off (I had as yet no clerk), but on the
+return of the men at night they reported a marvelous day’s work. That
+Mr. Howard had come early in the morning, thrown off his coat, and,
+calling for a box opener, had opened boxes all day. They had never seen
+a better day’s work. A messenger was immediately dispatched to his
+hotel, inviting Mr. Howard to come and dine with us. From that time on,
+during his stay, he continued to dine with us. We compared methods of
+relief work with the experiences we had gained, and when we separated it
+was with the feeling on my part that any work of relief would be a
+gainer that could enlist men of such views, experience and capacity as
+Mr. Howard in its ranks.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Destruction of the “Maine.”">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>The heavy clerical work of that fifteenth day of February held not only
+myself but Mr. Elwell as well, busy at our writing tables until late at
+night. The house had grown still; the noises on the streets were dying
+away, when suddenly the table shook from under our hands, the great
+glass door opening onto the veranda, facing the sea, flew open;
+everything in the room was in motion or out of place&mdash;the deafening roar
+of such a burst of thunder as perhaps one never heard before, and off to
+the right, out over the bay, the air was filled with a blaze of light,
+and this in turn filled with black specks like huge spectres flying in
+all directions. Then it faded away. The bells rang; the whistles blew,
+and voices in the street were heard for a moment; then all was quiet
+again. I supposed it to be the bursting of some mammoth mortar, or
+explosion of some magazine. A few hours later came the terrible news of
+the “Maine.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Elwell was early among the wreckage, and returned to give me news.</p>
+
+<p>The diary goes on. “She is destroyed. There is no room for comment, only
+who is lost, who has escaped, and what can be done for them? They tell
+us that most of the officers were dining out, and thus<a class="pagenum" id="Page_525" title="525"></a> saved; that
+Captain Sigsbee is saved. It is thought that 250 men are lost, that one
+hundred are wounded, but still living, some in hospital, some on small
+boats as picked up. The Chief Engineer, a quiet, resolute man, and the
+second officer met me as I passed out of the hotel for the hospital. The
+latter stopped me saying, ‘Miss Barton, do you remember you told me on
+board the “Maine” that the Red Cross was at our service; for whenever
+anything took place with that ship, either in naval action or otherwise,
+<em>someone</em> would be hurt; that she was not of a structure to take
+misfortune lightly?’ I recalled the conversation and the impression
+which led to it,&mdash;such strength would never go out easily.</p>
+
+<p>“We proceeded to the Spanish hospital San Ambrosia, to find thirty to
+forty wounded&mdash;bruised, cut, burned; they had been crushed by timbers,
+cut by iron, scorched by fire, and blown sometimes high in the air,
+sometimes driven down through the red hot furnace room and out into the
+water, senseless, to be picked up by some boat and gotten ashore. Their
+wounds are all over them&mdash;heads and faces terribly cut, internal wounds,
+arms, legs, feet and hands burned to the live flesh. The hair and beards
+are singed, showing that the burns were from fire and not steam; besides
+further evidence shows that the burns are where the parts were
+uncovered. If burned by steam, the clothing would have held the steam
+and burned all the deeper. As it is, it protected from the heat and the
+fire and saved their limbs, whilst the faces, hands, and arms are
+terribly burned. Both men and officers are very reticent in regard to
+the cause, but all declare it could not have been the result of an
+internal explosion. That the boilers were at the two ends of the ship,
+and these were the places from which all escaped, who did escape. The
+trouble was evidently from the center of the ship, where no explosive
+machinery was located.</p>
+
+<p>“I thought to take the names as I passed among them, and drawing near to
+the first in the long line, I asked his name. He gave it with his
+address; then peering out from among the bandages and cotton about his
+breast and face, he looked earnestly at me and asked: ‘Isn’t this Miss
+Barton?‘ ‘Yes.’ ‘I thought it must be. I knew you were here, and thought
+you would come to us. I am so thankful for us all.’</p>
+
+<p>“I asked if he wanted anything. ‘Yes. There is a lady to whom I was to
+be married. The time is up. She will be frantic if she hears of this
+accident and nothing more. Could you telegraph her?’ ‘Certainly!’ The
+dispatch went at once: ‘Wounded, but saved.’ Alas, it was only for a
+little; two days later, and it was all over.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_526" title="526"></a>“I passed on from one to another, till twelve had been spoken to and the
+names taken. There were only two of the number who did not recognize me.
+Their expressions of grateful thanks, spoken under such conditions, were
+too much. I passed the pencil to another hand and stepped aside.”</p>
+
+<p>I am glad to say that every kindness was extended to them. Miss Mary
+Wilberforce had been at once installed as nurse, and faithful work she
+performed. The Spanish hospital attendants were tireless in their
+attentions. Still, there was boundless room for luxuries and comforts,
+delicate foods, grapes, oranges, wines, cordials, anything that could
+soothe or interest; and no opportunity was lost, nor cost nor pains
+spared, and when two days later the streets filled with hearses bearing
+reverently the bodies of martyred heroes; and the crape and the flowers
+mingled in their tributes of tenderness and beauty, and the muffled
+drums and tolling bells spoke all that inanimate substance could speak
+of sorrow and respect; and the silent, marching tread of armies fell
+upon the listening ear,&mdash;the heart grew sick in the midst of all this
+pageant, and the thoughts turned away to the far land, smitten with
+horror, and the homes wailing in bitter grief for these, so lone, so
+lost; and one saw only the:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+ <div class="poetry">
+  <div class="line">Nodding plumes over their bier to wave,</div>
+  <div class="line">And God’s own hand in that lonely land</div>
+  <div class="line indent2">To lay them in their grave.</div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>We were still in hotel&mdash;excellent of course&mdash;but a home should be made
+for the body of assistants it was by this time proposed to send for. I
+remembered the visit of a lady&mdash;one among the hundreds who called the
+day before&mdash;and who impressed me as being no ordinary person. She had
+the air of genuine nobility and high birth. I had retained her card:</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent10">Senora J.S. Jorrin,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent5">528 del Cerro.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It would be certain I thought that this lady knew something of suitable
+homes; and we drove to her residence next day, to find one of the
+loveliest villas in the city, surrounded by gardens, fountains,
+flowers,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_527" title="527"></a> baths, a little river rushing through the garden, palms,
+bananas, cocoanuts, all growing luxuriantly. This was the home of Senora
+Jorrin, given her as a wedding gift many years before by her husband, a
+man of great power in the island, and who had three times represented
+Cuba in the Senate of Madrid. Three months before he had died on a visit
+to New York. La Senora was alone with her retinue of servants, and
+waiting to make some suitable disposition of her mansion, in order to
+join her only daughter residing in America.</p>
+
+<p>The desired disposition was quickly made, and in the next day or two we
+were safely installed in our new home, with Senora as honorary hostess,
+to the delight and advantage of all. This pleasant arrangement has never
+been interrupted, and is the origin of the charming Red Cross
+headquarters at Cerro, that all our friends and visitors recall with
+such admiration. I might be pardoned for adding that Senora Jorrin, who
+was early called to Washington by the sudden death of her beautiful and
+only daughter, has remained with her grandchildren, and we have
+continued such loving care as we were able to extend over her palatial
+home from that time to the present.</p>
+
+<p>The diary now makes the following notes, which I remember to have once
+copied in a letter to some periodical which perhaps published it. I
+never knew; but will venture to reproduce it here, as the description of
+the first visit made to any point of the country outside of Havana.</p>
+
+<p>We were overborne by requests to visit towns and villages filled with
+suffering and death. The notes run:</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Jaruco.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It was a clear warm day. I had retired early to be ready for a five
+o’clock start for the town of Jaruco, some twenty miles away. It was as
+dark as night when we stepped into the carriage to go to the ferry and
+the train&mdash;damp, heavy, just a morning for chills. Some members of the
+committee joined us at the train, and as daylight and sunrise came, the
+sight, in spite of neglect and devastation, was magnificently lovely.
+The stately groves of royal palms looked benignly down on the less
+pretentious banana and cocoanut, each doing its best to provide for and
+keep life in a starving, dying people. Nine o’clock brought us to the
+town, where we were met and right royally welcomed by its leading
+people. The mayor took us in his carriage to the church,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_528" title="528"></a> followed by a
+crowd of people that filled its centre. The plain, simple services told
+in repeated sentences the heart gratitude of a stricken people to God
+for what he had put into the hearts of America to do. She had remembered
+them when all was gone, when hunger, pain and death alone remained to
+them; and when that assemblage of pale, hollow faces and attenuated
+forms knelt on the rough stone floor in praise to the Great Giver, one
+felt if this was not acceptable, no worship might ever hope to be. From
+the church to the house of the mayor, the judge, the doctor and other
+principal men of the town. It now remained to see what we had “gone for
+to see.” Two hours’ wandering about in the hot sunshine from hovel to
+hovel dark and damp, thatched roof and ground floor, no furniture,
+sometimes a broken bench, a few rags of clothing; some of the people
+could walk about, some could not, but all had something to eat. Thank
+God, if not <em>all</em> their lean bodies might crave, still <em>something</em>, and
+while they showed their skeleton bodies and feet swollen to bursting,
+they still blessed the people of the country that had remembered them
+with food.</p>
+
+<p>The line of march was long and weary, and ended with the “hospital.”
+What shall I say of it? If only a sense of decency were consulted one
+would say nothing; but truth and facts demand a record. We tried to
+enter, to reach a poor, wretched looking human being on a low cot on the
+far side of the room, but were driven back by the stench that met us,
+not alone the smell one might expect in such a place of neglect, but the
+dead had evidently lain there unremoved until putrefaction had taken
+place. There were perhaps four wrecks of men in the various rooms,
+doubtless left there to die. Like a body of retreating soldiers, driven
+but not defeated, we went a few rods out and rallied, and calling for
+volunteers and picked men for service, determined to “storm the works.”</p>
+
+<p>Jaruco is one of the great points of devastation; it is said that more
+people have died there than the entire town numbers in time of peace; it
+is still almost a city of reconcentrados.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally, the inhabitants who survive have given all they had many
+times over in these terrible months. Everything is scarce and dear; even
+water has to be bought. This was the first point of attack. Twenty good
+soldiers, with only dirt and filth as enemies, can make some progress.
+Water by the dray load, lime by the barrel, brushes, brooms, blue for
+whitewash, hatchets, buckets and things most needful, made up the
+equipment; and late in the afternoon, when Mr. Elwell,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_529" title="529"></a> who might well
+be termed the “Vigilant,” returned to look after the work, preparatory
+to leaving for home, he found the four poor patients in clean clothes,
+on clean beds, in the sunshine, eating crackers and milk, the house
+cleaned, scrubbed, limed, and being whitewashed from ceiling to floor.</p>
+
+<p>It will be finished to-morrow. Sunday and to-day (Monday), we ship cots,
+blankets, sheets, pillow-slips, all the first utensils needed to make a
+plain hospital for twenty-five, to be increased to fifty&mdash;the food to go
+regularly. The sick, lying utterly helpless in the hovels, to be
+selected with care and sent to the hospital, a nurse placed with them,
+the doctor already there in Jaruco to attend them, and send frequent
+reports of condition and needs. In two weeks time we may hope to see,
+not only a hospital that may bear the name, but progress of its patients
+that may be noted.</p>
+
+<p>I am writing this at length, because it is the first of hundreds that
+should follow throughout the island, and a type of what we shall
+endeavor to accomplish.</p>
+
+<p>It will naturally be asked if we expect the Spanish authorities to
+permit us to do this. Judging from to-day, we have reason to expect
+every co-operation. The commandant of the town was one of the men who
+welcomed us; and so far as they had the materials desired, offered them
+for our use; it was very well, as there were some we could get in no
+other way.</p>
+
+<p>The crowd that followed us was bewildering&mdash;the little children in
+pitiful proportions. We had prepared ourselves for this by a large
+invoice of five-cent scrip. An intimation of our desire to the priest
+arranged the matter quickly. All under, perhaps, six to seven years old,
+were sent into the church to come out at a side door, with Mr. Elwell
+and myself on each side as doorkeepers. Every pale passing hand took its
+scrip, and the gladness that beamed in their little wan faces was good
+for angels’ eyes. They rushed into the street, romping and tumbling like
+actual live children, which they had no longer seemed to be.</p>
+
+<p>There was but one more feature to mark this memorable day. After leaving
+the hospital we were told that a deputation of ladies desired to call on
+us. We were in the house of a naturalized American citizen, and prepared
+to receive them. They entered slowly and reverently, the leader bearing
+a deep plate of choice flowers. As she handed them to me, I perceived in
+the center a large envelope with a half-inch border of black, and a
+black ribbon with a tied bow encircling it. The<a class="pagenum" id="Page_530" title="530"></a> envelope was addressed
+to me. The first sentence, with tender, trembling voice, told the
+purport of it all: “For the dead of the Maine.”</p>
+
+<p>The crowd, full of hope and blessing, followed us to the train, and as
+we passed on, gentle, tender-eyed women came down the banks from their
+cottages with little baskets of flowers to be passed into the
+carriage&mdash;and ever the black-bordered tribute:</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-bottom: 2em;"><span style="border-bottom: 15px solid black">“To the dead of the Maine.”</span></p>
+
+<p>It was long after dark when we reached our new home, and we were weary
+enough to find it welcome; but glad of our day’s work, as a type of many
+more which we confidently expect will follow.</p>
+
+<p>In our banking operations I learned the full address of our excellent
+hostess, which she had been too modest to name to me:</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class="indent20">“Senora Serafina Moliner de Jorrin.”</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10">Titles: “Eccelentisima.” “Ilustrisima.”</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We have always had occasion to feel those titles to be well deserved.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, in groping our way among the poor and helpless, we have found
+that Cuba is not without its diamonds of worth, nobleness and culture.</p>
+
+<p>We were still searching diligently for a suitable location for the
+orphanage which I had been requested to open.</p>
+
+<p>Through the social relations of Senora we were immediately put into
+communication with Senor José Almagro on Tulipan street, who placed at
+our disposal his own private residence, a charming house with large
+gardens, stables, swimming baths, fruit and flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Members of the staff, Drs. Hubbell and Egan, together with Dr. and Mrs.
+Lesser, had meanwhile arrived by steamship from New York.</p>
+
+<p>The diary goes on to say in regard to the orphanage, its location and
+surroundings:</p>
+
+<p>“It seems to lack nothing. Large, commodious, healthful, easy of access,
+beautiful to elegance, with tropical gardens, royal palms, swimming
+baths, and capable of caring for two hundred children, either well or
+sick,&mdash;and for all this the modest, little rent of one hundred and two
+dollars per month. Attention was first directed to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_531" title="531"></a> this piece of
+property on Saturday, February 27. At night the contract was made and
+signed. On Sunday&mdash;“tell it not in Gath”&mdash;oh, Christian world, be gentle
+in your judgment, if a few men, rather than stand about the streets,
+hunger-stricken, waiting for the crust that came not, earned a few
+welcome dollars on its frescoed walls, stained glass windows and marble
+floors.</p>
+
+<p>“On Monday seventy-five new cots, blankets, pillows and sheets adorned
+its spacious rooms. On Tuesday, March 1, Mrs. Dr. Lesser, our practical
+“Sister Bettina,” who had taken the superintendence, made the necessary
+outfit,&mdash;food and medicine from the warehouse; and from Los Fosos, that
+terrible den of suffering, the pale lifeless, helpless, starved little
+creatures to fill the waiting cots&mdash;a few good nurses to lift the heads
+that could not lift themselves and fill the mouths that had scarcely
+ever before been filled.”</p>
+
+<p>This, then, was the orphanage. May I be pardoned for saying reverently,
+we looked on our work and found it good, and felt that we might now
+leave the little, tired creatures to rest in the faithful hands that had
+so lovingly and intelligently taken them up, while we turned away to
+other fields.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Matanzas.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Among the welcome, notable persons who from time to time visited us, led
+by their interest in the great suffering reported through the press,
+were Senator Redfield Proctor and his friend, Hon. M.M. Parker, of
+Washington, D.C. They had come imbued with the desire, not only to see
+the condition of the island and the people, but to try to find as well,
+what could be done for them,&mdash;to gain some practical knowledge which
+could be used for their benefit. There seemed to be no more certain way
+of their gaining this information than by inviting them to accompany us
+on the various tours of investigation which we would be now able to make
+outside of Havana. Reports of great suffering had come from Matanzas,
+and it was decided that <em>that</em> should be our next point of inspection.
+The once-a-day run of the trains made early rising a necessity; and
+half-past four in the morning, dark and chilly, found us on the way to
+the train for Matanzas. Our own small party was joined at the ferry by
+our Washington friends, and together, as the train speeded on, we
+watched the gorgeous sunrise spread itself over these strangely deserted
+lands.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_532" title="532"></a>Matanzas has some fifty thousand of its own inhabitants, greatly
+increased by the reconcentrado element, which had gathered there to
+exist hopelessly in enforced idleness for nearly two years.</p>
+
+<p>It is needless to say that all the diseases incident to exposure,
+physical want and mental woe, from gaunt, lingering hunger down to
+actual starvation and death, had developed among them. For some
+reason&mdash;possibly a sense of pity&mdash;our consul seemed to dread to show us
+their worst, which were evidently their hospitals, and hesitatingly led
+the way to other centres of the town. But there was no hesitancy on the
+part of the governor, Senor Francisco de Armas&mdash;a royal Cuban and a new
+appointee of Captain-General Blanco&mdash;with warm heart and polished
+manner, in welcoming us to his elegant mansion, and in bringing his
+wife, his mother and sister, to assist in receiving and to bid us
+welcome to all they had to offer or that we could desire. The
+half-hour’s seance in that polished marble salon, with its spacious
+elegance, the deep feelings of the governor, the still deeper sympathy
+of the ladies, whose daily time is given to the poor sufferers around
+them, was a scene not to be forgotten. In all that was said, not a word
+of crimination, nor a disrespectful allusion to any person, or nation,
+or government; but the glistening eyes and trembling lips when the word
+<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Americano</em> was spoken, told how deep a root the course of our people
+had taken in the thrice harrowed soil of these poor broken hearts.</p>
+
+<p>But the worst must be seen, and as we drove out of the town we halted
+for a short call at the municipal hospital, generally attended by
+sisters of charity, scantily provided it is true, but well cared for; a
+little is paid per week, either by, or, for each patient in this
+institution, which helps to keep up the general fund. Our welcome by the
+sisters was most cordial, and we were grateful for every faint smile
+that passed over each pallid face. A mile further on we came to the four
+hospitals where nothing was paid, and apparently nothing had. There were
+between one hundred and two hundred men, women and children, in all
+stages of hunger and disease. There were empty beds for as many more
+that could have been thrice filled from the huts outside; but the
+hospital authorities feared to take more in, lest they die through their
+inability to feed them. It is not my purpose to detail woe, nor picture
+horrors; I leave that to others, if more of it must be had; let my few
+words tell how they were met and how the comfort that could be given,
+was given, or at least attempted.</p>
+
+<p>The purses and the pockets of our entire party were emptied, and as the
+cold, thin fingers closed feebly over the coin so strange to the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_533" title="533"></a> touch,
+the murmured prayer for America fell from every lip. Our visit had been
+one of inspection, returning to Havana by the afternoon train.</p>
+
+<p>The hospital committee and surgeons had been organized to work under our
+charge, and begging that one of our Red Cross men be temporarily
+assigned to them for their distribution, we turned our steps toward
+Havana, with a thankfulness unspoken in our hearts for the great head of
+our country who had asked for this food, the great-hearted people who
+had given it, and the efficient and tireless committee which had
+organized and sent it.</p>
+
+<p>The train of next day took out supplies of cereal foods, condensed milk,
+malted milk, meal, rice, flour, crackers, meat, fish, farina, tomatoes,
+canned vegetables and fruits&mdash;more than enough to hold those four
+hospitals comfortable till the promised shipment by the “Bergen” from
+New York, direct to Matanzas, should arrive.</p>
+
+<p>It was from information gathered by the party on this trip that Senator
+Proctor afterward made his speech in the U.S. Senate upon the condition
+of the reconcentrados.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p>  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_534" title="534"></a>[From a speech by Senator Redfield Proctor, of Vermont, in the U.S.
+  Senate, March 17, 1898.]</p>
+
+<p>There are six provinces in Cuba, each, with the exception of
+  Matanzas, extending the whole width of the island, and having about
+  an equal sea front on the north and south borders. Matanzas touches
+  the Caribbean Sea only at its southwest corner, being separated from
+  it elsewhere by a narrow peninsula of Santa Clara Province. The
+  provinces are named, beginning at the west, Pinar del Rio, Havana,
+  Matanzas, Santa Clara, Puerto Principe and Santiago de Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>My observations were confined to the four western provinces, which
+  constitute about one-half the island. The two eastern ones are
+  practically in the hands of the insurgents, except a few fortified
+  towns. These two large provinces are spoken of to-day as “Cuba
+  Libre.”</p>
+
+<p>Havana, the great city and capital of the island, is, in the eyes of
+  the Spaniards and many Cubans, all Cuba, as much as Paris in France.
+  But having visited it in more peaceful times and seen its sights,
+  the tomb of Columbus, the forts of Cabanas and Morro Castle, etc., I
+  did not care to repeat this, preferring trips in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Everything seems to go on much as usual in Havana. Quiet prevails
+  and except for the frequent squads of soldiers marching to guard and
+  police duty and their abounding presence in all public places, one
+  sees little signs of war.</p>
+
+<p>Outside Havana all is changed. It is not peace, nor is it war. It is
+  desolation and distress, misery and starvation.</p>
+
+<p>Every town and village is surrounded by a trocha (trench) a sort of
+  rifle pit, but constructed on a plan new to me, the dirt being
+  thrown up on the inside and a barbed wire fence on the outer side of
+  the trench.</p>
+
+<p>These trochas have at every corner, and at frequent intervals along
+  the sides, what are there called forts, but which are really small
+  block-houses, many of them more like a large sentry box, loop-holed
+  for musketry, and with a guard of from two to ten soldiers in each.
+  The purpose of these trochas is to keep reconcentrados in as well as
+  to keep the insurgents out.</p>
+
+<p>From all the surrounding country the people have been driven into
+  these fortified towns and held there to subsist as they can. They
+  are virtually prison yards and not unlike one in general appearance,
+  except that the walls are not so high and strong, but they suffice,
+  where every point is in range of a soldier’s rifle, to keep in the
+  poor reconcentrado women and children.</p>
+
+<p>Every railroad station is within one of these trochas and has an
+  armed guard. Every train has an armored freight car, loop-holed for
+  musketry, and filled with soldiers and with, as I observed usually,
+  and was informed is always the case, a pilot engine a mile or so in
+  advance. There are frequent block-houses enclosed by a trocha and
+  with a guard along the railroad track. With this exception there is
+  no human life or habitation between these fortified towns and
+  villages throughout the whole of the four western provinces, except
+  to a very limited extent among the hills, where the Spaniards have
+  not been able to go and drive the people to the towns and burn their
+  dwellings.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_535" title="535"></a>
+ <img src="images/i112.jpg" width="500" height="305" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">HAVANA HARBOR.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_536" title="536"></a>
+ <img src="images/i113.jpg" width="400" height="598" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">CAPTAIN C.D. SIGSBEE.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="quote">
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_537" title="537"></a>
+<p>I saw no house or hut in the 400 miles of railroad rides from Pinar
+  del Rio Province in the west across the full width of Havana and
+  Matanzas Provinces, and to Sagua La Grando on the north shore and to
+  Cienfuegos on the south shore of Santa Clara, except within the
+  Spanish trochas. There are no domestic animals or crops on the rich
+  fields and pastures except such as are under guard in the immediate
+  vicinity of the towns.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, the Spaniards hold in these four western provinces
+  just what their army sits on.</p>
+
+<p>Every man, woman and child and every domestic animal, wherever their
+  columns have reached, is under guard and within their so-called
+  fortifications. To describe one place is to describe all.</p>
+
+<p>To repeat, it is neither peace nor war.</p>
+
+<p>It is concentration and desolation. This is the “pacified” condition
+  of the four western provinces.</p>
+
+<p>All the country people in the four western provinces, about 400,000
+  in number, remaining outside the fortified towns when Weyler’s order
+  was made, were driven into these towns, and these are the
+  reconcentrados. They were the peasantry, many of them farmers, some
+  land-owners, others renting lands and owning more or less stock,
+  others working on estates and cultivating small patches, and even a
+  small patch in that fruitful clime will support a family.</p>
+
+<p>It is but fair to say that the normal condition of these people was
+  very different from that which prevails in this country. Their
+  standard of comfort and prosperity was not high, measured by our
+  own, but according to their standards and requirements, their
+  conditions of life were satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>They lived mostly in cabins made of palm or in wooden houses. Some
+  of them had houses of stone, the blackened walls of which are all
+  that remains to show that the country was ever inhabited.</p>
+
+<p>The first clause of Weyler’s order reads as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“I order and command:</p>
+
+<p>“First&mdash;All the inhabitants of the country now outside of the line
+  of fortifications of the towns shall within the period of eight days
+  concentrate themselves in the town so occupied by the troops. Any
+  individual who after the expiration of this period is found in the
+  uninhabited parts will be considered a rebel and tried as such.”</p>
+
+<p>The other three sections forbid the transportation of provisions
+  from one town to another without permission of the military
+  authority, direct the owners of cattle to bring them into the towns,
+  prescribe that the eight days shall be counted from the publication
+  of the proclamation to the head town of the municipal districts, and
+  state that if news is furnished of the enemy which can be made use
+  of it will serve as a “recommendation.”</p>
+
+<p>Many doubtless did not learn of this order. Others failed to grasp
+  its terrible meaning. Its execution was left largely to the
+  guerillas to drive in all that had not obeyed, and I was informed
+  that in many cases a torch was applied to their homes with no
+  notice, and the inmates fled with such clothing as they might have
+  on, their stock and their belongings being appropriated by the
+  guerillas.</p>
+
+<p>When they reached the town they were allowed to build huts of palm
+  leaves in the suburbs and vacant places within the trochas, and were
+  left to live if they could. Their huts are about ten by fifteen feet
+  in size, and for want of space are<a class="pagenum" id="Page_538" title="538"></a> usually crowded together very
+  closely. They have no floor but the ground, and no furniture, and
+  after a year’s wear but little clothing, except such stray
+  substitutes as they can extemporize.</p>
+
+<p>With large families or with more than one in this little space, the
+  commonest sanitary provisions are impossible. Conditions are
+  unmentionable in this respect.</p>
+
+<p>Torn from their homes, with foul earth, foul air, foul water and
+  foul food, or none, what wonder that one-half have died and that
+  one-quarter of the living are so diseased that they cannot be saved.</p>
+
+<p>A form of dropsy is a common disorder resulting from these
+  conditions. Little children are still walking about with arms and
+  chests terribly emaciated, eyes swollen and abdomen bloated to three
+  times the natural size. The physicians say these cases are hopeless.</p>
+
+<p>Deaths in the streets have not been uncommon. I was told by one of
+  our consuls that people have been found dead about the markets in
+  the morning where they had crawled hoping to get some stray bits of
+  food from the early hucksters, and that there had been cases where
+  they had dropped dead inside the market, surrounded by food.</p>
+
+<p>These people were independent and self-supporting before Weyler’s
+  order. They are not beggars even now. There are plenty of
+  professional beggars in every town among the regular residents, but
+  these country people, the reconcentrados, have not learned the art.
+  Rarely is a hand held out to you for alms when going among their
+  huts, but the sight of them makes an appeal stronger than words.</p>
+
+<p>The hospitals&mdash;of these I need not speak; others have described
+  their condition far better than I can.</p>
+
+<p>It is not within the narrow limits of my vocabulary to portray it. I
+  went to Cuba with a strong conviction that the picture had been
+  overdrawn; that a few cases of starvation and suffering had inspired
+  and stimulated the press correspondents, and that they had given
+  free play to a strong, natural and highly cultivated imagination.</p>
+
+<p>I could not believe that out of a population of one million six
+  hundred thousand, 200,000 had died within these Spanish forts,
+  practically prison walls, within a few months past, from actual
+  starvation and disease caused by insufficient and improper food.</p>
+
+<p>My inquiries were entirely outside of sensational sources. They were
+  made by our medical officers, of our consuls, of city alcaldes
+  (mayors), of relief committees, of leading merchants and bankers,
+  physicians and lawyers. Several of my informants were Spanish born,
+  but every time came the answer that the case had not been
+  overstated.</p>
+
+<p>What I saw I cannot tell so that others can see it. It must be seen
+  with one’s own eyes to be realized.</p>
+
+<p>The Los Fosos Hospital, in Havana, has been recently described by
+  one of my colleagues, Senator Gallinger, and I cannot say that his
+  picture was overdrawn, for even his fertile pen could not do more.
+  He visited it after Dr. Lesser, one of Miss Barton’s very able and
+  efficient assistants, had renovated it and put in cots.</p>
+
+<p>I saw it when 400 women and children were lying on the stone floors
+  in an indescribable state of emaciation and disease, many with the
+  scantiest covering of rags, and such rags! and sick children, naked
+  as they came into the world. And the conditions in the other cities
+  are even worse.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_539" title="539"></a>Miss Barton and her work need no indorsement from me. I had known
+  and esteemed her for many years, but had not half appreciated her
+  capability and devotion to her work. I especially looked into her
+  business methods, fearing there would be the greatest danger of
+  mistake, that there might be want of system, waste and extravagance,
+  but found she could teach me on these points.</p>
+
+<p>In short, I saw nothing to criticise, but everything to commend. The
+  American people may be assured that the bounty will reach the
+  sufferers with the least possible cost and in the best manner, in
+  every respect.</p>
+
+<p>And if our people could see a small fraction of the need, they would
+  pour more “freely from their liberal store” than ever before for any
+  cause.</p>
+
+<p>When will the need for this help end? Not until peace comes and the
+  reconcentrados can go back to their country, rebuild their homes,
+  reclaim their tillage plots, which quickly run up to brush in that
+  wonderful soil and clime, and until they can be free from danger of
+  molestation in so doing.</p>
+
+<p>Until then the American people must in the main care for them. It is
+  true that the alcaldes, other authorities and relief committees are
+  now trying to do something, and desire, I believe, to do the best
+  they can. But the problem is beyond their means and capacity and the
+  work is one to which they are not accustomed.</p>
+
+<p>General Blanco’s order of November 13 last somewhat modifies the
+  Weyler order, but it is of little or no practical benefit. Its
+  application is limited to farms “properly defended,” and the owners
+  are obliged to build “centres of defense.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i114.jpg" width="500" height="383" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">STREET IN CAVITE SHOWING GENERAL AGUINALDO’S HEADQUARTERS.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_540" title="540"></a>ARTEMISA.</h3>
+
+<p>Whilst these various provisions and improvements in and around Havana,
+in the little orphanage and Los Fosos were going on, food was going out
+from the great warehouse upon requisition, to thirty or forty towns and
+villages in number, which no one had yet had the time to visit; and
+their first distribution must be made on trust. From many sources we had
+heard of the needs of Artemisa, several miles to the east by rail. As
+usual, there was but one train daily from Havana, and that, like the
+road we had traveled to Jaruco and Matanzas on the west, left at six
+o’clock in the morning, and also meant rising at half-past four, a
+carriage ride of three-quarters of an hour in the dark. Our party again
+formed, including Mr. Elwell, Drs. Hubbell and Egan, Senator Proctor,
+Colonel Parker and a few other attendants. The day was clear and fine,
+affording an excellent opportunity to observe the condition of the
+country as we passed through. There was entire lack of cultivation; the
+tall palm threw its stately shadow over miles of desolated, rolling and
+meadow land; no people in sight save in the little thatched hovels; no
+cattle, no tools, the rank, wild grass swarding the soil where the
+richest of crops belong; and we bringing food grown on the sterile
+fields of North America, among the gravel and rocks, with a quarter of
+the year under snow, nearly one-half under frost, to a country like
+this, where the verdure is perpetual and three crops possible, where the
+rain and the sun never fail, where land is abundant and yet where
+millions of hands want acres and millions of acres want hands. Heavenly
+Father, what is the matter with this beautiful earth that Thou hast
+made! “And, what is man that Thou art mindful of him!”</p>
+
+<p>Eight o’clock in the bright morning sunshine found us at Artemisa. A
+brief examination by carriage served to show us where its defences had
+once been, now practically abandoned and the field of military activity
+drawn to other points.</p>
+
+<p>We found here a most practical mayor, with two thousand to three
+thousand people about him almost entirely without food. Since November
+24, until some three months ago, the Spanish government had issued small
+rations to these people, but these grew less and less,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_541" title="541"></a> and finally
+stopped altogether. This small help from the government had saved the
+people thus far, but they were now beginning to be dangerously hungry.
+What gladness it was to feel that our provisions would fall in just in
+time to save, we hoped, the greater portion of those remaining.</p>
+
+<p>The district of Artemisa had originally 10,000, and the town 2000
+inhabitants. Into this small number 10,000 reconcentrados had been sent.
+Three thousand of these had died; some had strayed away to other places
+in the hope of more food and fewer persons to eat it; 5000 still
+remained. In August 770 persons died&mdash;now the death rate is 5 to 6
+persons per day, or about 175 per month. We found only one hospital and
+this for smallpox, far out in the fields, with forty patients. There
+were three physicians who would be more than glad to make up a
+hospital&mdash;if there were anything to provide it with&mdash;attend to it
+personally, and find women who would care for the sick, as nurses. They
+were directed to do this at once, and suitable hospital food would be
+sent to them as soon as their hospital was reported ready for it. They
+were also directed to gather all the sick in the outlying hovels and
+bring them into hospitals. One of our physicians would go directly with
+the food and assist in the establishment of the institution. We remained
+over night; the distribution of food which had been sent them took place
+at seven the next morning. Their system of tickets was excellent; a
+better system of relief we had not seen. The mayor himself would visit
+every family and the physicians the same, until the sick would be all in
+hospitals. It was a welcome sight at eight o’clock that morning, when
+the crowd of waiting thousands stood around the mayor, to see the tight
+hand grasp on the bag of rations, like a godsend from heaven when hope
+was lost. The mayor had a thousand acres of land lying within the
+military lines of fortifications, which he offered free for the use of
+the people, if they could get permission, and if the people could help
+to cultivate it. In three months, he said, under their own cultivation
+it would feed them all.</p>
+
+<p>Our work at Artemisa closed at noon and we returned to Havana.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_542" title="542"></a>SAGUA LA GRANDE.</h3>
+
+<p>Referring again to the diary I find the following record:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Sagua la Grande and Cienfuegos yet remain within our limits to be
+  reached at once. We have not a day to lose, and again leave at six
+  o’clock for Sagua la Grande. This means the usual morning ride in
+  the dark, the ferry and the beautiful opening of the day speeding on
+  through a strange land of waste and desolation. Our same company
+  assembled, and as we neared Sagua we were met by our friend, Consul
+  Barker, and later on the mayor, Senor Machado. Carriages were taken
+  and inspection made of the reconcentrados, their condition and
+  needs, the land, etc. While there is evidently great want here,
+  there is still an atmosphere of care and effort on the part of the
+  best people and the officials which fills one with an earnest desire
+  to help them on. The best place possible for the poor had been
+  provided by the mayor, and as he passed among them, pointing out to
+  us especial cases and conditions, their eyes followed him with a
+  look of grateful devotion. While sympathizing with all, his deepest
+  care seemed to be for the young girls; to find some occupation for
+  them, and some protection. The plan most feasible to him was the
+  starting of a cigarette factory where the hundreds might be
+  employed, with suitable time for instruction, earn their living, and
+  be kept out of danger. I am glad to know that he is partially
+  succeeding in this, and also that he had, and I think still has, the
+  earnest co-operation of our good consul at Sagua, Mr. Barker.</p>
+
+<p>The day had been very fully occupied, and we must remain until
+  morning to witness the operation of the kitchens established by the
+  consul and the mayor, where the poor are fed with well-cooked rice,
+  beans and such vegetables as can be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>These people are desperately poor, and need all the help that can be
+  given them, and yet they are not in the condition of the people of
+  Matanzas. Their doctors are caring for the sick, and the ladies of
+  the town giving every assistance in their power. The mayor again
+  reverts to his great interest in the young girls; “Here is the
+  greatest danger of all. Can you not help me out with this?” His
+  earnestness made such an impression upon me that I finally asked if
+  he had young daughters of his own. He hesitated a moment, and then
+  with a look of confidence, <a class="pagenum" id="Page_543" title="543"></a>as if he were about to entrust a secret
+  to me, he replied: “We have an adopted daughter, who is very, very
+  dear to us. She is the sister of Miss Cisneros, but does not know
+  it, and we have not the courage to tell her. She is some fourteen or
+  fifteen years of age, has read everything regarding Miss Cisneros,
+  and admires her intensely, but never mistrusts the relationship.”
+  “Will you not tell her?” I asked. “Oh yes; some day,” he replied,
+  “and it must be before long; but the relationships are so sweet that
+  my wife and I both dread to break them. Of course, some day we must
+  tell her, but we put it off as long as we can.” He then explained
+  that the father had been an active patriot and fell under political
+  censure; in his imprisonment the family was broken up, and this
+  little girl, then a mere babe, had been adopted by the mayor and his
+  wife, who were intimate friends of the family. I hope I have not
+  betrayed a trust; but there was a little touch of romance in
+  this&mdash;something so sweet and paternal in the relationship&mdash;and
+  something altogether so interesting in the thought of this bright
+  young girl reading and admiring the courage and successful exploits
+  of her own sister, without ever dreaming that it was anything to
+  her&mdash;it seems really too good a point to keep dark. I trust that the
+  good mayor, if he ever learns that I have betrayed his trust, will
+  forgive me.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_544" title="544"></a>CIENFUEGOS.</h3>
+
+<p>Although a rather early train on the next day would take us to
+Cienfuegos, the visit to the kitchens with their great, steaming
+cauldrons of food must not be passed by. Although it was simply beans,
+rice, such other dry vegetables as could be obtained, and the little
+meat or lard that came with the ration, slowly and thoroughly cooked, it
+was still a food that any good appetite could appreciate&mdash;wholesome,
+clean and as abundant as the circumstances would permit. It was a
+pleasure to see the children and the mothers come up with the little
+pails and buckets and receive the one large ladle of food, steaming hot
+from the cauldron, and bear it cheerfully away for the coming meal.
+There was a degree of order and systematic thought in this rarely met
+under occasions so grave. It will remain ever a happy memory with Consul
+Barker and the good mayor of Sagua, that under their wise direction this
+system was instituted and carried out. The courtesies of the railroad
+were cheerfully extended to us, and without incident worth relating the
+night found us at Cienfuegos. The country round about Cienfuegos is
+favorable to cultivation; the troubles there had been of a less grave
+nature, consequently the suffering has been less. Judging from the
+report of the consul, there had been very little; but to our stranger
+eyes, upon personal observation, there were traces of something not
+compatible with thrift, prosperity and happiness. We were sure that some
+help might be comfortably given there, and made our preparations
+accordingly. This also was a visit of investigation, and being Tuesday,
+the next day’s boat from Havana to the States must take our good friends
+from us, and an early start, over a long, jolting road, took us from
+Cienfuegos back to Havana.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_545" title="545"></a>BACK TO HAVANA.</h3>
+
+<p>Our journey through the three or four districts had shown us the worst
+of human suffering, the greatest of desolation, and a degree of
+discouragement as hard perhaps to rally the people from as the absolute
+physical conditions under which they existed. We had arranged for food
+for all. The ships with their various consignments were already on the
+way, the “Fern” to Matanzas, a shipment from the Philadelphia Red Cross
+on the “Bergen,” also bound for Matanzas, from both of which supplies
+could go forward to Artemisa and Sagua, for the railroads were generous
+in giving free transportation; and we were informed that a shipment was
+also en route for Cienfuegos. Remembering our own generous shipment of
+food to Matanzas of the third instant, we felt that we might give the
+time of a day or two to the institutions we were founding and supporting
+in Havana. The little hospital was growing finely, increasing in
+numbers, and the numbers increasing in strength. The frail, pale
+creatures were commencing to sit up in bed and hold the playthings that
+generous friends had brought them by the basketful; some even walked
+about and tried to play. Their heavenly godmother, “Sister Bettina,” was
+providing everything for their comfort, also for their nurses and the
+little household that made up a pattern hospital. Dr. Lesser had
+established a clinic on the grounds, and under the shade of the great,
+beautiful garden trees the poor invalids of the town assembled by the
+hundred each afternoon with the various maladies that misfortune,
+poverty and neglect had brought them. The gratitude which their strange
+tongues spoke in evident blessing upon him who had thought to come to
+their relief, and the great brown eyes that followed him as he turned
+quickly and gently from one to another, were pictures not to be
+forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>Los Fosos, on the other hand, was fast losing its terrors. A regular
+distribution of American food had gone into it, and even rooms were
+partitioned off for a dispensary, fairly well provided with medicines,
+and another for clothing and bedding fast filling up from our warehouse
+were all in grateful operation. All had beds, the floors and stairs were
+strengthened, and the food went regularly through twice a day among all
+the waiting inmates. M. Sr. J. Palacios y Airoso, the Consul of Bolivia,
+and a member of our committee, had volunteered to take personal charge,
+and his fine, manly form seen day by day among these poor,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_546" title="546"></a> suffering
+creatures, watching and providing their wants, was like a benediction
+from heaven. And Sister Bettina, with her band of faithful nurses, soon
+carried strong traces of order and cleanliness where it had once seemed
+impossible.</p>
+
+<p>The morning that saw our first welcome party of American visitors,
+Senator Proctor and friends, leave us, brought another party still
+larger, among whom were Senator and dear Mrs. Thurston, Senator Money
+and nieces, Senator Gallinger, Mr. Cummings, Mr. Smith, and others. It
+was not only comforting, but hopeful, to see such interest manifested in
+these dreadful conditions by the highest prestige in our country and
+those who had it in their power to make these conditions better. We
+welcomed them with an earnestness they could scarcely comprehend.</p>
+
+<p>There was in all these surroundings a feeling akin to horror, an
+isolation from the world it seemed, and it is not difficult to
+understand the welcome we gave in our hearts to those who came to us.
+Our new guests visited Havana, its institutions, the little orphanage,
+and the Los Fosos of that day&mdash;a terror to them, but a comfort to us, as
+we saw it daily growing better and better.</p>
+
+<p>Matanzas must of course be visited, and another early morning train
+found our large party en route for that city and the sights that had so
+distressed us ten days before. Although realizing how terrible the state
+of things must seem to our party of American visitors, we still rejoiced
+during the entire journey that they were not to see those hospitals in
+the condition in which we had first found them. Our supplies, so
+promptly and generously sent, we were sure had dulled the keen edge of
+hunger, and could not fail to show an improvement there. Our guests,
+then, would not see all the terrors of unfed famine that had so shocked
+us, and we knew that by that time the ships from the North must have
+arrived. The breakfast at the hotel and a second visit to our hospitable
+governor brought with them no apprehension of what was to meet us a
+little later. We drove to the hospitals, to learn that no food had been
+distributed or received. Those whom we had seen dying there on our first
+visit were gone; others had taken their places, and it was only a
+repetition of the first visit, with the addition of ten days more of
+hunger. Astonished and shocked beyond description, we drove at once to
+the railway station, to find in its freight house our four tons of
+provisions sent from Havana ten days before. Although every notice had
+been given by us that the goods would be sent&mdash;again that they were
+sent&mdash;and the authorities asked to look out for them,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_547" title="547"></a> our consul
+appeared to have no intimation that they were there. The hospital
+authorities, of course, had none, and it only remained for us to order
+out the provisions and get something to the patients as quickly as
+possible, leaving Dr. Hubbell to see that at last they had a supper.</p>
+
+<p>It is not strange that from this event went out the cry of “starving
+Matanzas,” although at that moment, in addition to our four tons of
+goods previously sent, the “Fern” lay in the harbor under the American
+flag, with fifty tons of American supplies, and fifty rods away lay the
+“Bergen,” under the same colors, bearing a cargo of fifty-two tons from
+the Philadelphia Red Cross, faithfully sent through the New York
+Committee, by request. So uncontrollable a thing is human excitement
+that these facts could not be taken in, and the charities of our whole
+country were called afresh to arms over “starving Matanzas,” which was
+at that moment by far the best provided city in Cuba. The result of this
+was an entire train of supplies from Kansas, which, remaining there
+after the blockade, not being consigned to the Red Cross, was, we were
+informed, distributed among the Spanish soldiery by the Spanish
+officials. Goods bearing the mark of the Red Cross were everywhere
+respected, and we have no record of any of <em>our</em> goods having been
+appropriated by the Spanish authorities.</p>
+
+<p>The third member of the Cuban Relief Committee of New York, Mr. Louis
+Klopsch, having arrived, it was perhaps natural and proper that the work
+of relief and distribution under the consul-general should pass to his
+direction. Accordingly, by request of Mr. Klopsch, no more visits were
+made to other cities, and by his direction Mr. Elwell gave his entire
+attention to the warehouse, and I continued the very hopeful
+negotiations I had commenced with the Spanish authorities for the
+privilege of unmolested cultivation by the reconcentrados of the broad
+glades of land lying within the trochas. In some instances, as around
+Sagua, hundreds of acres lay thus unoccupied by either Cubans or
+Spanish, and only the fear of the Spanish soldiery from their own side
+of the trochas prevented the cultivation of this land by the
+reconcentrados gathered in the towns. In some long and earnest
+interviews with General Blanco I laid this matter before him, and begged
+his interference and commands on behalf of the safety of the poor people
+who might desire to cultivate this land. The captain-general said they
+had the matter already under consideration, and desired me to meet his
+board of education, who would be glad to co-operate. I met this body of
+gentlemen&mdash;middle-aged, thoughtful, intelligent men. They had already
+taken some important steps, but were perplexed on both sides;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_548" title="548"></a> first by
+the Spanish soldiery, liable to attack the workers, likewise the Cuban
+guerillas, who were equally as dangerous. And yet, despite all this,
+some important steps had really been taken and some little commencement
+made. I need not say that the exciting news which followed in less than
+a month put to an end all thoughts of steps in that direction. A new
+enemy would appear and the ground was likely to be plowed by shells from
+the monster ships that would line the bay.</p>
+
+<p>I met the Spanish authorities, not merely as a bearer of relief, but as
+the president of the American National Red Cross, with all the
+principles of neutrality which that implied, and received in return the
+unfailing courtesy which the conditions demanded. From our first
+interview to the last sad day when we decided that it was better to
+withdraw, giving up all efforts at relief, and leave those thousands of
+poor, dying wretches to their fate, there was never any change in the
+attitude of the Spanish authorities, General Blanco or his staff, toward
+myself or any member of my staff. One of my last visits before the
+blockade was to the palace. The same kindly spirit prevailed; I was
+begged not to leave the island through fear of them; every protection in
+their power would be given, but there was no guarantee for what might
+occur in the exigencies of war. I recall an incident of that day:
+General Blanco led me to the large salon, the walls of which are covered
+with the portraits of the Spanish officials for generations past, and
+pointing to the Spanish authorities under date of 1776, said, with a
+look of sadness, “When your country was in trouble, Spain was the friend
+of America. Now Spain is in trouble, America is her enemy.” I knew no
+answer for this but silence, and we passed out through the corridor of
+guards, he handing me to my carriage with a farewell and a blessing. I
+could but recall my experience with the Turkish officials and
+government, where I entered with such apprehension and left with such
+marks of cordiality.</p>
+
+<p>During this interval of time important business had called me to
+Washington, and I only returned to Cuba some time during the second week
+of April, when the diary commences with, “strong talk of war.”</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_549" title="549"></a>LEAVING HAVANA.</h3>
+
+<p>It is needless to say that the strong talk went on&mdash;well or ill, wise or
+unwise, welcome or unwelcome&mdash;it went on. Evidently the blockade was
+near at hand and a declaration of war liable to follow. What should one
+do but to ask counsel of all within reach? I have given the result of my
+interview with the Spanish authorities; cabling to American authorities
+brings the answer, “The consul should know best. Take no chances.”
+Reference to the consul brings the kindly reply, “I am going myself.”
+The order was for all American citizens to leave Havana, and the order
+was obeyed, but not without having laid the matter formally in counsel
+before my staff of assistants and taking their opinion and advice, which
+was to the effect that while personally they would prefer to remain for
+the chance of the little good that might be accomplished, in view of the
+distress which we should give our friends at home, and, in fact, the
+whole country, when it should be known that we were inside that wall of
+fire that would confront us, with no way of extricating or reaching us,
+it seemed both wiser and more humane to leave. And the ninth of April
+saw us again on shipboard, a party of twenty, bound for Tampa. We would
+not, however, go beyond, but made headquarters there, remaining within
+easy call of any need there might be for us. Here follow the few weeks
+of impending war. Do we need to live them over? Do we even want to
+recall them? Days when the elder men of thought and memory pondered
+deeply and questioned much! When the mother, patriot though she were,
+uttered her sentiments through choking voice and tender, trembling
+words, and the young men, caring nothing, fearing nothing, rushed
+gallantly on to doom and to death! To how many households, alas, these
+days recall themselves in tones never to be forgotten!
+
+Notwithstanding all this excitement and confusion and all the pressure
+that weighed upon him, our good President still remembered the
+suffering, dying reconcentrados, and requested that a ship be provided
+as quickly as possible loaded from the warerooms of the indefatigable
+Cuban Relief Committee in New York, and be sent for the relief of the
+sufferers in Cuba whenever they could be reached. One need not say with
+what promptness this committee acted, and I was informed that the “State
+of Texas” laden with fourteen hundred tons of food would shortly leave
+New York en route for Key West, and it<a class="pagenum" id="Page_550" title="550"></a> was the desire of that committee
+and the Government that I take command of the ship, and with my staff
+and such assistants as I would select, undertake the getting of that
+food to its destination.</p>
+
+<p>Some members of the staff were in New York, and with Dr. Hubbell in
+charge sailed from that port on Saturday, the twenty-third of April. A
+hasty trip from Washington, gathering up the waiting staff at Tampa, and
+pushing on by the earliest train brought us to Key West in time to meet
+the “State of Texas” as she arrived, board her and take charge of the
+snug little ship that was henceforth to take its place in American
+history. She was well built, but by no means new, nor handsome. Her dull
+black hull could in no way compare with the snow white, green and red
+striped hospital ships, those heralds of relief that afterwards graced
+the waters of that bay. Still she was firm, sound, heavy-laden, and gave
+promise of some good to someone at some future day, that day being only
+when the great war monsters should have pealed out to the world that an
+entrance was made on the coast of Cuba, and we would be invited to
+follow.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="On Board the “State of Texas”">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>By the authorities at Washington, the “State of Texas” had been
+consigned to the protection of the navy, and accordingly we must report
+our arrival. This was done to the senior officer, representing Admiral
+Sampson, in the port, Captain Harrington, of the monitor “Puritan.” This
+brought at once a personal call from the captain with an invitation to
+our entire staff to visit his beautiful ship the following day. The
+launch of the “Puritan” was sent to take us, and not only was the ship
+inspected, but the dainties of his elegant tea table as well.</p>
+
+<p>When all was over the graceful launch returned us safely to our ship,
+with grateful memories on the part of the younger members of our
+company, who had never chanced to form an intimate acquaintance with a
+piece of shipping at once so beautiful and so terrible, as that
+death-dealing engine of destruction. I record this visit and courtesy on
+the part of Captain Harrington as the first of an unfailing series of
+kindnesses extended by the navy to the Red Cross from first to last.
+There was no favor too great, no courtesy too high to be cheerfully
+rendered on every occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The memories of pitiful Cuba would not leave us, and, knowing that under
+our decks were fourteen hundred tons of food, for the want of which its
+people were dying, the impulse to reach them grew very strong, and a
+letter was addressed to Admiral Sampson.</p>
+
+<p>This brought immediately the launch of the “New York” to the side of our
+ship, and Captain Chadwick, the gallant officer whom no<a class="pagenum" id="Page_551" title="551"></a> one forgets,
+stepped lightly on board to deliver the written message from the
+admiral, or rather to take me to the “New York.” Nothing could have
+exceeded the courtesy of the admiral, but we were acting from entirely
+opposite standpoints. I had been requested to take a ship, and by every
+means in my power get food into Cuba. He, on the other hand, had been
+commanded to take a fleet, and by every means in his power keep food out
+of Cuba. When one compared the two ships lying side by side and thought
+of a contest of effort between them, the situation was ludicrous, and
+yet the admiral did not absolutely refuse to give me a flag of truce and
+attempt an entrance into Havana; but he disapproved it, feared the
+results for me and acting in accordance with <em>his</em> highest wisdom and
+best judgment, I felt it to be my place to wait. By the concurrence of
+the admiral our letters were both given to the public, and appear
+elsewhere in these pages, and we remained, as we had been, neighbors and
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>These days of waiting were by no means lost time. The accidents
+constantly occurring in a harbor filled with transports, kept the
+surgeons of the Red Cross constantly in active duty, while the twenty or
+thirty Spanish ships which had been and were being captured as prizes,
+lay a few miles out, unprovided either by themselves or their captors.
+They had been picked up whilst out at sea, some of them having no
+knowledge of the existence of a war and supposing themselves as safe as
+in the balmiest days of peace. Most of them were provided with a little
+open well in the bottom of the ship where live fish were kept. But for
+this provision, it is by no means certain that deaths from starvation
+would not have occurred. The ships were mainly little Spanish
+vessels&mdash;their crews honest working men, who knew their ships and the
+hills and harbors of Spain and Cuba, and little else&mdash;could speak no
+word of any language but their own&mdash;our people, unused to privateering
+or to the treatment of captives, forgot to provide them, and thus they
+waited, living on the few fish in their holds, with neither meat, lard,
+butter, nor oil for their cooking, nor vegetables, nor bread as
+accompaniments. Our men learned this state of things, and naturally
+attended to it. It is enough for me to say that recently the thanks of
+all Spain, through its Red Cross, has come back to us for the kindnesses
+rendered her captive seamen.</p>
+
+<p>The days waxed and waned; the summer sun poured its burning rays down on
+the glistening waters of the bay; the reveille and tattoo warned us that
+we were in camp, with the little difference between land and
+sea&mdash;waiting for some onward movement.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_552" title="552"></a>TAMPA.</h3>
+
+<p>Tampa became the gathering point of the army. Its camps filled like
+magic, first with regulars, then volunteers, as if the fiery torch of
+Duncraigen had spread over the hills and prairies of America; the great
+ships gathered in the waters; the monitors, grim and terrible, seemed
+striving to hide their heads among the surging waves; the transports,
+with decks dark with human life, passed in and out, and the great
+monarchs of the sea held ever their commanding sway. It seemed a strange
+thing, this gathering for war. Thirty years of peace had made it strange
+to all save the veterans, with their gray beards, and the silver-haired
+matrons of the days of the old war, long passed into history. Could it
+be possible that we were to learn this anew? Were men again to fall, and
+women weep? Were the youth of this generation to gain that experience
+their fathers had gained, to live the war lives they had lived, and die
+the deaths they had died? Here was abundant food for reflection, while
+one waited through the days and watched the passing events.</p>
+
+<p>At length the fleet moved on, and we prepared to move with, or rather
+after, it. The quest on which it had gone and the route it had taken
+bordered something on the mystery shrouding the days when Sherman
+marched to the sea. Where were the Spanish fleets? and what would be the
+result when found and met? and where were we to break that Cuban wall
+and let us in? Always present in our minds were the food we carried, the
+willing hands that waited, and the perishing thousands that needed. We
+knew the great hospital ships were fitting for the care of the men of
+both army and navy. Surely they could have no need of us, and the
+knowledge that our cargo was not adapted to army hospital use brought no
+regret to us.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_553" title="553"></a>
+ <img src="images/i115.jpg" width="500" height="317" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">CITIZENS OF JARUCO PRESENTING A MEMORIAL FOR THE VICTIMS OF THE “MAINE.”</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_554" title="554"></a>
+ <img src="images/i116.jpg" width="500" height="311" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by <cite>The Christian Herald</cite>.</div>
+ <div class="caption">LITTLE CONVALESCENTS IN HOSPITAL.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>These days of quiet waiting were like the lull that precedes the storm.
+The time seemed long regarded only from that standpoint, but when it is
+remembered that these few days were all that had been allowed for a
+great nation with thirty years of peace to rouse up and plunge itself
+into a war, the time seems comparatively short. We had taken possession
+of our ship at Key West on the twenty-ninth of April; it was now the
+twentieth of June, and the great national records of two countries at
+least will always give the history of those days. It is our part to keep
+as clearly, truthfully and kindly as possible the record of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_555" title="555"></a> the
+little that fell to us to perform in this great drama. Our arrangements
+for putting out to sea were quickly made. Such supplies and such persons
+as were not to go with us must be landed and left. Among the latter, to
+our deep and lasting regret, was our charming friend, Mrs. J. Addison
+Porter, who had kindly passed the last weeks with us, leaving us as she
+did, however, with the comforting promise to return if she should find
+it possible.</p>
+
+<p>All preliminaries arranged, at ten o’clock, the twentieth of June we
+weighed anchor at Key West and steamed for the open sea, having first
+taken the official advice of Commodore Remie, commanding the navy at
+that point, to find Admiral Sampson and report to him.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Arrival at Santiago">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>The twenty-fifth gave us our first view of the water of Santiago. Our
+transports and battleships were gathered there, and the advice of
+Admiral Sampson was that we proceed to Guantanamo, where the marines had
+made a landing and were camped on the shore. There had been some
+fighting at Guantanamo. The “Solace” was there. Its harbor was fine, and
+the run of forty miles was made by noon of that day. Whoever has enjoyed
+the quiet, sheltered harbor of Guantanamo will not require to be
+reminded of it&mdash;protected on three sides by beautifully wooded hills. At
+six o’clock our anchors sunk in the deep still waters, and we had time
+to look about us and see for the first time the beginning of the war.
+The marines were camped diagonally along the brow of a beautiful hill.
+On our right a camp of Cubans, and all about us the great monsters with
+their protruding guns which told of forthcoming trouble. Captain
+McCalla, who was in command of Guantanamo, had sent compliments and a
+launch pointing out our place of anchorage.</p>
+
+<p>The courtesies of the navy, so early commenced at Key West, were
+promptly continued. At eight o’clock we received a visit from Commander
+Dunlap of the “Solace” which, after a long and cordial interview, closed
+by his proposing to send his launch at ten o’clock the following day to
+take our entire company for a visit to the “Solace” and its fifty
+wounded men. If that beautiful ship or its management had left room on
+the records of our country’s mead of gratitude for more words of
+appreciative praise, I should be glad to speak them. Only those familiar
+with the earliest history of the Red Cross in our country and the
+methods by which our navy alone of all the Red Cross nations had gained
+even an approximately legal place, can judge what the sight of that
+first naval relief ship on our American waters was to me. It brought
+back so vividly the memory of the day when President Arthur called me to
+him to carefully explain the conditions of the treaty<a class="pagenum" id="Page_556" title="556"></a> which he had just
+signed in 1881, and that Congress, having generously included the navy
+in its treaty for war, he would provide to hold it carefully until the
+probable widening of the original treaty would include the <em>navies</em> of
+the world as well as the armies. I was thankful for the<em lang="la" xml:lang="la">modus vivendi</em>,
+which I knew was as welcome to Spain as to ourselves, that had made it
+possible to pick up these poor wounded sailors and given them kindly
+care among their own, that there were not to be left uncared for, or
+thrown into land hospitals where everything would be strange to them. My
+twenty or thirty assistants glided about the polished decks of the
+magnificent ship, with a kindly greeting for every poor, wounded fellow,
+and delighted with everything they saw. For me, I had few words,
+prayerful gratitude, and many memories of the long years of patient
+waiting that had brought the American Red Cross even up to the point it
+had attained.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i117.jpg" width="450" height="379" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">LOCATION OF SHORE BATTERIES, SANTIAGO.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_557" title="557"></a>Before the day closed news came to us of a more serious character than
+we had before learned. The daring Rough Riders had been hardly dealt by;
+Hamilton Fish and Capron had been killed, and the wounded needed help.
+Wherever they might be, it must be possible to reach them, and it was
+decided that no time be lost. Our men commenced work in the hold of the
+ship to get at medical supplies and dressings, and the captain took his
+orders. I find in my diary at the close of that day the following
+paragraph:</p>
+
+<p>“It is the Rough Riders we go to, and the relief may be also rough; but
+it will be <em>ready</em>. A better body of helpers could scarcely be gotten
+together.”</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Siboney">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>Nine o’clock of the same night, June 26, found us in Siboney and
+anchored in its waters, which can scarcely be called a harbor. It seems
+to be rather an indenture in the coast. Shall I be pardoned if I again
+revert to the diary which, by some means, I found time to hastily
+pencil:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+   <span class="smcap">Siboney, Cuba</span>, <em>June 27, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p>We were wakened at daybreak to see the soldiers filing up over the
+  hill in heavy marching order, forming in lines by ones and twos,
+  winding up, in and out among the hills, higher and higher, like a
+  great anaconda. As we watched them through a glass, they were a
+  moving line trailing on toward the clouds, till lost in the mist,
+  and we can only think as we look at them, on how many or on which is
+  set the mark of death, He knows no more than we, poor fellow, and
+  unthinkingly, perhaps, with his swinging, careless gait, toils up
+  and up and waits for&mdash;he knows not what.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The hospitals, both American and Cuban, are located on the shore just to
+the right of us, and have been visited by our men during the night. Some
+of their surgeons called on us; all seemed interested in the Red Cross,
+but none thought that a woman nurse would be in place in a soldier’s
+hospital; indeed, very much out of place. I suggested that that decision
+was hard for me, for I had spent a great deal of time there myself. They
+appeared to understand that perfectly, or were so polite as not to
+criticise it, but there seemed to be a <em>later</em> line which could not be
+crossed. The Cubans, who had just come into camp, were less conventional
+and expressed a great desire for any assistance we could give them.
+“Sister Bettina” and her four trained “Sisters,” Drs. Egan and Hubbell
+went ashore to the hospitals. This had been proposed the evening before
+at General Garcia’s headquarters; but they were begged to wait just one
+day until their hospital could be in a little better order. These
+“Sisters” were not the persons to grant that day of preparation.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_558" title="558"></a> On the
+contrary, we were told that as soon as they were fairly in the wards
+they commenced putting things into order and cleanliness, and worked
+through the day without interruption, coming home only after dark, tired
+it must be, but fresh and happy, full of the conviction of a work well
+done. Long before that day’s work was ended our own American hospitals
+alongside commenced to be jealous of the Cubans, and believed that they
+had spoken first. Be that as it might, we were equally forgetful, and
+from that time no distinction between the hospitals was known.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Lesser, Mr. Kennan and Mr. Elwell tramped, for there was no other
+mode of conveyance, to our advance line within three miles of Santiago.
+They found the artillery up and things nearly ready for attack, which it
+was thought would be on the following Wednesday.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i118.jpg" width="500" height="180" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">JULY FIFTH IN RIFLE PITS.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The sea grew wild and rough; the water was too deep for firm anchorage,
+and we rocked at such a fearful rate that in pity for the pale faces
+about me, I begged the captain to draw as near the shore as possible and
+let, at least, a portion of them onto the land. Let them have, if only a
+few minutes, the solid ground under their feet. He drew up to within two
+or three hundred feet of the cliff which runs around like a firm sea
+wall, and succeeded in anchoring; took a boat and tried to land some of
+our people, but there were no wharves; the poor little seven by nine
+bench, designated as a wharf, running out into the sea, against which
+the boats swung and crashed as they tried to land supplies, was all
+there was, except the narrow beach with a heavy surf. Our people
+declined the landing, and headsick, heartsick and seasick returned to
+the ship.</p>
+
+<p>We had been long without news from the United States; but the next day
+brought the following dispatch from the New York Cuban Relief
+Committee:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_559" title="559"></a>
+
+<p>Cobb sails Wednesday with Red Cross supply boat. All articles
+  requested by her will be shipped. The launch will be towed from
+  Jacksonville. Do you want additional nurses? Five hundred tons
+  provisions and clothing, also three ambulances complete, shipped to
+  Key West warehouse this week from New York. Send “State of Texas” to
+  New York as soon as can be spared. Cobb with Red Cross boat expects
+  to reach Guantanamo July 5 to 10. Massachusetts relief ship cannot
+  sail before middle of July. Will dispatch schooner with ice within a
+  fortnight. Make your requisitions specific in kind and quantity.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This was only one of the scores of dispatches reaching us within the few
+following weeks, and I repeat it here, not as having any special
+significance, excepting to show the uncertainty and utter instability of
+all human calculations. Analyzing this kind-hearted and well-meant
+dispatch in the light of the future, we find that neither the Red Cross
+supply boat, the steam launch, the Massachusetts relief ship, nor the
+additional nurses ever reached us. The ice schooner proved to be the
+“Mary E. Morse,” of which mention is made elsewhere. The five hundred
+tons of provisions shipped to the Key West warehouse were distributed
+there. I name this, not in any spirit of complaint&mdash;far from it,
+indeed&mdash;but simply to show still further and make more apparent, if
+possible, the difficulties attendant upon all work at a field of war.
+Those who have seen only this one war will find these uncertainties and
+shortcomings very strange, and unaccountable; to me, who had seen other
+wars, they seemed natural, probably largely inevitable, and quite the
+thing to be expected, the fatal results of which misfortunes I had spent
+half my lifetime in instituting measures to prevent or lessen.</p>
+
+<p>We were honored next day by a call from an officer of the “Olivette,”
+with his assistant. It is not singular, in the light of the great,
+elegant, newly-fitted ship at his command, that it was difficult for him
+to realize the use or the necessity of an unpretending little black boat
+like the “State of Texas,” or of what service it could be expected to be
+to an army. We labored to impress upon him the fact that this ship did
+not come for the war, but was loaded and dispatched weeks before there
+was any war, and simply waited an opportunity to deliver its cargo to
+the hungry and naked reconcentrados for whom they were designed. This
+explanation we hoped would make it apparent to the gentleman, how it
+was, that our supplies of clothing would not be likely to contain the
+articles of which he said his ship was in want; it probably never having
+entered into the minds of our sympathetic generous lady donors of
+America to provide <em>pajamas</em> for Cuban women. Anything we <em>had</em> was
+freely at his service. If we made any<a class="pagenum" id="Page_560" title="560"></a> attempt at <em>conversion</em> (which I
+do not now recall), it was simply on the line of a better understanding
+of Red Cross methods and principles as connected with his profession,
+and <em>not</em> a change of heart.</p>
+
+<p>With the constant reminders of the sufferings of the people on shore and
+our inability to reach them, it was a welcome errand brought by a
+dispatch boat that afternoon from Captain McCalla, that if we could get
+five thousand rations to him before the next Thursday morning, he could
+find a way to deliver them to the refugee families of insurgents and
+others lying out in the hills and woods beyond his camp at Guantanamo,
+where they had fled for safety. We steamed at once to Guantanamo and
+landed the rations next morning, returning to Siboney the same
+afternoon. The next day our working force was busy all day getting off
+material to refugees coming in from the mountains. General Garcia
+detailed a detachment to repair pontoons for the purpose of landing the
+supplies. Captain McCalla cabled for twenty thousand rations for
+refugees, to be delivered at Guantanamo by Sunday.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Hospital Work at Siboney">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>Our Red Cross sisters and surgeons were all busy at the Cuban Hospital,
+when the following letter from Major Le Garde was received:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">To Miss Clara Barton</span>, <em>President American National Red Cross</em>:</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to request your assistance in caring for the
+  patients in a so-called hospital near the landing at this point. The
+  orders are to the effect that all patients now under treatment on
+  the shore shall be transferred to the “Iroquois” and “Olivette,” but
+  the facilities for carrying out this order are apparently
+  inadequate. In order that the Divisional Hospital may remain
+  unhampered for the care of the wounded in the engagement about to
+  take place, it is necessary for me to request this favor of you, and
+  I trust that you may find it possible to comply with said request.</p>
+
+  <div class="signature">
+    <span class="indent40">Your obedient servant,</span><br />
+    <span class="indent5"><span class="smcap">Louis A. Le Garde</span>,</span><br />
+    <em>Major and Surgeon, U.S.A., Commanding Hospital</em>.
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To this the following reply was immediately returned:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+ <div class="dateline">
+  <span class="indent5"><span class="smcap">Steamship “State of Texas</span>,”</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Siboney, Santiago de Cuba</span>, <em>June 30, 1898</em>.
+  </div>
+
+<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Dr. Louis A. Le Garde</span>,<br />
+  <em>Major and Surgeon, U.S.A., Commanding Hospital</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Major</span>:&mdash;Permit me, I pray you, to express the great pleasure given
+  me by your cordial letter inviting the assistance of the persons
+  here under my direction in the care of the sick and wounded of the
+  engagement about to take place.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_561" title="561"></a>Although not here as a hospital ship by any means, nor legitimately
+  fitted for the work, still we have some hospital supplies, a few
+  intelligent workers, skill, intrepidity, experience, the willingness
+  to serve, the readiness to obey, and I believe, the true spirit of
+  the Red Cross, that seeks to help humanity wherever its needs exist.</p>
+
+<p>I send them to you in the hope that they may be of service. With
+  grateful appreciation, I am, doctor,</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent30">Most cordially yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent5"><span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>President American National Red Cross</em>.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the afternoon of this day some members from our ship went ashore and
+visited the Cuban Hospital and General Garcia’s headquarters, which that
+general, on leaving Siboney had graciously ordered to be placed “at Miss
+Barton’s disposal as headquarters for herself and her staff.” It was
+found, however, that the building would be required by the military, and
+the matter was given no further consideration.</p>
+
+<p>On the first of July Dr. and Mrs. Lesser with their assistants went
+early ashore to work in the hospitals, both United States and Cuban. The
+transport “Harvard” arriving with troops, demanded our anchorage, and on
+coming out of the harbor to give place to her, we saw that a bombardment
+of Aguadores, five miles to the west, was taking place. A battleship,
+perhaps the “Oregon,” the flagship “New York” and a little cruiser were
+standing in near the shore, the latter keeping up a rapid fire, which
+was responded to by the batteries on both sides of a ravine which the
+railroad crossed. We ran down as close as safety permitted and watched
+the engagement from the bridge of our own ship. The two large ships then
+drew in and shelled the ravine, apparently silencing the batteries. When
+we returned to Siboney we learned that our troops had been fighting all
+day, and that large numbers of wounded were walking or being brought in
+for treatment. The Red Cross had been requested to take entire charge of
+a fever hospital of United States troops, which it did. Dr. and Mrs.
+Lesser and two of the Sisters were assisting in the operating tent. All
+of us worked nearly through the night&mdash;the nurses and physicians as
+above stated; the others taking out supplies for wounded&mdash;one hundred
+cots, bedding, hospital utensils, medicine, food, etc. The reports were
+that we had taken and held all the commanding positions around Santiago,
+but that it had cost us four hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>The diary of July 2 says: The day opened cool and fresh, and although
+having worked steadily until three o’clock the night previous,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_562" title="562"></a> when
+they had been brought back to the ship for a little rest, the Sisters
+were ready for work at half-past six. Sisters Anna and Isabell had been
+on duty all night, and must now be relieved. Dr. Egan and Mr. Kennan
+made ready for the front, the former to have a field hospital.</p>
+
+<p>With a portion of my assistants I go ashore to visit the hospitals in
+the early part of the day, to learn if anything further can be done for
+them. We find the wounded coming in rapidly, long rows of hospital tents
+being filled with them, and many waiting their turn on the operating
+tables. We learned that the officers had suffered very severely, having
+been picked off by Spanish sharpshooters. A note came by messenger from
+Mr. Kennan at the front, saying that by order from General Shafter’s
+headquarters “Miss Barton was directed to seize any empty wagons coming
+in and send by them hospital supplies, medical stores, which were badly
+needed at the front.” This direction would of course be filled as far as
+possible; the supplies would be gotten out and sent, and it was decided
+that myself and as many of our assistants as could be spared go with
+them the next day. These were anxious, trying days throughout the whole
+country. All America was astir, once more in the dreaded throes of war.</p>
+
+<p>Another dispatch from our committee at New York reveals this state of
+feeling:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+ <div class="dateline">
+    <span class="smcap">New York</span>, <em>July 2, 1898</em>.
+ </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Barton</span>, <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Santiago de Cuba</em>:</p>
+
+<p>Government transport “Port Victor” sailing New York, Wednesday via
+  Tampa takes all our supplies to Santiago. Look out for arrival.
+  Twenty-five nurses go there Tuesday; more follow; order them forward
+  if needed. Report your actions. People anxious.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>To which the following reply is returned:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Dispatch received. Lesser’s force attending wounded here constantly
+  coming in. Elwell and force landing supplies in the surf at night,
+  without dock, under great difficulties and dangers. An urgent appeal
+  from the front for medicines and food. None there. Will try to get
+  two four-mule wagons full to them to-night and go ourselves. Have
+  reported all we could. No telegraph here till to-day. No dispatch
+  boats. No post-office. We also anxious.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>July 3 opened clear and bright, the commencement of a hard and busy day,
+to be long remembered. Our shippers had been landing supplies all night
+and keeping such guard over them on the sandy beach as was possible.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_563" title="563"></a>The daily record of our movements kept always up and open, like the log
+of the ship, must now fall to the hands of our faithful stenographer,
+Miss Lucy Graves, and taking up her duties bravely that day, she
+commences with this paragraph:</p>
+
+<p>“Miss Barton, with Dr. and Mrs. Gardner, Dr. Hubbell and Mr. McDowell,
+leave for the front to-day, taking two six-mule wagon loads of hospital
+supplies.” To the young writer it was a simple note in the records of
+the day, having no special significance. As my eye glanced over it it
+seemed very strange&mdash;passing strange, that after all this more than a
+quarter of a century I should be again taking supplies to the front of
+an army in the United States of America; that after all these years of
+Red Cross instruction and endeavor, it was still necessary to
+promiscuously seize an army wagon to get food to wounded men.</p>
+
+<p>I hope in some way it may be made apparent to any one who follows these
+notes how difficult a thing it was to get this food from our ship to the
+shore. In a surf which after ten o’clock in the morning allowed no small
+boat to touch even the bit of a pier that was run out without breaking
+either the one or the other, and nothing in the form of a lighter save
+two dilapidated flat boat scows which had been broken and cast away by
+the engineer corps, picked up by ourselves, mended by the Cubans, and
+gotten in condition to float alongside our ship and receive perhaps
+three or four tons of material. This must then be rowed or floated out
+to the shore, run on to the sands as far as possible, the men jumping
+into the water from knee to waist deep, pulling the scow up from the
+surf, and getting the material on land. This was what was meant by
+loading the “seized wagons from the front” and getting food to the
+wounded. After ten o’clock in the day even this was impossible, and we
+must wait until the calm of the next morning, three or four o’clock, to
+commence work again and go through the same struggle in order to get
+something to load the wagons for that day.</p>
+
+<p>Our supplies had been gotten out, all that could be sent that day for
+the heavy surf, and among the last, rocking and tossing in our little
+boat, went ourselves, landing on the pier, which by that time was
+breaking in two, escaping a surf which every other moment threatened to
+envelop one from feet to head, we reached the land. Our wagons were
+there already loaded with our best hospital material,&mdash;meal, flour,
+condensed milk, malted milk, tea, coffee, sugar, dried fruits, canned
+fruits, canned meats, and such other things as we had been able to get
+out in the haste of packing&mdash;entirely filling the two wagons.</p>
+
+<p>An ambulance had been spoken of, but could not be had. We walked out a
+little way to wait for it. Dr. Hubbell left our party<a class="pagenum" id="Page_564" title="564"></a> and went again in
+search of an ambulance, notwithstanding the assurance that an army wagon
+would answer our purpose quite as well. These were going line by line up
+to the front, mainly with ammunition. We waited a little by the
+roadside; the doctor did not return; our own wagons had gone on, and
+stopping another loaded with bales of hay, we begged a ride of the
+driver, and all took our seats among the hay and made our way once more
+to the front.</p>
+
+<p>The road was simply terrific&mdash;clayey, muddy, wet and cut to the hub. A
+ride of about four hours brought us to the First Division Hospital of
+the Fifth Army Corps, General Shafter’s headquarters. This was properly
+the second day after the fight. Two fearful nights had passed.</p>
+
+<p>The sight that greeted us on going into the so-called hospital grounds
+was something indescribable. The land was perfectly level&mdash;no drainage
+whatever, covered with long, tangled grass, skirted by trees, brush and
+shrubbery&mdash;a few little dog tents, not much larger than would have been
+made of an ordinary tablecloth thrown over a short rail, and under these
+lay huddled together the men fresh from the field or from the operating
+tables, with no covering over them save such as had clung to them
+through their troubles, and in the majority of cases no blanket under
+them. Those who had come from the tables, having been compelled to leave
+all the clothing they had, as having been too wet, muddy and bloody to
+be retained by them, were entirely nude, lying on the stubble grass, the
+sun fitfully dealing with them, sometimes clouding over, and again
+streaming out in a blaze above them. As we passed, we drew our hats over
+our eyes, turning our faces away as much as possible for the delicacy of
+the poor fellows who lay there with no shelter either from the elements
+or the eyes of the passers-by.</p>
+
+<p>Getting past them as quickly as possible, and seeing a smoke ahead of
+us, and relying upon the old adage that where there is smoke there must
+be fire, we went to it. A half-dozen bricks had been laid about a yard
+apart, a couple of pieces of wagon-tire laid across these, so low and so
+near the ground that no fire of any strength or benefit could be made,
+the bits of wet wood put under crosswise, with the smoke streaming a
+foot out on each side, and two kettles of coffee or soup and a small
+frying-pan with some meat in it, appeared to be the cook-house for these
+men. They told us there were about eight hundred men under the tents and
+lying in the grass, and more constantly coming in.</p>
+
+<p>I looked at the men who had constructed and who had charge of that
+“fireplace,” and saw how young and inexperienced the faces<a class="pagenum" id="Page_565" title="565"></a> were, and
+how little they <em>could</em> know of the making up of a camp, and how
+unsatisfactory it must all be to themselves, and was filled with a sense
+of pity for them as well as the poor sufferers they were trying to
+serve. I looked around for the faces of some old veterans of the wars
+before, who could bring a little knowledge gained from practice. There
+were none there, but here was our own McDowell, with a record of four
+years and twenty-six battles in the old Civil War, and after a few
+moments’ consultation as to the best method to be pursued, we, too,
+gathered stones and bricks and constructed a longer, higher fireplace,
+got more wagon-tires, found the water, and soon our great agate kettles
+of seven and ten gallons were filled. But the wood! It was green, not
+resinous as the wood of some islands. In Corsica, for instance, one may
+take the green, wet wood and make a blazing fire. The wood of Cuba is
+beautiful in quality, but hard and slow to burn.</p>
+
+<p>The rain, that had been drizzling more or less all day, increased. Our
+supplies were taken from the wagon, a piece of tarpaulin found to
+protect them, and as the fire began to blaze and the water to heat Mrs.
+Gardner and I found the way into the bags and boxes of flour, salt, milk
+and meal, and got material for the first gallons of gruel. I had not
+thought to ever make gruel again over a camp-fire; I cannot say how far
+it carried me back in the lapse of time, or really where or who I felt
+that I was. It did not seem to be me, and still I seemed to know how to
+do it, and when the bubbling contents of our kettles thickened and grew
+white with the condensed milk, and we began to give it out, putting it
+in the hands of the men detailed as nurses and of our own to take it
+around to the poor sufferers shivering and naked in the rain, I felt
+again that perhaps it was not in vain that history had reproduced
+itself. And when the nurses came back and told us of the surprise with
+which it was received and the tears that rolled down the sun-burned,
+often bloody, face into the cup as the poor fellow drank his hot gruel
+and asked where it came from, who sent it, and said it was the first
+food he had tasted in three, sometimes in four, days (for they had gone
+into the fight hungry), I felt it was again the same old story, and
+wondered what gain there had been in the last thirty years. Had anything
+been worse than this? But still, as we moralized, the fires burned and
+the gruel steamed and boiled and bucket after bucket went out, until
+those eight hundred men had each his cup of gruel and knew that he could
+have another and as many as he wanted. The day waned and the darkness
+came and still the men were unsheltered, uncovered, naked and
+wet&mdash;scarcely a groan, no word of complaint; no man said he was not well
+treated.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Relief Work at the Front">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_566" title="566"></a>The operating tables were full of the wounded. Man after man was taken
+off and brought on his litter and laid beside other men and something
+given him to keep the little life in his body that seemed fast oozing
+out. All night it went on. It grew cold&mdash;for naked men, bitter cold
+before morning. We had no blankets, nothing to cover them, only as we
+tore off from a cut of cotton cloth, which by some means had gotten on
+with us, strips six or seven feet long, and giving them to our men,
+asked them to go and give to each uncovered man a piece that should
+shield his nakedness. This made it possible for him to permit us to pass
+by him if we needed to go in that direction.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning ambulances started, and such as could be loaded in
+were taken to be carried back over that rough, pitiless road down to
+Siboney to the hospitals there, that we had done the best we could
+toward fitting up&mdash;where our hundred cots and our hundred and fifty
+blankets had gone, and our cups and spoons and the delicacies that would
+help to strengthen these poor fainting men if once they could get there,
+and where also were the Sisters under Dr. Lesser and Dr. Le Garde to
+attend them.</p>
+
+<p>They brought out man after man, stretcher after stretcher, to the
+waiting ambulances, and they took out seventeen who had died in the
+night&mdash;unattended, save by the nurse&mdash;uncomplaining, no last word, no
+dying message, quiet and speechless life had ceased and the soul had
+fled.</p>
+
+<p>By this time Dr. Hubbell had returned for he had missed our wagons the
+day before and gone at night for more supplies. This time came large
+tarpaulins, more utensils, more food, more things to make it a little
+comfortable&mdash;another contribution from the surf of Siboney. We removed
+our first kitchens across the road, up alongside the headquarter tent of
+Major Wood in charge of the camp. The major is a regular army officer,
+brusque, thickset, abrupt, but so full of kind-hearted generosity that
+words cannot do justice to him. He strove in every way to do all that
+could be done. He had given us the night before a little officer’s tent
+into which we had huddled from the pouring rain for a few hours in the
+middle of the night. The next day, although no tent so spacious as that
+could be had, a little baby tent it seemed, of about seven feet, was
+found, pitched alongside of the other, the tarpaulins put over, a new
+fireplace made near us, magnificent in its dimensions, shelter given for
+the boxes, bags and barrels of supplies that by this time had
+accumulated about us. There was even something that looked like tables
+on which Mrs. Gardner prepared her delicacies.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_567" title="567"></a>The gruel still remained the staple, but malted milk, chocolate and rice
+had come in, and tea, and little by little various things were added by
+which our <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ménage</em> became something quite resembling a hotel. The
+wounded were still being taken away by ambulance and wagon, assorted and
+picked over like fruit in a barrel. Those which would bear
+transportation were taken away, the others left where they were. The
+numbers grew a little less that day.</p>
+
+<p>I ought not neglect mentioning the favorite and notable drinks which
+were prepared, for it will seem to the poor, feverish men who partook of
+them that they ought to be mentioned&mdash;they will never forget them. They
+have not even yet ceased to tell through the hospitals that they fall
+into later of the drink that was prepared for them at the Fifth Corps
+Hospital. We had found a large box of dried apples, and remembering how
+refreshing it would be, we had washed a quantity, put it in a large
+kettle, filled it with water and let it soak. It happened to be a fine
+tart apple, and the juice was nearly as good as wine. Perhaps no wine
+had ever seemed so good to those men as a cup of that apple water, and
+when they tasted it tears again ran down their faces. To their poor,
+dry, feverish mouths it was something so refreshing that it seemed
+heaven-sent. The next day a box of prunes was discovered, and the same
+thing was done with that; a richer, darker juice was obtained, and this
+also took its place among the drinks prepared at the Fifth Corps
+Hospital. The apple and prune juice will remain, I suspect, a memorial
+for that poor neglected spot.</p>
+
+<p>By the third day our patients seemed strong enough that we might risk
+food as solid as rice, and the great kettles were filled with that,
+cooked soft, mixed with condensed and malted milk, and their cups were
+filled with this. It was gratifying to hear the nurses come up and say:
+“I have sixteen men in my ward. So many of them would like rice; so many
+would like malted milk; so many would like gruel; so many would like
+chocolate, and a few would like a cup of tea; and another, who is
+feverish, would like only some apple or prune juice,”&mdash;and taking for
+each what he called for, go back to his patients as if he had given his
+order to the waiter at a hotel; and the food that he took was as well
+cooked, as delicate and as nice as he could have gotten there. The
+numbers were now getting considerably less&mdash;perhaps not over three
+hundred&mdash;and better care could be taken of them.</p>
+
+<p>A dispatch on Thursday afternoon informed me that Mrs. J. Addison Porter
+would be on the hospital ship “Relief” coming into Siboney that day. I
+would of course go to meet her. It was a great joy to know that she
+would return to us. We at once decided that an<a class="pagenum" id="Page_568" title="568"></a> army wagon should be
+asked for from headquarters and a party of us go to Siboney, both for
+Mrs. Porter and more supplies. The roads were getting even worse&mdash;so
+bad, in fact, that I dared not risk an ambulance, an army wagon being
+the only vehicle strong enough to travel over it.</p>
+
+<p>We had blankets and pillows and the ride was fairly comfortable; but it
+was late, nine o’clock, before we reached Siboney. The “State of Texas,”
+which in the last three days had made a trip to Port Antonio for ice, we
+thought must be back by that time, and on reaching Siboney, found that
+she had arrived that evening at five o’clock and was lying at her old
+anchorage. But there was no way of communicating with her in order that
+a boat might be sent for us. Everything was tried. We had no signals;
+there was no system of signaling on the shore by which we could reach
+her or, in fact, any other boat. There was no way but to remain where we
+were until morning. It was proposed that I go to the rooms assigned for
+the hospital assistants. I decidedly refused this, for every reason. I
+knew the buildings were not to be trusted, and persons nursing day and
+night among all kinds of patients were not the people to room with. I
+asked to be allowed to remain in my army wagon. This was not thought
+proper. I suggested that it might be drawn out anywhere, the mules taken
+off, and I be left with the blankets and pillows. I thought it, in fact,
+a good place for any one to sleep, and ventured to recommend it as an
+old-time method&mdash;a refuge which once would have been palatial for me on
+the war-swept fields of old Virginia, or in the drifting sands of Morris
+Island&mdash;what would that have been the night after Antietam or old
+Fredericksburg, Chantilly or the Wilderness? But the newer generation
+could not see it so; a building must be had somewhere, and as I refused
+the hospital appendage in toto, it was proposed that I enter the
+post-office, a room there being offered to me.</p>
+
+<p>The postmaster and deputy postmaster, who felt themselves under
+obligation to us, came out to our men and insisted that I occupy a room
+in that building. Such a courtesy could not be gainsaid, and against all
+feeling of acquiescence, and with a terrible dread, as if there were
+something so wrong about it, I allowed myself to be helped out of the
+wagon and entered the house. The postmaster sat down and talked with me
+a little while. I thought he seemed ill. It appeared to be an effort for
+him to talk. I had never met him before, but my heart went out in
+sympathy for him. I feared I was taking his room, as was indeed the
+case, although he did not admit it. I was shown into a large room with
+one cot, one table, cheerless, bare, with an<a class="pagenum" id="Page_569" title="569"></a> outside door, and a candle
+without a stick burning upon the table. The men went outside and laid
+down upon the steps for the night. I laid down upon the stretcher. It
+was impossible for me to remain there. Something constantly warned me to
+leave it. I got up, went to the outside door, looked out upon the night
+and darkness and waited for the gray of the morning. I went out and
+stood upon the beach beside the sea and waited more and more, until
+finally some of the men appeared and I went with them down to the water.</p>
+
+<p>I might as well say here, as I will not refer to it again, that six days
+after, when I returned, they told me that the rightful occupant of the
+cot&mdash;the postmaster who had seemed so ill&mdash;had died of a fever raging
+here that they called “yellow fever.” I had occupied his cot and he had
+gone to heaven. I wondered who it was that so continually warned me that
+night to keep away from that room, away from the cot, away from all
+connected with it, when I had not the slightest suspicion of anything
+wrong. “Yellow fever” was then not talked of. Did some one tell me? I do
+not know, but something told me.</p>
+
+<p>While standing at the dock, Dr. Smith, of the “Olivette,” who had taken
+a ride with us to the front a day or two before, approached, and kindly
+asked if he could place his boat at my service, and if I would go to the
+“Olivette” with him. I replied that I would go to the “Relief,” if he
+would be so kind as to take me there, for a friend whom I had on board.
+He did so, and as we drew around the side of the elegant white and green
+striped boat in full navy regulation, the men in white duck appeared on
+the decks above and below, a half dozen ladies’ faces showing among
+them, but most notably the good, substantial, matronly looking lady who
+had left us a few days before&mdash;Mrs. Porter. It occurred to me that she
+had possibly come by invitation to remain on the “Relief” and aid in the
+charge of the nurses, and would make this explanation to me, but was
+agreeably surprised when I saw a satchel and a package or two coming
+down the steps immediately followed by Mrs. Porter herself. I could
+scarcely believe that she was leaving that elegant boat to come over to
+the obscure “State of Texas.” But so it was, and, taking her seat in the
+boat, we rowed around to the “Olivette,” where Dr. Smith left us, and
+was replaced by a major-surgeon, who would escort us over to the
+“Texas,” only some rods distant. I did not at once recall him, but among
+his first remarks were, “You have been at the front?” “Yes, Major.” “I
+should think you would find it very unpleasant there.” “Such scenes are
+not supposed to be pleasant.” “What do you go for?” I scarcely know what
+reply was made to this abrupt question,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_570" title="570"></a> but the significance was that
+possibly we could be useful there. “There is no need of your going
+there&mdash;it is no place for women. I consider women very much out of place
+in a field hospital.” “Then I must have been out of place a good deal of
+my lifetime, Doctor, for I have been there a great deal.” “That doesn’t
+change my opinion, and if I had my way, I would send you home.”
+“Fortunately for me, if for no one else, Doctor, you have not your way.”
+“I know it, but again that doesn’t change my opinion. I would send you
+home.” By this time we were rowing pretty near our own boat, and it was
+admissible for me to maintain the silence that I felt dignity called
+for. I made no other remark to him beyond “Good morning, Major,” as we
+separated for our respective ships.</p>
+
+<p>This is a foolish little episode to enter in one’s diary, not worth the
+time of writing, especially in days like these, only as it will serve as
+a landmark, a kind of future milestone noting the progress of humane
+sentiment, and the hopeful advancement of the civilization and
+enlightenment of the world. Only a few years ago the good major would
+have actually possessed the power of which this advancement has relieved
+him. Finding an accumulation of work at our ship, large mails from the
+North having arrived, it was Monday before we could return to the front,
+Mrs. Porter accompanying us. This journey was also made in an army
+wagon, and a wretched, miserable wagon it was. We found the camp in
+perfect running order. Mrs. Gardner had stood like a rock through it
+all, neglecting nothing, quiet, calm, peaceful, faithful, busy&mdash;how well
+she had done, I have no words to express. Everybody grateful to her,
+everybody loving her.</p>
+
+<p>The camp had now from one hundred to two hundred men. There began to be
+strong talk of yellow fever, not only at Siboney but at the front as
+well.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_571" title="571"></a>
+ <img src="images/i119.jpg" width="400" height="498" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">THE PHYSICIANS AND NURSES OF THE ORPHANAGE AND CLINIC IN HAVANA.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_572" title="572"></a>
+ <img src="images/i120.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The negotiations between General Shafter and the Spanish army at
+Santiago were still going on. The flag of truce that threatened every
+day to come down still floated. The Spanish soldiers had been led by
+their officers to believe that every man who surrendered (and the people
+as well), would be butchered instantly the city should fall and the
+American troops should come in. But when General Shafter commenced to
+send back convoys of captured Spanish officers, their wounds faithfully
+dressed and carefully placed on stretchers and borne under flags of
+truce to the Spanish lines at Santiago and set down at the feet of the
+general as a tender gift back to him, and when in astonishment he
+learned the object of the flag of truce and sent companies of soldiers
+to form in line and present arms while the cortege of wounded were
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_573" title="573"></a>borne through by American troops, a lesson was learned that went far
+toward the surrender of that city.</p>
+
+<p>I happened to know that it was not without some very natural home
+criticism that General Shafter persisted in his course in the face of
+the time-honored custom of “hostages.” One can readily understand that
+the voluntary giving up of prisoners, officers at that, in view of an
+impending battle might seem in the light of old-time army usages a
+waste, to characterize it by no harder term. It is possible that none of
+the officers on that field had ever read the articles of the Treaty of
+Geneva or fully realized that that treaty had become a law or that their
+commander, possibly without fully realizing it himself, was acting in
+full accord with its wise and humane principles.</p>
+
+<p>The main talk of the camp was now “yellow fever.” On Monday night
+occurred one of the most fearful storms which I have ever seen&mdash;rain,
+thunder and lightning. Our tent had been well protected and deeply
+ditched, but the water rolled around it in the ditches like rivers. The
+thunder shook the ground; the lightning blazed like a fire. As I have
+said, the camp was as level as a floor. No water could really run off.
+During the most of that night the men in the tents laid in five to six
+inches of water. Before daybreak the rain had ceased, some water had run
+away&mdash;some soaked in&mdash;and the ground was passable. The next day followed
+another rain. It was now discovered by the medical authorities that from
+there having been at first one case of fever, there were now one hundred
+and sixteen; that a fever camp would probably be made there and the
+wounded gotten away. It was advisable then that we return to our ship
+and attempt, as far as possible, to hold that free from contagion. I was
+earnestly solicited to do this in view of what was expected of our ship
+and of what was expected of us&mdash;that we not only protect ourselves, but
+our cargo and ship from all contamination and even suspicion. I
+faithfully promised this, and again we called for an army wagon, leaving
+all supplies that were useful for the men here, sending to Caney what
+was most needed there and taking only our personal effects, we again
+placed ourselves in an army wagon with a tarpaulan over us and started
+for Siboney. In less than twenty minutes the rain was pouring on us and
+for two hours it fell as from buckets. The water was from a foot and a
+half to two feet deep in the road as we passed along. At one time our
+wagon careened, the mules were held up, and we waited to see whether it
+should go over or could be brought out&mdash;the water a few inches only from
+the top of the lower side. It was scarcely possible for us to stir,
+hemmed in as we were, but the men from the other wagons sprang to our
+wheels, hanging in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_574" title="574"></a> the air on the upper side, and we were simply saved
+by an inch. The mud and water was at least two and one-half feet deep
+where we should have gone down.</p>
+
+<p>But like other things, this cleared away. We came into Siboney about
+three o’clock, in a bright glare of sunshine, to find the town utterly
+burned, all buildings gone or smoking, Dr. and Mrs. Lesser and the
+faithful Sisters as well, in a “yellow fever” hospital a mile and a half
+out of the city, reached by rail. All customary work was suspended. The
+atmosphere was thick and blue with smoke. Men ran about the grounds
+smutted and bareheaded like children. My medical knowledge was not
+sufficient to allow me to judge if everybody there had the yellow fever,
+but general observation would go far toward convincing a very ordinary
+mind that everybody had gone crazy.</p>
+
+<p>All effort was made to hold our ship free from suspicion. The process of
+reasoning leading to the conclusion that a solid cargo, packed in tight
+boxes in the hold of a ship, anchored at sea, could become infected in a
+day from the land or a passing individual, is indeed, an intricate
+process; but we had some experience in this direction, as, for instance,
+Captain McCalla in his repeated humane attempts to feed the refugees
+around Guantanamo had called again for a hundred thousand rations,
+saying that if we could bring them to him soon, he could get them to the
+thousands starving in the woods. We lost no time, but got the food out
+and started with it in the night. On reaching Guantanamo we were met at
+a distance out and called to, asking if anyone on our ship had been on
+shore at Siboney within four days, if so, our supplies could not be
+received, and we took them away, leaving the starving to perish.</p>
+
+<p>On Friday morning the constantly recurring news of the surrender of
+Santiago was so well established that we drew anchor and came up to the
+flagship and the following letter was addressed to Admiral Sampson:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  “<span class="smcap">State of Texas</span>,” <em>July 16, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Admiral Sampson</span>,<br />
+  <span class="pad10"><em>Commanding United States Fleet off Santiago, Flagship “New York”</em>:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Admiral</span>:&mdash;It is not necessary for me to explain to you my errand,
+  nor its necessity; both your good head and heart divine it more
+  clearly than any words of mine can represent.</p>
+
+<p>I send this to you by one of our men, who can tell you all you will
+  wish to know. Mr. Elwell has resided and done mercantile and
+  shipping business in Santiago for the last seven years; is favorably
+  known to all its people; has in his possession the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_575" title="575"></a> keys to the best
+  warehouses and residences in the city, to which he is bidden welcome
+  by the owners. He is the person appointed four months ago to help
+  distribute this food, and did so with me until the blockade. There
+  seems to be nothing in the way of our getting this 1400 tons of food
+  into a Santiago warehouse and giving it intelligently to the
+  thousands who <em>need</em> and <em>own</em> it. I have twenty good helpers with
+  me. The New York Committee is clamoring for the discharge of the
+  “State of Texas,” which has been raised in price to $400 a day.</p>
+
+<p>If there is still more explanation needed, I pray you, Admiral, let
+  me see you.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent40">Respectfully and cordially,</span><br />
+  (Signed)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>.
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>This was immediately responded to by Captain Chadwick, who came on
+board, assuring me that our place was at Santiago&mdash;as quickly as we
+could be gotten there.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, the sixteenth, feeling that it might still be possible to
+take the supplies to Guantanamo, requested by Captain McCalla, a letter
+was addressed as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="smcap">Steamship “State of Texas</span>,” <em>July 16, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Captain Chadwick</span>, <em>Flagship “New York” off Santiago</em>:</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Captain</span>:&mdash;If there is a possibility of going into Santiago before
+  to-morrow morning, please let me know, and we will hold just where
+  we are and wait.</p>
+
+<p>If there is <em>no</em> possibility of this, we could run down to
+  Guantanamo and land Captain McCalla’s 100,000 rations in the evening
+  and be back here to-morrow morning.</p>
+
+<p>Will you please direct me.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">Yours faithfully,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Reply to the above:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="smcap">U.S. Flagship “New York,” 1st Rate</span>,<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Off Santiago de Cuba</span>, <em>July 17, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Miss Barton</span>:&mdash;We are now engaged in taking up mines, just so
+  soon as it is safe to go in your ship will go. If you wish, you can
+  anchor in near us, and send anything up by boats, or, if we could
+  get lighters, drawing less than eight feet, food may be sent by the
+  lighters, but it is not yet possible for the ship to go in. There
+  are four “contact” mines, and four what are known as “observation”
+  mines, still down.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">Yours very truly,</span><br />
+  (Signed)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">F.E. Chadwick</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_576" title="576"></a>It was after this that we turned back again and steamed to Guantanamo to
+unload our supplies at night and return the next morning.</p>
+
+<p>These were anxious days. While the world outside was making up war
+history, we thought of little beyond the terrible needs about us&mdash;if
+Santiago had any people left, they must be in sore distress, and El
+Caney&mdash;terrible El Caney&mdash;with its thirty thousand homeless, perishing
+sufferers, how could they be reached?</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Entering the Harbor of Santiago">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>The diary at this point says: On returning from our fruitless journey to
+Guantanamo we stopped at Siboney only long enough to get our dispatches,
+then ran down directly in front of Santiago and lay with the fleet. A
+personal call from Admiral Schley, Captain Cook and other officers
+served to show the interest and good will of those about us. Between
+three and four o’clock in the afternoon a small Spanish steamer&mdash;which
+had been among the captures of Santiago&mdash;ran alongside and informed us
+that an officer wished to come aboard. It proved to be Lieutenant
+Capehart, of the flagship, who brought word from Admiral Sampson that if
+we would come alongside the “New York,” he would put a pilot on board.
+This was done and we moved on through waters we had never
+traversed&mdash;past Morro Castle, long, low, silent and grim&mdash;past the
+Spanish wrecks on the right&mdash;past the “Merrimac” in the channel, which
+Hobson had left. We began to realize that we were alone, of all the
+ships about the harbor there were none with us. The stillness of the
+Sabbath was over all. The gulls sailed and flapped and dipped about us.
+The lowering summer sun shot long golden rays athwart the green hills on
+either side, and tinged the waters calm and still. The silence grew
+oppressive as we glided along with scarce a ripple. We saw on the right
+as the only moving thing a long slim boat or yacht dart out from among
+the bushes and steal its way up half hidden in the shadows. Suddenly it
+was overtaken by either message or messenger, and like a collared hound
+glided back as if it had never been. Leaning on the rail half lost in
+reverie over the strange quiet beauty of the scene, the thought suddenly
+burst upon me: Are we really going into Santiago&mdash;and alone? Are we not
+to be run out and wait aside and salute with dipping colors while the
+great battleships come up with music and banners and lead the way? As
+far as the eye could reach no ship was in sight. Was this to remain so?
+Could it be possible that the commander who had captured a city declined
+to be the first to enter&mdash;that he would hold back his flagship and
+himself and send forward and first a cargo of food on a plain ship,
+under direction of a woman? Did our commands,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_577" title="577"></a> military or naval, hold
+men great enough of soul for such action? It must be true&mdash;for the
+spires of Santiago rise before us, and turning to the score of
+companions beside me I asked, “Is there any one here who will lead the
+doxology?” In an instant the full rich voice of Enola Gardner rang out:
+“Praise God, from whom all blessings flow.” By that time the chorus was
+full, and the tears on many a face told more plainly than words how
+genuine was that praise, and when in response to a second suggestion “My
+Country, ’Tis of Thee” swelled out on the evening air in the farewell
+rays of the setting sun, the “State of Texas” was nearing the dock, and
+quietly dropping her anchors she lay there in undisputed possession of
+the city of Santiago.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Unloading the “State of Texas”">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>It has been remarked that Mr. Elwell had been a resident of Santiago and
+connected with its shipping for several years. It was only the work of
+an hour after landing to find his old-time help. A hundred and
+twenty-five stevedores were engaged to be on the dock at six o’clock
+next morning, to work for pay in rations.</p>
+
+<p>The dock had its track and trucks running to its open warehouses. As we
+had entered we saw it bare of every movable or living thing. Want had
+swept it of all that could be carried away, and the remaining people
+dared not approach us. Six o’clock next morning changed the scene. The
+silence was no longer oppressive. The boxes, barrels and bales pitched
+out of that ship, thrown onto the trucks and wheeled away told the story
+of better days to come; and it was something to see that lank, brawny
+little army of stevedores take their first breakfast in line alongside
+of the ship.</p>
+
+<p>The city was literally without food. In order to clear it for defence,
+its inhabitants had been ordered out, ten days before, to El Caney, a
+small town of some five hundred people, where it was said thirty
+thousand persons were gathered, without food, shelter, or place of rest.
+Among these were the old-time residents&mdash;the wealthy and the best people
+of Santiago. Its British consul, Mr. Ramsden, and his family were of
+them, and the care and hardship of that terrible camp cost his life. A
+message from the headquarters of General Shafter, telegraphed to us even
+after leaving Siboney, said:</p>
+
+<p>“The death rate at El Caney is terrible. Can you send food?”</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Feeding the Refugees">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>Word went back to send the thirty thousand refugees of El Caney at once
+back to Santiago;&mdash;we were there and could feed them&mdash;that the “State of
+Texas” had still on board twelve hundred tons of supplies for the
+reconcentrados. That day poured in upon us all that had strength to make
+the journey, of the thirty thousand starving wrecks of El Caney. If
+there were any at night who had not received food,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_578" title="578"></a> no one knew it. The
+fires were rekindled in the great steam soup kitchens of Mr. H.
+Michaelsen&mdash;that name should be carved in marble and lettered in gold in
+Santiago&mdash;that had run uninterrupted for nearly two years, until within
+a few weeks of the surrender, when there was no more food for its
+kettles. Ten thousand persons had hot soup there the first day, and it
+was estimated that ten thousand more had dry food of crackers, meat and
+meal. To the sick were distributed condensed and malted milk as fast as
+it could be gotten to them.</p>
+
+<p>Of the districting of the city, the formation of committees for the
+distribution of food, the care, the justice, and the success with which
+it was done, I leave to the reports of my experienced staff officers and
+assistants and to the committee of Santiago, which nobly volunteered its
+aid. These persons performed this work&mdash;they were a part of it&mdash;and no
+one can describe it so well as they. I refer the reader to the reports
+of Dr. Hubbell, Dr. Egan, Mr. Cottrell, Miss Fowler, now the wife of
+Baron Van Schelle of Belgium, and the committee of Santiago composed of
+H. Michaelsen, vice-consul for Germany, Robert Mason, Chinese consul and
+vice-consul for England, and Wm. Ramsden, son of the late Frederick
+Ramsden, British consul. With these latter gentlemen, together with
+twenty of the leading ladies of Santiago, was left, one month later, the
+supplies remaining in our warehouses, and the oversight of the poor of
+the city, over whom their care had extended so tenderly and so wisely in
+the past, and on whom as helping them back into citizenship it must
+largely devolve in the future.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to our first day in Santiago, it is remembered that this
+narration has thus far left the navy, its flagship and commander at the
+entrance of the harbor in obscurity. It would seem but just that it
+reproduce them.</p>
+
+<p>Until ten o’clock on Monday the eighteenth we saw no sign of life on the
+waters of the bay&mdash;neither sail, steam nor boat&mdash;but suddenly word
+passed down from the watch on deck that a ship was sighted. Slowly it
+came in view&mdash;large, fine, full masted&mdash;and orders went to salute when
+it should pass. At length here was something to which we could pay
+deference. The whistles were held, the flag was ready for action, ropes
+straight and without a tangle&mdash;all stood breathless&mdash;but she does not
+pass, and seems to be standing in. In a minute more a stout sailor voice
+calls out: “Throw us a rope,” and here, without salute, whistle or bell,
+came and fastened to the stern of our boat this glittering and masted
+steamship from whose decks below Admirals Sampson and Schley and their
+respective staffs shouted up their familiar greetings to us.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_579" title="579"></a>The view from their ship enfiladed, to speak in military parlance, our
+entire dock. There was every opportunity to see how our work was done
+and if we were equal to unloading our ship. The day was spent with us
+till four o’clock in the afternoon; and when about to leave and the
+admiral was asked what orders or directions he had for us, the reply
+was, “You need no directions from me, but if anyone troubles you, let me
+know.”</p>
+
+<p>Many months have passed since that day, and I write this without ever
+having seen again the face of the commander who had been so courteous
+and kind, and so helpful in the work I went to do.</p>
+
+<p>Under date of July 23 is found the following entry in the diary which
+sums up the entire matter of facts, dates and figures in few words:</p>
+
+<p>“The discharge of the cargo of the ‘State of Texas’ of over twelve
+hundred tons, commenced at six o’clock Monday, July 18. One hundred and
+twenty-five stevedores were employed and paid in food issued as rations.</p>
+
+<p>“On Thursday, the twenty-first, at six o’clock p.m. the discharge was
+completed, and the following morning, Friday, July 22, the ship left for
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>“During that time the people had returned to Santiago, numbering thirty
+thousand, and all were fed&mdash;ten thousand a day from the soup kitchen of
+Mr. Michaelsen, the others with bread, meat and milk.</p>
+
+<p>“The present general committee was formed, the city districted into
+sections, with a commissioner for each district, selected by the people
+themselves living there.</p>
+
+<p>“Every family or person residing in the city is supplied by the
+commissioner of that district. All transient persons are fed at the
+kitchen, the food being provided by the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>“Although the army has entered the city during the latter part of that
+time, there has been no confusion, no groups of disorderly persons seen,
+no hunger in the city more than in ordinary times. We wait the repairs
+of the railroads to enable us to get food and clothing to the villages
+enclosed within the lines of the surrender.”</p>
+
+<p>We had done all that could be done to advantage at that time in
+Santiago. The United States troops had mainly left; the Spanish soldiers
+were coming in to their waiting ships, bringing with them all the
+diseases that unprovided and uncleanly camps would be expected to hold
+in store. Five weeks before we had brought into Santiago all the cargo
+of fourteen hundred tons of the “State of Texas,” excepting the light
+hospital supplies which had been used the month<a class="pagenum" id="Page_580" title="580"></a> previous among our own
+troops at Siboney, General Shafter’s front and El Caney during the days
+of fighting. To any one accustomed to apportioning food, it would be at
+once apparent that these twelve hundred tons of heavy supplies, of meal,
+meat, beans and flour, etc., were too much for distribution at one time
+for a little town of thirty thousand, which naturally partly fed itself.
+But it must all be stored.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Departure of the “State of Texas”">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>The “State of Texas” discharged her cargo and left for New York on the
+fifth day, leaving us without a particle of transportation, and in the
+pressure and confusion none could be obtained. Let those who tried it
+testify. The two railroads leading out of the town were destroyed. The
+ports were not open, and the country portions of the province reached
+only by pack mules. Later, forty large, fine healthy mules were shipped
+to us, but the half score of fully equipped ambulances, harnesses and
+between four hundred and five hundred bushels of oats were on the
+transports which brought them, could not be lightered off, and up to the
+time of our departure were never seen.</p>
+
+<p>The schooner “Morse,” which, following the behest of an angelic thought
+of some lovely committee of home ladies, had come in laden with a
+thousand tons of ice. The tug “Triton,” which towed her all the way from
+Kennebec, and was to have been held for our use, was at once seized by
+the government. Santiago had neither an ice house nor a pile of dry
+sawdust, and the ice remained on the “Morse” till discharged order by
+order among the transports of sick, wounded and convalescing as they
+sailed one after another with their freight of human woe. Slowly,
+painfully waiting, but gladly, piece by piece, the ice went out, filling
+to repletion the box of every transport sailing north, and something
+glistened on the weather-beaten bronzed cheek of more than one of those
+long-serving, faithful, north Atlantic captains, as he tried to say what
+it would be to the poor fever-burnt sufferers he must take.</p>
+
+<p><em>Visions</em>, of the schooner “Morse” when she should be unloaded
+constituted our only transportation up to the day we left Santiago. I
+cannot say that other visions did not obtrude at times. In our
+perplexity, memory pictured, as in another life, the hundreds of
+strong-built, luxuriantly-furnished, swift-running steam tugs, yachts
+and house boats of the restful “Thousand Islands,” and the health and
+pleasure-giving resorts of the lovely Jersey coast; but they were only
+visions, quickly put aside for the stern realities of the inevitable
+surroundings. The “Morse” did well its blessed work, but never came to
+us.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_581" title="581"></a>
+ <img src="images/i121.jpg" width="500" height="306" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A CUBAN THATCH HUT.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_582" title="582"></a>
+ <img src="images/i122.jpg" width="500" height="304" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">A BATTERY OF CUBAN ARTILLERY.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_583" title="583"></a>Neither for love nor money could transportation be gotten. I did,
+however, near the last, obtain the use of a leaky lighter for two hours
+to get off some mules, but I might specify that it was on neither of the
+above considerations.</p>
+
+<p>Some reporter is responsible for the statement that a large ship seen
+floating near the dock that morning had been seized. While it might not
+be possible to verify this statement by actual facts, it was not so very
+far out of the way in theory.</p>
+
+<p>These were the last days of General Shafter in Santiago, who was, as he
+had at all times been, the kind and courteous officer and gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>General Wood, alert, wise and untiring, with an eye single to the
+general good of all, toiled day and night.</p>
+
+<p>The government warehouses were so filled with supplies that there seemed
+no room for more. The harbor filling with merchant ships for the trade,
+would soon come to regard with a jealous eye any body of persons who
+dispensed anything without price to even the poorest and most destitute.</p>
+
+<p>But all this did not stay the marching stride of the native fever, so
+persistent in its grasp as scarcely to merit the appellation of
+intermittent. Day by day I watched my little band ever growing less; out
+of twenty which the good “State of Texas” brought, seven were on their
+feet; twelve had sickened, been nursed and gotten off home, and one had
+gone to heaven. Of our own band of the national Red Cross workers, none
+had actually gone down; of those who had joined us as assistants, few
+remained.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="The Transport “Clinton” at the Disposition of the Red Cross">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>At this juncture news came that Havana was open. In all the country I
+knew but one person who had the power to order one of those waiting
+transports to take myself, staff and some supplies to Havana, and my
+dispatch went to President McKinley, with the suggestion kindly and
+thoughtfully made by Major Osgood who had just come in on the “Clinton,”
+that in order to economize time and labor, possibly the President might
+furnish a ship already loaded with government supplies, and let us repay
+from our supplies on shore. This dispatch brought the following prompt
+reply from the Secretary of War. It was a glad reminder of the kindly
+courtesy and friendship of many years. I give the text of both the
+dispatch of the Secretary and my reply, in order to set right a
+misunderstanding on the part of the public, which I have observed with
+pain:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_584" title="584"></a>
+
+  <div class="dateline">
+  <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <em>August 18, 1898</em>.</div>
+  <p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>, <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Santiago de Cuba</em>:</p>
+
+<p>“Clinton” cannot be used until unloaded. Stores aboard were sent on
+  special request and are necessary for the comfort of officers and
+  men at Santiago. The government will send as soon as ship can be
+  loaded at Port Tampa two thousand tons of supplies for relief of
+  destitute. This accomplishes same result and in shorter time. Will
+  not this meet your wishes even better than recommended in your
+  cablegram yesterday? Would it be asking too much for you to go to
+  Havana to superintend the distribution of these stores under the
+  law? Only the destitute and those in immediate danger of perishing
+  can receive these supplies.</p>
+
+ <div class="signature">
+    <span class="smcap">R.A. Alger</span>, <em>Secretary of War</em>.
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <div class="dateline">
+  <span class="smcap">Santiago de Cuba</span>, <em>August 18, 1898</em>.
+  </div>
+  <div><span class="smcap">Pierson</span>, <em>War Department, Washington</em>:</div>
+
+<p>Tell Secretary Alger I appreciate to the greatest possible extent
+  his responsive and practical sympathy. His suggestions are better
+  than I had asked, and are promptly accepted. If the “Clinton” is
+  unloaded in time, I will leave here Saturday morning. Will take
+  forty mules from here. Need ten additional wagons and harness for
+  all my mules. Please give me some horsefeed from here.</p>
+
+  <div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Clara Barton.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Leaving Santiago for Havana">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>The reloading was quickly accomplished, the direction of our remaining
+affairs placed in proper hands, and on the twenty-first of August, just
+five weeks to an hour since entering the harbor, we retraced the waters
+we had sailed over coming from Siboney to Santiago. The same golden
+sunshine rested on the hills and tinged the still waters of the bay, but
+we were no longer the only ship. The transports to take our soldiers
+home lay there; the great Spanish liners to take the Spanish soldiers to
+Spain; the hospital ships with their fevered weight of glad woe “going
+home,” dotted the sea and skirted the shore.</p>
+
+<p>All who understood our movement saluted, and with tearful glances back
+to the little spot of earth which had given so much pain, made so many
+homes in both lands desolate, we ordered on full steam and glided away.
+Five days of continuous sunshine and scarcely wind to fill a sail
+brought us to Havana. I had cabled the Spanish authorities on our
+departure from Santiago and notified them of our arrival, and was
+courteously referred to the Civil Governor of Havana, on whom I called
+and received in return a most cordial visit, with the added respect of
+bringing his entire staff with him.</p>
+
+<p>No supplies from Port Tampa having arrived we spent the second day in
+Matanzas, receiving from the good Governor and his amiable household
+such a welcome as one might expect from those they had known longest and
+loved most. We then hoped to go there at once and leave the supplies
+they so badly needed.</p>
+
+<p>Next day there came into harbor the steamship “Comal,” from<a class="pagenum" id="Page_585" title="585"></a> Port Tampa,
+laden with sixteen hundred tons of government supplies for distribution.
+We exchanged visits with her gentlemanly and sensible officers, who had
+governmental instructions to take their cargo to Havana and distribute
+it, but no instructions to act in conjunction with us or with any one;
+and we, on the other hand, received no intimation that her supplies were
+in any way intended for our use.</p>
+
+<p>Both ships alike met the restriction of the customs duties, and while I
+felt that it might be well for a governmental cargo to test its position
+with the law of nations, under the circumstances, it was by no means the
+course for the Red Cross to take&mdash;an organization which never leads, but
+follows, in all military matters.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="Departure from Havana">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>No commissioners had arrived, and feeling that we might become a source
+of irritation to them by remaining, and being unable to distribute our
+supplies, we decided to withdraw. Our captain, having been trained in
+the merchant service and being unaccustomed to military shipping, had
+neglected some little formality on leaving Santiago, which admitted, or
+perhaps called for, a fine of five hundred dollars. This we promptly
+paid, and with the best understanding with all parties, Spanish, Cuban
+and our own, no coercion on the part of any one, impelled by nothing but
+our own sense of the situation, we decided our course. In fact,
+strenuous efforts were made by the Spanish officials, notably the
+Secretary of State, to open the way for us; and while they could not
+override the law and positively remit a duty, they offered in this case
+to pay the duty themselves, and take part in the distribution. We
+appreciated the courtesy, but still felt that we might in some way
+become a hindrance to the pending negotiations by remaining, and after
+careful consideration, decided to draw anchor and steam for Port Tampa,
+leaving the “Comal” with its full cargo and efficient officers to meet
+the situation in the good governmental way, we were sure they would do.</p>
+
+<p>This explanation is given to set right the general impression that the
+“Comal” was a Red Cross ship. There was no connection whatever between
+the “Comal” and ourselves, excepting through good will and good
+fellowship; and again the impression that we were mistreated by the
+Spanish government at Havana, subjected to discourtesy or requested to
+leave is a mistaken one. The facts are quite the contrary. We entered
+under the supposition that Havana was open, as Santiago was open; but it
+was not an open port. We were in Spanish waters, subject to Spanish laws
+and customs, and so regarded them, as we should have expected to do in
+any country, remembering experimentally that our own country is not too
+much inclined to easily remit its custom duties.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_586" title="586"></a>Dividing the time of our Cuban campaign into sections, the incoming days
+fall exclusively to Santiago. Days of an army in one sense inactive, in
+another rushed and crowded beyond its powers to meet or control. Days
+when everything is needed and nothing can be gotten at. No one knows
+where anything is&mdash;must have a formal order to obtain it when it is
+found, and cannot get the order. Officers clamor for their needy men,
+the sick list increases, complaints are rife, patience gives place to
+desperation, and a time of general confusion follows.</p>
+
+<p>Again I would say that to those taking the first lessons in army life,
+all these things seem incomprehensible, to say the least, and “Who’s to
+blame?” seems to be floating in the very atmosphere about them.</p>
+
+<p>Deplore such a state of things as we will, it is still a part of army
+life. It belongs to war, and the grey-haired military chief, whom all
+would recognize were I to name him, was correct when he once said to me:
+“Strange as it may seem, the days of ‘rest’ at an active field are its
+hardest days.”</p>
+
+<p>The ofttimes perplexed officers at Santiago will neither exclaim nor
+disclaim against this little statement, if it should ever meet their
+eyes. They will realize, however, that there were others, near them
+having no power, or scarcely place, who could yet comprehend their
+perplexities, and sympathize with the distressing conditions surrounding
+them.</p>
+
+<p>They will also recall that from this source no unreasonable request was
+ever made of them, no impatient word spoken&mdash;only thanks for needed
+facilities that could be granted, for those withheld, respectful
+acquiesence.</p>
+
+<p>To every officer on that first conquered field of Cuba, who extended to
+the organization I had there the honor to represent, or to myself
+personally, the smallest recognition or kindness, if it were only a mere
+courtesy, I tender in behalf of the Red Cross, honoring gratitude and
+heartfelt thanks. As soldiers, they performed their duty; as men, they
+sustained their own manly self-respect.</p>
+
+<p>Knowing that several of my aides have kept their own notes during the
+entire campaign, especially as pertaining to the department occupied by
+each, I have for the sake of accuracy and perspicuity, invited them to
+contribute, from their notes, reports to this hastily written volume.
+These reports must perforce so completely cover the time of this rather
+uneventful period, until we should again enter upon some more active
+operations, I decide to leave this space to them, referring the reader,
+if he have the interest to follow, to these reports, and especially to
+the letter from our Santiago committee, composed of the leading men of
+the city, whose faithful service, wisdom and care for the interests of
+their community, lends a halo of grateful remembrance to the very
+mention of their names.</p>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_587" title="587"></a>REPORT OF DR. A. MONAE LESSER.</h3>
+
+<p>In response to a call from the president of the American National Red
+Cross, I left this city with Mrs. Lesser for Key West on June 15. On my
+trip South, a train of recruits commanded by First Lieutenant Heavey,
+First Infantry, joined us on their way to Tampa. There were a number of
+sick on this train; I offered my services to the lieutenant, which he
+accepted, and I attended the sick. Most of them had bowel troubles;
+either diarrhœa or constipation; several had fever, and some sore
+throats. One private was very ill, and lay on a short bench in a
+Southern Railroad coach. His temperature was high, and his condition
+somewhat alarming. I engaged a section in a sleeping car, saw that he
+was made comfortable, gave him medicine, and Mrs. Lesser nursed him
+until we arrived in Tampa. The lighter cases as well as the one special
+case were much improved when we arrived at Tampa, still I mentioned that
+the patient be taken in an ambulance which the lieutenant ordered by
+telegraph before we reached Tampa. We then proceeded to the steamer
+“Mascot,” bound for Key West. On board were a number of marines of the
+United States Navy, several of them suffering from the same troubles as
+Lieutenant Heavey’s recruits. Among them was one case of erysipelas, due
+to improper care of a vaccinated pox. We attended him, and left him and
+all the others comparatively well in Key West, where Mrs. Lesser and
+myself joined Miss Barton and staff on the steamship “State of Texas.”</p>
+
+<p>The following morning, June 20, we started for Cuba, reaching Santiago
+after a six days’ journey. On June 26, Mr. George Kennan, vice-president
+of the American National Red Cross, interviewed Admiral Sampson for
+instructions, and the steamship “State of Texas” was directed to
+Guantanamo, where we remained over night.</p>
+
+<p>The following morning, June 27, a correspondent of a New York paper
+boarded the “Texas” and informed Miss Barton that a battle had been
+fought at the front, and that there were a number of sick and wounded at
+Siboney.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Barton gave orders for the ship to return immediately to Siboney (a
+little village between Santiago and Guantanamo), at which place we
+arrived at 9.20 p.m.</p>
+
+<h4><a class="pagenum" id="Page_588" title="588"></a><span class="smcap">Work in the Field.</span></h4>
+<p>Upon arriving at Siboney, although it was late in the evening, I was
+directed by Miss Barton to go ashore to inquire into the needs of the
+hospital, and if any, to present her compliments, and to make the
+following offer:&mdash;Although the “State of Texas” was sent to feed the
+refugees and starving Cubans, it carried some persons and articles that
+might serve for hospital purposes, and that the Red Cross considers its
+first duty to be to help those who are nearest.</p>
+
+<p>There was a large barn to which I was directed when I asked for the
+hospital. I introduced myself and staff to the physician, extended the
+compliments of the president of the Red Cross offering the services of
+her staff, as well as needed supplies. The physician in charge very
+courteously answered that he had been ordered to go to the front the
+following morning, and not needing anything, thanked the Red Cross for
+its offer.</p>
+
+<p>Westward from the landing place was a pond of stagnant water. Upon a
+little hill across a railroad track stood a number of wooden cottages.
+The first large one, which seemed to have been some kind of a store, and
+a barn westward from it was pointed out to me as another hospital. (It
+was the same house which later was used as a post-office, in which
+Postmaster Brewer contracted yellow fever, but which was never used by
+the Red Cross.) There were a number of sick soldiers lying around on the
+floor, Surgeon-Major Havard being in command. I made the same offer to
+the major as I had made in the first place, and the condition of affairs
+being apparent, I tendered him the services of the Sisters, as well as
+cots and blankets for his sick; for which he thanked me, adding that he
+would accept the cots and blankets, but that he did not require nurses.
+I invited him to the steamship “State of Texas” to see Miss Barton, so
+that he might select such articles or service as he desired. From there
+I went with the staff to Dr. Virano, surgeon-in-chief of the Cuban
+Hospital, making the same statement and offers to him. He introduced us
+to General Garcia and his staff, and thankfully accepted the offer of
+the Red Cross. His patients were lying on cots and on the floor, little
+care apparently having been given to put the house in fit and proper
+condition. This ended our duty of the evening, and we returned to the
+ship.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, June 28, Major Surgeon Havard visited Miss Barton on
+the “Texas,” as also did a Cuban delegation; the former<a class="pagenum" id="Page_589" title="589"></a> made a request
+for cots, and the latter for the assistance of nurses, and food for the
+sick. Sister Isabel, Sister Minnie, Sister Annie and Sister Blanch under
+the direction of Mrs. Lesser went to the Cuban Hospital, taking with
+them proper nourishment for the sick, and utensils for preparing the
+same. The work of relief then began at the Cuban Hospital, and beds and
+blankets were sent on shore for Major Havard.</p>
+
+<p>The same morning Miss Barton directed me to go to the front and find out
+if anything was needed at the camps, and accompanied by Mr. George
+Kennan and Mr. Elwell I started about 10.00 a.m. A large detachment of
+infantry which the night before had camped along the shore of Siboney,
+had gone on the road up the hill about a thousand feet in height, while
+another detachment of infantry and artillery took the lower road in the
+valley, being the only road for vehicles which leads from Siboney to
+Santiago. The men looked well, although the heat prostrated a number of
+them on the march. We walked along the latter road as far as the Camp of
+Rough Riders, which on that day was the furthest in front, a distance of
+eight miles from Siboney. It was several days after the battle between
+the Rough Riders and the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, June 29th, I returned to the shore with the Sisters, whose
+work and value had been observed by others. Siboney with a large water
+supply and a sea breeze was selected for the Reserve Divisional Hospital
+of the Fifth Corps. Surgeon-Major La Garde, of the regular army service,
+was the chief of the department. His supply was small, and conveniences
+still smaller, which he said was owing to the fact that through military
+necessity medical and hospital supplies of the army were still on the
+transports, with no means of unloading. There were but few hospital
+tents, and the cots in them were occupied by a number of patients, in
+whom Dr. Fauntleroy took great interest. I offered the services of the
+Red Cross, as directed by the president. The major, a man with humane
+ideas, unable to get such supplies as were needed, accepted any
+reasonable aid that he could receive.</p>
+
+<p>Our offer came at a moment when we could be of help. Surgeon-Major
+Havard with his staff had been ordered to the front and was unable to
+place the cots we had landed. His patients, who were suffering from
+typhoid fever, measles and other diseases, were transferred to Major La
+Garde’s camp. Battle was expected every day, and the major in order to
+be as well prepared as possible, accepted the offer of assistance made
+by the Red Cross, and placed a house at our disposal to serve as a
+hospital. He addressed a formal letter to Miss Barton, who answered at
+once in kind words and deeds. We also immediately<a class="pagenum" id="Page_590" title="590"></a> sent word to Miss
+Barton, describing the requirements. The Sisters cleaned the muddy
+house, then disinfected it; Miss Barton sent from the “State of Texas”
+cots and bedding; food, stoves and utensils to prepare the same. In a
+few hours our house was disinfected and in order, and about thirty-nine
+patients were carried to it; most of them had typhoid fever and a few
+had measles.</p>
+
+<p>The night of July 1, however, our work had to be changed. The major
+called for all assistance possible to attend the wounded who were
+arriving from the battlefield of Santiago. Large numbers of the wounded
+were brought down, many of whom walked miles. Men with bullet wounds
+through their lungs walked and crept for hours to get to the hospital.
+There were hospitals nearer to the front, but all seemed to have been
+overcrowded by the work of that day, and many soldiers had lost their
+way in the undergrowth and wandered about until they found the nearest
+road to a hospital. Many walked because they complained that the rough
+roads and heavy wagons increased their pains with every jolt.
+Surgeon-Major La Garde’s management can never be too highly praised. The
+wounded men that came down in the wagons were examined by him and laid
+somewhere to be comfortable until they could have attendance. By
+“comfortable” I mean as far as the situation would permit.</p>
+
+<p>Every surgeon and nurse was put to work. Mrs. Lesser and the Sisters
+were called to assist at an operating table, and Sister Annie McCue and
+Mrs. Trumbull White were left in charge of the hospital building. At
+first I had the pleasure of assisting a very able army surgeon, Dr.
+Fauntleroy, but the same evening a table was assigned to me by Major La
+Garde. There were six tables in the tent, which were in charge of the
+following surgeons: Drs. Fauntleroy, Ireland, Nancrede, Munson, Parker,
+Howard and myself, some coming later than others. The work continued all
+night, each operator having one assistant and one of the Sisters at his
+table, continuing all of the following day. As the wounded came down in
+numbers, and there were not cots for them, they had to be left in any
+position around the ground. Major La Garde and Chaplain Gavitt were at
+all times kept busy having long flies put up to protect them in case it
+should rain.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_591" title="591"></a>
+ <img src="images/i123.jpg" width="500" height="438" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">A GROUP OF RED CROSS SISTERS</div>
+ <p class="xs">The four sisters of the New York Red Cross Hospital of Dr. and Mrs. A.
+Monae Lesser, who nursed sick reconcentrados and their orphans in
+Havana, and afterward assisted the surgeons on the ships and in the
+hospitals of Siboney in dressing the wounds of Cuban, Spanish and
+American soldiers and sailors, until they fell victims of the fever and
+went into hospital themselves.</p>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <img src="images/i124.jpg" width="500" height="384" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">DIPLOMA OF GRATITUDE FOR MISS CLARA BARTON FROM THE RED CROSS OF SPAIN.</div>
+
+ <div class="subcaption">[Translation of Text.]</div>
+
+ <p class="smaller">The Supreme Assembly of the Red Cross of Spain Grateful for the powerful
+  co-operation which you have given, contributing to the patriotic and
+  humanitarian ends of the institution, has resolved to manifest its
+  recognition thereof, by issuing to you the present diploma in the city
+  of the Court of Madrid on the 31st day of October in the year
+  M.D.C.C.C.X.C.V.I.I.I. (1898).</p>
+
+ <div class="column-container">
+   <div class="column">The President,<br />
+                        <span class="pad2"><span class="smcap">Marquis of Paloma</span>.</span>
+   </div><div class="column signature">
+       The Secretary General,<br />
+       <span class="pad2"><span class="smcap">Juan P.C. Domingues</span>.</span>
+   </div>
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Every moment news of another battle was expected; the experience of the
+first, with no better means as yet at hand, was a matter of great
+concern and worry to all present. Suggestions were made and discussed.
+Finally it was agreed to request more Red Cross aid by telegraph. A call
+for one hundred Sisters was suggested, and Mrs. Lesser was consulted in
+the matter. We had fifty trained nurses and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_593" title="593"></a><a class="pagenum" id="Page_592" title="592"></a> assistants on our lists,
+also women to act as matrons to distribute nourishment; we promised to
+send for that number immediately, as we had sent for twenty-five
+already. That morning Miss Barton, with Mr. Kennan and several of her
+staff, had gone to the front, and before leaving, Miss Barton instructed
+her secretary, Mr. C.H.H. Cottrell, that, at our request, he should
+cable in her name for such persons and material as should be needed in
+the Hospital Department. We cabled for fifty nurses, ten assistants, a
+number of immune physicians, complete hospital equipment, and a quantity
+of surgical material, sufficient to make at least five hundred patients
+comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>The work was performed almost without intermission, every surgeon
+employing all his energies. The feeling in the hospital among the
+members of the surgical staff was an excellent one.</p>
+
+<p>The night of the third we expected to be able to rest a few hours, but
+during the day the fleet had fought its battle, and a number of Spanish
+wounded prisoners were taken off by the various ships. Dr. Lewis, chief
+surgeon of the “Harvard,” who assisted in attending the wounded at the
+hospital at Siboney, invited Dr. Parker, myself and the Sisters to help
+him in attending the wounded Spaniards, to which we gladly responded and
+spent the night on the “Harvard.”</p>
+
+<p>The wounded continued to arrive for four days, many of them telling that
+they had been shot on the first day of the battle, July 1, and as yet
+had received no care except from some comrade who had with him the
+little emergency package.</p>
+
+<p>Permit me to say here that I believe the little emergency package has
+saved many a man from death through bleeding.</p>
+
+<p>Most notable and commendable was the desire of the surgical staff to
+save limbs when at all possible; and I have seen and often joined Drs.
+Fauntleroy, Nancrede, Ireland and Parker in the work, spending an hour
+for resection of the part in order to prevent amputation. Of course all
+endeavored to do the same, and out of the total number of 1415 wounded
+treated in the Siboney Hospital after the battle, there were but three
+amputations of the thigh, two of the leg and one of the forearm, that I
+observed in the camp. The death rate was also very small, as most of the
+shots made clean wounds, and only when they affected most vital parts
+did they cause death.</p>
+
+<p>The dressing of wounds and the operating upon the wounded, however, were
+not all the service required by the injured. Shelter, comfortable cots
+and blankets were needed, very few of which had been landed. Still, as
+the wounded came, and the needs became greater, I saw Surgeon-Major La
+Garde, most ably assisted by Chaplain Gavitt,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_594" title="594"></a> hunt about for canvas or
+anything that would act as cover for a tent, and have it put up along
+the tents and flies. Their work was unceasing. In those days every
+officer and member of the medical staff gave up his cot and tent that
+the wounded might find some kind of shelter and proper resting place;
+but in spite of that they were inadequate. The largest number of wounded
+lay on the ground, some on blankets, others on canvas, or if very
+severely wounded, on a litter.</p>
+
+<p>The steamship “State of Texas” had a number of cots (I believe 350)
+which were originally meant for Cuban relief, many of which we used in
+the Red Cross Hospital at Siboney; when I informed Miss Barton of the
+condition of affairs, all cots that were in the ship were unloaded and
+sent to the hospital, and the most seriously wounded received
+comfortable resting places.</p>
+
+<p>The gauze, particularly the iodoform gauze, and bandages soon gave out.
+The “State of Texas” carried a quantity of surgical dressings. All that
+was necessary was to ask Miss Barton for them, who immediately sent on
+land any article needed if in her possession.</p>
+
+<p>Among our patients were several cases of gunshot wound through the skull
+and brain near the eyes; the eyes were inflamed, and ice had to be
+applied continuously to relieve excruciating pain. Dr. Fauntleroy
+suggested that the cases be sent to the Red Cross Hospital, we had there
+the only ice in the field at that time; it also came from the “State of
+Texas,” from which we received a daily supply. The eye cases were
+carefully attended by Mrs. White, the wife of Dr. Trumbull White, of the
+Chicago <cite>Record</cite>, who deserves much praise for the constant attention
+which she gave them. It was necessary to make continuous application of
+ice every few minutes, which she did with constant and unceasing care.
+Mrs. White is not a trained nurse, but a gentle, wise woman. I agree
+with the remarks of Dr. Fauntleroy when he said that her attention and
+the ice relieved much suffering and saved quite a few from blindness.
+Captain Mills, who was one of the wounded in that manner, may tell of
+his own experience.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the cases of gunshot wounds gave very little work to the
+surgeons, as the bullet entered at one place and made its exit at
+another, thus leaving a clean wound. Even through vital parts of the
+body, such as the brain and abdomen, bullets passed without apparently
+giving the patient any great distress. The simple cases did not need
+much attention; cleanliness and a cushioned dressing well protected was
+all they usually required. In fact, many of the smaller wounds came to
+us bandaged with a little emergency pad, progressing in healing. These
+were always shots from the Mauser bullet. Many of the men that I saw<a class="pagenum" id="Page_595" title="595"></a>
+were shot in the shoulder, the bullets making exits through the back.
+Some gunshot wounds had two places of exit and entrance in their course.
+For instance, I had cases in which the bullet had gone into the upper
+and lateral part of the cranium, come out behind the ear, went into the
+shoulder and came out behind and below the shoulder blade; or had made
+its course through the left arm, again entering the right chest and
+coming out at the back. It would perhaps be out of place to enumerate or
+describe in this report the many courses which the bullets have taken,
+but as stated, most of them required little attention. There were,
+however, some serious wounds, such as compound comminuted fractures, in
+the treatment of which great skill was shown by the various surgeons in
+the hospital. Those were the cases which in former years would have
+resulted in amputation, but drainage and cleanliness, plainly speaking,
+have given the patients the advantage of keeping their limbs.</p>
+
+<p>In the simple cases one could work alone, with the assistance of a
+Sister or a hospital steward, but in the more difficult cases good
+surgical skill was required, and it was often a source of great
+gratification to see two eminent surgeons, of equally good reputation,
+assisting each other in a difficult case; one advising, the other
+acting; thus the greatest harmony existed among the members of the
+staff. The Sisters being required in the operating tents as also the
+stewards there were no nurses in the tents to care for the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>No food had been prepared for the large number of wounded lying on the
+cots or on the ground on blankets or canvas; a great many of them were
+too helpless even to turn. Surgeon-Major La Garde did me the honor of
+consulting me in regard to the nursing, and I suggested that some of the
+Sisters leave the operating tables, which were by that time supplied
+with other assistants.</p>
+
+<p>The major then sent for Mrs. Lesser, who suggested that the worst cases
+be brought into one or two rows of tents, as the small staff of Sisters
+brought into Cuba was not sufficient to take charge of all and do them
+justice. The rows of tents were then placed in her charge, and she
+portioned the work of caring for them among the Sisters assisted by
+hospital corps men. The soldiers were nearly famished; some had not
+received a morsel of food for two days. Oatmeal gruel, coffee and
+quantities of prune juice and other articles of relish were at once
+prepared at the Red Cross Hospital in big cans which had come from the
+“State of Texas,” and with the assistance of the ever active
+indefatigable Chaplain Gavitt, and several newspaper correspondents, the
+wounded soldiers received such food as their conditions allowed.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_596" title="596"></a>Unfortunately the surgeons lost track of the greater number of their
+cases. The patient marked for redressing was placed on any table, and
+the surgeon in charge of that table redressed the wound; thus it was
+hard to say what result one or the other had obtained, with the
+exception of a few cases, which by special request one was allowed to
+continue to observe. Some of the patients came down with their wounds
+dressed in some hospital at the front, and I may here mention that I saw
+excellent work coming from the hospital in command of Dr. Woods.</p>
+
+<p>When the rush was over, I was called to the camp where the Spanish
+prisoners were located. I prescribed for their ailments, while the
+Sisters supplied their food. In addition, I answered the calls which
+came from Cuban families in Siboney. Some Spanish prisoners were wounded
+and others suffered from fevers. Those who were wounded had their wounds
+dressed at the scene of battle, and although some of the dressings were
+temporary, they feared to have any person touch them, until assured that
+they would be treated as gently as possible. The patients had now all
+been operated upon and attended; only some of the wounds needed
+redressing. They were taken to the transport hospital ships as soon as
+their condition permitted. It was about that time the hospital ship
+Relief arrived, bringing more food for invalids and more equipped cots.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Guiteras, who visited all the hospitals daily, informed me one
+afternoon that he had found a case of yellow fever in camp (not in our
+hospital), developed in a place near Siboney. There were two or more
+suspicious cases which he had watched, and he believed that yellow fever
+would develop very rapidly. I called the Sisters together, presented the
+situation to them, that they might decide whether to stay in the field
+or return to the “State of Texas.” Their unanimous decision to stay and
+face the consequences made them continue their work without any
+hesitation. The Red Cross Hospital building became crowded, one room was
+set aside for doubtful cases, while the other rooms were occupied with
+typhoid patients. The porch in front of the house, shaded with canvas,
+and a little isolated room to the right, sheltered the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>My work at the Red Cross Hospital became continuous, as a large number
+of patients came from the various camps to receive attention, and still
+a larger number from our camp came for consultation and treatment. The
+number of such consultations I discontinued to write down after three
+hundred were attended, Americans, Spanish and Cubans together.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig450">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_597" title="597"></a>
+ <img src="images/i125.jpg" width="450" height="472" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">THE BURNING OF SIBONEY&mdash;RED CROSS HOSPITAL IN THE
+FOREGROUND.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Every case of typhoid fever and other disease which was placed in our
+charge from the day we opened the hospital, has recovered. The last of
+them were brought home well on the “Concho;” those that came later were
+on the way to recovery when I left for the fever hospital. Among our
+patients were two who had measles, complicated with pneumonia, and there
+was a large number of patient suffering with Cuban malarial fever. I
+also wish to state that not one patient in our hospital became infected
+with yellow fever; the cases that had it came there with the disease,
+but were closely observed, and as soon as the first positive sign was
+noticed, they were isolated and brought to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_598" title="598"></a> the fever hospital. The
+total number of sick permanent and transient thus attended was 234. Most
+of the medicines we had brought with us, but received some from army
+stores.</p>
+
+<p>When the “State of Texas” left for Jamaica to get ice, in order to save
+time we took a dwelling in one of the houses at Siboney, which was
+believed by experts not to be infected. The family living in it was very
+clean, and it appeared that the house would serve as well, and perhaps
+better than any other. Our tents, in which we should have preferred to
+live, had not arrived, nor did we have any cots, all having been given
+to the sick and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>When the houses at Siboney were ordered to be burned down, we left for
+the yellow fever camp. Before leaving I requested Dr. Senn to operate
+upon two Spanish prisoners whom I had not seen for several days.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventh day after our arrival at the camp we were able to return
+to Siboney. Our ailments, although not prevented, had been made light by
+prophylactic methods, and our recovery was consequently rapid. After our
+return to Siboney I again offered to serve.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime word from Assistant Surgeon-General Greenleaf was
+received at Siboney, stating that forty-five Red Cross nurses, surgeons
+and other assistants, had arrived at Guantanamo, waiting to come to us,
+and as we returned the same day from the fever camp, Surgeon-Major La
+Garde telegraphed and telephoned repeatedly for them to come, but he
+received no reply.</p>
+
+<p>Feeling that under the existing circumstances and exhausted from work
+and illness we could not continue to work without more assistance, I
+applied for our return. Surgeon-Major La Garde upon this placed me in
+charge of the steamship “Concho” which left for the North on July 23, of
+which voyage a special report has been presented.</p>
+
+<p>Before my departure from Siboney, Surgeon-Major La Garde handed me a
+document, a copy of which I herewith present:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="smcap">Reserve Divisional Hospital, Fifth Corps</span>,<br />
+  <span class="smcap">Siboney, Cuba</span>, <em>July 23, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p>This is to certify that Dr. A. Monae Lesser, surgeon-in-chief of the
+  American National Red Cross, offered his services to the Medical
+  Department of the army on the twenty-ninth day of June. From the
+  latter date to the present day Dr. Lesser has been connected with
+  this hospital as a surgeon and patient. When the wounded commenced
+  to arrive on July 1, and during the rush of work which lasted<a class="pagenum" id="Page_599" title="599"></a> four
+  days in the care of the wounded, Dr. Lesser was assigned one of the
+  six tables in the operating room. His work was skillful and most
+  continuous. His suggestions to me on more than one occasion,
+  concerning administration details, were of the highest value. After
+  the rush of work in the operating room Dr. Lesser continued to take
+  charge of a hospital, a building which was pronounced free from
+  infection, in which he treated wounded and sick soldiers. His work
+  was the admiration of every one who had the good fortune to be under
+  the watchful care of himself and the Sisters under him.
+  Unfortunately the building&mdash;in which they lived&mdash;soon showed signs
+  of yellow fever infection. Dr. Lesser, his wife and four of the
+  Sisters&mdash;his entire staff&mdash;were taken one by one with the fever.
+  They were removed to our yellow fever hospital. They are now
+  convalescing, though weak; they leave us for the North to-day for a
+  much needed rest. I have no words at my command which could in any
+  way express my appreciation of the work of Dr. Lesser and his heroic
+  staff. Had it not been for their assistance and the quantities of
+  supplies furnished by the “State of Texas,” the sufferings of the
+  hundreds of wounded would have been magnified more than I can now
+  venture to express.</p>
+
+<p>In commenting on our lack of supplies, attendants, etc., I desire to
+  state that our unprepared condition to meet the rush of work which
+  came with such surprising rapidity was due to those military
+  conditions which often transpire in war when blood, suffering and
+  death seem to be inevitable, or beyond the scope of man to
+  anticipate.</p>
+
+<p>May God’s blessing be with him and his.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent5"><span class="smcap">Louis A. La Garde</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent5"><em>Major and Surgeon, U.S.A.</em>,</span><br />
+  <em>Commanding Hospital.</em>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_600" title="600"></a>RELIEF WORK IN CUBA.<br />
+  <span class="subtitle">REPORT OF C.H.H. COTTRELL, FINANCIAL SECRETARY.</span></h3>
+
+<div>
+ <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i126.jpg" width="75" height="159" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap">Early in February, 1898, after the President of the
+United States had called Clara Barton to several conferences on the
+question of relieving the sufferings of the Cuban reconcentrados; and
+the Central Cuban Relief Committee had been formed to take charge of the
+funds and supplies which it was known that the generous American people
+were anxious to donate for this purpose, it was decided that Miss Barton
+should go to Cuba at once to assist in the prompt and efficient
+distribution of the succor which was so near at hand. It is her habit to
+act quickly when her plans have been matured, and not a moment’s time
+was lost in preparing for her journey to Havana.</p>
+
+<p>On her arrival at Havana Miss Barton communicated with the American
+Consul General, the Spanish officials, and some of the best known and
+benevolently disposed citizens; and after freely conferring with them,
+and learning the existing conditions, the city was divided into
+distribution districts, and a committee of citizens, who were fully
+acquainted with the people and their wants, was appointed to take charge
+of each district. Abundant space in a very large warehouse had already
+been secured by the Consul General, which was, with the use of its
+employes, given free of charge to the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>Several of the villages near Havana and as far east as Matanzas were
+then visited and arrangements similar to those made in Havana were
+perfected for the distribution of food and clothing; and these
+communities were supplied as quickly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after Miss Barton’s arrival in Havana the deplorable “Maine”
+disaster occured, killing, drowning and injuring so many of our brave
+sailors and marines. As soon as she heard of this awful calamity<a class="pagenum" id="Page_601" title="601"></a> she
+visited the hospital where the victims who were not killed outright were
+lying, and arranged to have them provided with every possible attention,
+and the best of everything needed that money and sympathy could procure.</p>
+
+<p>As the situation developed and the needs of the country became known, it
+was found to be necessary to largely increase the working force of the
+Red Cross, and arrangements were accordingly made to have some of the
+oldest and most experienced workers of that organization, with some new
+recruits, come to Havana. A large house for their accommodation was
+secured in the suburb of Cerro, about three miles from the business
+centre of the city, where they were pleasantly and comfortably
+established. The party when completed consisted of the following named
+ladies and gentlemen:</p>
+
+<p>Miss Clara Barton, Mr. J.K. Elwell, Dr. J.B. Hubbell, Dr. E. Winfield
+Egan, Dr. A. Monae Lesser, Mrs. A. Monae Lesser, known as “Sister
+Bettina,” Misses Annie McCue, Minnie Rogall, Blanche McCorresten and
+Isabelle Olm, Red Cross nurses or “sisters;” Mr. J. A. McDowell and Mr.
+C.H.H. Cottrell.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the best citizens of Havana, ladies and gentlemen, Spaniards and
+Cubans, gave us a most hearty welcome and every encouragement, many of
+them volunteering their services in any capacity in which they could be
+made useful, and we were thus enabled to secure a number of doctors and
+nurses, who gave excellent service, and who received the well-deserved
+thanks of the Red Cross.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Relief Distribution From the San José Warehouse.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Elwell was put in charge of the warehouse with an able corps of
+assistants, and his work there was all that could be desired, as it was
+something that he was perfectly familiar with from long experience; he
+had the great advantage of knowing the Spanish language and the
+character of the people with whom he was dealing. Many hundred tons of
+the finest supplies, including everything that a generous and
+sympathetic public could think of that would be suitable for a famishing
+people, were given out as fast as orders were issued for them; but in
+every instance the utmost care was exercised that nothing should go out
+that might reach the hands of irresponsible persons; and every possible
+safeguard of check and receipt was adopted and successfully used.</p>
+
+<h4><a class="pagenum" id="Page_602" title="602"></a><span class="smcap">Opening a Hospital and Orphanage.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The large number of orphan children that had been left unprovided for
+appealed to the sympathies of some worthy people for whom Consul-General
+Lee was the spokesman, and Miss Barton was asked by them to provide a
+hospital and home for these waifs. She therefore rented and furnished a
+large private residence on Tulipan street in Cerro, near the Red Cross
+residence, which was opened and named the “Lee Orphanage.” The house was
+completely arranged and had a capacity for seventy-five inmates, besides
+the attendants, and it was soon filled. Dr. and Mrs. Lesser were placed
+in charge of the orphanage, assisted by several Cuban doctors and
+nurses. The greater part of the children who were brought there were in
+an extreme state of exhaustion from lack of nourishment, many being
+unable to sit up, and the greatest care and watchfulness had to be
+observed to save their lives. A few of them died after they reached the
+hospital; but by careful and unremitting attention the larger part of
+them were gradually brought back to health, and it is to be hoped that
+some of them will eventually find homes in good families.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Los Fosos, the Horrible!</span></h4>
+
+<p>An old ramshackle building long before abandoned as unsafe and
+undesirable was owned by the city and known as Los Fosos. Being
+worthless and unwatched, it had become the lodging place of a horde of
+beggars and tramps, and when the unfortunate reconcentrados were driven
+into the city from their homes in the country hundreds of them flocked
+to this miserable place. Miss Barton found there men, women and children
+crowded together in a most pitiable and disgusting mass; and suffering
+from disease and exhaustion and in such a state of filth that her party
+was unable to endure the stench and had to get out after a very short
+stay. These poor victims of cruel war were lying on the bare floor in
+their dirty rags, and entirely helpless except for such poor aid as they
+could render each other. Many of them died daily and their corpses would
+lie for hours before being removed. Altogether it was one of the most
+horrible pictures imaginable.</p>
+
+<p>Permission was obtained by the Red Cross to repair the building and make
+a hospital of it, and carpenters were put to work to strengthen the
+swaying floors and batten up the sides and make the roof<a class="pagenum" id="Page_603" title="603"></a> rainproof.
+Three rooms were partitioned off for a dispensary, store room and
+kitchen. Scrub women were put to work and a plentiful supply of soap,
+water and disinfectants soon made a great change for the better. When
+the place had been cleansed, new cots were brought in and clean bedding
+put on them. Up to the time of their forced departure those devoted
+nurses worked faithfully from early morn till late in the day to keep
+the place decently clean and instill habits of neatness into those
+miserable beings. Deprived of the pride and care of those trained women,
+it is easy to believe that within a week after they left, Los Fosos had
+resumed its former reputation as the most unsavory spot in all Havana.</p>
+
+<p>During the time that Los Fosos was under the care of the Red Cross the
+best medical skill obtainable was given to the inmates, and the untiring
+care and attention of as faithful a body of trained nurses as the world
+has ever known was freely given them, and the best of nourishing food
+and delicacies were abundantly supplied; and if fate had willed that
+this body of self-sacrificing men and women should remain, there is no
+doubt that, in the course of time, this old pesthouse would have become
+a famous hospital with a reputation second to none.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Relief Work Discontinued.</span></h4>
+
+<p>One of the most comprehensive systems of charitable work had been thus
+inaugurated and was doing incalculable good, and was receiving praise
+and gratitude from all classes, when it was announced that the official
+relations between Spain and the United States, which had been strained
+for some time, were about to be broken. The American Consul-General
+announced that he did not think that it was safe for American citizens
+to remain in Cuba while the excited state of feeling existed, and that
+he should leave on a certain day, and he advised all Americans in Cuba
+who wished to go to the States that he would provide transportation for
+them. The time given for settling affairs and preparing to leave was
+less than a week, and accordingly there was much excitement and great
+sacrifices had to be made, which in many cases meant ruin and beggary.
+Quite a number of the refugees afterward became entirely dependent upon
+the bounty of the Red Cross at Key West and Tampa, Florida.</p>
+
+<p>When it thus became necessary to decide whether the Red Cross should
+abandon its work in Cuba, Miss Barton called her staff around<a class="pagenum" id="Page_604" title="604"></a> her (as
+is her invariable custom in deciding all important matters), and asked
+for their individual opinions as to the advisability of their leaving,
+and a full discussion of all the points involved ensued, and a unanimous
+decision was arrived at. All Spanish officials, national and municipal,
+had never failed to show the utmost courtesy to all our members, and
+time after time they had shown their sincerity by repeated acts of
+kindness, and none of us believed that they were likely to change their
+attitude toward us. But when it was considered that war was almost
+inevitable, and that if we remained in Cuba we should be shut up in an
+enemy’s country and unable to communicate with our friends and
+relatives, who would be daily harrowed by sensational stories, it was
+decided that we should withdraw when the Consul-General was ready to
+leave.</p>
+
+<p>When it became known that we were about to leave Miss Barton received
+some very hearty assurances of regard and protection from high Spanish
+officials, and many Spanish and Cuban ladies and gentlemen called on her
+and assured her of their high regard and deep gratitude for all she had
+done for their suffering people.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Archbishop of Havana Blesses Lee Orphanage.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The day before we were to leave Cuba the Archbishop of Havana came to
+the Lee Orphanage, where quite a number of the best people of the city
+had assembled, and gave his blessing to the little institution; which
+was, with those Catholic people, an augury equivalent to a guaranty that
+the success and protection of the undertaking was fully assured; and,
+indeed, we learned several months after the war had begun that the
+Spanish authorities had not only taken the most scrupulous care of this
+hospital, and all its abundance of provisions with which the Cuban
+Relief Committee had supplied it, but they had also placed a guard
+around Miss Barton’s residence and had kept it inviolate from all
+predatorily disposed persons. After the war some of our party visited
+the residence and the orphanage, and found provisions which had been
+left at both places were still on hand.</p>
+
+<p>Of course it was to be expected that the hospital, being deprived of the
+example of the trained Red Cross nurse, with her habits of order and
+neatness, would naturally retrograde in many ways, and our party
+therefore was prepared for the many evidences of neglect and disorder
+that met their eyes on their return visit.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_605" title="605"></a>The Central Cuban Relief Committee, of New York, which had been
+appointed by the President of the United States, had abundant means to
+maintain this work that had been so successfully inaugurated, and it is
+greatly deplored that the unfortunate declaration of war prevented the
+carrying out of all the plans that had been so carefully matured, and
+which would have saved the lives of thousands of men, women and children
+who now lie under the sod.</p>
+
+<p>Having made the best possible arrangement for the maintenance of the
+institutions we had brought into being and had fostered in Havana; and
+with the saddest regrets that we should have to abandon a work so well
+begun, we boarded the ship “Olivette” on April 11, and started for the
+United States. After a great deal of discomfort, caused by the
+overcrowding of passengers and the heavy seas, we reached Tampa, Fla.,
+on April 13. After a day or two of rest, Miss Barton proceeded to
+Washington with Drs. Hubbell and Egan, the remainder of the party
+stopping in Tampa.</p>
+
+<p>There were at that time probably about fifteen hundred Cuban refugees in
+Tampa and eight or nine hundred in Key West, who were entirely
+dependent. The Red Cross took upon itself the task of maintaining these
+poor people, and for a period of seven months its agents provided for
+them. It should be said, however, that the citizens of both these cities
+appointed committees and did all they could to relieve the necessities
+of these large bodies of indigent people.</p>
+
+<p>Early in April it had been decided to charter a steamer in New York and
+to load her with supplies and send her to different ports in Cuba, where
+her cargo could be unloaded in such quantities as might be required.
+Accordingly, the steamer “State of Texas,” of about eighteen hundred
+tons burden, was chartered from Messrs. Mallory &amp; Co., of New York, and
+notwithstanding the fact that our party had been obliged to leave
+Havana, and that subsequently war had been declared, the preparations
+for sailing were kept up, and the steamer was loaded with a cargo of
+fourteen hundred tons, which embraced a fine assortment of substantials
+and delicacies, and many household articles, medicines and hospital
+stores. When she was finally loaded in the latter part of April, the
+“Texas” sailed for Key West in charge of Dr. J.B. Hubbell, with Captain
+Frank Young as sailing master, arriving there on the twenty-eighth of
+that month.</p>
+
+<h4><a class="pagenum" id="Page_606" title="606"></a><span class="smcap">Reception at Tampa.</span></h4>
+
+<p>In the meantime, Dr. Jos. Gardner and wife, of Bedford, Ind., had joined
+our party at Tampa; and soon after Miss Barton, Dr. Egan, Mr. D.L. Cobb
+and Miss Lucy M. Graves came along, and it was arranged that the entire
+party was to leave Tampa on the evening of April 28, to go aboard the
+steamer “State of Texas,” at Key West, and remain on her until the army
+had made a landing in Cuba, when it was expected that we should be able
+to resume our work there. The day of the evening we were to leave Tampa,
+Mrs. J.M. Towne, the lady at whose house our party was stopping, gave a
+reception in honor of Miss Barton, to which General Wade and the army
+officers who were then stationed there, and many ladies and gentlemen of
+that fine little city, were invited. It was a most brilliant and
+enjoyable occasion, the uniforms of the officers and the lovely toilets
+of the ladies making a picture that will long remain in the memories of
+those who saw it.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Relief Party Returns to Key West.</span></h4>
+
+<p>On our arrival at Key West, on the afternoon of April 29, we were met by
+Dr. Hubbell and Mr. C.C. Bangs, who had been sent by the New York
+committee to assist in our work; and Mr. A. Butler Duncan, a well-known
+gentleman of New York, and were taken aboard the steamer “State of
+Texas,” where we were welcomed by Captain Young, and where we
+subsequently passed many pleasant weeks together. A few days later we
+were joined by Mr. Geo. Kennan, First Vice-President of the American
+National Red Cross, and his wife.</p>
+
+<p>Key West at that time was a very busy place, the harbor being filled
+with naval vessels which came in there daily from the Cuban blockading
+squadron for coal and provisions. Miss Barton immediately paid her
+respects to Captain Harrington, of the monitor “Puritan,” who was the
+senior commander of the port, and presented her credentials from the
+State and Navy Departments. Subsequently she placed herself in
+communication with Commodore Sampson, and stated her desire to reach
+Cuba at the earliest possible moment.</p>
+
+<p>Many naval officers and citizens of Key West called on Miss Barton
+daily, and this attention, combined with her enormous correspondence,
+kept her time fully occupied till late in the night. There was scarcely
+a day that some accident of more or less severity did not<a class="pagenum" id="Page_607" title="607"></a> happen to
+some of the sailors or workmen on the many auxiliary craft that were in
+the harbor; and the Red Cross doctors were at all times in demand. In
+order to keep every one in the best preparation for possible
+contingencies of any kind, everybody on the ship was instructed and
+drilled in the various phases of his or her particular kind of work; and
+thus all were kept happily and busily engaged. The doctors inaugurated a
+series of lectures for the benefits of the nurses and others, and
+clinics were of frequent occurrence, and every member of the party
+benefited by the practical knowledge thus attained in bandaging and
+taking care of various kinds of injuries.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor E. Winfield Egan, of Boston, one of the foremost of our surgeons,
+effected some wonderful operations here and at Port Tampa, and won the
+warm friendship of many a poor fellow, who, but for his skillful
+ministrations would have fared badly. Some of the injured men were so
+badly hurt that days and weeks elapsed before they were fully recovered,
+and during the time of their convalescence, they were carefully attended
+and watched by the Red Cross nurses; and at all times of the day the Red
+Cross boat, with its well-known flag floating, could be seen going from
+one transport to another on its errands of mercy.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Feeding Spanish Prisoners.</span></h4>
+
+<p>While we were lying at Key West there was scarcely a day passed that
+some of our vigilant blockading squadron did not bring in from one to
+three captured prizes; sometimes large steamships, and from that class
+through the various grades of shipping down to fishing smacks; and in
+the course of a couple of weeks there were between thirty and forty of
+these boats lying at anchor in the harbor, with their crews aboard under
+guard. Somehow it was forgotten that these poor foreigners must eat to
+live; or else perhaps somebody thought that somebody else was
+responsible for this very important matter; be that as it may, they were
+unprovided for. The boats, of course, had a small amount of provisions
+aboard when they were captured, and while that lasted all went well; but
+in a few days their supply was exhausted and calls were made on the
+United States Marshal, in whose charge the prisoners were, for food.
+That officer, having no contingent fund on which to draw, was in
+despair, and came to Miss Barton, who at once reassured him by saying
+that she would attend to the matter and would provide for all the
+prisoners until such time as he could<a class="pagenum" id="Page_608" title="608"></a> get his petition through the
+departments at Washington. Accordingly several boatloads of provisions
+were hastily gotten together and taken in tow by a steam launch which
+landed them alongside of each prize. Miss Barton personally visited
+these boats, and with the aid of an interpreter she learned the needs of
+the crews, and not only supplied them with food, but she arranged to
+take letters from all who wished to communicate with friends and
+relatives in Spain and elsewhere, and forwarded the letters to their
+destination.</p>
+
+<p>All governmental relations between Spain and the United States having
+been broken by the declaration of war, it was necessary, where letters
+were to go to Spain, to send them to the Red Cross of Portugal, which
+organization kindly acted as the intermediary friend all through the
+war. And here I may say that the Red Cross adopted this method wherever
+there were Spanish prisoners, and through its kind offices thousands of
+anxious hearts received news of their absent ones who were “held by the
+enemy.”</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">New York Red Cross Relief Committee.</span></h4>
+
+<p>About the middle of May the friends of the Red Cross in New York City,
+conceived the idea of forming a relief committee for the collection of
+money and supplies to be used in aiding the soldiers in camp and field.
+The committee was formed, with some of the richest and most prominent
+people of the country on its list, and it became necessary for Miss
+Barton to go to New York to empower the committee with authority to act
+in the name of the Red Cross. Accordingly the steamer “State of Texas”
+left Key West and proceeded to Port Tampa, where Miss Barton took train
+for the North, leaving the remainder of the party on the steamer.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Emergency Relief at Port Tampa.</span></h4>
+
+<p>At this time there were several camps at Tampa and Port Tampa, and
+several thousand troops were preparing for the invasion of Cuba;
+transports were daily arriving at Port Tampa and were being placed in
+readiness to carry this vast host to the “Pearl of the Antilles.” Those
+were busy days for everybody, and the Red Cross doctors and nurses were
+called upon hourly to render service to many victims of injury and
+disease.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_609" title="609"></a>
+ <img src="images/i127.jpg" width="400" height="619" alt="" />
+ <div class="subcaption"><em>In charge of Red Cross nurses at Nautical Club Hospital,
+Santiago de Cuba.</em></div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_610" title="610"></a>
+ <img src="images/i128.jpg" width="500" height="325" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">THE YOUNGEST RED CROSS NURSE, 4 YEARS OLD.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_611" title="611"></a>While we were waiting at Port Tampa we were joined by Miss Janet
+Jennings, of Washington, and Mrs. Trumbull White, of Chicago, both of
+whom afterward did excellent work in the hospitals at Siboney.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Barton rejoined our party on June 16, being accompanied by Mrs. J.
+Addison Porter, the wife of the secretary to President McKinley, who
+went with us on the “State of Texas.”</p>
+
+<p>Miss Barton had been the recipient of such assurances on her recent trip
+to Washington from the heads of the various government departments, that
+she believed that the Red Cross would receive the most cordial
+recognition from the army and navy as an auxiliary aid, and would be
+able to co-operate with them in the utmost harmony. Although the mission
+of the steamer “State of Texas” was to render relief to the Cuban
+reconcentrados, it was tacitly understood and believed by all that every
+possible aid would be extended to the army and navy forces whenever it
+was necessary or called for.</p>
+
+<p>All of the government transports carrying General Shafter’s army had
+sailed from Port Tampa, bound for Cuba, when, on June 17, the “State of
+Texas” weighed her anchor and started for Key West, where we arrived on
+the following afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>It was learned at Key West that the cargo of a captured ship, consisting
+of South American “tasajo,” or jerked beef, was about to be sold by the
+United States Marshal; and as we knew this was a favorite food of the
+Cubans, and that we could get all that we needed at a very low figure,
+Miss Barton decided to take aboard twenty tons of it.</p>
+
+<p>A telegram had been sent from Port Tampa to the Secretary of the Navy,
+under whose authority the “State of Texas” was then sailing, notifying
+him that we were going to Key West, where he could communicate with us,
+and thence on to Cuba, if orders to the contrary were not received.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Sailing for Cuba.</span></h4>
+
+<p>On June 20, everything being in readiness, and no orders having been
+received from the Secretary of the Navy, it was decided to sail and find
+Sampson’s fleet near Santiago de Cuba, where it was generally believed
+that General Shafter would try to effect a landing; so at 10.15 a.m. we
+started, taking the westerly course around Cape Antonio. Just as we were
+about to leave, Mr. W.S. Warner joined our party and afterwards became
+one of our most useful and valued workers.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_612" title="612"></a>After a pleasant but uneventful voyage on the morning of June 25 we
+arrived off Morro Castle, at the entrance of the Bay of Santiago. The
+Spanish flag was flying over the land fortifications and Sampson’s fleet
+was stationed in the adjacent waters. Miss Barton sent a representative
+aboard the flagship “New York,” who presented her compliments to Admiral
+Sampson and asked for orders, or an expression of his wishes regarding
+the position to be taken by the Red Cross ship. The Admiral sent back
+word saying that General Shafter’s army had disembarked at Daiquiri, a
+point about twelve miles east of Morro Castle, and he advised Miss
+Barton to take her ship to Guantanamo Bay, where she would find good
+anchorage and calm water; and where she would be able to learn more of
+what was taking place on land, as there was constant communication from
+there with the invading army. Accordingly we drew away and arrived that
+evening at Playa del Este, which is about forty miles from Santiago, and
+situated just inside the mouth of Guantanamo Bay.</p>
+
+<p>Captain McCalla, the naval commander of the port, with several other
+naval officers came aboard the “Texas” that evening, and warmly welcomed
+Miss Barton. Among these officers were the captain and medical staff of
+the United States naval hospital ship “Solace” which was lying at anchor
+near us, and they extended an invitation to all the members of our party
+to visit their ship on the following morning. The invitation was
+accepted, and the next day the launches of the “Solace” came for us, and
+we passed a couple of very enjoyable hours looking over one of the most
+complete and handsome ships we had ever seen.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Departure for Siboney.</span></h4>
+
+<p>After our return to the “State of Texas” two representatives of New York
+papers called on Miss Barton, informing her that they had just come in
+from Siboney, where there was great need of supplies and medical aid.
+They said that the men who were wounded in the fight between the Rough
+Riders and the Spaniards on the previous Friday had just been brought in
+and that they were suffering from the lack of everything in the way of
+comforts and conveniences. Our steamer was at once headed westward and
+started within a few minutes for the scene of suffering. A two months’
+sojourn in tropical waters had enabled the busy little cirripeds to
+attach themselves in millions to the bottom of our ship, and, in
+nautical parlance, she was very “foul,”<a class="pagenum" id="Page_613" title="613"></a> and consequently our speed was
+reduced from a normal of about ten knots an hour to between seven and
+eight knots, so we did not reach Siboney until after eight o’clock that
+night.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after our ship was anchored a boat was lowered and a party of our
+doctors started for the shore. As the night was dark and there was no
+wharf nor other landing place, save one small bit of sandy beach which
+was bounded on each side by precipitous rocky ledges, and no lights
+other than those of the ships which were anchored safely away from the
+shore, and the uncertain and misleading flare of an occasional camp fire
+some distance away from the beach, the landing was a matter of some
+difficulty and anxiety. A heavy ground swell was running quite high and
+dashed itself against the rocks with a roar that deafened us; however
+the officer who was in charge of the boat was an old sailor, who was
+used to landing in strange places, and by constant “ahoying” to every
+sign of life on ship or shore, we managed to strike the one soft spot in
+that vicinity and soon had our boat drawn up on the sand.</p>
+
+<p>By inquiring of several sentinels, we found our way to the army
+hospital, which was a rough wooden building that had evidently been used
+for a store or warehouse in more peaceful times. On a veranda in front
+of the hospital a group of officers was standing, and on our asking for
+the surgeon in charge, Major Havard stepped forward. Drs. Gardner and
+Lesser introduced themselves and the other members of the party to Major
+Havard and formally offered him, in the name of Clara Barton and the Red
+Cross, the personal services of all our doctors and nurses, and any of
+our supplies that might be needed. Major Havard very courteously thanked
+them for their offers and said that he fully appreciated the value of
+such services, but he thought that he and his assistants would be able
+to take care of all the sick and wounded that were there at that time;
+and as for supplies, he knew there was an abundance of them <em>on the
+transports</em>, and he hoped they would be landed the next day. During
+these speeches our members were looking through the miserable place that
+bore the name of hospital, and the sights that met us brought tears to
+our eyes. There were half a dozen cots in a building where there were,
+perhaps, fifty or sixty patients, the greater number of whom were lying
+on the floor, some with a blanket under them, but a great many were
+lying on the bare boards. Sheets, pillows and bedclothes were unknown,
+and those poor fellows who were not dressed in their uniforms were lying
+almost naked. There were some wounded men, and others who were sick<a class="pagenum" id="Page_614" title="614"></a>
+with fever; and in the dim light of a few lanterns we could see them
+turning from side to side in their discomfort and agony and hear their
+moans, and in some cases imprecations against a Government that would so
+illy provide for such a contingency. One of the nurses(?), a young
+fellow who sat out on the veranda in his shirt sleeves complacently
+smoking a cigarette, told us that he couldn’t do very much for the boys,
+as he didn’t have anything to do with; besides one nurse couldn’t do
+very much for forty men, all wanting him at the same time, and he
+thought there ought to be more help. I couldn’t help contrasting this
+good natured but rather indolent chap, who was performing his duty in
+such a careless and perfunctory manner, with the brave, clean,
+intelligent and energetic young women whom I knew, who, when on duty,
+never took a minute’s rest, but were constantly busy, and who
+anticipated every want of a patient; and who by their bright faces and
+cheerful voices drove away all feelings of despondency and homesickness
+among the sufferers, and in this way helped them quite as far on the
+road to recovery as the medicine that the doctors might prescribe.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cubans Gladly Accept Assistance.</span></h4>
+
+<p>With saddened hearts we turned away and entered the Cuban army hospital
+near by. This house was better furnished with beds and bedding and other
+hospital appliances than the place we had just left, as it had been a
+regular army hospital when the Spaniards were in possession of the
+place, and they in their quick retreat had left nearly everything
+intact. So that these patients were in a much better condition. But how
+dirty it was! And how badly it smelled!
+
+The Surgeon in charge of the Cuban hospital was a very intelligent Cuban
+who spoke good English, and he welcomed us warmly, and insisted on
+taking us to see General Calixto Garcia, whose headquarters were near
+by. That fine old warrior, with his gentlemanly and courtly manners,
+received us with the greatest cordiality, introducing us to the members
+of his staff who were present, and in every way made us feel that we
+were more than welcome. He had no hesitation in accepting any aid we had
+to offer; said that his men had suffered so terribly during the past
+three years that he welcomed our coming as a perfect godsend. So it was
+arranged that the Red Cross should take hold of the Cuban hospital the
+next day and do what it could to make<a class="pagenum" id="Page_615" title="615"></a> it healthier and pleasanter;
+although the surgeons in charge begged that the ladies, <em>i.e.</em>, the
+nurses, should not come until the place had been cleaned. But Red Cross
+nurses are trained in a school that makes the annihilation of dirt its
+first principle; and early the following morning they appeared with
+pails, scrubbing brushes, soap, whitewash and disinfectants, and the way
+in which they went to work elicited the admiration and astonishment of
+all who saw them. After thoroughly washing and disinfecting the floors,
+walls and furniture, they took the beds and put them through the same
+process, and afterwards put new mattresses, pillows and bedding on them.
+Then the patients were taken in hand, and carefully bathed and put in
+clean clothing, and then into clean, sweet-smelling beds. The looks and
+words of gratitude that were given to those little women in blue will
+always remain a happy recollection to them.</p>
+
+<p>This grand transformation of the dirty Cuban hospital was watched with
+great interest by the American officers and men, and when it was finally
+finished it presented such a noticeable contrast of peace, cleanliness
+and comfort to the United States Army hospital, where everything was the
+very opposite, in all its hideousness of neglect, squalor and suffering,
+that there was a universal grumble in the camp, and men were heard to
+mutter: “What kind of people are these Red Cross folks that come down
+here and give the best of everything to the Cubans, and pass by our own
+boys, who are dying for the want of these very attentions?” When it was
+explained to them that the Red Cross had first gone to our own hospital
+and offered all it had to our own army surgeons, and that they had
+declined assistance, there was an immediate and widespread inquiry,
+“Why?” and as no answer that would satisfy could be given, and the
+grumble was becoming more general and forcible all the time, a little
+later the army surgeons thought best to allay further irritation by a
+general acceptance of whatever was needed from the Red Cross stores, and
+any personal assistance that might be offered.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of this change of mind everything that was needful to make
+the American hospital the equal of the Cuban hospital was gladly given
+by the Red Cross, and from that time on to the end of the war the army
+surgeons and the Red Cross worked in perfect harmony and with mutual
+respect and admiration. A Red Cross hospital was opened at Siboney and
+immediately filled to its capacity with American soldiers and government
+employes; and the Red Cross surgeons were given operating tables in the
+army hospital and on the field, and with the aid<a class="pagenum" id="Page_616" title="616"></a> of Red Cross nurses
+rendered splendid service in the bloody days that soon followed.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Urgent Call for Help at the Front.</span></h4>
+
+<p>As General Shafter pressed forward with his troops, the fighting became
+more severe, and his chief surgeon, Colonel Pope, sent word to Miss
+Barton asking for aid to be sent out to the front. She responded
+immediately and personally led a party consisting of Mr. George Kennan,
+Mrs. J. Addison Porter, Dr. and Mrs. Gardner, Dr. E. Winfield Egan, Dr.
+J.B. Hubbell, and Mr. J.A. McDowell, going forward in army wagons and on
+foot over a road whose badness could not be exceeded anywhere; and they
+soon had their tents up and their kettles boiling, and for several days
+they devoted all their time to relieving the sufferings of the wounded
+men on the field. They made gruels and soups, and all the delicacies
+that could be prepared with the facilities at hand, and distributed
+fruits and cooling drinks. These poor wounded soldiers were lying on the
+field where they were left after their wounds had been dressed; and as
+there was no food for them to eat except the regular army ration of salt
+meat, hardtack and coffee, which many of them were unable to swallow, in
+some instances they had not taken any nourishment for three days, and
+were nearly starved.</p>
+
+<p>The “rainy season” had just set in and these “martyrs to the cause of
+Cuban liberty,” who were helpless and in many cases without clothing of
+any kind, were left without protection, except such as could be had from
+small bushes and trees; and they were subjected daily to alternate
+“sunshine and shower;” and when it is said that those words are not to
+be taken in a poetical sense, but that they mean intense heat and
+deluging rains, the suffering that ensued can be understood. And it may
+be well to say that in that locality at that time of the year, when the
+sun sets the cold air from the mountains drops down into the valleys and
+the nights become uncomfortably chilly before morning.</p>
+
+<p>That the statement of the sufferings of these men may not be thought
+overdrawn, I shall introduce here an extract from the testimony of Major
+William Duffield Bell, an army surgeon, as given on this point in his
+report for the War Department:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The First division of the Fifth Army Corps Hospital was the only one
+  in the field. The surgical force in this hospital was insufficient
+  to meet the demands upon it, and numbers of the wounded lay
+  unattended for twelve and even twenty-four<a class="pagenum" id="Page_617" title="617"></a> hours on the bare ground
+  before their turn came. There was an insufficient supply of proper
+  food for invalids, due to lack of transportation, though there was
+  no lack of surgical supplies at the hospital, thanks to the energy
+  and business like efforts of Major Wood, chief surgeon of the
+  Division Hospital.</p>
+
+<p>Another great want was the scarcity of clothing and blankets. In
+  many cases soldiers were soaked with rain and stiffened with mud
+  from the trenches, so that their clothes had to be removed before an
+  operation or dressing, and could not be put on again. Men were often
+  taken from the operating table and of necessity in many cases were
+  laid upon the wet ground without shelter, and in the majority of
+  cases without even a blanket, and with little or no nourishment for
+  two awful days until the Red Cross Society, under Miss Barton,
+  appeared on the scene.</p>
+
+<p>With no intention to place the blame for the condition of things
+  existing, it is only just to state that had some officers of the
+  commissary and quartermaster’s departments displayed the same zeal
+  and enthusiasm as did Major Wood and his officers and men, such
+  things need not have happened, and the poor sick and wounded
+  sufferers would not have had to feel, as many did, that they were
+  almost forgotten by God and man.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">A Yellow Fever Scare.</span></h4>
+
+<p>It is not to be wondered at that in such conditions our soldiers began
+to fall victims to calentura, a prevalent fever from which very few
+people there escape, even though surrounded by the best sanitary
+conditions. The yellow fever scare had taken hold of a part of our
+soldiers before they left the states; and as there were a great many
+contract surgeons in the army, who were inexperienced in diagnosing
+tropical fevers, it was not long before it was reported that the yellow
+fever had broken out, and considerable demoralization ensued. The Red
+Cross party which was at the front was requested to return to the
+steamer; and all the buildings at Siboney, including the hospital, were
+ordered to be burned “to stop the spread of the fever.” Dr. and Mrs.
+Lesser and Sister Minnie Rogal had already fallen victims to the fever,
+and were at that time lying in the Red Cross Hospital at Siboney. A
+temporary fever camp had been started in the hills at the back of
+Siboney, and they were taken there, accompanied by Sisters Isabelle and
+Annie both of whom afterward had the fever.</p>
+
+<p>Right here let me say that a Dr. Gray connected with the Medical
+Department of the Army has been quoted in the papers as saying that the
+Red Cross was to blame for the outbreak of the yellow fever in Siboney,
+inasmuch as that organization had opened a hospital in a building that
+had been condemned, before any army hospital had been opened. It is only
+necessary to say that the Red Cross Hospital was<a class="pagenum" id="Page_618" title="618"></a> not opened until over
+a week after the American and Cuban Army Hospitals had been opened in
+buildings <em>that had been previously condemned by army officers</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Referring to this subject, Major Louis A. La Garde, Surgeon U.S.A., has
+given this testimony:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The Cubans deceived Dr. Pope, as they had deceived Dr. Guiteras, by
+  telling him that there had been no yellow fever in Siboney. Dr.
+  Guiteras believed this. On one occasion he told me that Siboney
+  didn’t look like a yellow fever locality, as the place was hilly and
+  well drained, except in a small section to the northeast of the
+  town, where there was a stream. Dr. Guiteras advised that hospitals
+  be established in houses in Siboney, and he thought there was no
+  danger of infection because of such action.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As I write this report the War Investigating Commission is holding its
+sessions, and the country is impatiently awaiting its decision as to
+where the blame rests for the many shortcomings that were developed
+during the Santiago campaign, I have just been reading the testimony of
+Dr. Frank Donaldson, Assistant Surgeon of Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, in
+which he remarks:</p>
+
+<p>“My experience is that the reason the Rough Riders fared so well was
+because we hustled for ourselves.”</p>
+
+<p>When Dr. Donaldson arrived in Siboney he immediately came aboard the Red
+Cross steamer and announced that he was about to join the Rough Riders,
+and would like some supplies to take out with him. He was given
+everything that he wanted that we had in our stores; and the next day he
+came with two more members of his regiment, and after having breakfast
+with us, made another requisition for an increased amount of good
+things. These were cheerfully given and, in addition, shoes and
+underclothing from the private wardrobes of the members of the Red Cross
+were added, to meet the required needs that could not be filled
+otherwise, owing to the fact that these things were not in the steamer’s
+cargo.</p>
+
+<p>I esteem it a privilege to be able to testify to the exactness of the
+doctor’s testimony as to his ability and success as a “hustler,” and
+still more to be able to show <em>where</em> he “hustled,” which appears to
+have escaped his memory.</p>
+
+<p>A few days previous to the fever scare our supply of ice, coffee, fruit
+and other needful articles running short, the steamer “State of Texas”
+was ordered to go to Jamaica to replenish her stores. While<a class="pagenum" id="Page_619" title="619"></a> in Kingston
+we met many refugees from Santiago, among them Mr. Louis Brooks and Mr.
+Robt. Douglas, Sr. Both these gentlemen placed their residences in
+Santiago at the disposal of Miss Barton; she accepted that of Mr.
+Douglas, and we afterwards spent several very happy and comfortable
+weeks within its hospitable walls. Mr. Douglas also offered the Red
+Cross the use of his warehouses in Santiago which was accepted, and we
+are indebted to these gentlemen for many other favors and their kindness
+is remembered with gratitude and pleasure.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Relief for Cubans, Guantanamo Bay.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Commander McCalla of Guantanamo Bay had already made calls upon the Red
+Cross for relief supplies for the Cubans in that vicinity, and the
+“State of Texas” had made two trips there, leaving five thousand rations
+at one time and ten thousand at another. The commander then called for
+fifty thousand rations, and we started at once to deliver them. On our
+arrival at Playa del Este the commander met us in his steam launch as we
+were coming into the harbor, and before we had cast anchor he demanded
+to know if we had come from Siboney, and if any of our members had been
+ashore there recently. Being answered in the affirmative, he said that
+he could not expose the men of his fleet to the risk of taking yellow
+fever from us, and ordered our ship to turn about and leave at once.</p>
+
+<p>While we were lying at Siboney Messrs. Elwell and Warner were kept busy
+with a crew of from fifty to seventy-five Cuban soldiers, in landing
+supplies from the steamer; and the work they did and the success they
+achieved calls for the highest praise, for it was accomplished under the
+most adverse conditions and with most inadequate facilities.</p>
+
+<p>At the near-by village of Firmeza were thousands of Cuban refugees and
+residents, who were in abject need and many were sick and dying. Through
+the energetic efforts of the above named gentlemen and Dr. J.B. Hubbell
+all these people were fed and clothed, in addition to many more who came
+into Siboney.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Exodus from Santiago.</span></h4>
+
+<p>During the siege of Santiago General Shafter sent word to General Toral,
+the Spanish Commander, that unless the city was<a class="pagenum" id="Page_620" title="620"></a> surrendered within
+twenty-four hours, he should bombard it. Notice was given to the
+citizens of that place, and the surrender was refused. An exodus of
+non-combatants, men, women and children, hurriedly took place; it was
+said there were thirty thousand of them, and they fled to the country to
+the north and east, some twenty thousand crowding into the little
+village of El Caney which normally has not over five hundred
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Santiago at that time was in a destitute condition, several
+people having already starved to death, and there was consequently
+little or no provisions for the people to take away. So this vast horde
+of hungry wretches overwhelmed the little country places that they come
+to, and the suffering that ensued was something frightful.</p>
+
+<p>The officers at General Shafter’s headquarters notified Miss Barton of
+the conditions at El Caney, and she immediately sent Mr. Elwell there to
+form a citizens’ committee to assist in distributing the food that was
+to follow as quickly as we could get transportation to carry it. Every
+horse, mule, vehicle of any kind that could be borrowed, begged or
+hired, was impressed into the service, and tons of supplies were taken
+there at the earliest possible moment. For about two weeks the Red Cross
+force worked night and day in relieving this place. Mr. C. C. Bangs, an
+elderly gentleman from Brooklyn, N.Y., who had been sent to the Red
+Cross by the New York Cuban Relief Committee, was given charge of the
+relief supplies at El Caney, and he remained there until the surrender
+of Santiago, when the city people returned to their homes, faithfully
+working as cook and dispenser from sixteen to eighteen hours a day. The
+hard work, lack of sleep, and poor sanitary conditions, were too hard a
+strain on him and he came to us at Santiago sick and very much broken.
+He was attacked by the calentura and removed to a hospital where in a
+few days he died. He was buried by the Red Cross in the Santiago
+cemetery, his funeral being attended by the members of that body.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Relief Expedition Enters Santiago.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The surrender of Santiago having been arranged to take place at ten
+o’clock on the morning of July 17, and Miss Barton being anxious to get
+to that city at the earliest moment, knowing full well the terrible
+conditions that existed there, the steamer “State of Texas” steamed<a class="pagenum" id="Page_621" title="621"></a>
+down from Siboney that day to the entrance of Santiago Bay. Miss Barton
+sent word to Admiral Sampson that she was ready to go in to the city
+whenever he was ready to have her; and he answered that he would send
+her a pilot to take her ship in as soon as the channel was made safe by
+the removal of torpedos that had been planted by the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly about 4.30 in the afternoon a Cuban pilot came aboard the
+“Texas” from the flagship “New York” and we were soon on our way to
+Santiago, where we arrived just before sundown. We came to anchor just
+off the main wharf and Messrs. Elwell and Warner went ashore to make
+arrangements for warehouse room and to engage men to unload the ship on
+the morrow.</p>
+
+<p>Early the next morning the “Texas” was drawn up beside the principal
+wharf and one hundred Cuban stevedores began the work of discharging
+her. These poor fellows were a sorry looking crowd of undersized and
+half starved men, the effects of their long fast being plainly visible
+in their hollow cheeks and thin arms and legs. Many women and children
+were on the wharf ready to sweep up any stray bits of meal or beans that
+might escape from leaky sacks or boxes.</p>
+
+<p>As the stores came from the ship they were loaded on hand cars and
+rolled to the land end of the wharf, where they were placed under a
+large shed and a guard of soldiers was placed over them to keep back the
+hungry people and dogs who hung around like a pack of famished wolves.</p>
+
+<p>The same plan of distribution that we had so successfully pursued in
+Havana was adopted in Santiago, and with the aid of such splendid men as
+Mr. William Ramsden, son of the English Consul; Mr. Robert Mason,
+Chinese Consul and vice British Consul; and Mr. Michelson, German Vice
+Consul, we were soon possessed of full knowledge of the place and in
+perfect touch with its best people.</p>
+
+<p>General McKibben, the Military Governor of the city, and many other army
+officers and citizens called on Miss Barton, giving her a warm welcome
+and offering their assistance in any way they could be of service to
+her.</p>
+
+<p>A central committee of citizens was appointed, to whom was deputed the
+duty of dividing the city into districts, and of appointing
+sub-committees of responsible persons to distribute the supplies to the
+needy. All applications for relief from the sub-committees had to be
+approved by the general committee, and then brought to the Red Cross
+warehouse, where they were filled in bulk and sent back to the district<a class="pagenum" id="Page_622" title="622"></a>
+committees for distribution. In this way all confusion was avoided, and
+our headquarters kept comparatively free from crowding.</p>
+
+<p>By steady work and long hours the cargo of the “State of Texas” was
+discharged, and she left on her return trip to New York on the fifth day
+after her arrival; and we were thus left without any means of
+transportation that we could depend upon in any direction, the railroads
+being broken, and there being none but government ships in the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>The government not having many delicacies for its sick men, and such as
+it had being so hard to get that those in quest of them could hardly get
+their orders filled until their patients had died or recovered, it was
+only natural that they should come to the Red Cross when they needed
+anything of that kind, where it was only necessary to state the need and
+write a requisition to be supplied with anything that we had in stock.
+That this privilege was appreciated can be attested by hundreds of
+chaplains, surgeons and officers; and if it was abused in rare
+instances, there is little to complain of when it is remembered how many
+lives were thus saved, and how many poor fellows were made comfortable
+and happy.</p>
+
+<p>While we were at Santiago we were joined by Mrs. Fanny B. Ward of
+Washington, D.C.; Miss Annie M. Fowler of Springfield, Ill., and Miss
+Annie Wheeler, of Alabama, a daughter of General Joe Wheeler, the
+celebrated and much-liked cavalry leader. All of these ladies did
+splendid work in their several fields, and hundreds of soldiers will
+gratefully remember their kindly ministrations.</p>
+
+<p>General Shafter, General Wheeler, General McKibben, General Wood,
+General Bates and Colonel Roosevelt; Admiral Sampson, Admiral Schley,
+Captain Chadwick, and in fact, almost every military and naval officer
+with whom we had any business relations, did everything they could for
+the Red Cross, and it is our proud satisfaction to feel that we met
+their wishes to the extent of our ability, and that the most perfect
+reciprocity of good feeling and mutual regard existed.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Spanish Hospitals Cared For.</span></h4>
+
+<p>Miss Barton visited all the Spanish hospitals in Santiago and made a
+thorough inspection and inquiry into their needs; and subsequently
+furnished them with everything required that we had in our stores. The
+Spanish Red Cross had no active workers with the Spanish<a class="pagenum" id="Page_623" title="623"></a> army in Cuba
+that we could find, and whatever was done for their soldiers by that
+organization must have been done through the officials of the army. It
+was said that Spain was well furnished with army hospitals at home, all
+of which were carried on by the Red Cross; and that it was the custom,
+previous to the breaking out of the Spanish-American War, to send all
+invalid soldiers back to Spain to recover.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Municipal Hospital and Free Dispensaries.</span></h4>
+
+<p>The municipal hospitals of Santiago were also visited and their inmates
+made happy by a plentiful supply of good food and clean clothing.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross opened a free dispensary where Drs. Gills, Carbonel,
+Solloso and Zuniga attended many hundred of the sick poor and dispensed
+medicine and delicacies to all needing them. These faithful doctors also
+visited the sick in their homes wherever they could find them, and did a
+great deal of good work.</p>
+
+<p>An expedition was sent inland some seventy miles to Holguin, and the
+needs of all the intervening communities were carefully investigated.
+Miss Barton and several members of her staff also went to San Luis, and
+made arrangements with some of the most prominent citizens of that place
+to take charge of a large quantity of stores; and word was sent to all
+the adjacent country for forty miles on each side, notifying the people
+that all who were in need of help could receive supplies by coming to
+San Luis.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hubbell went to Baracoa and Sagua de Tanamo before the Spanish
+soldiers and the inhabitants of those places had learned of General
+Toral’s surrender; and he was obliged to go in under a flag of truce and
+was not generally believed when he told the people that the Province was
+then under the domination of the Americans. But they were in such
+straits of sickness and hunger that they gladly accepted the medicine
+and food that he proffered them.</p>
+
+<h3 class="faux" title="The Schooner “Mary E. Morse”. Distribution of the Ice">&nbsp;</h3>
+
+<p>There was at both Siboney and Santiago a great congestion of government
+steamers, causing much confusion and consequent delay in getting
+commissary and quartermaster stores ashore. The government, of course,
+had charge of everything, including wharves and lighters; and as we were
+unable to command these facilities several shipments of goods sent to
+the Red Cross at Santiago were never allowed to land there and were
+returned to the United States. They<a class="pagenum" id="Page_624" title="624"></a> were not needed, however, as we had
+an ample supply for all the demands that were then made upon us. At the
+suggestion of Mr. D. L. Cobb of the Red Cross, a large schooner was
+chartered and loaded with Kennebec ice and sent to Santiago in tow, by
+the “Ice Auxiliary” of New York. Certainly no other of the many methods
+of relief that had been suggested, was more welcome or acceptable to the
+suffering heroes of Santiago. No single article that was sent to the
+soldiers gave one quarter the satisfaction to them that was given by
+this cooling and comforting necessity. Owing to the lack of facilities
+for landing, as stated above, we were unable to get the ice ashore to
+deliver to the hospitals; but as transports, loaded with sick and
+wounded soldiers were leaving almost daily for the States, we notified
+the captains of all those steamers that they could have all the ice they
+might need, and as they could easily run alongside the schooner and take
+it aboard they all availed themselves of the privilege until the cargo
+was exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>When the schooner that had brought the ice to Cuba was discharged, she
+was towed alongside the transport “Port Victor,” that had on board some
+seven hundred tons of Red Cross supplies, which it was impossible to
+land, and they were taken aboard the schooner and subsequently sent to
+Gibara on the northern coast.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Distribution of the Ice.</span></p>
+
+<p>The following is summary of orders (for ice) upon which the cargo of the
+“Mary E. Morse” was delivered:</p>
+
+<table summary="Ice orders of Mary E. Morse">
+<tr><td colspan="4">&nbsp;</td><td colspan="2" class="tdr">Tons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>August</td><td class="tdr">1,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain J.H. Dizer, S.S. “Berkshire”</td><td class="tdr">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">2,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain P.H. Hanlon, S.S. “Grand Duchess”</td><td class="tdr">30</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">1,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain J.F. Lewis, S.S. “Mattewan”</td><td class="tdr">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">1,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Downs, S.S. “Orizaba”</td><td class="tdr">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">1,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Googins, S.S. “Gate City”</td><td class="tdr">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">3,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “Fanita”</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">2,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain J.H. Byrne, S.S. “Mexico”</td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">3,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Swift &amp; Co.’s representative</td><td class="tdr">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">5,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “Olivette”</td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">4,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Mr. Douglass</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">5,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “Mattewan”</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">1,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain McIntosh, S.S. “Vigilancia”</td><td class="tdr">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">5,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “Tarpon”</td><td class="tdr">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_625" title="625"></a>6,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Brickley, S.S. “Port Victor”</td><td class="tdr">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">10,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Brickley, S.S. “Port Victor”</td><td class="tdr">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">8,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Paul Konow, S.S. “Arnrum”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">9,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “Grand Duchess”</td><td class="tdr">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">8,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Genis (Spanish), S.S. “Alicante”</td><td class="tdr">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">9,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain A.T. Anderson, S.S. “Marie”</td><td class="tdr">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">9,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain J. Hanlon, S.S. “Mortero”</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">9,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain J.H. Dizer, S.S. “Berkshire”</td><td class="tdr">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">5,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain A.S. Johnston, S.S. “San Juan”</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">9,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “Olivette”</td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">9,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Charles A. Furlong, S.S. “Catinia”</td><td class="tdr">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">11,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain S. Layland, S.S. “Mobile”</td><td class="tdr">25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">11,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “Vigilancia”</td><td class="tdr">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">12,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “Arcadia”</td><td class="tdr">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">2,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain John Evans, S.S. “Specialist”</td><td class="tdr">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">13,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “City of Macon”</td><td class="tdr">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">8,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Swift &amp; Co.’s representative</td><td class="tdr">40</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">1,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Kimball, S.S. “Louisiana”</td><td class="tdr">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">10,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Antonio, “Alemani,” “Isla Luzon”</td><td class="tdr">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">13,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">“Olivette”</td><td class="tdr">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">10,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Peters, transport “Miller”</td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">16,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Aldamis, S.S. “M.D. Villarverde”</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">16,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Mir, S.S. “Montevideo”</td><td class="tdr">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">14,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Antonia Jascia, S.S. “Isle Pinay”</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">10,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Commander Jacobsen, German man-of-war, “Geier”</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">16,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain &mdash;&mdash;, S.S. “Berkshire”</td><td class="tdr">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">15,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Bie, S.S. “Sewanne”</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">14,</td><td colspan="3" class="tdl pad">Captain Tomaso, S.S. “Latrusgui”</td><td class="tdr">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">15,</td><td class="tdl pad">Captain of S.S. “Burton”</td><td colspan="2" class="tdl">indefinite quantity</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">3,</td><td class="tdl pad">Master steam lighter “Bessie”</td><td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdl">piece</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">3,</td><td class="tdl pad">To “Miami”</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">boat loads</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">6,</td><td class="tdl pad">Representative Swift &amp; Co.</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">cakes</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">5,</td><td class="tdl pad">Government boat “Sewanne”</td><td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdl">ton</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">5,</td><td class="tdl pad">S.S. “Olivette”</td><td class="tdr bb">1,000</td><td class="tdl">pounds</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td><td colspan="3" class="tdr">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Cargo of “Mary E. Morse” contained</td><td colspan="3" class="tdr">792</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Delivery as per above schedule</td><td colspan="3" class="tdr bb">722</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">Charged to melting, etc.</td><td colspan="3" class="tdr">70</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>After a five weeks stay in Santiago it became apparent that the
+distribution of further general relief was unnecessary and inadvisable,
+as the more pressing wants had been supplied, and the presence of the
+army, and the returning commercial and industrial prosperity had given
+employment to all the available laborers, who were now amply<a class="pagenum" id="Page_626" title="626"></a> able to
+provide for themselves and their families. In these circumstances, it
+was decided to restrict the distribution henceforth to such people as
+might be vouched for by the various members of the committee as having
+no means of support.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Immense Stores in Santiago.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Red Cross had at that time in its warehouse at Santiago about eight
+hundred tons of stores, and the New York committee was sending more all
+the time. The government warehouses and wharves were overcrowded with
+quartermaster and commissary stores, although the troops, both sick and
+well, were being sent North as fast as steamers could be secured to
+carry them. General Wood, the military governor, was devoting all of his
+time to the betterment of the general condition of the people; and in
+addition to cleaning the streets and yards and disinfecting all foul
+spots, he was exercising a general oversight for the moral and physical
+welfare of the community.</p>
+
+<p>With all this great abundance of provisions and clothing, and the small
+number of needy people that were within reach, and the perfect
+arrangements that had been made that no one needing relief should be
+overlooked, a longer stay of the full Red Cross staff seemed unwise and
+useless; so it was decided that we should go to some other field where
+our services could be utilized to better advantage. As a further
+precaution, that there might be no possibility of any needy person being
+overlooked, Miss Barton appointed a committee of ladies, who should by
+house to house inspection discover and report to the general committee
+any cases of suffering that might escape notice otherwise.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_627" title="627"></a>
+ <img src="images/i129.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="" />
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_628" title="628"></a>
+ <img src="images/i130.jpg" width="500" height="334" alt="" />
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">President McKinley Furnishes Transportation.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Having heard that the port of Havana was open, it was natural that our
+party should be eager to return there and take up the work that we had
+been compelled to relinquish during the previous spring. The only means
+of transportation that was at our disposal to use in reaching Havana was
+the schooner “Mary E. Morse,” and as she had been already destined for
+another port, and was withal so slow that she would not have served our
+requirements, we had no other recourse than<a class="pagenum" id="Page_629" title="629"></a> to appeal to the
+government. Miss Barton accordingly telegraphed President McKinley,
+asking for the use of a transport, and he promptly placed at her
+disposal the Morgan Line steamer “Clinton,” which was then in the
+government service. Within the following four days we loaded the
+“Clinton” with thirty-four mules that had been sent to us by one of the
+Red Cross auxiliary committees of New York, and about three hundred tons
+of general stores, which we hoped would serve as a starter in the
+distribution at Havana, other supplies having been promised to meet us
+at that place.</p>
+
+<p>We sailed away from Santiago on the afternoon of August 21, and after a
+pleasant voyage we arrived at Havana on the morning of the twenty-fifth.</p>
+
+<p>We learned on entering the harbor that we were as much in Spanish waters
+as we had been during our previous sojourn in Havana, and that there was
+no marked change in anything. The same customs’ officers whom we had
+known before the war boarded our boat, and we were treated with the
+old-time courtesy, but there was no let up in the rigid enforcement of
+all the requirements of the law; the necessary clearance papers,
+manifests, etc., being demanded. As we were on a government transport,
+and carrying a cargo intended for charitable distribution, we expected
+to be admitted without hindrance or ceremony, but we were disappointed.
+We were informed that we should have to pay full duties on our cargo,
+which amounted to as much as the original cost of the goods; and that as
+we had failed to make a specific manifest of every article we had on
+board we must pay a fine of five hundred dollars before we should be
+allowed to land our cargo or to leave the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Barton called upon the Governor of Havana, who received her with
+great urbanity, but when she told him the nature of her visit he
+insisted that there was no need of aid in that city, that there was no
+suffering, that the people were all well fed and had been all through
+the blockade. This call was very courteously returned by the general and
+staff.</p>
+
+<p>No possible endeavor was omitted that gave any hope of enabling us to
+land our cargo, and we brought every influence to bear that we could
+command. After a couple of days had elapsed one of the government
+officials came aboard our ship and told Miss Barton that the Colonial
+Council had held a meeting, and that its members had voted to take the
+amount of money needed from some special fund that was available and pay
+the duties on the cargo of her ship, <i>provided she<a class="pagenum" id="Page_630" title="630"></a> would turn it over
+to their agents to distribute</i>. Finding that there was no likelihood of
+any better terms being offered Miss Barton decided that it was useless
+to remain longer. Then again, the American Evacuation Commissioners were
+expected to arrive in a few days, and it was thought that the presence
+of this boatload of Cuban relief might be an embarrassment to them in
+dealing with the Spanish commission, and that we had better pay our fine
+and quietly withdraw until such time as we might return without
+hindrance.</p>
+
+<p>During our stay in Havana hundreds of the best people of that city,
+including Spaniards and Cubans, came aboard the “Clinton” and assured
+Miss Barton of their warmest friendship and heartiest welcome, and it is
+believed that they did their utmost to persuade the officials to allow
+Miss Barton to resume her work in Havana. They told the most harrowing
+stories of the suffering in and about the city, and they said that with
+the exception of some “soup houses,” which the government was
+ostentatiously supporting, and which gave out to the poor, miserable
+sufferers who called for it a small quantity of an alleged soup, in
+which there was not enough nourishment to keep a chicken alive, there
+was no other distribution of food, and that people were daily dying in
+the streets. We knew that this was true, as we all had seen scores of
+these people every time we had gone ashore.</p>
+
+<p>On September first we paid our fine of five hundred dollars and arranged
+all other matters, so that we were ready to sail at seven o’clock that
+evening, and with many regrets, we started for Egmont Key, Florida,
+where we knew we would have to go into quarantine, before entering the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>As our ship’s charter would expire on September 7 and she ought to be in
+New Orleans, where she belonged, on that date, it was decided to unload
+her cargo of goods at Egmont Key, and have it transferred from there to
+Tampa. The mules were to be left aboard, and taken to New Orleans, where
+they had been purchased.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Wertsch and the entire crew of the steamer “Clinton,” having
+exerted themselves to make all of our party comfortable and happy, and
+having succeeded in an eminent degree, Miss Barton was pleased to make
+acknowledgment of their courtesy in a letter, a copy of which follows.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<div class="dateline">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_631" title="631"></a>
+  <span class="smcap">On Board Steamer “Clinton,”</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">En Route Havana to Egmont Key</span>, <em>September 1, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. P.C. Wertsch</span>, <em>Steamer “Clinton</em>:”</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:&mdash;As we draw near the end of our voyage on the steamer
+  “Clinton,” I cannot refrain from giving expression to the feeling of
+  satisfaction and gratitude that all the members of the Red Cross
+  party entertain for you and your crew. If you have any influence
+  with the gods of wind and wave, you must certainly have exerted it,
+  for verily we have been “sailing o’er summer seas” during the past
+  weeks, and a pleasanter time than we have had could not well be
+  imagined. It gives me great pleasure to say to you that the uniform
+  courtesy and consideration that have been shown our people and the
+  general comfort of the “Clinton” are highly appreciated. We
+  congratulate the Morgan Line on having such a ship and such a crew.</p>
+
+<p>In saying good-bye, permit me to thank you most heartily for your
+  many kindnesses and your unfailing courtesy, and to wish you and all
+  the members of your crew a long life and the best of everything in
+  it.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent30">Sincerely yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Clara Barton</span>.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Captain Wertsch replied in the happy manner following:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<div class="dateline">
+  <span class="smcap">On Board Steamer “Clinton,”</span><br />
+  <em>September 2, 1898</em>.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>, <em>President American National Red Cross</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Madam</span>:&mdash;Your very kind note, in which you commend my ship and
+  crew, is received, and I have to return my most grateful thanks. A
+  commander’s duties not only embrace the safe navigation of his
+  craft, but the comfort and happiness of his passengers and crew, and
+  it is a great pleasure to know that my efforts in that direction,
+  combined with the propitious conditions of the elements, have met
+  with your approval, and I shall always treasure your approbation as
+  one of the bright spots in my rather monotonous calling. I esteem it
+  one of the greatest honors to have as passenger and friend one who
+  has so distinguished and endeared herself to all the civilized world
+  by her many years of faithful and never-ceasing devotion to
+  suffering humanity, and it is my sincere hope that God may grant you
+  many years more in which to continue your work of love, and that
+  every success may crown your efforts. I have the honor to subscribe
+  myself,</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent30">Your devoted friend,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">P.C. Wertsch</span>, <em>Captain</em>.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_632" title="632"></a>We arrived at Egmont Key on the morning of September 3, and the party
+went into camp for a five days’ quarantine, which, barring the heat and
+mosquitoes, was rather a pleasant rest after the worry and suspense of
+the past week. Dr. Geddings, of the Marine Hospital Service, the surgeon
+in charge of the quarantine station, did everything in his power to make
+our stay agreeable, and he succeeded far better than we had anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>As our party was about to break up, after a pleasant union of seven
+months, in which we had become like one family, and had conceived a
+mutual esteem and regard for each other, it seemed fitting that some
+little expression of good feeling should be manifested in a way that
+would be lasting and memorable. The following address to Miss Barton was
+accordingly drawn up, signed by all the members present and read to her:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p><span class="smcap">To Miss Clara Barton.</span></p>
+
+<p>Now that our work has ceased for a time, and our party which has
+  labored so long and so harmoniously together, is returning home, we,
+  the members of the Cuban relief expedition, desire to express to
+  you, our leader, as delicately and fittingly as may be, our
+  unbounded confidence and admiration, and our sincere and heartfelt
+  gratitude and love. As we look back over the past few months, and
+  recall the many scenes of suffering and death that we have
+  witnessed, and remember how ceaselessly, faithfully and tirelessly
+  you have worked, and how much you have accomplished under the most
+  unpromising circumstances, our wonder grows and we cannot help but
+  reverence and admire your wisdom, patience and industry. No more
+  trying position than you have occupied during the past seven months,
+  could well be imagined, and no one not possessed of nerves of steel
+  and of ripest wisdom and the rarest judgment, combined with a
+  purpose as fixed as the stars could have made the great success that
+  you have made of the work we had in hand. When it is remembered how
+  many thousands of brave soldiers have been saved from suffering and
+  death through your efforts, and how many starving and sick people
+  have been brought back to health and happiness, and all with so
+  little cost of actual money, our warmest admiration is excited, and
+  we cannot withhold that praise which you so justly deserve.</p>
+
+<p>Personally each of us wishes to express his or her acknowledgment of
+  your unfailing kindness and interest in our comfort and general
+  welfare, and we have to thank you for thousands of those little
+  considerations of word and look that go so far to brighten one’s
+  thoughts and make life a pleasure. We all have the greatest
+  satisfaction in knowing that all the work we were permitted to do
+  has been done with thoroughness and economy, and we are vain enough
+  to think that no one could have done more under the conditions that
+  existed. We shall soon separate and go our several ways, and it will
+  be with the deepest sorrow and regret that we shall say good by to
+  our leader; but throughout life it will always be a pleasure to call
+  to mind her image and remember all the happy moments we have<a class="pagenum" id="Page_633" title="633"></a> passed
+  with her. So in parting, it will no doubt be a satisfaction to you
+  to have the assurance that you hold our warmest love and good will,
+  and that at any time each and all of us will be ready to serve you
+  in any way that lies within our power.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">A. Von Schelle</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>Membre du Comité Directeur de la Croix Rouge de Belgique, Membre de<br />
+  l’Association Nationale de la Croix Rouge des Etats Unis l’Amerique</em>.<br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">J.B. Hubbell</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>General Field Agent of the American National Red Cross</em>.<br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">E. Winfield Egan</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>Surgeon American National Red Cross</em>.<br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">C.H.H. Cottrell</span>,</span><br />
+  <em>Financial Secretary</em>.<br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">Lucy M. Graves</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">J.A. McDowell</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">Chas. R. Gill, M.D.</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">C.D. Cottrell</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">Annie M. Fowler</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">J.K. Elwell</span>,</span><br />
+  <span class="indent10"><span class="smcap">Geo. J. Hassett</span>.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of this kind and just tribute to our beloved leader
+there was a moment of profound silence, our feelings being too deep for
+utterance. At length, when Miss Barton had subdued her emotions
+sufficiently to speak clearly, she responded in most graceful terms,
+expressing her warm and sincere appreciation of the work performed, and
+the loyal support that had ever been accorded her; that no words could
+fully express the gratitude she felt for this thoughtful little memento
+of our comradeship, and she should prize it quite as much as any badge
+or decoration she had ever received.</p>
+
+<p>Farewells were said, and the party separated, going to their several
+homes; and so ended our first Cuban expedition.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Financial.</span></h3>
+
+<p>It is a very hard matter to express in dollars and cents the value of
+the relief distributed, as it was all donated in either material or
+money which was turned into material; and the kinds were so varied, the
+market value so fluctuating, and the data so scattered, that only an
+approximation can be ventured. It is probably underestimating the amount
+of relief stores that have been sent to Cuba by the Central</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_634" title="634"></a>Cuban Relief Committee and the American National Red Cross to place it
+at six thousand tons, approximating in value half a million dollars in
+New York. Had these same goods been bought in Cuba, their cost would
+easily have been doubled.</p>
+
+<p>In estimating the cost of distribution great difficulties present
+themselves, as large numbers of laborers, sometimes as many as two
+hundred per day were paid in food taken from the stores; but such labor
+can only be paid in that way while the need is extreme; and the moment
+the direst wants are satisfied money is demanded for every service.</p>
+
+<p>We found a considerable number of people who had once been wealthy, but
+who were utterly helpless after being despoiled of their riches, and
+gave up in despair, and would have died without making any adequate
+effort to save themselves, had not relief been brought to them. There
+were, however, many sterling families who had cast their fortunes with
+the revolution; had sacrificed everything for “Cuba libre,” and were
+willing to give life itself, if necessary; these people accepted relief
+reluctantly and sparingly, and with warmest gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>For nearly two months after our arrival in Havana the entire expenses of
+the relief work were borne by Miss Barton from her private purse. It is
+but just to state that when this fact was discovered, by the committee
+the money was refunded. Then the Central Cuban Relief Committee began to
+furnish her with means which came thereafter in abundance, and nothing
+that was needed that money could procure was ever omitted. Volunteers
+for work were plentiful, but they were generally without experience and
+therefore not available. For this reason, and considering the magnitude
+of the work to be attempted and the celerity with which it must be
+carried on in order to be effective, it was necessary to override a
+time-honored precedent of the Red Cross, and pay salaries to certain
+grades of professional workers who could not be obtained otherwise. It
+should be stated though, that all these people who were engaged required
+no more money than was sufficient to meet the necessities of those who
+were dependent on them; and the few salaries that were paid were very
+low considering the high grade of ability that was secured.</p>
+
+<p>The first funds sent for our use were in drafts payable in Spanish gold
+at Havana. Gold was then held at a premium of about thirty-five per cent
+over Spanish silver, with which the greater part of the ordinary
+business of the country was carried on.</p>
+
+<p>On entering Santiago we found both American and Spanish money
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_635" title="635"></a>in circulation, and consequently considerable confusion resulted on
+account of the fluctuation in values, there being no established
+standard. The military governor made an arbitrary ruling that there
+should be a premium of one hundred per cent on American money over
+Spanish silver, or, in other words, that one dollar in American money
+should be worth two dollars in Spanish silver. Spanish gold and American
+gold were on a par in ordinary transactions of limited amounts, but in
+large amounts American gold was worth a small percentage more than the
+Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>While we were in Santiago our supply of condensed milk ran short, owing
+to the large amount that was used in the hospitals. Fortunately there
+was at that time in the harbor a merchant ship loaded with groceries
+which could not be disposed of satisfactorily, and we were able to
+purchase at a very reasonable figure quite a large amount of that
+greatly needed delicacy, and continue filling all requisitions.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a statement of our accounts at the end of the
+expedition:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Financial Statement.</span></p>
+
+<table summary="Financial Statement">
+ <tr><td>Central Cuban Relief Committee, cash</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">$11,296.55</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Contributions</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">172.93</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Exchange</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">236.83</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Household Expenses</td><td class="tdr">$1,521.41</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>General Expenses</td><td class="tdr">2,040.92</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Cuban Relief Expenses</td><td class="tdr">3,699.79</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Traveling Expenses</td><td class="tdr">968.22</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Telegrams</td><td class="tdr">105.02</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Office Expenses, Stationery, etc.</td><td class="tdr">22.45</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Salaries</td><td class="tdr">2,541.24</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>American National Red Cross Relief Committee Army</td><td class="tdr bb">807.26</td><td class="bb">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr">$11,706.31</td><td class="tdr">$11,706.31</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The expense accounts will generally explain themselves by their titles,
+with a few exceptions which will be noted. “Cuban Relief Expenses”
+covered all charges for labor outside of that performed by our own
+party, and for supplies, etc., that were purchased outside of those we
+had brought from New York. “American Red Cross<a class="pagenum" id="Page_636" title="636"></a> Expenses” included
+expenses of nurses and hospitals on account of army work, as distinct
+from Cuban relief work; also the maintenance of forty mules that had
+been sent us by that organization. “Household Expenses” covered house
+rent, servant hire, and maintenance of the entire party, which numbered
+as high as thirty people at times, and averaged twenty most of the time,
+making an average of less than $2.50 expense per week for each person.
+“General Expenses” included work on hospitals and other buildings
+necessary to make them habitable and comfortable, and all other expenses
+not properly chargeable to any other account.</p>
+
+<p>On an estimated distribution of relief supplies, valued at half a
+million dollars, the cost of distribution, covering a period of seven
+months, exclusive of the charter price for the steamer “State of Texas,”
+amounts to less than three per cent of the value of the goods
+distributed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/i131.jpg" width="400" height="273" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">REFUGEES FROM SANTIAGO.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="sect" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_637" title="637"></a>LETTER OF SANTIAGO COMMITTEE.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <p><span class="smcap">Miss Clara Barton</span>,<br />
+    <span class="pad5"><em>President of the American National Red Cross, Santiago de Cuba</em>:</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Madam</span>:&mdash;The undersigned, who have had the honor to form your
+  committee to assist you in the distribution of relief to this city
+  during the permanence in it of the Red Cross, desire on the eve of
+  your departure to “give an account of their stewardship,” presenting
+  at same time in a condensed form an idea of the work that has been
+  done.</p>
+
+<p>It would probably be difficult to cite an instance in which a relief
+  vessel has arrived so opportunely anywhere as the steamship “State
+  of Texas” arrived in Santiago de Cuba. After a rigorous blockade of
+  two months, during which stocks of provisions had run very low, the
+  greatest part of the inhabitants of the city, under stress of
+  threatened bombardment, had abandoned their homes and taken refuge
+  in the neighboring villages. On their return, after the occupation
+  of the city by the American troops, many of the citizens found that
+  during their absence their homes had been looted and the small store
+  of provisions which they counted upon had disappeared. The same fate
+  had overtaken many shops, and the establishments which had escaped,
+  and which anyhow had hardly anything left to dispose of, remained
+  closed for many days. It may therefore safely be said that the
+  immense majority of the inhabitants of this city had nothing to eat,
+  and it was at this moment that you most providentially arrived with
+  the “State of Texas.”</p>
+
+<p>The organizing of a system of relief, and the discharge of the
+  vessel were started simultaneously and with such success that on the
+  twentieth of July a ration of cooked food was distributed by means
+  of the local “Cocina Economica,” 6000 persons being relieved on that
+  day, and 9000 the next, the whole gratis distribution of rations by
+  that institution exceeding, in the three weeks such distribution
+  lasted, 200,000.</p>
+
+<p>By advice of your committee, in order to proceed to the distribution
+  of uncooked food, a number of commissioners were appointed, each of
+  whom presented a detailed list of the families that he agreed to
+  distribute among, some of these lists embracing over one thousand
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_638" title="638"></a>persons. By this means the pressure of great crowds round the Red
+  Cross deposits, which would have rendered impossible a prompt and
+  efficacious distribution, was avoided, and to the limited number of
+  commissioners, who had agreed to distribute among the great number
+  of the needy, a large amount daily was supplied.</p>
+
+<p>We consider it a duty and take a special pleasure in manifesting our
+  appreciation of the efficiency displayed by your whole staff in
+  these days, and of the energy with which they discharged the vessel,
+  carted and stored the cargo; and proceeded with its distribution;
+  and can only congratulate them on the result of their labors and
+  yourself on being at the head of such a well-organized corporation.</p>
+
+<p>In the very important items of directing the relief to be given into
+  proper channels and keeping it out of improper ones, your committee
+  had at the commencement an easy task, for the reasons already
+  explained, the whole city being in want, by simply giving to all
+  that applied, and in the first days that was what was done, so much
+  so that three-fourths, more or less, of the entire community
+  received some assistance.</p>
+
+<p>But after the first ten days it began to be evident that the strain
+  was removing. Cargoes of provisions for sale had arrived and were
+  being retailed. The government were employing quite a number of
+  workmen on and around the wharves at high wages, and some few
+  workmen were moving out to the country. It behooved then the
+  committee to be more conservative in admitting lists of applicants
+  for rations, and this necessity was accentuated by complaints which
+  began to arise of the difficulty of getting people to work,
+  complaints which became general extending from the governor of the
+  city who could not find workmen even at good wages, to clean the
+  streets of the city, to the heads of households who found no one to
+  cook, serve or wash, while such important minor industries, as the
+  supplying of the city with charcoal or even firewood, were almost
+  wholly abandoned.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_639" title="639"></a>
+  <img src="images/i132.jpg" width="500" height="305" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">SANTIAGO REFUGEES AT EL CANEY,</div>
+  <div class="subcaption"><em>Where it is estimated that twelve thousand people were fed with Red
+  Cross supplies before the surrender of Santiago.</em></div>
+
+  <hr class="tb" />
+
+  <a class="pagenum" id="Page_640" title="640"></a>
+  <img src="images/i133.jpg" width="500" height="321" alt="" />
+  <div class="caption">ESTABLISHING HEADQUARTERS ASHORE.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>Finally the moment arrived when the end of the necessity of the
+  permanence of the Red Cross was in sight, and, coinciding with the
+  raising of the blockade of Havana and other large cities where want
+  and sickness had necessarily to be more accentuated than here, made
+  it a question of the greatest good to the greatest number, made its
+  removal to the west end of the island a necessity. There necessarily
+  remained some poverty, some sickness, and some misery, but the
+  public, and more especially the military government, had taken
+  efficacious measures to cope with these evils, and while in one
+  sense deploring your departure, your committee could only coincide
+  with your views <a class="pagenum" id="Page_641" title="641"></a>on the subject, and offer their conscientious
+  opinion that the present state of affairs in Santiago de Cuba fully
+  justified the departure of the Red Cross to districts where its
+  presence was much more urgently required.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, your committee beg to express their gratitude for the
+  confidence which you have so kindly bestowed on them, and to deplore
+  that owing to sickness and extreme press of work, they have not been
+  able so fully to assist in your benevolent undertaking as would have
+  been their ardent desire.</p>
+
+
+<div class="pad50">
+  <table summary="signatures">
+    <tr><td class="tdl top">(Signed)</td>
+        <td class="pad"><span class="smcap">Robert Mason</span>,<br />
+                        <span class="smcap">H. Michaelsen</span>,<br />
+                        <span class="smcap">Wm. Ramsden</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+ </div>
+<p><em>Santiago de Cuba.</em></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_642" title="642"></a>
+REPORT OF E. WINFIELD EGAN, M.D.</h2>
+
+
+<p>When the Red Cross was asked by the Department of State, and the Central
+Cuban Relief Committee, to go to Cuba in charge of the relief work among
+the reconcentrados, the members of Miss Barton’s personal staff, who had
+worked on other fields, were called to join the expedition. On the
+twentieth of February, while in my office in Boston, a telegram arrived
+containing the usual call to service in the field. Six days later, I
+reported at headquarters in the city of Havana.</p>
+
+<p>Already the preliminary work was in progress. Committees were in the
+process of formation. A working census was being rapidly taken and
+information collected concerning the conditions in Havana and the cities
+and towns of the interior, upon which to base a plan of operations.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first things essential to a systematic prosecution of the
+work was a commodious and convenient warehouse. This privilege was
+secured from the proprietors of the Almacen de San José, one of the
+largest bonded warehouses in Havana. Here the Red Cross supplies were
+carefully stored and classified, and from thence shipped upon
+requisitions to all points reached in the relief work.</p>
+
+<p>But the feeding of the hungry was not the only work of the Red Cross.
+Aside from the distribution of food and clothing, hospitals and asylums
+were necessary for the care of the sick, and for the orphan children.
+One of the first asylums established was located in the Cerro, a
+suburban ward of Havana, and was known as the <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Asilo de Niños</em>. Here, in
+addition to the usual work in the hospital department, outpatient
+clinics were instituted, including medical, surgical, gynecological,
+and, lastly, an eye and ear clinic. As the building selected for the
+asylum was originally built for a family residence, it was difficult to
+adapt it to all the needs of both an asylum and a hospital. For the last
+named clinic a dark room was of course needed, and for this reason this
+department was open during the evenings, from 8 to 11 p.m., when, with
+nature’s kind co-operation, the necessary obscurity was always assured.
+The nightly attendance averaged about seventy. Among these patients, the
+diseases of the eye were generally traceable to starvation; the
+proportion of cases for “refraction” were comparatively few.</p>
+
+<p>These clinics continued at the asylum until the United States
+Government, through the Consul-General, advised all American citizens to
+leave the island.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_643" title="643"></a>On March 2, the leading physicians of Havana were called in council, and
+methods of caring for the sick of the city were discussed, especially
+with reference to the best plan for avoiding the creation of a pauper
+element, through the abuse of the out-patient clinics. The plans
+formulated at the council were adopted and adhered to in the prosecution
+of the hospital work.</p>
+
+<p>With the work in Havana still in progress, it was decided to make a trip
+to the interior. A special train was placed at the disposal of the Red
+Cross staff, and a visit was made to the principal towns in the
+provinces of Havana, Matanzas and Santa Clara. It was from the
+information gained by personal observation upon this trip, that Senator
+Proctor compiled his famous speech, delivered in the United States
+Senate, upon the starvation and distress among the reconcentrados in the
+Western Provinces of Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>At Matanzas, Sagua la Grande and Cienfuegos, well-conducted dispensaries
+were already in existence, but were almost destitute of means. Supplies
+sufficient for two months were immediately ordered forward from the
+storehouse in Havana, and these institutions were left in good
+condition. After doing what relief work was possible at the time, the
+party returned to Havana.</p>
+
+<p>On arrival at the headquarters, Miss Barton called the staff together to
+consider what action should be taken upon the Consul-General’s
+recommendation that all Americans should return home. The entire staff
+expressed their willingness to remain, but it was decided to confer with
+Captain-General Blanco. The Captain-General stated that he would be glad
+to have the Red Cross remain, and that so far as concerned the regulars
+of the Spanish army, the staff and equipment would be entirely safe, but
+that, owing to the irregular and unruly element in the army, the
+volunteers, whose actions could not be controlled, he considered it best
+that the Red Cross should retire before hostilities began. General
+Blanco, however, offered to be personally responsible for the safety of
+Miss Barton so long as she remained.</p>
+
+<p>On the ninth of April the Red Cross retired, arriving at Port Tampa on
+the “Olivette” three days later, and Miss Barton and staff took up
+temporary quarters at Tampa, awaiting the time when the work in Cuba
+might be again taken up.</p>
+
+<p>During the stay in Tampa the nurses were daily instructed in emergency
+field work. All the appliances usually considered indispensable were
+left at the headquarters, and they were compelled to depend upon such
+conveniences as might be improvised on the spot. Stretchers and splints
+were made from the limbs of trees; bindings and bandages were<a class="pagenum" id="Page_644" title="644"></a> made from
+the long grass, which was pliable and easily woven. These exercises were
+accompanied by lectures on discipline in the field.</p>
+
+<p>On May 1, the entire party again arrived at Key West and joined the
+steamship “State of Texas,” where the active work of relief began, our
+attention being first directed to the refugees in Key West, and
+afterward to the Spanish prisoners of war on the vessels captured by the
+blockading squadron. The crews of these vessels were, in many instances,
+short of provisions, and in some cases had had nothing whatever to eat,
+except fish, for fifteen days or more. The government appropriation was
+not yet available, and several weeks must elapse before government
+rations could be obtained for them. At the request of the United States
+Marshal, the prisoners were supplied by the “State of Texas,” and were
+cared for medically by the surgeons of the Red Cross staff. A number of
+surgical operations were performed.</p>
+
+<p>Not only were the prisoners fed, clothed and cared for, but by an
+arrangement made with the United States court and the naval authorities
+the men were permitted to write to their homes and friends, the letters
+being left open and certified by the Red Cross, and afterward forwarded
+to their destinations, those for Spain being transmitted through the Red
+Cross of Portugal, which had kindly offered to act as intermediary for
+the transmission of such communications. Thus the prisoners were not
+only enabled to write to their parents and friends, but the Red Cross
+was able, by this means, to show to the Spanish people in Spain and
+Cuba, through the letters from the captives themselves, what manner of
+treatment they were receiving as prisoners of war. This, it was hoped,
+would not fail to have its effect if in the course of the hostilities
+men of our own army or navy should be captured.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of May, Miss Barton having occasion to return to
+Washington, the “State of Texas” left Key West and proceeded to Port
+Tampa. There we lived among the transports until the fleet sailed for
+Cuba. There is hardly space to tell in detail all the work done on shore
+and in the harbor. The impression that the “State of Texas,” with the
+insignia of the Red Cross on either bow and on the smokestacks, was a
+hospital ship had become general among the troops, though she was really
+loaded with medicines, clothing and general supplies for the
+reconcentrados of Cuba. As this impression prevailed, and the Red Cross
+was desirous of assisting our own men whenever necessary and adding in
+every possible way to their comfort, the spacious smoking room on board
+the ship was fitted up as an operating room, and the purser’s room
+converted into a dispensary. No hospital staff in any of our great
+institutions could have been more proud than<a class="pagenum" id="Page_645" title="645"></a> this little band of
+workers with their emergency hospital equipment, and its outfit of
+instruments and appliances&mdash;unsurpassed by the equipment of many a
+first-class hospital.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the cases treated were of a character that required rest, quiet
+and watchful care, and these patients were given rooms on board the
+ship, and nurses were assigned to regular duty. The following is a
+summary of the cases treated: cynovitis of knee joint, 5; necrosis of
+bones of leg, 12; scalds and burns, 29; ear affections (including one
+case of removal of the bones of the ear. This patient was chief engineer
+of transport No. 7, “The Comal”), 14; eye injuries, 19; tumors removed,
+11; miscellaneous, sickness and minor injuries, 197.</p>
+
+<p>On June 17, following instructions from the Navy Department, the “State
+of Texas” again weighed anchor and proceeded to Key West, and after a
+stay of two days continued her voyage to Cuba, and anchored in the bay
+of Guantanamo, on the south shore of the island, in the Province of
+Santiago, at sunset July 25.</p>
+
+<p>A quantity of jerked beef and other supplies were left at Guantanamo, in
+charge of Captain McCalla, for distribution among the reconcentrados in
+the country. Leaving Guantanamo the next day we proceeded with the
+“State of Texas” to Siboney, reaching that place the evening of the same
+day.</p>
+
+<p>A severe engagement was fought at Aguadores, where the Spaniards were
+strongly entrenched and guarding one of the roads leading to Santiago.
+Our warships shelled the fortifications and silenced the batteries; and
+our troops made a gallant charge, but were repulsed with heavy loss, and
+had to fall back. The wounded began to arrive, some in ambulances, in
+army wagons and on litters. Those who were able walked into Siboney, in
+order to allow their more seriously wounded comrades to ride. Major La
+Garde, who was in charge of the army hospital at Siboney, welcomed the
+Red Cross surgeons and gave them quarters and opportunity for working
+side by side with the hospital staff of the army, and extended every
+courtesy within his power.</p>
+
+<p>Previously, the services of the nurses of the Red Cross were tendered to
+the surgeon in charge of the American hospital, but the offer was
+courteously declined. The aid of the Red Cross nurses was then offered
+to the Cuban hospital, and gratefully accepted by General Garcia. Under
+their direction the insurgent hospital was thoroughly cleaned,
+disinfected and put into excellent order. Their good work attracted the
+attention of the American wounded, who inquired why the Red Cross “had
+deserted them and gone to the Cuban army.”</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_646" title="646"></a>That evening, however, the nurses were called to the operating tents to
+assist in the care of the American wounded, and remained constantly on
+duty till all the injured were cared for.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the first battle, fought on July 1, a Red Cross
+hospital was opened, and rapidly filled with American troops. In this
+hospital the nurses worked incessantly until, one by one, worn out by
+overwork, with reduced vitality, they could no longer stand the terrible
+strain, and were obliged to succumb and pay the debt which an exhausted
+nature demanded.</p>
+
+<p>These young women were the first volunteer nurses or “Sisters” of the
+Red Cross who served in the war, and too much cannot be said in praise
+of their untiring devotion. Faithfully and constantly they worked. Nobly
+and unselfishly they labored, and their greatest reward was the
+gratitude of those they helped to save, and the satisfaction of a duty
+faithfully performed. The names of these nurses were, Sister-in-chief
+“Bettina,” Sisters Minnie Rogal, Anna McCue, Blanche McCorristen and
+Isabel Olm, assisted by Mrs. Trumbull White, of Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>At daylight on the morning of July 2 everything was in readiness for
+messengers of the Red Cross to proceed to the front, and in company with
+Mr. George Kennan, preceded by the Cuban guides, furnished by General
+Garcia, we set out for the firing line.</p>
+
+<p>We reached the First Division Hospital of the Fifth Army Corps about
+four in the afternoon, over a rough, miry road, fording extensive lakes
+of deep mud, but the hearty welcome extended by Major Wood repaid us for
+the hard journey. The First Division Hospital was established some
+distance ahead of the firing lines, and it was several hours before the
+lines were moved beyond the hospital.</p>
+
+<p>Major Wood assigned an operating table to the Red Cross. Not a light was
+permitted to be shown the night of the second of July, lest it should
+attract the fire of the enemy, particularly of the guerrilla
+sharpshooters who were stationed in the trees about us.</p>
+
+<p>The operating tables were moved out into the open, and the operations
+were performed by the light of the moon. All through the night the
+scattering fire continued around us; generally the sharp crack of the
+Mauser, occasionally the louder report of the Springfield, and sometimes
+a heavier explosion, as of a shell or the firing of light artillery. At
+daylight, the firing had ceased.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig400">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_647" title="647"></a>
+ <img src="images/i134.jpg" width="400" height="552" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">Copyright, 1898, by Clara Barton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">STARVING IN THE PLAZA.</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_648" title="648"></a>
+ <img src="images/i135.jpg" width="500" height="357" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">LOS FOSOS.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>No pen can describe the horrors of that night and the silent suffering
+of the wounded. Long rows of them, nearly a thousand, lying in pools of
+water and on the damp ground, for the heavy rains had fallen every<a class="pagenum" id="Page_649" title="649"></a>
+day. Then, at night, the tropical dew fell like rain, adding to the
+general discomfort. In the morning, the great burning sun came out and
+the mists began to rise. Hotter and hotter it grew, until almost
+unbearable. To shelter the wounded, palm leaves and branches of leafy
+trees were placed over them.</p>
+
+<p>The bravery and determined resignation manifested by the men waiting for
+treatment, and in the hospitals under operation, was worthy of comment.
+Many times, as the surgeon or nurse was proffering attention to a
+wounded man, or offering him water or nourishment, he would say, “Oh,
+give it to Tom first, he’s worse off than I am.” This spirit of kindness
+and grim courtesy was noticeable all through the campaign.</p>
+
+<p>On our arrival there was no food for the wounded, no tents, no blankets.
+The men were without change of clothing, and in some cases what little
+they had required to be cut off on account of the character of the
+wound.</p>
+
+<p>A message explaining the condition of things at the front was sent back
+to Siboney, from General Shafter’s headquarters, and immediately army
+wagons were loaded with supplies by the Red Cross, and the next morning
+they rolled into the hospital lines, with Miss Barton and some of her
+staff, accompanied by Private Hassett, who had been detailed from the
+Thirty-fourth Michigan, all seated on top of the wagons, which carried
+food enough for the patients in the hospitals for several days. They,
+too, had to come over miry roads that lead from the coast; of the wheels
+no spokes could be seen, nothing but one circular, solid mass of mud,
+like great massive car-wheels.</p>
+
+<p>There was many a moist eye and many shouts of welcome and surprise as
+the train came into camp. “There’s a woman!” “It’s the Red Cross!” “My
+God, boys, it’s Clara Barton!” “Now we’ll get something to eat!” And
+they did. Miss Barton, Mrs. Gardner and others prepared condensed milk,
+malted milk and other delicacies, and within an hour every man was
+served with hot gruel, milk and fresh soda biscuits. Later in the
+evening well-boiled and seasoned rice, fruit, canned meats and other
+things, including beef tea, were passed around. As the patients from the
+hospitals became convalescent, they were sent to the transports bound
+for home.</p>
+
+<p>On July 5, Dr. Gardner and I, after securing an ambulance and loading it
+with canned meats, crackers, pilot bread, milk, rice and other foods and
+delicacies, walked beside the loaded wagon, drawn by army mules, until
+we reached El Caney. We arrived just as the refugees were coming in from
+Santiago, from which city they had fled,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_650" title="650"></a> fearing the bombardment that
+was threatened by the American forces around the place and the ships of
+the North Atlantic Squadron, lying off the mouth of the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>At El Caney there was not even water to drink, food was very scarce.
+Hundreds of hungry refugees were coming in. There were poor women with
+children in their arms, and there were men with hands full of gold which
+they offered for the food they could not purchase.</p>
+
+<p>A distributing committee was formed at once, including Mr. William
+Ramsden, son of the English consul at Santiago, the French consul, two
+Cuban officers, and other gentlemen whose names I do not now recall, and
+the relief of the refugees began. Following close behind this first
+ambulance of supplies for the refugees at El Caney, came a well-loaded
+army wagon in charge of Mr. C.C. Bangs of the Red Cross staff, who
+worked here, as he always had, with great vigor. He finished his work at
+El Caney, superintending the relief of the refugees until they could
+return to their homes, and then joined the Red Cross party at the First
+Division Hospital. Mr. Bangs was always a hard and enthusiastic worker,
+but he could not withstand the climate and the constant fatigue. He was
+at last taken ill and never rallied. He died and was buried on the
+field, faithful to the cause to which he had pledged his service.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the twelfth of July Major Wood announced his intention
+of breaking camp and moving nearer to Santiago. Miss Barton and staff
+then returned to Siboney, reaching that place after dark the following
+day. The Signal Corps were unable to communicate with the ships in the
+harbor, and so there was no way in which we could join the “State of
+Texas” that night. Miss Barton slept in a room tendered her by
+Postmaster Brewer, who subsequently died at the Red Cross hospital of
+what the doctors said was yellow fever.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hubbell and I lay on the floor outside, and enjoyed the sleep we
+could get, when we were not troubled by a species of shell fish called
+“land crabs,” which are perfectly harmless, but have a body about four
+inches wide, six inches long and three inches thick, with legs ten
+inches long, and, standing erect on their legs, they go up and down
+stairs at leisure. They always take the shortest road, never go around
+anything, but hobble over every obstruction.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kennan rolled himself up at right angles with Sir Alfred Paget on
+the floor of the veranda. We were all up at break of day. A call from
+Captain McCalla for 50,000 rations for Guantanamo met with an immediate
+response. The “State of Texas” was dispatched, but<a class="pagenum" id="Page_651" title="651"></a> on arriving there
+the surgeon in charge of the fleet asked if any of the relief party had
+been on shore, and on being answered in the affirmative, he refused to
+allow the goods to be landed, being afraid, as he said, of infection.
+The vessel returned to Siboney and there continued to land and store
+what was needed at that place, preparatory to leaving for Santiago.</p>
+
+<p>On July 17, the “State of Texas” while lying off Morro Castle, Santiago,
+at the entrance to the harbor, was boarded by Admiral Sampson, Commodore
+Schley and Captain Cook, who came to pay their compliments to <em>our
+commander</em>. Never was there an action more gallant and graceful than the
+voluntary offer of these commanders to allow Miss Barton and her staff,
+with the “State of Texas” to enter the harbor of Santiago first, as the
+Red Cross and the relief ship represented the principle for which the
+war was waged&mdash;humanity.</p>
+
+<p>Those on board will never forget the experience of that afternoon as the
+good ship steamed in, past the “Merrimac,” past the sunken ships of the
+once proud navy of Spain, on to relieve the hungry and despairing people
+who crowded to the wharves to look at the ship with the insignia of good
+will flying from her masthead. As the vessel steamed slowly in, from her
+forward deck floated the strains of the “Doxology” and “My Country ’Tis
+of Thee, Sweet Land of Liberty.”</p>
+
+<p>The cargo of the “State of Texas” was quickly unloaded and stored in
+spacious warehouses, under the supervision of Mr. Warner, and the good
+ship, under command of her captain, F.A. Young, who had grown to be a
+Red Cross man at heart, accompanied by Mrs. J. Addison Porter and Sister
+Blanche McCorristen, steamed away to New York. For the warehouses the
+Red Cross is indebted to Dr. Douglass, who also placed at our
+disposition his residence and corps of clerks to assist in the work.</p>
+
+<p>A distributing committee was at once formed by Miss Barton and staff,
+consisting of Mr. Mason, Mr. Michaelsen, Mr. Wm. Ramsden, Jr., who was
+also on the committee at El Caney. Mr. Ramsden, as chairman of the
+committee, gave his entire time to the work, and his courtesy and
+executive ability did much to prevent confusion and misunderstandings,
+and thus kept the way smooth for effective work. Through the
+co-operation of this committee, nearly 40,000 people were fed and made
+comfortable in four days.</p>
+
+<p>The army were unable to get their provisions, owing to the inability of
+the Commissary Department to fill the orders. Two men were kept
+constantly employed in the warehouse of the Red Cross issuing foods,
+medicines and delicacies to fill requisitions from the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_652" title="652"></a> officers of the
+army. To the soldiers themselves a large quantity of food of all
+description was given, sometimes singly, but where it was practical they
+were given as much as they had transportation for, to provide for the
+sick in their locality.</p>
+
+<p>A dispensary was opened in Santiago by the Red Cross, where some 400
+patients were prescribed for daily. This dispensary was in charge of Dr.
+J.B. Sollosso, the assistant surgeon of the Red Cross on the Cuban
+field, assisted by five others. Their work brought comfort to many a
+sick soldier and was a great credit to all connected with it.</p>
+
+<p>At the Red Cross headquarters, an Out-patient Department was established
+and placed in charge of Dr. Gill. This department developed so rapidly
+that local doctors were brought into the work, and all applicants
+reported to headquarters, requiring medicine or medical aid, were at
+once referred to one of the visiting staff. Medicines and instruments
+for all were furnished by the surgeon placed in charge of the Supply
+Department. In this department were treated many American soldiers who
+had been stationed away from their regiments and who consequently could
+not get to their regimental surgeons.</p>
+
+<p>When the Red Cross staff left on the transport “Clinton,” bound for
+Havana, the remainder of the supplies were left in charge of Mr. Warner.
+On August 27 we arrived in the harbor of Havana. The following day the
+Civil Governor and his staff came on board the “Clinton” to pay their
+respects to Miss Barton, and expressed their gratitude for the work of
+the Red Cross among the reconcentrados.</p>
+
+<p>The weather was very warm, and with forty mules between decks the
+situation was not all that could be desired for a protracted stay in a
+harbor like Havana. An effort was made to land the cargo of supplies,
+but we were met with a refusal to allow the goods to enter without
+payment of duties, and, because of some technical oversight in clearing
+the vessel from Santiago, a fine of $500 was imposed. The fine was
+promptly paid, and with no hope of being able to land soon, the
+“Clinton” was ordered by Miss Barton to weigh anchor and proceed to
+Egmont Key, where we would go into quarantine before proceeding North.
+The stay of five days in quarantine at the Key would not have been
+unpleasant, except for the gnats, mosquitoes, sand fleas, snakes and the
+daily storms, which made it necessary to call all hands at all hours to
+hold down the tents.</p>
+
+<p>The general cargo of the “Clinton” was unloaded at Egmont Key, and as
+the charter of the vessel expired in a few days, she was hurried away to
+New Orleans, carrying the forty Red Cross mules in charge of Mr. C.H.H.
+Cottrell, financial secretary.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_653" title="653"></a>Accompanied by Dr. Hubbell, I then proceeded to Tampa to arrange for the
+shipment of the general cargo of the “Clinton” to that port, where much
+of it could be used for the Cuban refugees at that place who are being
+cared for by the Red Cross. The supplies were delivered to Dr. S.S.
+Partello, field agent at that point, whose efficient service among the
+Cubans, and in the auxiliary relief work in the army hospitals, has
+elicited many words of satisfaction and praise.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later Miss Barton and staff, accompanied by General Von
+Schell, of the Belgium Red Cross, left Tampa for Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after our arrival, word came that the steamer “City of San
+Antonio” was loading in New York with relief supplies. Mr. J.K. Elwell
+was assigned by Miss Barton to go to Cuba with this ship in charge of
+its cargo and I in charge of the medical and hospital supplies.</p>
+
+<p>On the arrival of the ship at Matanzas, the large warehouse owned by
+Brinkerhoff &amp; Co., was placed at the disposition of the Red Cross. With
+the large lighters, of which there are many at this port, the vessel was
+quickly discharged and released.</p>
+
+<p>The governor of Matanzas, Senor Eduardo Diaz, a man pre-eminently fitted
+for the position of responsibility which he held under the Spanish
+Government, contributed much of his time and means in furthering the
+work of relief. Day and night he went about investigating the condition
+of the people, placed at our disposal every facility, and furnished
+special trains when needed. He was not only an able and just
+administrator of public affairs, but a humanitarian as well. Taking him
+all in all, he was a man among the men of his country.</p>
+
+<p>In Matanzas women and children walked the streets day and night begging.
+I suggested to the governor that it would be well to have all these poor
+people collected in institutions where they could be clothed, fed and
+cared for until they were able to care for themselves. In twenty-four
+hours after the governor’s order was issued, these people were all
+housed and being fed from the stores of the “San Antonio.”</p>
+
+<p>At Matanzas we found a dispensary conducted by the Firemen’s
+Association. It was a model institution, and here 300 to 400 little
+children were fed every day, but their scanty store of provisions was
+running out, and so we left with them general food and delicacies and
+medicines sufficient for three months.</p>
+
+<p>All places in the western provinces were handled after the manner of
+Matanzas. Twenty-two institutions, including hospitals and asylums, were
+opened, and the sick, the women and the children, for<a class="pagenum" id="Page_654" title="654"></a> the first time in
+many months, were sheltered and made comfortable. The regeneration of
+the hospital at Jovellanos will serve as an example of the work that had
+to be done in many of the interior towns. The building itself manifested
+signs of former prosperity and cleanliness. It was a stately edifice,
+after the Doric style. The pillars were crumbling and broken, the patio
+was a pool of mud, the yard in the rear was a laboratory of infectious
+germs, and all in a filthy condition. A Chinaman lay in what was called
+the “dead house.” He had died of starvation; so they said. The three
+coffins which had been repeatedly used to carry the dead to the grave,
+stood up against the wall. It was a perfect picture of poverty and
+filth.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinaman lay on a slightly inclined board, with no clothing, covered
+only by an old blanket. Removing the blanket from his body revealed the
+fact that the man was not dead, but still breathing. He was at once
+bathed, removed to a clean bed and given light nutriment at intervals,
+and the next day was sitting up smiling his appreciation, for he could
+not speak English at all, and but little Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>The following day the coffins that had done service for seven years,
+formed the basis of a large bonfire, to which was added all the decayed
+wood flooring, garbage, old clothing and bedding&mdash;the accumulation of
+years. A band of workers, about sixty in number, carpenters, masons,
+painters, cabinet-makers and representatives of other trades, were put
+to work renovating and rebuilding. With only rations for pay, these men
+deemed it a privilege to be permitted to assist. These men were in a few
+days relayed by others, so that both the work and the food might be
+divided. Great quantities of lime and paint were used, the building was
+raised in some places, and in others completely rebuilt, and ventilators
+put in. A marsh which had existed near the hospital and extending into
+the yard, was drained and the dense vegetation removed. The land around
+the building is now dry and clear, and is used for laundry purposes and
+for sunning the bedding and drying the clothing.</p>
+
+<p>After the building was repaired, painted, whitewashed and disinfected,
+even below the foundation, new cots were placed in the “Salons” and the
+wards arranged. The patients were brought in until the hospital was
+filled, the women and children being first cared for. Thus the streets
+were cleared of all mendicants. The institution was then provided by the
+Red Cross with medicines and general provisions for three months, and a
+good supply of clothing and bedding furnished. Dr. Mena, the city
+physician, was appointed to take charge with a corps of select
+assistants, and the hospital was left under<a class="pagenum" id="Page_655" title="655"></a> the supervision of the
+alcalde, or mayor, and we passed on to other places where assistance was
+badly needed.</p>
+
+<p>After opening all the institutions which our stock of supplies from the
+“City of San Antonio” permitted, we returned to Havana.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly afterward, in company with Mr. D.L. Cobb, of the Red Cross, a
+final tour of inspection was made, and all the institutions left in good
+running order. Through the efforts of Mr. Cobb, assisted by Dr. Sollosso
+and others, permission was obtained from the Spanish authorities in
+Havana to open a hospital at Mariano, a suburb some seven miles from the
+capital. A Central Committee was formed in Havana, and the women of the
+city interested in the work. A large amount of money and supplies were
+contributed, and the hospital at Mariano is now one of the most complete
+and practical in all the western provinces. In addition to the usual
+wards, there are administration offices, a fine dispensary fully
+stocked, a modern kitchen, bath rooms, operating room, a steam laundry
+plant and storerooms. The sanitary arrangements are as perfect as could
+be attained under the circumstances, and everything is neat, clean and
+orderly. The institution was established especially for the sick,
+wounded and enfeebled men who had served in the insurgent army, many of
+whom had been without proper medical attention for months, with their
+old wounds still open and in bad condition.</p>
+
+<p>Over five hundred have been treated at this hospital, out of which
+number but twenty-six have died, a remarkably good showing considering
+the terrible condition in which the patients were brought from the
+interior.</p>
+
+<p>All the members of the American Evacuation Commission were always
+courteous and kind; they were helpful in their advice and otherwise
+assisted the work in many ways. To Mr. S.M. Jarvis, vice-president of
+the North American Trust Company, the fiscal agents of the United States
+Government in Havana, the Red Cross is indebted for valuable suggestions
+and material aid. The tour of inspection being completed, I returned to
+Havana with Mr. Cobb, and, in response to instructions by cable from
+headquarters, we left for Washington on the “Mascotte” sailing November
+30.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_656" title="656"></a>CLOTHING DEPARTMENT.</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Report of Miss Annie M. Fowler.</span><a id="FNanchor_G" href="#Footnote_G" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
+
+<p>On July 26, in the large back room on the ground floor, and opening out
+upon the flagged courtyard of the warehouse, Casa Buena Santiago, was
+undertaken, under the direction of Mrs. Gardner, the work of the
+Department of Clothing, to sort out the garments as to kind and quality,
+and to re-pack them for distribution among the people of Santiago, and
+the outlying districts and towns.</p>
+
+<p>On August 1, Mrs. Gardner returned to the States, and the responsibility
+of carrying out the work so ably directed by her, fell upon me.</p>
+
+<p>During the twenty days since, until our departure for Havana on the
+twenty-first of August, the work of examining boxes, barrels, trunks and
+sacks of clothing, and keeping a minute record of each case, where it
+came from, by whom sent, its contents and condition, etc., has gone
+steadily on, taking out the various provisions ranging from canned
+meats, soups, vegetables, fruits and condensed milk; flour, corn meal,
+beans and various preparations of cereals, sugar, tea, chocolate and
+coffee; hams, bacon, salt pork, dried beef and codfish; dried fruits,
+even to roasts of once fresh meat, potatoes and eggs packed in February
+and March; in varying conditions of preservation according to the dual
+factors of kind and mode of packing.</p>
+
+<p>That nothing should be lost, such packages of meals and grains as had
+been broken in transportation and had become mixed in the box’s
+contents, were put into barrels to be sent to the Public Soup Kitchen,
+that worthy benevolence of one public-spirited citizen of Santiago.</p>
+
+<p>In the process of its repacking for wholesale distribution from the
+various centers, the department was able to give much individual aid in
+clothing to those cases whose needs were made known to it. Not among the
+fewest of these were the soldiers whose privations and forlorn condition
+would have to be actually seen to be fully appreciated. The officers,
+being unable to procure the necessary articles of clothing, food and
+medicine for themselves, their men and their sick, the Red Cross had the
+privilege of lending a hand to these brave men who so uncomplainingly
+suffered danger, hardship, exposure, sickness and <a class="pagenum" id="Page_659" title="659"></a>death for their
+country’s sake, and who so gratefully appreciated the least office done
+for them. As one man said to me: “The Red Cross has been a fairy
+godmother to us men.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_657" title="657"></a>
+ <img src="images/i136.jpg" width="500" height="329" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">BRINGING IN THE WOUNDED.</div>
+
+ <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_658" title="658"></a>
+ <img src="images/i137.jpg" width="500" height="317" alt="" />
+ <div class="caption">CLEARING FOR A CROSS ROAD.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Could the story of these sufferers be individually told there would not
+be wanting subject matter of much interest; in many cases the thrilling,
+tender, or romantic element stands forth.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps one of the most romantic instances is that of a young American.
+A fine specimen of manhood as he stood before me and quietly told me his
+story, led on by my interest and questioning: tall, erect, well-knit and
+seasoned to meet emergencies; a refined, open, strong face, a well
+poised head; one felt the real courage in the man. Over three years ago,
+led by high hopes inspired by the cause of suffering Cuba, as set forth
+in our land of free press agency, and fanned to a holy flame by the pen
+of a ready writer, he set out with the zeal of a crusader to plant the
+ensign of true liberty. A handful of comrades they were with hopes high,
+burning to do a righteous deed.</p>
+
+<p>Landed upon Cuban soil at evening, this little body of men was embraced
+by the natives; on the morrow these new-found friends had looted even
+the luggage of their would-be helpers. The life of frontier warfare
+began; in combat the Americans were always given the exposed positions
+of danger, and were accordingly picked off one by one.</p>
+
+<p>Over a year ago, the friend of this young hero was dangerously wounded
+in the hip. A Cuban operation was performed; finally a piece of bone has
+worked itself out from the injured hip. The condition of the injured man
+becoming serious; food, medicines and clothing growing less; no
+possibility of carrying the injured man to find help, the case became
+desperate, and for his comrade’s sake, the young warrior started
+overland to Santiago, a distance of some three hundred miles, in quest
+of aid. He, a young French captain and two servants made up the little
+caravan for this journey.</p>
+
+<p>Any one who has experienced Cuban roads in the rainy season can imagine
+what such a journey means through woods and marsh, over mountains and
+across burning plains. That he was not to be daunted he proved by safely
+reaching Santiago. Horses had to be discarded and the journey over the
+mountains made on foot. Tales of destitution and suffering he brought
+from all the country through which he came. People were so scantily clad
+that they could not come out to offer a glass of water. Lands laid waste
+where the guerilla force had swept by like a swarm of locusts and had
+left nothing but desolation behind. It was, indeed, a pleasure to give
+of our stores such as the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_660" title="660"></a> young officer could venture to carry upon
+that hazardous return journey, unarmed, for even his weapons had been
+stolen, and his recital in Santiago of his experiences had caused
+scowling looks from under drawn brows. His hope was to get his wounded
+comrade home, or at least where surgical aid may be had before it is too
+late.</p>
+
+<p>One of the thrilling tales is that of Marco Sancho, a Cuban warrior, who
+was brought in to be clothed. He had been in the country whither he had
+deserted from the Spanish ranks to join the Cubans. While one of the Red
+Cross staff had been making an overland tour of this province he had
+discovered the man and had told him to come to Santiago for medical
+treatment. He came with a companion. There his former captain, a
+Spaniard, discovered him, had him arrested, threatened him with death
+when he was returned to Spain. Fortunately the Cuban bethought himself
+of the Red Cross physician and sent word to him of this peril. At the
+jail the prisoner was brought out between two guardsmen. A needless
+precaution one would think to see the diminutive form of the man.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish captain was over-confident of his right to punish his
+soldier. The thought was suggested that he, a prisoner himself, had no
+right to punish a man, who by birth a Cuban, had served in his country’s
+cause. Pompously he could not see it until by the persuasion of General
+Wood’s order to liberate the man at once, he became servilely humble.
+Marco Sancho was so rejoiced at his escape from horrors untried, that
+his agile little framework expressed his entire satisfaction in the
+situation by turning a complete somersault.</p>
+
+<p>The tender side to hard soldier life is not wanting. A young lieutenant,
+refined yet every inch a soldier and a gentleman, with a something
+indefinably fine above the common lot of man, brought in a little Cuban
+lad of eight years. He had lost his mother five years ago, and in the
+encounter in July his father had been killed. Three officers had adopted
+the boy, and were about to take him North when they returned. The
+difficulty of introducing a Cuban lad into our civilization habilitated
+after the fashion and condition of his native land faced them, when they
+bethought themselves of the resources of the Red Cross. The boy himself
+was a pitiful object; he had had the fever, the results of which had
+left him with a partial paralysis in the hips; he seemed out of physical
+proportion; his bright, intelligent eyes, and that peculiar pathetic
+soprano of the voices of many of the children in Cuba made him a
+strangely picturesque figure. But the manly tenderness of the young
+officer as he did the little offices of the toilet for the lad,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_661" title="661"></a> the
+unconsciously gentle tone of his voice as he spoke, the kindly gleam of
+his eye as it lighted upon the boy, made a picture not to be forgotten.
+As they rolled away in one of the quaintly primitive-looking Cuban
+carriages, the front seat stacked with gifts, the little fellow
+delightfully spick and span, and confidingly trustful of his future in
+the hands of his youthful protector who sat beside him, one felt a
+quickening at the heart-strings to know what the adopted son of the
+regiment would become, how it would all turn out. Surely, so far as the
+boy is concerned, unusual opportunities have opened.</p>
+
+<p>Contrasts stand ever quietly side by side, telling their story to him
+who will read, perhaps nowhere else more markedly than here in Cuba,
+where the conditions of life are most abnormal.</p>
+
+<p>These few snap-shots at history, as it is making in these stirring
+times, show that even behind the closed doors of a wareroom, where the
+overlooking, assorting and repacking of cases of garments, which the
+kind hearts of people at home have prompted them to send, is not without
+its human, vital interest. Meanwhile the work goes steadily on; as each
+case is repacked, it is nailed up. A Red Cross label is pasted on, below
+the label its contents are duly noted in blue pencil, and the box is
+neatly piled, with like cases and barrels, ready to be sent out to the
+commissioners, the hospitals, orphanages, medical clinic, outlying towns
+whenever the call may come.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty-eight barrels and fifty cases of clothing were put on the
+“Clinton” to be taken to Havana. A hundred and eight cases and barrels
+have been distributed. About six hundred cases are left in the warerooms
+of Casa Buena, there to be distributed by the commission of ladies who
+have consented to give out this clothing to the needy. Three hundred and
+ninety-eight cases were opened, sorted and repacked, making a total of
+about 800 cases, mainly from the cargo of the “State of Texas.”</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_662" title="662"></a>THE RED CROSS OF OTHER NATIONS.<br />
+ <span class="subtitle">THEIR SYMPATHY AND ACTIVE CO-OPERATION.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>It is with feelings of pleasure and satisfaction that I record the fact
+that the Red Cross of the United States is, in its relations with all
+the foreign branches of the International Society, on terms of mutual
+confidence and esteem; and that the utmost cordiality is maintained
+through a constant interchange of correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>During many years, before our organization received the attention and
+official recognition in this country that it was entitled to, coming as
+it did with the prestige of a splendid record in Europe, and the
+patronage of the elite of the Old World, I was encouraged and
+strengthened by those friends of many nations, but of one humanity, to
+hold to the good work until the United States should place itself in the
+van of enlightenment and civilization, and catch step in the grand march
+onward to universal peace. Many times discouragement and despair battled
+with me; and but for the never-ending kindly words that bade me strive
+on, I fear I should have been inclined to give up the fight.</p>
+
+<p>The American people are ever so active and full of the work of the
+present, that it is a hard matter to interest them in anything that may
+be of remote utility or even mercy. Certainly, no other people have
+quicker instincts or more generous impulses than they; and none respond
+with more alacrity and abundance with the need is present. It was almost
+an impossibility to make the average American believe that his country
+would ever go to war again; therefore, why should he trouble himself
+about war cares or appliances; there would be time enough to think about
+those things when war was threatened. Surely no one wanted to fight us.
+We, as a nation, attended to our own business, and didn’t interfere in
+the affairs of other nations; and thus were in no danger of getting into
+serious trouble with any one.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_663" title="663"></a>Of course, the history of the world was all against any such optimistic
+reasoning; but, then, it was said, America was a new country, and laid
+on peaceable lines; its intentions were good and honorable and would be
+respected; besides, it was so powerful and so remote from other nations
+that it was in no danger of attack under any circumstances. That was the
+kind of argument one met, when vouchsafed an opportunity to speak in
+behalf of the Red Cross. Fortunately, though, there were a few more
+thoughtful and reflecting people who could look ahead and see the
+dangers; who knew that, however carefully navigated, there were winds
+and tides that might veer from her course the good ship of state, and
+wreck or damage her on the rocks of discord. These few friends rallied
+to the support of the Red Cross, and stood by it through all the dark
+days; and now that it has received its “baptism of fire,” and the
+gracious acknowledgment of gratitude from the President of the United
+States, and the blessings of thousands upon thousands of the citizens
+and soldiers who have felt its beneficence, they feel, with its
+president, that there is at least some truth in the old saying that “all
+things come to him who waits.”</p>
+
+<p>The alarm of war was all that was needed to bring the American people
+quickly to a realization of the necessity for the services of the Red
+Cross; and that necessity once recognized, they gave an unstinted
+support of themselves and their means. Had there been need for them, the
+Red Cross could easily have recruited an army of twenty-five thousand
+from the flower of American womanhood. Rich and poor alike gave their
+money freely; and doctors and nurses from every part of the country
+offered their services for no greater compensation than the privilege to
+serve suffering humanity.</p>
+
+<p>To our friends of the Red Cross in Europe and in Asia&mdash;nearly all of the
+nations of which contributed liberally to our needs during the late
+war&mdash;we have no words that will adequately express our appreciation and
+gratitude for their timely aid; and if I fail to make proper
+acknowledgment it is because I am unable to say all that wells up to my
+heart for utterance. Let it suffice for me to say that the Americans are
+enthusiastic, affectionate, and appreciative; and a kindness once shown
+is never forgotten. God grant that other nations may not have to settle
+their differences by an appeal to arms; but should such an unhappy fate
+attend them, I can say with certainty, that the Red Cross of America
+will be only too happy to reciprocate the many kindnesses that have been
+equally shown to us and to our late opponents.</p>
+
+<p>To the Red Cross of Spain we extend our loving hand, with the hope that
+our two nations shall never more be anything but the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_664" title="664"></a> warmest friends.
+We know how our sister society suffered in this last struggle; and we,
+who labored under the banner of “humanity and neutrality”&mdash;we, who could
+harbor no animosity for a brave people struggling, as they were, for
+what they believed to be their rights&mdash;lent our assistance to its
+countrymen wherever we found them, on the fields, or in the prisons and
+hospitals; and it is our proud privilege to say that the Red Cross of
+Spain has officially recognized in a most graceful and welcome manner
+its high appreciation and gratitude for the good offices we were able to
+render in the line of our duty to its sick and wounded countrymen during
+the late war.</p>
+
+<p>Remembering with heartfelt gratitude the munificence of Great Britain,
+Germany, Austria, Russia, Italy, Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium, Holland,
+Sweden, Norway, Greece, Turkey and India, I trust it will not appear
+invidious for me to especially commend two of their sister countries.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross of France, acting in strict accordance with the principle
+of neutrality, gave generously and equally to the Red Cross societies of
+Spain and the United States for the benefit of the sick and wounded;
+while many of its private societies and citizens sent us substantial
+remembrances of the long-continued friendship that binds together the
+two countries. To all these we say: “God bless you; we shall not
+forget.”</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the United States had declared war against Spain I received a
+letter from the Duke of Palmella, the President of the Portuguese Red
+Cross Society, in which he tendered the services of his society to act
+as a friendly intermediary between the societies of the belligerent
+powers. The geographical position of Portugal, being on the border of
+Spain, and the well-known neutrality of her people, made her the natural
+agency for this purpose; and as all mail facilities between Spain and
+the United States had ceased, we gladly availed ourselves of this
+opportunity to communicate with “our friend, the enemy.” Of course, the
+same offer was tendered to Spain and accepted by that country.</p>
+
+<p>The prime reason for the duke’s suggestion was his desire to open a way
+for the prisoners of war of both countries to inform their relatives and
+friends of their condition and whereabouts. The arrangement worked
+perfectly, and many anxious hearts were saved from the rack of
+uncertainty; while others were informed of the sad fate that had
+befallen their loved ones. How well satisfied our Portuguese friends are
+with the service that was rendered is best told in the following copy of
+a letter received some time since:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_665" title="665"></a>
+ <div class="dateline"><span class="smcap">Lisbon</span>, <em>October 22, 1898.</em>
+</div>
+
+<p><em>The American National Red Cross, Washington, D.C.</em>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Secretary</span>:&mdash;We beg to acknowledge receipt of your esteemed
+  favor of the first October, enclosing three more letters, the last
+  to be returned to Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Our work being now arrived at a close, we take advantage of this
+  opportunity for presenting to the American National Red Cross and
+  your worthy president our earnest thanks for their kind support in
+  the accomplishment of the task we have undertaken in behalf of
+  Spanish prisoners in the United States and their relatives and
+  friends in Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Again, we have true pleasure in acknowledging, in the name of
+  hundreds of mothers and wives, whose sorrow and anxiety were
+  extreme, the invaluable services you and your government have
+  rendered to them, in order to assure correspondence between the
+  prisoners and their families&mdash;a fact quite new in the annals of
+  war&mdash;the benefits of which are certainly to be valued and cherished
+  by every sensible heart. For we must not conceal that when we were
+  determined to ask the assent of the American and Spanish Governments
+  for such a work, through your kind mediation and that of our friends
+  in Madrid, most people shook their heads incredulously, and while
+  admiring the spirit that animated our good wishes, feared that our
+  efforts would be in vain, and that the Red Cross would find itself
+  hopelessly out of place in the unusual position it was about to
+  fill. It is a consolation&mdash;indeed, amidst such gloom it is a
+  transient happiness&mdash;to know that such was not the case; and we feel
+  happy in proclaiming that the most efficient part of that work was,
+  undoubtedly, yours.</p>
+
+<p>Please accept, dear sir, my sincere regard and distinguished
+  consideration.</p>
+
+<div class="signature">
+  <span class="indent20">Sincerely yours,</span><br />
+  <span class="smcap">Duke of Palmella</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_666" title="666"></a>TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES</h2>
+
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>The following address was prepared to be read before a special
+  meeting of members of Congress as early as the summer of 1888. The
+  news of the death of General Sheridan prevented the meeting, and no
+  other opportunity having ever presented, the remarks have waited all
+  the intervening years. What were the facts then are none the less
+  true now, either for the Congress or the people, and I adopt the
+  usual custom in such cases, and ask “leave to print.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>:&mdash;While proceeding to lay before you the various measures to
+which I have taken the liberty of inviting your honored consideration,
+it may be well to refresh your memories in regard to the principles
+involved in the subject of the Red Cross; to recall how, under the
+treaty, it stands related to our government, and how, through the same
+feature, it relates us to other governments.</p>
+
+<p>The code of ten articles, forming the international compact or Treaty of
+Geneva, pledges each nation which unites with it to certain methods of
+neutral action and humanity never before formally admitted by nations at
+war, and it removes, to the greatest possible extent, all needless
+severities hitherto practiced under their usages.</p>
+
+<p>This treaty, said to be the first compound treaty ever formed, came into
+existence at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864. It now includes some thirty
+governments. The first efforts towards our own adhesion were made with
+the Executive Department; but as it was thought that the text of the
+treaty called for some changes in the “Articles of War,” it was
+submitted to Congress, by which body the adhesion was made in February,
+1882.</p>
+
+<p>It ever remains an undisputed fact, that the medical department of an
+army never is, nor can be, made adequate to the needs of the sick and
+wounded of its battles. Hence the inevitable suffering of the men, the
+terrible anxiety and agony of friends at home, and the loss of countless
+lives.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross creates an organized, neutral volunteer force, from the
+people, supplied by the people, but still subject to the regulations of
+the military in the field, recognized by and working in full accord with
+it, bringing all needed aid in the form of intelligent, disciplined
+assistants, and abundant supplies to the direct help and use of the
+medical department of an army, and with which department it works, as if
+belonging to it.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_667" title="667"></a>It created, with great care, an insignia to be the one known and
+recognized sign of neutrality in the relief of the sick and wounded of
+armies, and in the protection of the military hospital service, the
+world over.</p>
+
+<p>This insignia, which has given its name to the treaty, has become
+universally known and respected. There is no other military hospital
+flag, and no other sign marks the relief designed for the succor of the
+wounded soldier, nor protects from capture or harm, either himself or
+the non-combatant who goes to administer. It is probable that no sign
+nor figure in the secular world is sacred to so many eyes as the Red
+Cross of Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>This treaty takes its powers from the common consent of the united
+governments of the civilized world. Their rulers sign it. Its
+ratifications are officially made by the Congress of Berne, Switzerland.
+It recognizes no other features than the relief of the victims, and the
+mitigation of the horrors of war.</p>
+
+<p>In its short life of twenty-five years it has assumed the conduct of the
+entire auxiliary relief work of the armies of the world. It has given
+rise to more valuable inventions, and under its humane impulses sanitary
+science has made rapid growth.</p>
+
+<p>By common consent of the powers, at the formation of the treaty, the
+worthy body of Genevese gentlemen, who called and conducted the
+convention, was formed into an International Committee, through which
+only medium the various nations within the treaty communicate, and which
+holds the direction of all international relief in time of war. Each
+nation, upon its accession to the treaty, is requested to form a
+national committee, which committee shall constitute the medium by which
+the other governments, through the International Committee, may
+communicate with its government.</p>
+
+<p>These national committees are usually presided over by officers very
+near the crown or high in authority; as, for instance, the national
+president of the Red Cross of Germany is Count Otto de Stolberg, who
+recently crowned young Emperor William. Of France, Marshal McMahon; of
+England, Lord Lindsay; of Belgium, the King himself.</p>
+
+<p>Their patrons are always of the crown or royal families, as Empress
+Augusta of Germany, Victoria of England, Dagmar of Russia, Marguerite of
+Italy, and the Royal Grand Duchess of Baden.</p>
+
+<p>Although the object of the organization is people’s help for national
+necessities, its national branches receive strong governmental
+recognition, and encouragement. Every facility which can be is afforded
+them, and the patronage of the crown or government in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_668" title="668"></a> <em>monarchical</em>
+countries, unlike our own, <em>means substantial aid</em>, which is afforded in
+many ways.</p>
+
+<p>Each nation is left free to form its national committee in accordance
+with the spirit and needs of its nationality. In the formation of our
+own, it was thought possible to include other relief than that of war,
+and as you already know, America organized for the relief, first of war
+then of other great national calamities, such as the government is
+liable to be called upon to aid through its public treasury.</p>
+
+<p>We were accepted by the ratifying powers at Berne, with this digression,
+and although novel, it has won great approval and is known abroad as the
+“American amendment.”</p>
+
+<p>Under this civil feature the American Red Cross has aided in twelve
+great calamities: one forest fire, five floods, three cyclones, one
+earthquake, one famine and one pestilence. It has brought to the aid of
+the victims of these disasters, in money and material, many hundred
+thousands of dollars, acting as a systematized and organized medium of
+conveyance and distribution for the relief which the people desired to
+contribute. It has never yet solicited aid, it has scarcely suggested
+the raising of relief, but has endeavored to administer the relief which
+was raised wisely and faithfully.</p>
+
+<p><a class="fnanchor" id="FNanchor_H" href="#Footnote_H">[H]</a>Since our adhesion to the treaty two international conferences have
+been held: the one at Geneva, by the International Committee, in 1884;
+the other at Carlsruhe, by the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Baden, in
+1887.</p>
+
+<p>As president of the American National Red Cross the honor has been
+accorded me to represent the government in each of these conferences.
+Some of the questions therein discussed, being of both national and
+international importance, will be later submitted for the consideration
+of your honorable legislative body.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing explanations made, I will, with your kind permission,
+gentlemen, venture to name to you some of the more personal features, of
+our <em>own</em> national branch of this world-wide organization, touching its
+conditions, positions, relations and requirements, inviting your
+thoughtful consideration to the same. I must do this, not only as its
+chief executive officer, but as the person who has been wholly
+responsible for our ever having had any connection with it. I alone
+brought this subject before the government, as the official
+representative of the International Committee, asking its adoption as a
+treaty, if found desirable; and was shown the exceptional courtesy of a
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_669" title="669"></a>unanimous accord in a most unfamiliar subject, by the largest, and, as
+I hold, the highest legislative body in the world.</p>
+
+<p>During the intervening seven years, I have done my best and my utmost to
+properly test the value of the obligation taken, and to learn, from
+actual and practical experience, if the results would warrant a
+continuance of effort on the part of the national committee, and to some
+extent the encouragement and active co-operation of our government,
+without which the objects of the treaty would be misapplied, and its
+results practically lost.</p>
+
+<p>These efforts have been made in the face of the open world. No action
+has been covered, none exaggerated. On its own fair merits, the American
+branch of the Red Cross stands before the government and the people it
+has served for their judgment.</p>
+
+<p>If it has been an idle body?</p>
+
+<p>If a parasite, drawing sustenance from others?</p>
+
+<p>If it has promised and not performed?</p>
+
+<p>If its work has been actual, or merely appeared upon paper?</p>
+
+<p>If it has found favor with the people it has gone to aid?</p>
+
+<p>If it has gained or lost in public estimation?</p>
+
+<p>If in any way it has disappointed the expectations of the country or the
+people?</p>
+
+<p>If it has given cause to the government to regret its admission?</p>
+
+<p>If it has sustained its national standing in good repute with the
+affiliating nations of the world?</p>
+
+<p>If it has been a costly adjunct to the government?</p>
+
+<p>Like a gleaner it brings in its sheaves at the end of its seven years of
+faithful trial, and asks that its work be judged. If for any cause, the
+organization be looked upon as <em>not</em> meriting or justifying
+encouragement and co-operation of the government, which its peculiar
+relations to it demand, and it is thought wisest or best to withhold
+them, it will be a simple and perhaps welcome thing to let go and rest.
+Unless one is actually going down hill with a load, it is always easier
+to stop than to go on. In this case vastly so.</p>
+
+<p>It is now thirteen years ago, during the administration of President
+Hayes, that I first brought this matter to the attention of our
+government, believing it to be, perhaps, the work of a month. From that
+day to this, I have found time for nothing else. I learned that its
+broad humanities were the belt that spanned the world. Dependent, as it
+is, upon the co-operation of the government, being substantially a link
+between it and the people at large, I should not have been justified in
+proceeding to organize great bodies of persons under its regulations,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_670" title="670"></a>
+until I was assured what position the government would take in regard to
+it. I could not <em>ask</em> this decision of the government until actual
+results had proven to it, and to myself as well, that the position
+required was one worthy to <em>be</em> taken. Thus the trial has been made
+single handed. Not a penny of tax nor dues has ever been asked for the
+expenses of the National Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The general impression prevails that it is actively a branch of the
+government, and of course, provided for by it. This impression has,
+pecuniarily, been heavily against us, as it enters no philanthropic mind
+to extend a generosity to the Red Cross, any more than to the War, or
+State, or Navy Departments, or any other branch of protected government
+service. No freight bill on shipments has ever been remitted, nor agent
+ever passed free over a road up to this time; and no bequest has ever
+been made to it. Postage is not even paid.</p>
+
+<p>The government is supposed to do all these things, and it is generally
+believed that its officers have large salaries. In one way this
+impression has been helpful. It has doubtless given prestige; but it is
+a costly luxury, and not to be <em>forever</em> afforded.</p>
+
+<p>The actual expenses of the government since the first, have been as
+follows: an appropriation in 1883 of one thousand dollars, expended in
+government printing of a little pamphlet history of the Red Cross,
+written by me, at the request of the Senate committee, for circulation
+after the adoption of the treaty&mdash;two thousand copies. As neither frank
+nor postage were provided for the mailing, the transmission of each copy
+cost some ten cents. The issue is exhausted. Appropriations of $1000 and
+$2000 respectively for expenses of governmental delegates to the
+International Conferences of 1884 and 1887, held at Geneva and
+Carlsruhe, the delegates giving their time and services, and meeting all
+costs, excepting those actually incurred en route, and provable by
+vouchers. Thus making an aggregate of six thousand dollars in eight
+years expended in its own behalf, with as much in value, in each
+instance, added by the committee, as otherwise appropriated. These are
+the only demands ever made upon the government. This balances our
+accounts to date.</p>
+
+<p>We now reach a point where I may name some directions in which the
+government might properly extend its protecting and its helping hand.
+The International Committee of Geneva makes the National Committee of
+America the recognized medium of communication with our government. It
+sends its official communications to the president of the American
+National Red Cross, with directions that this officer present the same
+to our government, and duly transact the required<a class="pagenum" id="Page_671" title="671"></a> business. But
+unfortunately, there is opened no legalized medium through which the Red
+Cross is expected to confer with the government, through either its
+executive or its legislative branches. “What is everybody’s business is
+nobody’s business.” The entire system has each time to be explained to
+busy men, precedents to be found, and, however willing and anxious, no
+one can be quite certain if he is right. The naming of two or three
+gentlemen from your own honorable body to act permanently as a committee
+on the affairs of the Red Cross would remedy all this, and render simple
+and efficient what is now complicated and awkward. It would then be
+<i>some</i>body’s business. The subject would be understood, the needs
+comprehended, suitable advantages taken, mistakes avoided, time saved,
+prestige given both at home and abroad, and the unavoidable
+communications between the committee and government officials come to be
+regarded as legitimate business, and not as favors personally sought and
+graciously listened to.</p>
+
+<p>I regard the appointment of this committee as a most important step, if
+<em>any</em> steps are to be taken&mdash;perhaps indispensable, in view of certain
+measures which must come officially before Congress.</p>
+
+<p>At the last two International Conferences resolutions were passed
+requesting that each government within the treaty take firm measures for
+the protection of the international insignia of the Red Cross, from
+misuse and abuse by unauthorized persons and parties, as methods of
+popular advertising for speculation and gain. The patent office is
+besieged by applicants demanding the Red Cross for trademarks.</p>
+
+<p>It becomes our duty on behalf of these conferences to present these
+resolutions to the government, together with the statements of the
+various countries through their delegates, and to ask its consideration,
+and its official action, in common with that of other nations. Our duty
+to the government demands this as well.</p>
+
+<p>The great query which confronts us, and often with a tinge of seeming
+reproach, is: “Why is so little known of your organization? Why is it
+not written up, and circulated among the people for general information?
+Even the army knows nothing of it. Where shall we find something
+published about it?” And these inquiries come from the officers of the
+Regular Army, the National Guard, the Grand Army, and the medical
+fraternity in general, not to mention the people at large.</p>
+
+<p>There is probably no one in the land who would more gladly see these
+questions favorably met, and the information go out, than the parties
+supposed to be responsible for this dereliction. It has sometimes
+occurred to me that a little “dangerous surplus” might be<a class="pagenum" id="Page_672" title="672"></a> safely
+disposed of in that way without compromising any leading issues.</p>
+
+<p>Governmental bureaus, with full powers, have been commenced requiring
+less of actual labor, method, skill, clerical ability, and official
+expenses than are expected and provided yearly at the private
+headquarters of the American National Red Cross, and with less of
+general demand for them, and smaller visible results.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately its president has been always able to furnish space for the
+Red Cross headquarters in her home, and as it was her child, she has
+naturally and willingly provided for it. But, gentlemen, children grow!
+In no other country does the organization of the Red Cross stand as an
+ordinary benevolent society. In all others its relation to the
+government is defined, pronounced, and its prestige assured. This is
+wise and just, and only this can make it of greatest service to the
+government and to the people.</p>
+
+<p>It is a peculiar institution, without nationality, race, creed or sect,
+embracing the entire world in its humanizing bond of brotherhood,
+without arbitrary laws or rules, and yet stronger than armies, and
+higher than thrones.</p>
+
+<p>I desire to have it better comprehended and more fittingly appointed in
+our great and advancing country. I would like to see for it a
+headquarters which, in point of activity, would be a national honor to
+us. The Red Cross of America should successfully undertake some
+difficult problems. Hospital and emergency work naturally fall to it. It
+has come to be the first thought of by any community suddenly overtaken
+by disaster.</p>
+
+<p>With all our misdirected, criminal and incendiary immigration, which
+nothing seems to hinder, with our dangerous foreign leaders and
+teachers, our strikes, mobs and dynamite, who can foresee the moment
+when the United States flag shall be called to make peace and hold it?
+And wherever that symbol goes, the Red Cross must follow, and only one
+step in the rear. The first man who falls must see it on the arm that
+raises him, and the last must know it has not left him. The National Red
+Cross of America is not without possibilities for occupation, and these
+neither theoretical nor sentimental.</p>
+
+<p>Gentlemen, there are some points in reference to which I desire to guard
+against misapprehension on your part. Of all things, I would not have
+you get the impression that I desire to foist the Red Cross upon the
+government for support. That, because I say it is liable to equal a
+government bureau in point of work and care, I desire to have it made a
+government bureau. Nothing is more impossible. I would<a class="pagenum" id="Page_673" title="673"></a> not have you
+feel that we have carried it to a certain extent, and now want the
+government to take it up. These things could not be; it would at once
+defeat the very objects of the organization, which mean <i>people’s help
+for national needs</i>, <em>not</em> national help for people’s necessities.
+Still, there is a certain fitting and customary connection between the
+two, which it is proper to recognize. Certain protection of the rights
+and welfare of the organization, which it is suitable and for the
+interest of the government to maintain, as, for instance, the protection
+of the insignia. Its acts of incorporation&mdash;some aid in the circulation
+of information respecting it, its charters, etc., through its official
+printing bureaus, and some direct channel of communication, and advice
+opened between the government and the organization, as customary in
+other countries, and without which I think we cannot reasonably hope to
+stand upon a respectable basis in their estimation.</p>
+
+<p>If Germany can place Count Stolberg, one of its highest official
+dignitaries and officers, at the <em>active</em> head of its Red Cross, we can
+scarcely do less than to permit a small advisory committee of our
+legislature to at least <em>confer</em> with ours.</p>
+
+<p>These are all very small and inexpensive demands upon a government like
+ours, and from their apparent unimportance, likely to remain
+unconsidered. Still, they <em>are</em> important to the work that seeks them.
+With these assured, the National Committee can safely permit the people
+to take their place in the work, and if the time never comes when the
+country has need of the help for which they organize, it will be only a
+too fortunate land.</p>
+
+<p>The part which I have thus far been privileged to take in this work has
+but one merit. It has been faithful, and I believe, unselfish. With
+better judgment, greater strength, wealth, power and prestige, or the
+ready help of those who had, I might have accomplished more. I have
+nothing to gain from it, and never have had. I have no ambitions to
+serve, and certainly no purposes. I regret only the years which have
+gone by in feeble, unaided effort, which, I feel, with stronger help,
+might have been more serviceable.</p>
+
+<p>All I am worth to it to-day is the experience I have gained. I have no
+more time for trials, nor proof, and of these, no more are needed. The
+facts are established. I have stated what is needed of the government,
+before it can go on, and I ask your kind consideration of the same.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_674" title="674"></a>TO THE COMMITTEES OF THE RED CROSS.<br />
+  <span class="subcaption smcap">An Acknowledgment.</span></h2>
+
+<p>To our tireless Executive Committee, and to the great and energetic Red
+Cross Relief Committee of New York, who undertook the concentration of
+the war relief and the administration of the generous gifts of the
+people, and who have so faithfully stood by me in the work during all
+these months, no words can adequately express my gratitude and the
+appreciation of the National Committee.</p>
+
+<p>For them no task was too great; no requisition was ever refused. To
+their zealous labors is due, in a great measure, whatever success may
+have attended the Red Cross in its mission for the relief of the sick
+and the wounded.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter fig500">
+<a class="pagenum" id="Page_675" title="675"></a>
+  <img src="images/i139.jpg" width="500" height="334" alt="" />
+  <div class="copyright">By Courtesy of General Lawton.</div>
+  <div class="caption">VIEW OF MORRO CASTLE, SANTIAGO DE CUBA, AS SEEN ON ENTERING THE HARBOR.</div>
+
+  <hr class="tb" />
+
+ <a class="pagenum" id="Page_676" title="676"></a>
+ <img src="images/i140.jpg" width="500" height="316" alt="" />
+ <div class="copyright">By Courtesy of General Lawton.</div>
+ <div class="caption">VIEW OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA FROM THE HARBOR.</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_677" title="677"></a>TO THE AUXILIARIES OF THE RED CROSS<br />
+<span class="smaller">AND</span><br />
+THE NURSES WHO WENT TO THE WAR.</h2>
+
+
+<p>To the army of women, brave, generous and true, who either as
+auxiliaries at home, or as nurses at the field, who made up that
+magnificent array of womanhood, ready for sacrifice on the altar of
+humanity and their country&mdash;no words of mine can do justice. The
+monument deserved and traced in that glowing pen picture of the melting
+tribute of another pen, I beg to place here with my tears of
+acquiescence, to sanction every line.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">A Tribute to the Red Cross Nurses.</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Franklin B. Hussey</span>, of Chicago.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>The war is over. Now let us rejoice. Now erect your tablets and
+monuments to the heroes of the war&mdash;the living and the dead. Write their
+names on the long roll of honor: Dewey, Schley, Hobson and Wainwright,
+Roosevelt, Lee, Wheeler and all the rest, and alongside their names
+write those of the private soldier and the “man behind the guns.” They
+“remembered the Maine.” And while we rear our symbols of marble and of
+bronze to commemorate their brave deeds, there is one we must not, we
+cannot, forget.</p>
+
+<p>When our brave boys left home and marched proudly down to war they did
+not go alone, for the gentle presence of woman walked beside them, to
+assuage with her soft touch the grim horrors of carnage. A few days ago
+the busy thoroughfares of our city resounded with the music and fanfares
+of a great jubilee. I saw the towering fronts of the thronging palaces
+of trade put off their accustomed garb of work-a-day gray and drab and
+bedeck themselves in carnival attire, while stretched across from roof
+to roof for miles hung festoons of glittering lights, banners and flags
+in a bewildering chaos of red, white and blue. I saw triumphal arches
+spanning the streets, adorned with the portraits and names of patriots,
+but I saw not hers of whom I speak.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_678" title="678"></a></p>
+
+<p>Under those arches, attended by all the pomp and splendor of the
+trappings of war, keeping step to the glad music of victory, marched ten
+thousand men, at their head the Chief Executive of the nation. I saw
+senators and judges, diplomatic representatives and statesmen, generals
+and heroes of the army and navy, veterans and volunteer soldiers pass in
+glittering procession, while a million voices shouted loud huzzas that
+told of a nation’s tribute of gratitude to all those who had contributed
+to the great victory; but for her I looked in vain.</p>
+
+<p>At night I saw a great feast spread, honored by the presence of the
+nation’s leader and all those who had ridden in the grand pageant. The
+toasts went round and the glasses clinked, but never a word of her of
+whom I speak.</p>
+
+<p>Not that she was forgotten; not but that cheers would have rung out at
+the mention of her name; but because she went about her duty of
+self-sacrifice so simply, so modestly, without even a thought or
+expectation that any one would ever know or care whether she lived to
+come back from the death-laden fever swamp, or not, her part in the
+great victory had been, for the time being, overlooked; and while gifted
+tongues are paying their tributes of burning eloquence to our heroes,
+without seeking to detract one whit from their glory and fame, which
+they so richly deserve, may I draw nigh, with uncovered head, and cast a
+flower at <em>her</em> feet? She asks no recognition. She seeks no praise; but
+on some sunny slope of one of our wooded parks I want to see a simple
+shaft uplifted in memory of the girl with a red cross on her arm. She
+went forth to war with no blare of trumpets or beat of drums; the first
+to go, the last to return; she carried neither sword nor musket, but
+only the gentle ministrations of a woman’s hand and heart; not to make
+wounds, but to heal them. If you seek fitting words in which to embody
+her record, go ask those whose fevered brows her cooling palms have
+pressed, whose bloody wounds her hands have stanched, but the lips that
+could best tell her noblest deeds lie cold and still, wrapped in the
+sleep that heeds no bugle call. She carried balm and healing not only to
+broken and bleeding bodies, but to broken and bleeding hearts as well,
+and stood through long pestilential nights, like a ministering angel of
+heaven, beside the weary pillow of pain, and when all that human hands
+could do had been done, and the dying soldier murmured last words to
+mother, wife or sweetheart, hers the ear that caught the last faint
+whisper, hers the fingers that penned the last letter home, hers the
+voice that read from the thumb-worn page, “The Lord is my Shepherd, I
+shall not want.... Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow
+of death”&mdash;while with his<a class="pagenum" id="Page_679" title="679"></a> hand clasped in hers, his soul passed on
+through the “valley” and the “shadow” up to “the sandals of God.” Yes,
+raise aloft her statue in the streaming sunlight. Let some great
+sculptor, catching aright the inspiration of his theme, outline that
+slender form&mdash;that woman’s form, with melting heart and nerves of steel,
+against the soft blue of the summer sky, with her lint and bandages in
+one hand and her Bible in the other, the sign of the cross upon her
+sleeve, and the glory of the countenance of the “Son of Man” reflected
+on her face, and underneath let these words be traced:</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+  <p>To the nurses of the Red Cross&mdash;those angels of the battlefield&mdash;who
+  ministered to our soldiers and sailors, the thanks of a grateful
+  nation; for “Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of
+  these, ye have done it unto Me.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center">AS THE SUN WENT DOWN.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+ <div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">Two soldiers lay on the battlefield</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">At night when the sun went down,</div>
+   <div class="line">One held a lock of thin, gray hair</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">And one held a lock of brown.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">One thought of his sweetheart back at home,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Happy and young and gay,</div>
+   <div class="line">And one of his mother left alone,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Feeble and old and gray.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">Each in the thought that a woman cared,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Murmured a prayer to God,</div>
+   <div class="line">Lifting his gaze to the blue above</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">There on the battle sod.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">Each in the joy of a woman’s love,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Smiled through the pain of death,</div>
+   <div class="line">Murmured the sound of a woman’s name,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Tho’ with his parting breath.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+   <div class="line">Pale grew the dying lips of each,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">Then, as the sun went down,</div>
+   <div class="line">One kist a lock of thin, gray hair,</div>
+   <div class="line indent1">And one kist a lock of brown.</div>
+   </div>
+ <div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Anon.</span>, in <cite>Town Talk</cite>.</div>
+ </div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_680" title="680"></a>UNWRITTEN THANKS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Dear readers, I pray you accept this last word from me: “Poor even in
+thanks”&mdash;the thanks with which the heart is burdened but cannot speak.
+The acts of kindness shown during these waiting, and oft weary years,
+that crowd and clamor for expression, would duplicate this volume many
+times, and the cherished names that the hand struggles to write, would
+turn these pages into a biographical dictionary.</p>
+
+<p>Let me pray, then, that every person who takes up this volume and
+recalls a kind act done me, or a friendly, encouraging word spoken in
+all the years of the busy period which it covers, shall read between the
+lines, the cherished memory, the thanks, and the blessing so richly
+deserved and so fully given.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>A WORD OF EXPLANATION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>May this book before quite leaving the hands of its author be permitted
+this word of explanation.</p>
+
+<p>Its subject took its rise in, and derived its existence from, war.
+Without war it had no existence. The watchword, indeed one might almost
+say, the “war cry” of our country and of our people was “<em>peace</em>.” War
+was obsolete&mdash;out of date&mdash;out of taste&mdash;in fact, out of the question:
+hence there existed no need for providing relief for it; and thus the
+Red Cross has stood, unrecognized in the shadows of obscurity all the
+eighteen years of its existence among us, waiting for the sure, alas,
+too sure, touch of war, to light up its dark figure, and set in motion
+the springs of action.</p>
+
+<p>A few believed, and like disciples, waited with it. If at any time,
+during that period, one had presumed to offer to the American public a
+book treating exclusively upon the Red Cross, the production would have
+found neither publishers nor readers; but now that the stroke of war has
+fallen and the interest comes home to ourselves, neither can wait for
+the book to be properly written, hence the unfinished and unsatisfactory
+condition in which it must present itself.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_681" title="681"></a>CONCLUSION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the foregoing pages is outlined the history of the American National
+Red Cross in peace and in war.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen it grow year by year, from the persistent, almost
+unaccountable rejection of the Treaty of Geneva by our government for
+eighteen years. We have seen it beginning in the cordial recognition of
+Blaine, and Garfield, and Arthur, gradually increasing in the amount and
+scope of its labors, growing, in the slowly gained influence and support
+of public confidence, to its present condition of general recognition in
+all parts of our own country, and in the warm appreciation of all the
+nations that have acceded to the Treaty of the Red Cross. There is, we
+are happy to believe and to assure our readers everywhere, a warmth and
+an enthusiastic appreciation of the Red Cross that brings added honor to
+the country, and that everywhere recommends the principles and the
+practices for which the sacred symbol stands. No American citizen will
+hereafter travel in foreign lands any less securely since the American
+National Red Cross has been before him in Russia, and in Armenia, and in
+the high conferences where the treaty nations by their representatives
+from time to time assemble.</p>
+
+<p>It is founded in the soundest and noblest principles, in the deep needs
+of human nature, and in the enduring instincts and feelings of mankind.
+It has come to quicken into fresh, new growth the best things in human
+life. Like the Banyan tree, wherever an auxiliary branch of the Red
+Cross exists, it will so drop roots into human character and life, that
+it will make it a parent trunk in turn to send out influences that shall
+bring other affiliating branches, so that it shall at last cover the
+earth with its grateful shade, beneath which the tramp of armed men
+shall cease, and the battle flags be furled. Then, although the original
+purpose and object of the Red Cross was indeed to heal the wounds and
+sickness incident to warfare, there will remain the work under the
+“American Amendment,” in which the Red Cross goes forth to heal other
+great ills of life.</p>
+
+<p>The future of the Red Cross then will be worthy of the labors and
+sacrifices in which it originated, worthy of the care and tender
+solicitude with which its growth and progress has been watched and
+tended.</p>
+
+<p>Into the hands of the coming generations it will be given as the best
+legacy that the All Father has at any time given to His children&mdash;the
+spirit and the power symbolized and consecrated forever by the Red Cross
+of Geneva.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_682" title="682"></a>NOTES.</h2>
+
+
+<h3 class="left"><span class="smcap">American National Red Cross.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Red Cross is often referred to by the press and by many of our
+friends in correspondence, as a “society.” From this practice, it
+appears that a misapprehension exists regarding the official title of
+the national organization in this country, and a few words of
+explanation seem necessary.</p>
+
+<p>As contemplated by the Treaty of the Red Cross, and provided by the
+regulations of the International Committee, there is formed in each of
+the countries adopting the Treaty of Geneva, one Central National
+Committee of the Red Cross, with headquarters at the seat of government.</p>
+
+<p>In this National Committee of each country, authorized by the
+International Committee and recognized by its own government, is centred
+the power of organization and direction of all matters connected with
+the administration of relief contributed by the people in the name of
+the Red Cross. This authority includes the sole right to form
+innumerable branches, subject to the direction of the National
+Committee. These branches, created by the National Organization, may be
+known as Auxiliary Societies of the Red Cross, or by any other
+appropriate name, but the central national organization is not a
+society; it is a National Committee.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, in referring to or addressing the parent organization, it is
+improper to use the term “society.” It should be remembered that the
+Central National Committee of the Red Cross for the United States of
+America, has, for sake of convenience, been incorporated under the
+title: <span class="smcap">The American National Red Cross</span>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="left"><span class="smcap">Relief of Wounded in War.</span></h3>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_683" title="683"></a>The Central National Committee of the Red Cross in each country, being
+duly accredited by the International Committee and officially recognized
+by its own government, is the lawful means of communication between the
+people and the armies in the field, acting as the administrator of the
+contributions of the people for the relief of the sick and wounded in
+war.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="left"><span class="smcap">Correspondence in Time of War.</span></h3>
+
+<p>When hostilities are in progress, and the usual means of communication
+between the belligerent countries are suspended, prisoners of war are
+enabled to communicate with their homes through the medium of the Red
+Cross of neutral nations. Thus, for example, during the late
+Spanish-American war the prisoners on board the prize ships at Key West
+were, by an arrangement made with the authorities of the United States
+Government, permitted to write to their friends and relatives. The
+letters were, of course, first viséd and certified by the American
+National Red Cross, and those addressed to persons within the Spanish
+lines were forwarded through the Red Cross of Portugal.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="left"><span class="smcap">Wounded as Prisoners of War.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Formerly a wounded man, as such, had no particular rights which any one
+was pledged to respect. Now, however, the Treaty of Geneva provides that
+the wounded immediately become neutral and are entitled to the care and
+consideration of their captors. There is also preserved to them the
+right to send messages through the lines, informing their friends of
+their whereabouts and condition.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="left"><span class="smcap">The Red Cross and Local Charity.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The National Committee of the Red Cross and its branches, not being a
+local benevolent institution, the Red Cross takes no part in the
+distribution of local charity, when the distress is such that it is
+within the power of the community itself to relieve. Therefore, members
+of auxiliary societies when engaged in the usual charities of a local
+nature, should not act as the representatives of the Red Cross. The Red
+Cross in times of peace can only be called into action when a disaster
+occurs which is of such magnitude as to be considered national in its
+character, and beyond the control of the immediate community.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="left"><span class="smcap">No Reflection Upon the Government.</span></h3>
+
+<p>By their adhesion to the Treaty of Geneva, and by their recognition of
+the National Committees in each country, the nations of the world have
+declared that, no matter how extensive the preparations, nor how
+complete may be the organization of the medical department<a class="pagenum" id="Page_684" title="684"></a> of an army,
+it is beyond human possibility to provide for all contingencies. For
+this reason the National Committees of the Red Cross were created. The
+necessity for auxiliary aid by the people, through the Red Cross,
+existing as it does in all the treaty countries, is in no wise a
+reflection upon the Medical Department of the Army, nor upon the ability
+and faithfulness of its officers. Hence, the timely acceptance of this
+auxiliary aid, the necessity for which all nations have publicly
+acknowledged, brings with it no discredit; it is only its rejection that
+opens the door to censure.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="left"><span class="smcap">Membership in the Red Cross.</span></h3>
+
+<p>In the past many applications have been received for membership in the
+American National Red Cross, to all of which it has been necessary to
+make the same reply. The central organization being a National
+Committee, membership thereon is only conferred by election and
+appointment, not by application. Membership in the Red Cross may,
+however, be obtained through the auxiliary societies. During the
+Spanish-American war many auxiliaries were formed for temporary work,
+but have not yet been received and accredited as permanent societies of
+the Red Cross. It is hoped, however, that the time may soon come when
+the local branches of the Red Cross may be found everywhere, and when
+any one who is acceptable may become a member by joining the nearest
+auxiliary.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_685" title="685"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>INDEX.</h2>
+
+
+<table id="index" summary="index">
+<tr><td class="tdc">A.</td><td class="tdr">Page.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Address by Clara Barton to the President, Congress, and People of U.S.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Address by Clara Barton: “What is Significance of Red Cross in its Relation to Philanthropy?”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Address by Clara Barton to Congress</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_666">666</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Accession of U.S. to Treaty of Geneva and Additional Articles of Navy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Adhesion of U.S., translation from International Bulletin, April, 1882</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Articles of Red Cross Treaty, or the Convention of Geneva</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Articles, additional, of Oct. 20, 1863</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">American Amendment of Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_668">668</a>, <a href="#Page_681">681</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Appia, Dr. Louis</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Aguadores, shelling of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Americans advised to leave Havana, April 9</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Amputations few</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_593">593</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Army Surgeons Accept Red Cross Help</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>, <a href="#Page_647">647</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“As the Sun Went Down” (Poem)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_679">679</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Auxiliaries</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_474">474&ndash;480</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Austrian Committee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">ARMENIAN RELIEF FIELD, 1895&ndash;96:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross requested to take charge of relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Armenia, conditions in</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Turkey, signatory power to Red Cross Convention of 1864</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_275">276</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Public gatherings in the United States, effect of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Obligations of neutrality imposed upon the representatives and workers under Geneva Treaty</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_275">277</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross forbidden to enter Turkey by Turkish Minister in Washington</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_276">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Turkish Minister’s action politically justifiable</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross pledged to go to Turkey</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross sails from New York, Jan. 22, 1896</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Dr. Hubbell dispatched to Constantinople</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Conference with Missionary Board at Constantinople</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">U.S. Minister A.W. Terrell</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Conference with Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tewfik Pasha</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Plan of Relief outlined to Turkish Minister</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Permission to work and protection of Turkish Government assured</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Preparations for dispatching agents begin</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_283">283</a><a class="pagenum" id="Page_686" title="686"></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Relief delayed by denunciatory utterances in the U.S.; sample; “Pro-Armenian Alliance”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Currie, Sir Phillip, suggests Southern Route</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Expeditions start via Alexandretta (Iskanderun)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Doubts and discouragements from home</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Massacre at Killis, Turkish Government anxious</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Letter to Frances Willard</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Zeitoun and Marash epidemics</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Harris, Dr. Ira, expedition of, and report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Perplexing cablegrams from U.S.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cabled American Committee that Red Cross will finish field alone</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Letter to Red Cross officer, P.V. De Graw, in U.S.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Course of expeditions</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Shattuck, Miss Corinna, at Oorfa</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Kimball, Dr. Grace, Bitlis</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Expeditions reach Harpoot</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Typhoid and typhus in Arabkir</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Fifth expedition</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Harpoot</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Diarbekir</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Farkin</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Furnishing tools for building and harvesting</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Wood, Chas. King</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Wistar, E.M.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Gates, Rev. C.F., D.D.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cattle for plowing and planting</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Return of expeditions from Asia Minor</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Balance of funds placed with W.W. Peet, Treasurer</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Peet, W.W.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Hardships endured by our men</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Dwight, H.O., D.D.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Green, Jos. K., D.D.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Hamblin, Dr. Cyrus</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Washburn, Geo., D.D.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Selamlic</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Time spent socially in Constantinople</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Respects paid to new Turkish Minister to U.S., Moustapha Tehsin Bey</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Decoration and diploma, Armenian and Turkish</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Returning home</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Baden, visit to</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Constantinople massacres renewed, and Red Cross proposed to return, if needed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Distances and difficulties of travel, transportation and communication in Turkey</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Turkish telegram</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_687" title="687"></a>Funds, never embarrassed for</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Methods of work, general</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Difficulties of relief committees at home, and causes</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">The Press and contributors</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">(To the) Government at Washington, and To the U.S. Legation at Constantinople</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Ambassadors and representatives of other nations</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Commendatory</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“The Independent,” report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“Marmora,” poem</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Conditions in Armenia, summary of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_320">320</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1"><span class="smcap">Financial Secretary’s Report, Armenia</span>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Turkish money, intricacies of, and varying values</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Post, Dr. Geo. E., letter of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Para, copper coin, value, one-tenth cent</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Piaster, equal forty para, about, 4½ cents</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Lira, gold</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Volunteer aid</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Money, banking, express</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Bakshish</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Method and manner of distribution</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Raising of funds, popular impression and actual experience in</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Balance sheet</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1"><span class="smcap">General Field Agent’s Report</span>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Preparations for interior travel</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_334">334</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Fuller, Rev. Dr., Aintab</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Killis</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_334">334</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Aintab</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross methods</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Marash filled with refugees and epidemics prevailing</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Marash, Mrs. Lee and Mrs. Macallum</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Surrounding country pillaged, people killed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Trail route, Marash to Harpoot</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Marash without foods or medicines</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Arabkir epidemic</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Hintlian, Dr. Hagop</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Bush, Miss Caroline E.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Arabkir, welcome to</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Egin City and Aghan villages</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Gratitude of people</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Barnum, Rev. H.N.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Post, Dr. Geo.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Tribute to Red Cross non-sectarian methods, by Dr. Harris</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Returning expeditions</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_356">356</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_688" title="688"></a>B.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="index">BARTON, CLARA, LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">Autograph translation of Mr. Moynier’s letter to President of U.S., on adoption of treaty</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To E.M. Camp, Ed. “Erie Dispatch” (The Little Six)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To Ed. “Charleston News and Courier,” subject, Sea Island Relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To Sea Island Committeemen, planting</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To Frances Willard, Armenian relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To P.V. De Graw, Armenian relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To Admiral W.T. Sampson, Cuban relief, entering Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_370">370</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To Cuban Relief Committee, New York Cuban relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_374">374</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To Surgeon-Major Louis A. Le Garde, Siboney Hospital</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_560">560</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To S.E. Barton (cable), Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_562">562</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To Admiral Sampson, entering Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_574">574</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To Capt. Chadwick, flagship “New York,” entering Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_575">575</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To R.A. Alger, Secretary of War, transportation, Santiago to Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_584">584</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">To Capt. S.C. Wertsch, S.S. “Clinton,” thanks</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_631">631</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From J.G. Blaine, Secretary of State</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From Mr. Moynier, Pres. Comité International</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From “The Little Six”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From A.A. Adee, Secretary of State, Cuban relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_362">362</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From S.E. Barton, Cuban relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From John F. Hoar, U.S. Marshal, Key West, Spanish prisoners</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_369">369</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From Admiral W.T. Sampson, Cuban relief, entering Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_373">373</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From R.A. Alger, Secretary of War, Red Cross Treaty</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From C.H. Allen, Secretary of Navy, Red Cross Treaty</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From Surgeon-Major Le Garde, hospital work</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_560">560</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From S.E. Barton, transportation and nurses</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_562">562</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From Capt. Chadwick, flagship “New York,” entering Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_575">575</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From R.A. Alger, Secretary of War, transportation, Santiago to Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_584">584</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From Capt. P.C. Wertsch, acknowledgment</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_631">631</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From members of Red Cross field staff on separating</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_632">632</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From Santiago Relief Committee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_639">639</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From Duke of Palmella, Red Cross Intermediary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_665">665</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1">From Spanish Red Cross,</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Barton, Clara, reimbursed by Congress</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Barton, Clara, starts to Cuba Feb. 6, 1898</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_519">519</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Bangs, C.C., work at El Caney and death at Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_620">620</a>, <a href="#Page_650">650</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Baracoa and Sagua de Tanamo</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_623">623</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Battleship “Maine,” visit to</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_523">523</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Battleship “Maine,” blowing up of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_524">524</a>, <a href="#Page_600">600</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Battleship “Maine’s” dead</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_526">526</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Beckwith, General A.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Bell, Major Wm. Duffield, statement of conditions at front hospital, Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_616">616</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Bellows, Henry W. (effort to bring U.S. into treaty)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_689" title="689"></a>Blaine, Secretary James G. (letter to Clara Barton acknowledging Mr. Moynier’s)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Blaine, Secretary, transmits articles Geneva Convention to President</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Blanco, General, courtesy of, and co-operation</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_547">547</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Bulletin, International</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt">C.</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index pt">CAMPS AND CAMP WORK, extracts from reports of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_484">484</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1"><span class="smcap">Atlanta District</span>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Fort McPherson, Ga., Rev. Orville G. Nave, agent</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_420">420</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Atlanta Committee of Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross work, observation on</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Hobson, Ga., Lythia Springs</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_422">422</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Diet Kitchen, Miss Junia McKinley</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_422">422</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1"><span class="smcap">Chattanooga District</span>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, E.C. Smith, agent</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_408">408</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Typhoid fever in camp</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Hospital “Sternberg”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Hospitals “Sanger” and “Leiter”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Nurses, great lack of, at first</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_411">411</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Nurses, 140 women graduate at one time</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp “Shipp,” Anniston, Ala.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_413">413</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Hunters Island</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_507">507</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1"><span class="smcap">Jacksonville, Fla., District</span>, Rev. Alex. Kent, agent</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_414">414</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Fernandina</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_418">418</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp hospitals, conditions to be expected in</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_418">418</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Miami</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_418">418</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Hospital, recuperating, Pablo Beach</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_416">416</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1"><span class="smcap">Long Island and New York District</span>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Long Island Relief Station, Mrs. A.G. Hammond, superintendent, </td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>, 505</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Wyckoff, Montauk Point, L.I., Howard Townsend, agent, Dr. Brewer, assistant</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_426">426</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Bureau of Inquiry and Correspondence, </td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_429">429</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Diet Kitchens</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">First work supplying water</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_426">426</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Hospital, railway emergency</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_430">430</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Quarantine officer, Dr. Magruder</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_429">429</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Troops arriving on transports (feeding of)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_429">429</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Nurses, 140 Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_429">429</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Supplies, promptness in ordering and receiving</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_426">426</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Black, nurses at, 506</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1"><span class="smcap">Porto Rico Field Work</span>, Horace F. Barnes, agent, General W.T. Bennett, assistant</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_460">460</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_467">467</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Field agent, qualifications necessary for (Barnes)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_470">470</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Method of work, </td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_468">468</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_690" title="690"></a>Sick, large percentage of, in Porto Rico</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Sickness, some of causes</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_469">469</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="sub1"><span class="smcap">Tampa District</span>, Dr. S.S. Partello, agent</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_493">493</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub1"><span class="smcap">Washington, D.C., Districts</span>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Alger, Washington, B.H. Warner, field agent</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_397">397</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Bristow Diet Kitchen</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_400">400</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camp Point Sheridan visited, Mrs. Mussey</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_399">399</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Fort Meyer Diet Kitchen, Dr. Mary E. Green</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_399">400</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Post Hospital, Washington Barracks</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_399">399</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Camps and camp regulations, suggestions</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Common sense criticism</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Green, Dr. Mary E.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_400">400</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Ice plant auxiliary of New York</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_402">402</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Legion Loyal Women</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_403">403</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Medicine and supplies furnished promptly by Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_399">399</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Nurses, experienced, needed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">President and Secretary of War always interested in efforts of Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red tape hinders needed supplies</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_399">399</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Returning troops at Fortress Monroe, meeting of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_401">401</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Troops en route, sick and well, care of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_401">401</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Testimony of officers, surgeons and soldiers to work of Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_403">403</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Tribute to the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_406">406</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Sag Harbor Home</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_507">507</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index pt">CAROLINA SEA ISLANDS HURRICANE AND RELIEF</td><td class="pgnumber pt"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Hurricane, description of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Hurricane, Admiral Beardslee’s description</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Sea Islands, geography, people, conditions, religion</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">First local aid</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross called by the Governor of South Carolina</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Sea Islands Hurricane, needs and methods of relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Relief work in Sea Islands Hurricane, district report of J. MacDonald, Hilton Head</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Report of Mrs. MacDonald, clothing</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Report of warehouse and shipping department, Dr. E.W. Egan</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Medical and sanitary, Dr. E.W. Egan</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Report Beaufort District, Dr. J.B. Hubbell</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Report Charleston District, H.L. Bailey</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Report of clothing department, Mrs. Jos. Gardner and Mrs. H.L. Reed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_252">252&ndash;263</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Sewing circles</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“Christmas Carol,” poem</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Summary of work done</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Leaving the field</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Circular letter to committeemen the year following, Feb., 1895</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cobb, D.L.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>, <a href="#Page_655">655</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index pt"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_691" title="691"></a>CUBA AND CUBAN RELIEF:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Casino, Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_521">521</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cuban Central Relief Committee, formation of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>,<a href="#Page_634">634</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cuban relief, first efforts fail from political and other influences</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_516">516</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cuban relief, numerous obstructions, political and sensational</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_514">514</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Spain addressed, requesting permission to distribute in Cuba</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_515">515</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Spain’s courteous and generous response, a courtesy carelessly overlooked by Americans</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_515">515</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Conference with President and Secretary of State on Cuban relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_516">516</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cuba, conditions of country and people (Senator Proctor)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_534">534</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cuban Congressional Committee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_546">546</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cienfuegos</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_544">544</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cisneros, Miss</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_543">543</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Co-operation of Cuban physicians</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_643">643</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cuban refugees, relief, Tampa and Key West</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_368">368</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2"><span class="smcap">Spanish-American War</span></td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_360">360</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cuba and the Cuban campaign</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_514">514</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cuban Hospital, Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_557">557,</a> <a href="#Page_614">614</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cargo for north coast of Cuba, Mary E. Morse</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_624">624</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Chadwick, Capt., battleship “New York,” correspondence</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_575">575</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Clinics while waiting</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>,<a href="#Page_645">645</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Clothing report, Miss Fowler</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_656">656</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“Clinton,” steamer furnished by Government for Red Cross transportation</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_583">583</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“Clinton” leaves Havana, Sept. 1, 1898</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_585">585</a>, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“Comal,” steamer arrives Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_585">585</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Committees, central or national</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Charities, difficulties in administering</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Conference of 1863, preliminary to the Convention of Geneva, of Aug. 22, 1864</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">38</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Conference, second, Oct. 20, 1868</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Congress votes $1,000 for printing</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Convention of Geneva, Red Cross, Aug. 22, 1864</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Conclusion</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_681">681</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Correspondence in time of war</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_608">608</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Crevasse,” escape from a</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Cyclone of Mississippi and Louisiana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Cyclone of Mount Vernon, Ill., Feb. 19, 1888</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">D.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Death rate from wounds, small</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_593">593</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Diet Kitchens</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Distribution places, Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>, <a href="#Page_601">601</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Douglas, Robert, house and warehouse for Red Cross, Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_619">619</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Dufour, General</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Dunant, Henri (Swiss)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_692" title="692"></a>Distribution, a criminal neglect in, the occasion of great disturbance in the United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_547">547</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">E.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Egan, Dr. E.W. and Geo. Kennan, to the front, Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Egan, Dr. E.W., report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_642">642</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">El Caney and Firmeza refugees, supplies for</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_577">577</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>, <a href="#Page_649">649</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Emergency package, good results</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_593">593</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Explanatory note to readers</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_680">680</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">F.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Federal Council of Switzerland</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Fields of work from 1881 to 1894</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Field drill</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_643">643</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Financial secretary, Cuban work, report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_600">600</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Financial statement, Cuban relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_635">635</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">First relief committee for Cuban help not successful</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_515">515</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Flood of Mississippi river, 1884</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Floods of Ohio and Mississippi, 1882 and 1883</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Floods, Ohio and Mississippi, 1884, government account of Red Cross work</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Food and supplies for sick soldiers, scarcity in Cuban campaign</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_595">595</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Food and hospital supplies, scarcity of, at front</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_616">616</a>, <a href="#Page_649">649</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Franco-Prussian war</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Forest fires of Michigan, 1881</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">French, Alice (Octave Thanet)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">French Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_664">664</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">G.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Garcia, General Calixto</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Geneva Convention Treaty in United States (translation from International Bulletin)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">German-Austrian war</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">German Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Government relationship to the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Guantanamo, June 25th</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Guantanamo, Captain McCalla asks for 100,000 rations for Cubans</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_574">574</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Guantanamo supplies for Cubans declined for fear of yellow fever contagion</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Governments that have adopted treaty, list</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Governmental recognition of the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Geddings, Surgeon (Egmont Key, Fla.)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_632">632</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">H.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Havana, arrived at, August 25th</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_584">584</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Harbor clinics</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Havana custom duties, excessive, prevent unloading supplies</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_585">585</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_693" title="693"></a>
+  Havana citizens, cordial co-operation in relief work</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_601">601</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Havana harbor, fine of $500 imposed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_585">585</a>, <a href="#Page_627">627</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Havana, “Maine” victims at San Ambrosia Hospital</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_525">525</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Havana, Red Cross headquarters 528 del Cerro</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_526">526</a>, <a href="#Page_601">601</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Havana understood to be open port</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_583">583</a>, <a href="#Page_626">626</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">History of Red Cross, preparation of, in 1883</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">HOME CAMPS AND AMERICAN WATERS</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_362">362&ndash;513</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Homes of Hunter’s Island and Sag Harbor</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_507">507</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital, Charleston city, nurses sent</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_496">496</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital, Siboney, Cuba</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_557">557</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital, Fort Hamilton, nurses at</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_497">497</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital, Fort Monroe, nurses sent</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_496">496</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospitals, Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, nurses sent to</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital, Governor’s Island, nurses at</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital, “Leiter”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_495">495</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital at Siboney, opened July 2d</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_615">615</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital ship “Solace,” Captain Dunlap</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital supplies from “State of Texas”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_595">595</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Hospital supplies at Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_562">562</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">I.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Ice schooner “Mary E. Morse”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_559">559</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>, <a href="#Page_624">624</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Incidents of workroom</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_659">659&ndash;661</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Incorporation of American Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Intermediary offices of Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_664">664</a>, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>, <a href="#Page_684">684</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Intermediaries in Spanish-American war:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Switzerland</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Portugal</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_608">608</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">France</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_664">664</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">International Committee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>, <a href="#Page_682">682</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">International Committee, circular announcing formation of the American National Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">International Committee, medal of honor to Clara Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">International conferences, representation in</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_668">668</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">International communications, made through the International Committee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_667">667</a>, <a href="#Page_682">682</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">International Committee, twenty-five years’ record (illustration)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">International relations of National Committees</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Iron Cross of Prussia presented to Clara Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Italian Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">J.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Jaruco, condition, relief (Cuba)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_527">527</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Jaruco’s tribute to the dead of the “Maine”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_530">530</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index pt"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_694" title="694"></a>JOHNSTOWN FLOOD, PA., 1889</td><td class="pgnumber pt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Benevolent Union of Conemaugh Valley</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Johnstown flood, incidents</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_171">171-173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Johnstown flood, “In Memoriam”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Five o’clock tea</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Johnstown Finance Committee, extract from report, sheltering people</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Johnstown contributions, general fund, $1,600,000</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Johnstown’s farewell to Miss Barton</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross houses, warehouse and infirmary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Johnstown houses, removal of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Johnstown infirmary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Poem, “The Dread Conemaugh”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Jorrin, Senora J.S.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_526">526</a>,<a href="#Page_530">530</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Jovellanos (Cuba)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_654">654</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">K.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Kennan, George</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Klopsch, Louis, assumes charge of distribution in Cuba</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_547">547</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">L.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">La Yocabo, Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_521">521</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Landing supplies, difficulties, Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_563">563</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Late in Siboney, we cannot reach our ship</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_568">568</a>, <a href="#Page_650">650</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Le Garde, Major-Surgeon Louis A., request for Red Cross help</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Le Garde, Surgeon-Major, testimonial to Red Cross physicians and nurses</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_599">599</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">LESSER, Dr. A. MONAE (report of)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_587">587</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Lesser, Mrs. A. Monae (Sister Bettina)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_545">545</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Liabilities to war in United States less than in other countries</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Liberality of transportation companies</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_364">364</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Los Fosos, Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_602">602</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">M.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">MacClenny nurses, story of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Matanzas (Cuba)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>, <a href="#Page_653">653</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Matanzas, condition of hospitals and people</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_531">531</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Matanzas, Governor of, Francisco de Armas</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_532">532</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_547">547</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Mattie Bell,” steamer on Mississippi</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Marianao hospital</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_655">655</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Mason, Robert</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Maxwell, Miss</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">McCalla, Captain</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">McKibben, General (military governor, Santiago)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_621">621</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Membership in Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_684">684</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Methods of relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_695" title="695"></a>Method of collecting supplies for reconcentrados</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_363">363</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Method of sending nurses quickly</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_498">498</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Michaelson, H.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_578">578</a>,<a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Military and medical preparations never adequate in battle</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_666">666</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Mines, submarine, Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_575">575</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Mississippi and Louisiana cyclone</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Modus vivendi between Spain and United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_384">384-394</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Moynier, President Gustave</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Moynier, President Gustave, letter to Miss Barton on adhesion of United States to treaty and status of American Red Cross Committee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Moynier, President Gustave, letter of (autograph translation by Clara Barton)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Moynier, President Gustave, letter of thanks to Clara Barton on receipt of official documents of treaty</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Moynier’s letter to Mr. Blaine</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Moynier, President, letter (Garfield’s indorsement)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Moynier, President Gustave (letter to President of United States)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Moynier,” steam launch</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">N.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">National committees, character of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_668">668</a>, <a href="#Page_682">682</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">National committees, relations of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Navy, articles for</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Navy, courtesies of, to the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Neutral countries</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Neutrality in Red Cross principles recognized</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_547">547</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Neutrality in war pledged</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_666">666</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Neutrality of wounded</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Neutrality of supplies and personnel</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Notes on the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_682">682</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Nurses</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>, <a href="#Page_663">663</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Nurses and assistants, more telegraphed for</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_590">590</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Nurses, lack of, at first</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Nurses of the Red Cross, tribute to, by Hussey</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_677">677</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Nurses in operating tents</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Nurses for Siboney carried to Porto Rico</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_492">492</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">O.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Objections to Red Cross answered</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Official instructions to officers, land and naval, concerning steamship “State of Texas”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_367">367</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Officers in the field, kindness of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_664">664</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Ohio river floods, 1884</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Ohio river flood, “Josh. V. Throop,” Red Cross steamer on Ohio river, 1884, 114</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_696" title="696"></a>“Olivette,” United States hospital ship</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_559">559</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Opinions of a major surgeon about women on the field</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_569">569</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Organization and methods of work (see methods)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Orphanage in Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">P.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Packing supplies for shipping, suggestions</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_656">656</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Palmella, Duke of (President Portuguese Red Cross)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_664">664</a>, <a href="#Page_665">665</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Partello, Dr. S.S. (field agent at Tampa)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_653">653</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Phinney, Miss, death of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_495">495</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Pinar del Rio, Artimesa</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_540">540</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Plans for self-help formulated with co-operation of General Blanco</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_547">547</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Poem, “The Women who Went to the Field”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_509">509</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Proctor, Senator Redfield</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>, <a href="#Page_534">534</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Porter, Mrs. J. Addison</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_567">567</a>, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Portuguese Red Cross, intermediary between United States and Spain</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_608">608</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Postmaster Brewer at Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_568">568</a>, <a href="#Page_650">650</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Preparations for war</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Press, the support of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_364">364</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President Arthur, declaration of the articles of navy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President Arthur explaining articles of navy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_555">555</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President Arthur recommends treaty in message, December, 1881</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President Arthur, special message giving adhesion of United States to treaty and additional articles</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President Arthur transmits treaty papers to Senate</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President Arthur’s proclamation of treaty of Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President Garfield (Moynier’s letter presented to)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President Hayes (Moynier’s letter presented to)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President’s Cabinet the Board of Consultation for National Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President McKinley’s call for reconcentrado relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President McKinley requests Red Cross to return to Cuba with supplies for reconcentrados</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_549">549</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">President McKinley asked for transportation, reply</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_583">583</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Projet de concordat</em>, propositions and resolutions</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">R.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Ratifying power for Red Cross treaties&mdash;the Congress of Berne-Switzerland</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_667">667</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Reincorporation of American National Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Relief of wounded soldiers, first proposition for</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross accepted by government</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross American amendment</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_668">668</a>, <a href="#Page_681">681</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross constitution</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross, first in United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross history, 1882</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_697" title="697"></a>Red Cross, introduction into United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_668">668</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross incorporation, original</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross insignia</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_667">667</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross insignia, protection of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_671">671</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross international conferences</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_668">668</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross international committee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_667">667</a>, <a href="#Page_682">682</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross intermediary offices</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_664">664</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross in sanitary science</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_667">667</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross in floods of Ohio, Chicago “Interocean”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross, congressional committee needed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_671">671&ndash;673</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross not branch of government</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_670">670</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross national committees, of other countries</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_667">667</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross national committees</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_668">668</a>, <a href="#Page_682">682</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross, objections to, answered</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross, peculiar institution, definition</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_666">666</a>, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>, <a href="#Page_682">682</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross of other nations&mdash;their co-operation in Spanish-American war, relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_662">662</a>, <a href="#Page_663">663</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross prestige in other countries</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_673">673</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross, relationship to government</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross, recognition in United States tardy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross should not be government bureau</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_672">672</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross, when government aid should be given</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_673">673</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross work no reflection on military medical departments</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross service accepted by Secretary of Navy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross relief, Ohio river, reference to, in government report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross “Farewell,” Evansville Journal, May 28, 1884</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross “Society”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_682">682</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross of Dansville, N.Y., first local society in United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Red Cross Society of Rochester, N.Y.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Red Cross Work,” Evansville Journal, extract</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_684">684</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Railway companies, courtesies and co-operation (Cuban)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_643">643</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Ramsden, Fredk</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_577">577</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>, <a href="#Page_650">650</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Reception at Tampa</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_606">606</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Reconcentrados</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>, <a href="#Page_534">534</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Reconcentrado relief, first shipments to Cuba</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_363">363</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Reconcentrado hospitals and clinics</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Reconcentrado relief, Red Cross called to</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross of other nations, co-operation in Cuban war</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross services accepted by Cuban surgeons, Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_588">588</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross staff</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_601">601</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross president arrives Havana, February 9, 1898, general conditions described</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_520">520</a>, <a href="#Page_600">600</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Refugees at Key West and Tampa</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_603">603</a>, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>, 653</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_698" title="698"></a>Reid, Mrs. Whitelaw</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_506">506</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Report of Dr. E.W. Egan</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_642">642</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Report of Miss Annie Fowler. Clothing</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_656">656</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Rough Riders’ battle, the first news of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_557">557</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“Red Cross Flag is Flying,” poem</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_359">359</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Red Cross Relief Committee of New York for the Spanish-American War</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Officers, members and subcommittees</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_473">473</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Treasurer’s report, May to December 1, 1898</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_474">474</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliaries, women’s committee on</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_474">474</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliaries, supplies contributed through supply committee, $80,000</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_477">477</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Supplies shipped by transports</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_470">470</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliaries, special work</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_478">478</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 1, ambulances, mules, launches, disinfectants, etc.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 2, workrooms for families of enlisted men</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 3, maintenance of trained nurses</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 3, report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_491">491</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Nurses sent to Santiago and Porto Rico</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_492">492</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Hospital ship “Lampasas”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_492">492</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Nurses’ work in Tampa</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_493">493</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3"> President and Secretary of War, committee’s conference with</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_494">494</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 5, equipped cots</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 10, ice and ice plants</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 17, supplies</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 19, laundry</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 22, garments, food, reading</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliary No. 40, emergency hospital furnishings, soldiers’ families</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">California Red Cross</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Mrs. Willard B. Harrington, president</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_431">431</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Letter of secretary, Mrs. L.L. Dunbar</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_431">431</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Early work, supplementing government necessities</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_431">431</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Executive board</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_433">433</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Organization</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_434">434</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross delegate to Pacific coast, Judge Sheldon</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_435">435</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Manila, nurses sent to</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_435">435</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Transports, nurses and agents with</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Field hospital to Manila</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_436">436</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Soldiers’ home built at Presidio</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_437">437</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Manner of work</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_438">438</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Identification medals</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_438">438</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Financial statement, consolidated, California Red Cross societies</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_439">439</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Red Cross of Oregon</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Mrs. Henry E. Jones, president; Mrs. F.E. Lounsbury, secretary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_441">441</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Auxiliaries of Oregon, 449<a class="pagenum" id="Page_699" title="699"></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Emergency funds</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_444">444</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Novel contribution of Lipman, Wolf &amp; Company</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_447">447</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Red Cross of St. Paul, Minn.</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">A.S. Talmadge, president; Miss Caroline M. Beaumont, secretary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_425">425</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Red Cross of Washington State</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Mrs. John B. Allen, president; Miss Marie Hewitt, secretary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_452">452</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">State of Washington Emergency Corps, extract from report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_458">458</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Seattle Red Cross</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Mrs. J.C. Haines, president; Mrs. H.C. Colver, secretary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_455">455</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Tacoma Red Cross</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Mrs. Chauncey Griggs, president; Mrs. H.M. Thomas, secretary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_456">456</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Walla Walla Red Cross</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Mrs. Lester S. Wilson, president; Mrs. Eugene Boyer, secretary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_456">456</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="sub1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Spokane Red Cross</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Mrs. Virginia K. Hayward, president; Mrs. A.J. Shaw, secretary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_457">457</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index" colspan="2">RUSSIAN FAMINE:</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian famine, extent of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian climate</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian peasant, customs and religion</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian famine, numbers affected 30,000,000</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian-American relief, beginning of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Tillinghast, B. F</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Corn from Iowa, 225 carloads</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">United States Congress, action regarding Russian famine</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">The “Elks”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian and American friendship</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“Tynehead” steamship</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">International conference of 1892 at Rome</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian government, activity in famine</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian people, activity in famine</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian famine, official report, Honorable Chas. Emory Smith</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian appreciation of American help</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Bobrinskoi, Count Alexander</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“Dimitri Donskoi,” royal naval flagship, at Philadelphia, anniversary of “Tynehead” in Russia</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Gifts from the Czar to American commissioners</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Testimony from peasants of Libeau</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Testimonial from nobility of St. Petersburg</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Hubbell, Dr. J.B., report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian Red Cross, letter to president, General Kauffmann, with reply</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">“Tynehead,” arrival and unloading at Riga, 307 carloads</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Nijni Novgorod</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Russian schoolmaster, incident</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Corn, questions of ocean transportation answered</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">American distribution in Russia most satisfactory</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_700" title="700"></a>S.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><span class="smcap smaller">Cuba and Cuban Campaign</span>:</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sagua la Grande</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_542">542</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Salaries</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_634">634</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sampson, Admiral</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sampson, Admiral, letter concerning entrance to Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_370">370</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sampson, Admiral, letter to, concerning entrance to Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_574">574</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sampson, Admiral, Red Cross reports to, off Santiago, June 25th</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">San Luis and Holguin districts visited</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_623">623</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santa Clara, Sagua la Grande</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_542">542</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago front, division hospital, Major Wood</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_563">563</a>, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago, to the front of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_563">563</a>, <a href="#Page_616">616</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago, concerning entrance to, July 17, 1898</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago, conditions in</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_577">577</a>, <a href="#Page_639">639</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago general relief committee</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_639">639</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago hospitals, clinic and dispensary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_623">623</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago fed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>, <a href="#Page_626">626</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago, committee of women appointed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_626">626</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Santiago, sailed from, August 21, 1898</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Schley, Admiral</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Secretary of Navy, instructions concerning “State of Texas”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_367">367</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Secretary of Navy accepts Red Cross service</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Secretary of State, letter, reconcentrado relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Secretary of State</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Secretary of War</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Secretary of War, instructions concerning establishment of Red Cross camps</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Secretary of War arranged 2,000 tons relief supplies for Havana, requests Red Cross to distribute</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_584">584</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Shafter, General Wm., returns Spanish wounded prisoners to their friends (article XI)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_570">570</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Siboney, American surgeons decline woman’s help, but Cubans accept</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_557">557</a>, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>, <a href="#Page_613">613</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Siboney, opening of Red Cross hospital</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_615">615</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Siboney, Kennan, Lesser, Elwell, go to front</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_558">558</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Siboney burned</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_574">574</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Sisters,” Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Solace,” the first hospital ship under the treaty (see article XI, articles for navy)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_591">591</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sollosso, Dr. J.B.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_652">652</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish-American war</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_360">360</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish authorities co-operate in Cuban relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_547">547</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish protection to Red Cross property</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_604">604</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish prisoners, relief for, on captured vessels</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish hospitals at Santiago</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_622">622</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish naval prisoners on transport “Harvard”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_701" title="701"></a>Spanish prisoners treated and fed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_596">596</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish authorities, Havana, propose paying custom duties and distributing our goods</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_629">629</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish prisoners, Portsmouth, N.H., and steamships, nurses to</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_506">506</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish reception of Red Cross nurses in Spain</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_507">507</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spanish money</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_634">634</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Spain, to the Red Cross of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_663">663</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Steamship “State of Texas,” arrangements for sending</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Steamship “State of Texas,” correspondence relating to sending of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“State of Texas” sails from New York, April 23, 1898</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_550">550</a>, <a href="#Page_605">605</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“State of Texas” reports to Admiral Sampson off Key West</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_606">606</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“State of Texas” leaves Key West for Santiago, June 20th</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“State of Texas” under protection of navy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_550">550</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“State of Texas” goes to Jamaica for ice</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_618">618</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“State of Texas,” discharged July 22d</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_580">580</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Steamer “San Antonio,” Cuban relief</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_653">653</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Supply committee, requisitions filled, from June 22d to December 1, 1898</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_480">480</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Supplies American-Cuban, 6,000 tons</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_634">634</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Surgeon-General, letter of, accepting services of women nurses</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_494">494</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Surgeons cannot get their supplies from transports (Santiago)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_589">589</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Surgeons work by moonlight as precaution against sharpshooters</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Swiss government as intermediary</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sanitary commission of United States</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Services in time of war</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Services in time of peace</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Servian Red Cross, decoration</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sick and wounded, improvements for</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Sign of neutrality</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Society of Public Utility of Switzerland</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Solferino</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Southmayd, Colonel F.R., and New Orleans Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Syracuse Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Swiss Federal Council</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Six, The Little,” story</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">“Six, The Big”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">T.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="index">Tampa during preparations for war</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Tasajo (jerked beef)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_609">609</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Telegraph companies’ assistance</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Texas drought, 1887</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Texas drought, action of Congress vetoed</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Texas drought, report to President Cleveland</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Texas drought, state appropriation, $100,000</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Tolstoi on peasants and famine</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Thurston, Senator and Mrs.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_546">546</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">To the auxiliaries of the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_677">677</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_702" title="702"></a>To the committees of the Red Cross</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_676">676</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">To Miss Barton, by her assistants, on dispersing</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_633">633</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">To the nurses of the Red Cross, tribute (Hussey)</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_677">677</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">To the Red Cross of Spain</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_663">663</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">To the people, “a word”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">To the reader</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_681">681</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Treaty in U.S., persons who gave effective help in securing</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Treaty of the Red Cross, accession to, by U.S.</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">TREATY OF GENEVA:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Ambulances and hospitals</td>           <td class="pgnumber">Par.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_1">I, 57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Arms, incapacity to bear</td>           <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_6">VI, 58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Brassard, regulation concerning</td>    <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_7">VII, 58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Enemy, occupation by</td>               <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_3">III, 57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Equipment of hospitals</td>             <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_4">IV, 57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Evacuations, participants protected</td><td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_6">VI, 58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Flag, distinct and uniform</td>         <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_7">VII, 58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Hospitals and equipments</td>           <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_4">IV, 57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Houses sheltering wounde</td>           <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_5">V, 57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Inhabitants assisting wounded</td>      <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_5">V, 57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Property, personal, of staff</td>       <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_4">IV, 57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Sick and wounded, care of</td>          <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_6">VI, 57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Staff, medical and hospital</td>        <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_2">II, 57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Wounded, delivery to outposts</td>      <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_6">VI, 57</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index"><span class="smcap">The “Additional Articles”</span>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Ambulances, definition of</td>               <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A3">III, 74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Boats, assisting wounded and wrecked</td>    <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A6">VI, 74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Cargo, neutrality of</td>                    <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_A10">X, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Flag, distinctive, regulations</td>          <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A12">XII, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Hospital ships</td>                          <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A9">IX, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Auxiliary Red Cross vessels, regulations</td><td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A13">XIII, 76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Military, how distinguished</td>             <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A12">XII, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Merchant ships</td>                          <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_A10">X, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Neutrality of vessels</td>                   <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A9">IX, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Neutrality of cargo</td>                     <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_A10">X, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Officers, wounded, detention of</td>         <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_A5">V, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Property of staff</td>                       <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A7">VII, 74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Quartering troops</td>                       <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_A4">IV, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Red Cross, auxiliary hospital ships</td>     <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A13">XIII, 76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Sailors and soldiers, wounded</td>           <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A11">XI, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Salary of neutral persons</td>               <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_A2">II, 74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Search, right of</td>                        <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_A10">X, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Ships, hospital</td>                         <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A9">IX, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Auxiliary Red Cross</td>                     <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A13">XIII, 76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Military</td>                                <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A12">XII, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Staff, hospital and religious</td>           <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A7">VII, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">On captured ships</td>                       <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A8">VIII, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_703" title="703"></a>Staff, withdrawal of</td>
+                                                                  <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_A1">I, 74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Suspension of treaty, rights of</td>         <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A14">XIV, 76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Troops, quartering of</td>                   <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#Para_A4">IV, 74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Vessels, neutral</td>                        <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A9">IX, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub2">Wounded, detention and delivering of</td>    <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A5">V, 74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Picked up by boats</td>                      <td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A6">VI, 75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="sub3">Sailors and soldiers protected</td><td class="pgnumber">&nbsp;”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Para_A11">XI, 75</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Transportation of corn by water? Answered</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Transportation companies, generous assistance</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_364">364</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Transportation, difficulties in all kinds of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_583">583</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Tribute to the Red Cross, by B.H. Warner</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_406">406</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Trocha</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_534">534</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Tug “Triton”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_580">580</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Typhoid epidemic, Chickamauga</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_502">502</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">U.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">United States, action with the treaty, and additional articles</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">United States accession to treaty of the Red Cross, March 1, 1882</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">United States, tardiness in giving adhesion to treaty</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_663">663</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">United States Senate, first action towards adhesion of treaty, May, 1881</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">United States, thirty-second nation to adopt treaty, and first to adopt the articles of navy</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">W.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Warehouse, San Jose, Havana</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Wertsch, Captain P.C., letter and reply</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_631">631</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Women’s auxiliaries of the Red Cross relief committee, report</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_491">491</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Women nurses</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>,
+       <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Women nurses, testimony of army surgeons</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Women nurses accepted by Surgeon-General</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_494">494</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Women’s work in foreign countries</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Wounded, all available assistance requested</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_593">593</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Wood, General Leonard, military sanitary work</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_626">626</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Wood, Surgeon-Major, Red Cross surgeon</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_646">646</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Wounds, character of</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_593">593</a>, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Wounds heal rapidly</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_593">593</a>, <a href="#Page_594">594</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Wounded of the “Maine” in hospital</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_600">600</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Wounded, working among, at the front</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_564">564</a>, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>, <a href="#Page_649">649</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td class="tdc pt" colspan="2">Y.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Yacht “Red Cross”</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_559">559</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Yellow fever in Florida, 1888</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Yellow fever nurses, Howard Association of New Orleans</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Yellow fever nurses declined by superintending surgeon</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Yellow fever in Cuba</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_650">650</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Yellow fever, first appearance at Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_596">596</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Yellow fever talk at the front and Siboney</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_573">573</a>, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_617">617</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Yellow fever scare prevents landing supplies for Cubans at Guantanamo</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="index">Young, Miss, concerning Red Cross nurses</td><td class="pgnumber"><a href="#Page_505">505</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="transcription">
+<h2>Transcriptions of autograph documents.</h2>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_40">p. 40</a><a id="transcription_40"></a></p>
+<p class="dateline">EXECUTIVE MANSION,<br />
+                    WASHINGTON.</p>
+
+<p>Will the Secy<br /> of State please<br /> hear Miss Barton<br /> on the subject<br /> herein
+referred<br /> to</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+      J.A. Garfield<br />
+      Mch 30, 1881.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<p><a href="#Page_165">p. 165</a></p>
+
+  A Five O’clock Tea<br />
+
+  is to be given at the<br />
+
+  New Red Cross House, Locust Street,<br />
+
+  Johnstown,<br />
+
+  Saturday, July 27, 1889.<br />
+
+  Your presence will be esteemed a favor.
+</div>
+
+<p class="signature">Clara Barton,<br />
+
+  Prest. Nat. Red Cross of America.</p>
+
+
+<p>J.B. Hubbell,<br />
+   <span class="indent5">General Field Agent.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h2><a id="FOOTNOTES"></a>Footnotes</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_A" href="#FNanchor_A"><span class="label">[A]</span></a>
+This statement is not exact; indeed, it does some injustice
+as well to Miss Barton as to the American Congress, and was doubtless
+derived from misstatements promulgated in the United States, the result
+of a general misunderstanding of the facts, and an error, of course,
+unknown to a foreign writer.</p>
+
+<p>Precisely what the Thirty-seventh Congress did was to pass the following
+joint resolution of both houses, and in accordance with the same to pay
+over to Miss Barton the sum mentioned in it for the uses and purposes
+therein set forth:</p>
+
+<p class="dateline">March 10, 1866.</p>
+
+<p><em>A resolution providing for expenses incurred in searching for missing
+soldiers of the Army of the United States, and for further prosecution
+of the same.</em></p>
+
+<p><em>Whereas</em>, Miss Clara Barton has, during the late war of the rebellion,
+expended from her own resources large sums of money in endeavoring to
+discover missing soldiers of the armies of the United States, and in
+communicating intelligence to their relatives; therefore,</p>
+
+<p><em>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled</em>, That the sum of fifteen
+thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby appropriated out of any
+moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to reimburse Miss
+Clara Barton for the amount so expended by her, and to aid in the
+further prosecution of the search for missing soldiers, and the printing
+necessary to the furtherance of the said object shall hereafter be done
+by the Public Printer.</p>
+
+<p>Approved March 10, 1866.</p>
+
+<p>[14 Vol. U.S. Statutes at Large, p. 350.]</p>
+
+<p>This, therefore, was not recompense for services; it was reimbursement
+for money expended; it was money expended by a private citizen for
+public uses, and this, mainly, after the close of the war. The
+government recognized its value to the people, and refunded the money,
+and that without solicitation on Miss Barton’s part.</p>
+
+<p>This work was a fitting, even necessary, result of her four years’
+voluntary and unpaid services on the field, not as an ordinary nurse,
+but as a sort of independent sanitary commission, whom the government,
+the soldiers, and the people came at last to implicitly trust, for they
+never found their trust betrayed nor themselves disappointed by any want
+of discretion, sagacity, or energy on her part. It cannot be set forth
+here, it can only be alluded to most briefly. In its details it must
+form a chapter in the story of a life singularly original, successful,
+and beneficent.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;[Report of the American (National) Association of the Red Cross of
+1883.]</p>
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_B" href="#FNanchor_B"><span class="label">[B]</span></a>
+Ltq. 2,223.78 of this sum was Special Red Cross Funds drawn
+from Brown Brothers &amp; Company. Ltq.&mdash;Turkish Lira about $4.40. Ltq.
+26,437.73 $116,326.01.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_C" href="#FNanchor_C"><span class="label">[C]</span></a>
+<span class="smcap">Article I.</span> The persons designated in Article II of the
+convention shall, after the occupation by the enemy, continue to fulfill
+their duties, according to their wants, to the sick and wounded in the
+ambulance or the hospital which they serve. When they request to
+withdraw, the commander of the occupying troops shall fix the time of
+departure, which he shall only be allowed to delay for a short time in
+case of military necessity.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_D" href="#FNanchor_D"><span class="label">[D]</span></a>
+<span class="smcap">Art. II.</span> Arrangements will have to be made by the
+belligerent powers to insure to the neutralized person fallen into the
+hands of the army of the enemy, the entire enjoyment of his salary.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_E" href="#FNanchor_E"><span class="label">[E]</span></a>
+<span class="smcap">Art. V.</span> In addition to Article VI of the convention, it is
+stipulated that, with the reservation of officers whose detention might
+be important to the fate of arms and within the limits fixed by the
+second paragraph of that article, the wounded fallen into the hands of
+the enemy shall be sent back to their country after they are cured, or
+sooner if possible, on condition, nevertheless, of not again bearing
+arms during the continuance of the war.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_F" href="#FNanchor_F"><span class="label">[F]</span></a>
+The insignia and arm-band of the Red Cross worn on the
+field.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_G" href="#FNanchor_G"><span class="label">[G]</span></a>
+Now Baroness von Schelle of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_H" href="#FNanchor_H"><span class="label">[H]</span></a>Since, then, however, the international conferences have
+numbered six and the relief fields twenty.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2><a id="EndNotes"></a>Transcriber’s Note</h2>
+
+<p>Inconsistencies in punctuation, especially in the index and tables, have
+been corrected silently.</p>
+
+<p>Despite the presence of copious quoted material which may or may not
+reproduce errors in the originals, minor typographic and spelling errors
+likely due to printer’s errors, have been corrected. When a lapse of
+spelling or grammar seems to be the author’s, it is noted and retained.</p>
+
+<p>An attempt is made to make consistent the spelling of the many proper
+names in this text, where it is clear that each reference is to a single
+person. As an example, the name ‘De Graw’ appears both with and without
+a space. In the Contents, the town of Jaruco appears as ‘Jaruca’ and has
+been corrected.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_186">p. 186</a>, the word ‘Czarovitch’ is also spelled ‘Czarowitch’. Both are
+retained as printed.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_457">p. 457</a>, the name “Grace O. Isaaca” most likely should be “Grace G.
+Isaacs”. A woman of that name was active in community life in Walla
+Walla, WA and would have been 33 at the time indicated.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_513">p. 513</a>, the footnote for “brassards” is missing its symbol, which has
+been added.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_593">p. 593</a>, the name “Mancrede” is most likely a reference to a Dr.
+Nancrede, mentioned in the same list of surgeons on p. 590. The name has
+been changed to “Nancrede”.</p>
+
+<p>In the Index, on <a href="#Page_688">p. 688</a>, the reference to a letter from the Spanish Red
+Cross does not have a page reference. It may be an incomplete reference
+to the Diploma of Gratitude from the Red Cross of Spain on p. 592. It is
+left blank here as well.</p>
+
+<p>Again, in the index and the text on <a href="#Page_664">p. 664</a>, mention of the “Duke of
+Parmella” should have been “Duke of Palmella”, which appears correctly
+elsewhere. Both have been corrected.</p>
+
+<p>No systematic attempt was made to verify the accuracy of page references as printed in the index or
+table of contents. However, one error has been corrected. The final reference in the
+Contents to the section on ‘Notes’ was printed as p. 683. That section begins on p. 682, and
+has been corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Other issues are noted below and their resolutions described below.</p>
+
+<table id="errata" summary="errata">
+  <tr><td>p.  18</td><td>upon its humblest ministers and assistants[.]</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p.  37</td><td>THE TREATY OF GENEVA.[.]</td><td>Removed from caption.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p.  50</td><td>shall render the [the] useful institution</td><td>Removed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p.  53</td><td>com[m]mit[t]ees of the different nations</td><td>Removed/added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p.  60</td><td>monarchial government</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p.  64</td><td>rec[c]ommend</td><td>Removed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p.  68</td><td>less[o/e]n</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p.  79</td><td>p[o]eople</td><td>Removed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p.  80</td><td>theref[or/ro]m</td><td>Transposed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p.  88</td><td>Senator E. [P.] Lapham,</td><td><em>sic.</em> The reference is to Elbridge G. Lapham.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 100</td><td>th[o]roughly</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 110</td><td>organ[i]zation</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 131</td><td>the mother said [“(/(“]for it was a good,
+             strong house)</td><td>Transposed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 139</td><td>a grea[l/t] deal of unkind criticism</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 141</td><td>in the case[.] Lacking this</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 145</td><td>w[ie]rd</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 176</td><td>‘Oh, right enough, God be praised![”\’]</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 192</td><td>From Nijni we take steamer</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 220</td><td>servic[e[able</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 222</td><td>distributers</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 229</td><td>laperotomy</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>he go way down in de leg.[”]</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 230</td><td>it[s] was hard for them</td><td>Removed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 238</td><td>Stuart’s Point, Place[,/.]</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 241</td><td>[“]July 24, 1894, inspected this work</td><td>Opening quote
+                                                          is missing.
+                                                          Probable start.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 257</td><td>c[h/l]othing<br />
+                         wom[e/a]n<br />
+                         that [come] to my assistance</td>
+                     <td>Corrected.<br />
+                         Corrected.<br />
+                         <em>sic.</em></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 278</td><td>accompa[in/ni]ed</td><td>Transposed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 293</td><td>mag[n]ificent</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 300</td><td>crossed the Bosporus[ ]to a magnificent</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 304</td><td>assem[p/b]led</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 306</td><td>Alexa[n]dretta</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 308</td><td>freq[n/u]ently</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 336</td><td>our own[,] use 500 lire&mdash;$23,000[.]</td><td>Comma removed.<br />
+                                                          Period added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 389</td><td>ad[d]itional<br />
+                         in case of military necessity[,/.]</td>
+                     <td>Added.<br />
+                         Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 425</td><td>loyal[i]ty</td><td>Removed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 432</td><td>statu quo</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 436</td><td>transport[at]ing</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 438</td><td>Presido</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 455</td><td>p[er/re]vailing<br />
+                         p[er/re]vaded<br />
+                         San Francis[c]o</td><td>
+                         Transposed.<br />
+                         Transposed.<br />
+                         Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 479</td><td>Vol[un]teers</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 480</td><td>suppl[i]es</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td>p. 491</td><td>Executive Commit[i/t]ee</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 496</td><td>physic[i]al</td><td>Removed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 515</td><td>happened [to] it?</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 537</td><td>Sagua La Grando</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 538</td><td>coll[e]agues</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 545</td><td>M. Sr. J. Palacios [z/y] Airoso</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 574</td><td>the surrender of Santi[a]go</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 583</td><td>a large [c/s]hip was seen</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 596</td><td>dou[b]tful</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 600</td><td>occur[r]ed</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 619</td><td>s[ei/ie]ge</td><td>Transposed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 634</td><td>this fact was discovered[,] by the committee</td><td>Removed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 651</td><td>accompa[in/ni]ed<br />Mr. Micha[e]lsen</td><td>Transposed.<br />Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 656</td><td>responsibil[i]ty</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 664</td><td>Duke of Pa[r/l]mella</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 666</td><td>us[u]ages</td><td>Removed.</td></tr>
+
+  <tr><td class="top">p. 703</td><td>Chic[k]amauga</td><td>Added.</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44202 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 18:37:12 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 18:37:12 -0700
commit	c3f2a1715fa727412184fa0ed11b3d18f80321b6 (patch)
tree	b200c2d8448290bbc238220b237fc9008992f2a3 /44202-h