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diff --git a/old/44705.txt b/old/44705.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fee4da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/44705.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1918 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mammals Collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on +the Natuna Islands, by Gerrit Miller + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Mammals Collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the Natuna Islands + Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. III, pp. 111-138 + +Author: Gerrit Miller + +Release Date: January 19, 2014 [EBook #44705] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS COLLECTED BY DR. ABBOTT *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison, JoAnn Greenwood, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + + + + + PROCEEDINGS + + OF THE + + WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES + + VOL. III, PP. 111-138. MARCH 26, 1901 + + + + +MAMMALS COLLECTED BY DR. W. L. ABBOTT ON THE NATUNA ISLANDS. + +BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR. + + +About three months during the spring and summer of 1900 were spent by +Dr. W. L. Abbott in exploring the Natuna Islands in the South China +Sea.[1] Specimens were collected at the following localities: Pulo +Midei, or Low Island (May 23-26), Pulo Seraia (May 29), Sirhassen +Island (June 1-10), Pulo Subi (June 12-13), Pulo Lingung (June +17-19), Bunguran, or Great Natuna Island (June 24-July 31) and Pulo +Laut, or North Natuna Island (August 5-13). About 265 mammals were +obtained, all of which have been presented to the United States +National Museum. This paper contains an account of these, and is +published here by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian +Institution. + +Two extensive collections of mammals had been made on the Natuna +Islands previous to Dr. Abbott's visit, the first by Mr. A. Everett +during September and October, 1893, the second by Mr. Ernest Hose +during July, August, September and October, 1894. These have +formed, either wholly or in part, the basis of several papers,[2] +which constitute the literature relating to the mammals of the +islands.[3] Twenty-eight land mammals have been recorded as actually +represented by specimens, though several others are mentioned which +the collectors ascertained to occur. Dr. Abbott secured forty-four +species, but failed to obtain seven[4] of those previously taken. +The total number of mammals collected on the islands thus becomes +fifty-one. This increase is due, in part to the recognition of a +larger number of insular forms than has been admitted by previous +writers, but also to a considerable extent to the actual addition +of species not hitherto taken. Species new in the latter sense +are distinguished in the present paper by absence of reference to +previous records. + +In regard to the faunal relationships of the Natunas, whether +predominantly Bornean or Peninsular, about which much has been +written,[5] it may be said that this collection, together with +much of the other work recently done by Dr. Abbott, tends to show +that there is greater general uniformity in the mammalian fauna of +Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and the intervening islands than has +been hitherto supposed. It seems unprofitable therefore to offer +conjectures as to the probability of greater nearness of the Natuna +mammals as a whole to those of Borneo or to those of the Malay +Peninsula. + + +MANIS JAVANICA Desmarest. + + 1895. _Manis javanica_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, + II, p. 492. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + +An adult male was taken on Bunguran, June 24, 1900. Total length 914; +head and body 508; tail 406. + + +TRAGULUS BUNGURANENSIS sp. nov. + +_Type._--Adult male (skin and skull) No. 104604 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Bunguran Island, North Natunas, July 9, 1900. +Original number, 547. + +_Characters._--Color pattern essentially as in _Tragulus nigricans_ +Thomas, from Balabac. Size equal to that of _T. canescens_ from the +Malay Peninsula, therefore much greater than in the Balabac animal. + +_Color._--Back uniform ochraceous, fading to buff on sides, the +hairs everywhere gray at base. Both back and sides everywhere +darkened by black hair tips, but these never sufficiently abundant +to produce a dark shading in excess of the ochraceous. The relative +proportion of the dark wash to the light under color is precisely +the same as in _Tragulus canescens_ and _T. napu_ (from Linga +Island) but the black is less conspicuous than in the Bornean form +of _T. napu_. Legs, except white area on inner side, like back +but slightly brighter and less shaded with black. Entire dorsal +and lateral surface of neck clear black to base of hairs, a few +ochraceous specks visible on close scrutiny, particularly at sides +near throat markings. On shoulders this black area fades abruptly +into color of back; on head it passes forward between ears and +eyes nearly to muzzle. Cheek, region between eye and ear, and line +extending forward over eye to muzzle and separating black median +stripe from naked loral space, ochraceous, essentially like that of +legs. Throat markings as in _Tragulus nigricans_, but white stripes +apparently even more restricted. Region occupied by posterior white +stripes black, continuous with that of neck, but distinctly speckled +with ochraceous. Region occupied by anterior stripes ochraceous, +continuous with that of cheeks and somewhat less pure and more +speckled with black. White stripes as follows: (_a_) One on each +side of naked chin area. These are about 50 mm. in length and never +more than 10 mm. in breadth, but occasionally so narrow as to break +up into two or more spots. They are separated from naked chin patch +by an ochraceous stripe slightly broader than the white. Chin area +narrowly and discontinuously bordered with white, especially in +front. (_b_) Two posterior lateral stripes varying from 50 mm. to +80 mm. in length, and never more than 12 mm. wide. They are strongly +convergent anteriorly, and sometimes nearly joined together in front +by a median spot. These white stripes are always separated from the +anterior stripes by an ochraceous median area varying from 10 mm. to +25 mm. in width. (_c_) A median stripe lying between the posterior +lateral stripes. Posteriorly this stripe is as wide as the lateral +stripes, but it quickly narrows and sometimes disappears at middle +of latter, though usually represented again by the median spot +already referred to. In none of the specimens is this stripe broad +and continuous anteriorly to level of front of lateral stripes as in +Nehring's figure of the throat markings of _T. nigricans_.[6] Collar +narrow, ochraceous grizzled with black. It is seldom more than 25 +mm. in width; therefore much narrower than indicated by Nehring's +figure. Behind the collar is a whitish gray median area continuous +laterally with narrow light stripe down inner side of fore legs. This +light area is sometimes divided by a dark median line joining collar +with buff of belly. Belly and chest buff, essentially like that of +sides, with which it forms no contrast in color. As on the sides +the buff is clouded by black hair tips, but the hairs are scarcely +if at all gray at base. On chest the dark hair tips tend to form a +median stripe, which is sometimes sharply defined and continuous with +the ochraceous line occasionally dividing white of breast. A clear +whitish area slightly larger and better defined than that of breast +occupies region between hind legs. It is continuous with white stripe +down inner side of hind legs. This stripe is usually divided on thigh +by encroachment of the surrounding ochraceous. Tail silky white below +and at tip, essentially like back above. + +_Skull._--The skull of _Tragulus bunguranensis_ fully equals that of +_T. canescens_ in size, and distinctly exceeds that of the Bornean +form of _T. napu_. It is much larger than that of _T. nigricans_, +which proves to be a medium sized species like _T. rufulus_. In +general form the skull agrees so closely with that of _Tragulus +canescens_ that it is only to be distinguished by its slightly +greater relative breadth and smaller, less inflated audital bullae. +As compared with the skull of _Tragulus nigricans_,[7] that of _T. +bunguranensis_ is much larger (distance from back of occiput to +front of canine 103 instead of 92, zygomatic breadth 53 instead of +45), and the braincase is more conspicuously ridged for muscular +attachment. That part of the braincase immediately above posterior +root of zygoma is more conspicuously inflated. Otherwise I can detect +no salient differences in the skulls of the two animals. + +_Teeth._--The teeth are uniformly larger than those of _Tragulus +nigricans_, but in form they present no characters of importance. As +compared with _T. canescens_ the premolars both above and below are +conspicuously more robust, a character in which the Bunguran animal +agrees with the Bornean form of _Tragulus napu_. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 647; +head and body 571; tail vertebrae 76; hind foot 146; hind foot +without hoofs 128. Average and extremes of five adults from the type +locality: total length 643 (628-673); head and body 566 (558-584); +tail vertebrae 77 (70-89); hind foot 142 (140-146); hind foot without +hoofs 126 (124-128). + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 114; basal length 107; +basilar length 100; occipito-nasal length 106; length of nasals 32; +diastema 13 (9);[8] zygomatic breadth 52 (46); least interorbital +breadth 33 (28); greatest breadth of braincase above base of zygomata +38 (33); mandible 91 (78); maxillary toothrow (alveoli) 38 (34); +mandibular toothrow (alveoli) 44 (39); anterior upper premolar 7 x +3.8 (6.4 x 3); middle lower premolar 7.2 x 3 (5.8 x 2.4). + +_Weight._--Weight of type 3.8 kg.; of two other males 3.6 kg. each. +Two adult females weigh respectively 3.6 kg. and 4.2 kg. + +_Specimens examined._--Six, all from the type locality. + +_Remarks._--_Tragulus bunguranensis_ is so distinct from the other +known species as to require no detailed comparisons. + + +TRAGULUS sp. + +Two specimens from Sirhassen Island are too immature for +determination. Apparently they represent a member of the _napu_ +group, allied to that occurring in Borneo. The throat markings show +no approach to those of _Tragulus bunguranensis_. + + +TRAGULUS JAVANICUS (Gmelin). + + 1894. _Tragulus javanicus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 660. September, 1864 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Tragulus javanicus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 492. December, 1895 (part, specimens from + Bunguran). + +Six specimens from Bunguran. + + +TRAGULUS PALLIDUS sp. nov. + + 1895. _Tragulus javanicus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 492. December, 1895 (part, specimen from Pulo + Laut). + +_Type._--Adult female (skin and skull) No. 104616 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Pulo Laut, North Natuna Islands, August 11, +1900. Original number 625. + +_Characters._--Smaller than _Tragulus javanicus_ from Borneo or +Bunguran and very pale in color. Black clouding of upper parts +inconspicuous, but dark nape band well defined. + +_Color._--Back and sides light ochraceous-buff everywhere clouded by +the blackish hair-tips, but these never in excess, except perhaps +along middle of back and across lumbar region. Flanks, shoulders, +neck, outer surface of legs and narrow line dividing color of +sides from that of belly pale ochraceous. Nape band clear black, +sharply defined from color of sides but quickly fading into that of +shoulders. Top of head dull dark brown. A faint pale stripe over and +in front of eye. Throat markings normal, the dark bands like neck. +Collar very narrow. Under parts and inner surface of legs white. A +faint yellowish shade along middle of belly. Tail white beneath and +at the tip, ochraceous faintly shaded with brown above. + +_Skull._--The skull of the type, though fully adult and with all the +teeth distinctly worn, is smaller than in Bunguran specimens so young +that the posterior molars are still below the rim of the alveoli. In +form, however, it shows no marked peculiarities, though in general it +appears to be somewhat broader in proportion to its length than that +of the Bunguran animal. + +_Teeth._--Teeth as in specimens of _Tragulus javanicus_ from Bunguran +except that the premolars, both above and below, are shorter and +broader, a difference which may prove to be an individual peculiarity +only. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: Total length 539; +head and body 444; tail vertebrae 95; hind foot 107; hind foot without +hoofs 95. + +Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length 90 (94[9]); basal +length 83 (87); basilar length 78 (82); occipito-nasal length 83 +(89); length of nasals 25 (29.6); diastema 9.2 (9.8); zygomatic +breadth 41.4 (40); least interorbital breadth 26.4 (25); breadth +of braincase over roots of zygomata 29.4 (28.4); mandible 72 (75); +maxillary toothrow (alveoli) 31.6 (34); first upper premolar 6.4 x +2.8 (7 x 2.6); mandibular toothrow (alveoli) 35.8 (38). + +_Specimens examined._--One, the type. + +_Remarks._--This is a pallid form of _Tragulus javanicus_, a species +which apparently shows very little tendency to become differentiated +into local races. The characters of the Pulo Laut animal were pointed +out by Thomas and Hartert in 1895. + + +SUS NATUNENSIS sp. nov. + + 1894. _Sus_ sp. THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, I, p. + 660. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Sus_ sp. THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, II, p. + 492. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + +_Type._--Adult female (skin and skull) No. 104856 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Pulo Laut, North Natuna Islands, August 6, 1900. +Original number 609. + +_Characters._--Externally much like the Tenasserim form of _Sus +cristatus_, but smaller; body brownish in marked contrast with black +legs and face; skull conspicuously shorter and broader. + +_Fur._--The fur throughout consists of bristles with no admixture +of softer hairs. The bristles are everywhere less stiff than in the +Tenasserim pig, but the difference is most noticeable in the mane, +which, though well developed (about 80 mm. in length), is composed of +bristles very slightly coarser than those of the surrounding parts, +and of not more than half the diameter of the corresponding hairs in +females of _S. cristatus_. Muzzle, chest, belly and ears nearly bare. + +_Color._--General color black, clear and unmixed with brown on legs, +throat, and face, but elsewhere heavily overlaid with brownish buff, +particularly on back and sides. The brownish wash ceases abruptly +just in front of ears, leaving the face and cheeks clear black. A +conspicuous dull buff streak 100 mm. long and about half as wide at +middle extends back from angle of mouth to level of posterior canthus +of eye. It is sharply outlined above by black of cheeks, and below by +that of chin. A faint buffy mark beneath eye. Tail like back. + +_Skull._--The skull while much shorter than that of _Sus cristatus_ +from Tenasserim is actually broader. As a result the width across +postorbital processes is contained only about three times in +occipito-nasal length, as opposed to nearly four times in the related +species. Similarly the zygomatic breadth slightly exceeds one half of +the basilar length, while in _Sus cristatus_ it is less than half. +Width of palate between middle molars almost exactly one sixth +distance from posterior edge of palate to front of premaxillaries +(measured along median line). In _Sus cristatus_ the palatal width +is contained nearly seven times in the same distance. Dorsal profile +of skull slightly concave near base of nasals. Zygomata heavier and +deeper than in _Sus cristatus_. Audital bullae noticeably smaller and +less inflated than in the Tenasserim pig. Mandible shorter and much +more robust than that of _Sus cristatus_, the outward bulge of the +ramus a little behind middle of toothrow greatly accentuated. + +_Teeth._--As the teeth of the two specimens of _Sus natunensis_ +are much worn, while those of the only skulls of _Sus cristatus_ +at hand are not fully grown, it is impossible to make any accurate +comparisons. The smaller size of the Natuna pig's teeth is, however, +evident for the length of the entire upper toothrow does not equal +that of _S. cristatus_ without the posterior molar. The crown of the +middle upper molar appears to be more nearly square in outline than +that of the Tenasserim pig, but in the very different condition of +the specimens it would be unsafe to assume that this character is +constant. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type; total length 1294; +head and body 1117; tail vertebrae 177; height at shoulder 558; hind +foot 220 (170); ear from meatus 100; width of ear 75. + +Cranial measurement of type: greatest length 295 (332[10]); +occipito-nasal length 282 (316); basal length 245 (275); basilar +length 235 (263); length of nasals 135 (157); width of both nasals +together posteriorly 34 (33); median length of bony palate 168 (183); +width of bony palate at middle of second molar 30 (29); breadth +between tips of postorbital processes 87 (87); least interorbital +breadth 64 (65); zygomatic breadth 130 (133); occipital breadth 58 +(62); occipital depth 100 (103); least depth of rostrum between +canine and incisor 33 (39); mandible 225 (232); depth of mandible +through coronoid process 104 (110); depth of ramus at front of first +molar 40 (41); maxillary toothrow to front of canine (alveoli) 113 +(131[11]); mandibular toothrow to front of canine (alveoli) 120 +(138); crown of first upper molar 12 x 13 (18 x 16); crown of second +upper molar 18 x 18 (22 x 16). + +_Weight._--Weight of type, 40 kg.; weight of adult female from Pulo +Lingung, 35 kg. + +_Specimens examined._--Two, one from Pulo Laut, the other from Pulo +Lingung. + +_Remarks._--While the two specimens agree in all essential +characters they differ in numerous minor details. The skin from +Pulo Lingung is somewhat darker than the type, but the difference +is due to the shade of the brown wash, not to any extension of the +black. The skull of this specimen is more rounded posteriorly than +that of the type, and the rostrum is shorter. Both specimens show +conclusively that their relationships are with the _Sus cristatus_ of +the Malay Peninsula and not with the _S. longirostris_ of Borneo, a +case which finds an exact parallel in the giant squirrels. + + +MUS INTEGER sp. nov. + +_Type._--Adult male (skin and skull) No. 104837 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Sirhassen Island, South Natunas, June 7, 1900. +Original number 455. + +_Characters._--A large robust species with coarse but not spinous +fur. Relationships with _Mus validus_ Miller, from Trong, Lower Siam, +and _Mus muelleri_ Jentink from Sumatra. Differs from the former in +smaller size and in the absence of the anterior outer tubercle of the +last upper molar, and from the latter in larger size, and yellowish +brown (not white) underparts. + +_Color._--Back and sides a fine grizzle of black and dull +ochraceous (the exact shade intermediate between the ochraceous and +ochraceous-buff of Ridgway), the two colors nearly equally mixed on +back, but the ochraceous in excess on sides. Underparts and inner +surface of legs buff. An ill defined drab-gray median line from +throat to pubic region. Head darker and more glossy than back, the +cheeks distinctly washed with gray. Lips and chin drab-gray. Feet an +indefinite brown, darker on metapodials. Ears essentially naked, dark +brown. Tail dark brown throughout. Underfur gray (Ridgway, pl. II, +No. 8), becoming paler on under parts where it fades irregularly into +the general buff. + +_Fur._--The fur is exactly as in _Mus validus_, that is the grooved +bristles are so slender that their true nature is not apparent +without use of lens. On middle of back the mass of the fur is about +17 mm. in length, the long terete hairs scattered through it reaching +about 30 mm. On rump the fur is longer but not conspicuously so, and +there is no noticeable increase in length or abundance of the terete +black hairs. + +_Tail, feet and mammae._--Tail slightly more coarsely scaled than in +_Mus validus_; 9 rings to the centimeter at middle. Hairs scarcely +noticeable except toward tip, where they somewhat exceed the breadth +of the rings. + +Feet heavy and robust. Thumb short, with a flat blunt nail. Soles and +palms naked, the former with six well developed tubercles, the latter +with five. + +Mammae, p. 2--2, i. 2--2 = 8. + +_Skull._--In general appearance the skull of _Mus integer_ resembles +that of _Mus validus_.[12] It is shorter (greatest length about 51 +instead of 55) and the rostrum is relatively broader and deeper. +Audital bullae similar in form to those of _Mus validus_, but the +surface less irregular. Region between anterior bases of zygomata +broader than in _Mus validus_ so that the arches are more nearly +parallel. + +_Teeth._--The teeth are relatively as well as actually smaller +than in _Mus validus_ and the enamel pattern is normal, that is, +the posterior upper molar consists of two transverse folds, and an +anterior internal tubercle. There is no trace of the supplementary +outer tubercles of the corresponding tooth of _Mus validus_. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 463; +head and body 235[13] tail vertebrae 228;[13] hind foot 48 (45); ear +from meatus 19; ear from crown 15; width of ear 15. In adult male +topotype: total length 462; head and body 234;[13] tail vertebrae +228;[13] hind foot 46 (44); ear from meatus 21; ear from crown 16; +width of ear 16. + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 52 (55);[14] basal +length 45 (48.6); basilar length 41.6 (45.6); palatal length 23 +(26); least width of palate between anterior molars 5 (5); diastema +14 (14.6);[15] length of incisive foramen 8 (9); combined breadth +of incisive foramina 3 (3.6); length of nasals 21 (22.6); combined +breadth of nasals 6 (6.2); zygomatic breadth 25 (28); interorbital +breadth 8 (8); mastoid breadth 19 (19); breadth of braincase above +roots of zygomata 18.8 (20); depth of braincase at anterior border of +basi-occipital 12.8 (15); frontopalatal depth at posterior extremity +of nasals 12.8 (13.4); least depth of rostrum immediately behind +incisors 10 (10); maxillary toothrow (alveoli) 9.6 (11); width of +front upper molar 3 (3); mandible 30 (31); mandibular toothrow +(alveoli) 9 (10). + +_Specimens examined._--Four, three from the type locality, and one +from Pulo Lingung. + +_Remarks._--This rat is probably a near relative of the Bornean _Mus +muelleri_ of Thomas.[16] The specimen from Pulo Lingung does not +differ appreciably from the others. + + +MUS SABANUS Thomas. + + 1887. _Mus sabanus_ THOMAS, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th ser., + XX, p. 270. October, 1887 (Mt. Kina Balu, Borneo). + + 1894. _Mus sabanus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, I, + p. 658. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + +Thirteen skins and one extra skull, all from Bunguran. There is +little probability that this rat is the same as the true _Mus +sabanus_ of Borneo. + + +MUS RAJAH Thomas. + + 1894. _Mus hellwaldi_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, + I, p. 658. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1894. _Mus rajah_ THOMAS, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., + XIV, p. 451. December, 1894 (Mount Batu Song, Borneo). + + 1895. _Mus rajah_ THOMAS, Novitates Zoologicae, II, p. 26. + February, 1895 (Revised determination of Bunguran specimens). + +Six specimens (one in alcohol) from Bunguran, two from Pulo Lingung, +one from Pulo Laut, four (one in alcohol) from Sirhassen, and one (in +alcohol) from Pulo Midei. It is doubtful whether these series are +referable to one species or whether any of them are the true Bornean +_Mus rajah_. The material is not wholly satisfactory, and I have been +unable to examine specimens from Borneo. + + +MUS NEGLECTUS Jentink. + + 1894. _Mus rattus_ var. THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 658. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Mus neglectus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, + II, p. 492. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + +Five specimens from Pulo Lingung, one from Pulo Midei, and nine from +Sirhassen. In the absence of Bornean material, I follow Thomas and +Hartert in referring the Natuna rats of the '_alexandrinus_' type to +_Mus neglectus_. + + +SCIUROPTERUS EVERETTI Thomas. + + 1894. _Sciuropterus phayrei_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 660. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Sciuropterus everetti_ THOMAS, Novitates Zoologicae, + II, p. 27. February, 1895 (Revised determination of Bunguran + specimens). + + 1895. _Sciuropterus everetti_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 490. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + +Two specimens, both from Bunguran; an immature male taken July 4, and +an adult female taken July 21, 1900. + + +PETAURISTA NITIDULA Thomas. + + 1894. _Pteromys nitidus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 660. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Pteromys nitidus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 490. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + + 1900. _Petaurista nitidula_ THOMAS, Novitates Zoologicae, VII, + p. 592. December 8, 1900 (Bunguran). + +Seven specimens from Bunguran. + + +SCIURUS PROCERUS sp. nov. + + 1894. _Sciurus tenuis_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, + I, p. 659. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Sciurus tenuis_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, + II, p. 492. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + +_Type._--Adult male (skin and skull) No. 104698 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Bunguran Island, North Natunas, July 18, 1900. +Original number 574. + +_Characters._--Externally similar to _Sciurus tenuis_ though somewhat +smaller. Skull very much smaller and relatively broader than in the +related species. + +_Color._--The color is exactly like that of _Sciurus tenuis_ from +Singapore. + +_Skull and teeth._--Except that it appears to be broader throughout, +relatively to its length, the skull of _Sciurus procerus_ is +essentially a miniature of that of _S. tenuis_, as the braincase +shows none of the tendency to increased depth characteristic of the +Bornean animal. Ratio of rostral depth to distance between middle of +interparietal and lower rim of audital bulla, 50. This ratio is 49 in +_S. tenuis_. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 235; +head and body 140; tail vertebrae 95; hind foot 35 (33). Average and +extremes of four specimens from the type locality: total length 239.5 +(235-247); head and body 140; tail vertebrae 99.5 (95-107); hind foot +35.2 (34-36.5); hind foot without claws 32.9 (31.8-34). + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 34 (38);[17] basal +length 28.6 (32); basilar length 26 (29); palatal length 14.6 (16); +diastema, 7.6 (8.8); length of nasals 10.4 (11.4); greatest breadth +of nasals 4.8 (5.6); interorbital breadth 12 (12.6); zygomatic +breadth 20.8 (21); greatest breadth of braincase 17 (17.6); cranial +depth from middle of interparietal to lower rim of audital bulla 14 +(15); least depth of rostrum 7 (7.2); mandible, 20 (21); maxillary +toothrow (alveoli) 6 (7); mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 6 (7). + +_Specimens examined._--Six, all from the type locality. + +_Remarks._--This species is immediately distinguishable from its +allies by its small skull, scarcely larger than that of _Funambulus +macclellandi_. + + +SCIURUS NATUNENSIS (Thomas). + + 1894. _Sciurus lowi_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, + I, p. 659. September, 1894 (Sirhassen). + + 1895. _Sciurus lowi natunensis_ THOMAS, Novitates Zoologicae, + II, p. 26. February, 1895 (Revised determination of Sirhassen + specimen). + + 1895. _? Sciurus lowi natunensis_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 491. (Bunguran and Pulo Laut.) + +Four specimens from Sirhassen. The average and extreme measurements +are as follows: total length 222 (215-229); head and body 135 +(133-140); tail vertebrae 86 (82-89); hind foot 33.6 (33-35); hind +foot without claw 31.5 (30.5-32). + + +SCIURUS LINGUNGENSIS sp. nov. + + 1895. _? Sciurus lowi natunensis_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 491. (Bunguran and Pulo Laut.) + +_Type._--Adult male (skin and skull) No. 104693 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Pulo Lingung off southern extremity of Bunguran, +North Natuna Islands, June 19, 1900. Original number 494. + +_Characters._--Externally similar to _Sciurus natunensis_ (Thomas), +but slightly larger (hind foot with claws 36 instead of 33.6). Skull +larger than that of _S. natunensis_, the audital bullae much broader +anteriorly. + +_Color._--The color is precisely as in _Sciurus natunensis_, and +therefore requires no detailed description. + +_Skull._--Skull larger than that of _Sciurus natunensis_ (see +measurements) but not different in general form. The audital bullae +are, however, readily distinguishable by the much greater development +of the anterior inner lobe. In _Sciurus natunensis_ this lobe is so +small as scarcely to form any part of the general contour of the +bulla. In _S. lingungensis_ it is nearly equal to the anterior outer +lobe, together with which it imparts a distinctly triangular outline +to the ventral aspect of the bulla. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 229; +head and body 140; tail vertebrae 89; hind foot 36 (33.7); ear from +meatus 12; ear from crown 7. A second specimen from the type locality +gives precisely the same measurements. + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 38 (36);[18] basal +length 33 (31); basilar length 30 (29); palatal length 17 (16); +greatest length of nasals 11 (10); greatest width of both nasals +together 5 (5); interorbital breadth 12 (11.4); zygomatic breadth +22.4 (20); mastoid breadth 17 (16.6); depth of braincase at anterior +edge of basi-occipital 13.6 (13); mandible 23 (22); maxillary +toothrow (alveoli) 6.4 (7); mandibular toothrow (alveoli) 7 (7). + +_Specimens examined._--Two, both from the type locality. + +_Remarks._--While _Sciurus lingungensis_ is scarcely distinguishable +from _S. natunensis_ by external characters alone, size of the skull +and form of the audital bullae are clearly diagnostic. Both species +from the Natunas are separated from the Bornean _S. lowi_ Thomas by +their well developed ears, and shorter broader rostral portion of +skull. + + +SCIURUS LUTESCENS sp. nov. + + 1894. _Sciurus notatus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 659. September, 1894 (part, specimens from + Sirhassen). + +_Type._--Adult male (skin and skull) No. 104668 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Sirhassen Island, South Natunas, June 3, 1900. +Original number 429. + +_Characters._--Allied to _Sciurus notatus_, but considerably smaller +than the Bornean representative of the species. Colors very pale, +the under parts buff or cream-buff (Ridgway, pl. v, nos. 13 and 11) +irregularly tinged with gray. + +_Color._--Entire dorsal surface of body and tail a fine grizzle +of black and cream-buff, the individual hairs black with two or +three cream buff rings. On tail the grizzle is less fine than on +back, and it shows a faint tendency to resolve itself into obscure +cross bands. On sides of body and on head the cream-buff brightens +to buff. Cheeks and muzzle buff, scarcely grizzled. Feet slightly +yellower than sides, under parts and inner surface of legs pale +buff, palest anteriorly and laterally (where it about matches the +cream-buff of Ridgway) brightest along median line. Under side of +tail dull ochraceous-buff slightly grizzled with black. Pencil not +different from rest of tail. Between the colors of sides and belly +are the usual longitudinal stripes. The outer of these is about 5 +mm. in width, and cream-buff in color. The inner is about twice as +wide, and black, but much obscured by a thick sprinkling of bluish +gray hairs. Outer surface of ears concolor with neck, inner surface +like cheeks. The sprinkling of bluish gray hairs on sides of belly +extends irregularly forward to axilla and inner side of front leg, +occasionally to throat and chin. + +_Skull._--As compared with the Bornean form of _Sciurus notatus_, the +skull of _S. lutescens_ is much smaller (greatest length about 45 +instead of 50) the rostrum is relatively shorter and broader, and +the audital bullae are less elongate antero-posteriorly. Teeth as in +_Sciurus notatus_ except that they are uniformly smaller. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 355; +head and body 177; tail vertebrae, 177; hind foot 45 (41). Average and +extremes of six specimens from the type locality: total length 356 +(329-375); head and body 186 (177-196); tail vertebrae 170 (152-178); +hind foot 43.8 (41-45); hind foot without claws 40.7 (39-42). + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 45.4 (50.4)[19]; +basal length 39 (43); basilar length 36.4 (41); palatal length 20 +(23); palatal width between middle molars 6 (6); greatest length +of nasals 13 (14.8); greatest width of both nasals together 6.6 +(7); interorbital breadth 15.4 (17); mastoid breadth 21 (21); +zygomatic breadth 26 (29); depth of braincase at anterior edge of +basi-occipital 16 (16.8); mandible 28 (30); maxillary toothrow +(alveoli) 8 (9); mandibular toothrow (alveoli) 8 (9). + +_Specimens examined._--Seven (one in alcohol), all from the type +locality. + +_Remarks._--This squirrel is recognizable among the members of +the _S. notatus_ group by its light colors, and particularly by +the pallor of the under parts. In the latter characteristic it is +approached by the form inhabiting Pulo Laut, but with this exception +it is unique among the fulvous bellied species. The six specimens +show no variation worthy of note. + + +SCIURUS SERAIAE sp. nov. + +_Type._--Adult male (skin and skull) No. 104660 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Pulo Seraia, South Natuna Islands, May 29, 1900. +Original number 415. + +_Characters._--Most nearly related to the small, pallid, _Sciurus +lutescens_ from Sirhassen Island, but upper parts slightly less pale, +and under parts and pale side stripe buff-yellow, the former without +admixture of gray. + +_Color._--Upper parts as in _Sciurus lutescens_ except that the +pale bands on the hairs are more nearly buff than cream-buff. Tail +essentially as in _S. lutescens_ but a shade less pale. Under parts +buff-yellow darkening irregularly to dull orange-buff. Dark side +stripe broad and well defined. + +_Skull._--The skull closely agrees with that of _Sciurus lutescens_ +in both size and form, though it is perhaps even broader in +proportion to its length. Teeth as in _S. lutescens_. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 368; +head and body 197; tail vertebrae 171; hind foot 44 (40). Average and +extremes of four specimens from the type locality: total length 347 +(323-368); head and body 184 (171-197); tail vertebrae 163 (152-171); +hind foot 43.7 (43-45); hind foot without claws 40.1 (39.5-41). + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 45; basal length +38.6; basilar length 36; zygomatic breadth 26.4; least interorbital +breadth 17; mandible 28; maxillary toothrow (alveoli) 8.6; mandibular +toothrow (alveoli) 8.6. + +_Specimens examined._--Four, all from the type locality. + +_Remarks._--As might be expected from the geographic position of the +island it inhabits, _Sciurus seraiae_ differs from the Bornean _S. +notatus_ in much the same way as the Sirhassen representative of the +group. It is readily distinguishable from the Sirhassen animal by the +different color of the under parts. In color _Sciurus seraiae_ closely +resembles _S. abbottii_ of the Tambelan Islands. The latter is, +however, a much larger animal, with a longer and relatively narrower +skull. + + +SCIURUS RUTILIVENTRIS sp. nov. + +_Type._--Adult male (skin and skull) No. 104658 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Pulo Midei (Low Island), South Natuna Islands, +May 24, 1900. Original number 405. + +_Characters._--Size slightly greater than that of _Sciurus lutescens_ +and _S. seraiae_, but not equal to that of the Bornean or Bunguran +representatives of _S. notatus_. Color above as in _S. seraiae_. Under +parts bright clear orange-rufous. + +_Color._--Color exactly as in _Sciurus seraiae_ except that the pale +side stripe is light cream-buff and the under parts are bright orange +rufous. Tail without trace of red suffusion. + +_Skull and teeth._--The skull and teeth are a trifle larger than in +_Sciurus lutescens_ and _S. seraiae_, but the difference is scarcely a +tangible one. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: Total length 368; +head and body 190; tail vertebrae 178; hind foot 45 (41). Average and +extremes of seven specimens from the type locality: total length 356 +(330-368); head and body 186 (178-190); tail vertebrae 173 (165-184); +hind foot 45.5 (43-48); hind foot without claws 42.2 (39.5-45). + +_Specimens examined._--Seven, all from the type locality. + +_Remarks._--This squirrel is remarkable among the Natuna members of +the _S. notatus_ group for the brilliant color of its under parts. In +this respect it surpasses all of the related forms with which I am +acquainted. The red color is, however, strictly confined to the body, +showing no tendency to spread to the tail as in _S. miniatus_ of the +Malay Peninsula. + + +SCIURUS RUBIDIVENTRIS sp. nov. + + 1894. _Sciurus notatus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 659. September, 1894 (part, specimens from + Bunguran). + + 1895. _Sciurus notatus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 491. December, 1895 (part, specimens from + Bunguran). + +_Type._--Adult female (skin and skull) No. 104671 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Bunguran Island, North Natunas, June 22, 1900. +Original number 498. + +_Characters._--Size and general appearance both above and below +as in the Bornean form of _Sciurus notatus_, but red of under +parts brighter, and cheeks and chin distinctly less fulvous than +surrounding parts. Skull with broader, deeper braincase than in the +Bornean animal. + +_Color._--The color so closely resembles that of the Bornean _Sciurus +notatus_ that no detailed description is necessary. Under parts +ochraceous-rufous, fading to tawny on throat, everywhere lighter and +more tinged with red than in the Bornean animal. In the latter the +color of the under parts extends forward to lips and also strongly +suffuses the cheeks and sides of head which are only a shade browner +than the throat and conspicuously more fulvous than top of head and +sides of neck. In _Sciurus rubidiventris_ the cheeks and lips are +noticeably suffused with gray so that they form a distinct contrast +with both throat, top of head and sides of neck. + +_Skull._--The skull agrees in general size with that of the Bornean +animal, and is therefore much larger than in the three species from +the South Natunas. It is distinguishable by greater general breadth +and by the depth of the braincase, which perceptibly exceeds that of +_S. notatus_. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 380; +head and body 209; tail vertebrae 171; hind foot 49 (44.5). Averages +and extremes of seven specimens from the type locality: total +length 378 (368-393); head and body 208 (203-222); tail vertebrae +173 (165-184); hind foot 49.3 (48-50); hind foot without claws 45.7 +(44.5-47). + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 52.4 (50.4);[20] +basal length 44 (43); basilar length 41 (41); palatal length 23 +(23); palatal width between middle molars 6 (6); greatest length of +nasals 15 (14.8); greatest width of both nasals together 7.2 (7); +interorbital breadth 18.2 (17); mastoid breadth 23 (21); breadth +of braincase above roots of zygomata 24 (22); zygomatic breadth +30.4 (29); depth of braincase at anterior edge of basi-occipital +17.8 (16.8); mandible 29 (30); maxillary toothrow (alveoli) 9 (9); +mandibular toothrow (alveoli) 9 (9). + +_Specimens examined._--Seven, all from the type locality. + +_Remarks._--In both size and general color this squirrel more closely +resembles the Bornean representative of the group than it does +either of the three forms from the South Natunas. Its relationships, +however, appear to be rather with the race inhabiting Singapore +Island than with any of its near geographic allies, _Sciurus +lautensis_ excepted. + + +SCIURUS LAUTENSIS sp. nov. + + 1895. _Sciurus notatus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 491. December, 1895 (part, specimens from + Pulo Laut). + +_Type._--Adult female (skin and skull) No. 104683 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Pulo Laut, North Natuna Islands, August 6, 1900. +Original number 612. + +_Characters._--Size slightly less than that of _Sciurus +rubidiventris_ and color conspicuously pallid. Upper parts as in _S. +lutescens_; lower parts nearly as in _S. seraiae_ but rather less +dull; pale side stripe much less yellow than belly. Skull as in +_Sciurus rubidiventris_. + +_Color._--Upper parts and tail as in _Sciurus lutescens_. Cheeks +faintly washed with ochraceous-buff. Under parts and inner surface of +legs bright ochraceous-buff (distinctly more yellow than Ridgway's +pl. V, No. 10). Lateral stripes as in _S. lutescens_ (not distinctly +yellowish as in _S. seraiae_), but black band usually less sprinkled +with gray. Scarcely a trace of gray in axillary region or on sides of +neck. + +_Skull._--The skull in all respects closely resembles that of _S. +rubidiventris_ except that it is slightly smaller. Its large size and +the correspondingly large teeth readily distinguish it from that of +the South Natuna species. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 375; +head and body 195; tail vertebrae 180; hind foot 44 (41). Average and +extremes of nine specimens from the type locality; total length 363 +(355-379); head and body 189 (171-196); tail vertebrae 170 (165-183); +hind foot 45 (44-46); hind foot without claws 42 (41-43). + +_Specimens examined._--Ten (one in alcohol), all from the type +locality. + +_Remarks._--Though suggesting two of the small South Natuna squirrels +in color, _Sciurus lautensis_ is obviously related to the dark +colored Bunguran form, with which it more nearly agrees in size. + + +SCIURUS NAVIGATOR (Bonhote). + + 1894. _Sciurus prevostii_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 656. September, 1894 (Sirhassen). + + 1901. _Sciurus prevostii navigator_ BONHOTE, Ann. and Mag. Nat. + Hist., 7th ser., VII, p. 171. February, 1901 (Sirhassen). + +Nine specimens, three from Sirhassen Island and six from Pulo Subi. + +Those from Pulo Subi, while agreeing with the topotypes in color, +appear to average a trifle smaller, though the series is hardly +extensive enough to prove that this is constant. + + +RATUFA SIRHASSENENSIS (Bonhote). + + 1894. _Sciurus bicolor albiceps_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 659. September, 1894 (Sirhassen). + + 1900. _Ratufa ephippium sirhassenensis_ BONHOTE, Ann. and Mag. + Nat. Hist., 7th ser., V, p. 498. June, 1900 (Sirhassen). + +Two specimens, Sirhassen, June 8, 1900. + +This species, though related to _Ratufa ephippium_, with which it +agrees in color-scheme, is sharply differentiated by its small size +and cranial peculiarities. It is in no way closely allied to _Ratufa +bunguranensis_ and _R. nanogigas_. + +As compared with that of _Ratufa ephippium sandakanensis_ Bonhote, +the skull in addition to its small size (greatest length 57 instead +of 65) differs in general narrowness, in the relatively greater +breadth of the nasal branches of the premaxillaries, and in the form +of the audital bullae. When the skull is held upside down and viewed +from behind the bullae are seen to be narrower than in the Bornean +animal and to rise to a much greater height above the surface of the +basi-occipital. + + +RATUFA BUNGURANENSIS (Thomas and Hartert). + + 1894. _Sciurus bicolor bunguranensis_ THOMAS and HARTERT, + Novitates Zoologicae, I, p. 658. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Sciurus bicolor bunguranensis_ THOMAS and HARTERT, + Novitates Zoologicae, II, p. 491. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + + 1900. _Ratufa ephippium bunguranensis_ BONHOTE, Ann. and Mag. + Nat. Hist., 7th ser., V, p. 497. June, 1900. + +Thirteen specimens from Bunguran, all in various stages of the +change from the bleached winter coat to the summer pelage. In the +latter there is some color variation, mostly due to the greater or +less distinctness of the drab wash overlying the Prouts-brown or +'chocolate' of the upper parts. Not only does the drab vary in amount +in different individuals, but on every specimen it is more noticeable +when the animal is viewed from in front. The drab wash is of the same +character as that in _Ratufa affinis_, though less conspicuous. + +As Mr. Thomas has pointed out to me, after examining a specimen +of the latter, _Ratufa bunguranensis_ is closely allied to _R. +pyrsonota_. Indeed its relationship to the Siamese species is much +closer than to the _R. ephippium_ of Borneo. Together with _R. +pyrsonota_ the Bunguran giant squirrel differs conspicuously from +that of Borneo in its narrow skull, lengthened audital bullae, dark +feet, dark median line on under surface of tail, and entirely brown +back. From _R. pyrsonota_, however, it is readily separable by its +darker, less ochraceous color both above and below, drab washed back, +and by the much less distinct annulation of the hairs of the dorsal +surface. + + +RATUFA NANOGIGAS (Thomas and Hartert). + + 1895. _Sciurus bicolor nanogigas_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 491. December, 1895 (Pulo Laut). + + 1900. _Ratufa ephippium nanogigas_ BONHOTE, Ann. and Mag. Nat. + Hist., 7th ser., V, p. 498. June, 1900 (Pulo Laut). + +Four specimens, all from Pulo Laut, the type locality. + +This strongly characterized dwarf species is allied to _Ratufa +pyrsonota_ and _R. bunguranensis_ with which it agrees in color +scheme. It is in no way closely related to the large Bornean _R. +ephippium_. + + +RATUFA ANGUSTICEPS sp. nov. + +_Type._--Adult male (skin and skull) No. 104646 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Pulo Lingung, off south coast of Bunguran, June +17, 1900. Original number 481. + +_Characters._--Externally like _Ratufa anambae_ and _R. melanopepla_. +Skull about equal to that of latter in length, but conspicuously +narrower. + +_Color._--As the color is precisely like that of _Ratufa anambae_ and +_R. melanopepla_ it requires no description. + +_Skull and teeth._--The skull is immediately recognizable by its +general narrowness, but particularly in the region of the anterior +zygomatic roots. Ratio of lachrymal breadth to greatest length, 39. +In the other black backed species it is about 42. Audital bullae +narrower and more elongate than in _R. melanopepla_, and more +elevated above level of basi-occipital (when skull is held upside +down). Lateral processes of basi-occipital obsolete. + +Teeth as in the related species. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 748; +head and body 342; tail vertebrae 406; hind foot 79 (74). + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 48.6 (70);[21] basal +length 57 (59); basilar length 52 (53); diastema 15.6 (16); length +of nasals 22 (23.4); breadth of nasals anteriorly 12 (13); breadth +of nasals posteriorly 6 (7); interorbital breadth 27 (28); lachrymal +breadth 28.4 (31); breadth between tips of postorbital processes 38 +(41); zygomatic breadth 41 (44); mastoid breadth 31 (32.6); mandible +40 (41.6); maxillary toothrow (alveoli) 14 (14); mandibular toothrow +(alveoli) 14.6 (14.4). + +_Specimens examined._--One, the type. + +_Remarks._--While this squirrel exactly resembles the other black +backed species with untufted ears, so far as external characters +are concerned, it seems to be well differentiated in cranial +peculiarities. No black backed _Ratufa_ has hitherto been recorded +from the Natunas. + + +RHINOSCIURUS sp. + +An immature long-nosed squirrel was taken on Sirhassen Island, June +4, 1900. In the absence of material for comparison I am unable to +determine the species. The genus is new to the islands. + + +ARCTOGALIDIA INORNATA sp. nov. + +_Type._--Adult[22] male (skin and skull) No. 104859 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Bunguran Island, North Natunas, June 23, 1900. +Original number 502. + +_Characters._--Much smaller than _Arctogalidia leucotis_ from the +Malay Peninsula or _A. stigmatica_ from Borneo (greatest length of +skull about 100 instead of 115) and in color paler than either, the +dark dorsal stripes obsolete in adult. + +_Color._--General color of back and sides light silvery gray +irregularly suffused with buff and slightly darkened by blackish +hair-tips and by appearance at surface of hair-brown basal portion of +fur. The buff suffusion is least noticeable on back, slightly more +apparent on sides and flanks, and most evident on sides of neck, +where it usually brightens almost to buff-yellow in distinct contrast +with surrounding parts. On middle of back there is a trace of the +middle dark stripe of the three normally present in members of the +genus. Head essentially like back though somewhat more gray. Muzzle +and ill-defined eye ring blackish. Cheeks and short median stripe on +forehead dull whitish gray. Under parts essentially like back, but +buff tinge more diffuse. Feet and ears dark brown. Tail like back but +darkening to uniform brown beyond middle. + +Newly born young are clear bluish gray, with scarcely a tinge of +buff. The three black dorsal stripes are clearly defined and normal +in extent. + +_Skull._--In addition to its smaller size the skull differs from +that of the Bornean _Arctogalidia stigmatica_ in the relatively +larger braincase, and less prominent audital bullae. The braincase +is nearly as broad as in the Bornean species, but the zygomatic +width is distinctly less. Audital bullae less raised above level +of basi-occipital when skull is held upside down and viewed from +behind. The sagittal crest, though of normal development in very +old individuals, is absent at an age when it is well grown in the +larger species. In _Arctogalidia leucotis_ and _A. stigmatica_, even +in animals so young that the teeth are unworn and all the sutures +of the rostrum plainly visible, the sagittal crest is a knife-like +ridge extending from proencephalon to lambdoid suture, and rising +to a height of about 4 mm. over middle of braincase. In much older +individuals of _A. inornata_, with worn teeth and nearly obliterated +rostral sutures, the crest is represented by a low ridge about 5 +mm. wide over middle of braincase and flat or grooved on top. At +this stage it rises very inconspicuously above level of the adjacent +surface, from which it is distinguished more by the texture of the +bone than by actual form. + +_Teeth._--The teeth are uniformly much smaller than in _Arctogalidia +leucotis_ and _A. stigmatica_, but I can detect no important +differences in form. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 1027; +head and body 469; tail vertebrae 558; hind foot 78 (73.) External +measurements of an adult female: total length 911; head and body 431; +tail vertebrae 480; hind foot 77 (72). + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 102 (115);[23] basal +length 96 (106); basilar length 92 (103); median palatal length 53 +(60); palatal breadth between anterior molars 13 (15.4); zygomatic +breadth 55 (60); breadth between tips of postorbital processes +41 (39); constriction in front of postorbital processes 19 (18); +constriction behind postorbital processes 13 (12); breadth of +braincase above roots of zygomata 32 (33); mastoid breadth 36 (38); +mandible 76 (86); maxillary toothrow (exclusive of incisors) 34[24] +(41); mandibular toothrow (exclusive of incisors) 39 (44); crown of +first upper molar 5.4 x 5 (5.4 x 5.6); crown of second upper molar 4 +x 5 (5.4 x 6.4); crown of second lower molar 7 x 4.2 (8.4 x 5.4). + +_Specimens examined._--Seven (two young in alcohol and one skull +without skin), all from the type locality. + +_Remarks._--_Arctogalidia inornata_ is so distinct from the +previously described species as to require no special comparisons. It +is common on Bunguran where it frequents the cocoanut trees, living +for the most part in the tops among the leaf stalks. + + +VIVERRA TANGALUNGA Gray. + + 1895. _Viverra tangalunga_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 490. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + +Nine specimens from Bunguran. These agree in all respects with the +Bornean animal. + + +TUPAIA SPLENDIDULA Gray. + + 1894. _Tupaia splendidula_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 656. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1893. _Tupaia splendidula typica_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 489. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + +Two specimens from Bunguran. + + +TUPAIA LUCIDA (Thomas and Hartert). + + 1895. _Tupaia splendidula lucida_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 490. December, 1895 (Pulo Laut). + +Seven specimens (two in alcohol) from Pulo Laut. + + +TUPAIA SIRHASSENENSIS sp. nov. + + 1894. _Tupaia tana_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates Zoologicae, I, + p. 657. September, 1894 (Sirhassen). + +_Type._--Adult male (skin and skull) No. 104712 U. S. National +Museum. Collected on Sirhassen Island, South Natunas, June 5, 1900. +Original number 442. + +_Characters._--In general similar to Bornean specimens of _Tupaia +tana_, but smaller (hind foot 47 instead of 52, greatest length of +skull 55 instead of 60), gray markings on head and shoulders less +distinct, and red of tail brighter. Rostral portion of skull less +attenuate than in _Tupaia tana_. + +_Color._--The color so exactly resembles that of the common Bornean +_Tupaia tana_ as to need no detailed description. Gray of head +darker than in the Bornean animal and light shoulder markings less +distinct and sharply defined. Under side of tail light orange-rufous, +darkening to ferruginous toward edge. (In _T. tana_ these colors are +replaced by dull ferruginous and hazel respectively.) + +_Skull and teeth._--The skull is throughout much smaller than in +specimens of _Tupaia tana_ from Borneo. In form it differs from that +of _T. tana_ in less slender and elongate rostrum, narrower braincase +and slightly shorter audital bullae. Suborbital vacuity much broader +than in _T. tana_. Teeth as in the Bornean animal. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: Total length 355; +head and body 203; tail vertebrae 152; hind foot 46.4 (44). Average +and extremes of four adults from the type locality: total length 367 +(365-371); head and body 203; tail vertebrae 163 (162-168); hind foot +45.4 (44-46.6); hind foot without claws 42.5 (41-44). + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 54.6 (61);[25] basal +length 49 (54); basilar length 46.4 (51); median palatal length 48 +(53); distance from lachrymal notch to tip of premaxillary 27.6 (31); +least interorbital breadth 14.4 (16); zygomatic breadth 25 (28.4); +mandible 38 (41); maxillary toothrow (behind diastema) 20 (21.4); +mandibular toothrow (behind diastema) 17 (18). + +_Specimens examined._--Five, all from the type locality. + + +GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS (Linnaeus). + + 1894. _Galeopithecus volans_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 657. September, 1894 (Bunguran and Sirhassen). + +Two specimens from Sirhassen and two (one young in alcohol), from +Bunguran. Also foetus of one of the Sirhassen specimens. + + +EMBALLONURA ANAMBENSIS Miller. + +Four specimens from Bunguran. These agree essentially with the Anamba +animal, but show some slight cranial peculiarities. + + +PIPISTRELLUS SUBULIDENS sp. nov. + +_Type._--Adult female (in alcohol) No. 104758 U. S. National Museum. +Collected on Sirhassen Island, South Natunas, June 3, 1900. + +_Characters._--Similar to _Pipistrellus pipistrellus_ (Schreber) in +size, color and external form, but skull with broader rostrum, and +inner upper incisor without supplemental cusp. + +_Skull._--The skull is of the same size as that of _Pipistrellus +pipistrellus_, but the braincase is narrower and more elongate, and +the rostrum is very markedly shorter and broader. The great breadth +of the anterior portion of the skull involves also the palate and +interpterygoid space, both of which are noticeably wider than in +_Pipistrellus pipistrellus_. Audital bullae slightly smaller than in +the European species. + +_Teeth._--The teeth are essentially as in _Pipistrellus +pipistrellus_, except that the inner upper incisor lacks the +small supplemental cusp. Mandibular teeth wider than those of _P. +pipistrellus_. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length 76; head +and body 41; tail 33; tibia 14; foot 6; calcar 10; forearm 32.4; +thumb 6; second digit 30; third digit 60; fourth digit 53; fifth +digit 43; ear from meatus 11; ear from crown 9; width of ear 9.6; +tragus (measured in front) 4. + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 12.4 (12);[26] basal +length 11.8 (11.6); basilar length 9 (9); zygomatic breadth 8.4 (8); +least interorbital breadth 3.2 (3.2); greatest length of braincase +8 (7.6); greatest breadth of braincase above roots of zygomata 6.6 +(6.6); mandible 8.8 (8.4); maxillary toothrow (exclusive of incisors) +4.2 (4.2); mandibular toothrow (exclusive of incisors) 4.8 (4.8). + +_Specimens examined._--Six (in alcohol), all from the type locality. + +_Remarks._--I am unable to identify this bat with any described +species. Externally it is practically identical with _Pipistrellus +pipistrellus_ except that the color, so far as can be judged from +specimens preserved in alcohol, is more blackish. Internally it is +readily distinguished by the characters of the skull and teeth. +From _Pipistrellus abramus_ it differs externally in smaller size, +narrower ears, and in the absence of any unusual development of the +penis. The incisors differ from those of _P. abramus_ in the same +manner as from those of _P. pipistrellus_. + + +HIPPOSIDEROS LARVATUS (Horsfield). + +Two specimens (one in alcohol) were collected on Sirhassen Island, +June 6 and 7, 1900. + + +RHINOLOPHUS AFFINIS (Horsfield). + +One badly damaged specimen from Bunguran appears to be referable to +typical _Rhinolophus affinis_. The forearm cannot be measured, but +the third finger is 75 mm. in length. Tibia 21, foot 10.4, ear from +meatus 21. Ridge on muzzle beneath edge of nose leaf low, broad and +hairy, not in the least suggesting a supplementary leaflet. + + +RHINOLOPHUS SPADIX sp. nov. + + 1894. _Rhinolophus affinis_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 656. December, 1895 (Sirhassen). + +_Type._--Adult female (in alcohol) No. 104752 U. S. National Museum. +Collected on Sirhassen Island, South Natunas, June, 1900. + +_Characters._--In general like _Rhinolophus affinis_ but much +smaller. Color uniform tawny brown. Muzzle with distinct supplemental +leaflets. + +_Muzzle._--Muzzle and noseleaf precisely as in _Rhinolophus +affinis_, except that the ridge on muzzle beneath edge of horseshoe +is developed into a distinct supplemental leaflet resembling those +present in _Hipposideros_. In this respect _Rhinolophus spadix_ +resembles the animal from Burmah referred by Thomas to _Rhinolophus +rouxii_;[27] but the terminal erect portion of the noseleaf is not +shortened or in any way peculiar in form. + +_Ears._--The ears resemble those of _Rhinolophus affinis_, except +that they are not as large. + +_Color._--Fur everywhere russet, slightly paler on ventral surface, +darker and somewhat tinged with hazel above. Ears and membranes dark +brown. + +_Skull and teeth._--The skull and teeth exactly resemble those +of mainland specimens of _Rhinolophus affinis_ except for their +uniformly smaller size. + +_Measurements._--External measurements of type: total length, 70 +(85[28]); tail 21 (23); tibia 17.6 (24); foot 8 (10); calcar 12 (13); +forearm 43 (51); thumb 8 (8.6); second digit 32 (40); third digit 64 +(77); fourth digit 53 (61); fifth digit 54 (63); ear from meatus 17 +(20); ear from crown 14 (17); length of noseleaf from lip 13 (16); +greatest width of noseleaf 8 (9). + +Cranial measurements of type: greatest length 18 (23); basal length +16 (20.4); basilar length 14.6 (18); zygomatic breadth 9 (11); least +interorbital breadth 2.4 (2.4); greatest length of braincase 10.4 +(13); greatest breadth of braincase above roots of zygomata 8 (9.4); +frontopalatal depth (at middle of molar series) 4 (4.8); depth of +braincase 6 (7); mandible 11.8 (15); maxillary toothrow (exclusive +of incisor) 6.8 (9); mandibular toothrow (exclusive of incisors) 7 +(9.8). + +_Specimens examined._--Three (one skin), all from the type locality. + +_Remarks._--_Rhinolophus spadix_ is so readily distinguished from +its relatives of the _R. affinis_ group that it needs no special +comparisons. It is a much smaller animal than the species from the +Anambas that I recently referred to _R. rouxii_.[29] In color the +latter is a dull brown not in the least resembling the russet of _R. +spadix_. + + +CYNOPTERUS MONTANOI Robin. + + 1894. _Cynopterus marginatus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 655. September, 1894 (Sirhassen and Bunguran). + + 1899. _Cynopterus montanoi_ MATSCHIE, Die Fledermaeuse des + Berliner Museums fuer Naturkunde, p. 75. August, 1899. (Natuna + record of _C. marginatus_ placed in synonymy of _C. montanoi_.) + +Five specimens (three skins) from Sirhassen. These agree so closely +with a skin and two bleached alcoholic specimens from Singapore, +which I suppose to be the same as the Malaccan _Cynopterus montanoi_, +that without more material it is impossible to distinguish the Natuna +animal from that of the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula. +_Cynopterus montanoi_ as thus understood differs from _C. angulatus_ +Miller[30] of Lower Siam in its more slender skull and in the +absence of the white border of the ear, and from _C. titthaecheilus_ +(Temminck) of Sumatra and Java in its conspicuously smaller size. + + +PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS (Linnaeus). + + 1894. _Pteropus vampyrus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 655. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Pteropus vampyrus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 489. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + +Six skins from Bunguran. + + +? PTEROPUS HYPOMELANUS Temminck. + + 1894. _Pteropus hypomelanus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 655. September, 1894 (Sirhassen). + + 1895. _Pteropus hypomelanus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 489. December, 1895 (Pulo Pandak, Pulo + Panjang and Pulo Laut). + +Eight (one in alcohol) from Sirhassen and seven (one in alcohol) Pulo +Laut. It is highly probable that these specimens represent a species +distinct from the true _Pteropus hypomelanus_ of Ternate. + + +NYCTICEBUS TARDIGRADUS (Linnaeus). + + 1894. _Nycticebus tardigradus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 655. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Nycticebus tardigradus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 489 (Bunguran). + +One specimen from Bunguran. + + +MACACUS 'CYNOMOLGUS' Auct. + + 1894. _Macacus cynomolgus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 654. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Macacus cynomolgus_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 489. December, 1895 (Bunguran). + +A specimen from each of the following islands: Sirhassen, Pulo +Lingung and Pulo Laut. + + +SEMNOPITHECUS CRISTATUS (Raffles). + +Two monkeys from Sirhassen appear to be referable to this species. + + +SEMNOPITHECUS NATUNAE Thomas and Hartert. + + 1894. _Semnopithecus natunae_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, I, p. 652. September, 1894 (Bunguran). + + 1895. _Semnopithecus natunae_ THOMAS and HARTERT, Novitates + Zoologicae, II, p. 489. (Bunguran.) + +Ten specimens from Bunguran. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] For location of the Natuna Islands see Proc. Washington Acad. +Sci., II, p. 204. August 20, 1900. + +[2] Thomas (O.) and Hartert (E.). List of the first collection of +mammals from the Natuna Islands. Novitates Zoologicae, I, pp. 652-660. +September, 1894. + +Thomas (O.). Revised determinations of three of the Natuna rodents. +Novitates Zoologicae, II, pp. 26-28. February, 1895. + +Thomas (O.) and Hartert (E.). On a second collection of mammals from +the Natuna Islands. Novitates Zoologicae, II, pp. 489-492. December, +1895. + +Bonhote (J. Lewis). On the squirrels of the Ratufa (Sciurus) bicolor +group. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., V, pp. 490-499. June, 1900. + +Thomas (O.). The red flying squirrel of the Natuna Islands. Novitates +Zoologicae, VII, p. 592. December 8, 1900. + +Bonhote (J. Lewis). On the Squirrels of the Sciurus Prevostii Group. +Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., VII, pp. 167-177. February, 1901. + +[3] Gray's "Notice of a species of Tupaia from Borneo, in the +collection of the British Museum" in the Proceedings of the +Zoological Society of London for 1865 (p. 322) may be added to the +bibliography of Natuna mammals, as the animal described, though +supposed to have been taken in Borneo, is apparently confined to +Bunguran Island, the largest of the Natunas. + +[4] _Megaderma spasma_, _Myotis muricola_, _Taphozous melanopogon_, +_Mydaus meliceps_, _Paradoxurus hermaphroditus_, _Lutra sumatrana_ +and _Mus ephippium_. + +[5] See papers already cited, also Novitates Zoologicae, I, p. 468 +(letter from Mr. Everett); _ibid._, I, p. 483 (note on land shells +by Mr. E. Smith), _ibid._, II, p. 478 (Birds); _ibid._, II, p. 499 +(Reptiles). + +[6] Sitz.-Berich. der Gesellsch. Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, +1893, p. 224. + +[7] For the opportunity of examining the skull of an adult male +from Balabac I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. D. G. Elliot. A +photograph (slightly reduced) of this specimen was published by Mr. +Elliot in 1896 (Field Columbian Museum, Publication II, Zoological +Series, I, No. 3, pl. XI, May, 1896). + +[8] Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male topotype +of _Tragulus nigricans_. + +[9] Measurements in parentheses are those of a less mature specimen +from Bunguran. + +[10] Measurements in parentheses are those of a Tenasserim specimen +(female) of _Sus cristatus_ so young that the posterior molar is not +fully in place. + +[11] Last molar not fully grown. + +[12] See Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, pl. III and IV. + +[13] Collector's measurement. + +[14] Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of _Mus +validus_. + +[15] In the type of _Mus muelleri_ the diastema is 12 mm. + +[16] Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., XIV, p. 450. December, 1894. + +[17] Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male topotype +of _Sciurus tenuis_. + +[18] Measurements in parentheses are those of an older specimen of +_Sciurus natunensis_ from Sirhassen. + +[19] Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult _Sciurus +notatus_ from Borneo. + +[20] Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult Bornean +_Sciurus notatus_. + +[21] Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of _Ratufa +melanopepla_. + +[22] Teeth very much worn and many of them absent. + +[23] Measurements in parentheses are those of a young adult _A. +stigmatica_ from British North Borneo. + +[24] Tooth measurements are from a younger specimen (male) with +perfect dentition. + +[25] Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male Bornean +_Tupaia tana_. + +[26] Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult skull of +_Pipistrellus pipistrellus_ from Switzerland. + +[27] Ann. Mus. Civ. di Storia Nat. di Genova, Ser. 2, X, p. 923, pl. +XI, 1892. + +[28] Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult female +_Rhinolophus affinis_ from Trong, Lower Siam. + +[29] Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., II, p. 234. August 20, 1900. + +[30] Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1898, p. 316. July, 1898. + + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Note: + +Obvious typographical errors have been repaired. + +_Underscores_ surround italicized content. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mammals Collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott +on the Natuna Islands, by Gerrit Miller + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALS COLLECTED BY DR. ABBOTT *** + +***** This file should be named 44705.txt or 44705.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/7/0/44705/ + +Produced by Larry B. 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