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float:left; } +div.lscol {width:70%; float:left; clear:both; margin-top:0em; } +div.rscol {width:30%; float:right; margin-top:0em; } +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44785 ***</div> + +<div id="cover" class="logo"> +<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="An Account of the Beaked Whales of the Family Ziphiidæ in the Collection of the United States National Museum" width="500" height="659" /> +</div> +<div class="box"> +<p class="center"><span class="smaller">SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION</span> +<br /><span class="small">UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM</span> +<br /><b>Bulletin 73</b></p> +<h1 title="Beaked Whales of the Family Ziphiidæ in the U. S. National Museum"><span class="smallest">AN ACCOUNT OF THE BEAKED WHALES OF THE FAMILY ZIPHIIDÆ IN THE COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, WITH REMARKS ON SOME SPECIMENS IN OTHER AMERICAN MUSEUMS</span></h1> +<p class="center"><span class="small">BY</span> +<br />FREDERICK W. TRUE +<br /><i>Head Curator, Department of Biology, U. S. National Museum</i></p> +<div class="logo"><img src="images/logo.jpg" alt="Smithsonian Institution" width="170" height="171" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="small">WASHINGTON +<br />GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE +<br />1910</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="smaller">BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM +<br /><span class="sc">Issued September 28, 1910.</span></span></p> +</div> +<div class="pb" id="Page_III">[III]</div> +<h2><br /><span class="small">ADVERTISEMENT.</span></h2> +<p>The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of +two series, the <i>Proceedings</i> and the <i>Bulletins</i>.</p> +<p>The <i>Proceedings</i>, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended +primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers +based on the collections of the National Museum, presenting newly-acquired facts +in zoology, geology, and anthropology, including descriptions of new forms of +animals, and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually +and distributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of +copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others +interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of publication is +printed on each paper, and these dates are also recorded in the tables of contents +of the volume.</p> +<p>The <i>Bulletins</i>, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate +publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other +general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports +of expeditions, and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The +majority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few +instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable.</p> +<p>Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical +collections of the Museum, and known as the <i>Contributions from the National Herbarium</i>, +has been published as bulletins.</p> +<p>The present work forms No. 73 of the <i>Bulletin</i> series.</p> +<p class="jr1"><span class="sc">Richard Rathbun</span>, +<br /><i>Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, +<br />In charge of the United States National Museum.</i></p> +<p><span class="sc">Washington, D. C.</span>, June 1, 1910.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_V">[V]</div> +<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2> +<dl class="toc"> +<dt><span class="small">Page.</span></dt> +<dt><a href="#c1">Introduction</a> 1</dt> +<dt><a href="#c2">Descriptions of skulls and skeletons of Ziphioid whales</a> 3</dt> +<dt><a href="#c3">Genus Mesoplodon</a> 3</dt> +<dt><a href="#c4">Mesoplodon bidens</a> 4</dt> +<dd class="ddt2"><a href="#c5">densirostris</a> 9</dd> +<dd class="ddt2"><a href="#c6">europæus</a> 11</dd> +<dd class="ddt2"><a href="#c7">stejnegeri</a> 24</dd> +<dt><a href="#c8">Genus Ziphius</a> 30</dt> +<dt><a href="#c9">Ziphius cavirostris</a> 30</dt> +<dt><a href="#c10">Genus Berardius</a> 60</dt> +<dt><a href="#c11">Berardius bairdii</a> 60</dt> +<dt><a href="#c12">Genus Hyperoödon</a> 76</dt> +<dt><a href="#c13">Hyperoödon ampullatus</a> 76</dt> +<dt><a href="#c14">List of species of existing Ziphioid whales</a> 76</dt> +<dt><a href="#c15">Index</a> 79</dt> +<dt><a href="#c16">Explanation of plates</a> 83</dt> +</dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_1">[1]</div> +<h1 title=""><span class="small">AN ACCOUNT OF THE BEAKED WHALES OF THE FAMILY ZIPHIIDÆ IN THE COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, WITH REMARKS ON SOME SPECIMENS IN OTHER AMERICAN MUSEUMS.</span></h1> +<p class="tbcenter">By <span class="sc">Frederick W. True</span>, +<br /><i>Head Curator, Department of Biology, U. S. National Museum.</i></p> +<h2 id="c1"><br /><span class="small">INTRODUCTION.</span></h2> +<p>The beaked whales belonging to the family Ziphiidæ are, with the exception +of the bottle-nosed whales of the genus <i>Hyperoödon</i>, among the rarest of cetaceans. +Of the three genera <i>Mesoplodon</i>, <i>Ziphius</i>, and <i>Berardius</i>, so far as I have been able +to ascertain from published records, specimens representing about one hundred +individuals are known, and somewhat more than one-half of these belong to the +first-named genus. <i>Berardius</i> is the rarest genus, only about fourteen specimens +having been collected thus far. The U. S. National Museum contains specimens +representing some twenty-five individuals of the three genera, or about one-fourth +of the material at present available. Among these are six specimens of the genus +<i>Berardius</i>, or nearly half of all that have been recorded thus far.</p> +<p>The most important addition to the knowledge of these whales made during +the last quarter century was the discovery of representatives of the three genera +<i>Mesoplodon</i>, <i>Ziphius</i>, and <i>Berardius</i>, at Bering Island, in the North Pacific, by Dr. +Leonhard Stejneger, whereby the known range of the family was very greatly +extended. Two of the forms were described by Doctor Stejneger in 1883, and the +third by myself from a skull which he collected. About one-half of the material +which the Museum possesses consists of that collected by Doctor Stejneger in Bering +Island and that from the same locality presented by Mr. Nicholas Grebnitzki, Russian +governor of the Commander Islands.</p> +<p>About six years ago the National Museum received information and specimens +from correspondents showing that the range of the three genera found at Bering +Island extends to the eastern North Pacific, one genus (<i>Ziphius</i>) having been +observed at Kiska Harbor, Alaska, another (<i>Mesoplodon</i>) at Yaquina Bay, Oregon, +and the third (<i>Berardius</i>) at St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska, and near +Cape Mendocino, California.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_2">[2]</div> +<p>On the east and west coasts of the United States the only occurrences of beaked +whales known to me are as follows:</p> +<h3>EAST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES.</h3> +<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Mesoplodon bidens</i>:</dt> +<dd>Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. 1867. Skull in the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</dd> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon europæus</i>:</dt> +<dd>Atlantic City, New Jersey. March 28, 1889. Young male. Skeleton, cast, photographs, and viscera in the National Museum.</dd> +<dd>North Long Branch, New Jersey. July 22, 1905. Adult female. Skull in the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</dd> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon densirostris?</i>:</dt> +<dd>Annisquam, Massachusetts. August, 1898. Young female. Skeleton in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History.</dd> +<dt><i>Ziphius cavirostris</i>:</dt> +<dd>Charleston, South Carolina. 1865 (?). Young female. Skeleton in the National Museum. (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i>.)</dd> +<dd>Barnegat City, New Jersey. October 3, 1883. Adult female. Skeleton and cast in the National Museum.</dd> +<dd>St. Simon Island, Georgia. 1893. Male (?). Known from a photograph; only a few bones preserved.</dd> +<dd>Newport, Rhode Island. October, 1901. Adult male. Skeleton and photograph in the National Museum.</dd> +<dt><i>Hyperoödon ampullatus</i>:</dt> +<dd>New York Bay, New York. 1822. Female (?). Not known to have been preserved.</dd> +<dd>North Dennis, Massachusetts. January, 1869. Male. Skeleton in the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</dd> +<dd>Newport, Rhode Island. 1869. Female. Skull in Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.</dd></dl> +<h3>WEST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES.</h3> +<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri</i>:</dt> +<dd>Yaquina Bay, near Newport, Oregon. February 15 (?), 1904. Adult. Skull in the National Museum.</dd> +<dt><i>Ziphius cavirostris</i>:</dt> +<dd>Kiska Harbor, Alaska. September, 1904. Known only from photographs.</dd> +<dt><i>Berardius bairdii</i>:</dt> +<dd>St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. June, 1903. Adult female. Skeleton in the National Museum.</dd> +<dd>St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. June, 1903. Young male. Skeleton in the National Museum.</dd> +<dd>Centerville Beach, near Ferndale, California. October, 1904. Adult male. Skeleton in the National Museum.</dd> +<dd>Alaska or California (?). Skull formerly in museum of the Alaska Commercial Company, San Francisco.</dd> +<dd>Trinidad, California. January 30, 1905. Not preserved; perhaps not this genus.</dd> +<dd>St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. August 21, 1909. Female. Probably not preserved. Reported by Maj. Ezra W. Clark.</dd></dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_3">[3]</div> +<h2 id="c2"><br /><span class="small">DESCRIPTIONS OF SKULLS AND SKELETONS OF ZIPHIOID WHALES.</span></h2> +<h3 id="c3">Genus MESOPLODON Gervais.</h3> +<p>Of this genus the National Museum has four specimens; namely, (1) a skull +(Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M.) obtained at Bering Island, North Pacific Ocean, in 1883, +by Dr. L. Stejneger, and made the type of the species <i>M. stejnegeri</i> True; (2) a +skull and photographs (Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M.) of the same species, from +Yaquina Bay, Oregon, obtained in exchange from Mr. J. G. Crawford in 1904; +(3) a skeleton, cast, and photographs of a young male (Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M.), +hitherto supposed to represent <i>M. bidens</i>, caught at Atlantic City, New Jersey, in +1889; and (4) a skeleton of an adult (Cat. No. 49880, U.S.N.M.) from the Chatham +Islands, New Zealand, representing <i>M. grayi</i>.<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a></p> +<p>In addition to this material, I have had the privilege of examining two skulls +belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, and hitherto supposed to represent +<i>M. bidens</i>, and two skeletons belonging to the American Museum of Natural +History. Of these last, one is that of an adult and was purchased by the American +Museum under the name of <i>M. layardi</i>, but was subsequently recognized to be a +new species and was described by Mr. Andrews, under the name of <i>Mesoplodon +bowdoini</i>. The other is that of a young individual, and has been labeled <i>M. grayi</i>.</p> +<p>As already noted by Dr. G. M. Allen,<a class="fn" id="fr_2" href="#fn_2">[2]</a> only four specimens of <i>Mesoplodon</i> have +been recorded hitherto from the Atlantic coast of the United States. These are:</p> +<p>1. An adult, sex unknown, but probably female, 16 feet long, found at Nantucket, +Massachusetts, in 1867, and recorded by Prof. L. Agassiz.<a class="fn" id="fr_3" href="#fn_3">[3]</a> +The skull of this individual is in the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p> +<p>2. A young male, 12½ feet long, captured at Atlantic City, New Jersey, March +28, 1889. The skeleton (Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M.) is in the National Museum.</p> +<p>3. A young female, 12 feet 2 inches long, stranded at Annisquam, Massachusetts, +August, 1898, and recorded by the late Alpheus Hyatt.<a class="fn" id="fr_4" href="#fn_4">[4]</a> +The skeleton is in the museum of the Boston Society of Natural History.</p> +<p>4. An adult female, said by fishermen who measured it to have been 22 feet +long, entangled in pound nets at North Long Branch, New Jersey, July 22, 1905, +and recorded by Dr. Glover M. Allen.<a class="fn" id="fr_5" href="#fn_5">[5]</a> The cranium of this individual is preserved +in the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy. The rostrum and mandible, which were +originally obtained, were afterwards destroyed by accident.</p> +<p>I have examined all this material. Writers who have had occasion to mention +these four specimens thus far have referred them tacitly to <i>Mesoplodon bidens</i> +(Sowerby), but, after a careful study of them, I have ascertained that while the +Nantucket specimen belongs to that species, the Atlantic City and Long Branch +<span class="pb" id="Page_4">[4]</span> +specimens represent <i>Mesoplodon europæus</i> (Gervais). This is a very interesting discovery, +because the latter species has been known hitherto only from a single skull, +and its validity has been frequently questioned. The Annisquam specimen, as will +be seen later, presents characters which appear to ally it to <i>M. densirostris</i>.</p> +<h3 id="c4">MESOPLODON BIDENS (Sowerby).</h3> +<dl class="undent"><dd><i>Physeter bidens</i> <span class="sc">Sowerby</span>, British Miscell., 1804, p. 1; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, 1804, p. 310.</dd> +<dd><i>Delphinus sowerbensis</i> <span class="sc">Blainville</span>, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., 2d ed., vol. 9, 1817, p. 177.</dd> +<dd><i>Delphinus sowerbyi</i> <span class="sc">Desmarest</span>, Mammalogie, pt. 2, 1822, p. 521.</dd></dl> +<p>The only specimen from the Atlantic coast of the United States which can +with certainty be referred to this species is the one from Nantucket mentioned on +page 3. Prof. L. Agassiz’s original notice of it is so brief that it is quoted in full +below:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Professor Agassiz also brought to the notice of the Society the discovery of a Cetacean, new to +America. The skull was exhibited, and its peculiar features pointed out. It was obtained on the +coast of Nantucket by Messrs. H. M. and S. C. Martin, of Roxbury. It belonged to the genus <i>Mesoplodon</i>, +as characterized by Gervais, and ought to be separated from the fossil <i>Ziphius</i>, described by Cuvier. +Professor Agassiz, however, questioned whether <i>Mesoplodon</i> was not identical with <i>Delphinorhynchus</i>, +previously described by De Blainville. The specimen found at Nantucket measured 16 feet in length.<a class="fn" id="fr_6" href="#fn_6">[6]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<h4>SKULL.</h4> +<p>The skull of this Nantucket specimen, which I have before me, is thoroughly +adult. That the specimen is a female is probable from the fact that the teeth (one +of which is preserved), though fully developed, are only two-thirds as broad and +three-fourths as long as those of Sowerby’s specimen (the type of the species), +which was an adult male.<a class="fn" id="fr_7" href="#fn_7">[7]</a> The skull is 765 mm. long, and about 30 mm. are lacking +from the end of the beak, so that the original length was about 795 mm. It +appears to be, therefore, rather the largest skull of the species of which there is any +record. The specimen itself, according to Dr. J. A. Allen, was 16 feet 3 inches +long.<a class="fn" id="fr_8" href="#fn_8">[8]</a> The largest European skull appears to be the one in the Edinburgh Museum, +described by Sir William Turner in 1872.<a class="fn" id="fr_9" href="#fn_9">[9]</a> The length of this is 749 mm. The +specimen was a female, but though the skull is so large, the mesirostral cartilage was +not ossified, and the individual was, therefore, probably not thoroughly adult. +Two other European specimens, of which the total length was almost identical +with that of the Nantucket specimen, were (1) the adult female obtained at Overstrand, +England, in 1892, and recorded by Southwell and Harmer<a class="fn" id="fr_10" href="#fn_10">[10]</a> (length 16 feet +<span class="pb" id="Page_5">[5]</span> +2 inches, straight); (2) the adult male obtained at Brodie House, Scotland, in +1800, and recorded by Sowerby<a class="fn" id="fr_11" href="#fn_11">[11]</a> (length 16 feet). The length of the skull is not +given for either of these specimens. The adult male obtained at Rugsund, Norway, +in 1901, and recorded by Grieg,<a class="fn" id="fr_12" href="#fn_12">[12]</a> was only 15 feet 1 inch long, but some of the +measurements of the skull are as large as, or even a little larger than, those of the +Nantucket skull. The total length of the skull was not given, as the end of the +beak was lacking.</p> +<p>Grieg’s figures of the Rugsund skull afford a very satisfactory basis for comparisons +between that specimen and the Nantucket skull (<a href="#Plate_1">Pl. 1</a>, fig. 1). Both +skulls show the comparatively narrow frontal region, the moderately developed +tubercle anterior to the anteorbital notch, and the low maxillary ridge, which are +characteristic of the species. In both skulls the anterior prolongation of the ethmoid +is lanceolate and flat, but in the Rugsund skull the apex is truncated. In +the latter also the posterior end of the mesirostral ossification is divided into three +longitudinal sections by two lateral and somewhat divergent grooves, while in the +Nantucket skull there is only a single median groove. These differences may safely +be regarded as individual. Toward the distal end the surface of the ossification in +the Nantucket is pitted and irregular and descends much below the level of the +premaxillæ. It ends distally at the same point with the vomer. In this skull the +proximal end of the premaxillæ and adjoining plate of the maxillæ are somewhat +less reflexed than in the Rugsund skull. The shape of the superior margin of the +supraoccipital is alike in both.</p> +<p>There are no well-defined differences in the relative thickness of the beak at the +base or in the form and position of the visible portion of the palatines, but in the +Nantucket skull the mass of the combined frontal and lachrymal anterior to the +orbit is less rounded and more triangular than in the Rugsund skull. The temporal +fossæ also have a postero-superior angular enlargement not seen in the latter.</p> +<p>In the Nantucket skull the rostral portion of the premaxillæ is high and at the +distal end vertical. The superior profile is somewhat convex, and the superior free +margin rounded proximally, but sharp distally. The least distance between the +free margins is 10 mm.</p> +<p>The pterygoids are cut off from the maxillæ anteriorly by a very narrow band +of the palatine, which connects with a broad band externally and a lanceolate segment +internally. The inferior pterygoid ridges diverge anteriorly. The broad surface +internal to them is concave. The external border of the pterygoid sinus is +nearly straight. An elongated, fusiform section of the vomer is visible on the inferior +surface of the beak at the middle for a distance of 158 mm., and a small lozenge-shaped +section, ill defined, is visible between the pterygoids and palatines. (<a href="#Plate_4">Pl. 4</a>, +fig. 1.)</p> +<p>The expanded anterior end of the malar is rhomboidal in form, with an external +free margin 11 mm. long. Anteriorly it does not form part of the margin of the +anteorbital notch.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_6">[6]</div> +<p>The lachrymal is irregularly oblong, with an external free margin 35 mm. long +and 12 mm. thick. The distance from the anteorbital notch to the anterior end of +the orbit is 60 mm. (<a href="#Plate_7">Pl. 7</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<p>The lateral free margins of the basioccipital are extended posteriorly beyond +the exoccipitals, which is a character indicative of age.</p> +<p>The supraoccipital has a distinct median ridge, with a longitudinal depression +on each side, bounded externally by a prominent convexity. (<a href="#Plate_10">Pl. 10</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<h4>MANDIBLE.</h4> +<p>The mandible is slender, with a very elongate symphysis, which measures 237 +mm. The inferior outline of the ramus is strongly concave at the middle and +slightly convex posteriorly, while the symphysial portion is bent upward. The +superior outline is concave both behind and before the tooth, and also immediately +anterior to the coronoid process. At about the beginning of the posterior fourth +the outline is convex, and the mandible at this point is nearly as deep as at the +coronoid process. The superior surface of the symphysis slopes down on each side +to the median line, but each half of the surface is itself nearly plane. (<a href="#Plate_11">Pl. 11</a>, figs. +1, 2, and 5.)</p> +<p>The alveolar groove anterior to the tooth is very distinct throughout and is +without septa and open at the bottom. It ends distally in a rounded aperture +6 mm. in diameter, below which are several small foramina. These lead to a very +large canal which occupies all the symphysial portion of the mandible, the walls +being comparatively thin. Behind the tooth the alveolar groove becomes narrower +gradually and disappears in a length of about 140 mm.</p> +<p>The mental foramen is situated in line with the anterior base of the tooth, and +is confluent with a groove which extends forward for about 80 mm. A rather +shallow groove runs along the inferior margin of the symphysis.</p> +<p>The coronoid process is erect and rounded, and is joined by a horizontal ridge +anteriorly.</p> +<h4>TEETH.</h4> +<p>The mandibular tooth, which is shown in <a href="#Plate_2">Pl. 2</a>, fig. 3, is preserved on the right +side only. Its dimensions are as follows: Length anteriorly in a straight line, 75 +mm.; length from the apex to the posterior end of the root, straight, 60; greatest +antero-posterior breadth, 28; transverse thickness, 10; height of apex above +internal superior margin of jaw when tooth is in situ,<a class="fn" id="fr_13" href="#fn_13">[13]</a> 22; antero-posterior length +of base of exposed portion, 30; distance from anterior end to posterior end of root, +37; greatest height of the exposed dentine crown, above the cement, 14; length +of the base of the dentine crown, 12.</p> +<p>This tooth, as already stated, is only two-thirds as broad and three-fourths +as long as that of Sowerby’s Brodie House specimen (the type of the species), +which was an adult male, and leads to the belief that the Nantucket specimen was +a female. This is in a manner confirmed by the Rugsund specimen, which was an +adult male and had teeth as large as Sowerby’s specimen. It has to be remarked, +<span class="pb" id="Page_7">[7]</span> +however, that in the Overstrand, England, specimen (1892), which was an adult +female, the teeth did not project beyond the gums. Messrs. Southwell and Harmer +say regarding it:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>The jaws were apparently completely edentulous, and although it was possible to feel through the +gums a slight prominence on either side in the position of the teeth of the male, we could not by this +means definitely satisfy ourselves with respect to this point, nor were we able to ascertain the presence +of any other rudimentary teeth in either jaw. The evidence which exists on this subject is favourable +to the view that the female of this species is not provided with any teeth which are large enough to +pierce the gums.<a class="fn" id="fr_14" href="#fn_14">[14]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>It is probable that the teeth in the Nantucket specimen, though quite large, +did not project beyond the gums any considerable distance. The external border +of the alveolar groove behind the tooth is only 20 mm. below the apex of the tooth, +and it is not unlikely that the gums in a specimen of this size had nearly that thickness, +so that only the tip of the tooth would project beyond them. Though the +apex is acute, it has a flat abraded surface anteriorly, which, however, is but 4 mm. +long. It seems probable, on the whole, that the teeth in the female may be quite +large without projecting more than a few millimeters beyond the gums.</p> +<p>In shape the tooth of the Nantucket specimen is almost identical with that of +Sowerby’s Brodie House adult male, as figured by Lankester. The dentine at the +apex is more nearly white than the cement which surrounds it. The superior +margin of the latter is not a plain ring, but sends upward a papilliform projection +on each side. The dentine itself has two vertical grooves on each side. The root +of the tooth ends very obliquely and is rugose and irregular. The cavity is closed.</p> +<p>Grieg remarks as follows regarding the structure of the teeth of the Rugsund +specimen:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Sections and microscopic preparations of the alveolar tooth of this whale show that its apex consists +of dentine, within which is found an inner pulp cavity 4 mm. long and 1 mm. broad. The dentine, +the structure of which agrees with that which Turner found in <i>Mesoplodon bidens</i> and <i>Mesoplodon layardi</i>, +is yellowish white, with the exception of the part nearest the pulp cavity, which is yellowish brown. It +seems to correspond most closely to what Ray Lankester called osteodentine. Throughout the tooth the +dentine is covered with a very thin layer of shining white enamel. The enamel is, however, lacking on +the front of the tooth, having probably been worn away. A section through the middle of the tooth, at +right angles with the V-shaped furrow, shows a yellowish cement layer from 3 to 5 mm. broad, which is, +however, worn away on the front of the tooth. Within the cement layer is a white, amorphous, calcareous +mass, forming a band from 1.5 to 3.5 mm. broad, which appears to correspond to Ray Lankester’s “globular +matter” and Turner’s “modified vasodentine.” The mass seems to agree most closely with Ray +Lankester’s “globular matter,” as it has “no structure excepting an indistinct botryoidal character visible +with a low magnifying power.” The core of the tooth consists of dentine, the inner layer of which +is brownish, while the outer is rather whitish yellow. As above mentioned, the dentine is visible on +the front of the tooth, since both the cement and the amorphous, calcareous mass are worn away. Moreover, +it is clear that on the front of the tooth the dentine is not covered by enamel. The pulp cavity is +reduced to a fine pore. A section across the root of the tooth shows an outer yellowish cement layer, +from 2 to 5 mm. broad, while the interior of the tooth is filled with a white, amorphous, calcareous mass, +which is interspersed with thin yellowish lamellæ of dentine. Here and there, also, thin lamellæ are +seen to extend from the outer cement layer into the white, amorphous, calcareous mass. The dentine +lamellæ appear to be identical with what Ray Lankester calls osteodentine. No pulp cavity is visible +in the root of the tooth.<a class="fn" id="fr_15" href="#fn_15">[15]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<div class="pb" id="Page_8">[8]</div> +<p>The dimensions of the Nantucket skull are given in the following table in +comparison with those of seven European skulls of <i>M. bidens</i>. Dimensions of the +Annisquam, Massachusetts, skull are also added for purposes of comparison, although +it represents another species (see <a href="#Page_9">p. 9</a>).</p> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of eight skulls of Mesoplodon bidens and one skull of M. densirostris (?).</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column headings:</dt> +<dd><i>M. bidens.</i></dd> +<dd class="t">B: Nantucket, Massachusetts, 1867, M.C.Z., female? adult.<sup class="tr">a</sup></dd> +<dd class="t">C: Scotland, 1872, Turner, female young.?</dd> +<dd class="t">D: Fæø, Norway, 1895, Grieg, female? young.</dd> +<dd class="t">E: Shetland, 1881, Turner, male adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">F: Rugsund, Norway, 1901, Grieg, male adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">G: Udsire, Norway, 1869, Malm, male (No. 1).</dd> +<dd class="t">H: Vanholmen, Sweden, 1881, Malm, male (No. 2).</dd> +<dd class="t">I: Landenæs, Norway, 1895, Grieg, male.</dd> +<dd><i>M. densirostris. (?)</i></dd> +<dd class="t">J: Annisquam, Massachusetts, 1898, True, female young.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th>Measurements.</th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th><th>E</th><th>F</th><th>G</th><th>H</th><th>I</th><th>J</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td class="center">mm.</td><td class="center">mm.</td><td class="center">mm.</td><td class="center">mm.</td><td class="center">mm.</td><td class="center">mm.</td><td class="center">mm.</td><td class="center">mm.</td><td class="center">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total length</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>765+</td><td class="r">749</td><td class="r">620</td><td class="r">743±</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">733</td><td class="r">740</td><td class="r">660</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>622</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of rostrum</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>483+</td><td class="r">489</td><td class="r">400</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">485</td><td class="r">500</td><td class="r">410</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>377</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of beak to end of pterygoid</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">bd</sup>607+</td><td class="r">572</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">582</td><td class="r">590</td><td class="r">517</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">cd</sup>466</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height from vertex to pterygoid</td><td class="r">277</td><td class="r">241</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">254</td><td class="r">267</td><td class="r">272</td><td class="r">258</td><td class="r">235</td><td class="r">248</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between orbits</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">e</sup>277</td><td class="r">286</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>254</td><td class="r">267</td><td class="r">292</td><td class="r">293</td><td class="r">253</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>260</td><td class="r">[278]</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between zygomatic processes</td><td class="r">289</td><td class="r">292</td><td class="r">262</td><td class="r">292</td><td class="r">295</td><td class="r">298</td><td class="r">270</td><td class="r">268</td><td class="r">266</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth at maxillary notches</td><td class="r">184</td><td class="r">197</td><td class="r">170</td><td class="r">184</td><td class="r">193</td><td class="r">187</td><td class="r">170</td><td class="r">175</td><td class="r">[166]</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of beak at middle</td><td class="r">42</td><td class="r">51</td><td class="r">38</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">36</td><td class="r">46</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">g</sup>40</td><td class="r">38</td></tr> +<tr><td>Depth of beak at middle</td><td class="r">35</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>31</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>33</td><td class="r">51</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of premaxillæ proximally</td><td class="r">131</td><td class="r">127</td><td class="r">115</td><td class="r">114</td><td class="r">116</td><td class="r">129</td><td class="r">124</td><td class="r">122</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of premaxillæ in front of anterior nares</td><td class="r">107</td><td class="r">102</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>104</td><td class="r">102</td><td class="r">108</td><td class="r">108</td><td class="r">100</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>76</td><td class="r">92</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of anterior nares</td><td class="r">54</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">53</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">53</td><td class="r">50</td><td class="r">50</td><td class="r">50</td><td class="r">39</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of temporal fossæ</td><td class="r">90</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>66</td><td class="r">82</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between temporal fossæ</td><td class="r">222</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">208</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of foramen magnum</td><td class="r">50</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">49</td><td class="r">56</td><td class="r">54</td><td class="r">80</td><td class="r">46</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of mandible</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>651</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">ij</sup>470</td><td class="r">543</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">i</sup>464</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">639</td><td class="r">640</td><td class="r">560</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of symphysis</td><td class="r">237</td><td class="r">241</td><td class="r">162</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">212</td><td class="r">220</td><td class="r">160</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest depth of mandible</td><td class="r">106</td><td class="r">114</td><td class="r">92</td><td class="r">102</td><td class="r">116</td><td class="r">110</td><td class="r">97</td><td class="r">95</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> The size of the teeth makes it quite certain that it is an adult female.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> End of beak broken off about 30 mm. from tip.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">c</sup> Right side. Add 31 mm. for breakage.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">d</sup> In median line.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">e</sup> At middle.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">f</sup> Between “suprafrontal processes of max.”</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">g</sup> Grieg’s fig., p. 18, shows 44 mm.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">h</sup> From Grieg’s fig., p. 18.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">i</sup> “Length of ramus.” Length of mandible=699 mm.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">j</sup> In Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 776.</dt></dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_9">[9]</div> +<h3 id="c5">MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS (Blainville)?</h3> +<dl class="undent"><dd><i>Delphinus densirostris</i> <span class="sc">Blainville</span>, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., 2d ed., vol. 9, 1817, p. 178.</dd> +<dd><i>Ziphius seychellensis</i> <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Zoöl. <i>Erebus and Terror</i>, 1846, p. 28.</dd></dl> +<p>The skull of the specimen from Annisquam, Mass., (<a href="#Plate_1">Pl. 1</a>, fig. 2) is, I regret +to say, in rather poor condition. It is broken in the left orbital region, and all +the bones, especially those of the beak, are warped by weathering. The proximal +extremity of the left premaxilla is lacking and also the tip of the beak.</p> +<p>The skull is obviously that of a young animal, as all the sutures are open and +the surface of the occipital condyles is pitted, owing to imperfect ossification.</p> +<p>Although the dimensions of the skull, with a few exceptions, agree well with +those of young specimens of <i>M. bidens</i>, as shown by the foregoing table (p. 8), +certain differences stand out conspicuously. The most salient of these is the depth +of the beak as a whole and the depth and shape of the rostral portion of the premaxillæ. +The latter portion of the premaxillæ instead of being low, with a straight +inferior margin, is very high, with the inferior margin strongly convex. At the +middle of the beak the premaxillæ are higher than the maxillæ on which they rest. +It is true that the shape of the beak varies greatly with age in <i>bidens</i> and other +species of <i>Mesoplodon</i>, but I do not find any evidence that such a change as is here +indicated takes place in <i>bidens</i>. The form of the beak and of the rostral portion +of the premaxillæ is that of <i>M. densirostris</i>.</p> +<p>The beak is almost as broad at the base as in <i>bidens</i>, but the lateral free margin +of the maxilla anterior to the anteorbital notch instead of continuing along the side +of the beak nearly to the tip, as in <i>bidens</i>, ends at a point about 90 mm. in front +of the line of the notch, beyond which the sides of the beak are vertical.</p> +<p>The margin of the maxilla immediately anterior to the anteorbital notch is a +little damaged, but there was apparently no strong tubercle at this point, and the +surface of the maxilla, though convex, is not raised into a distinct ridge. In a +young skull, however, one would not expect to find a high ridge. The palatines +are visible from above, which is not the case in <i>bidens</i>.</p> +<p>The maxillary foramen is situated a little in advance of the premaxillary +foramen and is directed forward, and, as Dr. Glover M. Allen has pointed out, +connects with a broad groove which runs forward along the triangular, horizontal +portion of the maxilla at the base of the beak. The maxillæ are much broader +behind the notch than in <i>bidens</i>, and the anterior end of the malar forms the bottom +of the notch. The premaxillæ are noticeably constricted immediately in front of +the premaxillary foramina, and the expanded portion just behind these foramina +is nearly horizontal, with a low transverse ridge near the middle. The proximal +end of the premaxillæ is nearly vertical. The anterior nares are noticeably small. +The foramen magnum is large, with a trifoliate outline (<a href="#Plate_10">Pl. 10</a>, fig. 2). The palate +at the proximal end presents a median ridge with a narrow groove on each side. +The palatines extend as a broad band much beyond the pterygoids anteriorly. +The vomer is visible below for a space of 142 mm. near the end of the beak. A +very small piece is also visible at the base of the beak, between the palatines and +<span class="pb" id="Page_10">[10]</span> +pterygoids. The inferior surface of the pterygoids is convex on the side adjoining +the lateral free margin (<a href="#Plate_4">Pl. 4</a>, fig. 2).</p> +<p>This skull is peculiar in that there is no very distinct basirostral groove and that +the basirostral ridge, as already stated, extends forward only about 90 mm. Below +this ridge is a shallow broad groove which narrows rapidly forward and can be traced +to the extremity of the beak, where it broadens out somewhat (<a href="#Plate_7">Pl. 7</a>, fig. 2).</p> +<p>While this skull agrees in size and in many of its proportions with similar skulls +of <i>M. bidens</i>, it differs from that species and agrees with <i>M. densirostris</i> in the breadth +across the anteorbital region, in the depth of the beak and its shape at the base, in +the shape of the premaxillæ both distally and proximally, in the direction of the +maxillary foramen, and the shape of the maxillary bone in front of the same, in the +occupation of the base of the maxillary notch by the anterior end of the malar, in the +absence of any distinct maxillary ridge above the notch, in the forward extension of +the palatines, and in the shape of the foramen magnum.</p> +<p>Flower states that there is a deep basirostral groove in +<i>M. densirostris</i>,<a class="fn" id="fr_16" href="#fn_16">[16]</a> but +neither the figure in Gervais’ Zoologie et Paleontologie Française,<a class="fn" id="fr_17" href="#fn_17">[17]</a> nor that in Van +Beneden and Gervais’ Ostéographie des Cétacés,<a class="fn" id="fr_18" href="#fn_18">[18]</a> shows such a groove. The conformation +of the base of the rostrum appears to be about the same as in the Annisquam +skull.</p> +<p>In regard to differences between this skull and those of <i>M. densirostris</i> it should +be stated that in the latter the premaxillary foramina are situated farther apart, and +that the maxillary foramina are situated considerably in advance of those of the +premaxillæ instead of nearly in line with them.</p> +<p>The Annisquam skull approaches <i>M. europæus</i> in several characters, but these +are such as <i>europæus</i> shares with <i>densirostris</i>. The principal ones are the breadth +of the maxillæ in front of the orbits, the presence of the malar in the base of the +anteorbital notch, and the convexity of a part of the inferior surface of the pterygoids.</p> +<p>Dr. Glover M. Allen has given an account of the exterior, skeleton, and teeth of +this specimen, from which the following particulars are extracted:<a class="fn" id="fr_19" href="#fn_19">[19]</a></p> +<blockquote> +<p>Regarding the Annisquam specimen no color notes were taken, but from a few small photographs +in the possession of the Boston Society of Natural History, it appears evident that the ventral portion +was of a lighter tint, and in one of the views a few oval whitish spots are seen on the side a trifle behind +the middle portion of the body. Another view shows the convexity of the posterior margin of the flukes +at the median point, as well as the prominent dorsal fin. The lower jaw protruded slightly beyond the +upper. Measurements of this specimen, as noted by Professor Hyatt, are as follows: Total length, 12 +feet 2 inches; from anus to bight of flukes, 3 feet 4 to 6 inches; across flukes, 3 feet 1 inch; from tip of +rostrum to angle of mouth, 1 foot 1½ inches. The gular furrows were noted as about 10 inches long and +from ¼ to ½ an inch deep.</p> +<p>The teeth of the Annisquam specimen barely projected above the alveoli of the jaws and are sharply +mucronate. The basal portion of each, however, is more like that of the male’s tooth [<i>M. europæus</i>] +in the slightly convex posterior outline and the forward extension of the anterior angle. * * *</p> +<p>The Annisquam skeleton has 45 vertebræ. Four of the seven cervicals are fused. The atlas, axis, +and third cervical are firmly anchylosed throughout, save for the lateral foramina for the passage of the +<span class="pb" id="Page_11">[11]</span> +cervical nerves. The fourth cervical is fused to the third by the dorsal spine on the left side and by the +tip of the upper lateral process of the same side. Its centrum, right half of the dorsal spine (the spine +is divided medially), and the remaining lateral processes are free. * * * The epiphyses of the fourth +and fifth cervical vertebræ and the anterior epiphysis of the sixth cervical are fused to their respective +centra, but all the other epiphyses of the vertebral column and of the pectoral limbs are free.</p> +<p>The Annisquam skeleton has nine dorsal vertebræ with their corresponding pairs of ribs. * * * +The sternum of this specimen presents few points of interest. It consists of four pieces, the anterior-most +of which is largest, slightly hollowed above, and correspondingly convex below. The three +remaining pieces are nearly flat, with a deep median notch at the anterior and posterior border of each. +The posterior piece evidently represents a fusion of the elements of two segments, as there are articular +surfaces for two pairs of ribs.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>From the foregoing, it appears that the Annisquam specimen probably had one +or two vertebræ less than <i>bidens</i> or <i>europæus</i>, and that the sternum was somewhat +differently shaped. The tooth, which is figured by Doctor Allen, is conical, compressed, +54 mm. long, 30 broad at the base, and resembles teeth of immature <i>bidens</i>.</p> +<p>Although with such scant material it is not possible to determine satisfactorily +the identity of this third species of <i>Mesoplodon</i> in the North Atlantic, represented +by the Annisquam specimen, I feel convinced that that specimen does not belong +to <i>M. bidens</i> and that there is a strong probability that it belongs to <i>M. densirostris</i>. +It is true that the latter species has been found hitherto only in the Indian Ocean +and about Australia, but we know so little about the distribution of the ziphioid +whales that, in my opinion, that circumstance by itself should not be given very +great weight.</p> +<h3 id="c6">MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS (Gervais).</h3> +<dl class="undent"><dd><i>Dioplodon europæus</i> <span class="sc">Gervais</span>, Zool. et Pal. franç., 1st ed., vol. 2, 1848-1852, p. 4; 2d ed., 1859, p. 289, pl. 40, figs. 3-6.</dd> +<dd><i>Dioplodon gervaisi</i> <span class="sc">Deslongchamps</span>, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 10, 1866, p. 177.</dd> +<dd><i>Neoziphius europæus</i> <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales Brit. Mus., 1871, p. 101.</dd></dl> +<p>This species was based on a single specimen found floating in the English +Channel about seventy years ago. An account of the circumstances under which +it was found was given by Eugène Deslongchamps in 1866, as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>The head, which forms the subject of this last note, was given to my father some twenty-five or +thirty years ago by Mr. Abel Vautier, a merchant and armorer of our town, who died at Paris two years +since.</p> +<p>The captain of one of Mr. Vautier’s ships, on his return from a voyage to the colonies, saw floating +on the water, at the entrance to the English Channel, the body of a large animal entirely covered by birds +(large and small gulls, etc.), which were devouring it. The ship approached the stray, and the captain, +knowing that Mr. Abel Vautier was greatly interested in natural objects, had the head of the cetacean cut +off, fastened it securely with a cord, and let it trail behind the ship. When he arrived at Caën he made +a present of it to Mr. Vautier. The piece had at that time an appearance anything but agreeable. Mr. +Vautier was especially fond of beautiful objects which please the eye, and hence he offered it to my +father, saying, “You, who are an anatomist, can make better use of this than I can.” My father was +unwilling to refuse the present, but neither he nor Mr. Vautier knew as yet of its extreme rarity. It is +in fact, up to the present time, the only specimen which exists, and is a unique object in +collections.<a class="fn" id="fr_20" href="#fn_20">[20]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<div class="pb" id="Page_12">[12]</div> +<p>No additional specimens have been recorded from European waters or elsewhere, +and much doubt has been thrown on the validity of the species, many zoologists +regarding it as an adult of the commoner species <i>M. bidens</i>. Van Beneden +remarked in 1888:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>The opinions of naturalists are divided as regards the identity of this ziphioid, which is unique up +to the present time. In the eyes of some it represents an old male of the common <i>Mesoplodon</i>, in which +the tooth, instead of developing near the middle of the jaw, has developed near the anterior extremity. +This is the opinion of Doctor Fischer and others, who think that this unique specimen represents merely +an individual modification and that consequently it should not figure in the list of species. We do not +share this opinion. It is not impossible that this ziphioid may belong to the other hemisphere, and this +would explain why only one single individual has been captured in +Europe.<a class="fn" id="fr_21" href="#fn_21">[21]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>In view of the circumstances surrounding the discovery of the original specimen, +it is of great interest to find that two of the specimens from the east coast of the +United States represent the same species. As one of them is adult and the other +young, the view that the type of <i>M. europæus</i> is merely an old individual of <i>M. bidens</i> +is satisfactorily disposed of, as is also the opinion that it represents a singular +individual variation.</p> +<p>The two American specimens which represent <i>europæus</i> are those from North +Long Branch, New Jersey (adult female; skull, lacking rostrum and mandible, in +the Museum of Comparative Zoology), and from Atlantic City, New Jersey (young +male; skeleton, cast and photographs in the U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 23346).</p> +<h4>SPECIFIC CHARACTERS.</h4> +<p>The species <i>europæus</i> differs from <i>bidens</i> in the following characters, which may +be regarded as diagnostic:</p> +<p>Size larger and pectoral limbs relatively shorter and narrower.</p> +<p>The expanded portion of the maxillæ and frontals broader in front of the orbit. +The protuberance which projects into the anteorbital notch much larger and the +ridge on the maxilla which extends backward from it much higher. Distance from +inner margin of maxillary foramen to tip of protuberance much more than one-half +the distance between the maxillary foramina of the two sides. Rostrum deeper at +the base. Inferior surface of pterygoids more or less convex, with a ridge (in adults) +running diagonally across it.</p> +<p>The cranial characters above enumerated are found in the type-skull, as will +be seen by examining the excellent figures in Van Beneden and Gervais’ Osteography, +plate 24.</p> +<p>In Dr. Glover M. Allen’s account of the Long Branch specimen<a class="fn" id="fr_22" href="#fn_22">[22]</a> +it is stated +that the fishermen who measured it reported that it was 22 feet long, while none of +the European specimens (some of which were certainly adults) was more than 16½ +feet long. That the measurement reported by the fishermen is at least approximately +correct appears from the fact that the skull is larger than that of any of the +European specimens. The beak is missing, so that the total length of the skull can +not be given, but the distance from the occipital condyles to the line of the maxillary +<span class="pb" id="Page_13">[13]</span> +notches (straight) is 312 mm., while in the largest adult among the European specimens +this distance is only 260 mm., and in the thoroughly adult Nantucket specimen +282 mm.</p> +<h4>SKULL.</h4> +<p>The Atlantic City and Long Branch skulls also agree in numerous other details +of structure in addition to the foregoing, the more important of which will now be +mentioned. Unless otherwise stated, the type-skull, as shown by Van Beneden and +Gervais’ figures,<a class="fn" id="fr_23" href="#fn_23">[23]</a> +also presents the same peculiarities in contrast with <i>M. bidens</i>.</p> +<p><i>Dorsal aspect</i> (<a href="#Plate_2">Pl. 2</a>, figs. 1 and 2).—The premaxillæ are more depressed immediately +in front of the blowhole than in <i>M. bidens</i>, which, with the prominence of +the maxillary ridges, makes this whole region appear strongly concave. The blowhole +is narrower absolutely and also relatively to the breadth of the expanded +proximal ends of the premaxillæ, so that while in <i>bidens</i> the breadth of the blowhole +is much more than one-third the breadth across the proximal ends of the premaxillæ, +in <i>europæus</i> it is considerably less than a third. Both premaxillæ are much constricted +on the sides of the blowhole and the effect is heightened by the greater +expansion of the proximal ends of the former. These ends do not fit closely against +the adjoining edge of the maxillæ as in <i>bidens</i>, but leave a transverse vacuity, or +trough, which is especially noticeable in the type-skull. The anterior end of the +malar bone occupies the bottom of the maxillary notch and a small portion of it is +visible from above, while in <i>bidens</i> it does not extend up into the notch at all from +the inferior surface and is not visible from above. The posterior margin of the +maxillæ is more squared in <i>europæus</i> than in <i>bidens</i>.</p> +<p>The margins of the beak, formed by the maxillæ, instead of being straight, are +somewhat emarginate a little posterior to the middle of the length and somewhat +convex anterior to it, which gives the contour of the beak, seen from above, a +different shape from that of <i>bidens</i>. In the type-skull of <i>europæus</i> the mesirostral +ossification appears to be higher at the proximal end than the premaxillæ, and +distally extends to the end of the beak. In <i>bidens</i> it is lower than the premaxillæ +and, in the Nantucket skull at least, ends anteriorly at the same point as the vomer, +or, in other words, much behind the end of the beak. It would appear from the +statements of Sir William Turner, Van Beneden and Gervais, Grieg, and others, +that the mesirostral ossification never reaches the end of the beak in <i>bidens</i>, but it +does in <i>grayi</i>, <i>haasti</i>, <i>densirostris</i>, and many fossil species, as well as in <i>europæus</i>.</p> +<p><i>Lateral aspect</i> (<a href="#Plate_8">Pl. 8</a>, figs. 1, 2).—The temporal fossæ are a little longer than +the orbit in <i>europæus</i>, but a little shorter than the orbit in <i>bidens</i>; in the former the +superior margin is flat or a little concave, rather than convex. The exoccipital +extends in an angle farther forward in <i>europæus</i>, and the suture between it and the +zygomatic is, in consequence, less nearly vertical than in <i>bidens</i>. The premaxillæ +at the sides of the blowhole are nearly horizontal, so that their superior surface is +little seen from this aspect, while in <i>bidens</i> they slope downward, so that the whole +of the superior surface is visible. The high maxillary ridge, situated behind the +anteorbital notch, is very noticeable from this point of view, as it shuts off a +<span class="pb" id="Page_14">[14]</span> +considerable portion of the premaxillæ. The convex inferior outline of the beak +and its great depth at the base are also salient peculiarities.</p> +<p><i>Ventral aspect</i> (<a href="#Plate_5">Pl. 5</a>, figs. 1, 2).—The anterior ends of the palatine bones are +bifurcated, the inner part being the smaller. The two bones make but a narrow +angle with the median line, instead of a wide one, as in <i>bidens</i>, and the surface of the +maxillæ between them is strongly convex instead of flat. This convexity is narrowed +at both ends, or, in other words, is fusiform in shape. No similar conformation is +found in <i>bidens</i>, in which the inferior basal area of the maxillæ is flat.</p> +<p>In the young Atlantic City skull of <i>europæus</i>, the vomer is visible as a small, +narrow, club-shaped piece, 68 mm. long. Anteriorly it joins the premaxillæ, which +form a prominent ridge in the median line. On each side of this ridge is a wide +and quite deep groove. As the beak is lacking in the adult North Long Branch +skull, its peculiarities can not be made known. In the type-skull the form is the +same as in the Atlantic City skull, but the vomer does not appear at all on the +palate. In <i>bidens</i> the shape of the inferior surface of the premaxillæ at the distal +end is quite different. A very narrow groove runs parallel with and close to the +median line and the whole surface external to it is more or less convex.</p> +<h4>MANDIBLE.</h4> +<p>The mandible of the Atlantic City specimen of <i>M. europæus</i> resembles that of +the type, as figured by Van Beneden and Gervais, in the shortness of the symphysis +and in the position of the tooth, which is in advance of the posterior end of the +symphysis. A number of differences, however, require consideration. (<a href="#Plate_11">Pl. 11</a>, +figs. 3 and 6.)</p> +<p>In the type, the symphysis, as shown by Van Beneden and Gervais’ figure, +plate 24, fig. 2<i>a</i>, is a little more than one-fifth the length of the mandible. The +same relative proportion is found in the Atlantic City specimen, but, as the latter +is a younger individual, one would expect the symphysis to be shorter. The figure +of Van Beneden and Gervais gives the impression that in the type the end of the +mandible is broken, and that, hence, the symphysis is shorter than it was originally. +It will be observed that figures 2 and 2<i>a</i> do not agree as regards the length between +the tooth and the end of the jaw, figure 2<i>a</i> showing a greater length. In figure 2, +however, the jaw seems rather too long for the cranium, and if the greater length +of the symphysis shown in figure 2<i>a</i> were introduced, it would certainly be so. The +explanation of this discrepancy is not readily found; but one may be allowed to +think that the symphysis is not so blunt in the type as is shown in figure 2.</p> +<p>In the Atlantic City specimen the superior lateral free margin of the symphysis +is straight, while in the type it is much elevated. This is no doubt due to difference +in age and possibly in sex. The type shows three or four mental foramina, +while the Atlantic City specimen has one large posterior one and seven smaller +ones anterior to it.</p> +<p>Another peculiarity of the latter specimen is that the coronoid process is +situated much in advance of the condyle, while the angle extends considerably +behind it. In the type both are nearly in line with the condyle. I am unable to +explain this difference.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_15">[15]</div> +<p>In the Atlantic City specimen the axis of the tooth where it emerges from +the alveolus is 91 mm. from the end of the jaw. The portion of the tooth above +the alveolus is 11 mm. long at the base and 12 mm. high. It is conical and sharp +pointed, and is inclined forward and a little outward, especially at the tip. At the +alveolus the transverse breadth of the tooth is 5 mm. The much larger tooth +in the type indicates that that specimen was a male.</p> +<p>The mandible of the Atlantic City specimen of <i>M. europæus</i> differs from that +of <i>M. bidens</i> in the relative shortness of the symphysis, the large number of mental +foramina, the more anterior position of the tooth, and the direction of the crown, +which is forward instead of backward.</p> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of the type and two other skulls of Mesoplodon europæus.</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column headings:</dt> +<dd>A: English Channel, type,<sup class="tr">a</sup> adult.</dd> +<dd>B: North Long Branch, New Jersey, female, adult.</dd> +<dd>C: Atlantic City, New Jersey, 23346 U.S.N.M., male, young.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th>Measurements.</th><th class="c">A</th><th class="c">B</th><th class="c">C</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total length</td><td class="r">762</td><td class="c">(<sup class="tr">b</sup>)</td><td class="r">675</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of rostrum</td><td class="r">459</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">427</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of beak to posterior end of pterygoids</td><td class="r">561</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">525</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height from vertex to end of pterygoids</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>292?</td><td class="r">283</td><td class="r">256</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between orbits</td><td class="r">327</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>325</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>287</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between zygomatic processes</td><td class="r">360</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">e</sup>325</td><td class="r">302</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth at anteorbital notches</td><td class="r">210</td><td class="r">205</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>182</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of beak at middle</td><td class="r">66</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">60</td></tr> +<tr><td>Depth of beak at middle</td><td class="r">54</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of premaxillæ proximally</td><td class="r">168</td><td class="r">147</td><td class="r">142</td></tr> +<tr><td>The same, in front of anterior nares</td><td class="r">111</td><td class="r">99</td><td class="r">104</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of anterior nares</td><td class="r">51</td><td class="r">45</td><td class="r">42</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of temporal fossæ</td><td class="r">102</td><td class="r">115</td><td class="r">101</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between temporal fossæ</td><td class="r">228</td><td class="r">212</td><td class="r">208</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of foramen magnum</td><td class="r">42</td><td class="r">34</td><td class="r">34</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of mandible</td><td class="r">654</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">565</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of symphysis</td><td class="r">135</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">116</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest depth of mandible</td><td class="r">120</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">101</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> Dimensions taken from Van Beneden and Gervais’ figures.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> Beak lacking. Length from occipital condyles to base of beak (straight), 312 mm.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">c</sup> Pterygoids broken.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">d</sup> At middle.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">e</sup> Estimated. One zygoma is broken.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">f</sup> Least.</dt></dl> +<h4>VERTEBRÆ.</h4> +<p>The vertebral formula of three specimens of <i>M. bidens</i> and of the Atlantic +City specimen of <i>M. europæus</i> is as follows:</p> +<table class="center"> +<tr class="i"><td colspan="5" class="c">M. europæus.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Atlantic City</td><td class="r">C. 7;</td><td class="r">Th. 9;</td><td class="r">L. 11;</td><td class="r">Ca. 20=47</td></tr> +<tr class="i"><td colspan="5" class="c">M. bidens.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Landenæs</td><td class="r">7;</td><td class="r">10;</td><td class="r">11;</td><td class="r">19=47</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fæø</td><td class="r">7;</td><td class="r">9;</td><td class="r">11;</td><td class="r">19=46</td></tr> +<tr><td>Udsire</td><td class="r">7;</td><td class="r">10;</td><td class="r">9;</td><td class="r">20=46</td></tr> +</table> +<div class="pb" id="Page_16">[16]</div> +<p>Although the skeleton of <i>M. europæus</i> appears from the foregoing formula to +include one less thoracic vertebra than those of <i>M. bidens</i>, as the last pair of ribs +present is as long as the preceding ones, an additional pair probably existed originally. +The formula for <i>europæus</i> would then be: C. 7, Th. 10, L. 10, Ca. 20 = 47. +(<a href="#Plate_13">Pl. 13</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<p>In the Atlantic City specimen all the epiphyses are free. The atlas and axis +are anchylosed together, the third cervical is united to the axis by the centrum, +and on the right side by the top of the neural arch; on the left side the arch is +imperfect and free. The fourth to the seventh cervicals, inclusive, are all free. +The arch is incomplete above in the fourth, fifth, and sixth, but complete in the +seventh. There is a short neural spine on both sixth and seventh cervicals. The +atlas has a broad, obliquely-truncated inferior lateral process, but no superior +process, while the axis has both inferior and superior processes. The inferior +process is twice as long as the superior process, and both are directed backward. +They do not meet to form a ring. The third to the sixth cervicals, inclusive, +have inferior processes only, that on the third being long and thin (but developed +on the left side only). On the fourth and fifth cervicals the processes are short +and small; on the sixth, long and broad, and directed downward. The centrum +of the seventh cervical has a broad facet on the side, where the first rib is attached, +and an inferior lateral process thicker than that of the sixth cervical, but also +directed downward.</p> +<p>It is doubtful whether the foregoing characters of the cervical vertebræ are of +any systematic importance, as there is a very large amount of individual variation +among these animals in the development of the transverse processes and other +details of structure. <i>M. bidens</i>, however, appears to have superior transverse +processes on most of the cervicals which sometimes unite with the inferior processes +to form foramina. In the specimen of <i>M. europæus</i> under consideration there +are no superior processes, except on the axis.</p> +<p>Metapophyses are first distinguishable on the diapophyses of the fourth thoracic +vertebra, and on the seventh assume the form of conical tubercles. On the eighth +and following vertebræ they are flat, and are last distinguishable on the seventh +caudal vertebra. Facets for the articulation of the tubercles of the ribs occur on +the diapophyses of the first to the seventh thoracic vertebræ. On the latter vertebra +the first transverse process appears as a short projection on the side of the centrum. +On the eighth thoracic vertebra, the transverse process is broad and flat, with the +anterior margin bent upward, and is about 48 mm. long. The base of the neural +arch is strongly concave externally. The transverse process of the ninth thoracic +vertebra is similar to the preceding one, but broader and not bent upward anteriorly. +The base of the neural arch is also concave in this vertebra. The ends of the transverse +processes of the eighth and ninth vertebræ are emarginate for the articulation +of the ribs. A median inferior ridge is first distinguishable on the seventh thoracic +vertebra.</p> +<p>As far as can be learned from the descriptions of Turner, Grieg, and others, +the thoracic vertebræ of <i>europæus</i> do not present any marked differences from those +of <i>bidens</i>.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_17">[17]</div> +<p>The transverse processes of the lumbar vertebræ are short, broad, and flat, and +somewhat curved forward. They are expanded and rounded at the free ends. +The centra increase in length posteriorly, the last lumbar having the greatest length +of any vertebra in the column. The neural spines increase in length from the first +lumbar to the fourth, those on the remaining lumbars being subequal, but the spine +on the ninth lumbar is a little longer than the others. Median inferior ridges occur +on all the lumbars and are strongest at the middle of the series. The height of the +centrum of the ninth lumbar is 63 mm., width 73, and length 116. The highest +neural spine is 233.</p> +<p>As above mentioned, the first of the vertebræ counted among the lumbars +may be the last thoracic vertebra, but as there is no indication of an articular facet +at the end of the transverse process it is not so considered in this place.</p> +<p>The lumbar vertebræ in <i>M. bidens</i> appears to be more nearly equal in length +than in the present species, but are not different otherwise.</p> +<p>The spines of the caudal vertebræ decrease rapidly in height posteriorly, and +disappear after the tenth caudal. The transverse processes resemble those of the +lumbars, but are shorter. They are last distinguishable on the eighth caudal. The +transverse process of the seventh caudal is perforated by a vertical foramen. Similar +but much smaller foramina occur on the sides of the centra of the eighth and ninth +caudals. In these vertebræ the inferior ridges are also pierced by foramina. In the +fourth caudal a ridge appears on the side of the neural arch on a level with the top +of the centrum, and similar ridges are found on the succeeding vertebræ as far as +the ninth caudal. The last ten vertebræ are without processes or neural arches.</p> +<p>Sir William Turner states that the caudals of <i>M. bidens</i> are without vertical +foramina, but the figure in Van Beneden and Gervais’ Osteography (plate 22) shows +them in the same position as in <i>M. europæus</i>. The inferior ridges, however, appear +to be imperforate in the former species.</p> +<h4>RIBS.</h4> +<p>The first seven pairs of ribs have both tubercle and head. The first is nearly +as long as the second, and is very broad at the proximal end. In the seventh pair +the head is double, one facet of the rib articulating with the facet on the posterior +margin of the centrum of the sixth thoracic vertebra and the other with the short +transverse process on the side of the centrum of the seventh thoracic vertebra. The +eighth and ninth pairs of ribs articulate only with the transverse processes of the +eighth and ninth thoracic vertebræ, respectively. The ninth pair of ribs, as already +stated, is nearly or quite as long as the eighth, from which it seems probable that a +tenth short pair was present originally. There is, however, no trace of a facet for +the articulation of such a rib on the end of the transverse process of what appears +to be the first lumbar vertebra.</p> +<p>The only difference between the ribs of <i>M. europæus</i> and those of <i>M. bidens</i> +appears to be that the first pair is much longer proportionately in the former species.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_18">[18]</div> +<h4>STERNUM.</h4> +<p>The sternum presents no differences of importance from that of <i>M. bidens</i> +figured by Grieg,<a class="fn" id="fr_24" href="#fn_24">[24]</a> +except that the fourth and fifth segments are anchylosed together, +both laterally and transversely, and that the two sides are symmetrical. (<a href="#Plate_13">Pl. 13</a>, +fig. 2.)</p> +<h4>PECTORAL LIMB.</h4> +<p>The scapula of <i>M. europæus</i> presents an entirely different appearance from +that of <i>M. bidens</i> as figured in Van Beneden and Gervais’ Osteography (plate 22). +In <i>europæus</i> the scapula is very high anteriorly, the anterior border is convex forward +and the anterior crest convex backward, bounding an elongated elliptical area. +The posterior margin is straight. The acromion is short, with convex margins at +the base, beyond which it narrows suddenly and terminates in a straight, cylindrical +process, which is strongly inclined upward. The coracoid is as long as the acromion, +nearly straight and horizontal, but expanded at the end. (<a href="#Plate_13">Pl. 13</a>, figs. 3, 4.)</p> +<p>The phalangeal formula of the Atlantic City specimen of <i>M. europæus</i> and those +of three Norwegian specimens of <i>M. bidens</i> are as follows (the metacarpals being +included):</p> +<p class="center"><i>Phalangeal formula of M. europæus and bidens.</i></p> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th></th><th>I.</th><th>II.</th><th>III.</th><th>IV.</th><th>V.</th></tr> +<tr><td colspan="6"><i>M. europæus</i>, Atlantic City:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Left</span></td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">3+</td><td class="r">3+</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Right</span></td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">4(+1?)</td><td class="r">4</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="6"><i>M. bidens</i>:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Landenæs</span></td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">6(5)</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">3</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Fæø</span></td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">3</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Udsire</span></td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">4</td></tr> +</table> +<p>In <i>M. europæus</i> the metacarpal of the third digit is much constricted in the +middle. The shaft of the ulna is straight. Except in these particulars and the +relatively small size of the whole pectoral limb, the latter appears not to differ +materially from that of <i>M. bidens</i>. As shown above, the first digit in <i>M. bidens</i> +consists of the metacarpal bone only, while in <i>M. europæus</i> a phalange is also present.</p> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of the skeleton of the Atlantic City specimen of M. europæus, No. 23846, U.S.N.M.</i></p> +<table class="center"> +<tr class="i"><th></th><th class="c">mm.</th></tr> +<tr><td>Length of the seven cervical vertebræ<sup class="tr">a</sup></td><td class="r">94</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of first, second, and third cervical vertebræ<sup class="tr">a</sup></td><td class="r">45</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Atlas:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">156</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">103</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of neural canal</span></td><td class="r">36</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth across anterior articular facets</span></td><td class="r">96</td></tr> +<tr><td>Axis, greatest breadth</td><td class="r">144</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Seventh cervical vertebra:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">80</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height without inferior process</span></td><td class="r">117</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">14</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height of neural canal</span></td><td class="r">49</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">First thoracic vertebra:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">151</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">136</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum</span></td><td class="r">37</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">21</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of centrum (articular surface)</span></td><td class="r">48</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of neural spine</span></td><td class="r">61</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of neural canal</span></td><td class="r">53</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Seventh thoracic vertebra:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">246</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">116</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum</span></td><td class="r">35</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">69</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of centrum</span></td><td class="r">46</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth between transverse processes</span></td><td class="r">66</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Eighth thoracic vertebra:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">246</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth (between transverse processes)</span></td><td class="r">142</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum</span></td><td class="r">39</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">73</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of centrum</span></td><td class="r">47</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">First lumbar vertebra:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">263</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth (between transverse processes)</span></td><td class="r">215</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum (anterior)</span></td><td class="r">43</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">83</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of centrum</span></td><td class="r">53</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">First caudal vertebra:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">263</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth (between transverse processes)</span></td><td class="r">207</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum (anterior)</span></td><td class="r">65</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">113</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of centrum</span></td><td class="r">67</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Seventh caudal vertebra:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">153</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">87</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum (without hypapophysis)</span></td><td class="r">66</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">84</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of centrum</span></td><td class="r">70</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of last 10 caudal vertebræ</td><td class="r">285</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Sternum:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Total length</span></td><td class="r">404</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of manubrium</span></td><td class="r">165</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth of manubrium</span></td><td class="r">134</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Depth of anterior notch of manubrium</span></td><td class="r">37</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Scapula:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length</span></td><td class="r">247</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Depth</span></td><td class="r">161</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of acromion</span></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>44</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of coracoid</span></td><td class="r">59</td></tr> +<tr><td>Humerus, length</td><td class="r">107</td></tr> +<tr><td>Radius, length</td><td class="r">110</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ulna, length</td><td class="r">100</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pelvic bones, length</td><td class="r">51</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> Placed in contact.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> From the inside, without the cartilaginous tip.</dt></dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_20">[20]</div> +<h4>HISTORY OF THE ATLANTIC CITY SPECIMEN.</h4> +<p>Regarding the finding of the Atlantic City specimen and its exterior and +gross anatomy, nothing has been published except brief references by Sir William +Turner in 1889<a class="fn" id="fr_25" href="#fn_25">[25]</a> +and Dr. Glover M. Allen in 1906,<a class="fn" id="fr_26" href="#fn_26">[26]</a> taken from a newspaper report +of a communication made by myself before the Biological Society of Washington +in 1889. On that account a somewhat detailed statement regarding it will be +made in this place.</p> +<p>This individual (<a href="#Plate_41">Pl. 41</a>, figs. 1, 2) was a male, 12½ feet long. It was observed +by the crew of life-saving station No. 28, near Atlantic City, New Jersey, on the afternoon +of March 28, 1889. It had come inside the bar which skirts the coast at this +point, and was apparently unable to find its way out. It was captured with some +difficulty, after being wounded in the throat, and was dragged up on the beach near +the station. Later in the day it was carried to the skating rink of Messrs. Johnson +& McShea, at Atlantic City, where it was exhibited until Monday, April 1. On +the next morning it was sent by express to Washington.</p> +<p>I examined it for the first time in Atlantic City on March 29. It was then +lying on the floor of the skating rink in such a position that the under surfaces were +concealed, and, as the teeth were not visible, I mistook it for a female. Upon its +arrival in Washington, however, where it could be examined under more favorable +circumstances, it proved to be a male. The following measurements were taken +from the fresh specimen:</p> +<p class="center"><i>External dimensions of a specimen of M. europæus from Atlantic City, New Jersey.</i></p> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th class="i"></th><th class="r">Ft.</th><th class="r">in.</th></tr> +<tr><td>Total length (in a straight line)</td><td class="r">12 </td><td class="r">6</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of beak to base of dorsal fin (along the back)</td><td class="r">7 </td><td class="r">6½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of beak to base of pectoral fin (along the back)</td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">11</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of pectoral fin along center</td><td></td><td class="r">11</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of pectoral fin</td><td></td><td class="r">3¾</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of dorsal fin (in a straight line)</td><td></td><td class="r">6</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of base of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of flukes (tip to tip)</td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">11</td></tr> +<tr><td>Depth of tail 14 inches in front of posterior margin of flukes</td><td></td><td class="r">8¼</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of beak to angle of mouth</td><td></td><td class="r">9¾</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of beak to eye</td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">8¼</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of eye</td><td></td><td class="r">1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of blowhole</td><td></td><td class="r">4</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of beak to right angle of blowhole</td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">6½</td></tr> +</table> +<div class="pb" id="Page_21">[21]</div> +<h4>EXTERNAL FORM AND COLOR.</h4> +<p>The general form was slender and elongate. The beak sloped gradually from +its extremity to the forehead, and there was no constriction separating the beak +from the remainder of the head. Behind the blowhole, the outline of the back +commenced at a higher level, but immediately curved slightly downward, indicating +the position of the neck. The line then rose gradually until the anterior base of the +dorsal fin was reached. Behind the fin the outline sloped downward gradually to +the flukes.</p> +<p>The dorsal fin was relatively small, falcate, and obtusely terminated. The +distance in front of its anterior base was three-fifths of the total length. Its posterior +margin was continuous with the ridge of the back, which extended to the flukes and +terminated abruptly a little anterior to the middle point of the antero-posterior +breadth of the flukes. In front of the fin the back was rounded.</p> +<p>The pectoral fins were small and were placed low down on the sides. Their +anterior base was as far removed from the eye (in a straight line) as the eye was +from the extremity of the beak. Their shape was somewhat different from that +of the flippers of <i>M. bidens</i> figured by Sir William +Turner.<a class="fn" id="fr_27" href="#fn_27">[27]</a> +Their anterior margin +was nearly straight throughout; the extremity was evenly and distinctly rounded +off. The posterior margin was slightly convex in the distal half and straight +proximally.</p> +<p>The conformation of the region of the axilla was quite peculiar. The hard +integument of the posterior margin of the flipper was continued proximally inward +and forward to a point near the head of the humerus. The triangular area between +this stiff edge and the side of the body was occupied by a thin, soft, wrinkled skin, +in the middle of which the olecranon could be felt. On the side of the body this +soft integument occupied an area nearly as large as the flipper, the underlying thick +layer of blubber ending abruptly, especially below. A depression was thus formed +in which the flippers could be placed so as to be almost in the same general plane +with surrounding surfaces of the body. They are probably so placed when the +animal is swimming.</p> +<p>The flukes had the general lunate form common to all species of the order. The +posterior margin is not divided in the center. Its middle third was convex; its +lateral thirds concave. In these and other respects the shape of the flukes agreed +closely with Sir William Turner’s excellent figure of <i>M. bidens</i>.<a class="fn" id="fr_28" href="#fn_28">[28]</a> +The antero-posterior +breadth of the flukes was, however, somewhat greater in proportion to their +transverse breadth than is indicated in this figure. The caudal peduncle terminated +above at a point 6½ inches in front of the posterior margin of the flukes. On +this margin were situated three star-shaped white scars, which appeared to mark +the points of attachment of crustacean parasites.</p> +<p>The margins of the upper jaw were very obtuse posteriorly, the rostrum being +covered with a layer of blubber of gradually increasing thickness. A depression +<span class="pb" id="Page_22">[22]</span> +bounded by gradually converging lines extended 4¼ inches back of the angle of the +mouth.</p> +<p>The inferior surface of the bony palate extended below the level of the lips, +and the sides of the former were visible upon looking into the mouth laterally.</p> +<p>The blowhole was large and somewhat unsymmetrically placed, the right angle +being the more anterior. The concavity was forward.</p> +<p>The eye was situated a little below the line of the mouth and 20¼ inches from +the extremity of the snout.</p> +<p>The external opening of the ear was 2⅞ inches behind the posterior angle of +the eye, and a little below the line of the lower eyelid.</p> +<p>The two throat-furrows were of unequal length. The left furrow was 6¾ inches +long, and its anterior end was distant 8⅝ inches from the extremity of the jaw. The +right furrow did not extend quite so far forward, and was 7⅜ inches long.</p> +<p>The furrows converged posteriorly; they were separated by an interval of +⅝ inches anteriorly and 5⅛ inches posteriorly. Between the anterior ends of the +main furrows was a small one, about an inch long, but it is doubtful whether this +was a natural fissure. I did not observe it when the whale was in Atlantic City.</p> +<p>The natural color of the specimen had largely disappeared before I examined +it, but Captain Gaskell and others who saw it while still fresh agreed that it was +very dark slate-gray on the back, lighter on the sides, and whitish on the belly. I +observed that a broad area between the pectoral fins was slate-gray, and contrasted +with the white of the throat and belly. The whitish color ended somewhat abruptly +and irregularly at the anus, and the flukes, as well as the pectoral and dorsal fins, +were probably very dark slate-gray, or blackish, when fresh.</p> +<p>The epidermis was exceedingly smooth and glossy throughout.</p> +<p>The tongue was purplish-white. The roof of the mouth was black, except at +the posterior end, where there was an irregular area of pinkish-white.</p> +<p>The integument of the roof of the mouth was smooth and shining. Its surface +was convex at the extremity of the beak, but the central portion was concave, +while at the posterior end it was again raised into a rounded pad. In these respects +the shape of the integuments coincided with that of the underlying maxillæ, upon +which they were closely fitted. The sides were rounded, and a shallow groove intervened +between them and the lips. This groove was continued around the roof of +the mouth behind, and formed a demarcation between this part and the œsophagus.</p> +<p>The tip of the tongue was 7½ inches from the extremity of the jaw. It was +oval in outline, the extremity is obtuse, and it was entirely bound down. The +margin was entire, and not crenulate, as in many dolphins.</p> +<p>Dorsal and ventral views of the stomach are shown in <a href="#Plate_40">Pl. 40</a>, figs. 1 and 2; +a dorsal view of the lungs in <a href="#Plate_13">Pl. 13</a>, fig. 5; and of the perineum in <a href="#Plate_40">Pl. 40</a>, fig. 3. +A description of the gross anatomy is reserved for a subsequent paper.</p> +<p>The external dimensions of the Atlantic City specimen of <i>M. europæus</i> are +given in the following table, together with those of nine European specimens of +<i>M. bidens</i> taken from various authors, and assembled here for purposes of comparison. +The dimensions of the Annisquam specimen which, as already explained +(<a href="#Page_9">p. 9</a>), represents a third species, are also added.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_23">[23]</div> +<p class="center"><i>External dimensions of Mesoplodon europæus, M. bidens, and M. densirostris.</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column headings:</dt> +<dd><i>M. europæus.</i></dd> +<dd class="t">C: Atlantic City, 1889, U.S.N.M. male, imm.</dd> +<dd><i>M. bidens.</i></dd> +<dd class="t">D: Brodie House, Scotland, 1800, (Sowerby), male, adult.[a]</dd> +<dd class="t">E: Overstrand, England, 1892, (Southwell), female, adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">F: Dalgety, Scotland, 1888, (Turner), male.</dd> +<dd class="t">G: Hillville, Kerry, Ireland, 1864, (Andrews), male (?).</dd> +<dd class="t">H: Hevringholm, Denmark, 1880, (Reinhardt), female, adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">I: Rugsund, Norway, 1901, (Grieg), male, adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">J: Saltö, Sweden, 1885, (Aurivillius), male, young.</dd> +<dd class="t">K: Landenæs, Norway, 1895, (Grieg), male.</dd> +<dd class="t">L: Ostend, Belgium, 1835, (Dumortier), female, young.</dd> +<dd><i>M. densirostris?</i></dd> +<dd class="t">M: Annisquam, Mass., 1898, (Allen), female.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th>Measurements.</th><th>C</th><th>D</th><th>E</th><th>F</th><th>G</th><th>H</th><th>I</th><th>J</th><th>K</th><th>L</th><th>M</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total length</td><td class="r">3,810</td><td class="r">4,877</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>4,828</td><td class="r">4,597</td><td class="r">4,572</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>4,315</td><td class="r">4,605</td><td class="r">3,870</td><td class="r">3,700</td><td class="r">3,450</td><td class="r">3,708</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>12′6″</td><td class="r">16′</td><td class="r">16′2″</td><td class="r">15′1″</td><td class="r">15′±</td><td class="r">=13′9″</td><td class="r">15′1ࡩ″</td><td class="r">12′8″</td><td class="r">12′2″</td><td class="r">11′4″</td><td class="r">12′2″</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of upper jaw to blowhole</td><td class="r">470</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>572</td><td class="r">559</td><td class="r">602</td><td class="r">475</td><td class="r">530</td><td class="r">500</td><td class="r">440</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of upper jaw to eye</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">520</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of lower jaw to pectoral fin</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>889</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">1,098</td><td class="r">1,000</td><td class="r">970</td><td class="r">930</td><td class="r">910</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Back of dorsal to back of flukes</td><td class="r">[1,156]</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">e</sup>1,803</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">[1,190]</td><td class="r">1,590</td><td class="r">1,280</td><td class="r">[1,130]</td><td class="r">1,150</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of base of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">356</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">349</td><td class="r">324</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">366</td><td class="r">400</td><td class="r">340</td><td class="r">330</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of eye</td><td class="r">25</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">46</td><td class="r">40</td><td class="r">37</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of mouth (upper jaw)</td><td class="r">248</td><td class="r">457</td><td class="r">432</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">343</td><td class="r">373</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of mouth (lower jaw)</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">445</td><td class="r">349</td><td class="r">356</td><td class="r">392</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">320</td><td class="r">320</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">343</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of throat furrows</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>173</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">298</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">254</td><td class="r">248</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">300</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance between throat furrows posteriorly</td><td class="r">131</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">241</td><td class="r">229</td><td class="r">178</td><td class="r">157</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">217</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">254±</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">152</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">191</td><td class="r">203</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">209</td><td class="r">215</td><td class="r">170</td><td class="r">160</td><td class="r">130</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of flukes</td><td class="r">889</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">1,118</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">994</td><td class="r">1,130</td><td class="r">1,000</td><td class="r">820</td><td class="r">680</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Flukes to anus</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">1,290</td><td class="r">1,090</td><td class="r">[950]</td><td class="r">1,000</td><td class="r">940</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of pectoral fin<sup class="tr">k</sup></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">g</sup>279</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>546</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">i</sup>392</td><td class="r">515</td><td class="r">440</td><td class="r">380</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of pectoral fin</td><td class="r">95</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">131</td><td class="r">170</td><td class="r">120</td><td class="r">115</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> Type-specimen.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> Straight.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">c</sup> To center of blowhole.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">d</sup> From tip of upper jaw (curvilinear).</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">e</sup> Curvilinear.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">f</sup> Left. The right=192<sup>mm</sup>.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">g</sup> Along center. Along anterior border = 292<sup>mm</sup>±.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">h</sup> Along anterior border.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">i</sup> Straight; point of measurement not given.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">j</sup> Along side.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">k</sup> From anterior base, unless otherwise indicated.</dt></dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_24">[24]</div> +<p>Since the foregoing account of <i>europæus</i> was written, a description of the +type-skull, with two excellent photographic figures, has been published by L. +Brasil,<a class="fn" id="fr_29" href="#fn_29">[29]</a> +of the Caën Museum. A comparison of the figures with those of the Atlantic +City and Long Branch skulls on Pls. <a href="#Plate_2">2</a> and <a href="#Plate_8">8</a> of the present article, confirms +the identification of the latter specimens with <i>M. europæus</i>. Besides a brief description +of the type-skull M. Brasil’s paper contains measurements and two text figures +of the right mandibular tooth, natural size.</p> +<h3 id="c7">MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI True.</h3> +<dl class="undent"><dd><i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri</i> <span class="sc">True</span>, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, p. 584. Oct. 19, 1885.</dd></dl> +<p>This species was originally described from a single cranium of a young individual, +which was collected by Dr. L. Stejneger on Bering Island, Commander +Group, Bering Sea, in 1883. With but a single skull, the characters of the species +could not be very satisfactorily defined, and some European cetologists have been +inclined to doubt its validity.<a class="fn" id="fr_30" href="#fn_30">[30]</a> +In 1904, however, another skull was obtained by +the National Museum, which made it certain that the species was entirely distinct +from <i>M. bidens</i> or other known forms of the genus. Early in the year mentioned +Dr. D. S. Jordan, president of Stanford University, called my attention to a small +whale, which stranded on the coast of Oregon, 1½ miles south of the United States +life-saving station on South Beach, Yaquina Bay, near Newport, in February, and +proved later to represent the present species. Doctor Jordan’s information was +obtained from Mr. J. G. Crawford, of Albany, Oregon, who wrote him in part as +follows, under date of March 7, 1904:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Herewith I enclose a stereograph of a head of a member of the whale family, which I made at +Yaquina Bay, Oregon. The animal was 17 feet long, with fluked tail, soft, smooth skin, blowhole on +top of head, and two tusks in the mandible, but no [other] teeth in the mouth. The tusks are thin and +apparently hollow. Length of head, 32 inches; width, 14 inches; height, 11 inches; blowhole, 5 inches. +Eyes low on head. Width of mandible [jaw] at end: Upper, 1½ inches; lower, 1¾ inches. Width +between tusks, 3 inches. The blubber was about 2 inches thick on the head. It went ashore about +the 15th of February, 1½ miles south of the life-saving station on South Beach, 2½ miles south of Newport, +Oregon. The head had been severed before I arrived.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>A clipping from the <i>Oregonian</i> newspaper contains the following:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Albany, Oregon, March 2 [1904]. A peculiar specimen of the whale variety has been reported +on the Oregon coast, near Newport. J. G. Crawford, of Albany, has just returned from a trip to Newport, +where he made a picture of the head of the strange animal. The body was washed upon the beach +during the recent storm which swept the coast. It is about 15 feet long. * * * Residents of the +vicinity say they have never seen anything like it on the Oregon coast. * * * On either side of the +mouth are two villainous-looking tusks several inches in length. They are at the back of the mouth, +and extend up to a level with the top of the upper jaw. They are very wide and flat, squared on top. +The mouth has no other teeth. * * *</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_25">[25]</div> +<p>The head is equipped with a blowhole, like that of a whale. The eyes are very low, almost underneath +the lower jaws.</p> +<p>The body is in a good state of preservation, the flesh having been torn but little by the birds.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>On receipt of the foregoing information, letters were immediately addressed to +Mr. Crawford and also to the keeper of the life-saving station at South Beach, +Capt. Otto Wellander, asking that, if possible, the entire skeleton be preserved. +Captain Wellander replied that the whale had not been dead long when washed +ashore; that he had tried to find the body, but that the high tides had either carried +it away or buried it under driftwood.</p> +<p>The skull when cleaned passed into the possession of Mr. J. G. Crawford, who +sent to the Museum some excellent photographs of it, and also of the head before +the flesh had been removed. Later he sent the skull itself to the Museum for my +examination, and finally very generously presented it to the Museum in exchange.</p> +<p>The skull is that of an adult individual, in nearly perfect condition, with the +mandible and teeth. The parts missing are the left malar, the left tympanic bone, +the distal ends of the pterygoids and the proximal ends of the premaxillæ. (<a href="#Plate_3">Pl. 3</a>, +fig. 2.)</p> +<h4>SKULL.</h4> +<p>The Oregon skull exhibits all the characters included in the original diagnosis +of the species,<a class="fn" id="fr_31" href="#fn_31">[31]</a> +but two of these, namely, the lack of a groove in front of the premaxillary +foramen, and the vertical position of the premaxillæ distally, I do not +at present consider of any importance, as they are shared by <i>M. bidens</i>. The species, +as represented by the Oregon skull, however, presents other characters which clearly +differentiate it from any other species of the genius. As it is without a basirostral +groove, it allies itself in that respect to <i>M. bidens</i>, <i>europæus</i>, and <i>hectori</i>. Unlike +those species, it has the premaxillary foramen behind the maxillary foramen, and in +this respect resembles <i>densirostris</i> and <i>grayi</i>. Perhaps the most salient characters in +which <i>stejnegeri</i> differs from <i>bidens</i> and all other known species are the erect position +and flat surface of the supraoccipital and the very prominent backward extension +of the frontal plate of the maxilla. This backward extension is so great that when +the beak is horizontal a vertical line through the posterior margin of the maxilla +passes considerably behind the temporal fossa. The only species which approaches +<i>stejnegeri</i> in this respect is <i>hectori</i>, but in the latter the supraoccipital instead of +being flat above the condyles is very strongly convex.</p> +<p>Another very marked character of <i>stejnegeri</i> is that the extension of the lateral +free margin of the orbital plate of the frontal, anterior to the orbit, is equal to the +length of the orbit itself. In <i>bidens</i> and all other known species this extension is +only from one-third to one-half the length of the orbit. Numerous other distinguishing +characters will be mentioned in the course of the following description of +<i>stejnegeri</i>, which is drawn from the adult Oregon skull, but modified when necessary +by reference to the type skull from Bering Island. Comparisons are made chiefly +with <i>M. bidens</i>, which is on the whole the best known species.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_26">[26]</div> +<p>In the Oregon skull of <i>stejnegeri</i>, the breadth between the post-orbital processes +does not exceed the length from the occipital condyles to the maxillary notches. +The skull is, therefore, narrower in proportion to its length than in any other species +of the genus except <i>hectori</i>, as represented by the skull figured by Flower. This +skull was, however, that of a young individual. It is probable that in adults of +this species the skull is broader than in <i>stejnegeri</i>.</p> +<p>In the latter species, again, the length of the brain-case, between the occipital +condyles and the maxillary notches, is just equal to the distance from the latter +point to the distal end of the maxillæ, and the rostrum, including the premaxillæ, +is much shorter than in other species of <i>Mesoplodon</i>, except <i>hectori</i>, as represented by +the young skull above mentioned.</p> +<p>The foramen magnum is very small, being less in width than the condyle on +either side of it. In this respect it differs widely from <i>bidens</i> and other species (as +far as can be ascertained from the figures available), except <i>europæus</i>, in which the +relative size is about the same.</p> +<p>The supraoccipital rises vertically above each condyle to the very top of the +skull, being neither convex nor strongly bent forward as in other species, and especially +<i>bidens</i>. In the median line, however, while the occipital bone is flat immediately +above the foramen magnum, it is deeply concave higher up and without a +median ridge. The outline of the occipital crest, viewed from behind, is semicircular. +In all the foregoing characters the occipital region differs widely from that of <i>bidens</i> +and other species. The only close resemblance is found in the old skull of <i>europæus</i> +from Long Branch, New Jersey, and even here the sides of the occipital above are +far less prominent, their outline is much more convex, the occipital crest is angular, +and the median depression is less pronounced.</p> +<p><i>Dorsal aspect</i> (<a href="#Plate_3">Pl. 3</a>, figs. 1, 2).—The most noticeable feature of the upper +surface of the skull is the large backward extension of the frontal plates of the +maxillæ, the free margins of which converge strongly. The outline of the anteorbital +region is rounded. The anteorbital notch is a shallow emargination. Anterior +to this is a second still shallower emargination, the “pseudo-notch.” The +margin between the two is much thickened, but does not form a distinct projection +or tubercle, as in <i>bidens</i> and other species. The superior orifices of the nares are +unsymmetrical as regards position, the left being somewhat in advance of the right. +The maxillæ are concave around the maxillary foramen, and external to this foramen +is an elongated ridge about as in <i>europæus</i>. The rostral portion of the maxillæ is +broad at the base but tapers more rapidly than in <i>bidens</i>. The margin is thick. +At the middle of the beak the outline of the maxillæ at a lower level is visible from +above, which is not the case in <i>bidens</i> or <i>europæus</i>. The rostral portion of the +premaxillæ is oblique proximally and vertical distally. Unlike <i>bidens</i>, these edges +are sharp throughout. The mesethmoid ends opposite the maxillary foramina. +Anterior to it is seen the concave upper surface of the vomer, which, however, +becomes flat distally. At about the middle of the beak the anterior end is clasped +by the posterior forked end of a “mesirostral” ossification, which has a convex +surface. This ossification begins proximally below the edges of the premaxillæ, +but its surface rises gradually anteriorly, and at the end of the beak it is much above +<span class="pb" id="Page_27">[27]</span> +the premaxillæ. The end of the beak consists of the consolidated mass of the premaxillæ +and mesirostral ossification, the whole being convex above and below, but +flat on the sides. The ossification has a deep median groove, which reaches to +within 95 mm. of the tip of the beak.</p> +<p>It will be seen that the conformation of the upper surface of the beak is quite +different from that of <i>bidens</i> or any other species.</p> +<p>The maxillary foramina are large and directed forward, and have a distinct +broad channel in front of them. In the Oregon skull the right foramen is single, +but the left divided into two. The premaxillary foramina are a little behind the +maxillary foramina. The distance between the maxillary foramina is less than +that from the median line to the anteorbital notch. In <i>bidens</i> it is much greater.</p> +<p><i>Lateral aspect</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Pl. 9</a>, figs. 1, 2).—A most noteworthy feature of the skull when +viewed from the side is the great length between the orbit and the maxillary notch, +which far exceeds that found in <i>bidens</i> and other species, being equal to the length +of the orbit itself. The latter is about as long as the temporal fossa, which is somewhat +flattened above, as in <i>europæus</i>. The outline of the supraoccipital is straight +and nearly vertical. The zygomatic is more massive even than <i>europæus</i> and is +especially thick below. The inferior outline of the beak is convex proximally as in +<i>europæus</i> and <i>layardi</i>. There is no basirostral groove, the edges of the maxillæ +being very thick in front of the maxillary notch. Over the orbit the maxillæ are +thick and beveled, but not raised as in <i>bowdoini</i>.</p> +<p><i>Ventral aspect</i> (<a href="#Plate_6">Pl. 6</a>, figs. 1, 2).—The beak is convex in the proximal half, much +as in <i>europæus</i>, but farther forward is concave, except in the median line, where +there is a narrow ridge formed proximally by the vomer, which in the type skull +appears as a narrow lozenge 60 mm. long. In the adult Oregon skull it is anchylosed +with the premaxillæ. The maxillæ extend to within 107 mm. of the end of the beak. +The under surface of the beak is much more like that of <i>europæus</i> than of <i>bidens</i>.</p> +<p>A narrow strip of the palatines extends around the base of the pterygoids in +front, but the two strips do not meet in the median line. In the type-skull they +do not extend inside the pterygoids. The expanded anterior end of the malar is +very long and also forms the bottom of the maxillary notch, which is the case in +<i>europæus</i> but not in <i>bidens</i>. The inferior borders of the pterygoids are convex +anteriorly, as in <i>europæus</i>, and are continued laterally, so that the sinus is deep as in +that species. The lachrymal is very long, the free margin having a length of 55 mm. +The posterior margin of the zygomatic process is concave, rather than convex as in +<i>bidens</i>.</p> +<p>The tympanic bulla does not differ materially from that of <i>bidens</i> in size or +shape, as far as can be judged from the figures given in Van Beneden and Gervais’ +Osteography (plate 26, figs. 4, 4<i>a</i>). The periotic is similar in size to the same bone in +<i>bidens</i>, but the posterior end is more narrowly pointed and the anterior end is +much lower, relatively. In <i>europæus</i>, as far as can be determined from the material +at hand, the form and size of the earbone is similar to that of <i>stejnegeri</i>, but in the +latter the anterior margin of the tympanic bulla is more nearly transverse and the +posterior inferior groove is curved. (<a href="#Plate_35">Pl. 35</a>, fig. 2.)</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_28">[28]</div> +<p>In the Annisquam skull, supposed to represent <i>densirostris</i>, although from a +young individual, the earbone is very much larger, especially the periotic, which is +also quite differently shaped.</p> +<h4>MANDIBLE.</h4> +<p>The mandible of <i>stejnegeri</i> is much broken in the region of the angle on both +sides, but otherwise complete. As compared with a mandible of an adult <i>bidens</i>, +the most conspicuous differences are the shortness of the symphysis, the sharp +upward bend of the inferior margin anteriorly, and the large size of the alveolus. +The symphysis in the adult Oregon specimen of <i>stejnegeri</i> is 140 mm. long, or scarcely +more than in the young specimen of <i>europæus</i> from New Jersey, and exactly the +same as in the adult type-specimen of the latter species, as figured by Van Beneden +and Gervais. The alveolus lies entirely behind the symphysis, its anterior end +being 160 mm. from the anterior end of the jaw. It is 113 mm. long and 18 mm. +wide. The mandible is 62 mm. high at its middle point. The coronoid process is +more anteriorly situated than in <i>bidens</i> and the portion of the posterior margin of +the ramus which remains indicates that the angle was strongly directed backward. +(<a href="#Plate_11">Pl. 11</a>, fig. 4; <a href="#Plate_12">pl. 12</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<h4>TEETH.</h4> +<p>The teeth are remarkable for their size and form. They are somewhat more +than twice as broad as teeth of adult males of <i>bidens</i>, as shown by the figures of +Lankester<a class="fn" id="fr_32" href="#fn_32">[32]</a> +and Grieg,<a class="fn" id="fr_33" href="#fn_33">[33]</a> +and also a little longer. They are, in fact, probably broader +than, or at least as broad as, the teeth of any other species of <i>Mesoplodon</i>, not excepting +<i>layardi</i>. Sir William Turner remarks regarding a specimen of <i>layardi</i> examined +by him that “the breadth of the tooth, where it emerged from the alveolus, was +3½ inches.”<a class="fn" id="fr_34" href="#fn_34">[34]</a> +He does not state, however, whether the measurement was taken +along the top of the alveolus, at an angle with the transverse axis of the tooth, or +along the transverse axis itself. At all events, the teeth figured by Owen and +others are much less than 3½ inches broad. The teeth of adult <i>europæus</i> are only +2 inches broad, and of <i>bidens</i>, as already stated, 1½ inches broad.</p> +<p>In <i>stejnegeri</i> (<a href="#Plate_12">Pl. 12</a>, figs. 1-3) the portion of the tooth above the alveolus is +inclined slightly inward and backward, but the pointed tip curves outward so as +to be vertical. When extracted from the alveolus, the whole tooth is found to be +concave internally and convex externally. The posterior margin is convex and the +anterior sinuous, a slight convexity occurring on the portion which projects above +the alveolus. In this place the outer coating of cement is broken through, showing +the underlying dentine or osteo-dentine, which is somewhat corroded or absorbed. +This is particularly noticeable on the left tooth.</p> +<p>The upper margin of the tooth is transverse, or nearly at right angles with the +anterior and posterior margins. The posterior angle is rounded and the anterior +raised into an acute point by the projection of the dentine as a distinct, sharp cusp. +<span class="pb" id="Page_29">[29]</span> +The inferior end of the tooth is cut off obliquely and the margin is broken by numerous +prominent rugosities. The surface of all that part of the tooth which is contained +in the alveolus and covered by the gum above it is rugose, while the part +above the gum is quite smooth and highly polished.</p> +<p>The right tooth has the following dimensions (in straight lines): Length of +anterior border, 150 mm.; length of posterior border, 107; length of superior border, +54; length of inferior border, 86; average length of exposed dentine tip, 10; greatest +breadth of tooth, antero-posteriorly, 81; greatest breadth of tooth, transversely, +15; distance from center of base of exposed portion, when in position in the +alveolus, to tip of dentine projection, 82; distance from center of base of portion +above the gum to tip of dentine projection, 70; distance from center of base +of portion above the gum to center of inferior margin, 76.</p> +<p>The dimensions of the skulls are as follows, those of the type-specimen having +been revised and corrected:</p> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of two skulls of M. stejnegeri.</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column headings:</dt> +<dd>A: 143132 U.S.N.M. Yaquina Bay, Oregon, adult.</dd> +<dd>B: 21112 U.S.N.M. Bering Id. Type (1715), young.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th>Measurements.</th><th>A</th><th>B</th></tr> +<tr><td>Total length</td><td class="r">715</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>633</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of rostrum</td><td class="r">413</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from occipital condyles to distal end of maxillæ</td><td class="r">612</td><td class="r">567</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between centers of orbits</td><td class="r">309</td><td class="r">279</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between zygomatic processes</td><td class="r">310</td><td class="r">278</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between temporal fossæ</td><td class="r">228</td><td class="r">212</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between postorbital processes of frontals</td><td class="r">323</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of rostrum at base (between maxillary notches)</td><td class="r">172</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>158</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of rostrum at middle</td><td class="r">40</td><td class="r">44</td></tr> +<tr><td>Depth of rostrum at middle</td><td class="r">52</td><td class="r">42+</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of anterior nares</td><td class="r">56</td><td class="r">54</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of premaxillæ proximally</td><td class="r">130</td><td class="r">118</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of premaxillæ in front of nares</td><td class="r">108</td><td class="r">109</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of temporal fossa</td><td class="r">92</td><td class="r">86</td></tr> +<tr><td>Depth of temporal fossa</td><td class="r">63</td><td class="r">46</td></tr> +<tr><td>Antero-posterior length of orbit</td><td class="r">96</td><td class="r">82</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of foramen magnum</td><td class="r">38</td><td class="r">39</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of tympanic bulla</td><td class="r">48</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of tympanic bulla</td><td class="r">32</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of mandible</td><td class="r">610</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of symphysis</td><td class="r">138</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from anterior end of mandible to alveolus</td><td class="r">166</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> Tip of rostrum lacking.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> The skull is much worn around the left notch and the measurement is only approximate.</dt></dl> +<h4>EXTERNAL FORM.</h4> +<p>The photograph of the head (<a href="#Plate_40">Pl. 40</a>, fig. 4) shows that the end of the beak was +quite blunt, and the lower jaw quite a little longer than the upper. The superior +margin of the lower jaw, which is concave in front of the tooth, is strongly convex +and elevated at the side of it and behind it. The inferior margin of the upper jaw +<span class="pb" id="Page_30">[30]</span> +is straight anteriorly, but farther back appears to be pressed upward by the tooth. +An examination of the skull shows that the mandible can be lowered so that the +teeth are below the upper jaw, but when so lowered the space between the teeth +and the upper jaw on each side is barely a quarter of an inch (6 mm.). With the +integuments in place, it is doubtful whether the mouth could be opened any wider +than is shown in the photograph. The convexity of the head, shape of the blowhole, +position of the eye, etc., do not appear to differ materially from the same +characters in adults of <i>M. bidens</i>.</p> +<h2 id="c8"><br /><span class="small">Genus ZIPHIUS Cuvier.</span></h2> +<h3 id="c9">ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS Cuvier.</h3> +<dl class="undent"><dd><i>Ziphius cavirostris</i> <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>, Oss. foss., 2d ed., vol. 5, 1823, p. 353.</dd> +<dd><i>Hyperoödon gervaisii</i> <span class="sc">Duvernoy</span>, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, Zoöl., vol. 5, 1851, p. 49.</dd> +<dd><i>Ziphius gervaisii</i> <span class="sc">Fischer</span>, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. 3, 1867, p. 55.</dd> +<dd><i>Hyperoödon semi-junctus</i> <span class="sc">Cope</span>, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 15.</dd> +<dd><i>Ziphius semijunctus</i> <span class="sc">True</span>, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, 1886, p. 586.</dd> +<dd><i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i> <span class="sc">Stejneger</span>, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, 1883, p. 77.</dd></dl> +<p>It has not seemed to me necessary in the present connection to attempt to cite +all the multitudinous names which have been given to this species, especially as +those zoologists most competent to judge, including Van Beneden, Flower, and +Turner, after detailed consideration, have concluded that but one species of <i>Ziphius</i>, +or at most two species, exist at present.<a class="fn" id="fr_35" href="#fn_35">[35]</a></p> +<p>Nearly all the skulls in European museums are assigned by the zoologists mentioned +to <i>Z. cavirostris</i> proper, but some doubt has been entertained regarding two +or three European skulls, and one specimen from Argentina, described by Burmeister. +These last-mentioned specimens have been thought to possibly represent +a second species, <i>Z. gervaisii</i>. The principal characters of the latter are the narrow, +flat premaxillæ, the lack of a prominent mesirostral ossification, and small teeth. +From the large series of skulls in the National Museum, I am able to dispose of the +doubt concerning <i>Z. gervaisii</i>. I find that wherever the characters above mentioned +occur the sex (when known) is female. There is every reason, therefore, to +believe that <i>Z. gervaisii</i> is the female of <i>Z. cavirostris</i>.<a class="fn" id="fr_36" href="#fn_36">[36]</a> +I will return to this point again later.</p> +<p>In 1865 Cope described a species from Charleston, South Carolina, under the +name of <i>Hyperoödon semijunctus</i>. In 1886 I referred it to the genus <i>Ziphius</i>, but +<span class="pb" id="Page_31">[31]</span> +was in doubt as to its specific identity. I thought that it might represent <i>Z. gervaisii</i>, +which is interesting in the present connection because the type-specimen was +a female.</p> +<p>In 1883 Dr. L. Stejneger described a species which he had discovered on Bering +Island, Bering Sea, under the name of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i>. Through the instrumentality +of Doctor Stejneger and Governor Grebnitzki, the National Museum later received +a large series of skulls from the same locality. The question of whether this species +is identical with <i>Z. cavirostris</i>, or distinct, has caused me much study, and forms +the principal subject of this chapter.</p> +<p>The National Museum has at present the following material, which may be +considered as certainly representing <i>Z. cavirostris</i>:</p> +<p>1. A complete skeleton and cast of an adult female, 19 feet 4 inches long, +obtained at Barnegat City, New Jersey, October 3, 1883. Cat. No. 20971.</p> +<p>2. A complete skeleton and photographs of an adult male, 20 feet 1 inch long, +obtained at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1901, through Dr. E. A. Mearns, Mr. L. di Z. +Mearns, and Capt. Gus Soderman. Cat. No. 49599.</p> +<p>3. The collection contains also the skeleton of the young female individual +obtained at Charleston, South Carolina, prior to 1865, which constitutes the type of +<i>Hyperoödon semijunctus</i> Cope. It was originally in the Charleston College Museum, +but later was received by the National Museum in exchange. This individual was +between 12 and 13 feet long. Cat. No. 21975.</p> +<p>In addition, the national collections contain the following material, known to, +or supposed to, represent the species <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i>:</p> +<p>4. Cat. No. 20993. Skull of a male (?).<a class="fn" id="fr_37" href="#fn_37">[37]</a> +Collected by Dr. L. Stejneger in Bering Island, 1882. Orig. No. 1521. Type of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i>.</p> +<p>5. Cat. No. 21245. Skull. Orig. No. 1758.</p> +<p>6. Cat. No. 21246. Skull. Orig. No. 2531.</p> +<p>7. Cat. No. 21247. Skull. Orig. No. 1849.</p> +<p>8. Cat. No. 21248. Skull of a male (?).</p> +<p>9. Cat. No. 83991. Skull.</p> +<p>The five skulls preceding were also collected by Doctor Stejneger in Bering Island in 1882 and 1883.</p> +<p>10. Cat. No. 22069. Skull of a female (?).<a class="fn" href="#fn_37">[37]</a></p> +<p>11. Cat. No. 22874. Skull.</p> +<p>12. Cat. No. 22875. Bones of an immature individual.</p> +<p>These three specimens were collected and presented by N. Grebnitzki.</p> +<p>13. Cat. No. 142579. A series of photographs of an individual captured in +Kiska Harbor, Alaska, September, 1904. Presented by Dr. J. Hobart Egbert.</p> +<p>14. Cat. No. 84906. Photograph of the skeleton of an individual washed ashore +at St. Simon Island, Georgia, in 1893, and belonging to Mr. W. Arnold.</p> +<p>In the genus <i>Ziphius</i>, as in other ziphioid genera, a study of the characters of the +skull appears to afford the best basis for discrimination of species. We have first to +consider whether the North American species is the same as the European and New +<span class="pb" id="Page_32">[32]</span> +Zealand species, and afterwards whether the North Pacific species is identical with +or distinct from these.</p> +<p>The published measurements of specimens from the coasts of Europe and New +Zealand, currently believed to represent the single species <i>Z. cavirostris</i>, are rather +meager, and, furthermore, prove, on examination, to present so little uniformity +that they are of limited use for comparison with measurements of skulls from the +Atlantic coast of the United States. About all that can be said is that the latter +skulls are of about the same size as the former and that the proportions do not present +any striking differences. For detailed measurements of the American skulls, +see <a href="#Page_53">page 53</a>.</p> +<p>On account of the uncertainty as regards the measurements, I have had recourse +to the published descriptions and figures, especially those of Van Beneden, Sir +William Turner, and Doctor Haast. So far as I can perceive, there is nothing in +these descriptions that is not applicable to the skulls Nos. 49599 and 20971, from +Newport, Rhode Island, and Barnegat City, New Jersey, respectively, in the National +Museum, and I can find no reason for regarding the latter other than as representatives +of <i>Z. cavirostris</i>.</p> +<h4>HISTORY OF THE NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND, SPECIMEN.</h4> +<p>Of the Newport specimen, No. 49599, the Museum has the complete skeleton, +together with external measurements and a photograph. From data at hand it +appears that the animal was originally obtained in Narragansett Bay about October +30, 1901, and afterwards towed to Fort Adams, near Newport. A few days later it +was sent adrift again and stranded in the harbor of Dutch Island, near Canonicut +Island, which is opposite Newport. While at Fort Adams its existence was made +known to the Museum by Dr. E. A. Mearns, U. S. Army, and his son, Louis Mearns; +and a preparator was sent to obtain the skeleton. With the aid of Captain Soderman, +of the government tug <i>Monroe</i>, he found it at Dutch Island, and reported that +it was a male, 20 feet 1 inch in length, measured along the curves of the back (18 +feet 6 inches in a straight line). The epidermis was nearly all lacking, but the back +appeared to have been black. The length in a straight line, as reported by Mr. Louis +Mearns, was 19 feet. The complete measurements taken by the preparator, Mr. J. +W. Scollick, are as follows:</p> +<p class="center"><i>External dimensions of Ziphius cavirostris, male, Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M., Newport, Rhode Island.</i></p> +<table class="center"> +<tr class="i"><th></th><th>Ft.</th><th>in.</th></tr> +<tr><td>Total length, along curve of back</td><td class="r">20</td><td class="r">1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total length, in straight line</td><td class="r">18</td><td class="r">6</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">13</td><td class="r">10</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to axilla</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to eye</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">5½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to anterior margin of blowhole</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">4</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of mouth</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of blowhole</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r">5½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of pectoral fin, from head of humerus to tip, straight</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vertical height of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r">10</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of flukes, from tip to tip</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest girth (estimated)</td><td class="r">10</td><td class="r">0</td></tr> +</table> +<div class="pb" id="Page_33">[33]</div> +<p>The breadth of the pectoral fin, as shown by the skeleton, was 5¾ inches.</p> +<p>The photograph, which is reproduced in <a href="#Plate_41">Pl. 41</a>, fig. 4, gives a good idea of +the general form of the animal.</p> +<h4>HISTORY OF THE BARNEGAT CITY, NEW JERSEY, SPECIMEN.</h4> +<p>Of the Barnegat City specimen, No. 20971, the Museum has the complete +skeleton, together with a cast of one-half of the entire animal, and another of the +head, and some measurements, all of which were obtained by Mr. William Palmer +and myself October 3, 1883. The Museum received notice of the stranding of this +specimen from Capt. J. H. Ridgway, of the United States life-saving station at +Barnegat City. It was an adult female, 19 feet 4 inches long in a straight line. +The complete measurements, taken in straight lines with a rod and cord, are as +follows:</p> +<p class="center"><i>External dimensions of Ziphius cavirostris, female, Cat. No. 20971, U.S.N.M., Barnegat City, New Jersey.</i> +<br />(Measured in straight lines with rope and bar.)</p> +<table class="center"> +<tr class="i"><th></th><th>Ft.</th><th>in.</th></tr> +<tr><td>Total length</td><td class="r">19</td><td class="r">4</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to eyes</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to blowhole</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to anterior base of pectoral fin</td><td class="r">3</td><td class="r">10½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to anterior base of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">12</td><td class="r">0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to anterior angle of vent</td><td class="r">12</td><td class="r">3½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to corner of mouth</td><td></td><td class="r">11½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of anterior margin of pectoral fin</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">1½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length along center of pectoral fin</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">7</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth across pectoral fin</td><td></td><td class="r">6¾</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of anterior margin of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">6</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of base of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vertical height of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of flukes from tip to tip</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Antero-posterior length of flukes</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">7</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of eye</td><td></td><td class="r">2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of eye</td><td></td><td class="r">1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Girth around eyes</td><td class="r">3</td><td class="r">1½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Girth at anterior margin of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">0½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Girth at root of pectoral fins</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">0½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of lower jaw at middle of length</td><td></td><td class="r">4½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of upper jaw at middle of length</td><td></td><td class="r">5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of blowhole</td><td></td><td class="r">5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from posterior angle of eye to ear</td><td></td><td class="r">4½</td></tr> +</table> +<p>I neglected to make a full description of the color, but noted that it was stone +gray, lighter above and darker below; snout nearly white. The cast, which was +painted from a sketch made at Barnegat City and from pieces of skin brought to +Washington, bears out this note in general, but with modifications. The color +of the body as a whole is gray tinged with dull yellowish. The gray is darker on +the back than on the belly, but on the latter is a large area of dark brown, reaching +from near the pectoral fins to and beyond the anus, and halfway up on the sides. +On this dark area are several large oval whitish blotches, some two inches in +<span class="pb" id="Page_34">[34]</span> +diameter. Both upper and lower jaws nearly to the angle of the mouth are cream +white. On the sides and belly the gray color is speckled with black spots of about +the size of a grain of wheat. The pectoral fins are dark gray above and below; +the flukes were similarly colored.</p> +<p>A comparison of the dimensions of the two specimens above described with +those of European and New Zealand specimens is afforded by the following table +(the measurements being reduced to percentages of the total length):</p> +<p class="center"><i>External dimensions of Ziphius cavirostris. (Reduced to percentages of the total length.)</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column Headings:</dt> +<dd>A: Newport, Rhode Island 49599 U.S.N.M., male, 1901.</dd> +<dd>B: Barnegat City, New Jersey, 20971 U.S.N.M., female, 1883.</dd> +<dd>C: New Brighton, New Zealand, female.</dd> +<dd>D: Punta, Corsica, 1842.</dd> +<dd>E: Buenos Ayres, Argentina, male, 1865.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th>Measurements.</th><th colspan="2">A<sup class="tr">a</sup></th><th colspan="2">A<sup class="tr">b</sup></th><th colspan="2">B<sup class="tr">b</sup></th><th colspan="2">C</th><th colspan="2">D</th><th colspan="2">E</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td>Ft.</td><td>in.</td><td>Ft.</td><td>in.</td><td>Ft.</td><td>in.</td><td>Ft.</td><td>in.</td><td>Ft.</td><td>in.</td><td>Ft.</td><td>in.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total length</td><td class="r">20</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">18</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">19</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">19</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">19</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r">12</td><td class="r">11½</td></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td colspan="2">Per cent.</td><td colspan="2">Per cent.</td><td colspan="2">Per cent.</td><td colspan="2">Per cent.</td><td colspan="2">Per cent.</td><td colspan="2">Per cent.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsal</td><td colspan="2" class="r">69.0</td><td colspan="2" class="r">74.8</td><td colspan="2" class="r">67.2</td><td colspan="2" class="r">[67.1]</td><td colspan="2" class="r">[78.5]</td><td colspan="2" class="r">[70.8]</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to axilla</td><td colspan="2" class="r">25.3</td><td colspan="2" class="r">28.0</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>20.0</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>24.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>[25.0]</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to eye</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">k</sup>12.2</td><td colspan="2" class="r">13.3</td><td colspan="2" class="r">10.8</td><td colspan="2" class="r">12.8</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r">10.9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tip of snout to anterior end blowhole</td><td colspan="2" class="r">11.2</td><td colspan="2" class="r">12.6</td><td colspan="2" class="r">10.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r">11.4</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of mouth</td><td colspan="2" class="r">5.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r">5.9</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">e</sup> 5.0</td><td colspan="2" class="r">6.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r">[ f] 5.3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of blowhole</td><td colspan="2" class="r">2.3</td><td colspan="2" class="r">2.5</td><td colspan="2" class="r">2.2</td><td colspan="2" class="r">2.6</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r">1.2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of pectoral from head of humerus</td><td colspan="2" class="r">10.8</td><td colspan="2" class="r">11.7</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">g</sup>12.8</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of pectoral from axilla</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>7.5</td><td colspan="2" class="r">8.1</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">hi</sup>8.1</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">g</sup> 8.3</td><td colspan="2" class="r">8.6</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of pectoral fin</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">j</sup>2.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">j</sup>2.6</td><td colspan="2" class="r">2.9</td><td colspan="2" class="r">3.0</td><td colspan="2" class="r">2.9</td><td colspan="2" class="r">3.0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vertical height of dorsal fin</td><td colspan="2" class="r">4.1</td><td colspan="2" class="r">4.5</td><td colspan="2" class="r">5.2</td><td colspan="2" class="r">3.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r">3.5</td><td colspan="2" class="r">4.3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of flukes, tip to tip fin</td><td colspan="2" class="r">26.1</td><td colspan="2" class="r">28.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r">28.0</td><td colspan="2" class="r">31.2</td><td colspan="2" class="r">...</td><td colspan="2" class="r">27.3</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> Curvilinear.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> Straight.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">c</sup> To anterior base.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">d</sup> Lower jaw to “beginning of pectoral.”</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">e</sup> From tip of upper jaw.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">f</sup> From tip of lower jaw.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">g</sup> Points of measurements not specified.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">h</sup> From the bones; from outer anterior margin of proximal expansion of ulna.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">i</sup> Along center.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">j</sup> From the bones. The external measurement originally taken by Scollick is entirely too large.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">k</sup> The skull gives this measurement as 10.4 per cent. The original measurement by Scollick is entirely too large and can not be correct. The same is probably true regarding length to blowhole, but I can not prove it.</dt></dl> +<p>The close correspondence in proportions shown in this table favors the idea +of specific identity, and taken with the similarity in size, and characters of the +skull, warrants, I think, the assumption that the specimens from the Atlantic +coast of the United States belong to <i>Z. cavirostris</i>.</p> +<h4>COLORATION.</h4> +<p>It should be remarked, however, that the Barnegat City specimen does not +agree in color with any of the European or New Zealand specimens. On the other +hand, the latter show a most extraordinary diversity in color, some being black, +with the head and back as far as the dorsal fin white; others all black above, white +<span class="pb" id="Page_35">[35]</span> +below, and the head black and brown. The color of the young specimen from +Buenos Ayres, Argentina, is described by Burmeister as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>All the body of the animal is of a light gray color, a little yellowish, resembling the color of light +ash, but much darker on the back and much lighter on the belly. The fins are much darker than the +back—almost black—and the large fin of the tail has a very pure white area of irregular shape on the +underside.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>If the indications from the skull and proportions are trustworthy <i>Z. cavirostris</i> +must be a species in which the color is very variable, differing perhaps in the two +sexes, or with differences in age. This is, however, by no means certain at present, +and whether the diversities of color reported in different specimens are merely +individual variations, or are due to post-mortem changes, remains to be discovered. +It will be noticed that the color of the Argentine specimen is nearest to +that of the Barnegat City specimen.</p> +<h4>TYPE OF ZIPHIUS SEMIJUNCTUS (COPE).</h4> +<p>The type-specimen of <i>Ziphius semijunctus</i> (Cope), as already mentioned, is a young +female.<a class="fn" id="fr_38" href="#fn_38">[38]</a> +The most noticeable characters which it presents are that the +premaxillæ are flat proximally, and that the teeth are small, sharp-pointed and +open at the roots. The form of the teeth is undoubtedly due to immaturity, but +<span class="pb" id="Page_36">[36]</span> +as the shape of the premaxillæ is similar to that found in the nominal species <i>gervaisii</i>, +it might be thought necessary to refer <i>semijunctus</i> to the latter species. As +will be shown later, however, this form of the premaxillæ appears to be characteristic +of the adult female of <i>cavirostris</i>, and of immature individuals of either +sex, the young, as in many kinds of animals, resembling the adult female rather +than the male.</p> +<p>I have been able to find but one character in the skull of <i>semijunctus</i> which might +be regarded as specific. This is that the lachrymal bone is thick distally, and cut +off square at the end. In other specimens of <i>Ziphius</i> examined it is thin and flat, +and rounded or pointed at the end. As there is much individual variation in the form +of the lachrymal, this peculiarity alone is, in my opinion, an insufficient indication +of the validity of the species.</p> +<h4>COMPARISON OF SKELETONS.</h4> +<p>A comparison of the skeletons of the three individuals from the Atlantic coast +of the United States reveals a number of differences of more or less importance. +Were it not for the lack of reliable differences in the skulls, it might be considered +that these variations in other parts of the skeletons indicated specific difference. +I am disposed, however, since the Barnegat and Newport specimens are of opposite +sexes, to regard them partly as sexual and partly as individual. In the case of the +Charleston specimen (<i>semijunctus</i>), the skeleton, besides being immature, has been +very much damaged by careless handling, and nearly all the bones are somewhat +abraded. It is, therefore, only available to a limited extent for purposes of comparison. +As no description of a <i>Ziphius</i> skeleton from the coast of the United States +has, so far as I am aware, been published hitherto, and as descriptions of skeletons of +Old World specimens are few and rather brief, I shall give below a detailed comparative +description of the American specimens. For the sake of brevity, I shall refer +to each specimen merely by the locality.</p> +<h4>VERTEBRAL COLUMN AS A WHOLE.</h4> +<p>The vertebral formula in the three North American specimens and in four Old +World specimens and Burmeister’s Argentine specimen is as follows:</p> +<p class="center"><i>Vertebral formula of Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<table class="c"> +<tr><th>Locality and sex.</th><th>C.</th><th>Th.</th><th>L.</th><th>Ca.</th><th>Total.</th></tr> +<tr><td>Newport, Rhode Island, male</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">9</td><td>10</td><td>20</td><td>46</td></tr> +<tr><td>Barnegat City, New Jersey, female</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">9</td><td>11</td><td>18(+1?)</td><td>46(?)</td></tr> +<tr><td>Charleston, South Carolina, female</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">10</td><td>10</td><td>16(+3?)</td><td>46(?)</td></tr> +<tr><td>Holma, Sweden (Malm)</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">10</td><td>10</td><td>18(+1)</td><td>46</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pisa Museum (Van Beneden)</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">9</td><td>11</td><td>16+</td><td>43+</td></tr> +<tr><td>Warrington, New Zealand (Scott and Parker)</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">10</td><td>9</td><td>20</td><td>46</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lyttleton Harbor, New Zealand (Haast)</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">9</td><td>11</td><td>19</td><td>46</td></tr> +<tr><td>Buenos Ayres, Argentina (Burmeister), male</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">10</td><td>10</td><td>22</td><td>49</td></tr> +</table> +<div class="pb" id="Page_37">[37]</div> +<p>In the figures of the Argentine specimen the last ten caudals are practically +without characters, and it is perhaps allowable to question whether the terminal +two or three were not added to make an even taper to the end of the column. If +such be not the case, this specimen had more vertebræ than any other.</p> +<h4>CHARACTERS OF THE VERTEBRÆ.</h4> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—The seventh cervical vertebra presents a conical metapophysis, +which on the first thoracic vertebra forms of a rather thick, long, declining process +ending in a facet for the tubercle of the first rib. This metapophysis maintains +nearly the same form as far as the sixth thoracic vertebra, but on the third thoracic +a mammiliform process makes its appearance on the anterior margin near the tip, +and becomes more prominent on each succeeding vertebra. On the seventh thoracic +it becomes larger, thin, and upright, and widely separated from the articular facet +for the tubercle of the rib. On the centrum of this vertebra lower down is a second +much larger rugose articular facet. On the eighth thoracic vertebra the upper +articular process disappears altogether and is replaced by a transverse process on a +lower level, with a facet at the free end for the rib. On the ninth thoracic the transverse +processes are larger and nearly straight. They are longer on the first lumbar +and incline a little forward. Those of the succeeding vertebræ are similar, but +decrease gradually in length, while somewhat increasing in breadth. They are last +traceable on the ninth caudal. On the eighth caudal they are perforated by a +foramen.</p> +<p>All the vertebræ from the first cervical backward have neural spines as far as +and including the eleventh caudal. The spine on the first thoracic is rather short, +narrow and pointed. These spines increase in height in succeeding vertebræ as far +as the sixth lumbar; at the same time the breadth increases antero-posteriorly and +the tip becomes expanded. The spines are nearly equally high on all the succeeding +lumbars, but begin to decrease on the caudals and disappear altogether on the +eleventh caudal.</p> +<p>The anterior zygapophyses and metapophyses maintain a nearly constant +position close to the top of the centra throughout the column, from the seventh +thoracic backward, and are vertical, thin, and oblong, squared or rounded. They +begin to decrease in size noticeably on the first caudal, and on the seventh caudal +are mere swellings at the sides of the nearly horizontal plate from which the neural +spine springs. They are traceable as far as the twelfth caudal.</p> +<p>A ridge appears on the side of the neural arch near its base on the fifth caudal +and is stronger and very marked on those following, to the ninth caudal. A ridge +unites the anterior and posterior facets for the chevrons on the ninth and succeeding +caudals.</p> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—Unlike the Newport skeleton, there are no neural +spines on the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervicals. The spine on the first thoracic +vertebra is quite short and sharp, and on the second, third, and fourth thoracics also +is rather pointed, though of increased length. There is no metapophysis on the +seventh cervical.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_38">[38]</div> +<p>On the seventh thoracic the facet for the tubercle of the rib, instead of being +very prominent, becomes inconspicuous. The metapophysis is flat and squared, +and there is no lower facet on the side of the centrum. On the eighth thoracic the +metapophysis is thin, squared, and vertical, and a well-formed transverse process +appears on the side of the centrum. The transverse processes of the ninth thoracic +are a little curved backward, and on the first lumbar and succeeding vertebræ bent +forward. These processes are less tapering on all the lumbars than in the Newport +skeleton. They disappear on the eighth caudal. None is perforated.</p> +<p>The longest neural spine is on the sixth lumbar, and on all the lumbars both +the anterior and posterior edges are somewhat convex. Hence their shape is rather +different from those of the Newport skeleton, in which the anterior margins are +somewhat concave. The tips of the spines are rather suddenly expanded. The +spines of the caudals are rather more expanded at the tip and more inclined backward +than in the Newport skeleton. They disappear on the eleventh caudal.</p> +<p>The horizontal plate joining the metapophyses is noticeable on the fifth caudal. +The ridge on the side of the neural arch is first noticeable on the fourth caudal and +is very strong on the fifth, sixth, and seventh. The metapophyses are last traceable +on the twelfth caudal.</p> +<p><i>Charleston</i> (female, jr.).—This skeleton resembles the Newport one as regards +the facets for the articulation of the tubercles of the ribs, except that the seventh +thoracic resembles the sixth and has no lower facet on the side of the centrum. The +transverse processes of the ninth thoracic are rather strongly curved backward, +while those on the last thoracic and first lumbar are nearly straight. On succeeding +vertebræ they are inclined forward. They are last traceable on the eighth or +ninth caudal (vertebra 35 or 36). None is perforated by a foramen.</p> +<p>Though the vertebræ are defective, there appear to have been no neural spines +on the fourth to the seventh cervicals, inclusive. The spine on the first thoracic is +short, and on the first to the fourth is pointed. The spine disappears on the tenth +caudal (vertebra 37).</p> +<p>The metapophyses assume the vertical position on the eighth thoracic. The +last of these processes is barely traceable on the tenth caudal (vertebra 37). The +ridge on the side of the neural arch is well marked on the fifth to the ninth caudals, +inclusive. On the seventh caudal (vertebra 34) the anterior and posterior facets +for the chevrons are united on the right side, and on the eighth caudal and succeeding +vertebræ on both sides.</p> +<h4>CERVICAL VERTEBRÆ.</h4> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—The first four cervicals are united. The foramen +above the anterior articular facets of the atlas is complete, and the edges of these +facets are raised. The inferior lateral process is flat, broad, and strongly bent +backward.</p> +<p>Second cervical: Inferior lateral process nearly as long as that of the first +cervical; broad, flat, and bent backward parallel with the process of the first cervical. +Superior lateral process short, strong, and flat. A large incomplete foramen between +it and the inferior process.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_39">[39]</div> +<p>Third cervical: A short, conical inferior process, curved forward.</p> +<p>Fourth cervical: Similar, but with smaller and shorter inferior process. Neural +arch and spine complete; the latter fused with the preceding spines. Arch not +reducing the size of the neural canal.</p> +<p>Fifth cervical: Arch and spine broken. Arch nearly as broad as the anterior +epiphysis of the centrum. Inferior lateral process short, straight, and directed +obliquely outward.</p> +<p>Sixth cervical: Spine broken. Arch complete, nearly as wide as the anterior +epiphysis. Inferior lateral process short, thick, knobbed, and directed obliquely +outward and a very little forward. The left longer.</p> +<p>Seventh cervical: Spine obsolete. Arch complete, as wide as the anterior +epiphysis. No superior lateral process or metapophysis. A thick articular facet +for the head of the first rib on the middle of the side of the centrum. No inferior +lateral process.</p> +<p>Fused spines of the first to fourth cervicals bent backward; the mass broad +antero-posteriorly and rounded at the tip.</p> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—First cervical with the foramen over the anterior articular +facets incomplete, and the borders of the facets less raised. The facets also broader +and more declined. Inferior lateral process thicker, somewhat tapering, and nearly +transverse.</p> +<p>Second cervical: Inferior lateral process much shorter than that of first cervical, +about parallel with it, but with the tip bent forward. Superior lateral process short, +thick, and bent backward; joined to the inferior process on the right side, inclosing +an oval foramen.</p> +<p>Third cervical: A short, straight, triangular superior process on the right side; +that on the left short and blunt. Inferior lateral process long, thick, club-shaped, +and curved backward.</p> +<p>Fourth cervical: Inferior lateral process similar to the last in shape, but shorter, +broad and flat, and only slightly curved backward. Neural arch and spine separate +from those of the third cervical; the arch rather smaller than those preceding it, +and reducing the size of the neural canal.</p> +<p>Fused spines of the first to third cervicals nearly vertical, rather high, and +obtusely pointed.</p> +<p>Fifth cervical: Spine pointed and quite long. Arch complete. Inferior lateral +process short, squared, flattened, and directed outward obliquely.</p> +<p>Sixth cervical: Spine about as long as on the fifth cervical. Arch much narrower +than the anterior epiphysis. Inferior lateral process prominent, thick, +somewhat compressed, and directed downward.</p> +<p>Seventh cervical: Spine as high as the arch, obtusely pointed. Arch complete, +as wide as the anterior epiphysis. A strong conical superior lateral process, or +metapophysis, on a broad base, directed forward. An articular raised facet on +the side of the centrum, directed obliquely backward. No inferior lateral process.</p> +<p><i>Charleston</i> (female, jr.).—The first to fourth cervicals resemble those of the +Newport skeleton, but the fourth entirely separate. All the lateral processes +undeveloped, or broken off, except the right inferior lateral process of the atlas, +<span class="pb" id="Page_40">[40]</span> +which is like that of the Newport specimen. The anterior foramen of the atlas is +incomplete, as in that specimen, and the spines of the conjoined vertebræ are +vertical and pointed. (<a href="#Plate_25">Pl. 25</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<p>Fifth cervical: Spine wanting. Arch complete. Inferior lateral process undeveloped, +or abraded.</p> +<p>Sixth cervical: Spine and processes broken. Arch wide.</p> +<p>Seventh cervical: Similar to that of the Newport skeleton, but the spine +obsolete or broken.</p> +<h4>THORACIC VERTEBRÆ.</h4> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—First thoracic: Spine vertical, pointed, about as high +as arch and centrum together. A moderately long process with articular facet +for tubercle of rib on side of neural arch; facet elliptical and directed a little downward +and forward. A smaller facet for head of second rib on posterior upper edge +of centrum.</p> +<p>Seventh thoracic: Metapophyses long, extending horizontally, straight superiorly. +A small articular facet on the outer side near the base, directed downward; +strongest on right side. A very small facet on posterior upper edge of centrum, +scarcely noticeable on right side. Neural spine rather narrow at tip; superior +margin straight.</p> +<p>Eighth thoracic: Metapophyses squared and thin. A distinct transverse +process on side of centrum about half as broad as the centrum is long, and as long +as centrum is broad; flattened, squared, and a little curved backward and upward. +Articular facet for rib elliptical and directed obliquely backward. A broad, shallow +groove across base of transverse process, the anterior edge of which is emarginate +proximally. Neural spine as in seventh thoracic.</p> +<p>Ninth thoracic: Metapophyses squared. Transverse process similar to that +of eighth thoracic, but equal to centrum in length, little narrowed at base, and +directed outward; anterior edge convex, posterior concave; articular facet occupying +the posterior half of the distal edge. A very shallow groove proximally.</p> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—First thoracic: Neural spine a little curved backward and +rounded at tip; much higher than length of arch and centrum together. Articular +facets as in Barnegat skeleton.</p> +<p>Seventh thoracic: Metapophyses similar in shape to those of Barnegat skeleton +but with a very distinct facet on side of arch, terminating a process about as long +as the greatest diameter of the facet; surface of facet rugose. Below this process, +on side of centrum, a very large, oval, sessile facet, reaching forward nearly to the +anterior face of the centrum and upward to its superior edge. A very low, small +swelling on the posterior superior edge of centrum, probably indicating the point +of attachment of a cartilage connecting the head of the eighth rib. Neural spine +expanded at free end, and superior margin rounded.</p> +<p>Eighth thoracic: Metapophyses similar to those of Barnegat skeleton. A +distinct transverse process nearly as broad as the length of the centrum, oblong or +squared, flat, directed somewhat backward, but not upward. Articular facet for +rib not occupying whole of free end and only slightly directed backward; anterior +margin as in Barnegat skeleton. Neural spine similar to that of seventh thoracic.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_41">[41]</div> +<p>Ninth thoracic: Similar to that of Barnegat skeleton, but transverse process +longer than centrum and directed a little downward, articular facet occupying less +than posterior half of free margin; proximal groove inconspicuous; anterior and +posterior margins nearly straight.</p> +<p><i>Charleston</i> (female, jr.).—The centra of the thoracic, as well as the lumbar, +vertebræ in this individual present inferior median keels, and more or less concave +sides, which is not the case in the Barnegat and Newport skeletons. This can not +be due to immaturity, as in a still younger individual, supposed to represent <i>Ziphius +grebnitzkii</i>, the thoracic vertebræ are rounded below. The neural spines of the +thoracic vertebræ are much less inclined backward in <i>semijunctus</i> than in the Newport +and Barnegat skeletons, but this is doubtless connected with age, as the younger +series of vertebræ already mentioned exhibits the peculiarity in a more marked +degree. A similar modification dependent upon age appears to affect <i>Hyperöodon</i>, +as will be seen by comparing Van Beneden and Gervais’ figures in the Osteography, +plate 18.</p> +<p>First thoracic: Similar to that of Newport skeleton, but spine not higher than +arch alone. (A little abraded at tip, but probably undeveloped.)</p> +<p>Seventh thoracic: Metapophyses short (abraded), incompletely developed. A +distinct facet on side of same on an elongated process, as in Newport skeleton, but +no second larger one on side of centrum. No facet on superior margin of centrum +either anteriorly or posteriorly.</p> +<p>Eighth thoracic: Transverse process similar to that of Barnegat skeleton, but +anterior edge nearly straight; process about one-half as broad as length of centrum. +(Indications of immaturity.)</p> +<h4>LUMBAR VERTEBRÆ.</h4> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—First lumbar: Similar to last thoracic, but transverse +process expanded distally and slightly directed forward; a little longer than centrum; +anterior and posterior edges emarginate proximally.</p> +<p>Eleventh lumbar (last): Centrum very long. Neural arch and spine very high, +more than twice length of centrum. Spine inclined backward much beyond posterior +face of centrum; anterior margin straight, posterior convex, tip expanded. +Transverse process a little more than one-half length of centrum, somewhat expanded +at distal end and curved forward so that tip is about in line with anterior face of +centrum. Metapophyses close to centrum and to each other, semihexagonal in outline. +A sharp median inferior ridge, and shallow posterior oblique channels on +under side of centrum.</p> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—First lumbar: Similar to that of Barnegat skeleton, but +transverse processes considerably longer than the centrum and not expanded at tip; +anterior edge straight, posterior only slightly emarginate proximally.</p> +<p>Tenth lumbar (last): Centrum like that in Barnegat skeleton. Neural arch +and spine only slightly higher than length of centrum. Transverse process oblong, +free margin nearly transverse; process inclined forward so that tip is a little beyond +anterior face of centrum. Metapophyses close to centrum, rounded in outline. +Neural spine much inclined backward; anterior edge concave, posterior convex, +<span class="pb" id="Page_42">[42]</span> +tip expanded. A rounded inferior median ridge and very distinct oblique posterior +channels on under side of centrum.</p> +<p><i>Charleston</i> (female, jr.).—First lumbar: Similar to that of Barnegat skeleton, +but transverse process directed outward and scarcely or not at all forward; length +of process equal to that of centrum; tip rounded (due to immaturity).</p> +<p>Tenth lumbar (last): Centrum very long. Neural arch and spine a little less +in height than length of centrum. Transverse process oblong, curved forward, more +than one-half as long as centrum. Metapophyses similar to those of Newport skeleton. +Inferior median ridge very sharp; lateral channels rather indistinct.</p> +<h4>CAUDAL VERTEBRÆ.</h4> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—First caudal (vert. 28): Similar to last lumbar, but +neural spine broader antero-posteriorly. Transverse process ࡪ length of centrum, +inversely triangular, the tip much in advance of anterior face of centrum, free end +somewhat rounded. Metapophyses similar to those of last lumbar. No median +inferior ridge, but two short processes bearing facets for chevrons posteriorly and a +very slight indication of similar process anteriorly, but without facets. Posterior +inferior oblique channels indistinct.</p> +<p>Seventh caudal (vert. 34): Centrum (exclusive of chevron processes) nearly as +deep as long. Neural arch and spine only a little higher than length of centrum, +very much inclined backward and expanded at distal end; free border of spine +straight. Metapophyses close to centrum, united nearly to tips by a horizontal +plate. A ridge extends backward from their tips nearly across the arch. Another +very prominent ridge traverses the centrum at the base of the arch. At the posterior +end, a deep groove, convex forward, extends down the side of the centrum, making +an emargination in the transverse process and proceeding thence down the lower +side of centrum to its lower middle point, where it ends in a deep semicircular emargination +between the anterior and posterior chevron facets. Transverse process a +triangular stub, reaching nearly to the line of the anterior face of centrum. Chevron +processes very large, and the median inferior surface of the centrum between them +deeply grooved longitudinally.</p> +<p>Tenth caudal (vert. 37): Centrum as deep as long. Neural spine a low ridge, as +long as the centrum, and extending beyond it posteriorly. No transverse processes. +A foramen in side of centrum much above the middle and a similar one below. Close +to the latter and below it another foramen pierces the ridge uniting the chevron +processes, and appears below on side of longitudinal inferior median channel. +Metapophyses small mammilliform processes on top of centrum.</p> +<p>Eleventh caudal (vert. 38): No processes. A very small neural spine. Posterior +epiphysis strongly convex.</p> +<p>Twelfth caudal (vert. 39): A rounded mass without processes.</p> +<p>Thirteenth caudal (vert. 40): An oblong mass, with two grooves on each side, +two widely separate foramina above and two closely approximated below, entering +a common depression, with rounded projections on its borders.</p> +<p>Fourteenth caudal (vert. 41): Similar to thirteenth caudal, but with a single +lateral groove.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_43">[43]</div> +<p>Fifteenth caudal (vert. 42): Similar to fourteenth caudal, but sides extending +upward and downward in a ridge. Inferior foramina nearly as far apart as +superior and posterior epiphysis much smaller than anterior.</p> +<p>Sixteenth caudal (vert. 43): Similar to fifteenth caudal, but the disproportion +of epiphyses greater and lateral ridges higher. Superior and inferior surfaces of +centrum inclined.</p> +<p>Seventeenth caudal (vert. 44): Similar to preceding, but smaller.</p> +<p>Eighteenth caudal (vert. 45): Longer than high. Inferior ridge longer and +larger than superior. Groove very large. Anterior face of centrum deeply concave, +posterior flat. Posterior epiphysis very much smaller than anterior. Foramina +very small, practically obliterated on right side.</p> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—First caudal (vert. 27): Similar to last lumbar, but transverse +process shorter, about two-thirds as long as centrum, oblong and but little +constricted at base; distal margin nearly straight. The process does not extend +forward quite to the line of the anterior face of centrum. No inferior median ridge, +but strong posterior chevron processes. Postero-inferior oblique grooves very +distinct.</p> +<p>Seventh caudal (vert. 33): Similar to the same vertebra in Barnegat skeleton, +but neural spine more inclined backward and anterior border deeply concave. +Metapophyses oblong, directed upward, not reaching anterior face of centrum as +they do in Barnegat skeleton. Anterior face of centrum receding superiorly and the +ridge opposite it on side of centrum shorter than in Barnegat skeleton. Ridge +behind metapophyses indistinct. Postero-inferior oblique grooves as in Barnegat +skeleton, but piercing transverse process, forming a foramen. Anterior and posterior +chevron processes very large and receding very much, as do also the anterior and +posterior faces of centrums.</p> +<p>Eleventh caudal (vert. 37): Similar to Barnegat skeleton, but spine shorter +than centrum and not extending beyond it anteriorly or posteriorly. Metapophyses +similar, but wider apart.</p> +<p>Twelfth caudal (vert. 38): Neural arch barely complete. No spine.</p> +<p>Thirteenth to nineteenth caudals (vert. 39-45): Similar to those of Barnegat +skeleton.</p> +<p>Twentieth caudal (vert. 46): Rudely triangular, with a peg-like posterior projection, +bearing the very small posterior epiphysis. No foramina. Anterior epiphysis +deeply concave in middle.</p> +<p><i>Charleston</i> (female, jr.).—First caudal (vert. 28): Similar to last lumbar, but +only a faint inferior median ridge. Inferior outline of centrum antero-posteriorly +very concave, which is not the case in the Barnegat and Newport skeletons. Posterior +chevron processes prominent. Postero-inferior oblique grooves shallow.</p> +<p>Seventh caudal (vert. 34): Like the Newport skeleton. The transverse process +not pierced or emarginate. Postero-inferior oblique grooves indistinct. Ridges on +centrum very distinct. Right anterior and posterior chevron processes united and +pierced by a foramen.</p> +<p>Tenth caudal (vert. 37): Similar to the same vertebra in Newport skeleton, but +neural spine very short.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_44">[44]</div> +<h4>CHEVRONS.</h4> +<p>The number of chevrons in the North American and some other specimens is +as follows:</p> +<table class="center"> +<tr><td>Newport, Rhode Island.</td><td class="r">11</td></tr> +<tr><td>Barnegat City, New Jersey.</td><td class="r">8(+3?)</td></tr> +<tr><td>Charleston, South Carolina.</td><td class="r">8+</td></tr> +<tr><td>Buenos Ayres, Argentina (Burmeister).</td><td class="r">11</td></tr> +<tr><td>Holma, Sweden (Malm).</td><td class="r">9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Littleton Harbor, New Zealand (Haast).</td><td class="r">10</td></tr> +<tr><td>Warrington, New Zealand (Scott and Parker).</td><td class="r">9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pisa Museum (Van Beneden).</td><td class="r">9</td></tr> +</table> +<p>The chevrons are similar in form in the three North American specimens, +with some differences which will be pointed out below.</p> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—The first chevron consists of a pair of bones which are not +united. They are longer than deep, their depth indeed being less than that of +any one of the succeeding bones except the tenth and eleventh. Each presents +one strong superior articulating facet. Second chevron, elongated antero-posteriorly, +but not much deeper than the first. Third chevron very deep and +only equaled in that respect by the fourth; narrowed and rounded off below. Fourth +chevron largest and broadest (antero-posteriorly) of the series; expanded below +and the lower border transverse. Fifth to eighth similar in form, but less deep +successively, and the lower border more rounded. Ninth similar to eighth, but +smaller and thinner. Tenth similar to first, longer (antero-posteriorly) than deep. +Eleventh similar to tenth in form, but smaller.</p> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—First chevron bone lacking. Second like that of +Newport skeleton, but smaller. Third similar to second, but much larger and +more produced posteriorly; quite unlike the third in the Newport skeleton in form, +and much less deep. Fourth, largest and deepest of the series; anterior and posterior +borders rounded, and the inferior border similar. Fifth to eighth similar in +form, but successively less deep, and all more expanded below; inferior border +nearly straight. Ninth similar to eighth, but depth not exceeding breadth; lower +angles produced.</p> +<p><i>Charleston</i> (female, jr.).—The chevrons of this specimen resemble those of the +Newport skeleton, but on account of immaturity they are all more or less rounded. +The two sides of the first chevron are united. The second is without the posterior +angular projection seen in the other specimens. The third is the deepest of the +series. The eighth is not deeper than long, and hence resembles the tenth chevron +of the Newport skeleton in proportion, but is, of course, much smaller. Two or +three chevrons are lacking from the posterior end of the series.</p> +<h4>RIBS.</h4> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—First rib shortest and broadest, but considerably +broader at proximal end than at distal end. Head and tubercle close together. +The succeeding ribs increase in length and decrease in breadth to the fifth or sixth. +The third, fourth, and fifth are expanded and flattened at distal end. Seventh, +eighth, and ninth successively shorter. Distance between head and tubercle +<span class="pb" id="Page_45">[45]</span> +greater on second rib than on first, and on third is greater than on second. On +the third to sixth, inclusive, the distance is about equal. The tubercle is scarcely +distinguishable on the seventh rib, while on the eighth and ninth it is lacking, +these ribs joining the transverse processes by a terminal facet only.</p> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—Similar to those of the Barnegat skeleton, but first rib +maintains nearly the same breadth throughout. Neck thicker than in Barnegat +skeleton. Seventh rib terminates proximally in a single large rugose facet, which +connects with a similar facet on side of centrum of seventh thoracic vertebra.</p> +<p><i>Charleston</i> (female, jr.).—Similar to those of the Barnegat skeleton, but a +distinct tubercle on the seventh rib. Eighth and ninth ribs end proximally in a +transverse facet only, which is largest on the eighth. Tenth rib (represented by +a fragment) only half as broad as the preceding ones and more nearly round in +section.</p> +<h4>STERNUM.</h4> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—Five segments. Manubrium wider than long, convex +inferiorly. Deep anterior and posterior notches, about equal, the former with +an angular projection on each side. Facet for cartilaginous sternal rib thick and +prominent. Second segment wider than long, about equally notched anteriorly +and posteriorly, the two sides anchylosed together by a bony bridge, about as wide +as the notches are deep. Third and fourth segments similar to second but smaller; +similarly notched; left portion a little longer than right. Fifth segment elongated, +left side very much so; the two sides joined by a narrow bridge; posterior notch +very deep.</p> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—Similar to sternum of Barnegat skeleton, but manubrium +scarcely wider than long; posterior notch much longer than anterior, with parallel +sides. Second and third segments similar to those of Barnegat skeleton but sides +of latter not completely anchylosed together. Fourth segment in two pieces, with +a wide interval between. Fifth segment triangular with deep anterior, triangular +notch, a narrow bridge, and short posterior prolongation (the left longer than the +right).</p> +<p><i>Charleston</i> (female, jr.).—Resembles the sternum of the Barnegat skeleton rather +than that of Newport skeleton, but anterior parts cartilaginous. Opposite sides of +second, third, and fifth segments anchylosed together and those of fourth segment +nearly so. (<a href="#Plate_25">Pl. 25</a>, fig. 2).</p> +<h4>SCAPULA.</h4> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—Superior border irregular. Posterior angle acute. +Anterior and posterior borders nearly straight. Ridges distinct. Acromion +broad both at base and at tip, sharply bent upward, so as to be parallel with anterior +border of scapula. Coracoid nearly as long as acromion, slender, a little curved +upward, irregular and somewhat expanded at the end.</p> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—Superior border irregularly rounded. Posterior angle obtuse, +anterior angle projecting. Ridges indistinct. Anterior and posterior borders +nearly straight, but irregular. Acromion broad at base, tapering toward the +<span class="pb" id="Page_46">[46]</span> +tip, which is again somewhat expanded; bent upward, but not sufficiently to be +parallel with anterior margin of blade. Coracoid rather thick, irregular, strongly +expanded at tip.</p> +<p><i>Charleston</i> (female, jr.).—Rather too much abraded for comparisons, but posterior +margin more concave than in either of the other skeletons.</p> +<h4>FORE LIMB.</h4> +<p><i>Barnegat City</i> (female).—Fore limb much shorter than in the Newport skeleton. +Humerus: Head quite oblique, the lower edge overhanging the shaft considerably +on the ulnar side. Tuberosity level with upper surface of head, elliptical in outline +when viewed from above. Deltoid ridge moderately prominent, irregular, rugose, +and extending to about the middle of the shaft. Distal end of humerus not expanded. +Bicipital groove inconspicuous.</p> +<p>Radius: Almost perfectly straight, but a little inclined toward ulna at oblique +proximal end; scarcely expanded at distal end, which is lower externally than +internally.</p> +<p>Ulna: Much slenderer than radius, rounded triangular in section, not expanded +at distal end, where the margin is lowest externally. Olecranon well developed, +thin, and pointed proximally.</p> +<p>Carpals: Five; two on ulna side, two median and one on radial side in line with +first metacarpal. The proximal middle bone (intermedium) extends much farther +proximally than those on each side of it.</p> +<p>Metacarpals: Metacarpal III longest, metacarpal II broadest. Metacarpal I +oblong, or rather conical, with a lateral enlargement, and situated in line with the +distal row of carpals.</p> +<p>Digits: First phalange of first digit short and conical.</p> +<p><i>Newport</i> (male).—Fore limb considerably longer and more massive than that +of the Barnegat skeleton but similar otherwise, except as follows:</p> +<p>Humerus: Head rather larger and less inclined. Deltoid ridge more prominent.</p> +<p>Radius: Broader proximally and rounded at distal end, where it extends outward +beyond the carpal bones.</p> +<p>Ulna: Thicker, and olecranon less pointed.</p> +<p>Carpal bones: Middle carpal bone not extending farther proximally than those +on either side of it.</p> +<p>Metacarpals: Metacarpal I nearly square, third longest, second to fourth more +constricted.</p> +<p>Digits: First phalange of first digit long and cylindrical. Phalangeal formula: +I, 1; II, 6; III, 6; IV, 4; V, 2.</p> +<p>Measurements of the skeletons above described are as follows:</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_47">[47]</div> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of four skeletons of Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column headings:</dt> +<dd>A: Barnegat City, New Jersey. 20971 U.S.N.M. female, adult.</dd> +<dd>B: Newport, Rhode Island. 49599 U.S.N.M. male, adult.</dd> +<dd>C: Charleston, South Carolina. 21975 U.S.N.M. female, young.</dd> +<dd>D: Bering Island. (Vertebræ) young.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th>Measurements.</th><th>A</th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of skull</td><td class="r">945</td><td class="r">915</td><td class="r">797</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">First to fourth cervicals (vert. 1-4):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of combined centra</span></td><td class="r">81</td><td class="r">79</td><td class="r">66</td><td class="r">55</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth of atlas</span></td><td class="r">283</td><td class="r">259</td><td class="r">210(?)</td><td class="r">146</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height of atlas</span></td><td class="r">215</td><td class="r">218</td><td class="r">170</td><td class="r">148</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">First thoracic vertebra (vert. 8):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">211</td><td class="r">220</td><td class="r">174(?)</td><td class="r">122</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height<sup class="tr">a</sup></span></td><td class="r">267</td><td class="r">321</td><td class="r">163</td><td class="r">133</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">42</td><td class="r">46</td><td class="r">32</td><td class="r">19</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum</span></td><td class="r">70</td><td class="r">67</td><td class="r">48</td><td class="r">49</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Seventh thoracic vertebra (vert. 14):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">142</td><td class="r">158</td><td class="r">147</td><td class="r">128</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">440</td><td class="r">417</td><td class="r">260</td><td class="r">182</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">102</td><td class="r">103</td><td class="r">74</td><td class="r">51</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum (ant.)</span></td><td class="r">68</td><td class="r">69</td><td class="r">49</td><td class="r">44</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Eighth thoracic vertebra (vert. 15):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">253</td><td class="r">288</td><td class="r">177</td><td class="r">100</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">447</td><td class="r">427</td><td class="r">265</td><td class="r">186</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">110</td><td class="r">109</td><td class="r">78</td><td class="r">54</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum</span></td><td class="r">65</td><td class="r">69</td><td class="r">51</td><td class="r">47</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Ninth thoracic vertebra (vert. 16):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">329</td><td class="r">366</td><td class="r">248(?)</td><td class="r">122</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">418</td><td class="r">431</td><td class="r">277</td><td class="r">192</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">117</td><td class="r">117</td><td class="r">82</td><td class="r">58</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum</span></td><td class="r">69</td><td class="r">75</td><td class="r">53</td><td class="r">49</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">First lumbar vertebra (vert. 17):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">385</td><td class="r">393</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>275</td><td class="r">142</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">464</td><td class="r">451</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>293</td><td class="r">200</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">122</td><td class="r">120</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>89</td><td class="r">62</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum</span></td><td class="r">74</td><td class="r">81</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>55</td><td class="r">50</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Tenth lumbar vertebra (vert. 26):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">362</td><td class="r">335</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>230</td><td class="r">158</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">524</td><td class="r">488</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>343</td><td class="r">242</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">172</td><td class="r">162</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>129</td><td class="r">85</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum</span></td><td class="r">107</td><td class="r">109</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>78</td><td class="r">71</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">First caudal vertebra (vert. 27):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">336(?)</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>313</td><td class="r">223</td><td class="r">166</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">483</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>458</td><td class="r">307</td><td class="r">235</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">178</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>160</td><td class="r">127</td><td class="r">91</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum</span></td><td class="r">113</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>109</td><td class="r">81</td><td class="r">75</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Seventh caudal vertebra (vert. 33):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">164</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">e</sup>161</td><td class="r">113</td><td class="r">110</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>255</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>250</td><td class="r">155</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>135</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">139</td><td class="r">131</td><td class="r">103</td><td class="r">77</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height of centrum (ant.)</span></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>111</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>119</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>85</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>78</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5" id="Page_48">Twelfth caudal vertebra (vert. 38):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">90</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">g</sup>88</td><td class="r">61</td><td class="r">62</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">83</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">g</sup>78</td><td class="r">53</td><td class="r">61</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">55</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">g</sup>56</td><td class="r">46</td><td class="r">47</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Fifteenth caudal vertebra (vert. 41):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">64</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>62</td><td class="r">49</td><td class="r">45</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">54</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>52</td><td class="r">33</td><td class="r">30</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">42</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">h</sup>39</td><td class="r">30</td><td class="r">28</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Eighteenth caudal vertebra (vert. 45):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">37</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">i</sup>38</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">20</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">i</sup>19</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">24</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">i</sup>22</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Twentieth caudal vertebra (vert. 46):</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">j</sup>25</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">j</sup>13</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">j</sup>19</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Chevrons:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Antero-posterior length of first chevron</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">74</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst2">Depth of same</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">66</td><td class="r">44</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of second chevron</span></td><td class="r">83</td><td class="r">107</td><td class="r">55</td><td class="r">38</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst2">Depth of same</span></td><td class="r">87</td><td class="r">85</td><td class="r">74</td><td class="r">63</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of third chevron</span></td><td class="r">114</td><td class="r">91</td><td class="r">61</td><td class="r">46</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst2">Depth of same</span></td><td class="r">135</td><td class="r">206</td><td class="r">123</td><td class="r">90</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of fourth chevron</span></td><td class="r">125</td><td class="r">122</td><td class="r">67</td><td class="r">51</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst2">Depth of same</span></td><td class="r">213</td><td class="r">206</td><td class="r">111</td><td class="r">67</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of eighth chevron</span></td><td class="r">80</td><td class="r">86</td><td class="r">43</td><td class="r">35</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst2">Depth of same</span></td><td class="r">108</td><td class="r">115</td><td class="r">41</td><td class="r">33</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of ninth chevron</span></td><td class="r">84</td><td class="r">74</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">27</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst2">Depth of same</span></td><td class="r">83</td><td class="r">88</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">19</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Scapula:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest length</span></td><td class="r">385</td><td class="r">415</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">k</sup>224</td><td class="r">159</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">275</td><td class="r">300</td><td class="r">175</td><td class="r">132</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of acromion</span></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">l</sup>115</td><td class="r">159</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">48</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of coracoid from edge of glenoid</span></td><td class="r">127</td><td class="r">148</td><td class="r">60</td><td class="r">38</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Pectoral limb:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Total length</span></td><td class="r">588</td><td class="r">652</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Humerus:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length</span></td><td class="r">168</td><td class="r">177</td><td class="r">130</td><td class="r">95</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth at distal end</span></td><td class="r">69</td><td class="r">69</td><td class="r">52</td><td class="r">42</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Radius:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length</span></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">m</sup>178</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">m</sup>175</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">m</sup>135</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth at distal end</span></td><td class="r">55</td><td class="r">65</td><td class="r">41</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Ulna:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length without olecranon</span></td><td class="r">165</td><td class="r">171</td><td class="r">118</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length including olecranon</span></td><td class="r">220</td><td class="r">225</td><td class="r">150</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth at distal end</span></td><td class="r">44</td><td class="r">42</td><td class="r">30</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Metacarpals:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of first</span></td><td class="r">31</td><td class="r">28</td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of second</span></td><td class="r">52</td><td class="r">55</td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of third</span></td><td class="r">52</td><td class="r">58</td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of fourth</span></td><td class="r">44</td><td class="r">51</td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of fifth</span></td><td class="r">37</td><td class="r">39</td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Phalanges:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of first phalange of first digit</span></td><td class="r">27</td><td class="r">44</td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Sternum:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Total length</span></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">n</sup>803</td><td class="r">821</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">o</sup>550</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">o</sup>395</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of manubrium</span></td><td class="r">259</td><td class="r">306</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">o</sup>203</td><td class="r">105</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of manubrium</span></td><td class="r">286</td><td class="r">333</td><td class="r">193</td><td class="r">128</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of fifth segment</span></td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">o</sup>170</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">p</sup>184</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">o</sup>128</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">p</sup>92</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of fifth segment</span></td><td class="r">133</td><td class="r">168</td><td class="r">86</td><td class="r">82</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Ribs:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of first rib (straight)</span></td><td class="r">405</td><td class="r">410</td><td class="r">277</td><td class="r">191</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of first rib at proximal end</span></td><td class="r">88</td><td class="r">110</td><td class="r">65</td><td class="r">46</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth of first rib at distal end</span></td><td class="r">63</td><td class="r">80</td><td class="r">40</td><td class="r">30</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of fifth rib (straight)</span></td><td class="r">785</td><td class="r">770</td><td class="r">545</td><td class="r">415</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of ninth rib (straight)</span></td><td class="r">620</td><td class="r">620</td><td class="r"></td><td class="r"></td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> The measurements of height of vertebræ are from center of inf. margin of centrum to center of tip of spine, unless otherwise specified.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> Last thoracic.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">c</sup> Ninth lumbar.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">d</sup> Second caudal = vert. 28.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">e</sup> Eighth caudal = vert. 34.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">f</sup> Without chevron facet.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">g</sup> Thirteenth caudal = vert. 39.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">h</sup> Sixteenth caudal = vert. 42.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">i</sup> Nineteenth caudal = vert. 45.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">j</sup> Vert. 46.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">k</sup> Edges abraded.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">l</sup> A little broken.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">m</sup> In median line.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">n</sup> Without cartilages.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">o</sup> With cartilages.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">p</sup> Left side.</dt></dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_49">[49]</div> +<h4>PHALANGEAL FORMULA.</h4> +<p>The formulas for the ossified phalanges in two American<a class="fn" id="fr_39" href="#fn_39">[39]</a> +and three Old World specimens are as follows:</p> +<p class="center"><i>Phalangeal formula of five specimens of Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<table class="c"> +<tr><th>Locality.</th><th>I.</th><th>II.</th><th>III.</th><th>IV.</th><th>V.</th></tr> +<tr><td>Newport, Rhode Island</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Barnegat City, New Jersey</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Villefranche, France (Haeckel)</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pisa Museum, Italy (Van Beneden)</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">3(?)</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Warrington, New Zealand (Scott and Parker)</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">2</td></tr> +</table> +<h4>SUMMARY OF DIFFERENCES IN SKELETONS.</h4> +<p>The chief differences between the Barnegat City and Newport skeletons are in +the size and form of the processes of the cervical vertebræ, the form of the seventh +and eighth thoracic vertebræ and of the ribs connected with them, the direction of +the acromion of the scapula, the shape of the first phalange of the first digit, and +of the posterior segments of the sternum. As far as the processes of the cervicals +are concerned, these are known to be extremely variable in all cetaceans. The +<span class="pb" id="Page_50">[50]</span> +seventh and eighth thoracic vertebræ are those on which the mode of attachment +of the ribs changes in ziphioid whales, and I have observed in the genus <i>Mesoplodon,</i> +as here, that the processes and articular facets were very variable, being sometimes +quite unlike on the two sides of the same vertebra. The direction of the acromion +is probably subject to large individual variations, though this can not be determined +at present, and the same is true of the form of the first phalange of the first +digit. The form of the sternum is quite variable in all cetaceans, and can not be +relied on for specific characters, without comparison of many individuals.</p> +<p>On the whole, I am of the opinion, as already stated, that we are not compelled +by the differences noted to regard the Barnegat and Newport skeletons as representing +different species. The Charleston skeleton is too young and imperfect to +admit of serious consideration. The idea that the differences between the adult +skeletons are probably individual receives support from the fact that the skeleton +shown in the photograph from St. Simon Island, Georgia, mentioned on <a href="#Page_31">page 31</a>, +No. 14, appears to possess a combination of characters exhibited by the other two.</p> +<h4>AGE VARIATIONS IN SKULLS.</h4> +<p>The series of skulls of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i>, which the Museum owes to the activities +of Dr. L. Stejneger and Mr. N. Grebnitzki, comprises specimens of different ages, +and, as will be shown presently, probably both sexes. Taken together with the +skulls from the east coast of the United States they probably represent very fully +the variations which the skull undergoes in the present species. These changes +may, perhaps, be best made evident by the following brief descriptions of the +various skulls:</p> +<p><i>21975. Charleston, South Carolina.</i>—Young female. (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i>.) +All sutures open, and elements of occipital bone distinguishable. No mesethmoid +ossification. Opposite maxillary notches, premaxillæ closely approximated, +nearly flat and horizontal, and about level with adjacent parts of maxillæ. Left +premaxilla grooved longitudinally at this point. Orifice of anterior nares on a +level with lower end of rectangular projecting boss formed by superior portion of +nasals. Rostrum pointed, much broader distally than it is deep. A very distinct +rudimentary alveolar groove in distal end of each maxilla. Proximal end of vomer +resting against anterior face of nasals and reaching up to overhanging boss. Anterior +face of the latter nearly flat. (<a href="#Plate_14">Pl. 14</a>, fig. 1; <a href="#Plate_18">pl. 18</a>, fig. 1; <a href="#Plate_20">pl. 20</a>, fig. 1; <a href="#Plate_21">pl. 21</a>, fig. 2.)</p> +<p>Rami of mandible not anchylosed together at symphysis. Teeth hollow, +open at the root, acute at apex, tipped with enamel; diameter 10 mm. (<a href="#Plate_22">Pl. 22</a>, +fig. 1; <a href="#Plate_24">pl. 24</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<p><i>20971. Barnegat City, New Jersey.</i>—Adult female. Majority of sutures open, +but those on superior surface of rostrum between maxillæ and premaxillæ partly +anchylosed. Vomer nearly all anchylosed to rostral portion of premaxillæ; it +presents a slight median elevation, but there is no mesirostral ossification. Right +premaxilla in front of nares broad, flat, and horizontal; left, nearly so, but with a +quite broad longitudinal groove. Opposite maxillary notches premaxillæ nearly +on a level with adjacent parts. Orifice of anterior nares level with lower end of +nasal boss. End of rostrum quite acute, and broader than deep. Rudimentary +<span class="pb" id="Page_51">[51]</span> +alveolar groove distinct distally. Proximal end of vomer anchylosed with anterior +face of nasals and reaching up to nasal boss, which has a sharp median ridge completing +nasal septum superiorly. Anterior face of nasal boss slightly concave on +each side of median line. (<a href="#Plate_14">Pl. 14</a>, fig. 2; <a href="#Plate_18">pl. 18</a>, fig. 2; <a href="#Plate_20">pl. 20</a>, fig. 2; <a href="#Plate_21">pl. 21</a>, fig. 3.)</p> +<p>Rami of mandible anchylosed together at symphysis and suture largely obliterated. +Teeth slender, cylindrical, rugose, rather blunt; roots closed; diameter 13 +mm. (<a href="#Plate_24">Pl. 24</a>, fig. 3.)</p> +<p><i>22069. Bering Island.</i>—Adult female? All the sutures about as in preceding +specimen. Mesirostral ossification distinct, rounded, extending from base of rostrum +nearly to apex, but disappearing before reaching line of anterior ends of maxillæ. +Its upper surface below that of premaxillæ. Premaxillæ approximated, and right +premaxilla with an angular process near base of rostrum overlapping mesirostral +ossification. Premaxillæ at base of rostrum, anterior nares, proximal end of vomer, +and nasals as in preceding skull. Apex of rostrum moderately acute, broader than +deep. Rudimentary alveolar groove shallow. (<a href="#Plate_15">Pl. 15</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<p>Rami of mandible anchylosed together and suture largely obliterated. Teeth +somewhat fusiform, blunt; roots closed; diameter, 14 mm. (<a href="#Plate_22">Pl. 22</a>, fig. 3.)</p> +<p><i>83991. Bering Island.</i>—Similar in all respects to preceding, but mesirostral +ossification a little less well developed.</p> +<p><i>22874. Bering Island.</i>—Entirely similar to two preceding, but premaxillæ a +little curved out from mesirostral ossification and left premaxilla opposite maxillary +notch rather strongly inclined, nearly vertical. Anterior face of nasal boss distinctly +concave. (Skull defective.)</p> +<p><i>21246. Bering Island.</i>—Sutures as in three preceding skulls. Mesirostral +ossification distinct and rounded, but much below level of premaxillæ. Rostral +portion of premaxillæ narrow and widely divergent toward base of rostrum, leaving +mesirostral entirely exposed. Right premaxilla on a line with maxillary notches +strongly concave and sunk below level of maxillæ. Left premaxilla vertical, with +a broad groove. Right premaxilla remains low and concave proximally, the posterior +end being then abruptly turned upward and reaching level of vertex. Orifice +of anterior nares on a level with lower end of nasal boss, and vomer resting against +anterior face of nasals, which latter have a median ridge continuing nasal septum, +but with a slight vacuity between the two. Rudimentary alveolar groove nearly +obliterated. Outer sides of premaxillæ at distal end strongly concave. Rostrum +rather acute, about as deep as wide opposite distal ends of maxillæ. (<a href="#Plate_15">Pl. 15</a>, fig. 2.)</p> +<p><i>20993. Bering Island.</i>—Adult male? (Type of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i>). Majority of +sutures open, but maxillæ and premaxillæ anchylosed together above and on the +sides. Premaxillæ approximated anteriorly, but diverging posteriorly. Mesirostral +ossification well developed, reaching level of premaxillæ; anteriorly rather narrow +but a little broader near middle of rostrum, where it is beveled off abruptly. Behind +this point premaxillæ strongly concave, nearly vertical and widely separated, forming +a large and deep basin, in the bottom of which the vomer appears as a broad, +irregular bony surface. Bottom of basin much below level of surrounding parts. +Orifice of anterior nares much below level of nasal boss. Vomer reaching lower end +of nasals. Anterior face of latter strongly concave, with only a moderate median +<span class="pb" id="Page_52">[52]</span> +ridge completing nasal septum above. Mesirostral with a median groove at distal +end. Premaxillæ high at distal end, but sides nearly plane. Rostrum compressed +near apex, deeper than wide. (<a href="#Plate_16">Pl. 16</a>, fig. 1; <a href="#Plate_19">pl. 19</a>, fig. 1; <a href="#Plate_20">pl. 20</a>, fig. 3.)</p> +<p>Rami of mandible anchylosed together and suture partly obliterated. Teeth +conical, with rather short, acute tips; roots closed, short and conical; diameter, +25 mm. (<a href="#Plate_23">Pl. 23</a>, fig. 1; <a href="#Plate_24">pl. 24</a>, fig. 2.)</p> +<p><i>21245. Bering Island.</i>—Nearly all sutures between maxillæ and premaxillæ at +end of rostrum, above and below, anchylosed together, but majority of others traceable. +Condition of superior surface of skull very similar to that of preceding, but +premaxillæ rather low at distal end. Mesirostral at distal end rather lower than +premaxillæ and concave superiorly; more posteriorly assuming form of a narrow +ridge, with a deep channel between it and premaxillæ on each side. More posteriorly +still it widens rapidly, with a convex surface, and terminates abruptly with a truncated +end, the surface of which is concave. A deep basin around nares, as in preceding +skull. Orifice of anterior nares far below level of nasal boss. The latter +largely absorbed and deeply undercut and concave in front. Nasal septum terminating +before reaching lower end of nasals, and ridge on latter low and traversing +left nasal. Sides of premaxillæ at distal end very concave. Rudimentary alveolar +groove nearly obsolete. Rostrum blunt at apex, and about as deep as wide at +anterior ends of maxillæ. (<a href="#Plate_16">Pl. 16</a>, fig. 2.)</p> +<p><i>21248. Bering Island.</i>—Similar to preceding, but mesirostral ossification higher +than premaxillæ at distal end and convex above; less abruptly widened posteriorly +and posterior termination flat. Narrow, deep grooves between ossification and +premaxillæ on each side, or, in other words, premaxillæ more closely approximated +to sides of mesirostral distally. Basin around nares and conformation of the several +bones bordering it similar to preceding. Sides of premaxillæ concave at distal end, the +grooves thus formed in them intruding some what on the maxillæ, especially posteriorly. +Apex of rostrum very blunt, rounded off below and projecting above; deeper than +wide. Rudimentary alveolar groove nearly obsolete. (<a href="#Plate_17">Pl. 17</a>, fig. 1; <a href="#Plate_22">pl. 22</a>, fig. 4.)</p> +<p>Rami of mandible anchylosed together and the symphysis and suture largely +obliterated. Teeth very broadly fusiform; tip short and rather blunt; roots closed; +diameter 30 mm.</p> +<p><i>49599. Newport, Rhode Island.</i>—Adult male. All sutures on superior surface +of skull more or less anchylosed together. Mesirostral ossification and premaxillæ +all on one level near apex of rostrum, but at extreme tip mesirostral lower, +forming a narrow ridge with a deep groove on each side between it and premaxillæ. +The same conformation repeated more posteriorly, but grooves deeper and +wider, while mesirostral maintains the same level as premaxillæ. It widens suddenly +here, forming a broad flat-topped mass, which is a little overlapped by the +premaxillæ. The mass terminates suddenly somewhat behind middle of rostrum +with a deep concavity placed obliquely. Basin in front of the nares and conformation +of bones composing it as in two preceding skulls. Vomer at proximal end +touching lower end of nasals, and nasal septum continued behind and above it as +a low ridge, composed of the inner edges of the two nasal bones and reaching up to +the nasal boss. Outer sides of premaxillæ near distal end deeply concave. Apex of +<span class="pb" id="Page_53">[53]</span> +rostrum rather blunt, deeper than wide opposite distal ends of maxillæ; all the bones +anchylosed together, but some of the sutures indicated by grooves. Rudimentary +alveolar groove nearly obsolete. (<a href="#Plate_17">Pl. 17</a>, fig. 2; <a href="#Plate_19">pl. 19</a>, fig. 2; <a href="#Plate_21">pl. 21</a>, figs. 1, 5.)</p> +<p>Rami of mandible anchylosed together at symphysis, the suture indicated +only by a groove. Teeth large, broadly conical and tapering at the tip. Root +very short, rugose, conical and closed; diameter 29 <i>mm.</i> (<a href="#Plate_22">Pl. 22</a>, fig. 2; <a href="#Plate_23">pl. 23</a>, +figs. 2, 3.)</p> +<p>The dimensions of the several skulls are as follows:</p> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of ten skulls of Ziphius cavirostris (including the types of Z. grebnitzkii Stejneger and Z. semijunctus Cope).</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column headings:</dt> +<dd>A: 83991. Bering Island. <i>grebnitzkii.</i></dd> +<dd>B: 21248. Bering Island. <i>grebnitzkii.</i></dd> +<dd>C: 22874. Bering Island. <i>grebnitzkii.</i></dd> +<dd>D: 21246. Bering Island. <i>grebnitzkii.</i></dd> +<dd>E: 20993. Bering Island. Type <i>grebnitzkii</i>.</dd> +<dd>F: 22069. Bering Island. <i>grebnitzkii.</i></dd> +<dd>G: 21245. Bering Island. <i>grebnitzkii.</i></dd> +<dd>H: 21975. Type <i>semijunctus</i>.</dd> +<dd>I: 20971. Barnegat, N. J. Female, <i>cavirostris</i>.</dd> +<dd>J: 49599. Newport, R. I. Male, <i>cavirostris</i>.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th>Measurements.</th><th>A</th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th><th>E</th><th>F</th><th>G</th><th>H</th><th>I</th><th>J</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td>mm.</td><td>mm.</td><td>mm.</td><td>mm.</td><td>mm.</td><td>mm.</td><td>mm.</td><td>mm.</td><td>mm.</td><td>mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total length</td><td class="r">900</td><td class="r">877</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>807</td><td class="r">850</td><td class="r">963</td><td class="r">882</td><td class="r">855</td><td class="r">797</td><td class="r">945</td><td class="r">915</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of rostrum</td><td class="r">491</td><td class="r">480</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>397</td><td class="r">470</td><td class="r">550</td><td class="r">480</td><td class="r">476</td><td class="r">463</td><td class="r">550</td><td class="r">514</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height from vertex to inferior border of pterygoids</td><td class="r">433</td><td class="r">450</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">515</td><td class="r">471</td><td class="r">481</td><td class="r">349</td><td class="r">440</td><td class="r">465</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from tip of rostrum to posterior free margin of pterygoids (median)</td><td class="r">664</td><td class="r">670</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">735</td><td class="r">682</td><td class="r">673</td><td class="r">614</td><td class="r">735</td><td class="r">726</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from the same to anterior end of nasals</td><td class="r">617</td><td class="r">621</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>538</td><td class="r">600</td><td class="r">690</td><td class="r">623</td><td class="r">589</td><td class="r">590</td><td class="r">708</td><td class="r">676</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between centers of orbits</td><td class="r">495</td><td class="r">513</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>499</td><td class="r">488</td><td class="r">563</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>486</td><td class="r">492</td><td class="r">393</td><td class="r">476</td><td class="r">530</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between zygomatic processes</td><td class="r">511</td><td class="r">513</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">505</td><td class="r">573</td><td class="r">531</td><td class="r">530</td><td class="r">415</td><td class="r">503</td><td class="r">548</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth between temporal fossæ</td><td class="r">270</td><td class="r">309</td><td class="r">325</td><td class="r">300</td><td class="r">349</td><td class="r">317</td><td class="r">311</td><td class="r">242</td><td class="r">302</td><td class="r">313</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of rostrum at base</td><td class="r">319</td><td class="r">331</td><td class="r">345</td><td class="r">324</td><td class="r">380</td><td class="r">337</td><td class="r">320</td><td class="r">249</td><td class="r">307</td><td class="r">337</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of rostrum at middle</td><td class="r">102</td><td class="r">117</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>94±</td><td class="r">107</td><td class="r">120</td><td class="r">109</td><td class="r">112</td><td class="r">83</td><td class="r">112</td><td class="r">113</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of premaxillæ at same point</td><td class="r">54</td><td class="r">67</td><td class="r">58</td><td class="r">62</td><td class="r">78</td><td class="r">70</td><td class="r">75</td><td class="r">44</td><td class="r">62</td><td class="r">80</td></tr> +<tr><td>Depth of rostrum at middle</td><td class="r">66</td><td class="r">81</td><td class="r">80</td><td class="r">79</td><td class="r">118</td><td class="r">117</td><td class="r">113</td><td class="r">50</td><td class="r">77</td><td class="r">107</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of premaxillæ in front of nares</td><td class="r">176</td><td class="r">177</td><td class="r">184</td><td class="r">205</td><td class="r">221</td><td class="r">230</td><td class="r">219</td><td class="r">128</td><td class="r">176</td><td class="r">234</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of anterior nares<sup class="tr">c</sup></td><td class="r">74</td><td class="r">77</td><td class="r">77</td><td class="r">90</td><td class="r">98</td><td class="r">103</td><td class="r">108</td><td class="r">70</td><td class="r">76</td><td class="r">112</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest length of temporal fossa</td><td class="r">161</td><td class="r">158</td><td class="r">154</td><td class="r">149</td><td class="r">152</td><td class="r">140</td><td class="r">146</td><td class="r">133</td><td class="r">143</td><td class="r">155</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest depth of temporal fossa</td><td class="r">81</td><td class="r">73</td><td class="r">77</td><td class="r">79</td><td class="r">87</td><td class="r">74</td><td class="r">89</td><td class="r">67</td><td class="r">80</td><td class="r">76</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of orbit (ant.-post.)</td><td class="r">131</td><td class="r">133</td><td class="r">132</td><td class="r">130</td><td class="r">137</td><td class="r">126</td><td class="r">117</td><td class="r">113</td><td class="r">134</td><td class="r">132</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from anterior end of orbit to maxillary notch</td><td class="r">78</td><td class="r">92</td><td class="r">82</td><td class="r">70</td><td class="r">83</td><td class="r">89</td><td class="r">85</td><td class="r">61</td><td class="r">82</td><td class="r">99</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of tympanic bulla</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">53</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">54</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">55</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of tympanic bulla</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">24</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">37?</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">25</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of mandible</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">769</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">679</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">842</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of symphysis</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">170</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">184</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">149</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">176</td></tr> +<tr><td>Depth of mandible at coronoid</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">153</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">133</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">153</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> About 150 mm. lacking from end of beak.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> A little abraded.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">c</sup> Taken on a level with the curve of the inner margin of the premaxillæ. Is only approximate.</dt></dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_54">[54]</div> +<h4>SEX CHARACTERS.</h4> +<p>It will be found from an examination of the foregoing descriptions that in those +specimens in which the sex is known to be female, or is marked as such, the premaxillæ +are comparatively narrow, the mesirostral ossification only slightly developed, +the prenarial basin undeveloped, and the teeth quite slender, with a diameter +of from 10 to 14 mm. As the teeth in some of them have closed roots there can be +no doubt that they are adults. On the other hand, those skulls known or believed +to be from adult males have the mesirostral ossification enormously developed, +a deep prenarial basin, and fusiform teeth with closed roots and a diameter of from +25 to 30 mm. It appears to be a fact, therefore, that in the females the mesirostral +ossification is never greatly developed at any age, that the teeth are never thick and +fusiform, and that the prenarial region is never deeply concave. Immature individuals +present, of course, the appearance of the females, except that the teeth +are open at the root and that the mesirostral ossification is not developed at all. +Conversely, the females, broadly speaking, always present characters of immaturity, +but in adults the roots of the teeth are, of course, closed.</p> +<p>That these conclusions are correct is borne out by an examination of descriptions +and figures of specimens from other parts of the world, for which purpose +a few are available in the writings of New Zealand zoologists and others. Hector, +for example, in 1873,<a class="fn" id="fr_40" href="#fn_40">[40]</a> +published a description and figures of a skull from the Chatham +Islands which had a large mesirostral ossification, deep prenarial concavity, +and large, thick teeth, having a diameter of 34 mm. This is the same combination +of characters found in the Newport specimen, which is known to be a male, and the +Bering Island skulls supposed to be those of males.<a class="fn" id="fr_41" href="#fn_41">[41]</a></p> +<p>In 1876,<a class="fn" id="fr_42" href="#fn_42">[42]</a> +Haast figured and described a female 26 feet long, and hence presumably +adult, from Lyttleton Harbor, New Zealand, which had a small development +only of the mesirostral ossification, a slight prenarial depression, and rather +slender teeth with closed roots and a diameter of 19 mm. This combination of +characters is found in the Barnegat skull, also known to be an adult female.</p> +<p>In the same paper Haast +describes<a class="fn" id="fr_43" href="#fn_43">[43]</a> +and figures the skull of another female +from Akaroa Harbor, New Zealand. This individual was larger than the last and +was accompanied by a suckling calf. Hence, there can be no doubt that it was +mature. The skull shows a moderate development of the mesirostral ossification, +and slender cylindrical teeth with closed roots and a diameter of 16 mm.</p> +<p>It is demonstrated from the foregoing discussion, I think, that the sexes can be +distinguished by the skulls, when adult, or by the teeth alone.</p> +<p>Reverting now to <i>Ziphius gervaisii</i>, which was mentioned on <a href="#Page_30">p. 30</a> as perhaps +constituting a separate species, it will be seen by examining the figures given by +<span class="pb" id="Page_55">[55]</span> +Gervais<a class="fn" id="fr_44" href="#fn_44">[44]</a> +of the skull on which it was based that the latter presents the combination +of characters peculiar to the female of <i>Z. cavirostris</i>. This skull, which was from +Aresquiers (Hérault), France, was 888 mm. long, and hence, presumably, adult. +The mesirostral ossification is but slightly developed, the prenarial concavity moderate, +the teeth small, slender, and cylindrical, with closed roots and a diameter of +14 mm. There seems to be no sufficient reason for regarding this skull as representing +a species distinct from <i>cavirostris</i>.</p> +<p>The specimen from Buenos Ayres described and figured by Burmeister in +1868<a class="fn" id="fr_45" href="#fn_45">[45]</a> +was an immature male. In the skull the mesirostral ossification was lacking, the +premaxillæ were flat, and the teeth conical and acuminate, with open roots, and a +diameter of 12 mm. This individual was 12 feet 11½ inches (3.95 m.) long, and +hence about as long as the Charleston specimen, but the skull was apparently 680 +mm. long, while that of the Charleston specimen is 797 mm. long. In the latter +the teeth are 45 mm. long and 10 mm. in diameter, while the tooth figured by Burmeister +is 31 mm. long and 12 mm. in diameter. From these data it appears +improbable that the sex of immature individuals can be determined from the skull +or teeth.</p> +<h4>TEETH.</h4> +<p>The teeth of the various North Atlantic and North Pacific specimens merit +a somewhat more detailed description than is given on pages <a class="rp" href="#Page_50">50</a> to <a class="rp" href="#Page_53">53</a>. Six pairs of +teeth from six different individuals are available for comparison. Their dimensions +are as follows:</p> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of the teeth of Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th>Cat. No.</th><th>Locality.</th><th>Age.</th><th>Sex.</th><th colspan="2">Teeth.</th></tr> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><th>Length.</th><th>Greatest diameter.</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td>21975</td><td>Charleston, South Carolina<sup class="tr">a</sup></td><td>Young</td><td>Female</td><td class="r">45</td><td class="r">10</td></tr> +<tr><td>20971</td><td>Barnegat City, New Jersey</td><td>Adult</td><td>Female</td><td class="r">56</td><td class="r">13</td></tr> +<tr><td>22069</td><td>Bering Island</td><td>Adult</td><td>(Female?)</td><td class="r">41</td><td class="r">14</td></tr> +<tr><td>20993</td><td><span class="hst">do<sup class="tr">b</sup></span></td><td>Adult</td><td>(Male?)</td><td class="r">48</td><td class="r">25</td></tr> +<tr><td>21248</td><td><span class="hst">do</span></td><td>Adult</td><td>(Male?)</td><td class="r">58</td><td class="r">30</td></tr> +<tr><td>49599</td><td>Newport, Rhode Island</td><td>Adult</td><td>Male</td><td class="r">63</td><td class="r">29</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i>.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> Type of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i>.</dt></dl> +<p><i>21975. Charleston, South Carolina.</i>—Young female. (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i>.) +The teeth are slender, conical, and acuminate, largest at the base and tipped for +about 2 mm. with white enamel. The remainder of the teeth is coated with a thin +layer of cement. The teeth in what appears to be their natural position protrude +horizontally from the mandible for about 17 mm. They are slightly curved upward +near the tip and are oval, or elliptical, in section, the transverse diameter being +a little less than the vertical diameter. They are a little flattened externally. +<span class="pb" id="Page_56">[56]</span> +The surface is smooth. They are open at the root, and hollow. (<a href="#Plate_38">Pl. 38</a>, figs. 1, 2; +<a href="#Plate_22">pl. 22</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<p>Doctor Manigault, curator of the Charleston Museum, wrote to Professor Cope +regarding these teeth, as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Another peculiarity of the head consists in the lower maxillary bones being provided each at its +point with a single small and very sharp tooth. These were not noticed during the dissection, owing +to their being too much embedded in the integuments.<a class="fn" id="fr_46" href="#fn_46">[46]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p><i>20971. Barnegat City, New Jersey.</i>—Adult female. The teeth are slender, +cylindrical, and irregularly pointed at both ends. The tips show what appears +to be an inner core of dentine which has been worn down nearly to the cement coating +and somewhat fractured. The cement coating is several millimeters thick, +but does not increase the diameter of the teeth near the middle, so that they remain +irregularly cylindrical throughout. The surface of the cement is rough and irregular. +The root is short, conical, and closed at the end. These teeth are nearly straight. +As they have been extracted from the jaw and the latter is broken it is not possible +to distinguish which is the upper and which the lower surface, but they are irregularly +oval in section, and a little compressed. (<a href="#Plate_38">Pl. 38</a>, figs. 3-5.)</p> +<p>In my original notes on this specimen, I recorded that there was a small pair +of teeth behind the larger ones described above. Mention of these will be made +again later. (See <a href="#Page_57">p. 57</a>.)</p> +<p><i>22069. Bering Island.</i>—Adult female (?). The teeth are in position in this +specimen and are nearly horizontal in position, but a little inclined upward and +toward each other. They do not extend beyond the tip of the jaw nor up to the +level of the upper surface of the symphysis, but protrude about 13 mm. beyond +the alveoli on the side. They are rather slender, somewhat fusiform, blunt at both +ends and slightly curved upward. The surface is irregular. They are nearly +round in section. The root is closed, and the apex shows what appears to be a +core of dentine surrounded by cement. There is a depression on the inner side +near the root. These teeth are remarkable as intermediate in form between those +of the preceding specimen and those of the specimens next to be mentioned. +(<a href="#Plate_38">Pl. 38</a>, figs. 6, 7; <a href="#Plate_22">pl. 22</a>, fig. 3.)</p> +<p><i>20993. Bering Island.</i>—Adult male (?). (Type of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i>.) These +teeth are almond-shaped and very symmetrical. They are thickest near the base +and taper gradually to the tip, which is quite acute. They are somewhat compressed +and hence elliptical in section, the vertical diameter being greater than the transverse +diameter. One side (probably the inner) is flattened. They are slightly +curved upward toward the apex, which is a little worn and fractured. The root +is very short and conical. It is nearly closed, but a very small canal extends upward +for about 10 mm. The surface of the tooth is quite smooth, but dull in the lower +half. The line of demarcation between cement and dentine is not evident. (<a href="#Plate_38">Pl. 38</a>, +figs. 8, 9; <a href="#Plate_23">pl. 23</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<p><i>21248. Bering Island.</i>—Adult male (?). In this specimen the teeth are still +in the natural position in the jaw. They are held in place by ligaments and protrude +<span class="pb" id="Page_57">[57]</span> +far beyond the alveoli, only about one-ninth of their length being below +the superior border. They incline forward at an angle of about 45° with the longitudinal +axis of the jaw and diverge slightly at the tips.</p> +<p>The teeth themselves have the same general form as those of the preceding +specimen, but are larger. The inner surface is flattened and the outer strongly +convex. The tips are quite pointed, but show some indications of wear. The +roots can not be seen distinctly, but appear to be closed. (<a href="#Plate_22">Pl. 22</a>, fig. 4.)</p> +<p><i>49599. Newport, Rhode Island.</i>—Adult male. These teeth are longer than those +of the preceding specimen, and while they resemble the latter in general form, taper +much more gradually to the tip. The root, or portion below the point of maximum +girth, is much shorter than that above, and rugose, with several deep furrows. A +very small circular opening at the base of the root marks the orifice of the nerve. +The upper half of the teeth is smooth, and the tips slightly worn and fractured. +The small elliptical worn area is situated on the convex side of the tooth, which +appears to be the outer side. As the alveoli of the jaw are, however, filled with a +network of bone, the teeth can not be inserted in them. They were detached when +received. (<a href="#Plate_38">Pl. 38</a>, figs. 10, 11; <a href="#Plate_22">pl. 22</a>, fig. 2; <a href="#Plate_23">pl. 23</a>, figs. 2, 3.)</p> +<p>Besides the difference in the size and form of the teeth in the two sexes, it is +probable, as will be seen by consulting the foregoing data, that in the female the +apex of the teeth does not extend more than a very small distance above the alveoli +even in mature individuals, and probably often not more than a few millimeters; +while in adult males the teeth are almost entirely protruded from the alveoli, which +are filled with a coarse bony network. These differences are carried out in all the +American specimens, and also characterized the New Zealand specimens, as may be +learned from the accounts of Haast and Hector.</p> +<p>A number of rudimentary teeth in addition to the large terminal pair have +been noted in the Aresquiers, Buenos Ayres, and perhaps other specimens, and +two such teeth were found in the mandible of the Barnegat specimen, behind the +large pair. One of these rudimentary teeth has been preserved. It is cylindrical +and moderately curved. The length is 16 mm. and the diameter 2 mm. The whole +tooth, with the exception of the extreme tip, is thickly coated with cement. The +root is closed and the crown acute and apparently abraded by use. (<a href="#Plate_38">Pl. 38</a>, fig. 5.)</p> +<p>Returning now to the question of the validity of <i>grebnitzkii</i> as a species, I would +say that after comparing the measurements of the Bering Island skulls with those +of the Atlantic coast specimens, and comparing the skulls themselves, I have been +unable to find any constant difference of importance, except the size and form of +the periotic bone. As the earbones are lacking from many of the skulls, the series +available for comparison is small.</p> +<p>As compared with the Atlantic coast specimens, the anterior portion of the +periotic bone in <i>grebnitzkii</i> is larger, broader, and more rectangular in outline +when viewed from below. I observe, however, that the absolute size and outline +of the periotic vary considerably in the different specimens of <i>grebnitzkii</i> without +relation to age. The same appears to be true of <i>cavirostris</i>, but comparing the two +series of skulls as a whole it appears to be true that the anterior mass of the periotic +is larger in <i>grebnitzkii</i>. I do not think, however, that the latter species should be +<span class="pb" id="Page_58">[58]</span> +kept distinct on this account alone, at least until the character has been confirmed, +and perhaps strengthened by others, through the examination of a larger series of +specimens.</p> +<h4>SKELETON OF ZIPHIUS FROM BERING ISLAND.</h4> +<p>The Museum collection contains an incomplete skeleton of a very young individual, +Cat. No. 22875, which was received from Bering Island with the skulls of +<i>Z. grebnitzkii</i>, but does not belong to any one of them. Whether it really represents +that species is, therefore, uncertain, but such is probably the case. The length of +the vertebral column, consisting of 45 vertebræ, without interspaces, is 9 feet +2 inches.</p> +<p>The vertebral formula is as follows: C. 7; Th. 10; L. 10; Ca. 18 (+1?) = 45 (+1?). +This is the same as in the type of <i>semijunctus</i> so far as the cervicals, thoracics, and +lumbars are concerned, and the probable total is the same. In their general +characters these vertebræ agree with those of the skeletons already described, but +they present a number of differences as well. On account of immaturity the +processes are even less developed than in <i>semijunctus</i>. All the epiphyses are free, +and in the third to the seventh thoracic vertebræ the neural arch and spine are +separate from the centrum. The centra are very short in proportion to their width.</p> +<p>Although the specimen is so young, the anterior foramen of the atlas is, nevertheless, +inclosed by bone, and though the line of separation between the atlas and +axis is visible on the sides, the fourth cervical is anchylosed to the third at the top +of the centrum. Although the neural spines, metapophyses, and transverse processes +of the thoracics are much shorter than those of the young <i>semijunctus</i>, the +epiphyses are as large or even larger than in that specimen. The neural arches are +also noticeably thicker than in <i>semijunctus</i>, and the centra are rounded inferiorly +rather than carinated. The neural spines are much more nearly erect than in the +adult Barnegat and Newport skeletons, but, as mentioned on <a href="#Page_41">page 41</a>, this is +probably a character of immaturity, and is shared by <i>semijunctus</i>.</p> +<p>The differences as regards the form of the centra and neural arches die away +among the lumbars, and these vertebræ and the caudals are, with a due allowance +for greater immaturity, very similar to those of <i>semijunctus</i>.</p> +<p>The seventh thoracic is like the sixth in form, and is without a transverse +process. It thus resembles the same vertebra in <i>semijunctus</i>. The eighth, however, +has an ill-defined facet on the side of the metapophysis and a second facet a +little above the upper border of the centrum. The eighth pair of ribs has only a +single terminal articular facet.</p> +<p>The ninth thoracic has a short, thick transverse process, about in line with the +upper surface of the centrum.</p> +<p>The transverse process of the seventh caudal is perforated on the right side by +a foramen. The transverse processes are last traceable on the ninth caudal, the +neural spines on the tenth caudal, and the neural arch on the eleventh caudal. +Eight chevron bones are preserved, but probably two more were present originally.</p> +<p>Ten pairs of ribs are present. The first is much broader in the proximal half +than in the distal half, but the distal end is slightly expanded. The first seven pairs +<span class="pb" id="Page_59">[59]</span> +possess both head and tubercle, but the eighth, ninth, and tenth have only a single +terminal articular facet.</p> +<p>The sternum, which consists of five segments, is similar in form to that of +<i>semijunctus</i>. The two sides of each segment are united. The posterior emargination +of the third segment, and those of both ends of the fourth and fifth segments +are small. The scapula and humerus are like those of <i>semijunctus</i> in form. The +remaining parts of both pectoral limbs are lacking.</p> +<p>Without more material, and especially some skeletons of adults, it is difficult +to decide what importance should be assigned to the differences observable in the +cervical and thoracic vertebræ of this young Bering Island specimen. The +measurements of the skeleton are included in the table on pages <a class="rp" href="#Page_47">47</a> and <a class="rp" href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p> +<h4>EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.</h4> +<p>The series of photographs (Cat. No. 142579) of an individual obtained in Kiska +Harbor, Alaska, is very interesting as affording comparison of what is apparently a +specimen of <i>grebnitzkii</i> with the Atlantic form represented in the photograph of +the Newport, Rhode Island, specimen. As no part of the Kiska specimen was +preserved, it is not possible, of course, to identify it positively with <i>grebnitzkii</i> or +even with the genus <i>Ziphius</i>. No one who compares the photographs reproduced +in <a href="#Plate_41">Pl. 41</a>, figs. 3 and 4, can, I think, fail to be convinced that both represent animals +of the same genus and that the Pacific species (whether <i>grebnitzkii</i> or not) bears the +strongest possible resemblance to the Atlantic one.</p> +<p>Doctor Egbert published the following note on the Kiska specimen in 1905:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Early in September a monster dolphin grounded on the beach in Kiska Harbor and was killed. +Specific identification has not yet been made. The general color was bluish-gray; length, 18½ feet; +estimated weight, 3,600 pounds; sex, male. Body was quite regular in shape and rather rotund, the +greatest circumference being about midway between dorsal fin and tip of the rather short snout. This +dolphin was hauled alongside the ship, stripped of its blubber, and the oil extracted. Some of the flesh +was eaten. The oil obtained was of excellent quality. It was particularly desired for use on the wire +of the deep-sea sounding machine used aboard the +[U. S. Coast Survey steamer] <i>Patterson</i>.<a class="fn" id="fr_47" href="#fn_47">[47]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>The size was about the same as that of the Newport specimen. Although +Doctor Egbert gives the color merely as “bluish gray,” the photographs indicate +that the belly was white, or whitish, and that there were oval white spots on the +sides. As a whole, therefore, the coloration was similar to that of the New Zealand +specimens of <i>cavirostris</i> obtained at Port Cooper and Lyttleton Harbor.</p> +<p>When compared with the photograph of the Newport specimen (<a href="#Plate_41">Pl. 41</a>, fig. 4) +it will be seen that the Kiska photograph represents an animal practically identical in +general form, as well as in the general shape of the head, the length and form of the +snout, the size and general shape of the pectoral fins. In the photograph of the Newport +specimen the flukes are not well seen, but in the Kiska photograph the posterior +median convexity peculiar to the ziphioids is clearly represented. The dorsal fin +of the Newport specimen appears to be turned somewhat to one side and the tip +crumpled, which makes it appear lower and somewhat longer and less pointed than +<span class="pb" id="Page_60">[60]</span> +that of the Kiska specimen. This may, of course, be a real difference, though such +is probably not the case.</p> +<p>Considering the foregoing data relative to <i>grebnitzkii</i> as a whole, there is not in +my opinion sufficient warrant at present for considering this form as a species +distinct from <i>cavirostris</i>, and it should be added that no distinguishing characters +were given in the original description.</p> +<h2 id="c10"><br /><span class="small">Genus BERARDIUS Duvernoy.</span></h2> +<p>Of this genus the National Museum has three skulls and three skeletons representing the +species <i>bairdii</i>, and a skull representing the species <i>arnuxii</i>. The latter, +Cat. No. 21511, U.S.N.M., is without exact locality, but is catalogued as having been +obtained in New Zealand. As the species <i>arnuxii</i> has been well described and figured +by Flower<a class="fn" id="fr_48" href="#fn_48">[48]</a> +and others, no detailed account of this skull is given here. Measurements of it, +however, are included with those of <i>B. bairdii</i> in the table on <a href="#Page_68">p. 68</a>.</p> +<h3 id="c11">BERARDIUS BAIRDII Stejneger.</h3> +<dl class="undent"><dd><i>Berardius bairdii</i> <span class="sc">Stejneger</span>, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, p. 75, June 22, 1883.</dd> +<dd><i>Berardius vegæ</i> <span class="sc">Malm</span>, Bihang K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 8, 1883, No. 4, p. 109.<a class="fn" id="fr_49" href="#fn_49">[49]</a></dd></dl> +<p>This species was based by Dr. L. Stejneger on a skull obtained by Mr. N. Grebnitzki +in Stare Gavan, on the eastern shore of Bering Island, Commander Group, +Bering Sea, in the autumn of 1881. In 1879 a portion of a skull of the same species +was found on Bering Island by the <i>Vega</i> expedition, and was made the basis of a +new species, <i>B. vegæ</i>, by A. W. Malm, the description of which was published a few +months after that of Doctor Stejneger. The National Museum subsequently +received another skull from Bering Island, through Mr. N. Grebnitzki, but, so far +as I am aware, nothing further was heard of the species until 1903 and 1904, when +the National Museum received three nearly complete skeletons, two of them from +St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Bering Sea, and one from the coast of California. +The material now in the National Museum is as follows:<a class="fn" id="fr_50" href="#fn_50">[50]</a></p> +<p>(1) <i>Cat. No. 20992</i>.—Skull and mandible of an immature individual collected +by Dr. L. Stejneger in Bering Island. Original number 1520. Catalogued November +24, 1883. Type.</p> +<p>(2) <i>Cat. No.</i> (lacking).—Skull and mandible of an immature individual. Collected +by Mr. N. Grebnitzki in Bering Island (?). Mounted.</p> +<p>(3) <i>Cat. No. 142118</i>.—Skull, mandible, and cervical vertebræ of a very young +individual. Collected by Dr. L. Stejneger, June 5, 1883, on North Rookery, Bering +<span class="pb" id="Page_61">[61]</span> +Island. Original number 2191. This specimen is accompanied by notes and +measurements.</p> +<p>(4) <i>Cat. No. 49726</i>.—Skeleton and measurements of an adult female. Near +East Rookery, St. George Island, Pribilof Group. Collected by James Judge, in +June, 1903. Length, 40 feet 2 inches.</p> +<p>(5) <i>Cat. No. 49727</i>.—Skeleton and measurements of an immature male. Same +locality and date as the preceding. Length, 25 feet 5 inches.</p> +<p>The two skeletons (4) and (5) are somewhat incomplete. The Museum received +a photograph of the female from Maj. Ezra W. Clark.</p> +<p>(6) <i>Cat. No. 49725</i>.—Skeleton and two photographs of an adult male (?) +stranded on Centerville beach near Ferndale, Humboldt County, California, October, +1904. Length, about 41 feet.</p> +<p>A brief note on the St. George Island and California skeletons was published +by the author in Science for 1904.<a class="fn" id="fr_51" href="#fn_51">[51]</a> +The dimensions given by the collectors were +so large as to raise doubts whether they were correct, but the arrival of the skeletons +proved that they were not overstated, and that the specimens were by far the +largest ziphioid whales ever discovered, the bones about equaling those of a humpback +whale in size and massiveness.</p> +<h4>HISTORY OF THE ST. GEORGE ISLAND SPECIMENS.</h4> +<p>The St. George Island specimens were first made known by Mr. James Judge, +special agent of the Treasury Department, resident at the Pribilof Islands, in a letter +dated June 16, 1903, as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>I was much surprised the other day to find a pair of whales ashore near East Rookery [St. George +Island]. They lay about 150 yards apart. The female was 40 feet 2 inches, the male 25 feet 5 inches +in length. The species is not positively identified, but tallies closely with the Globe Encyclopedia +description of Bottlehead or Bottlenose whale, <i>Hyperodoön bidentatus</i>. Natives call it “Tcha-dhan.” +The male is without teeth; female has two teeth in front of lower jaw.<a class="fn" id="fr_52" href="#fn_52">[52]</a> The skin is thin, smooth, white +underneath, and black above. Dorsal fin small and well aft. Caudal large and powerful. Eyes very +small. Ears not visible.</p> +<p>Thinking that the skeleton might be of use, the bones of the female were cut out and placed high +and dry on the grass. Four ribs were broken; otherwise the bones are intact. The male was towed to +East Landing, and with the aid of a capstan deposited beyond reach of surf. Some blubber was saved. +The foxes will clean up the bones during August, so that in all probability both skeletons will be available +this fall. * * * I inclose some measurements, taken roughly, with a 5-foot tape line.</p> +</blockquote> +<div class="pb" id="Page_62">[62]</div> +<p class="center"><i>Whale measurements, June 11, 1903.</i></p> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th></th><th colspan="2">Female.</th><th colspan="2">Male.</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td>Ft.</td><td>in.</td><td>Ft.</td><td>in.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest length</td><td class="r">40</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">25</td><td class="r">5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest circumference (much bloated)</td><td class="r">20</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r">12</td><td class="r">0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Extremity of upper lip to nostril</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">3</td><td class="r">0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance between eyes</td><td class="r">4</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">3</td><td class="r">6</td></tr> +<tr><td>Extremity of lower lip to angle of mouth</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Circumference of head at eyes</td><td class="r">8</td><td class="r">10</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lower half of snout 10 inches from end</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">3</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Upper half of snout 12 inches from end</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">7</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of [pectoral] fin along outer edge</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r">3</td><td class="r">5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Circumference of tail [at] junction [with] caudal fin</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r">3</td><td class="r">5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance between extreme points of caudal fin</td><td class="r">10</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r">3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Anus to end of body</td><td class="r">11</td><td class="r">8</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">7</td></tr> +<tr><td>Anus to vagina</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Anus to penis</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">8</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of vagina</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">3</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of penis</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Penis at base</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r">12</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r">7½</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dorsal fin along spine to end of body</td><td class="r">11</td><td class="r">11</td><td class="r">7</td><td class="r">5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of nipple from raised base</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r">1</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +</table> +<p>The skeletons remained on the island until August, 1904, when they were +carried by the revenue cutter <i>McCulloch</i> to Dutch Harbor and afterwards to San +Francisco. Through a misunderstanding they were allowed to remain on the +beach at St. George Island until November, 1903, and suffered considerable injury. +On that date they were deposited in a storehouse by Maj. Ezra W. Clark, assistant +treasury agent in charge, who afterwards presented the photograph of the female +above mentioned. (<a href="#Plate_42">Pl. 42</a>, fig. 1.) The latter shows the short, narrow, pointed +pectoral fin, and long, rather slender beak.</p> +<p>Another specimen of <i>Berardius</i> was found stranded on St. George Island on +August 21, 1909. The following information regarding it was received from Maj. +Ezra W. Clark, under date of September 4, 1909:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>On August 21, 1909, after an unusually severe gale for the season, accompanied with heavy sea, a +beaked whale was stranded under the cliffs of the northeast coast of St. George Island. Its position +was such that it was reached with great difficulty. It was undergoing decomposition. I succeeded in +getting the following information:</p> +</blockquote> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Sex, female.</dt> +<dt>Length from tip of beak to end of body, 22 feet.</dt> +<dt>Length of beak, tip to base, 2 feet 5 inches.</dt> +<dt>Length of head, not including beak, 2 feet.</dt> +<dt>Length of tail, or width of flukes at base, 1 foot 10 inches.</dt> +<dt>Girth around beak at its base, 2 feet.</dt> +<dt>Girth around body at dorsal fin, about 12 feet.</dt> +<dt>Girth around body at base of tail, 3 feet.</dt> +<dt>Spread of tail, or flukes, 6 feet.</dt> +<dt>Length of dorsal fin at base, 1 foot 10 inches.</dt> +<dt>Fore fins, 1 foot 10 inches.</dt></dl> +<blockquote> +<p>I think that I shall not be able to get the skeleton of this whale, owing to the rough seas prevailing.</p> +</blockquote> +<div class="pb" id="Page_63">[63]</div> +<h4>HISTORY OF THE CENTERVILLE, CALIFORNIA, SPECIMEN.</h4> +<p>The Californian specimen (Cat. No. 49725) was first made known in a letter +addressed to me by President Jordan, of Stanford University, under date of October +27, 1904, inclosing one from Mr. J. H. Ring, of Ferndale, California, dated October +23, 1904, which was as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Enclosed find three views of an animal stranded on the beach near this place [Ferndale, Humboldt +County, California], and as its identity seems rather uncertain we hope you will kindly classify it and +inform us of its true name and habitat, if possible, from the photographs and incomplete description. +Its total length is about 41 feet. Greatest circumference 16 feet, tapering probably to 18 inches near +the tail. It also tapers toward the head, terminating in a sharp beak, the upper jaw being about 16 +and the lower 19 inches long.</p> +<p>On each side in the lower jaw well to the front is a conical tooth, the crown of which is exposed one-half +an inch. The head is full and rounded, resembling that of an elephant, with depressions corresponding +to the ears, and small eyes a little ahead and below.</p> +<p>On top of head is a heart-shaped opening, evidently for breathing purposes. There is also evidence +of a dorsal fin, while each fork of tail is 3½ feet or so long. The underside of the animal is too bruised +to show anything of importance. The flippers are also in bad shape, one being buried in the sand, +while the other is entirely denuded of flesh, leaving a bony stump about 6 inches long and which moves +readily in any direction. We think it is a “bottle-nose” whale, but as some claim that they are not +to be found on this coast and do not exceed 30 feet in length, it may be something else.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Mr. Ring was immediately communicated with, and very generously presented +to the Museum the skull of the animal, which he had secured and cleaned with much +labor and some danger to himself. He also undertook to have the skeleton cleaned +and sent to Washington, and it was received in due course in June, 1905. Mr. +Ring wrote under date of May 15, 1905:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>You will notice that the point of the beak, as well as the points of the lower jawbones, are a little +damaged, some hunters having shot the teeth out and then set a fire inside the jaws.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>When received, the skeleton lacked the flippers and also two of the teeth. +Regarding the former, Mr. Ring wrote on November 18, 1905, as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>I wrote you that one flipper was entirely gone and the other worn down to a stump, as shown in the +picture. I have interviewed the man who stripped the specimen, and he says the stump was badly +crushed and broken and fears it was lost one night when the extremely high tide had turned the whale +over, and only the anchors and lashings I had secured it with prevented its going out to sea.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This skeleton was mounted recently and placed on exhibition in the Museum. +The flippers were modeled from those of the St. George Island specimens (which +were also imperfect) and from the figures of <i>B. arnuxii</i> given by Flower. The end +of the beak was also restored, and a facsimile of the teeth substituted for the real +ones. This remarkable skeleton shows in a manner hitherto unapproached the great +size which this genus of ziphioid whales attains, and the peculiar conformation of +the body. While the vertebræ rival those of the large whalebone whales, such as +the Humpbacks, in their dimensions, the head is remarkable for its small size as +compared with the immense proportions of the same part in the Right whales. +(<a href="#Plate_42">Pl. 42</a>, fig. 4.)</p> +<p>Mr. Ring sent to the Museum three photographs of the Californian specimen +above mentioned, two of which are reproduced on <a href="#Plate_42">Pl. 42</a>, figs. 2 and 3. Although +rather indistinct, they show the general form of the body, the peculiar bulbous +head, with an indication of a neck, and the long beak.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_64">[64]</div> +<h4>DESCRIPTION OF A YOUNG BERING ISLAND SPECIMEN.</h4> +<p>Doctor Stejneger has very kindly placed in my hands his original notes on the +young individual examined by him in Bering Island June 5, 1883 (Cat. No. 142,188) +and they are given below in full:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>When the news reached me that a small “plavum” was found dead ashore at the North Rookery of +Bering Island, I immediately ordered dogs, and arrived at the place in company with the “starost.” +The carcass was found lying on the very beach where the fur seals during the summer occupy the ground. +As the bulk of the seals had not yet arrived, only a few “sikatschi” were seen in the immediate neighborhood, +but it was reported that they had retired from the place on account of the smell of the putrefied +body, as it was thought. The natives, fearing that it would drive the seals from the rookery altogether +if left on the beach any longer, were very anxious to get it away as fast as possible, and it was only with +some hesitation that they would allow one to stand on the rookery long enough to take a few measurements. +The animal was quite a young one, and I conjectured that it had died immediately after having +been born, as I think there were some remains of the umbilical cord. Hardly any of the bones were +fully ossified. Under these circumstances, it was out of the question to have the whole skeleton preserved, +as the dismembering and the separation of the putrified flesh from the bones and cartilages +would require more care and consequently more time than the natives were willing to allow. I was +therefore glad to secure the head and some of the neck vertebræ. Even that tried their patience, as +the head was going to separate into its single bones and the not yet united component pieces, and consequently +needed special care and attention.</p> +<p>The carcass was lying with the back upward, this visible part being uniform black, and still in +such a state as to allow of measuring. The lower surface was in a very advanced state of decomposition. +Part of the belly was torn away, together with the entrails, and the genitalia and anus were not to be +found. As stated above, I think that I could recognize the umbilical cord attached to a tatter of the +skin. Of course, measurements of the lower side and of the circumference of the body, except at the +narrowest place of the tail, could not be taken.</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="center"><i>Table of dimensions.</i></p> +<table class="center"> +<tr class="i"><th></th><th>Meters.</th></tr> +<tr><td>Total length from tip of upper jaw to notch of caudal fin, along the middle of the back, without, however, following the angle between beak and forehead</td><td class="r">4.81</td></tr> +<tr><td>From tip of upper jaw to fore border of spiracles</td><td class="r">.53</td></tr> +<tr><td>From fore border of the spiracles to fore border of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">2.63</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">.29</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of dorsal fin</td><td class="r">.11</td></tr> +<tr><td>From hind border of dorsal fin to the beginning of the caudal fin</td><td class="r">.93</td></tr> +<tr><td>From the same point to notch of the caudal fin</td><td class="r">1.36</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance between the tips of the lobes of the caudal fin</td><td class="r">.91</td></tr> +<tr><td>Depth of the angle of the posterior margin of caudal fin</td><td class="r">.20</td></tr> +<tr><td>From tip of upper jaw to the angle of mouth</td><td class="r">.36</td></tr> +<tr><td>From the same to anterior angle of eye</td><td class="r">.475</td></tr> +<tr><td>Diameter of eye opening</td><td class="r">.06</td></tr> +<tr><td>From eye to eye over the spiracle</td><td class="r">.59</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance between ends of spiracle</td><td class="r">.08</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of beak from the forehead</td><td class="r">.23</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of the beak at the forehead</td><td class="r">.18</td></tr> +<tr><td>From tip of upper jaw to anterior insertion of the pectoral fin</td><td class="r">.80</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pectoral fin along the anterior border</td><td class="r">.51</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of pectoral fin<sup class="tr">a</sup> at the insertion</td><td class="r">.20</td></tr> +<tr><td>Circumference of tail at its narrowest point, just before the caudal fin</td><td class="r">.62</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> The pectoral fin rather straight, of equal breadth, and abruptly ending.</dt></dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_65">[65]</div> +<h4>ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII.</h4> +<p>The original description of <i>B. bairdii</i> by Doctor Stejneger is as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Besides an <i>Orca</i>, which is said to visit the rookeries, but of which I have not been able to procure +any specimen, or even to see one, there are at least two species of the family <i>Ziphiidæ</i>, both undescribed, +as I suppose. I am very much indebted to Mr. Grebnitzki for a skull of each of the species, for one of +which I should like to propose the name <i>Berardius bairdii</i>, as a slight token of my esteem and gratitude.</p> +<p>As I am now almost without any literary means, I find it impossible to decide with certainty +in what genus this species will finally have to be placed. But I think that the supposition that this +specimen (No. 1520) is a young <i>Berardius</i> may not be far out of the way. At first I suspected that it +is a <i>Dioplodon</i>, but the size of the skull, in connection with the distinctness of the sutures, the evident +maxillary crests, and the terminal position of the teeth very soon led me to the above conclusion.</p> +<p>The specimen in question has very low and scarcely incurved maxillary crests; the shortest distance +of which is two and two-thirds times greater than their greatest height, and although it still is in its +“adolescent” stage, I should greatly doubt whether the crests in this species ever become developed +to such a degree as, for instance, in <i>Hyperoödon diodon</i> (Lacép.). The groove between the maxillary +and the nuchal crest is very shallow. The maxillary notch is deep. The beak is long, making only +a little less than half the length of the entire skull. Nares straight; right nasal larger than the left one, +but not very much. The occipital condyles do not come in contact beneath the foramen magnum; +the symphysis of the lower jaw is very short, amounting to only one-fifth of the whole length of the jaw.</p> +<p>Want of time and books prevents me from making more extended remarks, and until I can present +an exhaustive and comparative description, I shall have to content myself by giving a provisional table +of dimensions. The following dimensions are in millimeters and English inches, and are in every case +measured in a straight line:</p> +<table class="center"> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">in.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of skull</td><td class="r">1,405</td><td class="r">55.32</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth</td><td class="r">698</td><td class="r">27.48</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest height</td><td class="r">530</td><td class="r">20.87</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length from process of supramaxillaries before orbit to posterior edge of condyles</td><td class="r">610</td><td class="r">24.02</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length from same process to tip of beak</td><td class="r">890</td><td class="r">35.04</td></tr> +<tr><td>Depth of maxillary notch</td><td class="r">50</td><td class="r">1.97</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of premaxillaries</td><td class="r">1,222</td><td class="r">48.11</td></tr> +<tr><td>Premaxillaries reach beyond supramaxillaries</td><td class="r">134</td><td class="r">5.28</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance of upper edge of maxillary crests at their anterior end</td><td class="r">228</td><td class="r">8.98</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance of same at their middle</td><td class="r">358</td><td class="r">14.10</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest height of maxillary crests</td><td class="r">86</td><td class="r">3.39</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of visible part of vomer</td><td class="r">325</td><td class="r">12.80</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from anterior tip of vomer to tip of beak</td><td class="r">275</td><td class="r">10.83</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of pterygoids</td><td class="r">295</td><td class="r">11.62</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of foramen magnum</td><td class="r">70</td><td class="r">2.76</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width of foramen magnum</td><td class="r">80</td><td class="r">3.15</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance of condyles at upper edge of foramen magnum</td><td class="r">100</td><td class="r">3.94</td></tr> +<tr><td>Closest approximation of condyles beneath the foramen magnum</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">0.08</td></tr> +<tr><td>Entire length of lower jaw</td><td class="r">1,292</td><td class="r">50.88</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of lower jaw at second tooth groove</td><td class="r">100</td><td class="r">3.94</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of symphysis</td><td class="r">257</td><td class="r">10.12</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest diameter of foremost tooth groove (longitudinal)</td><td class="r">100</td><td class="r">3.94</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shortest diameter of foremost tooth groove (transverse)</td><td class="r">45</td><td class="r">1.77</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest diameter of posterior tooth groove (longitudinal)</td><td class="r">40</td><td class="r">1.58</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shortest diameter of posterior tooth groove (transverse)</td><td class="r">35</td><td class="r">1.38</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance between the tooth grooves</td><td class="r">65</td><td class="r">2.56</td></tr> +</table> +<div class="pb" id="Page_66">[66]</div> +<p>This specimen was found stranded in Stare Gavan, on the eastern shore of Bering Island in the fall +of last year, and only the skull was preserved. From analogy I should judge that the entire length of +the animal must have been about 18 feet (5½ meters). This species is well known by the natives for the +cathartic quality of the blubber, resembling in this respect the Atlantic “Dögling,” or “Anarnak” (<i>Hyperoödon +diodon</i>). The Russian name, by which the inhabitants here designate this whale, is <i>Pla-un</i> +(sp. Pläoon), while the Aleut name is <i>Kigan agalusoch</i>, the meaning of which is said to be “having +teeth on the nose,” a very inappropriate designation, as the teeth are situated on the tip of the lower +jaw, and not on the nose.<a class="fn" id="fr_53" href="#fn_53">[53]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<h4>SIZE.</h4> +<p>It will be observed that the largest of the foregoing specimens measured 40 +feet 2 inches in length, while the Centerville skeleton was reported to be about 41 +feet long. The largest example of the New Zealand species, <i>B. arnuxii</i>, of which +there is a record was 32 feet long.</p> +<h4>COLORATION.</h4> +<p>The St. George Island specimens were reported to be black on the back and +white below, but it is not certain how long they had been dead when found by Mr. +Judge. The young individual examined by Doctor Stejneger was also black on +the back, but this was in a state of decomposition.</p> +<p>The color of the type-specimen of <i>Berardius arnuxii</i> was described by Arnoux +as follows: “Its color was entirely black, except for a light gray area near the genital +organs; it was a male.”<a class="fn" id="fr_54" href="#fn_54">[54]</a> +Haast remarks of a young individual observed by him +near New Brighton, New Zealand, and not in a fresh condition: “The color of the +whole animal was of a deep, velvety black, with the exception of the lower portion +of the belly, which had a grayish color.”<a class="fn" id="fr_55" href="#fn_55">[55]</a></p> +<p>The color of the immature male of <i>B. arnuxii</i> captured in Wellington Harbor, +New Zealand, in 1877, and described by Hector, was as follows: “The colour was +black with a purple hue, except a narrow band along the belly, which was grey. +The muzzle, flippers, and tail lobes were intensely black.”<a class="fn" id="fr_56" href="#fn_56">[56]</a></p> +<p>It is not likely that there is any marked difference in the color of <i>arnuxii</i> and +<i>bairdii</i>, but the data available are insufficient for the determination of the matter. +It will be observed, however, that Mr. Judge stated that the male <i>bairdii</i> found on +St. George Island was white below, while in all the accounts of <i>arnuxii</i> the color of +the under surface is given as blackish, with a restricted area of gray.</p> +<p>Besides its apparently greater size, <i>Berardius bairdii</i> differs from <i>B. arnuxii</i> in +various cranial and other osteological characters, as well as in external proportions, +and is to be regarded as a distinct species. The external measurements of the +St. George Island specimens reduced to percentages of the total length and compared +with similar measurements of a specimen of <i>B. arnuxii</i> described by Hector, +are as follows:</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_67">[67]</div> +<p class="center"><i>External dimensions of Berardius bairdii and B. arnuxii.</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column Headings:</dt> +<dd><i>bairdii.</i></dd> +<dd class="t">A: 49726 St. George Island, Alaska, (Judge), female adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">B: 49727 St. George Island, Alaska, (Judge), male imm.</dd> +<dd><i>arnuxii.</i></dd> +<dd class="t">C: Wellington, New Zealand, (Hector), male.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><td class="c">Measurements.</td><th class="c" colspan="2">A</th><th class="c" colspan="2">B</th><th class="c" colspan="2">C</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td class="c">ft.</td><td class="c">in.</td><td class="c">ft.</td><td class="c">in.</td><td class="c">ft.</td><td class="c">in.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total length</td><td class="r">40</td><td class="r">2</td><td class="r">25</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r">27</td><td class="r">6</td></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td colspan="2">per cent.</td><td colspan="2">per cent.</td><td colspan="2">per cent.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from tip of snout to blowhole</td><td colspan="2" class="r">10.8</td><td colspan="2" class="r">11.8</td><td colspan="2" class="r">12.8</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from tip of mandible to corner of mouth</td><td colspan="2" class="r">6.0</td><td colspan="2" class="r">6.9</td><td colspan="2" class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>6.1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of flukes from tip to tip</td><td colspan="2" class="r">25.3</td><td colspan="2" class="r">24.6</td><td colspan="2" class="r">19.1</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of pectoral fin along outer edge</td><td colspan="2" class="r">12.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r">13.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r">9.4</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from anus to “end of body”</td><td colspan="2" class="r">29.0</td><td colspan="2" class="r">29.8</td><td colspan="2" class="r">[34.0]</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of dorsal fin</td><td colspan="2" class="r">2.5</td><td colspan="2" class="r">2.4</td><td colspan="2" class="r">3.0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from anterior base of dorsal fin to “end of body”</td><td colspan="2" class="r">29.7</td><td colspan="2" class="r">29.2</td><td colspan="2" class="r">[34.6]</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> “Length of gape.”</dt></dl> +<p>The measurements of these specimens of <i>bairdii</i> agree well together. The +specimen of <i>arnuxii</i> appears to have had narrower flukes, shorter pectoral fin, and +a rather higher dorsal fin, situated farther forward than in <i>bairdii</i>. Measurements +of a larger number of specimens might show that some or all of these differences of +proportion are elusive, but it will be observed that in the Wellington specimen of +<i>arnuxii</i>, recorded by Doctor Haast, the breadth of the flukes is only 21 per cent of +the total length. The pectoral fin is said to be only 19 inches long, or only 5.2 per +cent of the total length, but the manner of taking the measurement is not mentioned.</p> +<p>As regards size, the largest specimen of <i>B. arnuxii</i> of which I find record is the +type specimen. This was 32 feet long, and the skull 1,400 mm., or about 55 inches +long. This appears to have been an adult male. The Centerville specimen of +<i>bairdii</i>, which was an adult male, was about 41 feet long, and the skull 1,532 mm., +or about 60 inches long, while the adult female from St. George Island was 40 feet +2 inches long and the skull 56 inches. Although the total length of the specimens +of <i>bairdii</i> is so much greater, it will be observed that the length of the skull, while a +little greater, absolutely fails to measure up to the proportions found in <i>arnuxii</i>. +It might be suspected on this account that the external measurements of <i>bairdii</i> +were exaggerated, but that such is not the case will appear from an examination of +the measurements of vertebræ given on page 75. It is evident that the specimens +of <i>bairdii</i> are far more massive in all parts of the skeleton than the specimen of +<i>arnuxii</i> there cited. The same relations will be found upon comparing measurements +of the specimen of <i>arnuxii</i> figured by Van Beneden and Gervais.<a class="fn" id="fr_57" href="#fn_57">[57]</a> The +truth appears to be that <i>bairdii</i> is a much larger species, but that the skull is +considerably smaller relatively.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_68">[68]</div> +<h4>SKULL.</h4> +<p>The skull of <i>Berardius bairdii</i> presents many characters by which it may be +distinguished from that of <i>arnuxii</i>, whether adult or young. As compared with +the latter, the rostrum is less massive at the base. The pterygoid has a rounded +extension posteriorly and superiorly, so that the posterior portion of the upper +border of the pterygoid sinus is convex, rather than nearly straight, as in <i>arnuxii</i>. +The exoccipital is larger and broader distally below, and its external surface is +plane or concave, rather than convex, as in <i>arnuxii</i>. The distal end of the zygomatic +process is much more incurved. The nasal bones instead of presenting +lateral extensions have nearly straight sides. The vomer is deeply emarginate at +the base of the skull posteriorly where it rests against the presphenoid. The palatines +extend scarcely or not at all in front of the pterygoids. The foregoing differences +will readily be seen by comparing the figures on Pls. 26-29 with those of the +type of <i>B. arnuxii</i> given in Van Beneden and Gervais’s Osteography, plate 23.</p> +<p>The following are dimensions of skulls of both species:</p> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of five skulls of Berardius bairdii (including the type) and of three skulls of B. arnuxii.</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column headings:</dt> +<dd><i>B. arnuxii.</i></dd> +<dd class="t">A: New Brighton, New Zealand (Flower). No. 3.</dd> +<dd class="t">B: New Zealand (V. B. and Gerv.). (Type). (<sup class="tr">a</sup>)</dd> +<dd class="t">C: 21511, U.S.N.M., New Zealand, young.</dd> +<dd><i>B. bairdii.</i></dd> +<dd class="t">D: 49726, St. George Island, female, adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">E: 49725, Centerville, California, male(?) adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">F: 20992, Bering Island, (Type).</dd> +<dd class="t">G: 49727, St. George Island, male, young.</dd> +<dd class="t">H: Mounted skull, Bering Island(?) (Grebnitzki?).</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th></th><th>A</th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th><th>E</th><th>F</th><th>G</th><th>H</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total length of skull</td><td class="r">1,372</td><td class="r">1,392</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>1,174</td><td class="r">1,524</td><td class="r">1,423</td><td class="r">1,378</td><td class="r">1,062(?)</td><td class="r">1,474</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height from vertex to inferior border of pterygoids</td><td class="r">533</td><td class="r">494(?)</td><td class="r">493</td><td class="r">563</td><td class="r">544</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">575</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth across middle of orbits</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>625</td><td class="r">684</td><td class="r">577</td><td class="r">766</td><td class="r">682</td><td class="r">662</td><td class="r">530</td><td class="r">[716]</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth across postorbital processes</td><td class="r">686</td><td class="r">748</td><td class="r">606</td><td class="r">808</td><td class="r">722</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">560</td><td class="r">[760]</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth across zygomatic processes</td><td class="r">671</td><td class="r">748</td><td class="r">584</td><td class="r">750</td><td class="r">675</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">520</td><td class="r">[740]</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of rostrum</td><td class="r">919</td><td class="r">894</td><td class="r">800</td><td class="r">960</td><td class="r">925</td><td class="r">880</td><td class="r">578+</td><td class="r">1,025</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of rostrum at base</td><td class="r">399</td><td class="r">414</td><td class="r">378</td><td class="r">475</td><td class="r">420</td><td class="r">428</td><td class="r">310</td><td class="r">429</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of rostrum at middle<sup class="tr">d</sup></td><td class="r">152</td><td class="r">150</td><td class="r">149</td><td class="r">207</td><td class="r">197</td><td class="r">188</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">223</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of premaxillæ</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">....</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of premaxillæ at middle<sup class="tr">d</sup></td><td class="r">91</td><td class="r">90</td><td class="r">101</td><td class="r">120</td><td class="r">119</td><td class="r">115</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">125</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of premaxillæ in front of nares</td><td class="r">208</td><td class="r">210</td><td class="r">189</td><td class="r">235</td><td class="r">217</td><td class="r">238</td><td class="r">187</td><td class="r">239</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth of premaxillæ behind nares</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">246</td><td class="r">193</td><td class="r">215</td><td class="r">195</td><td class="r">181</td><td class="r">165</td><td class="r">197</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from anterior end of premaxillæ posterior end of pterygoids (median)</td><td class="r">1,097</td><td class="r">1,080</td><td class="r">935</td><td class="r">1,185</td><td class="r">1,130</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">720+</td><td class="r">1,187</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from anterior end of premaxillæ to anterior end of vomer</td><td class="r">345</td><td class="r">264</td><td class="r">252</td><td class="r">276</td><td class="r">270</td><td class="r">260</td><td class="r">115+</td><td class="r">307</td></tr> +<tr><td id="Page_69">Length of portion of vomer visible on palate</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">420</td><td class="r">253±</td><td class="r">535</td><td class="r">370</td><td class="r">472</td><td class="r">360±</td><td class="r">450</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of nasals (greatest, median, straight)</td><td class="r">132</td><td class="r">162(?)</td><td class="r">134</td><td class="r">135</td><td class="r">118</td><td class="r">135</td><td class="r">98</td><td class="r">142</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of nasals (greatest)</td><td class="r">102</td><td class="r">180</td><td class="r">125</td><td class="r">119</td><td class="r">97</td><td class="r">105</td><td class="r">90</td><td class="r">105</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of anterior nares</td><td class="r">74</td><td class="r">102</td><td class="r">80</td><td class="r">110</td><td class="r">98</td><td class="r">96</td><td class="r">83</td><td class="r">100</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of foramen magnum</td><td class="r">61</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">72</td><td class="r">85</td><td class="r">82</td><td class="r">84</td><td class="r">83</td><td class="r">71</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth across occipital condyles</td><td class="r">191</td><td class="r">213</td><td class="r">186</td><td class="r">261</td><td class="r">228</td><td class="r">240</td><td class="r">195</td><td class="r">235</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of each condyle</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">75</td><td class="r">123</td><td class="r">104</td><td class="r">108</td><td class="r">83</td><td class="r">98</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of each condyle</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">135</td><td class="r">193</td><td class="r">171</td><td class="r">168</td><td class="r">142</td><td class="r">178</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of mandible</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">e</sup>1,245</td><td class="r">1,236</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">1,334</td><td class="r">1,289</td><td class="r">1,282</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>883</td><td class="r">1,360</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of symphysis</td><td class="r">310</td><td class="r">294</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">295</td><td class="r">295</td><td class="r">270</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>145</td><td class="r">310</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height at coronoid</td><td class="r">211</td><td class="r">222</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">271</td><td class="r">230</td><td class="r">223</td><td class="r">175</td><td class="r">245</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from tip of jaw to center of first tooth</td><td class="r">34</td><td class="r">45</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">50</td><td class="r">48</td><td class="r">35</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>22</td><td class="r">60</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from tip of jaw to center of second tooth</td><td class="r">155</td><td class="r">159</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">200</td><td class="r">182</td><td class="r">165</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">f</sup>87</td><td class="r">195</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> From Van Beneden and Gervais figure.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> A little broken at tip.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">c</sup> “Suprafrontal processes of maxillæ.”</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">d</sup> Same point.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">e</sup> “Length of ramus.”</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">f</sup> About 27 mm. lacking from tip of mandible.</dt></dl> +<p>The foregoing measurements indicate a considerable variation in proportions +among the different individuals, but there appears to be nothing that can be fixed +upon in this small series to distinguish the two species by dimensions alone.</p> +<h4>EARBONES.</h4> +<p>The tympanic and periotic bones of <i>B. bairdii</i> (Pls. <a href="#Plate_34">34</a>-<a href="#Plate_37">37</a>) present a number +of characters by which they may be distinguished from those of <i>B. arnuxii</i>. While +of about the same size in both species, the two bones when in the natural position, +viewed from without, are nearly square rather than triangular in outline in <i>B. +bairdii</i>, the superior border of the periotic being nearly parallel with the inferior +border of the tympanic, and the anterior lobe of the periotic being turned down +nearly at right angles with the rest of the bone. The periotic is shorter anteriorly +than the tympanic in <i>B. bairdii</i>, while the reverse is true in <i>B. arnuxii</i>. In the +former species the eustachian canal of the tympanic is wider, the distance between +the outer and inner lips being greater. The involuted portion of the inner lip is +shorter and differently shaped. The groove between the postero-inferior lobes is +wider. The periotic beside having a much shorter anterior lobe than in <i>B. arnuxii</i> +has also a smaller and smoother middle lobe, and the internal auditory meatus is +smaller and more oblique. The dimensions of the bones in the Centerville beach +skull, No. 49725, are as follows: <i>Tympanic</i>: greatest length, 62 mm.; greatest +<span class="pb" id="Page_70">[70]</span> +breadth, 46; least breadth of eustachian canal, 17; height at sigmoid process, 47. +<i>Periotic:</i> greatest length, 66; greatest breadth, 40; height at center of middle lobe, +35; length from tip of anterior lobe to anterior margin of internal meatus, 38.</p> +<h4>TEETH.</h4> +<p>Although all the specimens of <i>Berardius bairdii</i> are more or less incomplete, +two or three of the mandibular teeth have been preserved in nearly every instance; +namely, in the adult female from St. George Island, the left anterior and right and +left posterior; in the immature male from the same island, both anterior teeth; +in the Centerville beach specimen, the left anterior and right (?) posterior teeth; +in the skull from Bering Island formerly regarded as the type, all four teeth; in the +very young skull from Bering Island, the left anterior and posterior teeth.</p> +<p>Taken as a whole, these teeth are not larger than those found in the specimens +of <i>B. arnuxii</i> thus far recorded, but in both species they vary so much on account +of age, or for other reasons, that a comparison of dimensions is unsatisfactory. +The dimensions are as follows:</p> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of teeth of Berardius arnuxii and B. bairdii.</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column headings:</dt> +<dd>A: Greatest height.</dd> +<dd>B: Greatest breadth.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><td class="c">Species and locality.</td><td class="c">Sex and age.</td><td colspan="2" class="c">Length.</td><td colspan="2" class="c">Large tooth.</td><td colspan="2" class="c">Small tooth.</td><td class="c">Remarks.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="c">A</td><td class="c">B</td><td class="c">A</td><td class="c">B</td><td></td></tr> +<tr class="i"><td class="c"><i>B. arnuxii.</i></td><td></td><td class="c">ft.</td><td class="c">in.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Akaroa (Van Beneden. Type).</td><td class="c">Male.</td><td class="r">32</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>90</td><td class="r">90</td><td class="r">66</td><td class="r">40</td><td>From figure.<sup class="tr">b</sup></td></tr> +<tr><td>New Brighton (Haast and Flower).</td><td class="c">Male(?).</td><td class="r">30</td><td class="r">6</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>73</td><td class="r">63</td><td class="r">47</td><td class="r">31</td><td>From figure.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Port Nicholson (Knox and Hector).</td><td class="c">(?)</td><td class="r">27</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>65</td><td class="r">50</td><td class="r">(?)</td><td class="r">(?)</td><td>From figure.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Locality unknown (Van Beneden and Gervais, pl. 21 <i>bis</i>).</td><td class="c">(?)</td><td class="r">(?)</td><td></td><td class="r">72</td><td class="r">53</td><td class="r">51</td><td class="r">30</td><td>From figure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c"><i>B. bairdii.</i></td><td colspan="8"></td></tr> +<tr><td>49725—Centerville, California.</td><td class="c">Male(?), adult.</td><td class="r">41</td><td>±</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>83</td><td class="r">65</td><td class="r">53</td><td class="r">28</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>49726—St. George Island.</td><td class="c">Female, adult.</td><td class="r">40</td><td class="r">5</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>79</td><td class="r">72</td><td class="r">62</td><td class="r">45</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>49727—St. George Island.</td><td class="c">Male, im.</td><td class="r">25</td><td class="r">0</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>86</td><td class="r">61</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>142118—Bering Island</td><td class="c">Young.</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>50</td><td class="r">37</td><td class="r">31</td><td class="r">31</td><td></td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> Tip more or less acute.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> Van Beneden’s measurements are slightly different.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">c</sup> Tip much worn.</dt></dl> +<p>A description of the teeth of the different specimens of <i>B. bairdii</i> is subjoined.</p> +<p><i>No. 142118.</i>—Bering Island; young (new born?). Anterior tooth conical, +hollow, with thin walls. The lower half of the tooth is filled with a mass of bony +pulp, which is separable. The tooth is widest at the base, and is without any constriction +indicating the formation of a root. Outer and inner surfaces slightly +convex, the latter with several distinct longitudinal furrows, which extend to the +apex. The whole tooth has a thin coating of cement, except the tip, for a length of +about 10 mm., which is more nearly white, and consists, presumably, of dentine. +<span class="pb" id="Page_71">[71]</span> +The tooth is very symmetrical, but rather more convex externally. The apex is +pointed, erect, and a little more convex externally than internally. (<a href="#Plate_39">Pl. 39</a>, figs. 1, 2.)</p> +<p>The posterior tooth is similar to the anterior one, but much shorter and more +blunt, and the longitudinal furrows are about equally distinct externally and +internally. The cement extends nearly to the apex, which latter is very short and +is directed backward.</p> +<p><i>No. 49727.</i>—St. George Island, Alaska; male, immature. Anterior teeth conical, +acute, somewhat unsymmetrical, rather more convex externally than internally. +The internal surface with a deep median longitudinal groove, and others less distinct +on each side near the base. Apex slightly inclined forward and inward, convex +externally, with a single longitudinal groove; nearly flat internally, with, or without, +a groove. Base of tooth for about 17 mm. covered with longitudinal rugosities, +indicating that the root was about to close. It is open, however, the walls of the +tooth at the narrowest point being 8 mm. apart and the cavity filled with dense +bony pulp. The anterior and posterior outlines of the teeth are irregular, being +convex near the base, then slightly concave, and again convex near the apex. When +in the natural position, these teeth protrude about 33 mm., or a little more than +one-third their height, above the alveolus. (<a href="#Plate_39">Pl. 39</a>, figs. 3, 4.)</p> +<p>Posterior teeth lacking.</p> +<p><i>No. 49725.</i>—Centerville beach, California; male (?), adult. Anterior tooth +conical, with anterior and posterior margins as in the last. Apex considerably +abraded and rounded off; not inclined inward or forward. Internal and external +surfaces nearly equally convex, but the former with a broad median longitudinal +groove. Root closed, the base of the tooth for a breadth of about 30 mm. covered +with rounded rugosities. The inferior border slightly convex and the angles +rounded off. When in the natural position, somewhat more than one-half of the +tooth protrudes beyond the alveolus, and the tooth itself is inclined forward and +outward. (<a href="#Plate_39">Pl. 39</a>, fig. 5.)</p> +<p>Posterior tooth quite irregular in form, but the portion above the rugose base +or root conical. Inner surface flat and uneven. Outer surface convex and rather +rugose. The cement covers the whole tooth thickly to within about 5 mm. of the +apex, which latter is short, quite acute, and slightly directed inward. It is convex +externally and nearly flat internally. The basal rugosity or root is conical, thicker +than the rest of the tooth, and unsymmetrical, being somewhat directed backward. +It shows no opening below. When in the natural position this tooth is strongly +inclined forward and outward, and only the tip for a length of 22 mm. protrudes +beyond the alveolus. (<a href="#Plate_39">Pl. 39</a>, fig. 6.)</p> +<p><i>No. 49726.</i>—St. George Island, Alaska; female, adult. Anterior tooth conical, +with the tip blunt, having been so much abraded that the dentine does not extend +beyond the coating of cement. The tip measures 26 by 19 mm. The external and +internal surfaces of the tooth are about equally convex and somewhat rugose without +distinct furrows. The root is thicker than the remainder of the tooth and very +rugose. It is entirely closed below, and the inferior outline is convex. Posterior +tooth much compressed, conical above the root, nearly flat internally and slightly +convex externally. Cement coating very thick and extending to within about 5 +mm. of the dentine apex, which latter is acute and very slightly curved inward and +<span class="pb" id="Page_72">[72]</span> +backward. The root is very unsymmetrical, the posterior portion being much +longer than the anterior. The surface is very rugose, and there is no opening whatever +below. The inferior border is convex, with an emargination near the center. +(<a href="#Plate_39">Pl. 39</a>, figs. 7, 8.)</p> +<p>In the adult skull from Bering Island, which has been mounted and placed on +exhibition, the teeth are fixed in the alveoli so that their entire length and the peculiarities +of the basal portion can not be determined. In general form, however, +they resemble those of the preceding specimen very closely. The anterior teeth +are placed obliquely—that is, so that the anterior margins of the two teeth are +nearer together than the posterior margins. The teeth are also somewhat inclined +forward. The posterior teeth are strongly inclined forward and a little outward.</p> +<p>The anterior teeth are rather concave along the middle internally and convex +externally. The portion above the alveoli is quite smooth.</p> +<p>The posterior teeth are moderately rugose above the alveoli. The whitish tips +of denture are conical, compressed, and rather acute. They extend 6 mm. above +the denture, and are 11 mm. long at their base, and 6 mm. thick.</p> +<p>The anterior teeth protrude about 45 mm. above the alveolus (internally); +their base at the alveolus is from 73 to 76 mm. long, and from 33 to 35 mm. thick. +The posterior teeth extend about 18 mm. above the alveoli (measured vertically +from the alveolus), and the base of the visible portion (measured along the alveolus) +is from 30 to 34 mm. long and from 18 to 20 mm. thick. These teeth have an antero-external +angular enlargement of the cement, so that they are somewhat triangular +in horizontal section. (<a href="#Plate_30">Pl. 30</a>, fig. 3; <a href="#Plate_31">pl. 31</a>, fig. 5.)</p> +<p>The data available are insufficient to enable one to determine satisfactorily +whether the teeth differ materially in size in the two sexes, but it appears probable +that they do not.</p> +<h4>SKELETON.</h4> +<p>While the skeleton of <i>Berardius bairdii</i> (<a href="#Plate_42">Pl. 42</a>, fig. 4) resembles that of <i>B. +arnuxii</i> very closely in most particulars, it presents differences which may properly +be regarded as specific. The vertebral formula of <i>B. arnuxii</i> as given by Flower is +as follows: C. 7, Th. 10, L. 12, Ca. 19 = 48.<a class="fn" id="fr_58" href="#fn_58">[58]</a> +The same formula is given for another +specimen of <i>B. arnuxii</i> by Van Beneden and Gervais, except that the caudals are +17, two being apparently lacking.<a class="fn" id="fr_59" href="#fn_59">[59]</a></p> +<p>Doctor Hector, however, gives a different formula for a third specimen of this +species, namely, C. 7, Th. 10, L. 13, Ca. 17 = 47. He remarks that “extreme care +was taken to secure the whole of the small tail bones.”<a class="fn" id="fr_60" href="#fn_60">[60]</a> +The discrepancy here +shown can not be accounted for at present, but, at all events, none of the formulas +of <i>B. arnuxii</i> corresponds to that of <i>B. bairdii</i>, as derived from the three skeletons +in the National Museum, namely, C. 7, Th. 11, L. 12, Ca. 16+ = 46+.</p> +<p>The number of thoracic vertebræ can be determined positively from the youngish +male from St. George Island (Cat. No. 49727), in which ten pairs of ribs are present, +together with one rib belonging to the eleventh pair. This last is much shorter +<span class="pb" id="Page_73">[73]</span> +than the tenth pair, and there can be no doubt that it really belongs to a terminal +pair. In this skeleton the transverse processes of the eleventh thoracic vertebra +are thick at the free end like those of the tenth thoracic vertebra.</p> +<p>In the adult male from Centerville beach, California, only ten pairs of ribs are +present, but as the tenth is quite as long as the ninth, there is little doubt that an +eleventh pair was present originally. The eleventh thoracic vertebra, however, +has transverse processes longer and more flattened at the free end than those of the +tenth thoracic. It is possible, of course, that the real eleventh thoracic is lacking, +and that this individual had thirteen lumbar vertebræ, but of this there is no positive +evidence.</p> +<p>Only a few of the ribs accompany the skeleton of the adult female from St. George +Island, Alaska (Cat. No. 49726), but there are eleven thoracic vertebræ, the transverse +processes of the eleventh being short and thick, like those of the tenth, with a +distinct facet for the rib at the free end. This facet, however, is directed obliquely +backward and occupies only the posterior half of the free margin.</p> +<p>There is no doubt in my mind that the number of thoracic vertebræ in <i>B. +bairdii</i> is normally 11 and in <i>B. arnuxii</i>, 10. This would ordinarily be of little importance, +as in nearly all kinds of cetaceans a variation of one, or even two, in the +number of thoracic and lumbar vertebræ in different individuals of the same species +is commonly met with. In the present family, however, the number of thoracic +vertebræ shows little variation, and as all known skeletons of <i>B. bairdii</i> have eleven +thoracics and all known skeletons of <i>arnuxii</i> appear to have ten thoracics, it seems +probable that this difference is specific. At all events, it is correlated with a difference +in the form of the vertebræ themselves. As is well known, the transverse +processes of the thoracics in this family undergo a sudden change of form and position +near the end of the series, the elevated processes on the anterior thoracics +being replaced on the posterior vertebræ by others at a lower level on the sides of +the centra. This change takes place differently and on different vertebræ in the +two species under consideration.</p> +<h4>VERTEBRÆ.</h4> +<p>In <i>B. arnuxii</i> the eighth thoracic has no facet at the posterior end of the centrum +for the articulation of the head of a ninth rib and no distinct transverse process, +the tubercle of the rib articulating with a facet on the side of the metapophysis. +In <i>B. bairdii</i> the eighth thoracic is similar, but there is a distinct facet at the posterior +end of the centrum. (<a href="#Plate_32">Pl. 32</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<p>In <i>B. arnuxii</i> the ninth thoracic has a very distinct transverse process on the +side of the centrum, while in <i>B. bairdii</i> the ninth thoracic has a short, slender process +attached to the side of the metapophysis and no facet at the posterior end of the +centrum. (<a href="#Plate_32">Pl. 32</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<p>In <i>B. arnuxii</i> the tenth thoracic is the second one having a distinct transverse +process, and the latter is broad distally and has the articular facet on the posterior +portion of the free margin. In <i>B. bairdii</i> the tenth thoracic is the first having a distinct +transverse process on the side of the centrum. (<a href="#Plate_32">Pl. 32</a>, fig. 1.)</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_74">[74]</div> +<p>There are only ten thoracics in <i>B. arnuxii</i>, as already mentioned, but in <i>B. +bairdii</i> there are eleven, and the eleventh is that which bears the second transverse +process on the side of the centrum.</p> +<p>The foregoing differences amount to this: That in <i>B. bairdii</i> the commencement +of the lower series of transverse processes is pushed back one vertebra, as compared +with <i>B. arnuxii</i>, and that in the ninth thoracic of the former species, which +corresponds to the eighth of the latter species, the metapophysis has a short process +on the side for the articulation of the tubercle of the rib, instead of merely a sessile +facet. Although in other genera of ziphioids these differences would perhaps be +looked upon as individual, since they are constant here they may be considered +specific, at least provisionally.</p> +<h4>SCAPULA.</h4> +<p>In <i>B. bairdii</i> the anterior border of the scapula is narrower than in <i>B. arnuxii</i>, +the anterior ridge coming close to it and lying parallel with it. The acromion is +directed more upward, so that the angle between it and the body of the scapula is +more acute, and the process itself is rather more expanded distally. The coronoid +is inclined a little more downward. The whole surface of the scapula is very +uneven. (<a href="#Plate_33">Pl. 33</a>, fig. 2.)</p> +<h4>HUMERUS AND ULNA.</h4> +<p>The humerus is shorter than in <i>B. arnuxii</i> and broader distally, and much more +recurved on the ulnar side. The ulna is much broader distally and its whole shape +is different. (<a href="#Plate_33">Pl. 33</a>, figs. 3 and 4.)</p> +<h4>CHEVRONS.</h4> +<p>As the skeleton of the typical form <i>arnuxii</i> has been described in considerable +detail and accurately figured by Flower and by Van Beneden and Gervais, it is +not considered necessary to give a complete description of that of <i>bairdii</i> in this +place. The entire skeleton and many of the separate bones are figured in Pls. +<a href="#Plate_42">42</a>, <a href="#Plate_32">32</a>, and <a href="#Plate_33">33</a>. The phalanges are lacking altogether, or are incompletely represented, +in the various skeletons of <i>bairdii</i>, and for that reason the phalangeal formula +can not be given. The chevrons number ten in the skeleton from Centerville +beach, California (Cat. No. 49725). Both Flower and Van Beneden and +Gervais give nine chevrons as the number for the skeleton of <i>arnuxii</i> in the Hunterian +Museum, London, but the latter authors have added a tenth in outline in +the figure of the skeleton of that species which is in the Paris Museum. Ten are +mentioned by Hector as the correct number for the skeleton of <i>arnuxii</i> from Wellington +Harbor examined by him.<a class="fn" id="fr_61" href="#fn_61">[61]</a></p> +<h4>STERNUM.</h4> +<p>The sternum of <i>bairdii</i> (<a href="#Plate_32">Pl. 32</a>, fig. 2) consists of five segments and does not +offer characters by which to distinguish it from that of <i>arnuxii</i>. In the former +species the first eight pairs of ribs possess distinct heads and tubercles; the tubercle +is rudimentary in the ninth pair and absent in the tenth and eleventh.</p> +<p>The dimensions of the three skeletons of <i>bairdii</i> and of that of <i>arnuxii</i> described +by Flower are as follows:</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_75">[75]</div> +<p class="center"><i>Dimensions of one skeleton of Berardius arnuxii and three skeletons of B. bairdii.</i></p> +<dl class="undent"><dt>Column Headings:</dt> +<dd><i>B. arnuxii.</i></dd> +<dd class="t">B: New Brighton, New Zealand, 1868, (Flower). No. 3.</dd> +<dd><i>B. bairdii.</i></dd> +<dd class="t">C: 49726 St. George Island, Alaska, female adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">D: 49725 Centerville, California, male(?) adult.</dd> +<dd class="t">E: 49727 St. George Island, Alaska, male young.</dd></dl> +<table class="center"> +<tr><th></th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th><th>E</th></tr> +<tr class="i"><td></td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td><td class="c">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of centra of seven cervicals (inferior)</td><td class="r">254</td><td class="r">375</td><td class="r">310</td><td class="r">250</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Atlas:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Breadth</span></td><td class="r">292</td><td class="r">362</td><td class="r">341</td><td class="r">280</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">339</td><td class="r">321</td><td class="r">270</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Fourth cervical:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>254</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>249</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>191</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>243</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>197</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">b</sup>173</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">36</td><td class="r">47</td><td class="r">34</td><td class="r">30</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Seventh cervical:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">310</td><td class="r">270</td><td class="r">198</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">241</td><td class="r">257</td><td class="r">235</td><td class="r">177</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">46</td><td class="r">58</td><td class="r">49</td><td class="r">42</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">First thoracic:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">391</td><td class="r">390</td><td class="r">255</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">310</td><td class="r">290</td><td class="r">240</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">58</td><td class="r">84</td><td class="r">68</td><td class="r">51</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Ninth thoracic:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">508</td><td class="r">478</td><td class="r">333</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">318</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">c</sup>218</td><td class="r">198</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">152</td><td class="r">190</td><td class="r">176</td><td class="r">128</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">First lumbar:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">585</td><td class="r">540</td><td class="r">359</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">626</td><td class="r">575</td><td class="r">340</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">163</td><td class="r">228</td><td class="r">215</td><td class="r">150</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Sixth lumbar:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">713</td><td class="r">642</td><td class="r">427</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">590</td><td class="r">572</td><td class="r">362</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">206</td><td class="r">273</td><td class="r">243</td><td class="r">172</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">First caudal:</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">800</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>658</td><td class="r">427</td></tr> +<tr><td>Greatest breadth</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">577</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>511</td><td class="r">360</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Length of centrum</span></td><td class="r">246</td><td class="r">338</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">d</sup>280</td><td class="r">200</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">Ninth caudal:</td><td class="r"></td><td class="r"></td><td class="r"></td><td class="r"></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest height</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">422</td><td class="r">335</td><td class="r">288</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="hst">Greatest breadth</span></td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">243</td><td class="r">194</td><td class="r">191</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of centrum</td><td class="r">168</td><td class="r">241</td><td class="r">194</td><td class="r">160</td></tr> +<tr><td>Eleventh caudal, length of centrum</td><td class="r">104</td><td class="r">180</td><td class="r">156</td><td class="r">142</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of scapula</td><td class="r">503</td><td class="r">710</td><td class="r">670</td><td class="r">395</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of scapula</td><td class="r">356</td><td class="r">490</td><td class="r">445</td><td class="r">280</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of humerus</td><td class="r">274</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">340</td><td class="r">248</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of humerus at distal end</td><td class="r">109</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">170</td><td class="r">115</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of radius</td><td class="r">295</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r"><sup class="tr">a</sup>380</td><td class="r">220</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of radius at distal end</td><td class="r">84</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">140</td><td class="r">88</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of ulna (incl. olecranon)</td><td class="r">323</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">241</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of ulna at distal end</td><td class="r">79</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">71</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of sternum</td><td class="r">1,143</td><td class="r">1,455</td><td class="r">1,530</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breadth of first segment of sternum</td><td class="r">325</td><td class="r">375</td><td class="r">495</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of first rib (straight)</td><td class="r">457</td><td class="r">543</td><td class="r">505</td><td class="r">323</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of fifth rib (straight)</td><td class="r">991</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of tenth rib (straight)</td><td class="r">737</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td><td class="r">...</td></tr> +</table> +<dl class="undent"><dt><sup class="tr">a</sup> Median.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">b</sup> Inferior.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">c</sup> Process aborted on one side.</dt> +<dt><sup class="tr">d</sup> Second.</dt></dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_76">[76]</div> +<h2 id="c12"><br /><span class="small">Genus HYPEROÖDON Lacépède.</span></h2> +<h3 id="c13">HYPEROÖDON AMPULLATUS (Forster).</h3> +<dl class="undent"><dd><i>Balæna ampullatus</i> <span class="sc">Forster</span>, Kalm’s Linnean Travels, vol. 1, 1770, p. 18, footnote.</dd> +<dd><i>Balæna rostrata</i> <span class="sc">Müller</span>, Zool. Dan. Prodrom., 1776, p. 7.</dd> +<dd><i>Hyperoödon butskopf</i> <span class="sc">Lacépède</span>, Hist. Nat. des Cétacés, 1803-4, pp. <span class="sc">XLIV</span> and 319.</dd> +<dd><i>Hyperoödon rostratum</i> <span class="sc">Wesmael</span>, Nouv. Mém. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, vol. 12, 1840, pls. 1, 2.</dd> +<dd><i>Hyperoödon ampullatus</i> <span class="sc">Rhoads</span>, Science, new ser., vol. 15, 1902, p. 756.</dd></dl> +<p>The National Museum has one skeleton of this well-known species, somewhat +imperfect, which is labeled as having been obtained on the coast of Norway, and was +received about the year 1875. Its catalogue number is 14499. This skeleton is +about 19 feet long and has the following vertebral formula: C. 7; Th. 9; L. 9; Ca. +19 (+1?) = 44 (or 45). Eight chevrons are attached to the caudal vertebræ, and +at least two more were present originally. The fifth thoracic vertebra has no facet +on the centrum for the head of the sixth rib, but the latter articulates with a small +facet on the side of the centrum of the sixth thoracic vertebra. The seventh +thoracic has a well-developed transverse process on the side of the centrum. The +ninth rib is shorter and more slender than the others. None of the transverse +processes of the caudal vertebræ are perforated by foramina. These processes end +on the eighth caudal, and the neural spines on the tenth caudal. The free ends of +the neural spines of the thoracic and lumbar vertebræ are all more or less rounded. +The pectoral limbs are incomplete.</p> +<p>So far as I am aware, only three examples of <i>Hyperoödon</i> have been taken on +the coasts of the United States, as mentioned in the list on <a href="#Page_2">page 2</a>. The skeleton +of one of these (from North Dennis, Massachusetts) is in the Museum of Comparative +Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the skull of the second (from Newport, +Rhode Island), which was a female, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of +Philadelphia.<a class="fn" id="fr_62" href="#fn_62">[62]</a> +This skull is represented in <a href="#Plate_32">Pl. 32</a>, fig. 3.</p> +<h2 id="c14"><br /><span class="small">LIST OF SPECIES OF EXISTING ZIPHIOID WHALES.</span></h2> +<dl class="undent"><dt class="center"><span class="large">Genus MESOPLODON Gervais.</span></dt> +<dt><span class="small"><b>MESOPLODON BIDENS (Sowerby).</b></span></dt> +<dd>North Atlantic Ocean; northern France to Norway and Sweden; Nantucket Island, Massachusetts.</dd> +<dt><span class="small"><b>MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS (Gervais).</b></span></dt> +<dd>North Atlantic Ocean; English Channel; New Jersey.</dd> +<dt><span class="small"><b>MESOPLODON GRAYI Haast.</b></span></dt> +<dd>New Zealand and Chatham Islands; Bahia Nueva, Patagonia (Moreno).</dd> +<dt class="pb" id="Page_77">[77]</dt> +<dt><span class="small"><b>MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS (Blainville).</b></span></dt> +<dd>Indian Ocean and South Seas; Lord Howe Island; Seychelles Islands; South Africa; Massachusetts(?).</dd> +<dt><span class="small"><b>MESOPLODON HECTORI (Gray).</b></span></dt> +<dd>New Zealand.</dd> +<dt><span class="small"><b>MESOPLODON BOWDOINI Andrews.</b></span></dt> +<dd>New Zealand.</dd> +<dt><span class="small"><b>MESOPLODON LAYARDI (Gray).</b></span></dt> +<dd>South Seas; New Zealand, Chatham Islands; Australia; Cape of Good Hope.</dd> +<dt><span class="small"><b>MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI True.</b></span></dt> +<dd>North Pacific Ocean; Bering Island and Oregon.</dd></dl> +<dl class="undent"><dt class="center"><span class="large">Genus ZIPHIUS Cuvier.</span></dt> +<dt><span class="small"><b>ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS Cuvier.</b></span></dt> +<dd>Cosmopolitan.</dd></dl> +<dl class="undent"><dt class="center"><span class="large">Genus BERARDIUS Duvernoy.</span></dt> +<dt><span class="small"><b>BERARDIUS ARNUXII Duvernoy.</b></span></dt> +<dd>New Zealand.</dd> +<dt><span class="small"><b>BERARDIUS BAIRDII Stejneger.</b></span></dt> +<dd>North Pacific Ocean; Bering Island and St. George Island, Bering Sea, to Kiska Harbor, Alaska, and Centerville, California.</dd></dl> +<dl class="undent"><dt class="center"><span class="large">Genus HYPEROÖDON Lacépède.</span></dt> +<dt><span class="small"><b>HYPEROÖDON AMPULLATUS Forster.</b></span></dt> +<dd>Arctic and North Atlantic oceans; Mediterranean Sea; southern France; New York Bay, Newport, Rhode Island, and Cape Cod, Massachusetts.</dd> +<dt><span class="small"><b>HYPEROÖDON PLANIFRONS Flower.</b></span></dt> +<dd>Indian and Pacific oceans; Lewis Island, Australia; Province of Buenos Ayres, Argentina, and territories of Chubut and Santa Cruz, Patagonia.</dd></dl> +<h2><br /><span class="small">FOOTNOTES</span></h2> +<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>As this species is well known, the skeleton is not described in this paper. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_2" href="#fr_2">[2]</a>Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 366. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_3" href="#fr_3">[3]</a>Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, 1866-68, p. 318. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_4" href="#fr_4">[4]</a>Idem, vol. 29, 1899, p. 9. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_5" href="#fr_5">[5]</a>Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 357. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_6" href="#fr_6">[6]</a>Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, 1866-68, p. 318. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_7" href="#fr_7">[7]</a>One of the teeth of Sowerby’s specimen is figured by Lankester in Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., new +ser., vol. 15, 1867, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_8" href="#fr_8">[8]</a>Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., vol. 1, 1869, p. 205. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_9" href="#fr_9">[9]</a>Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 771. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_10" href="#fr_10">[10]</a>Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. 17, Feb., 1893, p. 42; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 11, 1893, p. 275. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_11" href="#fr_11">[11]</a>Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, 1804, p. 310. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_12" href="#fr_12">[12]</a>Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, no. 3. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_13" href="#fr_13">[13]</a>The external margin is broken at this point. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_14" href="#fr_14">[14]</a>Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 11, 1893, p. 277. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_15" href="#fr_15">[15]</a>Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, pp. 27, 28. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_16" href="#fr_16">[16]</a>Trans. Zoöl. Soc. London, vol. 10, 1878, p. 418. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_17" href="#fr_17">[17]</a>Second ed., plate 40, fig. 4. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_18" href="#fr_18">[18]</a>Plate 25, fig. 2. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_19" href="#fr_19">[19]</a>Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1896, pp. 363-370, fig. 3 (tooth, nat. size); fig. 4 (sternum). +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_20" href="#fr_20">[20]</a>Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 10, 1866, p. 177. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_21" href="#fr_21">[21]</a>Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. 41, 1888, p. 117. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_22" href="#fr_22">[22]</a>Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 359. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_23" href="#fr_23">[23]</a>Ostéographie, plate 24. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_24" href="#fr_24">[24]</a>Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, p. 32, fig. 12. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_25" href="#fr_25">[25]</a>Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 10, 1888-89, p. 13. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_26" href="#fr_26">[26]</a>Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 357. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_27" href="#fr_27">[27]</a>Journ. Anat. Phys., vol. 20, pl. 4, figs. 2 and 3, Oct. 1885. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_28" href="#fr_28">[28]</a>Idem, pl. 4, fig. 1. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_29" href="#fr_29">[29]</a>Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 6, vol. 1, pp. 216-225, pls. 1, 2 (skull); two text-figs. (tooth). +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_30" href="#fr_30">[30]</a>“The slight differences pointed out by Mr. True appear to be individual or local rather than specific.” +(<span class="sc">Van Beneden</span>, Les Ziphioïdes des mers d’Europe, 1888, p. 100.) See also <span class="sc">James A. Grieg</span>, +Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1897, No. 5, p. 19. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_31" href="#fr_31">[31]</a>Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, 1885, p. 585. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_32" href="#fr_32">[32]</a>Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., vol. 15, 1867, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_33" href="#fr_33">[33]</a>Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, p. 26, fig. 10. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_34" href="#fr_34">[34]</a>Sci. Results of the Voy. of the <i>Challenger</i>, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 4, Bones of Cetacea, 1880, p. 13. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_35" href="#fr_35">[35]</a>See the following: +<dl> +<dt><span class="sc">Turner</span>, W.—Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 769.</dt> +<dt><span class="sc">Flower</span>, W. H.—Proc. Zoöl. Soc. London, 1876, p. 477.</dt> +<dt><span class="sc">Fischer</span>, P.—Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 35, 1881, p. 113.</dt> +<dt><span class="sc">Van Beneden</span>, P. J.—Les Ziphioïdes des Mers d’Europe, 1888, p. 82.</dt> +</dl> +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_36" href="#fr_36">[36]</a>An +immature male might, of course, present the characters of the female, but in the former case +the teeth would be open at the roots and but slightly, if at all, coated with cement. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_37" href="#fr_37">[37]</a>As to reasons for assigning sexes thus, see <a href="#Page_55">p. 55</a>. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_38" href="#fr_38">[38]</a>Cope’s original description of this species was as follows: +<p class="fncont">“Hyperodon semijunctus, sp. nov. The question whether a Hyperodon visits this side of the Atlantic, +has at length been solved by the description which I have received through Dr. Alexander Wilcocks +of this city, of a species taken in Charleston Harbor. This is well drawn up by Gabriel Manigault, +who set up the specimen, which adorns the Charleston Museum. The points wherein it evidently +differs from its congeners, the <i>H. bidens</i> and <i>latifrons</i>, are, first, the separation of the four posterior cervical +vertebræ, the three anterior only being solidly anchylosed, instead of the seven, as in the known +species, even in the young, according to Dr. J. E. Gray. Second, the possession of one or more pairs +of ribs added to the flying series, and of two more vertebræ, including ten dorsal instead of nine. +(Nine are given by Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, viii, 188; and Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 419, +for the <i>bidens</i>.) Five ribs are connected with the sternum, of which the anterior articulates with the +seventh cervical by its inferior head.</p> +<p class="fncont">“I extract the following from Gabr. Manigault’s description:</p> +<p class="fncont">“‘The superior maxillary bones are quite pointed in front and widen out toward the base of the +snout. Their lateral edges become developed on each side into a prominent vertical ridge, which is +slightly convex on the outer surface, and the reverse on the inner. These bones, after having widened +out upon approaching the orbits, ascend vertically along with the occipital (the two together holding +the frontal, which is quite perceptible, between them) and form at the back of the head a transverse +ridge, which is quite high and very thick. From my not knowing by what name it was known, I did +not satisfy myself concerning the presence of palatine tubercles. Another peculiarity of the head consists +in the lower maxillary bones being provided each at its point with a single small and very sharp +tooth. These were not noticed during the dissection, owing to their being too much imbedded in the +integuments; they are now, however, quite visible. In the cavity of the skull is a septum of bone +separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum (<i>i. e.</i>, the tentorium). The first rib is very wide and +short, and presents a marked contrast to the others. The sternum is quite flat and wide. The pectoral +fins are small, and have been carefully preserved, with the various carpal and phalangeal bones kept +together by their natural ligaments. As the skeleton stands, the fins consist only of the scapula, the +humerus, the radius, and the ulna, with but few phalanges.</p> +<p class="fncont">“‘The length of this specimen is between twelve and thirteen feet.’” (<i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.</i>, +1865, p. 15.)</p> +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_39" href="#fr_39">[39]</a>The Buenos Ayres +specimen is not included here, as I am uncertain as to its proper interpretation. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_40" href="#fr_40">[40]</a>Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 5, 1873, p. 164, pls. 4-5. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_41" href="#fr_41">[41]</a>Hector also figures a tooth +from a specimen found at Manawatu beach in pl. 5, fig. 3, which is like +those of the Chatham Island specimen in size and shape (diameter 34 mm.), and should belong to a male, +but as he does not figure or describe the skull this can not be used in the present discussion. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_42" href="#fr_42">[42]</a>Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 9, 1876, p. 430, pl. 24, figs. <span class="sc">A</span> and <span class="sc">C</span>; pl. 26, fig. 4. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_43" href="#fr_43">[43]</a>Idem, p. 440, pl. 24, fig. <span class="sc">B</span>; pl. 26, fig. 3. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_44" href="#fr_44">[44]</a>Zool. et Paléontol. franç., 2d ed., 1859, p. 287, pl. 39, figs. 2-7. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_45" href="#fr_45">[45]</a>Anal. Mus. Pub. Buenos Aires, vol. 1, 1868, pp. 301-366, pls. 15-20. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_46" href="#fr_46">[46]</a>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 15. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_47" href="#fr_47">[47]</a>Forest and Stream, vol. 65, 1905, p. 452. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_48" href="#fr_48">[48]</a>Trans. Zoöl. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1871, pp. 203-234, pls. 27-29. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_49" href="#fr_49">[49]</a>See Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc, 1886, No. 4, p. 328. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_50" href="#fr_50">[50]</a>There is, or was formerly, +in the museum of the Alaska Commercial Company in San Francisco a skull of +<i>Berardius</i> 3 feet 6 inches long. The locality in which it was obtained is unknown to me. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_51" href="#fr_51">[51]</a>Science, new ser., vol. 20, 1904, p. 888. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_52" href="#fr_52">[52]</a>At the time this was written +it was not known that there were really four teeth in the lower jaw, but +it is interesting to note that when the mandible was covered by the integuments none of the teeth was +visible in the male, although the individual was 25 feet long, and that only two teeth were visible in the +adult female. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_53" href="#fr_53">[53]</a>Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, pp. 75-77, June 22, 1883. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_54" href="#fr_54">[54]</a>Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, Zoöl., vol. 15, 1851, p. 52, footnote. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_55" href="#fr_55">[55]</a>Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 6, October, 1870, p. 348. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_56" href="#fr_56">[56]</a>Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 338. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_57" href="#fr_57">[57]</a>Ostéographie des Cétacés, pl. 23<sup>bis</sup>. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_58" href="#fr_58">[58]</a>Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1872, p. 223. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_59" href="#fr_59">[59]</a>Ostéographie des Cétacés, p. 615, pl. 23<sup><i>bis</i></sup>. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_60" href="#fr_60">[60]</a>Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 339. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_61" href="#fr_61">[61]</a>Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 339. Hector remarks that in the skeleton studied by Flower +there were twelve caudals with facets for chevrons, but I do not find it so stated in the original account. +</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_62" href="#fr_62">[62]</a>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Dec. 1869, pp. 191, 192. +</div> +</div> +<div class="pb" id="Page_79">[79]</div> +<h2 id="c15"><br /><span class="small">INDEX.</span></h2> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_A"><b>A</b></dt> +<dt>Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +<dt>Agassiz, L., <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +<dd>description of <i>Mesoplodon bidens</i> by, <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dd> +<dt>Alaska, <i>Ziphius</i> from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dt> +<dt>Allen, Dr. G. M., <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +<dt>American Museum of Natural History, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +<dt><i>ampullatus</i> (<i>Balæna</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +<dd>(<i>Hyperoödon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dt><i>arnuxii</i> (<i>Berardius</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_B"><b>B</b></dt> +<dt><i>bairdii</i> (<i>Berardius</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_60">60</a></dt> +<dt><i>Balæna ampullatus</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +<dd><i>rostrata</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dt><i>Berardius</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +<dd>from California, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dd> +<dd>from Pribilof Islands, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dd> +<dd>specimens of, in National Museum, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dd> +<dt><i>Berardius arnuxii</i>, chevron bones of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_74">74</a></dt> +<dd>coloration of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_66">66</a></dd> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> +<dd>external dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_67">67</a></dd> +<dd>size of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_66">66</a></dd> +<dd>skeleton, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_75">75</a></dd> +<dd>skull, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_68">68</a></dd> +<dd>teeth, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> +<dd>vertebræ of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> +<dd>vertebral formula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_72">72</a></dd> +<dt><i>Berardius bairdii</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <b><a class="rp" href="#Page_60">60</a></b></dt> +<dd>chevron bones of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> +<dd>coloration of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_66">66</a></dd> +<dd>description of a young, from Bering Id., <a class="rp" href="#Page_64">64</a></dd> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> +<dd>earbones of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_83">83</a></dd> +<dd>external dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_67">67</a></dd> +<dd>from Bering Island, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_60">60</a></dd> +<dd>from Centerville Beach, Cal., history of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_63">63</a></dd> +<dd>from St. George Island, Alaska, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dd> +<dd class="t">external dimensions of specimens, <a class="rp" href="#Page_62">62</a></dd> +<dd class="t">history of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_62">62</a></dd> +<dd>from Trinidad, Cal., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dd> +<dd>humerus of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> +<dd>original description of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_65">65</a></dd> +<dd>scapula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> +<dd>size of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_66">66</a></dd> +<dd>skeleton of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_72">72</a></dd> +<dd>skeleton, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_75">75</a></dd> +<dd>skull of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_68">68</a></dd> +<dd>skull, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_68">68</a></dd> +<dd>sternum of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> +<dd>teeth of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> +<dd>teeth, description of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> +<dd>teeth, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> +<dd>ulna of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> +<dd>vertebral formula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_72">72</a></dd> +<dt><i>Berardius vegæ</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_60">60</a></dt> +<dt>Bering Island, <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri</i> from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_24">24</a></dt> +<dd>Ziphiidæ from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dd> +<dt><i>bidens</i> (<i>Mesoplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +<dd>(<i>Physeter</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dd> +<dt>Boston Society of Natural History, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +<dt><i>bowdoini</i> (<i>Mesoplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +<dt>Brasil, L., account of type-skull of <i>Mesoplodon europæus</i> by, <a class="rp" href="#Page_24">24</a></dt> +<dt><i>butskopf</i> (<i>Hyperoödon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_C"><b>C</b></dt> +<dt>California, <i>Berardius</i> from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dt> +<dt><i>cavirostris</i> (<i>Ziphius</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +<dt>Clark, Maj. Ezra W., <a class="rp" href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> +<dt>Cope, E. D., <a class="rp" href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> +<dt>Crawford, J. G., <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> +<dd>account of <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri</i> by, <a class="rp" href="#Page_24">24</a></dd> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_D"><b>D</b></dt> +<dt><i>Delphinorhynchus</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dt> +<dt><i>Delphinus densirostris</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_9">9</a></dt> +<dd><i>sowerbensis</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dd> +<dd><i>sowerbyi</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dd> +<dt><i>densirostris</i> (<i>Delphinus</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_9">9</a></dt> +<dd>(<i>Mesoplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dt><i>Dioplodon europæus</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a></dt> +<dd><i>gervaisi</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a></dd> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_E"><b>E</b></dt> +<dt>East coast of United States, Ziphiidæ from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dt> +<dt>Egbert, Dr. J. H., <a class="rp" href="#Page_59">59</a></dt> +<dt class="pb" id="Page_80">[80]</dt> +<dt><i>europæus</i> (<i>Dioplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a></dt> +<dd>(<i>Mesoplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_G"><b>G</b></dt> +<dt><i>gervaisi</i> (<i>Dioplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a></dt> +<dt><i>gervaisii</i> (<i>Hyperoödon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> +<dd>(<i>Ziphius</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_54">54</a></dd> +<dt><i>grayi</i> (<i>Mesoplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +<dt>Grebnitzki, Nicholas, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_60">60</a></dt> +<dt><i>grebnitzkii</i> (<i>Ziphius</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_H"><b>H</b></dt> +<dt><i>hectori</i> (<i>Mesoplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +<dt>Hyatt, A., <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +<dt><i>Hyperoödon</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +<dt><i>Hyperoödon ampullatus</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <b><a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></b></dt> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> +<dd>from Newport, R.I., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dd> +<dd>from New York bay, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dd> +<dd>from North Dennis, Mass., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dd> +<dd>skeleton of, in National Museum, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dd>specimens of, from coasts of United States, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dd>vertebral formula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dt><i>Hyperoödon butskopf</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +<dt><i>Hyperoödon gervaisii</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> +<dt><i>Hyperoödon planifrons</i>, distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +<dt><i>Hyperoödon rostratum</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +<dt><i>Hyperoödon semijunctus</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> +<dd>original description of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_35">35</a></dd> +<dd>type-skeleton of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a></dd> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_J"><b>J</b></dt> +<dt>Jordan, Dr. D. S., <a class="rp" href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_63">63</a></dt> +<dt>Judge, James, <a class="rp" href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_K"><b>K</b></dt> +<dt>Kigan agalusoch, <a class="rp" href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_L"><b>L</b></dt> +<dt><i>layardi</i> (<i>Mesoplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_M"><b>M</b></dt> +<dt>Manigault, G. E., <a class="rp" href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> +<dt>Mearns, Dr. E. A., <a class="rp" href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> +<dd>L. di Z., <a class="rp" href="#Page_32">32</a></dd> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon bidens</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <b><a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></b>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a></dt> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dd>external dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_23">23</a></dd> +<dd>from Nantucket, Mass., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dd> +<dd>mandible of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_6">6</a></dd> +<dd>phalangeal formula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_18">18</a></dd> +<dd>skull of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dd> +<dd>skull, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_15">15</a></dd> +<dd>teeth of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_6">6</a></dd> +<dd>vertebral formula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_15">15</a></dd> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon bowdoini</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon densirostris</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <b><a class="rp" href="#Page_9">9</a></b>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> +<dd>description of exterior of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_10">10</a></dd> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dd>earbones of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_83">83</a></dd> +<dd>external dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_23">23</a></dd> +<dd>from Annisquam, Mass., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dd> +<dd>skull, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_8">8</a></dd> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon europæus</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <b><a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a></b></dt> +<dd>color of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_22">22</a></dd> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dd>external characters of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_21">21</a></dd> +<dd>external dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_23">23</a></dd> +<dd>first record of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a></dd> +<dd>from Atlantic City, N. J., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a></dd> +<dd class="t">history of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_20">20</a></dd> +<dd>from North Long Branch, N. J., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_11">11</a></dd> +<dd>lungs of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_22">22</a></dd> +<dd>mandible of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_14">14</a></dd> +<dd>pectoral limb of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_18">18</a></dd> +<dd>phalangeal formula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_18">18</a></dd> +<dd>ribs of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_17">17</a></dd> +<dd>scapula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_18">18</a></dd> +<dd>skeleton, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_18">18</a></dd> +<dd>skull of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_13">13</a></dd> +<dd>specific characters of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_12">12</a></dd> +<dd>sternum of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_18">18</a></dd> +<dd>stomach of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_22">22</a></dd> +<dd>teeth of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_15">15</a></dd> +<dd>tongue of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_22">22</a></dd> +<dd>type-skull of, description of, by L. Brasil, <a class="rp" href="#Page_24">24</a></dd> +<dd>Van Beneden’s opinion regarding, <a class="rp" href="#Page_12">12</a></dd> +<dd>vertebræ of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_16">16</a></dd> +<dd>vertebral formula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_15">15</a></dd> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon grayi</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon hectori</i>, distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon layardi</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> +<dd>teeth of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_28">28</a></dd> +<dt><i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <b><a class="rp" href="#Page_24">24</a></b></dt> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> +<dd>earbones of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_83">83</a></dd> +<dd>external characters of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_29">29</a></dd> +<dd>from Bering Island, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dd> +<dd>from Oregon, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dd> +<dd>mandible of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_28">28</a></dd> +<dd>skull of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_25">25</a></dd> +<dd>skull, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_29">29</a></dd> +<dd>teeth of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_28">28</a></dd> +<dd>teeth, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_29">29</a></dd> +<dt>Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_O"><b>O</b></dt> +<dt>Oregon, <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri</i> from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_P"><b>P</b></dt> +<dt><i>Physeter bidens</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dt> +<dt><i>planifrons</i> (<i>Hyperoödon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +<dt>Pla-un, <a class="rp" href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> +<dt>Pribilof Islands, <i>Berardius</i> from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_R"><b>R</b></dt> +<dt>Ring, J. H., <a class="rp" href="#Page_63">63</a></dt> +<dt><i>rostrata</i> (<i>Balæna</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +<dt><i>rostratum</i> (<i>Hyperoödon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_S"><b>S</b></dt> +<dt>St. George Island, Alaska, <i>Berardius</i> from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dt> +<dt>Scollick, J. W., <a class="rp" href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> +<dt class="pb" id="Page_81">[81]</dt> +<dt><i>semijunctus</i> (<i>Hyperoödon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> +<dd>(<i>Ziphius</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a></dd> +<dt><i>seychellensis</i> (<i>Ziphius</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_9">9</a></dt> +<dt>Soderman, Captain, <a class="rp" href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> +<dt><i>sowerbensis</i> (<i>Delphinus</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dt> +<dt><i>sowerbyi</i> (<i>Delphinus</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dt> +<dt>Stejneger, Leonhard, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_65">65</a></dt> +<dt><i>stejnegeri</i> (<i>Mesoplodon</i>), <a class="rp" href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_W"><b>W</b></dt> +<dt>Wellander, Capt. Otto, <a class="rp" href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> +<dt>West coast of United States, Ziphiidæ from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_Y"><b>Y</b></dt> +<dt>Yaquina Bay, Oregon, <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri</i> from, <a class="rp" href="#Page_24">24</a></dt> +</dl> +<dl class="index"> +<dt class="center" id="index_Z"><b>Z</b></dt> +<dt>Ziphiidæ from east coast of United States, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dt> +<dd>from west coast of United States, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dd> +<dd>list of existing species of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> +<dd>specimens of, available for study, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dd> +<dd class="t">in National Museum, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a></dd> +<dt><i>Ziphius</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> +<dd>fossil, <a class="rp" href="#Page_4">4</a></dd> +<dd>species of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a></dd> +<dt><i>Ziphius cavirostris</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <b><a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a></b></dt> +<dd>Argentine specimen of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_36">36</a></dd> +<dd>caudal vertebræ of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_42">42</a></dd> +<dd>cervical vertebræ of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_38">38</a></dd> +<dd>chevron bones of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_44">44</a></dd> +<dd>color of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_34">34</a></dd> +<dd>comparison of skeletons of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_36">36</a></dd> +<dd>dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_32">32</a></dd> +<dd>distribution of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> +<dd>earbones of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_83">83</a></dd> +<dd>external characters of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_59">59</a></dd> +<dd>external dimension of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_34">34</a></dd> +<dd>from Argentina, <a class="rp" href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_57">57</a></dd> +<dd>from Barnegat City, N. J., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a></dd> +<dd>from Barnegat City, N. J., history of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_33">33</a></dd> +<dd>from Bering Island, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a></dd> +<dd>from Charleston, S. C., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a></dd> +<dd>from Kiska harbor, Alaska, <a class="rp" href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a></dd> +<dd>from Newport, R. I., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_32">32</a></dd> +<dd>from St. Simon Island, Ga., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a></dd> +<dd>lumbar vertebræ of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_41">41</a></dd> +<dd>pectoral limb of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_46">46</a></dd> +<dd>phalangeal formula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_49">49</a></dd> +<dd>scapula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_45">45</a></dd> +<dd>sex characters of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_54">54</a></dd> +<dd>skeleton, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_47">47</a></dd> +<dd>skeleton of, from Bering Island, <a class="rp" href="#Page_58">58</a></dd> +<dd>skull, age variations in, <a class="rp" href="#Page_50">50</a></dd> +<dd class="t">dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_53">53</a></dd> +<dd>sternum of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_45">45</a></dd> +<dd>teeth, description of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_55">55</a></dd> +<dd class="t">dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_55">55</a></dd> +<dd>thoracic vertebræ of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_40">40</a></dd> +<dd>skeleton, variations in, <a class="rp" href="#Page_49">49</a></dd> +<dd>vertebræ of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_37">37</a></dd> +<dd>vertebral column of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_36">36</a></dd> +<dd>vertebral formula of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_36">36</a></dd> +<dt><i>Ziphius gervaisii</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_54">54</a></dt> +<dt><i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> +<dd>external characters of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_59">59</a></dd> +<dd>from Bering Island, <a class="rp" href="#Page_31">31</a></dd> +<dd>skull, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_53">53</a></dd> +<dd>skeleton of, from Bering Island, <a class="rp" href="#Page_58">58</a></dd> +<dt><i>Ziphius semijunctus</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> +<dd>from Charleston, S. C., <a class="rp" href="#Page_2">2</a></dd> +<dd>type-skull, dimensions of, <a class="rp" href="#Page_53">53</a></dd> +<dt><i>Ziphius seychellensis</i>, <a class="rp" href="#Page_9">9</a></dt> +</dl> +<div class="pb" id="Page_83">[83]</div> +<h2 id="c16"><br /><span class="small">EXPLANATION OF PLATES.</span></h2> +<div class="img" id="Plate_1"> +<h3>Plate 1 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON</h3> +<img src="images/plate_1.jpg" alt="Plate 1 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON" width="669" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon bidens.</i> Skull. Nantucket, Mass. Mus. Comp. Zoölogy, No. 1727. Female, adult. +Dorsal aspect. About ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Extremity of beak defective.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon densirostris</i>? Skull. Annisquam, Mass. Female, young. Boston Society of Natural +History. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Defective on the left side.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_2"> +<h3>Plate 2 SKULLS AND TOOTH OF MESOPLODON</h3> +<img src="images/plate_2.jpg" alt="Plate 2 SKULLS AND TOOTH OF MESOPLODON" width="707" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, +U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, adult. Mus. +Comp. Zoölogy. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Distal portion of beak lacking and right frontal region defective.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. <i>Mesoplodon bidens.</i> Tooth. Nantucket, Mass. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., No. 1727. Nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_3"> +<h3>Plate 3 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI</h3> +<img src="images/plate_3.jpg" alt="Plate 3 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI" width="690" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. +Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Edges abraded; distal end of beak defective.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Skull. Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. +Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Proximal end of premaxillæ defective and right nasal lacking.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_4"> +<h3>Plate 4 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON</h3> +<img src="images/plate_4.jpg" alt="Plate 4 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON" width="642" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon bidens.</i> Skull. Nantucket, Mass. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. No. 1727. +Ventral aspect. About ¼ nat. size. Tip of beak, left pterygoid, and malars defective.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon densirostris</i>? Skull. Annisquam, Mass. Female, young. Boston Society of Natural +History. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Left frontal region defective.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_5"> +<h3>Plate 5 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_5.jpg" alt="Plate 5 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS" width="747" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, +U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. +Zoölogy. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Distal portion of beak lacking, pterygoids, malars, and left frontal and temporal regions defective.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_6"> +<h3>Plate 6 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI</h3> +<img src="images/plate_6.jpg" alt="Plate 6 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI" width="695" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Type-skull. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. +¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Edges abraded; tip of beak, pterygoids, zygomatic processes, etc., defective.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Skull. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. About +¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Pterygoids and left malar defective.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_84">[84]</div> +<div class="img" id="Plate_7"> +<h3>Plate 7 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON</h3> +<img src="images/plate_7.jpg" alt="Plate 7 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON" width="780" height="556" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon bidens.</i> Skull. Nantucket, Massachusetts. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. +No. 1727. Lateral aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Tip of beak, left pterygoid and malar defective.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon densirostris</i>? Skull. Annisquam, Massachusetts. Female, young. Boston Soc. Nat. +Hist. Lateral aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Distal portion of beak defective and warped.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_8"> +<h3>Plate 8 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_8.jpg" alt="Plate 8 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS" width="780" height="639" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, +U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. +Zoöl. Lateral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Distal portion of beak lacking.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_9"> +<h3>Plate 9 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI</h3> +<img src="images/plate_9.jpg" alt="Plate 9 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI" width="780" height="637" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. +Lateral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Premaxillæ, maxillæ, frontals, zygomatic process, etc., defective. On account of these defects +and the immaturity of the individual the forward inclination of the supraoccipital is much +greater than in the skull shown in fig. 2.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Skull. Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. +Lateral aspect. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Proximal end of premaxillæ defective.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_10"> +<h3>Plate 10 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON</h3> +<img src="images/plate_10.jpg" alt="Plate 10 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON" width="574" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Skulls of <i>Mesoplodon</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon bidens.</i> Nantucket, Massachusetts.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon densirostris</i>? Annisquam, Massachusetts.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Atlantic City, New Jersey.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> North Long Branch, New Jersey.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Type-skull. Bering Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">6. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Yaquina Bay, Oregon.</p> +<p class="plcap">Posterior aspect. All figures ¼ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_11"> +<h3>Plate 11 MANDIBLES OF MESOPLODON</h3> +<img src="images/plate_11.jpg" alt="Plate 11 MANDIBLES OF MESOPLODON" width="485" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Mandibles of <i>Mesoplodon</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Figs. </span>1, 2, and 5. <i>Mesoplodon bidens.</i> Nantucket, Massachusetts.</p> +<p class="plcap">3 and 6. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Atlantic City, New Jersey.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Yaquina Bay, Oregon.</p> +<p class="plcap">All figures ⅕ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_12"> +<h3>Plate 12 MANDIBLE AND TEETH OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI</h3> +<img src="images/plate_12.jpg" alt="Plate 12 MANDIBLE AND TEETH OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI" width="622" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Mandible and tooth. ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. The same. Left mandibular tooth. Outer surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. The same. Right mandibular tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">All figures a little more than ⅗ nat. size.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_85">[85]</div> +<div class="img" id="Plate_13"> +<h3>Plate 13 SKELETON AND LUNGS OF MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_13.jpg" alt="Plate 13 SKELETON AND LUNGS OF MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS" width="531" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Atlantic City, New Jersey. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Vertebræ, from right to left as follows: 7th thoracic, 8th thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal. Scale, +1/3.7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Sternum. Anterior aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Left scapula. External surface. Scale 1/3.6 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. Right pectoral limb. External surface. Scale 1/3.7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. Lungs. Dorsal aspect. About 1/8 nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_14"> +<h3>Plate 14 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_14.jpg" alt="Plate 14 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="670" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Skull. (Type of <i>Ziphius semijunctus</i> (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Female, young. +Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Tip of beak slightly defective.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Female, adult. Cat. No. 20971, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. +⅙ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_15"> +<h3>Plate 15 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_15.jpg" alt="Plate 15 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="619" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Skull. Bering Island. (Topotype of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i>.) Female (?), adult, Cat. No. 22069, +U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. Bering Island. (Topotype of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i>.) Dorsal aspect. Cat. No. 21246. +⅙ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_16"> +<h3>Plate 16 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_16.jpg" alt="Plate 16 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="637" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Skull. (Type of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger.) Bering Island. Male (?). Cat. No. 20993, +U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. (Topotype of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i>.) Bering Island. Adult. Cat. No. 21245, U.S.N.M. +Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_17"> +<h3>Plate 17 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_17.jpg" alt="Plate 17 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="618" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Skull. (Topotype of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i>.) Bering Island. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 21248, +U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Male, adult. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. +⅙ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_18"> +<h3>Plate 18 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_18.jpg" alt="Plate 18 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="681" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Skull. (Type of <i>Ziphius semijunctus</i> (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Ventral aspect. +⅙ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_19"> +<h3>Plate 19 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_19.jpg" alt="Plate 19 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="634" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Skull. (Type of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i>.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Ventral +aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_86">[86]</div> +<div class="img" id="Plate_20"> +<h3>Plate 20 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_20.jpg" alt="Plate 20 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="529" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Skull. (Type of <i>Ziphius semijunctus</i> (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. No. 21975, +U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Lateral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Skull. (Type of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. +Lateral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_21"> +<h3>Plate 21 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_21.jpg" alt="Plate 21 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="558" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Lateral aspect. 1/7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. (Type of <i>Ziphius semijunctus</i> (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Posterior aspect. +1/7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. Skull. (Topotype of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger.) Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_22"> +<h3>Plate 22 MANDIBLES OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_22.jpg" alt="Plate 22 MANDIBLES OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="534" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Mandibles of <i>Ziphius cavirostris</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Charleston, South Carolina. (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i> (Cope).)</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Newport, Rhode Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Bering Island. Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. Bering Island. Cat. No. 21248, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">All figures about ⅕ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_23"> +<h3>Plate 23 MANDIBLES OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_23.jpg" alt="Plate 23 MANDIBLES OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="533" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Mandibles of <i>Ziphius cavirostris</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Bering Island. (Type of <i>Ziphius grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger.) Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. About ⅕ +nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Newport, Rhode Island. Symphysis. Dorsal aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. The same. Ventral aspect.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_24"> +<h3>Plate 24 MANDIBLES AND VERTEBRÆ OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_24.jpg" alt="Plate 24 MANDIBLES AND VERTEBRÆ OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="610" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Mandibles and vertebræ of <i>Ziphius cavirostris</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i> (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. +⅕ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. (Type of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. About ⅕ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Barnegat, New Jersey. About ⅕ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. Vertebræ. (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i> (Cope).) From right to left, as follows: 1-3 cervicals, 1st +thoracic, 7th thoracic, 8th thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal. About ¼ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_25"> +<h3>Plate 25 SKELETON OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_25.jpg" alt="Plate 25 SKELETON OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="628" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Ziphius cavirostris</i> (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i> (Cope).)</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Atlas. Anterior surface. Defective on left side.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Sternum. Ventral aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Right pectoral limb. Scapula somewhat defective.</p> +<p class="plcap">About ࡩ nat. size.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_87">[87]</div> +<div class="img" id="Plate_26"> +<h3>Plate 26 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII</h3> +<img src="images/plate_26.jpg" alt="Plate 26 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII" width="780" height="529" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Berardius bairdii.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. About +1/10 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">Frontals and zygomatic processes somewhat defective.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. +Dorsal aspect. About 1/10 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Skull. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">All figs. about 1/10 nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_27"> +<h3>Plate 27 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII</h3> +<img src="images/plate_27.jpg" alt="Plate 27 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII" width="780" height="529" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Berardius bairdii.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">All figs. about 1/10 nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_28"> +<h3>Plate 28 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII</h3> +<img src="images/plate_28.jpg" alt="Plate 28 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII" width="601" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Berardius bairdii.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Skull. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. Skull. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. The same skull. Posterior aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. Type-skull. Bering Island. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Posterior aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">All figs. about 1/10 nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_29"> +<h3>Plate 29 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII</h3> +<img src="images/plate_29.jpg" alt="Plate 29 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII" width="455" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Berardius bairdii.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Figs. </span>1-4. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. Skull. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 29727, U.S.N.M. Posterior +aspect. 1/10 nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_30"> +<h3>Plate 30 MANDIBLES OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII</h3> +<img src="images/plate_30.jpg" alt="Plate 30 MANDIBLES OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII" width="588" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Mandibles of <i>Berardius bairdii</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Bering Island. Adult. (From mounted skull.)</p> +<p class="plcap">Dorsal aspect, 1/10 nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_31"> +<h3>Plate 31 MANDIBLES OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII</h3> +<img src="images/plate_31.jpg" alt="Plate 31 MANDIBLES OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII" width="532" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Mandibles of <i>Berardius bairdii</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. Bering Island. (From type-skull.) Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. Bering Island. Adult. (From mounted skull.)</p> +<p class="plcap">Lateral aspect. 1/10 nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_32"> +<h3>Plate 32 BERARDIUS BAIRDII AND HYPEROÖDON AMPULLATUS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_32.jpg" alt="Plate 32 BERARDIUS BAIRDII AND HYPEROÖDON AMPULLATUS" width="628" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><i>Berardius bairdii.</i></p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Vertebræ. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. The +vertebræ from left to right are as follows: 1-3 cervicals, 1st thoracic, 8th thoracic, 9th thoracic, +10th thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. The same specimen. Sternum. Ventral aspect. About 1/7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. <i>Hyperoödon ampullatus.</i> Newport, Rhode Island. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_88">[88]</div> +<div class="img" id="Plate_33"> +<h3>Plate 33 SKELETON OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII</h3> +<img src="images/plate_33.jpg" alt="Plate 33 SKELETON OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII" width="780" height="543" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Berardius bairdii.</i> Atlas. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. +Anterior surface. 1/7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. The same specimen. Right scapula. 1/7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. The same specimen. Humerus. 1/7 nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. <i>Berardius bairdii.</i> St. George Island, Alaska. Left pectoral limb. Cat. No. 49727. Male, +immature. ⅕ nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_34"> +<h3>Plate 34 TYMPANIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND BERARDIUS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_34.jpg" alt="Plate 34 TYMPANIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND BERARDIUS" width="589" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Tympanic bones of <i>Mesoplodon</i>, <i>Ziphius</i>, and <i>Berardius</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon densirostris</i> (?). Annisquam, Massachusetts.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Yaquina Bay, Oregon.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i> (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> (Type of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger.) Bering Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> Barnegat City, New Jersey.</p> +<p class="plcap">6. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> Newport, Rhode Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">7. <i>Berardius bairdii.</i> Centerville, California.</p> +<p class="plcap">Ventral aspect. Nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_35"> +<h3>Plate 35 TYMPANIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND BERARDIUS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_35.jpg" alt="Plate 35 TYMPANIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND BERARDIUS" width="556" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Tympanic bones of <i>Mesoplodon</i>, <i>Ziphius</i>, and <i>Berardius</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon densirostris</i> (?). Annisquam, Massachusetts.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Yaquina Bay, Oregon.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i> (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> (Type of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger). Bering Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> Barnegat City, New Jersey.</p> +<p class="plcap">6. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> Newport, Rhode Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">7. <i>Berardius bairdii.</i> Centerville, California.</p> +<p class="plcap">External surface. Nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_36"> +<h3>Plate 36 PERIOTIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND BERARDIUS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_36.jpg" alt="Plate 36 PERIOTIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND BERARDIUS" width="489" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Right periotic bones of <i>Mesoplodon</i>, <i>Ziphius</i>, and <i>Berardius</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon densirostris.</i> (?) Annisquam, Massachusetts.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Yaquina Bay, Oregon.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i> (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> (Type of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger.) Bering Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> Barnegat City, New Jersey.</p> +<p class="plcap">6. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> Newport, Rhode Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">7. <i>Berardius bairdii.</i> Centerville, California.</p> +<p class="plcap">Inner aspect. Nat. size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_37"> +<h3>Plate 37 PERIOTIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND BERARDIUS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_37.jpg" alt="Plate 37 PERIOTIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND BERARDIUS" width="528" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Right periotic bones of <i>Mesoplodon</i>, <i>Ziphius</i>, and <i>Berardius</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon densirostris.</i> (?) Annisquam, Massachusetts.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Yaquina Bay, Oregon.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> (Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i> (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> (Type of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger). Bering Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> Barnegat City, New Jersey.</p> +<p class="plcap">6. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> Newport, Rhode Island.</p> +<p class="plcap">7. <i>Berardius bairdii.</i> Centerville, California.</p> +<p class="plcap">Outer aspect. Nat. size.</p> +<div class="pb" id="Page_89">[89]</div> +<div class="img" id="Plate_38"> +<h3>Plate 38 TEETH OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_38.jpg" alt="Plate 38 TEETH OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS" width="547" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Teeth of <i>Ziphius cavirostris</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Type of <i>Z. semijunctus</i> (Cope). Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. +Left tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">3-4. Barnegat City, New Jersey. The two large teeth.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. The same. One of the rudimentary teeth.</p> +<p class="plcap">6. Topotype of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i>. Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M. Bering Island. Left tooth. Outer surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">7. The same. Right tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">8. Type of <i>Z. grebnitzkii</i> Stejneger. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Bering Island. Left tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">9. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">10. Newport, Rhode Island. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M. Left tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">11. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_39"> +<h3>Plate 39 TEETH OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII</h3> +<img src="images/plate_39.jpg" alt="Plate 39 TEETH OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII" width="511" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="center">Teeth of <i>Berardius bairdii</i>.</p> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M. Left anterior tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. The same. Left posterior tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M. Right anterior tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. The same. Left anterior tooth. Outer surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">5. Centerville, California. Male, adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Left anterior tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">6. The same. Right posterior tooth. Outer surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">7. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726. Left anterior tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">8. The same. Right posterior tooth. Outer surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">9. The same. Left posterior tooth. Inner surface.</p> +<p class="plcap">All figures natural size.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_40"> +<h3>Plate 40 MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS AND M. STEJNEGERI</h3> +<img src="images/plate_40.jpg" alt="Plate 40 MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS AND M. STEJNEGERI" width="545" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. Stomach of <i>Mesoplodon europæus</i>. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. +Ventral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. The same. Dorsal aspect. About ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. The same. Perineum. <i>a</i>, penis. <i>b</i>, rudimentary mammary slits. <i>c</i>, anus. About ¼ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. <i>Mesoplodon stejnegeri.</i> Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Head, showing teeth in natural position.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_41"> +<h3>Plate 41 MESOPLODON AND ZIPHIUS</h3> +<img src="images/plate_41.jpg" alt="Plate 41 MESOPLODON AND ZIPHIUS" width="563" height="780" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Mesoplodon europæus.</i> Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Length 12½ feet.</p> +<p class="plcap">2. The same. Dorsal aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">3. <i>Ziphius cavirostris</i> (?). Kiska Harbor, Alaska, 1904.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. <i>Ziphius cavirostris.</i> Newport, Rhode Island. Male, adult. Length 20 feet 1 inch. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M.</p> +<div class="img" id="Plate_42"> +<h3>Plate 42 BERARDIUS BAIRDII</h3> +<img src="images/plate_42.jpg" alt="Plate 42 BERARDIUS BAIRDII" width="780" height="616" /> +</div> +<p class="plcap"><span class="cn">Fig. </span>1. <i>Berardius bairdii.</i> St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Length 40 feet 2 inches. Cat. +No. 49726, U.S.N.M.</p> +<p class="plcap">Ventral aspect.</p> +<p class="plcap">2, 3. <i>Berardius bairdii.</i> Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. +Length about 41 feet. Head from in front and from below.</p> +<p class="plcap">4. The same. Skeleton. About ⅙ nat. size.</p> +<p class="plcap">The pectoral fin is modeled from another specimen. It is on the wrong side in this figure.</p> +<h2 id="c17"><br /><span class="small">Transcriber’s Notes</span></h2> +<ul><li>Retained publisher information from the printed copy (the electronic edition is in the public domain in the country of publication).</li> +<li>Corrected some palpable typos.</li> +<li>Reformatted column headings of tables for readable display on smaller windows (even so, some tables are up to 80 characters wide, and one takes 100 characters).</li> +<li>Resized images from original 8½×11 plates (thus, scale indications in captions are relative).</li> +<li>Created an original cover image for free, unrestricted use with this eBook.</li> +<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li></ul> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44785 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/44785-h/images/cover.jpg b/44785-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..76e342b --- /dev/null +++ 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