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diff --git a/old/44785.txt b/old/44785.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..724ede1 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/44785.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6252 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Beaked Whales of the Family Ziphidae, by +Frederick True + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Beaked Whales of the Family Ziphidae + An account of the Beaked Whales of the Family Ziphiidae + in the collection of the united states museum... + +Author: Frederick True + +Release Date: January 29, 2014 [EBook #44785] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEAKED WHALES--FAMILY ZIPHIDAE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Stephen Hutcheson, +The Internet Archive/American Libraries and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM + Bulletin 73 + + + + + AN ACCOUNT OF THE BEAKED WHALES OF THE FAMILY ZIPHIIDAE IN THE + COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, + WITH REMARKS ON SOME SPECIMENS IN OTHER AMERICAN MUSEUMS + + + BY + FREDERICK W. TRUE + _Head Curator, Department of Biology, U. S. National Museum_ + + + [Illustration: Smithsonian Institution] + + WASHINGTON + GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE + 1910 + + BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM + Issued September 28, 1910. + + + + + ADVERTISEMENT. + + +The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist +of two series, the _Proceedings_ and the _Bulletins_. + +The _Proceedings_, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are +intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and +usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum, +presenting newly-acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthropology, +including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions of limited +groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and distributed to +libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of +each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others +interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of +publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are also recorded +in the tables of contents of the volume. + +The _Bulletins_, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a +series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large +zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in +several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and catalogues of +type-specimens, special collections, etc. The majority of the volumes are +octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which +large plates were regarded as indispensable. + +Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the +botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the _Contributions from +the National Herbarium_, has been published as bulletins. + +The present work forms No. 73 of the _Bulletin_ series. + + Richard Rathbun, + _Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, + In charge of the United States National Museum._ + +Washington, D. C., June 1, 1910. + + + + + TABLE OF CONTENTS. + + + Page. + Introduction 1 + Descriptions of skulls and skeletons of Ziphioid whales 3 + Genus Mesoplodon 3 + Mesoplodon bidens 4 + densirostris 9 + europaeus 11 + stejnegeri 24 + Genus Ziphius 30 + Ziphius cavirostris 30 + Genus Berardius 60 + Berardius bairdii 60 + Genus Hyperoodon 76 + Hyperoodon ampullatus 76 + List of species of existing Ziphioid whales 76 + Index 79 + Explanation of plates 83 + + + + + AN ACCOUNT OF THE BEAKED WHALES OF THE FAMILY ZIPHIIDAE + IN THE COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, + WITH REMARKS ON SOME SPECIMENS IN OTHER AMERICAN MUSEUMS. + + + By Frederick W. True, + _Head Curator, Department of Biology, U. S. National Museum._ + + + + + INTRODUCTION. + + +The beaked whales belonging to the family Ziphiidae are, with the +exception of the bottle-nosed whales of the genus _Hyperoodon_, among the +rarest of cetaceans. Of the three genera _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and +_Berardius_, so far as I have been able to ascertain from published +records, specimens representing about one hundred individuals are known, +and somewhat more than one-half of these belong to the first-named genus. +_Berardius_ is the rarest genus, only about fourteen specimens having +been collected thus far. The U. S. National Museum contains specimens +representing some twenty-five individuals of the three genera, or about +one-fourth of the material at present available. Among these are six +specimens of the genus _Berardius_, or nearly half of all that have been +recorded thus far. + +The most important addition to the knowledge of these whales made during +the last quarter century was the discovery of representatives of the +three genera _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_, at Bering Island, +in the North Pacific, by Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, whereby the known range +of the family was very greatly extended. Two of the forms were described +by Doctor Stejneger in 1883, and the third by myself from a skull which +he collected. About one-half of the material which the Museum possesses +consists of that collected by Doctor Stejneger in Bering Island and that +from the same locality presented by Mr. Nicholas Grebnitzki, Russian +governor of the Commander Islands. + +About six years ago the National Museum received information and +specimens from correspondents showing that the range of the three genera +found at Bering Island extends to the eastern North Pacific, one genus +(_Ziphius_) having been observed at Kiska Harbor, Alaska, another +(_Mesoplodon_) at Yaquina Bay, Oregon, and the third (_Berardius_) at St. +George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska, and near Cape Mendocino, +California. + +On the east and west coasts of the United States the only occurrences of +beaked whales known to me are as follows: + + + EAST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. + + _Mesoplodon bidens_: + Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. 1867. Skull in the Museum of + Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. + _Mesoplodon europaeus_: + Atlantic City, New Jersey. March 28, 1889. Young male. Skeleton, + cast, photographs, and viscera in the National Museum. + North Long Branch, New Jersey. July 22, 1905. Adult female. Skull in + the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. + _Mesoplodon densirostris?_: + Annisquam, Massachusetts. August, 1898. Young female. Skeleton in the + Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History. + _Ziphius cavirostris_: + Charleston, South Carolina. 1865 (?). Young female. Skeleton in the + National Museum. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_.) + Barnegat City, New Jersey. October 3, 1883. Adult female. Skeleton + and cast in the National Museum. + St. Simon Island, Georgia. 1893. Male (?). Known from a photograph; + only a few bones preserved. + Newport, Rhode Island. October, 1901. Adult male. Skeleton and + photograph in the National Museum. + _Hyperoodon ampullatus_: + New York Bay, New York. 1822. Female (?). Not known to have been + preserved. + North Dennis, Massachusetts. January, 1869. Male. Skeleton in the + Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. + Newport, Rhode Island. 1869. Female. Skull in Museum of the Academy + of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. + + + WEST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. + + _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_: + Yaquina Bay, near Newport, Oregon. February 15 (?), 1904. Adult. + Skull in the National Museum. + _Ziphius cavirostris_: + Kiska Harbor, Alaska. September, 1904. Known only from photographs. + _Berardius bairdii_: + St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. June, 1903. Adult female. + Skeleton in the National Museum. + St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. June, 1903. Young male. + Skeleton in the National Museum. + Centerville Beach, near Ferndale, California. October, 1904. Adult + male. Skeleton in the National Museum. + Alaska or California (?). Skull formerly in museum of the Alaska + Commercial Company, San Francisco. + Trinidad, California. January 30, 1905. Not preserved; perhaps not + this genus. + St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. August 21, 1909. Female. + Probably not preserved. Reported by Maj. Ezra W. Clark. + + + + + DESCRIPTIONS OF SKULLS AND SKELETONS OF ZIPHIOID WHALES. + + + Genus MESOPLODON Gervais. + +Of this genus the National Museum has four specimens; namely, (1) a skull +(Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M.) obtained at Bering Island, North Pacific +Ocean, in 1883, by Dr. L. Stejneger, and made the type of the species _M. +stejnegeri_ True; (2) a skull and photographs (Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M.) +of the same species, from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, obtained in exchange from +Mr. J. G. Crawford in 1904; (3) a skeleton, cast, and photographs of a +young male (Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M.), hitherto supposed to represent _M. +bidens_, caught at Atlantic City, New Jersey, in 1889; and (4) a skeleton +of an adult (Cat. No. 49880, U.S.N.M.) from the Chatham Islands, New +Zealand, representing _M. grayi_.[1] + +In addition to this material, I have had the privilege of examining two +skulls belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and hitherto +supposed to represent _M. bidens_, and two skeletons belonging to the +American Museum of Natural History. Of these last, one is that of an +adult and was purchased by the American Museum under the name of _M. +layardi_, but was subsequently recognized to be a new species and was +described by Mr. Andrews, under the name of _Mesoplodon bowdoini_. The +other is that of a young individual, and has been labeled _M. grayi_. + +As already noted by Dr. G. M. Allen,[2] only four specimens of +_Mesoplodon_ have been recorded hitherto from the Atlantic coast of the +United States. These are: + +1. An adult, sex unknown, but probably female, 16 feet long, found at +Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 1867, and recorded by Prof. L. Agassiz.[3] +The skull of this individual is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, +Cambridge, Massachusetts. + +2. A young male, 12-1/2 feet long, captured at Atlantic City, New Jersey, +March 28, 1889. The skeleton (Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M.) is in the +National Museum. + +3. A young female, 12 feet 2 inches long, stranded at Annisquam, +Massachusetts, August, 1898, and recorded by the late Alpheus Hyatt.[4] +The skeleton is in the museum of the Boston Society of Natural History. + +4. An adult female, said by fishermen who measured it to have been 22 +feet long, entangled in pound nets at North Long Branch, New Jersey, July +22, 1905, and recorded by Dr. Glover M. Allen.[5] The cranium of this +individual is preserved in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The rostrum +and mandible, which were originally obtained, were afterwards destroyed +by accident. + +I have examined all this material. Writers who have had occasion to +mention these four specimens thus far have referred them tacitly to +_Mesoplodon bidens_ (Sowerby), but, after a careful study of them, I have +ascertained that while the Nantucket specimen belongs to that species, +the Atlantic City and Long Branch specimens represent _Mesoplodon +europaeus_ (Gervais). This is a very interesting discovery, because the +latter species has been known hitherto only from a single skull, and its +validity has been frequently questioned. The Annisquam specimen, as will +be seen later, presents characters which appear to ally it to _M. +densirostris_. + + + MESOPLODON BIDENS (Sowerby). + + _Physeter bidens_ Sowerby, British Miscell., 1804, p. 1; Trans. Linn. + Soc. London, vol. 7, 1804, p. 310. + _Delphinus sowerbensis_ Blainville, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., 2d ed., + vol. 9, 1817, p. 177. + _Delphinus sowerbyi_ Desmarest, Mammalogie, pt. 2, 1822, p. 521. + + +The only specimen from the Atlantic coast of the United States which can +with certainty be referred to this species is the one from Nantucket +mentioned on page 3. Prof. L. Agassiz's original notice of it is so brief +that it is quoted in full below: + + Professor Agassiz also brought to the notice of the Society the + discovery of a Cetacean, new to America. The skull was exhibited, and + its peculiar features pointed out. It was obtained on the coast of + Nantucket by Messrs. H. M. and S. C. Martin, of Roxbury. It belonged to + the genus _Mesoplodon_, as characterized by Gervais, and ought to be + separated from the fossil _Ziphius_, described by Cuvier. Professor + Agassiz, however, questioned whether _Mesoplodon_ was not identical + with _Delphinorhynchus_, previously described by De Blainville. The + specimen found at Nantucket measured 16 feet in length.[6] + + + SKULL. + +The skull of this Nantucket specimen, which I have before me, is +thoroughly adult. That the specimen is a female is probable from the fact +that the teeth (one of which is preserved), though fully developed, are +only two-thirds as broad and three-fourths as long as those of Sowerby's +specimen (the type of the species), which was an adult male.[7] The skull +is 765 mm. long, and about 30 mm. are lacking from the end of the beak, +so that the original length was about 795 mm. It appears to be, +therefore, rather the largest skull of the species of which there is any +record. The specimen itself, according to Dr. J. A. Allen, was 16 feet 3 +inches long.[8] The largest European skull appears to be the one in the +Edinburgh Museum, described by Sir William Turner in 1872.[9] The length +of this is 749 mm. The specimen was a female, but though the skull is so +large, the mesirostral cartilage was not ossified, and the individual +was, therefore, probably not thoroughly adult. Two other European +specimens, of which the total length was almost identical with that of +the Nantucket specimen, were (1) the adult female obtained at Overstrand, +England, in 1892, and recorded by Southwell and Harmer[10] (length 16 +feet 2 inches, straight); (2) the adult male obtained at Brodie House, +Scotland, in 1800, and recorded by Sowerby[11] (length 16 feet). The +length of the skull is not given for either of these specimens. The adult +male obtained at Rugsund, Norway, in 1901, and recorded by Grieg,[12] was +only 15 feet 1 inch long, but some of the measurements of the skull are +as large as, or even a little larger than, those of the Nantucket skull. +The total length of the skull was not given, as the end of the beak was +lacking. + +Grieg's figures of the Rugsund skull afford a very satisfactory basis for +comparisons between that specimen and the Nantucket skull (Pl. 1, fig. +1). Both skulls show the comparatively narrow frontal region, the +moderately developed tubercle anterior to the anteorbital notch, and the +low maxillary ridge, which are characteristic of the species. In both +skulls the anterior prolongation of the ethmoid is lanceolate and flat, +but in the Rugsund skull the apex is truncated. In the latter also the +posterior end of the mesirostral ossification is divided into three +longitudinal sections by two lateral and somewhat divergent grooves, +while in the Nantucket skull there is only a single median groove. These +differences may safely be regarded as individual. Toward the distal end +the surface of the ossification in the Nantucket is pitted and irregular +and descends much below the level of the premaxillae. It ends distally at +the same point with the vomer. In this skull the proximal end of the +premaxillae and adjoining plate of the maxillae are somewhat less reflexed +than in the Rugsund skull. The shape of the superior margin of the +supraoccipital is alike in both. + +There are no well-defined differences in the relative thickness of the +beak at the base or in the form and position of the visible portion of +the palatines, but in the Nantucket skull the mass of the combined +frontal and lachrymal anterior to the orbit is less rounded and more +triangular than in the Rugsund skull. The temporal fossae also have a +postero-superior angular enlargement not seen in the latter. + +In the Nantucket skull the rostral portion of the premaxillae is high and +at the distal end vertical. The superior profile is somewhat convex, and +the superior free margin rounded proximally, but sharp distally. The +least distance between the free margins is 10 mm. + +The pterygoids are cut off from the maxillae anteriorly by a very narrow +band of the palatine, which connects with a broad band externally and a +lanceolate segment internally. The inferior pterygoid ridges diverge +anteriorly. The broad surface internal to them is concave. The external +border of the pterygoid sinus is nearly straight. An elongated, fusiform +section of the vomer is visible on the inferior surface of the beak at +the middle for a distance of 158 mm., and a small lozenge-shaped section, +ill defined, is visible between the pterygoids and palatines. (Pl. 4, +fig. 1.) + +The expanded anterior end of the malar is rhomboidal in form, with an +external free margin 11 mm. long. Anteriorly it does not form part of the +margin of the anteorbital notch. + +The lachrymal is irregularly oblong, with an external free margin 35 mm. +long and 12 mm. thick. The distance from the anteorbital notch to the +anterior end of the orbit is 60 mm. (Pl. 7, fig. 1.) + +The lateral free margins of the basioccipital are extended posteriorly +beyond the exoccipitals, which is a character indicative of age. + +The supraoccipital has a distinct median ridge, with a longitudinal +depression on each side, bounded externally by a prominent convexity. +(Pl. 10, fig. 1.) + + + MANDIBLE. + +The mandible is slender, with a very elongate symphysis, which measures +237 mm. The inferior outline of the ramus is strongly concave at the +middle and slightly convex posteriorly, while the symphysial portion is +bent upward. The superior outline is concave both behind and before the +tooth, and also immediately anterior to the coronoid process. At about +the beginning of the posterior fourth the outline is convex, and the +mandible at this point is nearly as deep as at the coronoid process. The +superior surface of the symphysis slopes down on each side to the median +line, but each half of the surface is itself nearly plane. (Pl. 11, figs. +1, 2, and 5.) + +The alveolar groove anterior to the tooth is very distinct throughout and +is without septa and open at the bottom. It ends distally in a rounded +aperture 6 mm. in diameter, below which are several small foramina. These +lead to a very large canal which occupies all the symphysial portion of +the mandible, the walls being comparatively thin. Behind the tooth the +alveolar groove becomes narrower gradually and disappears in a length of +about 140 mm. + +The mental foramen is situated in line with the anterior base of the +tooth, and is confluent with a groove which extends forward for about 80 +mm. A rather shallow groove runs along the inferior margin of the +symphysis. + +The coronoid process is erect and rounded, and is joined by a horizontal +ridge anteriorly. + + + TEETH. + +The mandibular tooth, which is shown in Pl. 2, fig. 3, is preserved on +the right side only. Its dimensions are as follows: Length anteriorly in +a straight line, 75 mm.; length from the apex to the posterior end of the +root, straight, 60; greatest antero-posterior breadth, 28; transverse +thickness, 10; height of apex above internal superior margin of jaw when +tooth is in situ,[13] 22; antero-posterior length of base of exposed +portion, 30; distance from anterior end to posterior end of root, 37; +greatest height of the exposed dentine crown, above the cement, 14; +length of the base of the dentine crown, 12. + +This tooth, as already stated, is only two-thirds as broad and +three-fourths as long as that of Sowerby's Brodie House specimen (the +type of the species), which was an adult male, and leads to the belief +that the Nantucket specimen was a female. This is in a manner confirmed +by the Rugsund specimen, which was an adult male and had teeth as large +as Sowerby's specimen. It has to be remarked, however, that in the +Overstrand, England, specimen (1892), which was an adult female, the +teeth did not project beyond the gums. Messrs. Southwell and Harmer say +regarding it: + + The jaws were apparently completely edentulous, and although it was + possible to feel through the gums a slight prominence on either side in + the position of the teeth of the male, we could not by this means + definitely satisfy ourselves with respect to this point, nor were we + able to ascertain the presence of any other rudimentary teeth in either + jaw. The evidence which exists on this subject is favourable to the + view that the female of this species is not provided with any teeth + which are large enough to pierce the gums.[14] + +It is probable that the teeth in the Nantucket specimen, though quite +large, did not project beyond the gums any considerable distance. The +external border of the alveolar groove behind the tooth is only 20 mm. +below the apex of the tooth, and it is not unlikely that the gums in a +specimen of this size had nearly that thickness, so that only the tip of +the tooth would project beyond them. Though the apex is acute, it has a +flat abraded surface anteriorly, which, however, is but 4 mm. long. It +seems probable, on the whole, that the teeth in the female may be quite +large without projecting more than a few millimeters beyond the gums. + +In shape the tooth of the Nantucket specimen is almost identical with +that of Sowerby's Brodie House adult male, as figured by Lankester. The +dentine at the apex is more nearly white than the cement which surrounds +it. The superior margin of the latter is not a plain ring, but sends +upward a papilliform projection on each side. The dentine itself has two +vertical grooves on each side. The root of the tooth ends very obliquely +and is rugose and irregular. The cavity is closed. + +Grieg remarks as follows regarding the structure of the teeth of the +Rugsund specimen: + + Sections and microscopic preparations of the alveolar tooth of this + whale show that its apex consists of dentine, within which is found an + inner pulp cavity 4 mm. long and 1 mm. broad. The dentine, the + structure of which agrees with that which Turner found in _Mesoplodon + bidens_ and _Mesoplodon layardi_, is yellowish white, with the + exception of the part nearest the pulp cavity, which is yellowish + brown. It seems to correspond most closely to what Ray Lankester called + osteodentine. Throughout the tooth the dentine is covered with a very + thin layer of shining white enamel. The enamel is, however, lacking on + the front of the tooth, having probably been worn away. A section + through the middle of the tooth, at right angles with the V-shaped + furrow, shows a yellowish cement layer from 3 to 5 mm. broad, which is, + however, worn away on the front of the tooth. Within the cement layer + is a white, amorphous, calcareous mass, forming a band from 1.5 to 3.5 + mm. broad, which appears to correspond to Ray Lankester's "globular + matter" and Turner's "modified vasodentine." The mass seems to agree + most closely with Ray Lankester's "globular matter," as it has "no + structure excepting an indistinct botryoidal character visible with a + low magnifying power." The core of the tooth consists of dentine, the + inner layer of which is brownish, while the outer is rather whitish + yellow. As above mentioned, the dentine is visible on the front of the + tooth, since both the cement and the amorphous, calcareous mass are + worn away. Moreover, it is clear that on the front of the tooth the + dentine is not covered by enamel. The pulp cavity is reduced to a fine + pore. A section across the root of the tooth shows an outer yellowish + cement layer, from 2 to 5 mm. broad, while the interior of the tooth is + filled with a white, amorphous, calcareous mass, which is interspersed + with thin yellowish lamellae of dentine. Here and there, also, thin + lamellae are seen to extend from the outer cement layer into the white, + amorphous, calcareous mass. The dentine lamellae appear to be identical + with what Ray Lankester calls osteodentine. No pulp cavity is visible + in the root of the tooth.[15] + +The dimensions of the Nantucket skull are given in the following table in +comparison with those of seven European skulls of _M. bidens_. Dimensions +of the Annisquam, Massachusetts, skull are also added for purposes of +comparison, although it represents another species (see p. 9). + + _Dimensions of eight skulls of Mesoplodon bidens and one skull of M. + densirostris (?)._ + + Column headings: + _M. bidens._ + B: Nantucket, Massachusetts, 1867, M.C.Z., female? adult.[a] + C: Scotland, 1872, Turner, female young.? + D: Faeo, Norway, 1895, Grieg, female? young. + E: Shetland, 1881, Turner, male adult. + F: Rugsund, Norway, 1901, Grieg, male adult. + G: Udsire, Norway, 1869, Malm, male (No. 1). + H: Vanholmen, Sweden, 1881, Malm, male (No. 2). + I: Landenaes, Norway, 1895, Grieg, male. + _M. densirostris. (?)_ + J: Annisquam, Massachusetts, 1898, True, female young. + + + Measurements. B C D E F G H I J + mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. + Total length [b]765+ 749 620 743+- ... 733 740 660 [c]622 + Length of rostrum [b]483+ 489 400 ... ... 485 500 410 [c]377 + Tip of beak to [bd]607+ 572 ... ... ... 582 590 517 [cd]466 + end of + pterygoid + Height from 277 241 ... 254 267 272 258 235 248 + vertex to + pterygoid + Breadth between [e]277 286 [f]254 267 292 293 253 [f]260 [278] + orbits + Breadth between 289 292 262 292 295 298 270 268 266 + zygomatic + processes + Breadth at 184 197 170 184 193 187 170 175 [166] + maxillary + notches + Breadth of beak 42 51 38 ... ... 36 46 [g]40 38 + at middle + Depth of beak at 35 ... [h]31 ... ... ... ... [h]33 51 + middle + Greatest breadth 131 127 115 114 116 129 124 122 ... + of premaxillae + proximally + Greatest breadth 107 102 [h]104 102 108 108 100 [h]76 92 + of premaxillae + in front of + anterior nares + Greatest breadth 54 ... 53 ... 53 50 50 50 39 + of anterior + nares + Length of 90 ... ... ... ... ... [h]66 82 + temporal fossae + Breadth between 222 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 208 + temporal fossae + Breadth of 50 ... ... ... 49 56 54 80 46 + foramen magnum + Length of [c]651 [ij]470 543 [i]464 ... 639 640 560 ... + mandible + Length of 237 241 162 ... ... 212 220 160 ... + symphysis + Greatest depth 106 114 92 102 116 110 97 95 ... + of mandible + + [a] The size of the teeth makes it quite certain that it is an adult + female. + [b] End of beak broken off about 30 mm. from tip. + [c] Right side. Add 31 mm. for breakage. + [d] In median line. + [e] At middle. + [f] Between "suprafrontal processes of max." + [g] Grieg's fig., p. 18, shows 44 mm. + [h] From Grieg's fig., p. 18. + [i] "Length of ramus." Length of mandible=699 mm. + [j] In Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 776. + + + MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS (Blainville)? + + _Delphinus densirostris_ Blainville, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., 2d ed., + vol. 9, 1817, p. 178. + _Ziphius seychellensis_ Gray, Zool. _Erebus and Terror_, 1846, p. 28. + + +The skull of the specimen from Annisquam, Mass., (Pl. 1, fig. 2) is, I +regret to say, in rather poor condition. It is broken in the left orbital +region, and all the bones, especially those of the beak, are warped by +weathering. The proximal extremity of the left premaxilla is lacking and +also the tip of the beak. + +The skull is obviously that of a young animal, as all the sutures are +open and the surface of the occipital condyles is pitted, owing to +imperfect ossification. + +Although the dimensions of the skull, with a few exceptions, agree well +with those of young specimens of _M. bidens_, as shown by the foregoing +table (p. 8), certain differences stand out conspicuously. The most +salient of these is the depth of the beak as a whole and the depth and +shape of the rostral portion of the premaxillae. The latter portion of the +premaxillae instead of being low, with a straight inferior margin, is very +high, with the inferior margin strongly convex. At the middle of the beak +the premaxillae are higher than the maxillae on which they rest. It is true +that the shape of the beak varies greatly with age in _bidens_ and other +species of _Mesoplodon_, but I do not find any evidence that such a +change as is here indicated takes place in _bidens_. The form of the beak +and of the rostral portion of the premaxillae is that of _M. +densirostris_. + +The beak is almost as broad at the base as in _bidens_, but the lateral +free margin of the maxilla anterior to the anteorbital notch instead of +continuing along the side of the beak nearly to the tip, as in _bidens_, +ends at a point about 90 mm. in front of the line of the notch, beyond +which the sides of the beak are vertical. + +The margin of the maxilla immediately anterior to the anteorbital notch +is a little damaged, but there was apparently no strong tubercle at this +point, and the surface of the maxilla, though convex, is not raised into +a distinct ridge. In a young skull, however, one would not expect to find +a high ridge. The palatines are visible from above, which is not the case +in _bidens_. + +The maxillary foramen is situated a little in advance of the premaxillary +foramen and is directed forward, and, as Dr. Glover M. Allen has pointed +out, connects with a broad groove which runs forward along the +triangular, horizontal portion of the maxilla at the base of the beak. +The maxillae are much broader behind the notch than in _bidens_, and the +anterior end of the malar forms the bottom of the notch. The premaxillae +are noticeably constricted immediately in front of the premaxillary +foramina, and the expanded portion just behind these foramina is nearly +horizontal, with a low transverse ridge near the middle. The proximal end +of the premaxillae is nearly vertical. The anterior nares are noticeably +small. The foramen magnum is large, with a trifoliate outline (Pl. 10, +fig. 2). The palate at the proximal end presents a median ridge with a +narrow groove on each side. The palatines extend as a broad band much +beyond the pterygoids anteriorly. The vomer is visible below for a space +of 142 mm. near the end of the beak. A very small piece is also visible +at the base of the beak, between the palatines and pterygoids. The +inferior surface of the pterygoids is convex on the side adjoining the +lateral free margin (Pl. 4, fig. 2). + +This skull is peculiar in that there is no very distinct basirostral +groove and that the basirostral ridge, as already stated, extends forward +only about 90 mm. Below this ridge is a shallow broad groove which +narrows rapidly forward and can be traced to the extremity of the beak, +where it broadens out somewhat (Pl. 7, fig. 2). + +While this skull agrees in size and in many of its proportions with +similar skulls of _M. bidens_, it differs from that species and agrees +with _M. densirostris_ in the breadth across the anteorbital region, in +the depth of the beak and its shape at the base, in the shape of the +premaxillae both distally and proximally, in the direction of the +maxillary foramen, and the shape of the maxillary bone in front of the +same, in the occupation of the base of the maxillary notch by the +anterior end of the malar, in the absence of any distinct maxillary ridge +above the notch, in the forward extension of the palatines, and in the +shape of the foramen magnum. + +Flower states that there is a deep basirostral groove in _M. +densirostris_,[16] but neither the figure in Gervais' Zoologie et +Paleontologie Francaise,[17] nor that in Van Beneden and Gervais' +Osteographie des Cetaces,[18] shows such a groove. The conformation of +the base of the rostrum appears to be about the same as in the Annisquam +skull. + +In regard to differences between this skull and those of _M. +densirostris_ it should be stated that in the latter the premaxillary +foramina are situated farther apart, and that the maxillary foramina are +situated considerably in advance of those of the premaxillae instead of +nearly in line with them. + +The Annisquam skull approaches _M. europaeus_ in several characters, but +these are such as _europaeus_ shares with _densirostris_. The principal +ones are the breadth of the maxillae in front of the orbits, the presence +of the malar in the base of the anteorbital notch, and the convexity of a +part of the inferior surface of the pterygoids. + +Dr. Glover M. Allen has given an account of the exterior, skeleton, and +teeth of this specimen, from which the following particulars are +extracted:[19] + + Regarding the Annisquam specimen no color notes were taken, but from a + few small photographs in the possession of the Boston Society of + Natural History, it appears evident that the ventral portion was of a + lighter tint, and in one of the views a few oval whitish spots are seen + on the side a trifle behind the middle portion of the body. Another + view shows the convexity of the posterior margin of the flukes at the + median point, as well as the prominent dorsal fin. The lower jaw + protruded slightly beyond the upper. Measurements of this specimen, as + noted by Professor Hyatt, are as follows: Total length, 12 feet 2 + inches; from anus to bight of flukes, 3 feet 4 to 6 inches; across + flukes, 3 feet 1 inch; from tip of rostrum to angle of mouth, 1 foot + 1-1/2 inches. The gular furrows were noted as about 10 inches long and + from 1/4 to 1/2 an inch deep. + + The teeth of the Annisquam specimen barely projected above the alveoli + of the jaws and are sharply mucronate. The basal portion of each, + however, is more like that of the male's tooth [_M. europaeus_] in the + slightly convex posterior outline and the forward extension of the + anterior angle. * * * + + The Annisquam skeleton has 45 vertebrae. Four of the seven cervicals are + fused. The atlas, axis, and third cervical are firmly anchylosed + throughout, save for the lateral foramina for the passage of the + cervical nerves. The fourth cervical is fused to the third by the + dorsal spine on the left side and by the tip of the upper lateral + process of the same side. Its centrum, right half of the dorsal spine + (the spine is divided medially), and the remaining lateral processes + are free. * * * The epiphyses of the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae + and the anterior epiphysis of the sixth cervical are fused to their + respective centra, but all the other epiphyses of the vertebral column + and of the pectoral limbs are free. + + The Annisquam skeleton has nine dorsal vertebrae with their + corresponding pairs of ribs. * * * The sternum of this specimen + presents few points of interest. It consists of four pieces, the + anterior-most of which is largest, slightly hollowed above, and + correspondingly convex below. The three remaining pieces are nearly + flat, with a deep median notch at the anterior and posterior border of + each. The posterior piece evidently represents a fusion of the elements + of two segments, as there are articular surfaces for two pairs of ribs. + +From the foregoing, it appears that the Annisquam specimen probably had +one or two vertebrae less than _bidens_ or _europaeus_, and that the +sternum was somewhat differently shaped. The tooth, which is figured by +Doctor Allen, is conical, compressed, 54 mm. long, 30 broad at the base, +and resembles teeth of immature _bidens_. + +Although with such scant material it is not possible to determine +satisfactorily the identity of this third species of _Mesoplodon_ in the +North Atlantic, represented by the Annisquam specimen, I feel convinced +that that specimen does not belong to _M. bidens_ and that there is a +strong probability that it belongs to _M. densirostris_. It is true that +the latter species has been found hitherto only in the Indian Ocean and +about Australia, but we know so little about the distribution of the +ziphioid whales that, in my opinion, that circumstance by itself should +not be given very great weight. + + + MESOPLODON EUROPAEUS (Gervais). + + _Dioplodon europaeus_ Gervais, Zool. et Pal. franc., 1st ed., vol. 2, + 1848-1852, p. 4; 2d ed., 1859, p. 289, pl. 40, figs. 3-6. + _Dioplodon gervaisi_ Deslongchamps, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. + 10, 1866, p. 177. + _Neoziphius europaeus_ Gray, Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales Brit. Mus., + 1871, p. 101. + + +This species was based on a single specimen found floating in the English +Channel about seventy years ago. An account of the circumstances under +which it was found was given by Eugene Deslongchamps in 1866, as follows: + + The head, which forms the subject of this last note, was given to my + father some twenty-five or thirty years ago by Mr. Abel Vautier, a + merchant and armorer of our town, who died at Paris two years since. + + The captain of one of Mr. Vautier's ships, on his return from a voyage + to the colonies, saw floating on the water, at the entrance to the + English Channel, the body of a large animal entirely covered by birds + (large and small gulls, etc.), which were devouring it. The ship + approached the stray, and the captain, knowing that Mr. Abel Vautier + was greatly interested in natural objects, had the head of the cetacean + cut off, fastened it securely with a cord, and let it trail behind the + ship. When he arrived at Caen he made a present of it to Mr. Vautier. + The piece had at that time an appearance anything but agreeable. Mr. + Vautier was especially fond of beautiful objects which please the eye, + and hence he offered it to my father, saying, "You, who are an + anatomist, can make better use of this than I can." My father was + unwilling to refuse the present, but neither he nor Mr. Vautier knew as + yet of its extreme rarity. It is in fact, up to the present time, the + only specimen which exists, and is a unique object in collections.[20] + +No additional specimens have been recorded from European waters or +elsewhere, and much doubt has been thrown on the validity of the species, +many zoologists regarding it as an adult of the commoner species _M. +bidens_. Van Beneden remarked in 1888: + + The opinions of naturalists are divided as regards the identity of this + ziphioid, which is unique up to the present time. In the eyes of some + it represents an old male of the common _Mesoplodon_, in which the + tooth, instead of developing near the middle of the jaw, has developed + near the anterior extremity. This is the opinion of Doctor Fischer and + others, who think that this unique specimen represents merely an + individual modification and that consequently it should not figure in + the list of species. We do not share this opinion. It is not impossible + that this ziphioid may belong to the other hemisphere, and this would + explain why only one single individual has been captured in Europe.[21] + +In view of the circumstances surrounding the discovery of the original +specimen, it is of great interest to find that two of the specimens from +the east coast of the United States represent the same species. As one of +them is adult and the other young, the view that the type of _M. +europaeus_ is merely an old individual of _M. bidens_ is satisfactorily +disposed of, as is also the opinion that it represents a singular +individual variation. + +The two American specimens which represent _europaeus_ are those from +North Long Branch, New Jersey (adult female; skull, lacking rostrum and +mandible, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology), and from Atlantic City, +New Jersey (young male; skeleton, cast and photographs in the U. S. +National Museum, Cat. No. 23346). + + + SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. + +The species _europaeus_ differs from _bidens_ in the following characters, +which may be regarded as diagnostic: + +Size larger and pectoral limbs relatively shorter and narrower. + +The expanded portion of the maxillae and frontals broader in front of the +orbit. The protuberance which projects into the anteorbital notch much +larger and the ridge on the maxilla which extends backward from it much +higher. Distance from inner margin of maxillary foramen to tip of +protuberance much more than one-half the distance between the maxillary +foramina of the two sides. Rostrum deeper at the base. Inferior surface +of pterygoids more or less convex, with a ridge (in adults) running +diagonally across it. + +The cranial characters above enumerated are found in the type-skull, as +will be seen by examining the excellent figures in Van Beneden and +Gervais' Osteography, plate 24. + +In Dr. Glover M. Allen's account of the Long Branch specimen[22] it is +stated that the fishermen who measured it reported that it was 22 feet +long, while none of the European specimens (some of which were certainly +adults) was more than 16-1/2 feet long. That the measurement reported by +the fishermen is at least approximately correct appears from the fact +that the skull is larger than that of any of the European specimens. The +beak is missing, so that the total length of the skull can not be given, +but the distance from the occipital condyles to the line of the maxillary +notches (straight) is 312 mm., while in the largest adult among the +European specimens this distance is only 260 mm., and in the thoroughly +adult Nantucket specimen 282 mm. + + + SKULL. + +The Atlantic City and Long Branch skulls also agree in numerous other +details of structure in addition to the foregoing, the more important of +which will now be mentioned. Unless otherwise stated, the type-skull, as +shown by Van Beneden and Gervais' figures,[23] also presents the same +peculiarities in contrast with _M. bidens_. + +_Dorsal aspect_ (Pl. 2, figs. 1 and 2).--The premaxillae are more +depressed immediately in front of the blowhole than in _M. bidens_, +which, with the prominence of the maxillary ridges, makes this whole +region appear strongly concave. The blowhole is narrower absolutely and +also relatively to the breadth of the expanded proximal ends of the +premaxillae, so that while in _bidens_ the breadth of the blowhole is much +more than one-third the breadth across the proximal ends of the +premaxillae, in _europaeus_ it is considerably less than a third. Both +premaxillae are much constricted on the sides of the blowhole and the +effect is heightened by the greater expansion of the proximal ends of the +former. These ends do not fit closely against the adjoining edge of the +maxillae as in _bidens_, but leave a transverse vacuity, or trough, which +is especially noticeable in the type-skull. The anterior end of the malar +bone occupies the bottom of the maxillary notch and a small portion of it +is visible from above, while in _bidens_ it does not extend up into the +notch at all from the inferior surface and is not visible from above. The +posterior margin of the maxillae is more squared in _europaeus_ than in +_bidens_. + +The margins of the beak, formed by the maxillae, instead of being +straight, are somewhat emarginate a little posterior to the middle of the +length and somewhat convex anterior to it, which gives the contour of the +beak, seen from above, a different shape from that of _bidens_. In the +type-skull of _europaeus_ the mesirostral ossification appears to be +higher at the proximal end than the premaxillae, and distally extends to +the end of the beak. In _bidens_ it is lower than the premaxillae and, in +the Nantucket skull at least, ends anteriorly at the same point as the +vomer, or, in other words, much behind the end of the beak. It would +appear from the statements of Sir William Turner, Van Beneden and +Gervais, Grieg, and others, that the mesirostral ossification never +reaches the end of the beak in _bidens_, but it does in _grayi_, +_haasti_, _densirostris_, and many fossil species, as well as in +_europaeus_. + +_Lateral aspect_ (Pl. 8, figs. 1, 2).--The temporal fossae are a little +longer than the orbit in _europaeus_, but a little shorter than the orbit +in _bidens_; in the former the superior margin is flat or a little +concave, rather than convex. The exoccipital extends in an angle farther +forward in _europaeus_, and the suture between it and the zygomatic is, in +consequence, less nearly vertical than in _bidens_. The premaxillae at the +sides of the blowhole are nearly horizontal, so that their superior +surface is little seen from this aspect, while in _bidens_ they slope +downward, so that the whole of the superior surface is visible. The high +maxillary ridge, situated behind the anteorbital notch, is very +noticeable from this point of view, as it shuts off a considerable +portion of the premaxillae. The convex inferior outline of the beak and +its great depth at the base are also salient peculiarities. + +_Ventral aspect_ (Pl. 5, figs. 1, 2).--The anterior ends of the palatine +bones are bifurcated, the inner part being the smaller. The two bones +make but a narrow angle with the median line, instead of a wide one, as +in _bidens_, and the surface of the maxillae between them is strongly +convex instead of flat. This convexity is narrowed at both ends, or, in +other words, is fusiform in shape. No similar conformation is found in +_bidens_, in which the inferior basal area of the maxillae is flat. + +In the young Atlantic City skull of _europaeus_, the vomer is visible as a +small, narrow, club-shaped piece, 68 mm. long. Anteriorly it joins the +premaxillae, which form a prominent ridge in the median line. On each side +of this ridge is a wide and quite deep groove. As the beak is lacking in +the adult North Long Branch skull, its peculiarities can not be made +known. In the type-skull the form is the same as in the Atlantic City +skull, but the vomer does not appear at all on the palate. In _bidens_ +the shape of the inferior surface of the premaxillae at the distal end is +quite different. A very narrow groove runs parallel with and close to the +median line and the whole surface external to it is more or less convex. + + + MANDIBLE. + +The mandible of the Atlantic City specimen of _M. europaeus_ resembles +that of the type, as figured by Van Beneden and Gervais, in the shortness +of the symphysis and in the position of the tooth, which is in advance of +the posterior end of the symphysis. A number of differences, however, +require consideration. (Pl. 11, figs. 3 and 6.) + +In the type, the symphysis, as shown by Van Beneden and Gervais' figure, +plate 24, fig. 2_a_, is a little more than one-fifth the length of the +mandible. The same relative proportion is found in the Atlantic City +specimen, but, as the latter is a younger individual, one would expect +the symphysis to be shorter. The figure of Van Beneden and Gervais gives +the impression that in the type the end of the mandible is broken, and +that, hence, the symphysis is shorter than it was originally. It will be +observed that figures 2 and 2_a_ do not agree as regards the length +between the tooth and the end of the jaw, figure 2_a_ showing a greater +length. In figure 2, however, the jaw seems rather too long for the +cranium, and if the greater length of the symphysis shown in figure 2_a_ +were introduced, it would certainly be so. The explanation of this +discrepancy is not readily found; but one may be allowed to think that +the symphysis is not so blunt in the type as is shown in figure 2. + +In the Atlantic City specimen the superior lateral free margin of the +symphysis is straight, while in the type it is much elevated. This is no +doubt due to difference in age and possibly in sex. The type shows three +or four mental foramina, while the Atlantic City specimen has one large +posterior one and seven smaller ones anterior to it. + +Another peculiarity of the latter specimen is that the coronoid process +is situated much in advance of the condyle, while the angle extends +considerably behind it. In the type both are nearly in line with the +condyle. I am unable to explain this difference. + +In the Atlantic City specimen the axis of the tooth where it emerges from +the alveolus is 91 mm. from the end of the jaw. The portion of the tooth +above the alveolus is 11 mm. long at the base and 12 mm. high. It is +conical and sharp pointed, and is inclined forward and a little outward, +especially at the tip. At the alveolus the transverse breadth of the +tooth is 5 mm. The much larger tooth in the type indicates that that +specimen was a male. + +The mandible of the Atlantic City specimen of _M. europaeus_ differs from +that of _M. bidens_ in the relative shortness of the symphysis, the large +number of mental foramina, the more anterior position of the tooth, and +the direction of the crown, which is forward instead of backward. + + _Dimensions of the type and two other skulls of Mesoplodon europaeus._ + + Column headings: + A: English Channel, type,[a] adult. + B: North Long Branch, New Jersey, female, adult. + C: Atlantic City, New Jersey, 23346 U.S.N.M., male, young. + + + Measurements. A B C + mm. mm. mm. + Total length 762 ([b]) 675 + Length of rostrum 459 ... 427 + Tip of beak to posterior end of pterygoids 561 ... 525 + Height from vertex to end of pterygoids [c]292? 283 256 + Breadth between orbits 327 [d]325 [d]287 + Breadth between zygomatic processes 360 [e]325 302 + Breadth at anteorbital notches 210 205 [f]182 + Breadth of beak at middle 66 ... 60 + Depth of beak at middle 54 ... 40 + Greatest breadth of premaxillae proximally 168 147 142 + The same, in front of anterior nares 111 99 104 + Breadth of anterior nares 51 45 42 + Length of temporal fossae 102 115 101 + Breadth between temporal fossae 228 212 208 + Breadth of foramen magnum 42 34 34 + Length of mandible 654 ... 565 + Length of symphysis 135 ... 116 + Greatest depth of mandible 120 ... 101 + + [a] Dimensions taken from Van Beneden and Gervais' figures. + [b] Beak lacking. Length from occipital condyles to base of beak + (straight), 312 mm. + [c] Pterygoids broken. + [d] At middle. + [e] Estimated. One zygoma is broken. + [f] Least. + + + VERTEBRAE. + +The vertebral formula of three specimens of _M. bidens_ and of the +Atlantic City specimen of _M. europaeus_ is as follows: + + M. europaeus. + Atlantic City C. 7; Th. 9; L. 11; Ca. 20=47 + M. bidens. + Landenaes 7; 10; 11; 19=47 + Faeo 7; 9; 11; 19=46 + Udsire 7; 10; 9; 20=46 + +Although the skeleton of _M. europaeus_ appears from the foregoing formula +to include one less thoracic vertebra than those of _M. bidens_, as the +last pair of ribs present is as long as the preceding ones, an additional +pair probably existed originally. The formula for _europaeus_ would then +be: C. 7, Th. 10, L. 10, Ca. 20 = 47. (Pl. 13, fig. 1.) + +In the Atlantic City specimen all the epiphyses are free. The atlas and +axis are anchylosed together, the third cervical is united to the axis by +the centrum, and on the right side by the top of the neural arch; on the +left side the arch is imperfect and free. The fourth to the seventh +cervicals, inclusive, are all free. The arch is incomplete above in the +fourth, fifth, and sixth, but complete in the seventh. There is a short +neural spine on both sixth and seventh cervicals. The atlas has a broad, +obliquely-truncated inferior lateral process, but no superior process, +while the axis has both inferior and superior processes. The inferior +process is twice as long as the superior process, and both are directed +backward. They do not meet to form a ring. The third to the sixth +cervicals, inclusive, have inferior processes only, that on the third +being long and thin (but developed on the left side only). On the fourth +and fifth cervicals the processes are short and small; on the sixth, long +and broad, and directed downward. The centrum of the seventh cervical has +a broad facet on the side, where the first rib is attached, and an +inferior lateral process thicker than that of the sixth cervical, but +also directed downward. + +It is doubtful whether the foregoing characters of the cervical vertebrae +are of any systematic importance, as there is a very large amount of +individual variation among these animals in the development of the +transverse processes and other details of structure. _M. bidens_, +however, appears to have superior transverse processes on most of the +cervicals which sometimes unite with the inferior processes to form +foramina. In the specimen of _M. europaeus_ under consideration there are +no superior processes, except on the axis. + +Metapophyses are first distinguishable on the diapophyses of the fourth +thoracic vertebra, and on the seventh assume the form of conical +tubercles. On the eighth and following vertebrae they are flat, and are +last distinguishable on the seventh caudal vertebra. Facets for the +articulation of the tubercles of the ribs occur on the diapophyses of the +first to the seventh thoracic vertebrae. On the latter vertebra the first +transverse process appears as a short projection on the side of the +centrum. On the eighth thoracic vertebra, the transverse process is broad +and flat, with the anterior margin bent upward, and is about 48 mm. long. +The base of the neural arch is strongly concave externally. The +transverse process of the ninth thoracic vertebra is similar to the +preceding one, but broader and not bent upward anteriorly. The base of +the neural arch is also concave in this vertebra. The ends of the +transverse processes of the eighth and ninth vertebrae are emarginate for +the articulation of the ribs. A median inferior ridge is first +distinguishable on the seventh thoracic vertebra. + +As far as can be learned from the descriptions of Turner, Grieg, and +others, the thoracic vertebrae of _europaeus_ do not present any marked +differences from those of _bidens_. + +The transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae are short, broad, and +flat, and somewhat curved forward. They are expanded and rounded at the +free ends. The centra increase in length posteriorly, the last lumbar +having the greatest length of any vertebra in the column. The neural +spines increase in length from the first lumbar to the fourth, those on +the remaining lumbars being subequal, but the spine on the ninth lumbar +is a little longer than the others. Median inferior ridges occur on all +the lumbars and are strongest at the middle of the series. The height of +the centrum of the ninth lumbar is 63 mm., width 73, and length 116. The +highest neural spine is 233. + +As above mentioned, the first of the vertebrae counted among the lumbars +may be the last thoracic vertebra, but as there is no indication of an +articular facet at the end of the transverse process it is not so +considered in this place. + +The lumbar vertebrae in _M. bidens_ appears to be more nearly equal in +length than in the present species, but are not different otherwise. + +The spines of the caudal vertebrae decrease rapidly in height posteriorly, +and disappear after the tenth caudal. The transverse processes resemble +those of the lumbars, but are shorter. They are last distinguishable on +the eighth caudal. The transverse process of the seventh caudal is +perforated by a vertical foramen. Similar but much smaller foramina occur +on the sides of the centra of the eighth and ninth caudals. In these +vertebrae the inferior ridges are also pierced by foramina. In the fourth +caudal a ridge appears on the side of the neural arch on a level with the +top of the centrum, and similar ridges are found on the succeeding +vertebrae as far as the ninth caudal. The last ten vertebrae are without +processes or neural arches. + +Sir William Turner states that the caudals of _M. bidens_ are without +vertical foramina, but the figure in Van Beneden and Gervais' Osteography +(plate 22) shows them in the same position as in _M. europaeus_. The +inferior ridges, however, appear to be imperforate in the former species. + + + RIBS. + +The first seven pairs of ribs have both tubercle and head. The first is +nearly as long as the second, and is very broad at the proximal end. In +the seventh pair the head is double, one facet of the rib articulating +with the facet on the posterior margin of the centrum of the sixth +thoracic vertebra and the other with the short transverse process on the +side of the centrum of the seventh thoracic vertebra. The eighth and +ninth pairs of ribs articulate only with the transverse processes of the +eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae, respectively. The ninth pair of ribs, +as already stated, is nearly or quite as long as the eighth, from which +it seems probable that a tenth short pair was present originally. There +is, however, no trace of a facet for the articulation of such a rib on +the end of the transverse process of what appears to be the first lumbar +vertebra. + +The only difference between the ribs of _M. europaeus_ and those of _M. +bidens_ appears to be that the first pair is much longer proportionately +in the former species. + + + STERNUM. + +The sternum presents no differences of importance from that of _M. +bidens_ figured by Grieg,[24] except that the fourth and fifth segments +are anchylosed together, both laterally and transversely, and that the +two sides are symmetrical. (Pl. 13, fig. 2.) + + + PECTORAL LIMB. + +The scapula of _M. europaeus_ presents an entirely different appearance +from that of _M. bidens_ as figured in Van Beneden and Gervais' +Osteography (plate 22). In _europaeus_ the scapula is very high +anteriorly, the anterior border is convex forward and the anterior crest +convex backward, bounding an elongated elliptical area. The posterior +margin is straight. The acromion is short, with convex margins at the +base, beyond which it narrows suddenly and terminates in a straight, +cylindrical process, which is strongly inclined upward. The coracoid is +as long as the acromion, nearly straight and horizontal, but expanded at +the end. (Pl. 13, figs. 3, 4.) + +The phalangeal formula of the Atlantic City specimen of _M. europaeus_ and +those of three Norwegian specimens of _M. bidens_ are as follows (the +metacarpals being included): + + _Phalangeal formula of M. europaeus and bidens._ + + I. II. III. IV. V. + _M. europaeus_, Atlantic City: + Left 2 6 6 3+ 3+ + Right 2 7 6 4(+1?) 4 + _M. bidens_: + Landenaes 1 6(5) 5 4 3 + Faeo 1 6 5 4 3 + Udsire 1 6 6 5 4 + +In _M. europaeus_ the metacarpal of the third digit is much constricted in +the middle. The shaft of the ulna is straight. Except in these +particulars and the relatively small size of the whole pectoral limb, the +latter appears not to differ materially from that of _M. bidens_. As +shown above, the first digit in _M. bidens_ consists of the metacarpal +bone only, while in _M. europaeus_ a phalange is also present. + + _Dimensions of the skeleton of the Atlantic City specimen of M. + europaeus, No. 23846, U.S.N.M._ + + mm. + Length of the seven cervical vertebrae[a] 94 + Length of first, second, and third cervical 45 + vertebrae[a] + Atlas: + Greatest breadth 156 + Greatest height 103 + Height of neural canal 36 + Greatest breadth across anterior articular 96 + facets + Axis, greatest breadth 144 + Seventh cervical vertebra: + Greatest breadth 80 + Greatest height without inferior process 117 + Greatest length of centrum 14 + Greatest height of neural canal 49 + First thoracic vertebra: + Greatest height 151 + Greatest breadth 136 + Height of centrum 37 + Length of centrum 21 + Breadth of centrum (articular surface) 48 + Height of neural spine 61 + Height of neural canal 53 + Seventh thoracic vertebra: + Greatest height 246 + Greatest breadth 116 + Height of centrum 35 + Length of centrum 69 + Breadth of centrum 46 + Breadth between transverse processes 66 + Eighth thoracic vertebra: + Greatest height 246 + Greatest breadth (between transverse processes) 142 + Height of centrum 39 + Length of centrum 73 + Breadth of centrum 47 + First lumbar vertebra: + Greatest height 263 + Greatest breadth (between transverse processes) 215 + Height of centrum (anterior) 43 + Length of centrum 83 + Breadth of centrum 53 + First caudal vertebra: + Greatest height 263 + Greatest breadth (between transverse processes) 207 + Height of centrum (anterior) 65 + Length of centrum 113 + Breadth of centrum 67 + Seventh caudal vertebra: + Greatest height 153 + Greatest breadth 87 + Height of centrum (without hypapophysis) 66 + Length of centrum 84 + Breadth of centrum 70 + Length of last 10 caudal vertebrae 285 + Sternum: + Total length 404 + Length of manubrium 165 + Greatest breadth of manubrium 134 + Depth of anterior notch of manubrium 37 + Scapula: + Length 247 + Depth 161 + Length of acromion [b]44 + Length of coracoid 59 + Humerus, length 107 + Radius, length 110 + Ulna, length 100 + Pelvic bones, length 51 + + [a] Placed in contact. + [b] From the inside, without the cartilaginous tip. + + + HISTORY OF THE ATLANTIC CITY SPECIMEN. + +Regarding the finding of the Atlantic City specimen and its exterior and +gross anatomy, nothing has been published except brief references by Sir +William Turner in 1889[25] and Dr. Glover M. Allen in 1906,[26] taken +from a newspaper report of a communication made by myself before the +Biological Society of Washington in 1889. On that account a somewhat +detailed statement regarding it will be made in this place. + +This individual (Pl. 41, figs. 1, 2) was a male, 12-1/2 feet long. It was +observed by the crew of life-saving station No. 28, near Atlantic City, +New Jersey, on the afternoon of March 28, 1889. It had come inside the +bar which skirts the coast at this point, and was apparently unable to +find its way out. It was captured with some difficulty, after being +wounded in the throat, and was dragged up on the beach near the station. +Later in the day it was carried to the skating rink of Messrs. Johnson & +McShea, at Atlantic City, where it was exhibited until Monday, April 1. +On the next morning it was sent by express to Washington. + +I examined it for the first time in Atlantic City on March 29. It was +then lying on the floor of the skating rink in such a position that the +under surfaces were concealed, and, as the teeth were not visible, I +mistook it for a female. Upon its arrival in Washington, however, where +it could be examined under more favorable circumstances, it proved to be +a male. The following measurements were taken from the fresh specimen: + + _External dimensions of a specimen of M. europaeus from Atlantic City, + New Jersey._ + + Ft. in. + Total length (in a straight line) 12 6 + Tip of beak to base of dorsal fin (along the back) 7 6-1/2 + Tip of beak to base of pectoral fin (along the back) 2 11 + Length of pectoral fin along center 11 + Greatest breadth of pectoral fin 3-3/4 + Height of dorsal fin (in a straight line) 6 + Length of base of dorsal fin 1 2 + Breadth of flukes (tip to tip) 2 11 + Depth of tail 14 inches in front of posterior margin 8-1/4 + of flukes + Tip of beak to angle of mouth 9-3/4 + Tip of beak to eye 1 8-1/4 + Length of eye 1 + Breadth of blowhole 4 + Tip of beak to right angle of blowhole 1 6-1/2 + + + EXTERNAL FORM AND COLOR. + +The general form was slender and elongate. The beak sloped gradually from +its extremity to the forehead, and there was no constriction separating +the beak from the remainder of the head. Behind the blowhole, the outline +of the back commenced at a higher level, but immediately curved slightly +downward, indicating the position of the neck. The line then rose +gradually until the anterior base of the dorsal fin was reached. Behind +the fin the outline sloped downward gradually to the flukes. + +The dorsal fin was relatively small, falcate, and obtusely terminated. +The distance in front of its anterior base was three-fifths of the total +length. Its posterior margin was continuous with the ridge of the back, +which extended to the flukes and terminated abruptly a little anterior to +the middle point of the antero-posterior breadth of the flukes. In front +of the fin the back was rounded. + +The pectoral fins were small and were placed low down on the sides. Their +anterior base was as far removed from the eye (in a straight line) as the +eye was from the extremity of the beak. Their shape was somewhat +different from that of the flippers of _M. bidens_ figured by Sir William +Turner.[27] Their anterior margin was nearly straight throughout; the +extremity was evenly and distinctly rounded off. The posterior margin was +slightly convex in the distal half and straight proximally. + +The conformation of the region of the axilla was quite peculiar. The hard +integument of the posterior margin of the flipper was continued +proximally inward and forward to a point near the head of the humerus. +The triangular area between this stiff edge and the side of the body was +occupied by a thin, soft, wrinkled skin, in the middle of which the +olecranon could be felt. On the side of the body this soft integument +occupied an area nearly as large as the flipper, the underlying thick +layer of blubber ending abruptly, especially below. A depression was thus +formed in which the flippers could be placed so as to be almost in the +same general plane with surrounding surfaces of the body. They are +probably so placed when the animal is swimming. + +The flukes had the general lunate form common to all species of the +order. The posterior margin is not divided in the center. Its middle +third was convex; its lateral thirds concave. In these and other respects +the shape of the flukes agreed closely with Sir William Turner's +excellent figure of _M. bidens_.[28] The antero-posterior breadth of the +flukes was, however, somewhat greater in proportion to their transverse +breadth than is indicated in this figure. The caudal peduncle terminated +above at a point 6-1/2 inches in front of the posterior margin of the +flukes. On this margin were situated three star-shaped white scars, which +appeared to mark the points of attachment of crustacean parasites. + +The margins of the upper jaw were very obtuse posteriorly, the rostrum +being covered with a layer of blubber of gradually increasing thickness. +A depression bounded by gradually converging lines extended 4-1/4 inches +back of the angle of the mouth. + +The inferior surface of the bony palate extended below the level of the +lips, and the sides of the former were visible upon looking into the +mouth laterally. + +The blowhole was large and somewhat unsymmetrically placed, the right +angle being the more anterior. The concavity was forward. + +The eye was situated a little below the line of the mouth and 20-1/4 +inches from the extremity of the snout. + +The external opening of the ear was 2-7/8 inches behind the posterior +angle of the eye, and a little below the line of the lower eyelid. + +The two throat-furrows were of unequal length. The left furrow was 6-3/4 +inches long, and its anterior end was distant 8-5/8 inches from the +extremity of the jaw. The right furrow did not extend quite so far +forward, and was 7-3/8 inches long. + +The furrows converged posteriorly; they were separated by an interval of +5/8 inches anteriorly and 5-1/8 inches posteriorly. Between the anterior +ends of the main furrows was a small one, about an inch long, but it is +doubtful whether this was a natural fissure. I did not observe it when +the whale was in Atlantic City. + +The natural color of the specimen had largely disappeared before I +examined it, but Captain Gaskell and others who saw it while still fresh +agreed that it was very dark slate-gray on the back, lighter on the +sides, and whitish on the belly. I observed that a broad area between the +pectoral fins was slate-gray, and contrasted with the white of the throat +and belly. The whitish color ended somewhat abruptly and irregularly at +the anus, and the flukes, as well as the pectoral and dorsal fins, were +probably very dark slate-gray, or blackish, when fresh. + +The epidermis was exceedingly smooth and glossy throughout. + +The tongue was purplish-white. The roof of the mouth was black, except at +the posterior end, where there was an irregular area of pinkish-white. + +The integument of the roof of the mouth was smooth and shining. Its +surface was convex at the extremity of the beak, but the central portion +was concave, while at the posterior end it was again raised into a +rounded pad. In these respects the shape of the integuments coincided +with that of the underlying maxillae, upon which they were closely fitted. +The sides were rounded, and a shallow groove intervened between them and +the lips. This groove was continued around the roof of the mouth behind, +and formed a demarcation between this part and the oesophagus. + +The tip of the tongue was 7-1/2 inches from the extremity of the jaw. It +was oval in outline, the extremity is obtuse, and it was entirely bound +down. The margin was entire, and not crenulate, as in many dolphins. + +Dorsal and ventral views of the stomach are shown in Pl. 40, figs. 1 and +2; a dorsal view of the lungs in Pl. 13, fig. 5; and of the perineum in +Pl. 40, fig. 3. A description of the gross anatomy is reserved for a +subsequent paper. + +The external dimensions of the Atlantic City specimen of _M. europaeus_ +are given in the following table, together with those of nine European +specimens of _M. bidens_ taken from various authors, and assembled here +for purposes of comparison. The dimensions of the Annisquam specimen +which, as already explained (p. 9), represents a third species, are also +added. + + _External dimensions of Mesoplodon europaeus, M. bidens, and M. + densirostris._ + + Column headings: + _M. europaeus._ + C: Atlantic City, 1889, U.S.N.M. male, imm. + _M. bidens._ + D: Brodie House, Scotland, 1800, (Sowerby), male, adult.[a] + E: Overstrand, England, 1892, (Southwell), female, adult. + F: Dalgety, Scotland, 1888, (Turner), male. + G: Hillville, Kerry, Ireland, 1864, (Andrews), male (?). + H: Hevringholm, Denmark, 1880, (Reinhardt), female, adult. + I: Rugsund, Norway, 1901, (Grieg), male, adult. + J: Saltoe, Sweden, 1885, (Aurivillius), male, young. + K: Landenaes, Norway, 1895, (Grieg), male. + L: Ostend, Belgium, 1835, (Dumortier), female, young. + _M. densirostris?_ + M: Annisquam, Mass., 1898, (Allen), female. + + + Measurements. C D E F G H I J K L M + mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. + Total length 3,810 4,877 [b]4,828 4,597 4,572 [f]4,315 4,605 3,870 3,700 3,450 3,708 + [b]12'6" 16' 16'2" 15'1" 15'+- =13'9" 15'1-1/3" 12'8" 12'2" 11'4" 12'2" + Tip of upper jaw 470 ... ... [c]572 559 602 475 530 500 440 ... + to blowhole + Tip of upper jaw ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 520 ... ... + to eye + Tip of lower jaw [d]889 ... ... ... ... 1,098 1,000 970 930 910 ... + to pectoral fin + Back of dorsal [1,156] ... [e]1,803 ... ... [1,190] 1,590 1,280 [1,130] 1,150 ... + to back of + flukes + Length of base 356 ... 349 324 ... 366 400 340 330 ... ... + of dorsal fin + Length of eye 25 ... ... ... ... 46 40 37 ... ... ... + Length of mouth 248 457 432 ... 343 373 ... ... ... ... ... + (upper jaw) + Length of mouth ... ... 445 349 356 392 ... 320 320 ... 343 + (lower jaw) + Length of throat [f]173 ... 298 ... 254 248 ... ... 300 ... ... + furrows + Distance between 131 ... 241 229 178 157 ... ... 217 ... 254+- + throat furrows + posteriorly + Height of dorsal 152 ... 191 203 ... 209 215 170 160 130 ... + fin + Breadth of flukes 889 ... 1,118 ... ... 994 1,130 1,000 820 680 ... + Flukes to anus ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,290 1,090 [950] 1,000 940 + Length of [g]279 ... [h]546 ... ... [i]392 515 440 380 ... ... + pectoral fin[k] + Greatest breadth 95 ... ... ... ... 131 170 120 115 ... ... + of pectoral fin + + [a] Type-specimen. + [b] Straight. + [c] To center of blowhole. + [d] From tip of upper jaw (curvilinear). + [e] Curvilinear. + [f] Left. The right=192^mm. + [g] Along center. Along anterior border = 292^mm+-. + [h] Along anterior border. + [i] Straight; point of measurement not given. + [j] Along side. + [k] From anterior base, unless otherwise indicated. + + +Since the foregoing account of _europaeus_ was written, a description of +the type-skull, with two excellent photographic figures, has been +published by L. Brasil,[29] of the Caen Museum. A comparison of the +figures with those of the Atlantic City and Long Branch skulls on Pls. 2 +and 8 of the present article, confirms the identification of the latter +specimens with _M. europaeus_. Besides a brief description of the +type-skull M. Brasil's paper contains measurements and two text figures +of the right mandibular tooth, natural size. + + + MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI True. + + _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, p. 584. + Oct. 19, 1885. + + +This species was originally described from a single cranium of a young +individual, which was collected by Dr. L. Stejneger on Bering Island, +Commander Group, Bering Sea, in 1883. With but a single skull, the +characters of the species could not be very satisfactorily defined, and +some European cetologists have been inclined to doubt its validity.[30] +In 1904, however, another skull was obtained by the National Museum, +which made it certain that the species was entirely distinct from _M. +bidens_ or other known forms of the genus. Early in the year mentioned +Dr. D. S. Jordan, president of Stanford University, called my attention +to a small whale, which stranded on the coast of Oregon, 1-1/2 miles +south of the United States life-saving station on South Beach, Yaquina +Bay, near Newport, in February, and proved later to represent the present +species. Doctor Jordan's information was obtained from Mr. J. G. +Crawford, of Albany, Oregon, who wrote him in part as follows, under date +of March 7, 1904: + + Herewith I enclose a stereograph of a head of a member of the whale + family, which I made at Yaquina Bay, Oregon. The animal was 17 feet + long, with fluked tail, soft, smooth skin, blowhole on top of head, and + two tusks in the mandible, but no [other] teeth in the mouth. The tusks + are thin and apparently hollow. Length of head, 32 inches; width, 14 + inches; height, 11 inches; blowhole, 5 inches. Eyes low on head. Width + of mandible [jaw] at end: Upper, 1-1/2 inches; lower, 1-3/4 inches. + Width between tusks, 3 inches. The blubber was about 2 inches thick on + the head. It went ashore about the 15th of February, 1-1/2 miles south + of the life-saving station on South Beach, 2-1/2 miles south of + Newport, Oregon. The head had been severed before I arrived. + +A clipping from the _Oregonian_ newspaper contains the following: + + Albany, Oregon, March 2 [1904]. A peculiar specimen of the whale + variety has been reported on the Oregon coast, near Newport. J. G. + Crawford, of Albany, has just returned from a trip to Newport, where he + made a picture of the head of the strange animal. The body was washed + upon the beach during the recent storm which swept the coast. It is + about 15 feet long. * * * Residents of the vicinity say they have never + seen anything like it on the Oregon coast. * * * On either side of the + mouth are two villainous-looking tusks several inches in length. They + are at the back of the mouth, and extend up to a level with the top of + the upper jaw. They are very wide and flat, squared on top. The mouth + has no other teeth. * * * + + The head is equipped with a blowhole, like that of a whale. The eyes + are very low, almost underneath the lower jaws. + + The body is in a good state of preservation, the flesh having been torn + but little by the birds. + +On receipt of the foregoing information, letters were immediately +addressed to Mr. Crawford and also to the keeper of the life-saving +station at South Beach, Capt. Otto Wellander, asking that, if possible, +the entire skeleton be preserved. Captain Wellander replied that the +whale had not been dead long when washed ashore; that he had tried to +find the body, but that the high tides had either carried it away or +buried it under driftwood. + +The skull when cleaned passed into the possession of Mr. J. G. Crawford, +who sent to the Museum some excellent photographs of it, and also of the +head before the flesh had been removed. Later he sent the skull itself to +the Museum for my examination, and finally very generously presented it +to the Museum in exchange. + +The skull is that of an adult individual, in nearly perfect condition, +with the mandible and teeth. The parts missing are the left malar, the +left tympanic bone, the distal ends of the pterygoids and the proximal +ends of the premaxillae. (Pl. 3, fig. 2.) + + + SKULL. + +The Oregon skull exhibits all the characters included in the original +diagnosis of the species,[31] but two of these, namely, the lack of a +groove in front of the premaxillary foramen, and the vertical position of +the premaxillae distally, I do not at present consider of any importance, +as they are shared by _M. bidens_. The species, as represented by the +Oregon skull, however, presents other characters which clearly +differentiate it from any other species of the genius. As it is without a +basirostral groove, it allies itself in that respect to _M. bidens_, +_europaeus_, and _hectori_. Unlike those species, it has the premaxillary +foramen behind the maxillary foramen, and in this respect resembles +_densirostris_ and _grayi_. Perhaps the most salient characters in which +_stejnegeri_ differs from _bidens_ and all other known species are the +erect position and flat surface of the supraoccipital and the very +prominent backward extension of the frontal plate of the maxilla. This +backward extension is so great that when the beak is horizontal a +vertical line through the posterior margin of the maxilla passes +considerably behind the temporal fossa. The only species which approaches +_stejnegeri_ in this respect is _hectori_, but in the latter the +supraoccipital instead of being flat above the condyles is very strongly +convex. + +Another very marked character of _stejnegeri_ is that the extension of +the lateral free margin of the orbital plate of the frontal, anterior to +the orbit, is equal to the length of the orbit itself. In _bidens_ and +all other known species this extension is only from one-third to one-half +the length of the orbit. Numerous other distinguishing characters will be +mentioned in the course of the following description of _stejnegeri_, +which is drawn from the adult Oregon skull, but modified when necessary +by reference to the type skull from Bering Island. Comparisons are made +chiefly with _M. bidens_, which is on the whole the best known species. + +In the Oregon skull of _stejnegeri_, the breadth between the post-orbital +processes does not exceed the length from the occipital condyles to the +maxillary notches. The skull is, therefore, narrower in proportion to its +length than in any other species of the genus except _hectori_, as +represented by the skull figured by Flower. This skull was, however, that +of a young individual. It is probable that in adults of this species the +skull is broader than in _stejnegeri_. + +In the latter species, again, the length of the brain-case, between the +occipital condyles and the maxillary notches, is just equal to the +distance from the latter point to the distal end of the maxillae, and the +rostrum, including the premaxillae, is much shorter than in other species +of _Mesoplodon_, except _hectori_, as represented by the young skull +above mentioned. + +The foramen magnum is very small, being less in width than the condyle on +either side of it. In this respect it differs widely from _bidens_ and +other species (as far as can be ascertained from the figures available), +except _europaeus_, in which the relative size is about the same. + +The supraoccipital rises vertically above each condyle to the very top of +the skull, being neither convex nor strongly bent forward as in other +species, and especially _bidens_. In the median line, however, while the +occipital bone is flat immediately above the foramen magnum, it is deeply +concave higher up and without a median ridge. The outline of the +occipital crest, viewed from behind, is semicircular. In all the +foregoing characters the occipital region differs widely from that of +_bidens_ and other species. The only close resemblance is found in the +old skull of _europaeus_ from Long Branch, New Jersey, and even here the +sides of the occipital above are far less prominent, their outline is +much more convex, the occipital crest is angular, and the median +depression is less pronounced. + +_Dorsal aspect_ (Pl. 3, figs. 1, 2).--The most noticeable feature of the +upper surface of the skull is the large backward extension of the frontal +plates of the maxillae, the free margins of which converge strongly. The +outline of the anteorbital region is rounded. The anteorbital notch is a +shallow emargination. Anterior to this is a second still shallower +emargination, the "pseudo-notch." The margin between the two is much +thickened, but does not form a distinct projection or tubercle, as in +_bidens_ and other species. The superior orifices of the nares are +unsymmetrical as regards position, the left being somewhat in advance of +the right. The maxillae are concave around the maxillary foramen, and +external to this foramen is an elongated ridge about as in _europaeus_. +The rostral portion of the maxillae is broad at the base but tapers more +rapidly than in _bidens_. The margin is thick. At the middle of the beak +the outline of the maxillae at a lower level is visible from above, which +is not the case in _bidens_ or _europaeus_. The rostral portion of the +premaxillae is oblique proximally and vertical distally. Unlike _bidens_, +these edges are sharp throughout. The mesethmoid ends opposite the +maxillary foramina. Anterior to it is seen the concave upper surface of +the vomer, which, however, becomes flat distally. At about the middle of +the beak the anterior end is clasped by the posterior forked end of a +"mesirostral" ossification, which has a convex surface. This ossification +begins proximally below the edges of the premaxillae, but its surface +rises gradually anteriorly, and at the end of the beak it is much above +the premaxillae. The end of the beak consists of the consolidated mass of +the premaxillae and mesirostral ossification, the whole being convex above +and below, but flat on the sides. The ossification has a deep median +groove, which reaches to within 95 mm. of the tip of the beak. + +It will be seen that the conformation of the upper surface of the beak is +quite different from that of _bidens_ or any other species. + +The maxillary foramina are large and directed forward, and have a +distinct broad channel in front of them. In the Oregon skull the right +foramen is single, but the left divided into two. The premaxillary +foramina are a little behind the maxillary foramina. The distance between +the maxillary foramina is less than that from the median line to the +anteorbital notch. In _bidens_ it is much greater. + +_Lateral aspect_ (Pl. 9, figs. 1, 2).--A most noteworthy feature of the +skull when viewed from the side is the great length between the orbit and +the maxillary notch, which far exceeds that found in _bidens_ and other +species, being equal to the length of the orbit itself. The latter is +about as long as the temporal fossa, which is somewhat flattened above, +as in _europaeus_. The outline of the supraoccipital is straight and +nearly vertical. The zygomatic is more massive even than _europaeus_ and +is especially thick below. The inferior outline of the beak is convex +proximally as in _europaeus_ and _layardi_. There is no basirostral +groove, the edges of the maxillae being very thick in front of the +maxillary notch. Over the orbit the maxillae are thick and beveled, but +not raised as in _bowdoini_. + +_Ventral aspect_ (Pl. 6, figs. 1, 2).--The beak is convex in the proximal +half, much as in _europaeus_, but farther forward is concave, except in +the median line, where there is a narrow ridge formed proximally by the +vomer, which in the type skull appears as a narrow lozenge 60 mm. long. +In the adult Oregon skull it is anchylosed with the premaxillae. The +maxillae extend to within 107 mm. of the end of the beak. The under +surface of the beak is much more like that of _europaeus_ than of +_bidens_. + +A narrow strip of the palatines extends around the base of the pterygoids +in front, but the two strips do not meet in the median line. In the +type-skull they do not extend inside the pterygoids. The expanded +anterior end of the malar is very long and also forms the bottom of the +maxillary notch, which is the case in _europaeus_ but not in _bidens_. The +inferior borders of the pterygoids are convex anteriorly, as in +_europaeus_, and are continued laterally, so that the sinus is deep as in +that species. The lachrymal is very long, the free margin having a length +of 55 mm. The posterior margin of the zygomatic process is concave, +rather than convex as in _bidens_. + +The tympanic bulla does not differ materially from that of _bidens_ in +size or shape, as far as can be judged from the figures given in Van +Beneden and Gervais' Osteography (plate 26, figs. 4, 4_a_). The periotic +is similar in size to the same bone in _bidens_, but the posterior end is +more narrowly pointed and the anterior end is much lower, relatively. In +_europaeus_, as far as can be determined from the material at hand, the +form and size of the earbone is similar to that of _stejnegeri_, but in +the latter the anterior margin of the tympanic bulla is more nearly +transverse and the posterior inferior groove is curved. (Pl. 35, fig. 2.) + +In the Annisquam skull, supposed to represent _densirostris_, although +from a young individual, the earbone is very much larger, especially the +periotic, which is also quite differently shaped. + + + MANDIBLE. + +The mandible of _stejnegeri_ is much broken in the region of the angle on +both sides, but otherwise complete. As compared with a mandible of an +adult _bidens_, the most conspicuous differences are the shortness of the +symphysis, the sharp upward bend of the inferior margin anteriorly, and +the large size of the alveolus. The symphysis in the adult Oregon +specimen of _stejnegeri_ is 140 mm. long, or scarcely more than in the +young specimen of _europaeus_ from New Jersey, and exactly the same as in +the adult type-specimen of the latter species, as figured by Van Beneden +and Gervais. The alveolus lies entirely behind the symphysis, its +anterior end being 160 mm. from the anterior end of the jaw. It is 113 +mm. long and 18 mm. wide. The mandible is 62 mm. high at its middle +point. The coronoid process is more anteriorly situated than in _bidens_ +and the portion of the posterior margin of the ramus which remains +indicates that the angle was strongly directed backward. (Pl. 11, fig. 4; +pl. 12, fig. 1.) + + + TEETH. + +The teeth are remarkable for their size and form. They are somewhat more +than twice as broad as teeth of adult males of _bidens_, as shown by the +figures of Lankester[32] and Grieg,[33] and also a little longer. They +are, in fact, probably broader than, or at least as broad as, the teeth +of any other species of _Mesoplodon_, not excepting _layardi_. Sir +William Turner remarks regarding a specimen of _layardi_ examined by him +that "the breadth of the tooth, where it emerged from the alveolus, was +3-1/2 inches."[34] He does not state, however, whether the measurement +was taken along the top of the alveolus, at an angle with the transverse +axis of the tooth, or along the transverse axis itself. At all events, +the teeth figured by Owen and others are much less than 3-1/2 inches +broad. The teeth of adult _europaeus_ are only 2 inches broad, and of +_bidens_, as already stated, 1-1/2 inches broad. + +In _stejnegeri_ (Pl. 12, figs. 1-3) the portion of the tooth above the +alveolus is inclined slightly inward and backward, but the pointed tip +curves outward so as to be vertical. When extracted from the alveolus, +the whole tooth is found to be concave internally and convex externally. +The posterior margin is convex and the anterior sinuous, a slight +convexity occurring on the portion which projects above the alveolus. In +this place the outer coating of cement is broken through, showing the +underlying dentine or osteo-dentine, which is somewhat corroded or +absorbed. This is particularly noticeable on the left tooth. + +The upper margin of the tooth is transverse, or nearly at right angles +with the anterior and posterior margins. The posterior angle is rounded +and the anterior raised into an acute point by the projection of the +dentine as a distinct, sharp cusp. The inferior end of the tooth is cut +off obliquely and the margin is broken by numerous prominent rugosities. +The surface of all that part of the tooth which is contained in the +alveolus and covered by the gum above it is rugose, while the part above +the gum is quite smooth and highly polished. + +The right tooth has the following dimensions (in straight lines): Length +of anterior border, 150 mm.; length of posterior border, 107; length of +superior border, 54; length of inferior border, 86; average length of +exposed dentine tip, 10; greatest breadth of tooth, antero-posteriorly, +81; greatest breadth of tooth, transversely, 15; distance from center of +base of exposed portion, when in position in the alveolus, to tip of +dentine projection, 82; distance from center of base of portion above the +gum to tip of dentine projection, 70; distance from center of base of +portion above the gum to center of inferior margin, 76. + +The dimensions of the skulls are as follows, those of the type-specimen +having been revised and corrected: + + _Dimensions of two skulls of M. stejnegeri._ + + Column headings: + A: 143132 U.S.N.M. Yaquina Bay, Oregon, adult. + B: 21112 U.S.N.M. Bering Id. Type (1715), young. + + + Measurements. A B + Total length 715 [a]633 + Length of rostrum 413 [a]325 + Distance from occipital condyles to distal end of 612 567 + maxillae + Breadth between centers of orbits 309 279 + Breadth between zygomatic processes 310 278 + Breadth between temporal fossae 228 212 + Breadth between postorbital processes of frontals 323 ... + Breadth of rostrum at base (between maxillary 172 [b]158 + notches) + Breadth of rostrum at middle 40 44 + Depth of rostrum at middle 52 42+ + Greatest breadth of anterior nares 56 54 + Greatest breadth of premaxillae proximally 130 118 + Greatest breadth of premaxillae in front of nares 108 109 + Length of temporal fossa 92 86 + Depth of temporal fossa 63 46 + Antero-posterior length of orbit 96 82 + Breadth of foramen magnum 38 39 + Length of tympanic bulla 48 ... + Breadth of tympanic bulla 32 ... + Length of mandible 610 ... + Length of symphysis 138 ... + Distance from anterior end of mandible to alveolus 166 ... + + [a] Tip of rostrum lacking. + [b] The skull is much worn around the left notch and the measurement is + only approximate. + + + EXTERNAL FORM. + +The photograph of the head (Pl. 40, fig. 4) shows that the end of the +beak was quite blunt, and the lower jaw quite a little longer than the +upper. The superior margin of the lower jaw, which is concave in front of +the tooth, is strongly convex and elevated at the side of it and behind +it. The inferior margin of the upper jaw is straight anteriorly, but +farther back appears to be pressed upward by the tooth. An examination of +the skull shows that the mandible can be lowered so that the teeth are +below the upper jaw, but when so lowered the space between the teeth and +the upper jaw on each side is barely a quarter of an inch (6 mm.). With +the integuments in place, it is doubtful whether the mouth could be +opened any wider than is shown in the photograph. The convexity of the +head, shape of the blowhole, position of the eye, etc., do not appear to +differ materially from the same characters in adults of _M. bidens_. + + + + + Genus ZIPHIUS Cuvier. + + + ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS Cuvier. + + _Ziphius cavirostris_ Cuvier, Oss. foss., 2d ed., vol. 5, 1823, p. 353. + _Hyperoodon gervaisii_ Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, Zool., vol. + 5, 1851, p. 49. + _Ziphius gervaisii_ Fischer, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. 3, 1867, p. + 55. + _Hyperoodon semi-junctus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, + p. 15. + _Ziphius semijunctus_ True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, 1886, p. + 586. + _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, 1883, + p. 77. + + +It has not seemed to me necessary in the present connection to attempt to +cite all the multitudinous names which have been given to this species, +especially as those zoologists most competent to judge, including Van +Beneden, Flower, and Turner, after detailed consideration, have concluded +that but one species of _Ziphius_, or at most two species, exist at +present.[35] + +Nearly all the skulls in European museums are assigned by the zoologists +mentioned to _Z. cavirostris_ proper, but some doubt has been entertained +regarding two or three European skulls, and one specimen from Argentina, +described by Burmeister. These last-mentioned specimens have been thought +to possibly represent a second species, _Z. gervaisii_. The principal +characters of the latter are the narrow, flat premaxillae, the lack of a +prominent mesirostral ossification, and small teeth. From the large +series of skulls in the National Museum, I am able to dispose of the +doubt concerning _Z. gervaisii_. I find that wherever the characters +above mentioned occur the sex (when known) is female. There is every +reason, therefore, to believe that _Z. gervaisii_ is the female of _Z. +cavirostris_.[36] I will return to this point again later. + +In 1865 Cope described a species from Charleston, South Carolina, under +the name of _Hyperoodon semijunctus_. In 1886 I referred it to the genus +_Ziphius_, but was in doubt as to its specific identity. I thought that +it might represent _Z. gervaisii_, which is interesting in the present +connection because the type-specimen was a female. + +In 1883 Dr. L. Stejneger described a species which he had discovered on +Bering Island, Bering Sea, under the name of _Z. grebnitzkii_. Through +the instrumentality of Doctor Stejneger and Governor Grebnitzki, the +National Museum later received a large series of skulls from the same +locality. The question of whether this species is identical with _Z. +cavirostris_, or distinct, has caused me much study, and forms the +principal subject of this chapter. + +The National Museum has at present the following material, which may be +considered as certainly representing _Z. cavirostris_: + +1. A complete skeleton and cast of an adult female, 19 feet 4 inches +long, obtained at Barnegat City, New Jersey, October 3, 1883. Cat. No. +20971. + +2. A complete skeleton and photographs of an adult male, 20 feet 1 inch +long, obtained at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1901, through Dr. E. A. +Mearns, Mr. L. di Z. Mearns, and Capt. Gus Soderman. Cat. No. 49599. + +3. The collection contains also the skeleton of the young female +individual obtained at Charleston, South Carolina, prior to 1865, which +constitutes the type of _Hyperoodon semijunctus_ Cope. It was originally +in the Charleston College Museum, but later was received by the National +Museum in exchange. This individual was between 12 and 13 feet long. Cat. +No. 21975. + +In addition, the national collections contain the following material, +known to, or supposed to, represent the species _Z. grebnitzkii_: + +4. Cat. No. 20993. Skull of a male (?).[37] Collected by Dr. L. Stejneger +in Bering Island, 1882. Orig. No. 1521. Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_. + +5. Cat. No. 21245. Skull. Orig. No. 1758. + +6. Cat. No. 21246. Skull. Orig. No. 2531. + +7. Cat. No. 21247. Skull. Orig. No. 1849. + +8. Cat. No. 21248. Skull of a male (?). + +9. Cat. No. 83991. Skull. + +The five skulls preceding were also collected by Doctor Stejneger in +Bering Island in 1882 and 1883. + +10. Cat. No. 22069. Skull of a female (?).[37] + +11. Cat. No. 22874. Skull. + +12. Cat. No. 22875. Bones of an immature individual. + +These three specimens were collected and presented by N. Grebnitzki. + +13. Cat. No. 142579. A series of photographs of an individual captured in +Kiska Harbor, Alaska, September, 1904. Presented by Dr. J. Hobart Egbert. + +14. Cat. No. 84906. Photograph of the skeleton of an individual washed +ashore at St. Simon Island, Georgia, in 1893, and belonging to Mr. W. +Arnold. + +In the genus _Ziphius_, as in other ziphioid genera, a study of the +characters of the skull appears to afford the best basis for +discrimination of species. We have first to consider whether the North +American species is the same as the European and New Zealand species, and +afterwards whether the North Pacific species is identical with or +distinct from these. + +The published measurements of specimens from the coasts of Europe and New +Zealand, currently believed to represent the single species _Z. +cavirostris_, are rather meager, and, furthermore, prove, on examination, +to present so little uniformity that they are of limited use for +comparison with measurements of skulls from the Atlantic coast of the +United States. About all that can be said is that the latter skulls are +of about the same size as the former and that the proportions do not +present any striking differences. For detailed measurements of the +American skulls, see page 53. + +On account of the uncertainty as regards the measurements, I have had +recourse to the published descriptions and figures, especially those of +Van Beneden, Sir William Turner, and Doctor Haast. So far as I can +perceive, there is nothing in these descriptions that is not applicable +to the skulls Nos. 49599 and 20971, from Newport, Rhode Island, and +Barnegat City, New Jersey, respectively, in the National Museum, and I +can find no reason for regarding the latter other than as representatives +of _Z. cavirostris_. + + + HISTORY OF THE NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND, SPECIMEN. + +Of the Newport specimen, No. 49599, the Museum has the complete skeleton, +together with external measurements and a photograph. From data at hand +it appears that the animal was originally obtained in Narragansett Bay +about October 30, 1901, and afterwards towed to Fort Adams, near Newport. +A few days later it was sent adrift again and stranded in the harbor of +Dutch Island, near Canonicut Island, which is opposite Newport. While at +Fort Adams its existence was made known to the Museum by Dr. E. A. +Mearns, U. S. Army, and his son, Louis Mearns; and a preparator was sent +to obtain the skeleton. With the aid of Captain Soderman, of the +government tug _Monroe_, he found it at Dutch Island, and reported that +it was a male, 20 feet 1 inch in length, measured along the curves of the +back (18 feet 6 inches in a straight line). The epidermis was nearly all +lacking, but the back appeared to have been black. The length in a +straight line, as reported by Mr. Louis Mearns, was 19 feet. The complete +measurements taken by the preparator, Mr. J. W. Scollick, are as follows: + + _External dimensions of Ziphius cavirostris, male, Cat. No. 49599, + U.S.N.M., Newport, Rhode Island._ + + Ft. in. + Total length, along curve of back 20 1 + Total length, in straight line 18 6 + Tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsal fin 13 10 + Tip of snout to axilla 5 2 + Tip of snout to eye 2 5-1/2 + Tip of snout to anterior margin of blowhole 2 4 + Length of mouth 1 1 + Breadth of blowhole 0 5-1/2 + Length of pectoral fin, from head of humerus to tip, 2 2 + straight + Vertical height of dorsal fin 0 10 + Breadth of flukes, from tip to tip 5 3 + Greatest girth (estimated) 10 0 + +The breadth of the pectoral fin, as shown by the skeleton, was 5-3/4 +inches. + +The photograph, which is reproduced in Pl. 41, fig. 4, gives a good idea +of the general form of the animal. + + + HISTORY OF THE BARNEGAT CITY, NEW JERSEY, SPECIMEN. + +Of the Barnegat City specimen, No. 20971, the Museum has the complete +skeleton, together with a cast of one-half of the entire animal, and +another of the head, and some measurements, all of which were obtained by +Mr. William Palmer and myself October 3, 1883. The Museum received notice +of the stranding of this specimen from Capt. J. H. Ridgway, of the United +States life-saving station at Barnegat City. It was an adult female, 19 +feet 4 inches long in a straight line. The complete measurements, taken +in straight lines with a rod and cord, are as follows: + + _External dimensions of Ziphius cavirostris, female, Cat. No. 20971, + U.S.N.M., Barnegat City, New Jersey._ + (Measured in straight lines with rope and bar.) + + Ft. in. + Total length 19 4 + Tip of snout to eyes 2 1 + Tip of snout to blowhole 2 0 + Tip of snout to anterior base of pectoral fin 3 10-1/2 + Tip of snout to anterior base of dorsal fin 12 0 + Tip of snout to anterior angle of vent 12 3-1/2 + Tip of snout to corner of mouth 11-1/2 + Length of anterior margin of pectoral fin 2 1-1/2 + Length along center of pectoral fin 1 7 + Greatest breadth across pectoral fin 6-3/4 + Length of anterior margin of dorsal fin 1 6 + Length of base of dorsal fin 1 0 + Vertical height of dorsal fin 1 0 + Breadth of flukes from tip to tip 5 5 + Antero-posterior length of flukes 1 7 + Length of eye 2 + Breadth of eye 1 + Girth around eyes 3 1-1/2 + Girth at anterior margin of dorsal fin 7 0-1/2 + Girth at root of pectoral fins 6 0-1/2 + Breadth of lower jaw at middle of length 4-1/2 + Breadth of upper jaw at middle of length 5 + Breadth of blowhole 5 + Distance from posterior angle of eye to ear 4-1/2 + +I neglected to make a full description of the color, but noted that it +was stone gray, lighter above and darker below; snout nearly white. The +cast, which was painted from a sketch made at Barnegat City and from +pieces of skin brought to Washington, bears out this note in general, but +with modifications. The color of the body as a whole is gray tinged with +dull yellowish. The gray is darker on the back than on the belly, but on +the latter is a large area of dark brown, reaching from near the pectoral +fins to and beyond the anus, and halfway up on the sides. On this dark +area are several large oval whitish blotches, some two inches in +diameter. Both upper and lower jaws nearly to the angle of the mouth are +cream white. On the sides and belly the gray color is speckled with black +spots of about the size of a grain of wheat. The pectoral fins are dark +gray above and below; the flukes were similarly colored. + +A comparison of the dimensions of the two specimens above described with +those of European and New Zealand specimens is afforded by the following +table (the measurements being reduced to percentages of the total +length): + +_External dimensions of Ziphius cavirostris. (Reduced to percentages of + the total length.)_ + + Column Headings: + A: Newport, Rhode Island 49599 U.S.N.M., male, 1901. + B: Barnegat City, New Jersey, 20971 U.S.N.M., female, 1883. + C: New Brighton, New Zealand, female. + D: Punta, Corsica, 1842. + E: Buenos Ayres, Argentina, male, 1865. + + + Measurements. A[a] A[b] B[b] C D E + Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. + Total length 20 1 18 6 19 4 19 6 19 0 12 11-1/2 + Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. + Tip of snout to 69.0 74.8 67.2 [67.1] [78.5] [70.8] + posterior margin + of dorsal + Tip of snout to 25.3 28.0 [c]20.0 [d]24.4 ... [c][25.0] + axilla + Tip of snout to eye [k]12.2 13.3 10.8 12.8 ... 10.9 + Tip of snout to 11.2 12.6 10.4 ... ... 11.4 + anterior end + blowhole + Length of mouth 5.4 5.9 [e] 5.0 6.4 ... [ f] 5.3 + Breadth of blowhole 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.6 ... 1.2 + Length of pectoral 10.8 11.7 ... [g]12.8 ... ... + from head of + humerus + Length of pectoral [h]7.5 8.1 [hi]8.1 ... [g] 8.3 8.6 + from axilla + Greatest breadth of [j]2.4 [j]2.6 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.0 + pectoral fin + Vertical height of 4.1 4.5 5.2 3.4 3.5 4.3 + dorsal fin + Breadth of flukes, 26.1 28.4 28.0 31.2 ... 27.3 + tip to tip fin + + [a] Curvilinear. + [b] Straight. + [c] To anterior base. + [d] Lower jaw to "beginning of pectoral." + [e] From tip of upper jaw. + [f] From tip of lower jaw. + [g] Points of measurements not specified. + [h] From the bones; from outer anterior margin of proximal expansion of + ulna. + [i] Along center. + [j] From the bones. The external measurement originally taken by + Scollick is entirely too large. + [k] The skull gives this measurement as 10.4 per cent. The original + measurement by Scollick is entirely too large and can not be + correct. The same is probably true regarding length to + blowhole, but I can not prove it. + + +The close correspondence in proportions shown in this table favors the +idea of specific identity, and taken with the similarity in size, and +characters of the skull, warrants, I think, the assumption that the +specimens from the Atlantic coast of the United States belong to _Z. +cavirostris_. + + + COLORATION. + +It should be remarked, however, that the Barnegat City specimen does not +agree in color with any of the European or New Zealand specimens. On the +other hand, the latter show a most extraordinary diversity in color, some +being black, with the head and back as far as the dorsal fin white; +others all black above, white below, and the head black and brown. The +color of the young specimen from Buenos Ayres, Argentina, is described by +Burmeister as follows: + + All the body of the animal is of a light gray color, a little + yellowish, resembling the color of light ash, but much darker on the + back and much lighter on the belly. The fins are much darker than the + back--almost black--and the large fin of the tail has a very pure white + area of irregular shape on the underside. + +If the indications from the skull and proportions are trustworthy _Z. +cavirostris_ must be a species in which the color is very variable, +differing perhaps in the two sexes, or with differences in age. This is, +however, by no means certain at present, and whether the diversities of +color reported in different specimens are merely individual variations, +or are due to post-mortem changes, remains to be discovered. It will be +noticed that the color of the Argentine specimen is nearest to that of +the Barnegat City specimen. + + + TYPE OF ZIPHIUS SEMIJUNCTUS (COPE). + +The type-specimen of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope), as already mentioned, +is a young female.[38] The most noticeable characters which it presents +are that the premaxillae are flat proximally, and that the teeth are +small, sharp-pointed and open at the roots. The form of the teeth is +undoubtedly due to immaturity, but as the shape of the premaxillae is +similar to that found in the nominal species _gervaisii_, it might be +thought necessary to refer _semijunctus_ to the latter species. As will +be shown later, however, this form of the premaxillae appears to be +characteristic of the adult female of _cavirostris_, and of immature +individuals of either sex, the young, as in many kinds of animals, +resembling the adult female rather than the male. + +I have been able to find but one character in the skull of _semijunctus_ +which might be regarded as specific. This is that the lachrymal bone is +thick distally, and cut off square at the end. In other specimens of +_Ziphius_ examined it is thin and flat, and rounded or pointed at the +end. As there is much individual variation in the form of the lachrymal, +this peculiarity alone is, in my opinion, an insufficient indication of +the validity of the species. + + + COMPARISON OF SKELETONS. + +A comparison of the skeletons of the three individuals from the Atlantic +coast of the United States reveals a number of differences of more or +less importance. Were it not for the lack of reliable differences in the +skulls, it might be considered that these variations in other parts of +the skeletons indicated specific difference. I am disposed, however, +since the Barnegat and Newport specimens are of opposite sexes, to regard +them partly as sexual and partly as individual. In the case of the +Charleston specimen (_semijunctus_), the skeleton, besides being +immature, has been very much damaged by careless handling, and nearly all +the bones are somewhat abraded. It is, therefore, only available to a +limited extent for purposes of comparison. As no description of a +_Ziphius_ skeleton from the coast of the United States has, so far as I +am aware, been published hitherto, and as descriptions of skeletons of +Old World specimens are few and rather brief, I shall give below a +detailed comparative description of the American specimens. For the sake +of brevity, I shall refer to each specimen merely by the locality. + + + VERTEBRAL COLUMN AS A WHOLE. + +The vertebral formula in the three North American specimens and in four +Old World specimens and Burmeister's Argentine specimen is as follows: + + _Vertebral formula of Ziphius cavirostris._ + + Locality and sex. C. Th. L. Ca. Total. + Newport, Rhode Island, male 7 9 10 20 46 + Barnegat City, New Jersey, female 7 9 11 18(+1?) 46(?) + Charleston, South Carolina, female 7 10 10 16(+3?) 46(?) + Holma, Sweden (Malm) 7 10 10 18(+1) 46 + Pisa Museum (Van Beneden) 7 9 11 16+ 43+ + Warrington, New Zealand (Scott and 7 10 9 20 46 + Parker) + Lyttleton Harbor, New Zealand 7 9 11 19 46 + (Haast) + Buenos Ayres, Argentina 7 10 10 22 49 + (Burmeister), male + +In the figures of the Argentine specimen the last ten caudals are +practically without characters, and it is perhaps allowable to question +whether the terminal two or three were not added to make an even taper to +the end of the column. If such be not the case, this specimen had more +vertebrae than any other. + + + CHARACTERS OF THE VERTEBRAE. + +_Newport_ (male).--The seventh cervical vertebra presents a conical +metapophysis, which on the first thoracic vertebra forms of a rather +thick, long, declining process ending in a facet for the tubercle of the +first rib. This metapophysis maintains nearly the same form as far as the +sixth thoracic vertebra, but on the third thoracic a mammiliform process +makes its appearance on the anterior margin near the tip, and becomes +more prominent on each succeeding vertebra. On the seventh thoracic it +becomes larger, thin, and upright, and widely separated from the +articular facet for the tubercle of the rib. On the centrum of this +vertebra lower down is a second much larger rugose articular facet. On +the eighth thoracic vertebra the upper articular process disappears +altogether and is replaced by a transverse process on a lower level, with +a facet at the free end for the rib. On the ninth thoracic the transverse +processes are larger and nearly straight. They are longer on the first +lumbar and incline a little forward. Those of the succeeding vertebrae are +similar, but decrease gradually in length, while somewhat increasing in +breadth. They are last traceable on the ninth caudal. On the eighth +caudal they are perforated by a foramen. + +All the vertebrae from the first cervical backward have neural spines as +far as and including the eleventh caudal. The spine on the first thoracic +is rather short, narrow and pointed. These spines increase in height in +succeeding vertebrae as far as the sixth lumbar; at the same time the +breadth increases antero-posteriorly and the tip becomes expanded. The +spines are nearly equally high on all the succeeding lumbars, but begin +to decrease on the caudals and disappear altogether on the eleventh +caudal. + +The anterior zygapophyses and metapophyses maintain a nearly constant +position close to the top of the centra throughout the column, from the +seventh thoracic backward, and are vertical, thin, and oblong, squared or +rounded. They begin to decrease in size noticeably on the first caudal, +and on the seventh caudal are mere swellings at the sides of the nearly +horizontal plate from which the neural spine springs. They are traceable +as far as the twelfth caudal. + +A ridge appears on the side of the neural arch near its base on the fifth +caudal and is stronger and very marked on those following, to the ninth +caudal. A ridge unites the anterior and posterior facets for the chevrons +on the ninth and succeeding caudals. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--Unlike the Newport skeleton, there are no +neural spines on the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervicals. The spine on +the first thoracic vertebra is quite short and sharp, and on the second, +third, and fourth thoracics also is rather pointed, though of increased +length. There is no metapophysis on the seventh cervical. + +On the seventh thoracic the facet for the tubercle of the rib, instead of +being very prominent, becomes inconspicuous. The metapophysis is flat and +squared, and there is no lower facet on the side of the centrum. On the +eighth thoracic the metapophysis is thin, squared, and vertical, and a +well-formed transverse process appears on the side of the centrum. The +transverse processes of the ninth thoracic are a little curved backward, +and on the first lumbar and succeeding vertebrae bent forward. These +processes are less tapering on all the lumbars than in the Newport +skeleton. They disappear on the eighth caudal. None is perforated. + +The longest neural spine is on the sixth lumbar, and on all the lumbars +both the anterior and posterior edges are somewhat convex. Hence their +shape is rather different from those of the Newport skeleton, in which +the anterior margins are somewhat concave. The tips of the spines are +rather suddenly expanded. The spines of the caudals are rather more +expanded at the tip and more inclined backward than in the Newport +skeleton. They disappear on the eleventh caudal. + +The horizontal plate joining the metapophyses is noticeable on the fifth +caudal. The ridge on the side of the neural arch is first noticeable on +the fourth caudal and is very strong on the fifth, sixth, and seventh. +The metapophyses are last traceable on the twelfth caudal. + +_Charleston_ (female, jr.).--This skeleton resembles the Newport one as +regards the facets for the articulation of the tubercles of the ribs, +except that the seventh thoracic resembles the sixth and has no lower +facet on the side of the centrum. The transverse processes of the ninth +thoracic are rather strongly curved backward, while those on the last +thoracic and first lumbar are nearly straight. On succeeding vertebrae +they are inclined forward. They are last traceable on the eighth or ninth +caudal (vertebra 35 or 36). None is perforated by a foramen. + +Though the vertebrae are defective, there appear to have been no neural +spines on the fourth to the seventh cervicals, inclusive. The spine on +the first thoracic is short, and on the first to the fourth is pointed. +The spine disappears on the tenth caudal (vertebra 37). + +The metapophyses assume the vertical position on the eighth thoracic. The +last of these processes is barely traceable on the tenth caudal (vertebra +37). The ridge on the side of the neural arch is well marked on the fifth +to the ninth caudals, inclusive. On the seventh caudal (vertebra 34) the +anterior and posterior facets for the chevrons are united on the right +side, and on the eighth caudal and succeeding vertebrae on both sides. + + + CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--The first four cervicals are united. The +foramen above the anterior articular facets of the atlas is complete, and +the edges of these facets are raised. The inferior lateral process is +flat, broad, and strongly bent backward. + +Second cervical: Inferior lateral process nearly as long as that of the +first cervical; broad, flat, and bent backward parallel with the process +of the first cervical. Superior lateral process short, strong, and flat. +A large incomplete foramen between it and the inferior process. + +Third cervical: A short, conical inferior process, curved forward. + +Fourth cervical: Similar, but with smaller and shorter inferior process. +Neural arch and spine complete; the latter fused with the preceding +spines. Arch not reducing the size of the neural canal. + +Fifth cervical: Arch and spine broken. Arch nearly as broad as the +anterior epiphysis of the centrum. Inferior lateral process short, +straight, and directed obliquely outward. + +Sixth cervical: Spine broken. Arch complete, nearly as wide as the +anterior epiphysis. Inferior lateral process short, thick, knobbed, and +directed obliquely outward and a very little forward. The left longer. + +Seventh cervical: Spine obsolete. Arch complete, as wide as the anterior +epiphysis. No superior lateral process or metapophysis. A thick articular +facet for the head of the first rib on the middle of the side of the +centrum. No inferior lateral process. + +Fused spines of the first to fourth cervicals bent backward; the mass +broad antero-posteriorly and rounded at the tip. + +_Newport_ (male).--First cervical with the foramen over the anterior +articular facets incomplete, and the borders of the facets less raised. +The facets also broader and more declined. Inferior lateral process +thicker, somewhat tapering, and nearly transverse. + +Second cervical: Inferior lateral process much shorter than that of first +cervical, about parallel with it, but with the tip bent forward. Superior +lateral process short, thick, and bent backward; joined to the inferior +process on the right side, inclosing an oval foramen. + +Third cervical: A short, straight, triangular superior process on the +right side; that on the left short and blunt. Inferior lateral process +long, thick, club-shaped, and curved backward. + +Fourth cervical: Inferior lateral process similar to the last in shape, +but shorter, broad and flat, and only slightly curved backward. Neural +arch and spine separate from those of the third cervical; the arch rather +smaller than those preceding it, and reducing the size of the neural +canal. + +Fused spines of the first to third cervicals nearly vertical, rather +high, and obtusely pointed. + +Fifth cervical: Spine pointed and quite long. Arch complete. Inferior +lateral process short, squared, flattened, and directed outward +obliquely. + +Sixth cervical: Spine about as long as on the fifth cervical. Arch much +narrower than the anterior epiphysis. Inferior lateral process prominent, +thick, somewhat compressed, and directed downward. + +Seventh cervical: Spine as high as the arch, obtusely pointed. Arch +complete, as wide as the anterior epiphysis. A strong conical superior +lateral process, or metapophysis, on a broad base, directed forward. An +articular raised facet on the side of the centrum, directed obliquely +backward. No inferior lateral process. + +_Charleston_ (female, jr.).--The first to fourth cervicals resemble those +of the Newport skeleton, but the fourth entirely separate. All the +lateral processes undeveloped, or broken off, except the right inferior +lateral process of the atlas, which is like that of the Newport specimen. +The anterior foramen of the atlas is incomplete, as in that specimen, and +the spines of the conjoined vertebrae are vertical and pointed. (Pl. 25, +fig. 1.) + +Fifth cervical: Spine wanting. Arch complete. Inferior lateral process +undeveloped, or abraded. + +Sixth cervical: Spine and processes broken. Arch wide. + +Seventh cervical: Similar to that of the Newport skeleton, but the spine +obsolete or broken. + + + THORACIC VERTEBRAE. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--First thoracic: Spine vertical, pointed, about +as high as arch and centrum together. A moderately long process with +articular facet for tubercle of rib on side of neural arch; facet +elliptical and directed a little downward and forward. A smaller facet +for head of second rib on posterior upper edge of centrum. + +Seventh thoracic: Metapophyses long, extending horizontally, straight +superiorly. A small articular facet on the outer side near the base, +directed downward; strongest on right side. A very small facet on +posterior upper edge of centrum, scarcely noticeable on right side. +Neural spine rather narrow at tip; superior margin straight. + +Eighth thoracic: Metapophyses squared and thin. A distinct transverse +process on side of centrum about half as broad as the centrum is long, +and as long as centrum is broad; flattened, squared, and a little curved +backward and upward. Articular facet for rib elliptical and directed +obliquely backward. A broad, shallow groove across base of transverse +process, the anterior edge of which is emarginate proximally. Neural +spine as in seventh thoracic. + +Ninth thoracic: Metapophyses squared. Transverse process similar to that +of eighth thoracic, but equal to centrum in length, little narrowed at +base, and directed outward; anterior edge convex, posterior concave; +articular facet occupying the posterior half of the distal edge. A very +shallow groove proximally. + +_Newport_ (male).--First thoracic: Neural spine a little curved backward +and rounded at tip; much higher than length of arch and centrum together. +Articular facets as in Barnegat skeleton. + +Seventh thoracic: Metapophyses similar in shape to those of Barnegat +skeleton but with a very distinct facet on side of arch, terminating a +process about as long as the greatest diameter of the facet; surface of +facet rugose. Below this process, on side of centrum, a very large, oval, +sessile facet, reaching forward nearly to the anterior face of the +centrum and upward to its superior edge. A very low, small swelling on +the posterior superior edge of centrum, probably indicating the point of +attachment of a cartilage connecting the head of the eighth rib. Neural +spine expanded at free end, and superior margin rounded. + +Eighth thoracic: Metapophyses similar to those of Barnegat skeleton. A +distinct transverse process nearly as broad as the length of the centrum, +oblong or squared, flat, directed somewhat backward, but not upward. +Articular facet for rib not occupying whole of free end and only slightly +directed backward; anterior margin as in Barnegat skeleton. Neural spine +similar to that of seventh thoracic. + +Ninth thoracic: Similar to that of Barnegat skeleton, but transverse +process longer than centrum and directed a little downward, articular +facet occupying less than posterior half of free margin; proximal groove +inconspicuous; anterior and posterior margins nearly straight. + +_Charleston_ (female, jr.).--The centra of the thoracic, as well as the +lumbar, vertebrae in this individual present inferior median keels, and +more or less concave sides, which is not the case in the Barnegat and +Newport skeletons. This can not be due to immaturity, as in a still +younger individual, supposed to represent _Ziphius grebnitzkii_, the +thoracic vertebrae are rounded below. The neural spines of the thoracic +vertebrae are much less inclined backward in _semijunctus_ than in the +Newport and Barnegat skeletons, but this is doubtless connected with age, +as the younger series of vertebrae already mentioned exhibits the +peculiarity in a more marked degree. A similar modification dependent +upon age appears to affect _Hyperoeodon_, as will be seen by comparing Van +Beneden and Gervais' figures in the Osteography, plate 18. + +First thoracic: Similar to that of Newport skeleton, but spine not higher +than arch alone. (A little abraded at tip, but probably undeveloped.) + +Seventh thoracic: Metapophyses short (abraded), incompletely developed. A +distinct facet on side of same on an elongated process, as in Newport +skeleton, but no second larger one on side of centrum. No facet on +superior margin of centrum either anteriorly or posteriorly. + +Eighth thoracic: Transverse process similar to that of Barnegat skeleton, +but anterior edge nearly straight; process about one-half as broad as +length of centrum. (Indications of immaturity.) + + + LUMBAR VERTEBRAE. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--First lumbar: Similar to last thoracic, but +transverse process expanded distally and slightly directed forward; a +little longer than centrum; anterior and posterior edges emarginate +proximally. + +Eleventh lumbar (last): Centrum very long. Neural arch and spine very +high, more than twice length of centrum. Spine inclined backward much +beyond posterior face of centrum; anterior margin straight, posterior +convex, tip expanded. Transverse process a little more than one-half +length of centrum, somewhat expanded at distal end and curved forward so +that tip is about in line with anterior face of centrum. Metapophyses +close to centrum and to each other, semihexagonal in outline. A sharp +median inferior ridge, and shallow posterior oblique channels on under +side of centrum. + +_Newport_ (male).--First lumbar: Similar to that of Barnegat skeleton, +but transverse processes considerably longer than the centrum and not +expanded at tip; anterior edge straight, posterior only slightly +emarginate proximally. + +Tenth lumbar (last): Centrum like that in Barnegat skeleton. Neural arch +and spine only slightly higher than length of centrum. Transverse process +oblong, free margin nearly transverse; process inclined forward so that +tip is a little beyond anterior face of centrum. Metapophyses close to +centrum, rounded in outline. Neural spine much inclined backward; +anterior edge concave, posterior convex, tip expanded. A rounded inferior +median ridge and very distinct oblique posterior channels on under side +of centrum. + +_Charleston_ (female, jr.).--First lumbar: Similar to that of Barnegat +skeleton, but transverse process directed outward and scarcely or not at +all forward; length of process equal to that of centrum; tip rounded (due +to immaturity). + +Tenth lumbar (last): Centrum very long. Neural arch and spine a little +less in height than length of centrum. Transverse process oblong, curved +forward, more than one-half as long as centrum. Metapophyses similar to +those of Newport skeleton. Inferior median ridge very sharp; lateral +channels rather indistinct. + + + CAUDAL VERTEBRAE. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--First caudal (vert. 28): Similar to last +lumbar, but neural spine broader antero-posteriorly. Transverse process +2/3 length of centrum, inversely triangular, the tip much in advance of +anterior face of centrum, free end somewhat rounded. Metapophyses similar +to those of last lumbar. No median inferior ridge, but two short +processes bearing facets for chevrons posteriorly and a very slight +indication of similar process anteriorly, but without facets. Posterior +inferior oblique channels indistinct. + +Seventh caudal (vert. 34): Centrum (exclusive of chevron processes) +nearly as deep as long. Neural arch and spine only a little higher than +length of centrum, very much inclined backward and expanded at distal +end; free border of spine straight. Metapophyses close to centrum, united +nearly to tips by a horizontal plate. A ridge extends backward from their +tips nearly across the arch. Another very prominent ridge traverses the +centrum at the base of the arch. At the posterior end, a deep groove, +convex forward, extends down the side of the centrum, making an +emargination in the transverse process and proceeding thence down the +lower side of centrum to its lower middle point, where it ends in a deep +semicircular emargination between the anterior and posterior chevron +facets. Transverse process a triangular stub, reaching nearly to the line +of the anterior face of centrum. Chevron processes very large, and the +median inferior surface of the centrum between them deeply grooved +longitudinally. + +Tenth caudal (vert. 37): Centrum as deep as long. Neural spine a low +ridge, as long as the centrum, and extending beyond it posteriorly. No +transverse processes. A foramen in side of centrum much above the middle +and a similar one below. Close to the latter and below it another foramen +pierces the ridge uniting the chevron processes, and appears below on +side of longitudinal inferior median channel. Metapophyses small +mammilliform processes on top of centrum. + +Eleventh caudal (vert. 38): No processes. A very small neural spine. +Posterior epiphysis strongly convex. + +Twelfth caudal (vert. 39): A rounded mass without processes. + +Thirteenth caudal (vert. 40): An oblong mass, with two grooves on each +side, two widely separate foramina above and two closely approximated +below, entering a common depression, with rounded projections on its +borders. + +Fourteenth caudal (vert. 41): Similar to thirteenth caudal, but with a +single lateral groove. + +Fifteenth caudal (vert. 42): Similar to fourteenth caudal, but sides +extending upward and downward in a ridge. Inferior foramina nearly as far +apart as superior and posterior epiphysis much smaller than anterior. + +Sixteenth caudal (vert. 43): Similar to fifteenth caudal, but the +disproportion of epiphyses greater and lateral ridges higher. Superior +and inferior surfaces of centrum inclined. + +Seventeenth caudal (vert. 44): Similar to preceding, but smaller. + +Eighteenth caudal (vert. 45): Longer than high. Inferior ridge longer and +larger than superior. Groove very large. Anterior face of centrum deeply +concave, posterior flat. Posterior epiphysis very much smaller than +anterior. Foramina very small, practically obliterated on right side. + +_Newport_ (male).--First caudal (vert. 27): Similar to last lumbar, but +transverse process shorter, about two-thirds as long as centrum, oblong +and but little constricted at base; distal margin nearly straight. The +process does not extend forward quite to the line of the anterior face of +centrum. No inferior median ridge, but strong posterior chevron +processes. Postero-inferior oblique grooves very distinct. + +Seventh caudal (vert. 33): Similar to the same vertebra in Barnegat +skeleton, but neural spine more inclined backward and anterior border +deeply concave. Metapophyses oblong, directed upward, not reaching +anterior face of centrum as they do in Barnegat skeleton. Anterior face +of centrum receding superiorly and the ridge opposite it on side of +centrum shorter than in Barnegat skeleton. Ridge behind metapophyses +indistinct. Postero-inferior oblique grooves as in Barnegat skeleton, but +piercing transverse process, forming a foramen. Anterior and posterior +chevron processes very large and receding very much, as do also the +anterior and posterior faces of centrums. + +Eleventh caudal (vert. 37): Similar to Barnegat skeleton, but spine +shorter than centrum and not extending beyond it anteriorly or +posteriorly. Metapophyses similar, but wider apart. + +Twelfth caudal (vert. 38): Neural arch barely complete. No spine. + +Thirteenth to nineteenth caudals (vert. 39-45): Similar to those of +Barnegat skeleton. + +Twentieth caudal (vert. 46): Rudely triangular, with a peg-like posterior +projection, bearing the very small posterior epiphysis. No foramina. +Anterior epiphysis deeply concave in middle. + +_Charleston_ (female, jr.).--First caudal (vert. 28): Similar to last +lumbar, but only a faint inferior median ridge. Inferior outline of +centrum antero-posteriorly very concave, which is not the case in the +Barnegat and Newport skeletons. Posterior chevron processes prominent. +Postero-inferior oblique grooves shallow. + +Seventh caudal (vert. 34): Like the Newport skeleton. The transverse +process not pierced or emarginate. Postero-inferior oblique grooves +indistinct. Ridges on centrum very distinct. Right anterior and posterior +chevron processes united and pierced by a foramen. + +Tenth caudal (vert. 37): Similar to the same vertebra in Newport +skeleton, but neural spine very short. + + + CHEVRONS. + +The number of chevrons in the North American and some other specimens is +as follows: + + Newport, Rhode Island. 11 + Barnegat City, New Jersey. 8(+3?) + Charleston, South Carolina. 8+ + Buenos Ayres, Argentina (Burmeister). 11 + Holma, Sweden (Malm). 9 + Littleton Harbor, New Zealand (Haast). 10 + Warrington, New Zealand (Scott and Parker). 9 + Pisa Museum (Van Beneden). 9 + +The chevrons are similar in form in the three North American specimens, +with some differences which will be pointed out below. + +_Newport_ (male).--The first chevron consists of a pair of bones which +are not united. They are longer than deep, their depth indeed being less +than that of any one of the succeeding bones except the tenth and +eleventh. Each presents one strong superior articulating facet. Second +chevron, elongated antero-posteriorly, but not much deeper than the +first. Third chevron very deep and only equaled in that respect by the +fourth; narrowed and rounded off below. Fourth chevron largest and +broadest (antero-posteriorly) of the series; expanded below and the lower +border transverse. Fifth to eighth similar in form, but less deep +successively, and the lower border more rounded. Ninth similar to eighth, +but smaller and thinner. Tenth similar to first, longer +(antero-posteriorly) than deep. Eleventh similar to tenth in form, but +smaller. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--First chevron bone lacking. Second like that +of Newport skeleton, but smaller. Third similar to second, but much +larger and more produced posteriorly; quite unlike the third in the +Newport skeleton in form, and much less deep. Fourth, largest and deepest +of the series; anterior and posterior borders rounded, and the inferior +border similar. Fifth to eighth similar in form, but successively less +deep, and all more expanded below; inferior border nearly straight. Ninth +similar to eighth, but depth not exceeding breadth; lower angles +produced. + +_Charleston_ (female, jr.).--The chevrons of this specimen resemble those +of the Newport skeleton, but on account of immaturity they are all more +or less rounded. The two sides of the first chevron are united. The +second is without the posterior angular projection seen in the other +specimens. The third is the deepest of the series. The eighth is not +deeper than long, and hence resembles the tenth chevron of the Newport +skeleton in proportion, but is, of course, much smaller. Two or three +chevrons are lacking from the posterior end of the series. + + + RIBS. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--First rib shortest and broadest, but +considerably broader at proximal end than at distal end. Head and +tubercle close together. The succeeding ribs increase in length and +decrease in breadth to the fifth or sixth. The third, fourth, and fifth +are expanded and flattened at distal end. Seventh, eighth, and ninth +successively shorter. Distance between head and tubercle greater on +second rib than on first, and on third is greater than on second. On the +third to sixth, inclusive, the distance is about equal. The tubercle is +scarcely distinguishable on the seventh rib, while on the eighth and +ninth it is lacking, these ribs joining the transverse processes by a +terminal facet only. + +_Newport_ (male).--Similar to those of the Barnegat skeleton, but first +rib maintains nearly the same breadth throughout. Neck thicker than in +Barnegat skeleton. Seventh rib terminates proximally in a single large +rugose facet, which connects with a similar facet on side of centrum of +seventh thoracic vertebra. + +_Charleston_ (female, jr.).--Similar to those of the Barnegat skeleton, +but a distinct tubercle on the seventh rib. Eighth and ninth ribs end +proximally in a transverse facet only, which is largest on the eighth. +Tenth rib (represented by a fragment) only half as broad as the preceding +ones and more nearly round in section. + + + STERNUM. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--Five segments. Manubrium wider than long, +convex inferiorly. Deep anterior and posterior notches, about equal, the +former with an angular projection on each side. Facet for cartilaginous +sternal rib thick and prominent. Second segment wider than long, about +equally notched anteriorly and posteriorly, the two sides anchylosed +together by a bony bridge, about as wide as the notches are deep. Third +and fourth segments similar to second but smaller; similarly notched; +left portion a little longer than right. Fifth segment elongated, left +side very much so; the two sides joined by a narrow bridge; posterior +notch very deep. + +_Newport_ (male).--Similar to sternum of Barnegat skeleton, but manubrium +scarcely wider than long; posterior notch much longer than anterior, with +parallel sides. Second and third segments similar to those of Barnegat +skeleton but sides of latter not completely anchylosed together. Fourth +segment in two pieces, with a wide interval between. Fifth segment +triangular with deep anterior, triangular notch, a narrow bridge, and +short posterior prolongation (the left longer than the right). + +_Charleston_ (female, jr.).--Resembles the sternum of the Barnegat +skeleton rather than that of Newport skeleton, but anterior parts +cartilaginous. Opposite sides of second, third, and fifth segments +anchylosed together and those of fourth segment nearly so. (Pl. 25, fig. +2). + + + SCAPULA. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--Superior border irregular. Posterior angle +acute. Anterior and posterior borders nearly straight. Ridges distinct. +Acromion broad both at base and at tip, sharply bent upward, so as to be +parallel with anterior border of scapula. Coracoid nearly as long as +acromion, slender, a little curved upward, irregular and somewhat +expanded at the end. + +_Newport_ (male).--Superior border irregularly rounded. Posterior angle +obtuse, anterior angle projecting. Ridges indistinct. Anterior and +posterior borders nearly straight, but irregular. Acromion broad at base, +tapering toward the tip, which is again somewhat expanded; bent upward, +but not sufficiently to be parallel with anterior margin of blade. +Coracoid rather thick, irregular, strongly expanded at tip. + +_Charleston_ (female, jr.).--Rather too much abraded for comparisons, but +posterior margin more concave than in either of the other skeletons. + + + FORE LIMB. + +_Barnegat City_ (female).--Fore limb much shorter than in the Newport +skeleton. Humerus: Head quite oblique, the lower edge overhanging the +shaft considerably on the ulnar side. Tuberosity level with upper surface +of head, elliptical in outline when viewed from above. Deltoid ridge +moderately prominent, irregular, rugose, and extending to about the +middle of the shaft. Distal end of humerus not expanded. Bicipital groove +inconspicuous. + +Radius: Almost perfectly straight, but a little inclined toward ulna at +oblique proximal end; scarcely expanded at distal end, which is lower +externally than internally. + +Ulna: Much slenderer than radius, rounded triangular in section, not +expanded at distal end, where the margin is lowest externally. Olecranon +well developed, thin, and pointed proximally. + +Carpals: Five; two on ulna side, two median and one on radial side in +line with first metacarpal. The proximal middle bone (intermedium) +extends much farther proximally than those on each side of it. + +Metacarpals: Metacarpal III longest, metacarpal II broadest. Metacarpal I +oblong, or rather conical, with a lateral enlargement, and situated in +line with the distal row of carpals. + +Digits: First phalange of first digit short and conical. + +_Newport_ (male).--Fore limb considerably longer and more massive than +that of the Barnegat skeleton but similar otherwise, except as follows: + +Humerus: Head rather larger and less inclined. Deltoid ridge more +prominent. + +Radius: Broader proximally and rounded at distal end, where it extends +outward beyond the carpal bones. + +Ulna: Thicker, and olecranon less pointed. + +Carpal bones: Middle carpal bone not extending farther proximally than +those on either side of it. + +Metacarpals: Metacarpal I nearly square, third longest, second to fourth +more constricted. + +Digits: First phalange of first digit long and cylindrical. Phalangeal +formula: I, 1; II, 6; III, 6; IV, 4; V, 2. + +Measurements of the skeletons above described are as follows: + + _Dimensions of four skeletons of Ziphius cavirostris._ + + Column headings: + A: Barnegat City, New Jersey. 20971 U.S.N.M. female, adult. + B: Newport, Rhode Island. 49599 U.S.N.M. male, adult. + C: Charleston, South Carolina. 21975 U.S.N.M. female, young. + D: Bering Island. (Vertebrae) young. + + + Measurements. A B C D + mm. mm. mm. mm. + Length of skull 945 915 797 ... + First to fourth cervicals (vert. 1-4): + Length of combined centra 81 79 66 55 + Greatest breadth of atlas 283 259 210(?) 146 + Greatest height of atlas 215 218 170 148 + First thoracic vertebra (vert. 8): + Greatest breadth 211 220 174(?) 122 + Greatest height[a] 267 321 163 133 + Length of centrum 42 46 32 19 + Height of centrum 70 67 48 49 + Seventh thoracic vertebra (vert. 14): + Greatest breadth 142 158 147 128 + Greatest height 440 417 260 182 + Length of centrum 102 103 74 51 + Height of centrum (ant.) 68 69 49 44 + Eighth thoracic vertebra (vert. 15): + Greatest breadth 253 288 177 100 + Greatest height 447 427 265 186 + Length of centrum 110 109 78 54 + Height of centrum 65 69 51 47 + Ninth thoracic vertebra (vert. 16): + Greatest breadth 329 366 248(?) 122 + Greatest height 418 431 277 192 + Length of centrum 117 117 82 58 + Height of centrum 69 75 53 49 + First lumbar vertebra (vert. 17): + Greatest breadth 385 393 [b]275 142 + Greatest height 464 451 [b]293 200 + Length of centrum 122 120 [b]89 62 + Height of centrum 74 81 [b]55 50 + Tenth lumbar vertebra (vert. 26): + Greatest breadth 362 335 [c]230 158 + Greatest height 524 488 [c]343 242 + Length of centrum 172 162 [c]129 85 + Height of centrum 107 109 [c]78 71 + First caudal vertebra (vert. 27): + Greatest breadth 336(?) [d]313 223 166 + Greatest height 483 [d]458 307 235 + Length of centrum 178 [d]160 127 91 + Height of centrum 113 [d]109 81 75 + Seventh caudal vertebra (vert. 33): + Greatest breadth 164 [e]161 113 110 + Greatest height [f]255 [f]250 155 [f]135 + Length of centrum 139 131 103 77 + Height of centrum (ant.) [f]111 [f]119 [f]85 [f]78 + Twelfth caudal vertebra (vert. 38): + Greatest breadth 90 [g]88 61 62 + Greatest height 83 [g]78 53 61 + Length of centrum 55 [g]56 46 47 + Fifteenth caudal vertebra (vert. 41): + Greatest breadth 64 [h]62 49 45 + Greatest height 54 [h]52 33 30 + Length of centrum 42 [h]39 30 28 + Eighteenth caudal vertebra (vert. 45): + Greatest breadth 37 [i]38 ... ... + Greatest height 20 [i]19 ... ... + Length of centrum 24 [i]22 ... ... + Twentieth caudal vertebra (vert. 46): + Greatest breadth ... [j]25 ... ... + Greatest height ... [j]13 ... ... + Length of centrum ... [j]19 ... ... + Chevrons: + Antero-posterior length of first ... 74 ... ... + chevron + Depth of same ... 66 44 ... + Length of second chevron 83 107 55 38 + Depth of same 87 85 74 63 + Length of third chevron 114 91 61 46 + Depth of same 135 206 123 90 + Length of fourth chevron 125 122 67 51 + Depth of same 213 206 111 67 + Length of eighth chevron 80 86 43 35 + Depth of same 108 115 41 33 + Length of ninth chevron 84 74 ... 27 + Depth of same 83 88 ... 19 + Scapula: + Greatest length 385 415 [k]224 159 + Greatest height 275 300 175 132 + Length of acromion [l]115 159 ... 48 + Length of coracoid from edge of glenoid 127 148 60 38 + Pectoral limb: + Total length 588 652 ... ... + Humerus: + Length 168 177 130 95 + Breadth at distal end 69 69 52 42 + Radius: + Length [m]178 [m]175 [m]135 ... + Breadth at distal end 55 65 41 ... + Ulna: + Length without olecranon 165 171 118 ... + Length including olecranon 220 225 150 ... + Breadth at distal end 44 42 30 ... + Metacarpals: + Length of first 31 28 + Length of second 52 55 + Length of third 52 58 + Length of fourth 44 51 + Length of fifth 37 39 + Phalanges: + Length of first phalange of first digit 27 44 + Sternum: + Total length [n]803 821 [o]550 [o]395 + Length of manubrium 259 306 [o]203 105 + Breadth of manubrium 286 333 193 128 + Length of fifth segment [o]170 [p]184 [o]128 [p]92 + Breadth of fifth segment 133 168 86 82 + Ribs: + Length of first rib (straight) 405 410 277 191 + Breadth of first rib at proximal end 88 110 65 46 + Breadth of first rib at distal end 63 80 40 30 + Length of fifth rib (straight) 785 770 545 415 + Length of ninth rib (straight) 620 620 + + [a] The measurements of height of vertebrae are from center of inf. + margin of centrum to center of tip of spine, unless otherwise + specified. + [b] Last thoracic. + [c] Ninth lumbar. + [d] Second caudal = vert. 28. + [e] Eighth caudal = vert. 34. + [f] Without chevron facet. + [g] Thirteenth caudal = vert. 39. + [h] Sixteenth caudal = vert. 42. + [i] Nineteenth caudal = vert. 45. + [j] Vert. 46. + [k] Edges abraded. + [l] A little broken. + [m] In median line. + [n] Without cartilages. + [o] With cartilages. + [p] Left side. + + + PHALANGEAL FORMULA. + +The formulas for the ossified phalanges in two American[39] and three Old +World specimens are as follows: + + _Phalangeal formula of five specimens of Ziphius cavirostris._ + + Locality. I. II. III. IV. V. + Newport, Rhode Island 1 6 6 4 2 + Barnegat City, New Jersey 1 6 6 4 3 + Villefranche, France (Haeckel) 1 5 6 4 2 + Pisa Museum, Italy (Van Beneden) 1 3(?) 5 4 1 + Warrington, New Zealand (Scott and Parker) 1 5 5 4 2 + + + SUMMARY OF DIFFERENCES IN SKELETONS. + +The chief differences between the Barnegat City and Newport skeletons are +in the size and form of the processes of the cervical vertebrae, the form +of the seventh and eighth thoracic vertebrae and of the ribs connected +with them, the direction of the acromion of the scapula, the shape of the +first phalange of the first digit, and of the posterior segments of the +sternum. As far as the processes of the cervicals are concerned, these +are known to be extremely variable in all cetaceans. The seventh and +eighth thoracic vertebrae are those on which the mode of attachment of the +ribs changes in ziphioid whales, and I have observed in the genus +_Mesoplodon,_ as here, that the processes and articular facets were very +variable, being sometimes quite unlike on the two sides of the same +vertebra. The direction of the acromion is probably subject to large +individual variations, though this can not be determined at present, and +the same is true of the form of the first phalange of the first digit. +The form of the sternum is quite variable in all cetaceans, and can not +be relied on for specific characters, without comparison of many +individuals. + +On the whole, I am of the opinion, as already stated, that we are not +compelled by the differences noted to regard the Barnegat and Newport +skeletons as representing different species. The Charleston skeleton is +too young and imperfect to admit of serious consideration. The idea that +the differences between the adult skeletons are probably individual +receives support from the fact that the skeleton shown in the photograph +from St. Simon Island, Georgia, mentioned on page 31, No. 14, appears to +possess a combination of characters exhibited by the other two. + + + AGE VARIATIONS IN SKULLS. + +The series of skulls of _Z. grebnitzkii_, which the Museum owes to the +activities of Dr. L. Stejneger and Mr. N. Grebnitzki, comprises specimens +of different ages, and, as will be shown presently, probably both sexes. +Taken together with the skulls from the east coast of the United States +they probably represent very fully the variations which the skull +undergoes in the present species. These changes may, perhaps, be best +made evident by the following brief descriptions of the various skulls: + +_21975. Charleston, South Carolina._--Young female. (Type of _Z. +semijunctus_.) All sutures open, and elements of occipital bone +distinguishable. No mesethmoid ossification. Opposite maxillary notches, +premaxillae closely approximated, nearly flat and horizontal, and about +level with adjacent parts of maxillae. Left premaxilla grooved +longitudinally at this point. Orifice of anterior nares on a level with +lower end of rectangular projecting boss formed by superior portion of +nasals. Rostrum pointed, much broader distally than it is deep. A very +distinct rudimentary alveolar groove in distal end of each maxilla. +Proximal end of vomer resting against anterior face of nasals and +reaching up to overhanging boss. Anterior face of the latter nearly flat. +(Pl. 14, fig. 1; pl. 18, fig. 1; pl. 20, fig. 1; pl. 21, fig. 2.) + +Rami of mandible not anchylosed together at symphysis. Teeth hollow, open +at the root, acute at apex, tipped with enamel; diameter 10 mm. (Pl. 22, +fig. 1; pl. 24, fig. 1.) + +_20971. Barnegat City, New Jersey._--Adult female. Majority of sutures +open, but those on superior surface of rostrum between maxillae and +premaxillae partly anchylosed. Vomer nearly all anchylosed to rostral +portion of premaxillae; it presents a slight median elevation, but there +is no mesirostral ossification. Right premaxilla in front of nares broad, +flat, and horizontal; left, nearly so, but with a quite broad +longitudinal groove. Opposite maxillary notches premaxillae nearly on a +level with adjacent parts. Orifice of anterior nares level with lower end +of nasal boss. End of rostrum quite acute, and broader than deep. +Rudimentary alveolar groove distinct distally. Proximal end of vomer +anchylosed with anterior face of nasals and reaching up to nasal boss, +which has a sharp median ridge completing nasal septum superiorly. +Anterior face of nasal boss slightly concave on each side of median line. +(Pl. 14, fig. 2; pl. 18, fig. 2; pl. 20, fig. 2; pl. 21, fig. 3.) + +Rami of mandible anchylosed together at symphysis and suture largely +obliterated. Teeth slender, cylindrical, rugose, rather blunt; roots +closed; diameter 13 mm. (Pl. 24, fig. 3.) + +_22069. Bering Island._--Adult female? All the sutures about as in +preceding specimen. Mesirostral ossification distinct, rounded, extending +from base of rostrum nearly to apex, but disappearing before reaching +line of anterior ends of maxillae. Its upper surface below that of +premaxillae. Premaxillae approximated, and right premaxilla with an angular +process near base of rostrum overlapping mesirostral ossification. +Premaxillae at base of rostrum, anterior nares, proximal end of vomer, and +nasals as in preceding skull. Apex of rostrum moderately acute, broader +than deep. Rudimentary alveolar groove shallow. (Pl. 15, fig. 1.) + +Rami of mandible anchylosed together and suture largely obliterated. +Teeth somewhat fusiform, blunt; roots closed; diameter, 14 mm. (Pl. 22, +fig. 3.) + +_83991. Bering Island._--Similar in all respects to preceding, but +mesirostral ossification a little less well developed. + +_22874. Bering Island._--Entirely similar to two preceding, but +premaxillae a little curved out from mesirostral ossification and left +premaxilla opposite maxillary notch rather strongly inclined, nearly +vertical. Anterior face of nasal boss distinctly concave. (Skull +defective.) + +_21246. Bering Island._--Sutures as in three preceding skulls. +Mesirostral ossification distinct and rounded, but much below level of +premaxillae. Rostral portion of premaxillae narrow and widely divergent +toward base of rostrum, leaving mesirostral entirely exposed. Right +premaxilla on a line with maxillary notches strongly concave and sunk +below level of maxillae. Left premaxilla vertical, with a broad groove. +Right premaxilla remains low and concave proximally, the posterior end +being then abruptly turned upward and reaching level of vertex. Orifice +of anterior nares on a level with lower end of nasal boss, and vomer +resting against anterior face of nasals, which latter have a median ridge +continuing nasal septum, but with a slight vacuity between the two. +Rudimentary alveolar groove nearly obliterated. Outer sides of premaxillae +at distal end strongly concave. Rostrum rather acute, about as deep as +wide opposite distal ends of maxillae. (Pl. 15, fig. 2.) + +_20993. Bering Island._--Adult male? (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_). Majority +of sutures open, but maxillae and premaxillae anchylosed together above and +on the sides. Premaxillae approximated anteriorly, but diverging +posteriorly. Mesirostral ossification well developed, reaching level of +premaxillae; anteriorly rather narrow but a little broader near middle of +rostrum, where it is beveled off abruptly. Behind this point premaxillae +strongly concave, nearly vertical and widely separated, forming a large +and deep basin, in the bottom of which the vomer appears as a broad, +irregular bony surface. Bottom of basin much below level of surrounding +parts. Orifice of anterior nares much below level of nasal boss. Vomer +reaching lower end of nasals. Anterior face of latter strongly concave, +with only a moderate median ridge completing nasal septum above. +Mesirostral with a median groove at distal end. Premaxillae high at distal +end, but sides nearly plane. Rostrum compressed near apex, deeper than +wide. (Pl. 16, fig. 1; pl. 19, fig. 1; pl. 20, fig. 3.) + +Rami of mandible anchylosed together and suture partly obliterated. Teeth +conical, with rather short, acute tips; roots closed, short and conical; +diameter, 25 mm. (Pl. 23, fig. 1; pl. 24, fig. 2.) + +_21245. Bering Island._--Nearly all sutures between maxillae and +premaxillae at end of rostrum, above and below, anchylosed together, but +majority of others traceable. Condition of superior surface of skull very +similar to that of preceding, but premaxillae rather low at distal end. +Mesirostral at distal end rather lower than premaxillae and concave +superiorly; more posteriorly assuming form of a narrow ridge, with a deep +channel between it and premaxillae on each side. More posteriorly still it +widens rapidly, with a convex surface, and terminates abruptly with a +truncated end, the surface of which is concave. A deep basin around +nares, as in preceding skull. Orifice of anterior nares far below level +of nasal boss. The latter largely absorbed and deeply undercut and +concave in front. Nasal septum terminating before reaching lower end of +nasals, and ridge on latter low and traversing left nasal. Sides of +premaxillae at distal end very concave. Rudimentary alveolar groove nearly +obsolete. Rostrum blunt at apex, and about as deep as wide at anterior +ends of maxillae. (Pl. 16, fig. 2.) + +_21248. Bering Island._--Similar to preceding, but mesirostral +ossification higher than premaxillae at distal end and convex above; less +abruptly widened posteriorly and posterior termination flat. Narrow, deep +grooves between ossification and premaxillae on each side, or, in other +words, premaxillae more closely approximated to sides of mesirostral +distally. Basin around nares and conformation of the several bones +bordering it similar to preceding. Sides of premaxillae concave at distal +end, the grooves thus formed in them intruding some what on the maxillae, +especially posteriorly. Apex of rostrum very blunt, rounded off below and +projecting above; deeper than wide. Rudimentary alveolar groove nearly +obsolete. (Pl. 17, fig. 1; pl. 22, fig. 4.) + +Rami of mandible anchylosed together and the symphysis and suture largely +obliterated. Teeth very broadly fusiform; tip short and rather blunt; +roots closed; diameter 30 mm. + +_49599. Newport, Rhode Island._--Adult male. All sutures on superior +surface of skull more or less anchylosed together. Mesirostral +ossification and premaxillae all on one level near apex of rostrum, but at +extreme tip mesirostral lower, forming a narrow ridge with a deep groove +on each side between it and premaxillae. The same conformation repeated +more posteriorly, but grooves deeper and wider, while mesirostral +maintains the same level as premaxillae. It widens suddenly here, forming +a broad flat-topped mass, which is a little overlapped by the premaxillae. +The mass terminates suddenly somewhat behind middle of rostrum with a +deep concavity placed obliquely. Basin in front of the nares and +conformation of bones composing it as in two preceding skulls. Vomer at +proximal end touching lower end of nasals, and nasal septum continued +behind and above it as a low ridge, composed of the inner edges of the +two nasal bones and reaching up to the nasal boss. Outer sides of +premaxillae near distal end deeply concave. Apex of rostrum rather blunt, +deeper than wide opposite distal ends of maxillae; all the bones +anchylosed together, but some of the sutures indicated by grooves. +Rudimentary alveolar groove nearly obsolete. (Pl. 17, fig. 2; pl. 19, +fig. 2; pl. 21, figs. 1, 5.) + +Rami of mandible anchylosed together at symphysis, the suture indicated +only by a groove. Teeth large, broadly conical and tapering at the tip. +Root very short, rugose, conical and closed; diameter 29 _mm._ (Pl. 22, +fig. 2; pl. 23, figs. 2, 3.) + +The dimensions of the several skulls are as follows: + + _Dimensions of ten skulls of Ziphius cavirostris (including the types + of Z. grebnitzkii Stejneger and Z. semijunctus Cope)._ + + Column headings: + A: 83991. Bering Island. _grebnitzkii._ + B: 21248. Bering Island. _grebnitzkii._ + C: 22874. Bering Island. _grebnitzkii._ + D: 21246. Bering Island. _grebnitzkii._ + E: 20993. Bering Island. Type _grebnitzkii_. + F: 22069. Bering Island. _grebnitzkii._ + G: 21245. Bering Island. _grebnitzkii._ + H: 21975. Type _semijunctus_. + I: 20971. Barnegat, N. J. Female, _cavirostris_. + J: 49599. Newport, R. I. Male, _cavirostris_. + + + Measurements. A B C D E F G H I J + mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. + Total length 900 877 [a]807 850 963 882 855 797 945 915 + Length of rostrum 491 480 [a]397 470 550 480 476 463 550 514 + Height from vertex to 433 450 ... ... 515 471 481 349 440 465 + inferior border of + pterygoids + Distance from tip of rostrum 664 670 ... ... 735 682 673 614 735 726 + to posterior free margin of + pterygoids (median) + Distance from the same to 617 621 [a]538 600 690 623 589 590 708 676 + anterior end of nasals + Breadth between centers of 495 513 [b]499 488 563 [b]486 492 393 476 530 + orbits + Breadth between zygomatic 511 513 ... 505 573 531 530 415 503 548 + processes + Breadth between temporal fossae 270 309 325 300 349 317 311 242 302 313 + Breadth of rostrum at base 319 331 345 324 380 337 320 249 307 337 + Breadth of rostrum at middle 102 117 [b]94+- 107 120 109 112 83 112 113 + Breadth of premaxillae at same 54 67 58 62 78 70 75 44 62 80 + point + Depth of rostrum at middle 66 81 80 79 118 117 113 50 77 107 + Breadth of premaxillae in 176 177 184 205 221 230 219 128 176 234 + front of nares + Greatest breadth of anterior 74 77 77 90 98 103 108 70 76 112 + nares[c] + Greatest length of temporal 161 158 154 149 152 140 146 133 143 155 + fossa + Greatest depth of temporal 81 73 77 79 87 74 89 67 80 76 + fossa + Length of orbit (ant.-post.) 131 133 132 130 137 126 117 113 134 132 + Distance from anterior end of 78 92 82 70 83 89 85 61 82 99 + orbit to maxillary notch + Length of tympanic bulla ... ... ... ... 53 ... ... 54 ... 55 + Breadth of tympanic bulla ... ... ... ... 24 ... ... 37? ... 25 + Length of mandible ... 769 ... ... ... ... ... 679 ... 842 + Length of symphysis ... 170 ... ... ... 184 ... 149 ... 176 + Depth of mandible at coronoid ... 153 ... ... ... ... ... 133 ... 153 + + [a] About 150 mm. lacking from end of beak. + [b] A little abraded. + [c] Taken on a level with the curve of the inner margin of the + premaxillae. Is only approximate. + + + SEX CHARACTERS. + +It will be found from an examination of the foregoing descriptions that +in those specimens in which the sex is known to be female, or is marked +as such, the premaxillae are comparatively narrow, the mesirostral +ossification only slightly developed, the prenarial basin undeveloped, +and the teeth quite slender, with a diameter of from 10 to 14 mm. As the +teeth in some of them have closed roots there can be no doubt that they +are adults. On the other hand, those skulls known or believed to be from +adult males have the mesirostral ossification enormously developed, a +deep prenarial basin, and fusiform teeth with closed roots and a diameter +of from 25 to 30 mm. It appears to be a fact, therefore, that in the +females the mesirostral ossification is never greatly developed at any +age, that the teeth are never thick and fusiform, and that the prenarial +region is never deeply concave. Immature individuals present, of course, +the appearance of the females, except that the teeth are open at the root +and that the mesirostral ossification is not developed at all. +Conversely, the females, broadly speaking, always present characters of +immaturity, but in adults the roots of the teeth are, of course, closed. + +That these conclusions are correct is borne out by an examination of +descriptions and figures of specimens from other parts of the world, for +which purpose a few are available in the writings of New Zealand +zoologists and others. Hector, for example, in 1873,[40] published a +description and figures of a skull from the Chatham Islands which had a +large mesirostral ossification, deep prenarial concavity, and large, +thick teeth, having a diameter of 34 mm. This is the same combination of +characters found in the Newport specimen, which is known to be a male, +and the Bering Island skulls supposed to be those of males.[41] + +In 1876,[42] Haast figured and described a female 26 feet long, and hence +presumably adult, from Lyttleton Harbor, New Zealand, which had a small +development only of the mesirostral ossification, a slight prenarial +depression, and rather slender teeth with closed roots and a diameter of +19 mm. This combination of characters is found in the Barnegat skull, +also known to be an adult female. + +In the same paper Haast describes[43] and figures the skull of another +female from Akaroa Harbor, New Zealand. This individual was larger than +the last and was accompanied by a suckling calf. Hence, there can be no +doubt that it was mature. The skull shows a moderate development of the +mesirostral ossification, and slender cylindrical teeth with closed roots +and a diameter of 16 mm. + +It is demonstrated from the foregoing discussion, I think, that the sexes +can be distinguished by the skulls, when adult, or by the teeth alone. + +Reverting now to _Ziphius gervaisii_, which was mentioned on p. 30 as +perhaps constituting a separate species, it will be seen by examining the +figures given by Gervais[44] of the skull on which it was based that the +latter presents the combination of characters peculiar to the female of +_Z. cavirostris_. This skull, which was from Aresquiers (Herault), +France, was 888 mm. long, and hence, presumably, adult. The mesirostral +ossification is but slightly developed, the prenarial concavity moderate, +the teeth small, slender, and cylindrical, with closed roots and a +diameter of 14 mm. There seems to be no sufficient reason for regarding +this skull as representing a species distinct from _cavirostris_. + +The specimen from Buenos Ayres described and figured by Burmeister in +1868[45] was an immature male. In the skull the mesirostral ossification +was lacking, the premaxillae were flat, and the teeth conical and +acuminate, with open roots, and a diameter of 12 mm. This individual was +12 feet 11-1/2 inches (3.95 m.) long, and hence about as long as the +Charleston specimen, but the skull was apparently 680 mm. long, while +that of the Charleston specimen is 797 mm. long. In the latter the teeth +are 45 mm. long and 10 mm. in diameter, while the tooth figured by +Burmeister is 31 mm. long and 12 mm. in diameter. From these data it +appears improbable that the sex of immature individuals can be determined +from the skull or teeth. + + + TEETH. + +The teeth of the various North Atlantic and North Pacific specimens merit +a somewhat more detailed description than is given on pages 50 to 53. Six +pairs of teeth from six different individuals are available for +comparison. Their dimensions are as follows: + + _Dimensions of the teeth of Ziphius cavirostris._ + + Cat. Locality. Age. Sex. Teeth. + No. + Length. Greatest + diameter. + mm. mm. + 21975 Charleston, South Carolina[a] Young Female 45 10 + 20971 Barnegat City, New Jersey Adult Female 56 13 + 22069 Bering Island Adult (Female?) 41 14 + 20993 do[b] Adult (Male?) 48 25 + 21248 do Adult (Male?) 58 30 + 49599 Newport, Rhode Island Adult Male 63 29 + + [a] Type of _Z. semijunctus_. + [b] Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_. + + +_21975. Charleston, South Carolina._--Young female. (Type of _Z. +semijunctus_.) The teeth are slender, conical, and acuminate, largest at +the base and tipped for about 2 mm. with white enamel. The remainder of +the teeth is coated with a thin layer of cement. The teeth in what +appears to be their natural position protrude horizontally from the +mandible for about 17 mm. They are slightly curved upward near the tip +and are oval, or elliptical, in section, the transverse diameter being a +little less than the vertical diameter. They are a little flattened +externally. The surface is smooth. They are open at the root, and hollow. +(Pl. 38, figs. 1, 2; pl. 22, fig. 1.) + +Doctor Manigault, curator of the Charleston Museum, wrote to Professor +Cope regarding these teeth, as follows: + + Another peculiarity of the head consists in the lower maxillary bones + being provided each at its point with a single small and very sharp + tooth. These were not noticed during the dissection, owing to their + being too much embedded in the integuments.[46] + +_20971. Barnegat City, New Jersey._--Adult female. The teeth are slender, +cylindrical, and irregularly pointed at both ends. The tips show what +appears to be an inner core of dentine which has been worn down nearly to +the cement coating and somewhat fractured. The cement coating is several +millimeters thick, but does not increase the diameter of the teeth near +the middle, so that they remain irregularly cylindrical throughout. The +surface of the cement is rough and irregular. The root is short, conical, +and closed at the end. These teeth are nearly straight. As they have been +extracted from the jaw and the latter is broken it is not possible to +distinguish which is the upper and which the lower surface, but they are +irregularly oval in section, and a little compressed. (Pl. 38, figs. +3-5.) + +In my original notes on this specimen, I recorded that there was a small +pair of teeth behind the larger ones described above. Mention of these +will be made again later. (See p. 57.) + +_22069. Bering Island._--Adult female (?). The teeth are in position in +this specimen and are nearly horizontal in position, but a little +inclined upward and toward each other. They do not extend beyond the tip +of the jaw nor up to the level of the upper surface of the symphysis, but +protrude about 13 mm. beyond the alveoli on the side. They are rather +slender, somewhat fusiform, blunt at both ends and slightly curved +upward. The surface is irregular. They are nearly round in section. The +root is closed, and the apex shows what appears to be a core of dentine +surrounded by cement. There is a depression on the inner side near the +root. These teeth are remarkable as intermediate in form between those of +the preceding specimen and those of the specimens next to be mentioned. +(Pl. 38, figs. 6, 7; pl. 22, fig. 3.) + +_20993. Bering Island._--Adult male (?). (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_.) +These teeth are almond-shaped and very symmetrical. They are thickest +near the base and taper gradually to the tip, which is quite acute. They +are somewhat compressed and hence elliptical in section, the vertical +diameter being greater than the transverse diameter. One side (probably +the inner) is flattened. They are slightly curved upward toward the apex, +which is a little worn and fractured. The root is very short and conical. +It is nearly closed, but a very small canal extends upward for about 10 +mm. The surface of the tooth is quite smooth, but dull in the lower half. +The line of demarcation between cement and dentine is not evident. (Pl. +38, figs. 8, 9; pl. 23, fig. 1.) + +_21248. Bering Island._--Adult male (?). In this specimen the teeth are +still in the natural position in the jaw. They are held in place by +ligaments and protrude far beyond the alveoli, only about one-ninth of +their length being below the superior border. They incline forward at an +angle of about 45^o with the longitudinal axis of the jaw and diverge +slightly at the tips. + +The teeth themselves have the same general form as those of the preceding +specimen, but are larger. The inner surface is flattened and the outer +strongly convex. The tips are quite pointed, but show some indications of +wear. The roots can not be seen distinctly, but appear to be closed. (Pl. +22, fig. 4.) + +_49599. Newport, Rhode Island._--Adult male. These teeth are longer than +those of the preceding specimen, and while they resemble the latter in +general form, taper much more gradually to the tip. The root, or portion +below the point of maximum girth, is much shorter than that above, and +rugose, with several deep furrows. A very small circular opening at the +base of the root marks the orifice of the nerve. The upper half of the +teeth is smooth, and the tips slightly worn and fractured. The small +elliptical worn area is situated on the convex side of the tooth, which +appears to be the outer side. As the alveoli of the jaw are, however, +filled with a network of bone, the teeth can not be inserted in them. +They were detached when received. (Pl. 38, figs. 10, 11; pl. 22, fig. 2; +pl. 23, figs. 2, 3.) + +Besides the difference in the size and form of the teeth in the two +sexes, it is probable, as will be seen by consulting the foregoing data, +that in the female the apex of the teeth does not extend more than a very +small distance above the alveoli even in mature individuals, and probably +often not more than a few millimeters; while in adult males the teeth are +almost entirely protruded from the alveoli, which are filled with a +coarse bony network. These differences are carried out in all the +American specimens, and also characterized the New Zealand specimens, as +may be learned from the accounts of Haast and Hector. + +A number of rudimentary teeth in addition to the large terminal pair have +been noted in the Aresquiers, Buenos Ayres, and perhaps other specimens, +and two such teeth were found in the mandible of the Barnegat specimen, +behind the large pair. One of these rudimentary teeth has been preserved. +It is cylindrical and moderately curved. The length is 16 mm. and the +diameter 2 mm. The whole tooth, with the exception of the extreme tip, is +thickly coated with cement. The root is closed and the crown acute and +apparently abraded by use. (Pl. 38, fig. 5.) + +Returning now to the question of the validity of _grebnitzkii_ as a +species, I would say that after comparing the measurements of the Bering +Island skulls with those of the Atlantic coast specimens, and comparing +the skulls themselves, I have been unable to find any constant difference +of importance, except the size and form of the periotic bone. As the +earbones are lacking from many of the skulls, the series available for +comparison is small. + +As compared with the Atlantic coast specimens, the anterior portion of +the periotic bone in _grebnitzkii_ is larger, broader, and more +rectangular in outline when viewed from below. I observe, however, that +the absolute size and outline of the periotic vary considerably in the +different specimens of _grebnitzkii_ without relation to age. The same +appears to be true of _cavirostris_, but comparing the two series of +skulls as a whole it appears to be true that the anterior mass of the +periotic is larger in _grebnitzkii_. I do not think, however, that the +latter species should be kept distinct on this account alone, at least +until the character has been confirmed, and perhaps strengthened by +others, through the examination of a larger series of specimens. + + + SKELETON OF ZIPHIUS FROM BERING ISLAND. + +The Museum collection contains an incomplete skeleton of a very young +individual, Cat. No. 22875, which was received from Bering Island with +the skulls of _Z. grebnitzkii_, but does not belong to any one of them. +Whether it really represents that species is, therefore, uncertain, but +such is probably the case. The length of the vertebral column, consisting +of 45 vertebrae, without interspaces, is 9 feet 2 inches. + +The vertebral formula is as follows: C. 7; Th. 10; L. 10; Ca. 18 (+1?) = +45 (+1?). This is the same as in the type of _semijunctus_ so far as the +cervicals, thoracics, and lumbars are concerned, and the probable total +is the same. In their general characters these vertebrae agree with those +of the skeletons already described, but they present a number of +differences as well. On account of immaturity the processes are even less +developed than in _semijunctus_. All the epiphyses are free, and in the +third to the seventh thoracic vertebrae the neural arch and spine are +separate from the centrum. The centra are very short in proportion to +their width. + +Although the specimen is so young, the anterior foramen of the atlas is, +nevertheless, inclosed by bone, and though the line of separation between +the atlas and axis is visible on the sides, the fourth cervical is +anchylosed to the third at the top of the centrum. Although the neural +spines, metapophyses, and transverse processes of the thoracics are much +shorter than those of the young _semijunctus_, the epiphyses are as large +or even larger than in that specimen. The neural arches are also +noticeably thicker than in _semijunctus_, and the centra are rounded +inferiorly rather than carinated. The neural spines are much more nearly +erect than in the adult Barnegat and Newport skeletons, but, as mentioned +on page 41, this is probably a character of immaturity, and is shared by +_semijunctus_. + +The differences as regards the form of the centra and neural arches die +away among the lumbars, and these vertebrae and the caudals are, with a +due allowance for greater immaturity, very similar to those of +_semijunctus_. + +The seventh thoracic is like the sixth in form, and is without a +transverse process. It thus resembles the same vertebra in _semijunctus_. +The eighth, however, has an ill-defined facet on the side of the +metapophysis and a second facet a little above the upper border of the +centrum. The eighth pair of ribs has only a single terminal articular +facet. + +The ninth thoracic has a short, thick transverse process, about in line +with the upper surface of the centrum. + +The transverse process of the seventh caudal is perforated on the right +side by a foramen. The transverse processes are last traceable on the +ninth caudal, the neural spines on the tenth caudal, and the neural arch +on the eleventh caudal. Eight chevron bones are preserved, but probably +two more were present originally. + +Ten pairs of ribs are present. The first is much broader in the proximal +half than in the distal half, but the distal end is slightly expanded. +The first seven pairs possess both head and tubercle, but the eighth, +ninth, and tenth have only a single terminal articular facet. + +The sternum, which consists of five segments, is similar in form to that +of _semijunctus_. The two sides of each segment are united. The posterior +emargination of the third segment, and those of both ends of the fourth +and fifth segments are small. The scapula and humerus are like those of +_semijunctus_ in form. The remaining parts of both pectoral limbs are +lacking. + +Without more material, and especially some skeletons of adults, it is +difficult to decide what importance should be assigned to the differences +observable in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae of this young Bering +Island specimen. The measurements of the skeleton are included in the +table on pages 47 and 48. + + + EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. + +The series of photographs (Cat. No. 142579) of an individual obtained in +Kiska Harbor, Alaska, is very interesting as affording comparison of what +is apparently a specimen of _grebnitzkii_ with the Atlantic form +represented in the photograph of the Newport, Rhode Island, specimen. As +no part of the Kiska specimen was preserved, it is not possible, of +course, to identify it positively with _grebnitzkii_ or even with the +genus _Ziphius_. No one who compares the photographs reproduced in Pl. +41, figs. 3 and 4, can, I think, fail to be convinced that both represent +animals of the same genus and that the Pacific species (whether +_grebnitzkii_ or not) bears the strongest possible resemblance to the +Atlantic one. + +Doctor Egbert published the following note on the Kiska specimen in 1905: + + Early in September a monster dolphin grounded on the beach in Kiska + Harbor and was killed. Specific identification has not yet been made. + The general color was bluish-gray; length, 18-1/2 feet; estimated + weight, 3,600 pounds; sex, male. Body was quite regular in shape and + rather rotund, the greatest circumference being about midway between + dorsal fin and tip of the rather short snout. This dolphin was hauled + alongside the ship, stripped of its blubber, and the oil extracted. + Some of the flesh was eaten. The oil obtained was of excellent quality. + It was particularly desired for use on the wire of the deep-sea + sounding machine used aboard the [U. S. Coast Survey steamer] + _Patterson_.[47] + +The size was about the same as that of the Newport specimen. Although +Doctor Egbert gives the color merely as "bluish gray," the photographs +indicate that the belly was white, or whitish, and that there were oval +white spots on the sides. As a whole, therefore, the coloration was +similar to that of the New Zealand specimens of _cavirostris_ obtained at +Port Cooper and Lyttleton Harbor. + +When compared with the photograph of the Newport specimen (Pl. 41, fig. +4) it will be seen that the Kiska photograph represents an animal +practically identical in general form, as well as in the general shape of +the head, the length and form of the snout, the size and general shape of +the pectoral fins. In the photograph of the Newport specimen the flukes +are not well seen, but in the Kiska photograph the posterior median +convexity peculiar to the ziphioids is clearly represented. The dorsal +fin of the Newport specimen appears to be turned somewhat to one side and +the tip crumpled, which makes it appear lower and somewhat longer and +less pointed than that of the Kiska specimen. This may, of course, be a +real difference, though such is probably not the case. + +Considering the foregoing data relative to _grebnitzkii_ as a whole, +there is not in my opinion sufficient warrant at present for considering +this form as a species distinct from _cavirostris_, and it should be +added that no distinguishing characters were given in the original +description. + + + + + Genus BERARDIUS Duvernoy. + + +Of this genus the National Museum has three skulls and three skeletons +representing the species _bairdii_, and a skull representing the species +_arnuxii_. The latter, Cat. No. 21511, U.S.N.M., is without exact +locality, but is catalogued as having been obtained in New Zealand. As +the species _arnuxii_ has been well described and figured by Flower[48] +and others, no detailed account of this skull is given here. Measurements +of it, however, are included with those of _B. bairdii_ in the table on +p. 68. + + + BERARDIUS BAIRDII Stejneger. + + _Berardius bairdii_ Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, p. 75, + June 22, 1883. + _Berardius vegae_ Malm, Bihang K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 8, + 1883, No. 4, p. 109.[49] + + +This species was based by Dr. L. Stejneger on a skull obtained by Mr. N. +Grebnitzki in Stare Gavan, on the eastern shore of Bering Island, +Commander Group, Bering Sea, in the autumn of 1881. In 1879 a portion of +a skull of the same species was found on Bering Island by the _Vega_ +expedition, and was made the basis of a new species, _B. vegae_, by A. W. +Malm, the description of which was published a few months after that of +Doctor Stejneger. The National Museum subsequently received another skull +from Bering Island, through Mr. N. Grebnitzki, but, so far as I am aware, +nothing further was heard of the species until 1903 and 1904, when the +National Museum received three nearly complete skeletons, two of them +from St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Bering Sea, and one from the +coast of California. The material now in the National Museum is as +follows:[50] + +(1) _Cat. No. 20992_.--Skull and mandible of an immature individual +collected by Dr. L. Stejneger in Bering Island. Original number 1520. +Catalogued November 24, 1883. Type. + +(2) _Cat. No._ (lacking).--Skull and mandible of an immature individual. +Collected by Mr. N. Grebnitzki in Bering Island (?). Mounted. + +(3) _Cat. No. 142118_.--Skull, mandible, and cervical vertebrae of a very +young individual. Collected by Dr. L. Stejneger, June 5, 1883, on North +Rookery, Bering Island. Original number 2191. This specimen is +accompanied by notes and measurements. + +(4) _Cat. No. 49726_.--Skeleton and measurements of an adult female. Near +East Rookery, St. George Island, Pribilof Group. Collected by James +Judge, in June, 1903. Length, 40 feet 2 inches. + +(5) _Cat. No. 49727_.--Skeleton and measurements of an immature male. +Same locality and date as the preceding. Length, 25 feet 5 inches. + +The two skeletons (4) and (5) are somewhat incomplete. The Museum +received a photograph of the female from Maj. Ezra W. Clark. + +(6) _Cat. No. 49725_.--Skeleton and two photographs of an adult male (?) +stranded on Centerville beach near Ferndale, Humboldt County, California, +October, 1904. Length, about 41 feet. + +A brief note on the St. George Island and California skeletons was +published by the author in Science for 1904.[51] The dimensions given by +the collectors were so large as to raise doubts whether they were +correct, but the arrival of the skeletons proved that they were not +overstated, and that the specimens were by far the largest ziphioid +whales ever discovered, the bones about equaling those of a humpback +whale in size and massiveness. + + + HISTORY OF THE ST. GEORGE ISLAND SPECIMENS. + +The St. George Island specimens were first made known by Mr. James Judge, +special agent of the Treasury Department, resident at the Pribilof +Islands, in a letter dated June 16, 1903, as follows: + + I was much surprised the other day to find a pair of whales ashore near + East Rookery [St. George Island]. They lay about 150 yards apart. The + female was 40 feet 2 inches, the male 25 feet 5 inches in length. The + species is not positively identified, but tallies closely with the + Globe Encyclopedia description of Bottlehead or Bottlenose whale, + _Hyperodoon bidentatus_. Natives call it "Tcha-dhan." The male is + without teeth; female has two teeth in front of lower jaw.[52] The skin + is thin, smooth, white underneath, and black above. Dorsal fin small + and well aft. Caudal large and powerful. Eyes very small. Ears not + visible. + + Thinking that the skeleton might be of use, the bones of the female + were cut out and placed high and dry on the grass. Four ribs were + broken; otherwise the bones are intact. The male was towed to East + Landing, and with the aid of a capstan deposited beyond reach of surf. + Some blubber was saved. The foxes will clean up the bones during + August, so that in all probability both skeletons will be available + this fall. * * * I inclose some measurements, taken roughly, with a + 5-foot tape line. + + _Whale measurements, June 11, 1903._ + + Female. Male. + Ft. in. Ft. in. + Greatest length 40 2 25 5 + Greatest circumference (much bloated) 20 0 12 0 + Extremity of upper lip to nostril 4 4 3 0 + Distance between eyes 4 6 3 6 + Extremity of lower lip to angle of mouth 2 5 1 9 + Circumference of head at eyes 8 10 7 0 + Lower half of snout 10 inches from end 2 3 1 9 + Upper half of snout 12 inches from end 2 1 1 7 + Length of [pectoral] fin along outer edge 5 0 3 5 + Circumference of tail [at] junction [with] 5 0 3 5 + caudal fin + Distance between extreme points of caudal fin 10 2 6 3 + Anus to end of body 11 8 7 7 + Anus to vagina 1 2 ... ... + Anus to penis ... ... 1 8 + Length of vagina 1 3 ... ... + Length of penis ... ... 1 9 + Penis at base ... ... 1 5 + Height of dorsal fin 0 12 0 7-1/2 + Dorsal fin along spine to end of body 11 11 7 5 + Length of nipple from raised base 0 1 ... ... + +The skeletons remained on the island until August, 1904, when they were +carried by the revenue cutter _McCulloch_ to Dutch Harbor and afterwards +to San Francisco. Through a misunderstanding they were allowed to remain +on the beach at St. George Island until November, 1903, and suffered +considerable injury. On that date they were deposited in a storehouse by +Maj. Ezra W. Clark, assistant treasury agent in charge, who afterwards +presented the photograph of the female above mentioned. (Pl. 42, fig. 1.) +The latter shows the short, narrow, pointed pectoral fin, and long, +rather slender beak. + +Another specimen of _Berardius_ was found stranded on St. George Island +on August 21, 1909. The following information regarding it was received +from Maj. Ezra W. Clark, under date of September 4, 1909: + + On August 21, 1909, after an unusually severe gale for the season, + accompanied with heavy sea, a beaked whale was stranded under the + cliffs of the northeast coast of St. George Island. Its position was + such that it was reached with great difficulty. It was undergoing + decomposition. I succeeded in getting the following information: + + Sex, female. + Length from tip of beak to end of body, 22 feet. + Length of beak, tip to base, 2 feet 5 inches. + Length of head, not including beak, 2 feet. + Length of tail, or width of flukes at base, 1 foot 10 inches. + Girth around beak at its base, 2 feet. + Girth around body at dorsal fin, about 12 feet. + Girth around body at base of tail, 3 feet. + Spread of tail, or flukes, 6 feet. + Length of dorsal fin at base, 1 foot 10 inches. + Fore fins, 1 foot 10 inches. + + + I think that I shall not be able to get the skeleton of this whale, + owing to the rough seas prevailing. + + + HISTORY OF THE CENTERVILLE, CALIFORNIA, SPECIMEN. + +The Californian specimen (Cat. No. 49725) was first made known in a +letter addressed to me by President Jordan, of Stanford University, under +date of October 27, 1904, inclosing one from Mr. J. H. Ring, of Ferndale, +California, dated October 23, 1904, which was as follows: + + Enclosed find three views of an animal stranded on the beach near this + place [Ferndale, Humboldt County, California], and as its identity + seems rather uncertain we hope you will kindly classify it and inform + us of its true name and habitat, if possible, from the photographs and + incomplete description. Its total length is about 41 feet. Greatest + circumference 16 feet, tapering probably to 18 inches near the tail. It + also tapers toward the head, terminating in a sharp beak, the upper jaw + being about 16 and the lower 19 inches long. + + On each side in the lower jaw well to the front is a conical tooth, the + crown of which is exposed one-half an inch. The head is full and + rounded, resembling that of an elephant, with depressions corresponding + to the ears, and small eyes a little ahead and below. + + On top of head is a heart-shaped opening, evidently for breathing + purposes. There is also evidence of a dorsal fin, while each fork of + tail is 3-1/2 feet or so long. The underside of the animal is too + bruised to show anything of importance. The flippers are also in bad + shape, one being buried in the sand, while the other is entirely + denuded of flesh, leaving a bony stump about 6 inches long and which + moves readily in any direction. We think it is a "bottle-nose" whale, + but as some claim that they are not to be found on this coast and do + not exceed 30 feet in length, it may be something else. + +Mr. Ring was immediately communicated with, and very generously presented +to the Museum the skull of the animal, which he had secured and cleaned +with much labor and some danger to himself. He also undertook to have the +skeleton cleaned and sent to Washington, and it was received in due +course in June, 1905. Mr. Ring wrote under date of May 15, 1905: + + You will notice that the point of the beak, as well as the points of + the lower jawbones, are a little damaged, some hunters having shot the + teeth out and then set a fire inside the jaws. + +When received, the skeleton lacked the flippers and also two of the +teeth. Regarding the former, Mr. Ring wrote on November 18, 1905, as +follows: + + I wrote you that one flipper was entirely gone and the other worn down + to a stump, as shown in the picture. I have interviewed the man who + stripped the specimen, and he says the stump was badly crushed and + broken and fears it was lost one night when the extremely high tide had + turned the whale over, and only the anchors and lashings I had secured + it with prevented its going out to sea. + +This skeleton was mounted recently and placed on exhibition in the +Museum. The flippers were modeled from those of the St. George Island +specimens (which were also imperfect) and from the figures of _B. +arnuxii_ given by Flower. The end of the beak was also restored, and a +facsimile of the teeth substituted for the real ones. This remarkable +skeleton shows in a manner hitherto unapproached the great size which +this genus of ziphioid whales attains, and the peculiar conformation of +the body. While the vertebrae rival those of the large whalebone whales, +such as the Humpbacks, in their dimensions, the head is remarkable for +its small size as compared with the immense proportions of the same part +in the Right whales. (Pl. 42, fig. 4.) + +Mr. Ring sent to the Museum three photographs of the Californian specimen +above mentioned, two of which are reproduced on Pl. 42, figs. 2 and 3. +Although rather indistinct, they show the general form of the body, the +peculiar bulbous head, with an indication of a neck, and the long beak. + + + DESCRIPTION OF A YOUNG BERING ISLAND SPECIMEN. + +Doctor Stejneger has very kindly placed in my hands his original notes on +the young individual examined by him in Bering Island June 5, 1883 (Cat. +No. 142,188) and they are given below in full: + + When the news reached me that a small "plavum" was found dead ashore at + the North Rookery of Bering Island, I immediately ordered dogs, and + arrived at the place in company with the "starost." The carcass was + found lying on the very beach where the fur seals during the summer + occupy the ground. As the bulk of the seals had not yet arrived, only a + few "sikatschi" were seen in the immediate neighborhood, but it was + reported that they had retired from the place on account of the smell + of the putrefied body, as it was thought. The natives, fearing that it + would drive the seals from the rookery altogether if left on the beach + any longer, were very anxious to get it away as fast as possible, and + it was only with some hesitation that they would allow one to stand on + the rookery long enough to take a few measurements. The animal was + quite a young one, and I conjectured that it had died immediately after + having been born, as I think there were some remains of the umbilical + cord. Hardly any of the bones were fully ossified. Under these + circumstances, it was out of the question to have the whole skeleton + preserved, as the dismembering and the separation of the putrified + flesh from the bones and cartilages would require more care and + consequently more time than the natives were willing to allow. I was + therefore glad to secure the head and some of the neck vertebrae. Even + that tried their patience, as the head was going to separate into its + single bones and the not yet united component pieces, and consequently + needed special care and attention. + + The carcass was lying with the back upward, this visible part being + uniform black, and still in such a state as to allow of measuring. The + lower surface was in a very advanced state of decomposition. Part of + the belly was torn away, together with the entrails, and the genitalia + and anus were not to be found. As stated above, I think that I could + recognize the umbilical cord attached to a tatter of the skin. Of + course, measurements of the lower side and of the circumference of the + body, except at the narrowest place of the tail, could not be taken. + + _Table of dimensions._ + + Meters. + Total length from tip of upper jaw to notch of caudal fin, 4.81 + along the middle of the back, without, however, following + the angle between beak and forehead + From tip of upper jaw to fore border of spiracles .53 + From fore border of the spiracles to fore border of dorsal fin 2.63 + Length of dorsal fin .29 + Height of dorsal fin .11 + From hind border of dorsal fin to the beginning of the caudal .93 + fin + From the same point to notch of the caudal fin 1.36 + Distance between the tips of the lobes of the caudal fin .91 + Depth of the angle of the posterior margin of caudal fin .20 + From tip of upper jaw to the angle of mouth .36 + From the same to anterior angle of eye .475 + Diameter of eye opening .06 + From eye to eye over the spiracle .59 + Distance between ends of spiracle .08 + Length of beak from the forehead .23 + Breadth of the beak at the forehead .18 + From tip of upper jaw to anterior insertion of the pectoral .80 + fin + Pectoral fin along the anterior border .51 + Breadth of pectoral fin[a] at the insertion .20 + Circumference of tail at its narrowest point, just before the .62 + caudal fin + + [a] The pectoral fin rather straight, of equal breadth, and abruptly + ending. + + + ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII. + +The original description of _B. bairdii_ by Doctor Stejneger is as +follows: + + Besides an _Orca_, which is said to visit the rookeries, but of which I + have not been able to procure any specimen, or even to see one, there + are at least two species of the family _Ziphiidae_, both undescribed, as + I suppose. I am very much indebted to Mr. Grebnitzki for a skull of + each of the species, for one of which I should like to propose the name + _Berardius bairdii_, as a slight token of my esteem and gratitude. + + As I am now almost without any literary means, I find it impossible to + decide with certainty in what genus this species will finally have to + be placed. But I think that the supposition that this specimen (No. + 1520) is a young _Berardius_ may not be far out of the way. At first I + suspected that it is a _Dioplodon_, but the size of the skull, in + connection with the distinctness of the sutures, the evident maxillary + crests, and the terminal position of the teeth very soon led me to the + above conclusion. + + The specimen in question has very low and scarcely incurved maxillary + crests; the shortest distance of which is two and two-thirds times + greater than their greatest height, and although it still is in its + "adolescent" stage, I should greatly doubt whether the crests in this + species ever become developed to such a degree as, for instance, in + _Hyperoodon diodon_ (Lacep.). The groove between the maxillary and the + nuchal crest is very shallow. The maxillary notch is deep. The beak is + long, making only a little less than half the length of the entire + skull. Nares straight; right nasal larger than the left one, but not + very much. The occipital condyles do not come in contact beneath the + foramen magnum; the symphysis of the lower jaw is very short, amounting + to only one-fifth of the whole length of the jaw. + + Want of time and books prevents me from making more extended remarks, + and until I can present an exhaustive and comparative description, I + shall have to content myself by giving a provisional table of + dimensions. The following dimensions are in millimeters and English + inches, and are in every case measured in a straight line: + + mm. in. + Length of skull 1,405 55.32 + Greatest breadth 698 27.48 + Greatest height 530 20.87 + Length from process of supramaxillaries before orbit 610 24.02 + to posterior edge of condyles + Length from same process to tip of beak 890 35.04 + Depth of maxillary notch 50 1.97 + Length of premaxillaries 1,222 48.11 + Premaxillaries reach beyond supramaxillaries 134 5.28 + Distance of upper edge of maxillary crests at their 228 8.98 + anterior end + Distance of same at their middle 358 14.10 + Greatest height of maxillary crests 86 3.39 + Length of visible part of vomer 325 12.80 + Distance from anterior tip of vomer to tip of beak 275 10.83 + Length of pterygoids 295 11.62 + Height of foramen magnum 70 2.76 + Width of foramen magnum 80 3.15 + Distance of condyles at upper edge of foramen magnum 100 3.94 + Closest approximation of condyles beneath the foramen 2 0.08 + magnum + Entire length of lower jaw 1,292 50.88 + Height of lower jaw at second tooth groove 100 3.94 + Length of symphysis 257 10.12 + Greatest diameter of foremost tooth groove 100 3.94 + (longitudinal) + Shortest diameter of foremost tooth groove 45 1.77 + (transverse) + Greatest diameter of posterior tooth groove 40 1.58 + (longitudinal) + Shortest diameter of posterior tooth groove 35 1.38 + (transverse) + Distance between the tooth grooves 65 2.56 + + This specimen was found stranded in Stare Gavan, on the eastern shore + of Bering Island in the fall of last year, and only the skull was + preserved. From analogy I should judge that the entire length of the + animal must have been about 18 feet (5-1/2 meters). This species is + well known by the natives for the cathartic quality of the blubber, + resembling in this respect the Atlantic "Doegling," or "Anarnak" + (_Hyperoodon diodon_). The Russian name, by which the inhabitants here + designate this whale, is _Pla-un_ (sp. Plaeoon), while the Aleut name is + _Kigan agalusoch_, the meaning of which is said to be "having teeth on + the nose," a very inappropriate designation, as the teeth are situated + on the tip of the lower jaw, and not on the nose.[53] + + + SIZE. + +It will be observed that the largest of the foregoing specimens measured +40 feet 2 inches in length, while the Centerville skeleton was reported +to be about 41 feet long. The largest example of the New Zealand species, +_B. arnuxii_, of which there is a record was 32 feet long. + + + COLORATION. + +The St. George Island specimens were reported to be black on the back and +white below, but it is not certain how long they had been dead when found +by Mr. Judge. The young individual examined by Doctor Stejneger was also +black on the back, but this was in a state of decomposition. + +The color of the type-specimen of _Berardius arnuxii_ was described by +Arnoux as follows: "Its color was entirely black, except for a light gray +area near the genital organs; it was a male."[54] Haast remarks of a +young individual observed by him near New Brighton, New Zealand, and not +in a fresh condition: "The color of the whole animal was of a deep, +velvety black, with the exception of the lower portion of the belly, +which had a grayish color."[55] + +The color of the immature male of _B. arnuxii_ captured in Wellington +Harbor, New Zealand, in 1877, and described by Hector, was as follows: +"The colour was black with a purple hue, except a narrow band along the +belly, which was grey. The muzzle, flippers, and tail lobes were +intensely black."[56] + +It is not likely that there is any marked difference in the color of +_arnuxii_ and _bairdii_, but the data available are insufficient for the +determination of the matter. It will be observed, however, that Mr. Judge +stated that the male _bairdii_ found on St. George Island was white +below, while in all the accounts of _arnuxii_ the color of the under +surface is given as blackish, with a restricted area of gray. + +Besides its apparently greater size, _Berardius bairdii_ differs from _B. +arnuxii_ in various cranial and other osteological characters, as well as +in external proportions, and is to be regarded as a distinct species. The +external measurements of the St. George Island specimens reduced to +percentages of the total length and compared with similar measurements of +a specimen of _B. arnuxii_ described by Hector, are as follows: + + _External dimensions of Berardius bairdii and B. arnuxii._ + + Column Headings: + _bairdii._ + A: 49726 St. George Island, Alaska, (Judge), female adult. + B: 49727 St. George Island, Alaska, (Judge), male imm. + _arnuxii._ + C: Wellington, New Zealand, (Hector), male. + + + Measurements. A B C + ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. + Total length 40 2 25 5 27 6 + per per per + cent. cent. cent. + Distance from tip of snout to blowhole 10.8 11.8 12.8 + Distance from tip of mandible to corner of 6.0 6.9 [a]6.1 + mouth + Breadth of flukes from tip to tip 25.3 24.6 19.1 + Length of pectoral fin along outer edge 12.4 13.4 9.4 + Distance from anus to "end of body" 29.0 29.8 [34.0] + Height of dorsal fin 2.5 2.4 3.0 + Distance from anterior base of dorsal fin to 29.7 29.2 [34.6] + "end of body" + + [a] "Length of gape." + + +The measurements of these specimens of _bairdii_ agree well together. The +specimen of _arnuxii_ appears to have had narrower flukes, shorter +pectoral fin, and a rather higher dorsal fin, situated farther forward +than in _bairdii_. Measurements of a larger number of specimens might +show that some or all of these differences of proportion are elusive, but +it will be observed that in the Wellington specimen of _arnuxii_, +recorded by Doctor Haast, the breadth of the flukes is only 21 per cent +of the total length. The pectoral fin is said to be only 19 inches long, +or only 5.2 per cent of the total length, but the manner of taking the +measurement is not mentioned. + +As regards size, the largest specimen of _B. arnuxii_ of which I find +record is the type specimen. This was 32 feet long, and the skull 1,400 +mm., or about 55 inches long. This appears to have been an adult male. +The Centerville specimen of _bairdii_, which was an adult male, was about +41 feet long, and the skull 1,532 mm., or about 60 inches long, while the +adult female from St. George Island was 40 feet 2 inches long and the +skull 56 inches. Although the total length of the specimens of _bairdii_ +is so much greater, it will be observed that the length of the skull, +while a little greater, absolutely fails to measure up to the proportions +found in _arnuxii_. It might be suspected on this account that the +external measurements of _bairdii_ were exaggerated, but that such is not +the case will appear from an examination of the measurements of vertebrae +given on page 75. It is evident that the specimens of _bairdii_ are far +more massive in all parts of the skeleton than the specimen of _arnuxii_ +there cited. The same relations will be found upon comparing measurements +of the specimen of _arnuxii_ figured by Van Beneden and Gervais.[57] The +truth appears to be that _bairdii_ is a much larger species, but that the +skull is considerably smaller relatively. + + + SKULL. + +The skull of _Berardius bairdii_ presents many characters by which it may +be distinguished from that of _arnuxii_, whether adult or young. As +compared with the latter, the rostrum is less massive at the base. The +pterygoid has a rounded extension posteriorly and superiorly, so that the +posterior portion of the upper border of the pterygoid sinus is convex, +rather than nearly straight, as in _arnuxii_. The exoccipital is larger +and broader distally below, and its external surface is plane or concave, +rather than convex, as in _arnuxii_. The distal end of the zygomatic +process is much more incurved. The nasal bones instead of presenting +lateral extensions have nearly straight sides. The vomer is deeply +emarginate at the base of the skull posteriorly where it rests against +the presphenoid. The palatines extend scarcely or not at all in front of +the pterygoids. The foregoing differences will readily be seen by +comparing the figures on Pls. 26-29 with those of the type of _B. +arnuxii_ given in Van Beneden and Gervais's Osteography, plate 23. + +The following are dimensions of skulls of both species: + + _Dimensions of five skulls of Berardius bairdii (including the type) + and of three skulls of B. arnuxii._ + + Column headings: + _B. arnuxii._ + A: New Brighton, New Zealand (Flower). No. 3. + B: New Zealand (V. B. and Gerv.). (Type). ([a]) + C: 21511, U.S.N.M., New Zealand, young. + _B. bairdii._ + D: 49726, St. George Island, female, adult. + E: 49725, Centerville, California, male(?) adult. + F: 20992, Bering Island, (Type). + G: 49727, St. George Island, male, young. + H: Mounted skull, Bering Island(?) (Grebnitzki?). + + + A B C D E F G H + mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. + Total length of 1,372 1,392 [b]1,174 1,524 1,423 1,378 1,062(?) 1,474 + skull + Height from vertex 533 494(?) 493 563 544 ... ... 575 + to inferior + border of + pterygoids + Breadth across [c]625 684 577 766 682 662 530 [716] + middle of orbits + Breadth across 686 748 606 808 722 ... 560 [760] + postorbital + processes + Breadth across 671 748 584 750 675 ... 520 [740] + zygomatic + processes + Length of rostrum 919 894 800 960 925 880 578+ 1,025 + Breadth of rostrum 399 414 378 475 420 428 310 429 + at base + Breadth of rostrum 152 150 149 207 197 188 ... 223 + at middle[d] + Length of premaxillae ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... + Breadth of 91 90 101 120 119 115 ... 125 + premaxillae at + middle[d] + Greatest breadth of 208 210 189 235 217 238 187 239 + premaxillae in + front of nares + Greatest breadth of ... 246 193 215 195 181 165 197 + premaxillae behind + nares + Distance from 1,097 1,080 935 1,185 1,130 ... 720+ 1,187 + anterior end of + premaxillae + posterior end of + pterygoids + (median) + Distance from 345 264 252 276 270 260 115+ 307 + anterior end of + premaxillae to + anterior end of + vomer + Length of portion ... 420 253+- 535 370 472 360+- 450 + of vomer visible + on palate + Length of nasals 132 162(?) 134 135 118 135 98 142 + (greatest, + median, straight) + Breadth of nasals 102 180 125 119 97 105 90 105 + (greatest) + Breadth of anterior 74 102 80 110 98 96 83 100 + nares + Breadth of foramen 61 ... 72 85 82 84 83 71 + magnum + Breadth across 191 213 186 261 228 240 195 235 + occipital condyles + Breadth of each ... ... 75 123 104 108 83 98 + condyle + Height of each ... ... 135 193 171 168 142 178 + condyle + Length of mandible [e]1,245 1,236 ... 1,334 1,289 1,282 [f]883 1,360 + Length of symphysis 310 294 ... 295 295 270 [f]145 310 + Height at coronoid 211 222 ... 271 230 223 175 245 + Distance from tip 34 45 ... 50 48 35 [f]22 60 + of jaw to center + of first tooth + Distance from tip 155 159 ... 200 182 165 [f]87 195 + of jaw to center + of second tooth + + [a] From Van Beneden and Gervais figure. + [b] A little broken at tip. + [c] "Suprafrontal processes of maxillae." + [d] Same point. + [e] "Length of ramus." + [f] About 27 mm. lacking from tip of mandible. + + +The foregoing measurements indicate a considerable variation in +proportions among the different individuals, but there appears to be +nothing that can be fixed upon in this small series to distinguish the +two species by dimensions alone. + + + EARBONES. + +The tympanic and periotic bones of _B. bairdii_ (Pls. 34-37) present a +number of characters by which they may be distinguished from those of _B. +arnuxii_. While of about the same size in both species, the two bones +when in the natural position, viewed from without, are nearly square +rather than triangular in outline in _B. bairdii_, the superior border of +the periotic being nearly parallel with the inferior border of the +tympanic, and the anterior lobe of the periotic being turned down nearly +at right angles with the rest of the bone. The periotic is shorter +anteriorly than the tympanic in _B. bairdii_, while the reverse is true +in _B. arnuxii_. In the former species the eustachian canal of the +tympanic is wider, the distance between the outer and inner lips being +greater. The involuted portion of the inner lip is shorter and +differently shaped. The groove between the postero-inferior lobes is +wider. The periotic beside having a much shorter anterior lobe than in +_B. arnuxii_ has also a smaller and smoother middle lobe, and the +internal auditory meatus is smaller and more oblique. The dimensions of +the bones in the Centerville beach skull, No. 49725, are as follows: +_Tympanic_: greatest length, 62 mm.; greatest breadth, 46; least breadth +of eustachian canal, 17; height at sigmoid process, 47. _Periotic:_ +greatest length, 66; greatest breadth, 40; height at center of middle +lobe, 35; length from tip of anterior lobe to anterior margin of internal +meatus, 38. + + + TEETH. + +Although all the specimens of _Berardius bairdii_ are more or less +incomplete, two or three of the mandibular teeth have been preserved in +nearly every instance; namely, in the adult female from St. George +Island, the left anterior and right and left posterior; in the immature +male from the same island, both anterior teeth; in the Centerville beach +specimen, the left anterior and right (?) posterior teeth; in the skull +from Bering Island formerly regarded as the type, all four teeth; in the +very young skull from Bering Island, the left anterior and posterior +teeth. + +Taken as a whole, these teeth are not larger than those found in the +specimens of _B. arnuxii_ thus far recorded, but in both species they +vary so much on account of age, or for other reasons, that a comparison +of dimensions is unsatisfactory. The dimensions are as follows: + + _Dimensions of teeth of Berardius arnuxii and B. bairdii._ + + Column headings: + A: Greatest height. + B: Greatest breadth. + + + Species and locality. Sex and Length. Large Small Remarks. + age. tooth. tooth. + A B A B + _B. arnuxii._ ft. in. mm. mm. mm. mm. + Akaroa (Van Beneden. Male. 32 0 [a]90 90 66 40 From + Type). figure.[b] + New Brighton (Haast Male(?). 30 6 [a]73 63 47 31 From + and Flower). figure. + Port Nicholson (Knox (?) 27 0 [a]65 50 (?) (?) From + and Hector). figure. + Locality unknown (Van (?) (?) 72 53 51 30 From + Beneden and Gervais, figure. + pl. 21 _bis_). + _B. bairdii._ + 49725--Centerville, Male(?), 41 +- [a]83 65 53 28 + California. adult. + 49726--St. George Female, 40 5 [c]79 72 62 45 + Island. adult. + 49727--St. George Male, im. 25 0 [a]86 61 ... ... + Island. + 142118--Bering Island Young. ... ... [a]50 37 31 31 + + [a] Tip more or less acute. + [b] Van Beneden's measurements are slightly different. + [c] Tip much worn. + + +A description of the teeth of the different specimens of _B. bairdii_ is +subjoined. + +_No. 142118._--Bering Island; young (new born?). Anterior tooth conical, +hollow, with thin walls. The lower half of the tooth is filled with a +mass of bony pulp, which is separable. The tooth is widest at the base, +and is without any constriction indicating the formation of a root. Outer +and inner surfaces slightly convex, the latter with several distinct +longitudinal furrows, which extend to the apex. The whole tooth has a +thin coating of cement, except the tip, for a length of about 10 mm., +which is more nearly white, and consists, presumably, of dentine. The +tooth is very symmetrical, but rather more convex externally. The apex is +pointed, erect, and a little more convex externally than internally. (Pl. +39, figs. 1, 2.) + +The posterior tooth is similar to the anterior one, but much shorter and +more blunt, and the longitudinal furrows are about equally distinct +externally and internally. The cement extends nearly to the apex, which +latter is very short and is directed backward. + +_No. 49727._--St. George Island, Alaska; male, immature. Anterior teeth +conical, acute, somewhat unsymmetrical, rather more convex externally +than internally. The internal surface with a deep median longitudinal +groove, and others less distinct on each side near the base. Apex +slightly inclined forward and inward, convex externally, with a single +longitudinal groove; nearly flat internally, with, or without, a groove. +Base of tooth for about 17 mm. covered with longitudinal rugosities, +indicating that the root was about to close. It is open, however, the +walls of the tooth at the narrowest point being 8 mm. apart and the +cavity filled with dense bony pulp. The anterior and posterior outlines +of the teeth are irregular, being convex near the base, then slightly +concave, and again convex near the apex. When in the natural position, +these teeth protrude about 33 mm., or a little more than one-third their +height, above the alveolus. (Pl. 39, figs. 3, 4.) + +Posterior teeth lacking. + +_No. 49725._--Centerville beach, California; male (?), adult. Anterior +tooth conical, with anterior and posterior margins as in the last. Apex +considerably abraded and rounded off; not inclined inward or forward. +Internal and external surfaces nearly equally convex, but the former with +a broad median longitudinal groove. Root closed, the base of the tooth +for a breadth of about 30 mm. covered with rounded rugosities. The +inferior border slightly convex and the angles rounded off. When in the +natural position, somewhat more than one-half of the tooth protrudes +beyond the alveolus, and the tooth itself is inclined forward and +outward. (Pl. 39, fig. 5.) + +Posterior tooth quite irregular in form, but the portion above the rugose +base or root conical. Inner surface flat and uneven. Outer surface convex +and rather rugose. The cement covers the whole tooth thickly to within +about 5 mm. of the apex, which latter is short, quite acute, and slightly +directed inward. It is convex externally and nearly flat internally. The +basal rugosity or root is conical, thicker than the rest of the tooth, +and unsymmetrical, being somewhat directed backward. It shows no opening +below. When in the natural position this tooth is strongly inclined +forward and outward, and only the tip for a length of 22 mm. protrudes +beyond the alveolus. (Pl. 39, fig. 6.) + +_No. 49726._--St. George Island, Alaska; female, adult. Anterior tooth +conical, with the tip blunt, having been so much abraded that the dentine +does not extend beyond the coating of cement. The tip measures 26 by 19 +mm. The external and internal surfaces of the tooth are about equally +convex and somewhat rugose without distinct furrows. The root is thicker +than the remainder of the tooth and very rugose. It is entirely closed +below, and the inferior outline is convex. Posterior tooth much +compressed, conical above the root, nearly flat internally and slightly +convex externally. Cement coating very thick and extending to within +about 5 mm. of the dentine apex, which latter is acute and very slightly +curved inward and backward. The root is very unsymmetrical, the posterior +portion being much longer than the anterior. The surface is very rugose, +and there is no opening whatever below. The inferior border is convex, +with an emargination near the center. (Pl. 39, figs. 7, 8.) + +In the adult skull from Bering Island, which has been mounted and placed +on exhibition, the teeth are fixed in the alveoli so that their entire +length and the peculiarities of the basal portion can not be determined. +In general form, however, they resemble those of the preceding specimen +very closely. The anterior teeth are placed obliquely--that is, so that +the anterior margins of the two teeth are nearer together than the +posterior margins. The teeth are also somewhat inclined forward. The +posterior teeth are strongly inclined forward and a little outward. + +The anterior teeth are rather concave along the middle internally and +convex externally. The portion above the alveoli is quite smooth. + +The posterior teeth are moderately rugose above the alveoli. The whitish +tips of denture are conical, compressed, and rather acute. They extend 6 +mm. above the denture, and are 11 mm. long at their base, and 6 mm. +thick. + +The anterior teeth protrude about 45 mm. above the alveolus (internally); +their base at the alveolus is from 73 to 76 mm. long, and from 33 to 35 +mm. thick. The posterior teeth extend about 18 mm. above the alveoli +(measured vertically from the alveolus), and the base of the visible +portion (measured along the alveolus) is from 30 to 34 mm. long and from +18 to 20 mm. thick. These teeth have an antero-external angular +enlargement of the cement, so that they are somewhat triangular in +horizontal section. (Pl. 30, fig. 3; pl. 31, fig. 5.) + +The data available are insufficient to enable one to determine +satisfactorily whether the teeth differ materially in size in the two +sexes, but it appears probable that they do not. + + + SKELETON. + +While the skeleton of _Berardius bairdii_ (Pl. 42, fig. 4) resembles that +of _B. arnuxii_ very closely in most particulars, it presents differences +which may properly be regarded as specific. The vertebral formula of _B. +arnuxii_ as given by Flower is as follows: C. 7, Th. 10, L. 12, Ca. 19 = +48.[58] The same formula is given for another specimen of _B. arnuxii_ by +Van Beneden and Gervais, except that the caudals are 17, two being +apparently lacking.[59] + +Doctor Hector, however, gives a different formula for a third specimen of +this species, namely, C. 7, Th. 10, L. 13, Ca. 17 = 47. He remarks that +"extreme care was taken to secure the whole of the small tail bones."[60] +The discrepancy here shown can not be accounted for at present, but, at +all events, none of the formulas of _B. arnuxii_ corresponds to that of +_B. bairdii_, as derived from the three skeletons in the National Museum, +namely, C. 7, Th. 11, L. 12, Ca. 16+ = 46+. + +The number of thoracic vertebrae can be determined positively from the +youngish male from St. George Island (Cat. No. 49727), in which ten pairs +of ribs are present, together with one rib belonging to the eleventh +pair. This last is much shorter than the tenth pair, and there can be no +doubt that it really belongs to a terminal pair. In this skeleton the +transverse processes of the eleventh thoracic vertebra are thick at the +free end like those of the tenth thoracic vertebra. + +In the adult male from Centerville beach, California, only ten pairs of +ribs are present, but as the tenth is quite as long as the ninth, there +is little doubt that an eleventh pair was present originally. The +eleventh thoracic vertebra, however, has transverse processes longer and +more flattened at the free end than those of the tenth thoracic. It is +possible, of course, that the real eleventh thoracic is lacking, and that +this individual had thirteen lumbar vertebrae, but of this there is no +positive evidence. + +Only a few of the ribs accompany the skeleton of the adult female from +St. George Island, Alaska (Cat. No. 49726), but there are eleven thoracic +vertebrae, the transverse processes of the eleventh being short and thick, +like those of the tenth, with a distinct facet for the rib at the free +end. This facet, however, is directed obliquely backward and occupies +only the posterior half of the free margin. + +There is no doubt in my mind that the number of thoracic vertebrae in _B. +bairdii_ is normally 11 and in _B. arnuxii_, 10. This would ordinarily be +of little importance, as in nearly all kinds of cetaceans a variation of +one, or even two, in the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in +different individuals of the same species is commonly met with. In the +present family, however, the number of thoracic vertebrae shows little +variation, and as all known skeletons of _B. bairdii_ have eleven +thoracics and all known skeletons of _arnuxii_ appear to have ten +thoracics, it seems probable that this difference is specific. At all +events, it is correlated with a difference in the form of the vertebrae +themselves. As is well known, the transverse processes of the thoracics +in this family undergo a sudden change of form and position near the end +of the series, the elevated processes on the anterior thoracics being +replaced on the posterior vertebrae by others at a lower level on the +sides of the centra. This change takes place differently and on different +vertebrae in the two species under consideration. + + + VERTEBRAE. + +In _B. arnuxii_ the eighth thoracic has no facet at the posterior end of +the centrum for the articulation of the head of a ninth rib and no +distinct transverse process, the tubercle of the rib articulating with a +facet on the side of the metapophysis. In _B. bairdii_ the eighth +thoracic is similar, but there is a distinct facet at the posterior end +of the centrum. (Pl. 32, fig. 1.) + +In _B. arnuxii_ the ninth thoracic has a very distinct transverse process +on the side of the centrum, while in _B. bairdii_ the ninth thoracic has +a short, slender process attached to the side of the metapophysis and no +facet at the posterior end of the centrum. (Pl. 32, fig. 1.) + +In _B. arnuxii_ the tenth thoracic is the second one having a distinct +transverse process, and the latter is broad distally and has the +articular facet on the posterior portion of the free margin. In _B. +bairdii_ the tenth thoracic is the first having a distinct transverse +process on the side of the centrum. (Pl. 32, fig. 1.) + +There are only ten thoracics in _B. arnuxii_, as already mentioned, but +in _B. bairdii_ there are eleven, and the eleventh is that which bears +the second transverse process on the side of the centrum. + +The foregoing differences amount to this: That in _B. bairdii_ the +commencement of the lower series of transverse processes is pushed back +one vertebra, as compared with _B. arnuxii_, and that in the ninth +thoracic of the former species, which corresponds to the eighth of the +latter species, the metapophysis has a short process on the side for the +articulation of the tubercle of the rib, instead of merely a sessile +facet. Although in other genera of ziphioids these differences would +perhaps be looked upon as individual, since they are constant here they +may be considered specific, at least provisionally. + + + SCAPULA. + +In _B. bairdii_ the anterior border of the scapula is narrower than in +_B. arnuxii_, the anterior ridge coming close to it and lying parallel +with it. The acromion is directed more upward, so that the angle between +it and the body of the scapula is more acute, and the process itself is +rather more expanded distally. The coronoid is inclined a little more +downward. The whole surface of the scapula is very uneven. (Pl. 33, fig. +2.) + + + HUMERUS AND ULNA. + +The humerus is shorter than in _B. arnuxii_ and broader distally, and +much more recurved on the ulnar side. The ulna is much broader distally +and its whole shape is different. (Pl. 33, figs. 3 and 4.) + + + CHEVRONS. + +As the skeleton of the typical form _arnuxii_ has been described in +considerable detail and accurately figured by Flower and by Van Beneden +and Gervais, it is not considered necessary to give a complete +description of that of _bairdii_ in this place. The entire skeleton and +many of the separate bones are figured in Pls. 42, 32, and 33. The +phalanges are lacking altogether, or are incompletely represented, in the +various skeletons of _bairdii_, and for that reason the phalangeal +formula can not be given. The chevrons number ten in the skeleton from +Centerville beach, California (Cat. No. 49725). Both Flower and Van +Beneden and Gervais give nine chevrons as the number for the skeleton of +_arnuxii_ in the Hunterian Museum, London, but the latter authors have +added a tenth in outline in the figure of the skeleton of that species +which is in the Paris Museum. Ten are mentioned by Hector as the correct +number for the skeleton of _arnuxii_ from Wellington Harbor examined by +him.[61] + + + STERNUM. + +The sternum of _bairdii_ (Pl. 32, fig. 2) consists of five segments and +does not offer characters by which to distinguish it from that of +_arnuxii_. In the former species the first eight pairs of ribs possess +distinct heads and tubercles; the tubercle is rudimentary in the ninth +pair and absent in the tenth and eleventh. + +The dimensions of the three skeletons of _bairdii_ and of that of +_arnuxii_ described by Flower are as follows: + +_Dimensions of one skeleton of Berardius arnuxii and three skeletons of + B. bairdii._ + + Column Headings: + _B. arnuxii._ + B: New Brighton, New Zealand, 1868, (Flower). No. 3. + _B. bairdii._ + C: 49726 St. George Island, Alaska, female adult. + D: 49725 Centerville, California, male(?) adult. + E: 49727 St. George Island, Alaska, male young. + + + B C D E + mm. mm. mm. mm. + Length of centra of seven cervicals 254 375 310 250 + (inferior) + Atlas: + Breadth 292 362 341 280 + Height ... 339 321 270 + Fourth cervical: + Greatest height ... [a]254 [a]249 [a]191 + Greatest breadth ... [b]243 [b]197 [b]173 + Length of centrum 36 47 34 30 + Seventh cervical: + Greatest height ... 310 270 198 + Greatest breadth 241 257 235 177 + Length of centrum 46 58 49 42 + First thoracic: + Greatest height ... 391 390 255 + Greatest breadth ... 310 290 240 + Length of centrum 58 84 68 51 + Ninth thoracic: + Greatest height ... 508 478 333 + Greatest breadth ... 318 [c]218 198 + Length of centrum 152 190 176 128 + First lumbar: + Greatest height ... 585 540 359 + Greatest breadth ... 626 575 340 + Length of centrum 163 228 215 150 + Sixth lumbar: + Greatest height ... 713 642 427 + Greatest breadth ... 590 572 362 + Length of centrum 206 273 243 172 + First caudal: + Greatest height ... 800 [d]658 427 + Greatest breadth ... 577 [d]511 360 + Length of centrum 246 338 [d]280 200 + Ninth caudal: + Greatest height ... 422 335 288 + Greatest breadth ... 243 194 191 + Length of centrum 168 241 194 160 + Eleventh caudal, length of centrum 104 180 156 142 + Length of scapula 503 710 670 395 + Height of scapula 356 490 445 280 + Length of humerus 274 ... 340 248 + Breadth of humerus at distal end 109 ... 170 115 + Length of radius 295 ... [a]380 220 + Breadth of radius at distal end 84 ... 140 88 + Length of ulna (incl. olecranon) 323 ... ... 241 + Breadth of ulna at distal end 79 ... ... 71 + Length of sternum 1,143 1,455 1,530 ... + Breadth of first segment of sternum 325 375 495 ... + Length of first rib (straight) 457 543 505 323 + Length of fifth rib (straight) 991 ... ... ... + Length of tenth rib (straight) 737 ... ... ... + + [a] Median. + [b] Inferior. + [c] Process aborted on one side. + [d] Second. + + + + + Genus HYPEROODON Lacepede. + + + HYPEROODON AMPULLATUS (Forster). + + _Balaena ampullatus_ Forster, Kalm's Linnean Travels, vol. 1, 1770, p. + 18, footnote. + _Balaena rostrata_ Mueller, Zool. Dan. Prodrom., 1776, p. 7. + _Hyperoodon butskopf_ Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Cetaces, 1803-4, pp. + XLIV and 319. + _Hyperoodon rostratum_ Wesmael, Nouv. Mem. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, vol. + 12, 1840, pls. 1, 2. + _Hyperoodon ampullatus_ Rhoads, Science, new ser., vol. 15, 1902, p. + 756. + + +The National Museum has one skeleton of this well-known species, somewhat +imperfect, which is labeled as having been obtained on the coast of +Norway, and was received about the year 1875. Its catalogue number is +14499. This skeleton is about 19 feet long and has the following +vertebral formula: C. 7; Th. 9; L. 9; Ca. 19 (+1?) = 44 (or 45). Eight +chevrons are attached to the caudal vertebrae, and at least two more were +present originally. The fifth thoracic vertebra has no facet on the +centrum for the head of the sixth rib, but the latter articulates with a +small facet on the side of the centrum of the sixth thoracic vertebra. +The seventh thoracic has a well-developed transverse process on the side +of the centrum. The ninth rib is shorter and more slender than the +others. None of the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae are +perforated by foramina. These processes end on the eighth caudal, and the +neural spines on the tenth caudal. The free ends of the neural spines of +the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are all more or less rounded. The +pectoral limbs are incomplete. + +So far as I am aware, only three examples of _Hyperoodon_ have been taken +on the coasts of the United States, as mentioned in the list on page 2. +The skeleton of one of these (from North Dennis, Massachusetts) is in the +Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the skull of +the second (from Newport, Rhode Island), which was a female, is in the +Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.[62] This skull is +represented in Pl. 32, fig. 3. + + + + + LIST OF SPECIES OF EXISTING ZIPHIOID WHALES. + + + Genus MESOPLODON Gervais. + MESOPLODON BIDENS (Sowerby). + North Atlantic Ocean; northern France to Norway and Sweden; Nantucket + Island, Massachusetts. + MESOPLODON EUROPAEUS (Gervais). + North Atlantic Ocean; English Channel; New Jersey. + MESOPLODON GRAYI Haast. + New Zealand and Chatham Islands; Bahia Nueva, Patagonia (Moreno). + MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS (Blainville). + Indian Ocean and South Seas; Lord Howe Island; Seychelles Islands; + South Africa; Massachusetts(?). + MESOPLODON HECTORI (Gray). + New Zealand. + MESOPLODON BOWDOINI Andrews. + New Zealand. + MESOPLODON LAYARDI (Gray). + South Seas; New Zealand, Chatham Islands; Australia; Cape of Good Hope. + MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI True. + North Pacific Ocean; Bering Island and Oregon. + + + Genus ZIPHIUS Cuvier. + ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS Cuvier. + Cosmopolitan. + + + Genus BERARDIUS Duvernoy. + BERARDIUS ARNUXII Duvernoy. + New Zealand. + BERARDIUS BAIRDII Stejneger. + North Pacific Ocean; Bering Island and St. George Island, Bering Sea, + to Kiska Harbor, Alaska, and Centerville, California. + + + Genus HYPEROODON Lacepede. + HYPEROODON AMPULLATUS Forster. + Arctic and North Atlantic oceans; Mediterranean Sea; southern France; + New York Bay, Newport, Rhode Island, and Cape Cod, + Massachusetts. + HYPEROODON PLANIFRONS Flower. + Indian and Pacific oceans; Lewis Island, Australia; Province of + Buenos Ayres, Argentina, and territories of Chubut and Santa + Cruz, Patagonia. + + + + + FOOTNOTES + + +[1]As this species is well known, the skeleton is not described in this + paper. + +[2]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 366. + +[3]Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, 1866-68, p. 318. + +[4]Idem, vol. 29, 1899, p. 9. + +[5]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 357. + +[6]Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, 1866-68, p. 318. + +[7]One of the teeth of Sowerby's specimen is figured by Lankester in + Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., new ser., vol. 15, 1867, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. + +[8]Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1, 1869, p. 205. + +[9]Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 771. + +[10]Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. 17, Feb., 1893, p. 42; Ann. and Mag. Nat. + Hist., ser. 6, vol. 11, 1893, p. 275. + +[11]Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, 1804, p. 310. + +[12]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, no. 3. + +[13]The external margin is broken at this point. + +[14]Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 11, 1893, p. 277. + +[15]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, pp. 27, 28. + +[16]Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 10, 1878, p. 418. + +[17]Second ed., plate 40, fig. 4. + +[18]Plate 25, fig. 2. + +[19]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1896, pp. 363-370, fig. 3 (tooth, nat. size); + fig. 4 (sternum). + +[20]Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 10, 1866, p. 177. + +[21]Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. 41, 1888, p. 117. + +[22]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 359. + +[23]Osteographie, plate 24. + +[24]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, p. 32, fig. 12. + +[25]Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 10, 1888-89, p. 13. + +[26]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 357. + +[27]Journ. Anat. Phys., vol. 20, pl. 4, figs. 2 and 3, Oct. 1885. + +[28]Idem, pl. 4, fig. 1. + +[29]Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 6, vol. 1, pp. 216-225, pls. 1, 2 + (skull); two text-figs. (tooth). + +[30]"The slight differences pointed out by Mr. True appear to be + individual or local rather than specific." (Van Beneden, Les + Ziphioides des mers d'Europe, 1888, p. 100.) See also James A. Grieg, + Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1897, No. 5, p. 19. + +[31]Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, 1885, p. 585. + +[32]Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., vol. 15, 1867, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. + +[33]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, p. 26, fig. 10. + +[34]Sci. Results of the Voy. of the _Challenger_, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 4, + Bones of Cetacea, 1880, p. 13. + +[35]See the following: + + Turner, W.--Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 769. + Flower, W. H.--Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, p. 477. + Fischer, P.--Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 35, 1881, p. 113. + Van Beneden, P. J.--Les Ziphioides des Mers d'Europe, 1888, p. 82. + +[36]An immature male might, of course, present the characters of the + female, but in the former case the teeth would be open at the roots + and but slightly, if at all, coated with cement. + +[37]As to reasons for assigning sexes thus, see p. 55. + +[38]Cope's original description of this species was as follows: + + "Hyperodon semijunctus, sp. nov. The question whether a Hyperodon + visits this side of the Atlantic, has at length been solved by the + description which I have received through Dr. Alexander Wilcocks of + this city, of a species taken in Charleston Harbor. This is well + drawn up by Gabriel Manigault, who set up the specimen, which adorns + the Charleston Museum. The points wherein it evidently differs from + its congeners, the _H. bidens_ and _latifrons_, are, first, the + separation of the four posterior cervical vertebrae, the three + anterior only being solidly anchylosed, instead of the seven, as in + the known species, even in the young, according to Dr. J. E. Gray. + Second, the possession of one or more pairs of ribs added to the + flying series, and of two more vertebrae, including ten dorsal instead + of nine. (Nine are given by Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, viii, 188; and + Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 419, for the _bidens_.) Five + ribs are connected with the sternum, of which the anterior + articulates with the seventh cervical by its inferior head. + + "I extract the following from Gabr. Manigault's description: + + "'The superior maxillary bones are quite pointed in front and widen + out toward the base of the snout. Their lateral edges become + developed on each side into a prominent vertical ridge, which is + slightly convex on the outer surface, and the reverse on the inner. + These bones, after having widened out upon approaching the orbits, + ascend vertically along with the occipital (the two together holding + the frontal, which is quite perceptible, between them) and form at + the back of the head a transverse ridge, which is quite high and very + thick. From my not knowing by what name it was known, I did not + satisfy myself concerning the presence of palatine tubercles. Another + peculiarity of the head consists in the lower maxillary bones being + provided each at its point with a single small and very sharp tooth. + These were not noticed during the dissection, owing to their being + too much imbedded in the integuments; they are now, however, quite + visible. In the cavity of the skull is a septum of bone separating + the cerebrum from the cerebellum (_i. e._, the tentorium). The first + rib is very wide and short, and presents a marked contrast to the + others. The sternum is quite flat and wide. The pectoral fins are + small, and have been carefully preserved, with the various carpal and + phalangeal bones kept together by their natural ligaments. As the + skeleton stands, the fins consist only of the scapula, the humerus, + the radius, and the ulna, with but few phalanges. + + "'The length of this specimen is between twelve and thirteen feet.'" + (_Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila._, 1865, p. 15.) + +[39]The Buenos Ayres specimen is not included here, as I am uncertain as + to its proper interpretation. + +[40]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 5, 1873, p. 164, pls. 4-5. + +[41]Hector also figures a tooth from a specimen found at Manawatu beach + in pl. 5, fig. 3, which is like those of the Chatham Island specimen + in size and shape (diameter 34 mm.), and should belong to a male, but + as he does not figure or describe the skull this can not be used in + the present discussion. + +[42]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 9, 1876, p. 430, pl. 24, figs. A and + C; pl. 26, fig. 4. + +[43]Idem, p. 440, pl. 24, fig. B; pl. 26, fig. 3. + +[44]Zool. et Paleontol. franc., 2d ed., 1859, p. 287, pl. 39, figs. 2-7. + +[45]Anal. Mus. Pub. Buenos Aires, vol. 1, 1868, pp. 301-366, pls. 15-20. + +[46]Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 15. + +[47]Forest and Stream, vol. 65, 1905, p. 452. + +[48]Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1871, pp. 203-234, pls. 27-29. + +[49]See Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc, 1886, No. 4, p. 328. + +[50]There is, or was formerly, in the museum of the Alaska Commercial + Company in San Francisco a skull of _Berardius_ 3 feet 6 inches long. + The locality in which it was obtained is unknown to me. + +[51]Science, new ser., vol. 20, 1904, p. 888. + +[52]At the time this was written it was not known that there were really + four teeth in the lower jaw, but it is interesting to note that when + the mandible was covered by the integuments none of the teeth was + visible in the male, although the individual was 25 feet long, and + that only two teeth were visible in the adult female. + +[53]Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, pp. 75-77, June 22, 1883. + +[54]Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, Zool., vol. 15, 1851, p. 52, + footnote. + +[55]Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 6, October, 1870, p. 348. + +[56]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 338. + +[57]Osteographie des Cetaces, pl. 23^bis. + +[58]Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1872, p. 223. + +[59]Osteographie des Cetaces, p. 615, pl. 23^_bis_. + +[60]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 339. + +[61]Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 339. Hector remarks that in the + skeleton studied by Flower there were twelve caudals with facets for + chevrons, but I do not find it so stated in the original account. + +[62]Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Dec. 1869, pp. 191, 192. + + + + + INDEX. + + + A + Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 76 + Agassiz, L., 3 + description of _Mesoplodon bidens_ by, 4 + Alaska, _Ziphius_ from, 1 + Allen, Dr. G. M., 3 + American Museum of Natural History, 2, 3 + _ampullatus_ (_Balaena_), 76 + (_Hyperoodon_), 76 + _arnuxii_ (_Berardius_), 68 + + B + _bairdii_ (_Berardius_), 60 + _Balaena ampullatus_, 76 + _rostrata_, 76 + _Berardius_, 60, 77 + from California, 1 + from Pribilof Islands, 1 + specimens of, in National Museum, 1 + _Berardius arnuxii_, chevron bones of, 74 + coloration of, 66 + distribution of, 77 + external dimensions of, 67 + size of, 66 + skeleton, dimensions of, 75 + skull, dimensions of, 68 + teeth, dimensions of, 70 + vertebrae of, 73, 74 + vertebral formula of, 72 + _Berardius bairdii_, 2, 60 + chevron bones of, 74 + coloration of, 66 + description of a young, from Bering Id., 64 + distribution of, 77 + earbones of, 69, 83 + external dimensions of, 64, 67 + from Bering Island, 1, 60 + from Centerville Beach, Cal., history of, 2, 63 + from St. George Island, Alaska, 2 + external dimensions of specimens, 62 + history of, 61, 62 + from Trinidad, Cal., 2 + humerus of, 74 + original description of, 65 + scapula of, 74 + size of, 66 + skeleton of, 72 + skeleton, dimensions of, 75 + skull of, 68 + skull, dimensions of, 68 + sternum of, 74 + teeth of, 70 + teeth, description of, 70 + teeth, dimensions of, 70 + ulna of, 74 + vertebral formula of, 72 + _Berardius vegae_, 60 + Bering Island, _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ from, 24 + Ziphiidae from, 1 + _bidens_ (_Mesoplodon_), 4, 76 + (_Physeter_), 4 + Boston Society of Natural History, 3 + _bowdoini_ (_Mesoplodon_), 3, 77 + Brasil, L., account of type-skull of _Mesoplodon europaeus_ by, 24 + _butskopf_ (_Hyperoodon_), 76 + + C + California, _Berardius_ from, 1 + _cavirostris_ (_Ziphius_), 30, 77 + Clark, Maj. Ezra W., 61 + Cope, E. D., 35 + Crawford, J. G., 3, 25 + account of _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ by, 24 + + D + _Delphinorhynchus_, 4 + _Delphinus densirostris_, 9 + _sowerbensis_, 4 + _sowerbyi_, 4 + _densirostris_ (_Delphinus_), 9 + (_Mesoplodon_), 9, 76 + _Dioplodon europaeus_, 11 + _gervaisi_, 11 + + E + East coast of United States, Ziphiidae from, 2 + Egbert, Dr. J. H., 59 + _europaeus_ (_Dioplodon_), 11 + (_Mesoplodon_), 11, 76 + + G + _gervaisi_ (_Dioplodon_), 11 + _gervaisii_ (_Hyperoodon_), 30 + (_Ziphius_), 30, 54 + _grayi_ (_Mesoplodon_), 3, 76 + Grebnitzki, Nicholas, 1, 31, 60 + _grebnitzkii_ (_Ziphius_), 30 + + H + _hectori_ (_Mesoplodon_), 77 + Hyatt, A., 3 + _Hyperoodon_, 76, 77 + _Hyperoodon ampullatus_, 2, 76 + distribution of, 77 + from Newport, R.I., 2 + from New York bay, 2 + from North Dennis, Mass., 2 + skeleton of, in National Museum, 76 + specimens of, from coasts of United States, 76 + vertebral formula of, 76 + _Hyperoodon butskopf_, 76 + _Hyperoodon gervaisii_, 30 + _Hyperoodon planifrons_, distribution of, 77 + _Hyperoodon rostratum_, 76 + _Hyperoodon semijunctus_, 30 + original description of, 35 + type-skeleton of, 31 + + J + Jordan, Dr. D. S., 24, 63 + Judge, James, 61 + + K + Kigan agalusoch, 66 + + L + _layardi_ (_Mesoplodon_), 3, 77 + + M + Manigault, G. E., 35 + Mearns, Dr. E. A., 32 + L. di Z., 32 + _Mesoplodon_, 3 + _Mesoplodon bidens_, 2, 3, 4, 11 + distribution of, 76 + external dimensions of, 23 + from Nantucket, Mass., 2, 3, 4 + mandible of, 6 + phalangeal formula of, 18 + skull of, 4 + skull, dimensions of, 8, 15 + teeth of, 6 + vertebral formula of, 15 + _Mesoplodon bowdoini_, 3 + distribution of, 77 + _Mesoplodon densirostris_, 2, 9, 28 + description of exterior of, 10 + distribution of, 76 + earbones of, 83 + external dimensions of, 23 + from Annisquam, Mass., 2, 3, 4 + skull, dimensions of, 8 + _Mesoplodon europaeus_, 2, 11 + color of, 22 + distribution of, 76 + external characters of, 21 + external dimensions of, 20, 23 + first record of, 11 + from Atlantic City, N. J., 2, 3, 11 + history of, 20 + from North Long Branch, N. J., 2, 3, 11 + lungs of, 22 + mandible of, 14 + pectoral limb of, 18 + phalangeal formula of, 18 + ribs of, 17 + scapula of, 18 + skeleton, dimensions of, 18 + skull of, 13 + specific characters of, 12 + sternum of, 18 + stomach of, 22 + teeth of, 15 + tongue of, 22 + type-skull of, description of, by L. Brasil, 24 + Van Beneden's opinion regarding, 12 + vertebrae of, 15, 16 + vertebral formula of, 15 + _Mesoplodon grayi_, 3 + distribution of, 76 + _Mesoplodon hectori_, distribution of, 77 + _Mesoplodon layardi_, 3 + distribution of, 77 + teeth of, 28 + _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_, 2, 24 + distribution of, 77 + earbones of, 83 + external characters of, 29 + from Bering Island, 1, 3 + from Oregon, 1, 2, 3 + mandible of, 28 + skull of, 25 + skull, dimensions of, 29 + teeth of, 28 + teeth, dimensions of, 29 + Museum of Comparative Zoology, 2, 3, 76 + + O + Oregon, _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ from, 1, 3 + + P + _Physeter bidens_, 4 + _planifrons_ (_Hyperoodon_), 77 + Pla-un, 66 + Pribilof Islands, _Berardius_ from, 1 + + R + Ring, J. H., 63 + _rostrata_ (_Balaena_), 76 + _rostratum_ (_Hyperoodon_), 76 + + S + St. George Island, Alaska, _Berardius_ from, 1 + Scollick, J. W., 32 + _semijunctus_ (_Hyperoodon_), 30 + (_Ziphius_), 30 + _seychellensis_ (_Ziphius_), 9 + Soderman, Captain, 32 + _sowerbensis_ (_Delphinus_), 4 + _sowerbyi_ (_Delphinus_), 4 + Stejneger, Leonhard, 1, 3, 24, 31, 60, 64, 65 + _stejnegeri_ (_Mesoplodon_), 24, 77 + + W + Wellander, Capt. Otto, 25 + West coast of United States, Ziphiidae from, 2 + + Y + Yaquina Bay, Oregon, _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ from, 24 + + Z + Ziphiidae from east coast of United States, 2 + from west coast of United States, 2 + list of existing species of, 76 + specimens of, available for study, 1 + in National Museum, 1 + _Ziphius_, 30, 77 + fossil, 4 + species of, 30 + _Ziphius cavirostris_, 2, 30 + Argentine specimen of, 36 + caudal vertebrae of, 42 + cervical vertebrae of, 38 + chevron bones of, 44 + color of, 33, 34 + comparison of skeletons of, 36 + dimensions of, 32 + distribution of, 77 + earbones of, 83 + external characters of, 59 + external dimension of, 32, 33, 34 + from Argentina, 55, 57 + from Barnegat City, N. J., 2, 31 + from Barnegat City, N. J., history of, 33 + from Bering Island, 1, 31 + from Charleston, S. C., 2, 31 + from Kiska harbor, Alaska, 1, 2, 31 + from Newport, R. I., 2, 31, 32 + from St. Simon Island, Ga., 2, 31 + lumbar vertebrae of, 41 + pectoral limb of, 46 + phalangeal formula of, 46, 49 + scapula of, 45 + sex characters of, 54 + skeleton, dimensions of, 47 + skeleton of, from Bering Island, 58 + skull, age variations in, 50 + dimensions of, 53 + sternum of, 45 + teeth, description of, 55 + dimensions of, 55 + thoracic vertebrae of, 40 + skeleton, variations in, 49 + vertebrae of, 37 + vertebral column of, 36 + vertebral formula of, 36 + _Ziphius gervaisii_, 30, 54 + _Ziphius grebnitzkii_, 30 + external characters of, 59 + from Bering Island, 31 + skull, dimensions of, 53 + skeleton of, from Bering Island, 58 + _Ziphius semijunctus_, 30, 35 + from Charleston, S. C., 2 + type-skull, dimensions of, 53 + _Ziphius seychellensis_, 9 + + + + + EXPLANATION OF PLATES. + + + [Illustration: Plate 1 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Skull. Nantucket, Mass. Mus. Comp. Zoology, +No. 1727. Female, adult. Dorsal aspect. About 1/4 nat. size. + +Extremity of beak defective. + +2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Skull. Annisquam, Mass. Female, young. +Boston Society of Natural History. Dorsal aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Defective on the left side. + + + [Illustration: Plate 2 SKULLS AND TOOTH OF MESOPLODON] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, +young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +2. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, +adult. Mus. Comp. Zoology. Dorsal aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Distal portion of beak lacking and right frontal region defective. + +3. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Tooth. Nantucket, Mass. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. +1727. Nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 3 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. +Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Edges abraded; distal end of beak defective. + +2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Skull. Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Adult. Cat. No. +143132, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Proximal end of premaxillae defective and right nasal lacking. + + + [Illustration: Plate 4 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Skull. Nantucket, Mass. Female, adult. Mus. +Comp. Zool. No. 1727. Ventral aspect. About 1/4 nat. size. Tip of beak, +left pterygoid, and malars defective. + +2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Skull. Annisquam, Mass. Female, young. +Boston Society of Natural History. Ventral aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Left frontal region defective. + + + [Illustration: Plate 5 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON EUROPAEUS] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, +young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +2. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, +adult. Mus. Comp. Zoology. Ventral aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Distal portion of beak lacking, pterygoids, malars, and left frontal and +temporal regions defective. + + + [Illustration: Plate 6 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, +U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Edges abraded; tip of beak, pterygoids, zygomatic processes, etc., +defective. + +2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Skull. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. +Ventral aspect. About 1/4 nat. size. + +Pterygoids and left malar defective. + + + [Illustration: Plate 7 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Skull. Nantucket, Massachusetts. Female, +adult. Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 1727. Lateral aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Tip of beak, left pterygoid and malar defective. + +2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Skull. Annisquam, Massachusetts. Female, +young. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Lateral aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Distal portion of beak defective and warped. + + + [Illustration: Plate 8 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON EUROPAEUS] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, +young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. About 1/4 nat. size. + +2. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, +adult. Mus. Comp. Zool. Lateral aspect. About 1/4 nat. size. + +Distal portion of beak lacking. + + + [Illustration: Plate 9 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. +Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. About 1/4 nat. size. + +Premaxillae, maxillae, frontals, zygomatic process, etc., defective. On +account of these defects and the immaturity of the individual the forward +inclination of the supraoccipital is much greater than in the skull shown +in fig. 2. + +2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Skull. Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Adult. Cat. No. +143132, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. 1/4 nat. size. + +Proximal end of premaxillae defective. + + + [Illustration: Plate 10 SKULLS OF MESOPLODON] + + Skulls of _Mesoplodon_. + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Nantucket, Massachusetts. + +2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Annisquam, Massachusetts. + +3. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey. + +4. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ North Long Branch, New Jersey. + +5. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Bering Island. + +6. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. + +Posterior aspect. All figures 1/4 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 11 MANDIBLES OF MESOPLODON] + + Mandibles of _Mesoplodon_. + +Figs. 1, 2, and 5. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Nantucket, Massachusetts. + +3 and 6. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey. + +4. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. + +All figures 1/5 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 12 MANDIBLE AND TEETH OF MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Mandible and tooth. +1/4 nat. size. + +2. The same. Left mandibular tooth. Outer surface. + +3. The same. Right mandibular tooth. Inner surface. + +All figures a little more than 3/5 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 13 SKELETON AND LUNGS OF MESOPLODON EUROPAEUS] + + _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey. Cat. No. 23346, + U.S.N.M. + +Fig. 1. Vertebrae, from right to left as follows: 7th thoracic, 8th +thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal. Scale, 1/3.7 nat. size. + +2. Sternum. Anterior aspect. + +3. Left scapula. External surface. Scale 1/3.6 nat. size. + +4. Right pectoral limb. External surface. Scale 1/3.7 nat. size. + +5. Lungs. Dorsal aspect. About 1/8 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 14 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + _Ziphius cavirostris._ + +Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South +Carolina. Female, young. Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. 1/6 nat. +size. + +Tip of beak slightly defective. + +2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Female, adult. Cat. No. 20971, +U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 15 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + _Ziphius cavirostris._ + +Fig. 1. Skull. Bering Island. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Female +(?), adult, Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + +2. Skull. Bering Island. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Dorsal +aspect. Cat. No. 21246. 1/6 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 16 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + _Ziphius cavirostris._ + +Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island. +Male (?). Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + +2. Skull. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Bering Island. Adult. Cat. +No. 21245, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 17 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + _Ziphius cavirostris._ + +Fig. 1. Skull. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Bering Island. Male +(?), adult. Cat. No. 21248, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + +2. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Male, adult. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M. +Dorsal aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 18 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + _Ziphius cavirostris._ + +Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South +Carolina. Ventral aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + +2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Ventral aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 19 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + _Ziphius cavirostris._ + +Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Bering Island. Cat. No. +20993, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + +2. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Ventral aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 20 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + _Ziphius cavirostris._ + +Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South +Carolina. Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + +2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Lateral aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + +3. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island. Cat. +No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. 1/6 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 21 SKULLS OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + _Ziphius cavirostris._ + +Fig. 1. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Lateral aspect. 1/7 nat. size. + +2. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South +Carolina. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size. + +3. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size. + +4. Skull. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Posterior +aspect. 1/7 nat. size. + +5. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 22 MANDIBLES OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + Mandibles of _Ziphius cavirostris_. + +Fig. 1. Charleston, South Carolina. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) + +2. Newport, Rhode Island. + +3. Bering Island. Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M. + +4. Bering Island. Cat. No. 21248, U.S.N.M. + +All figures about 1/5 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 23 MANDIBLES OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + Mandibles of _Ziphius cavirostris_. + +Fig. 1. Bering Island. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Cat. +No. 20993, U.S.N.M. About 1/5 nat. size. + +2. Newport, Rhode Island. Symphysis. Dorsal aspect. + +3. The same. Ventral aspect. + + + [Illustration: Plate 24 MANDIBLES AND VERTEBRAE OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + Mandibles and vertebrae of _Ziphius cavirostris_. + +Fig. 1. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. +Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. 1/5 nat. size. + +2. (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, +U.S.N.M. About 1/5 nat. size. + +3. Barnegat, New Jersey. About 1/5 nat. size. + +4. Vertebrae. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) From right to left, as +follows: 1-3 cervicals, 1st thoracic, 7th thoracic, 8th thoracic, 1st +lumbar, 1st caudal. About 1/4 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 25 SKELETON OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + _Ziphius cavirostris_ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) + +Fig. 1. Atlas. Anterior surface. Defective on left side. + +2. Sternum. Ventral aspect. + +3. Right pectoral limb. Scapula somewhat defective. + +About 1/3 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 26 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII] + + _Berardius bairdii._ + +Fig. 1. Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. +Dorsal aspect. About 1/10 nat. size. + +Frontals and zygomatic processes somewhat defective. + +2. Skull. St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. +No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. About 1/10 nat. size. + +3. Skull. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, +U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. + +All figs. about 1/10 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 27 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII] + + _Berardius bairdii._ + +Fig. 1. Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. +Ventral aspect. + +2. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. +Ventral aspect. + +3. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. +Ventral aspect. + +All figs. about 1/10 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 28 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII] + + _Berardius bairdii._ + +Fig. 1. Skull. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, +U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. + +2. Skull. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, +U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. + +3. The same skull. Posterior aspect. + +4. Type-skull. Bering Island. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Posterior aspect. + +All figs. about 1/10 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 29 SKULLS OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII] + + _Berardius bairdii._ + +Figs. 1-4. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M. + +5. Skull. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 29727, +U.S.N.M. Posterior aspect. 1/10 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 30 MANDIBLES OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII] + + Mandibles of _Berardius bairdii_. + +Fig. 1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M. + +2. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M. + +3. Bering Island. Adult. (From mounted skull.) + +Dorsal aspect, 1/10 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 31 MANDIBLES OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII] + + Mandibles of _Berardius bairdii_. + +Fig. 1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M. + +2. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M. + +3. Bering Island. (From type-skull.) Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. + +4. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. + +5. Bering Island. Adult. (From mounted skull.) + +Lateral aspect. 1/10 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 32 BERARDIUS BAIRDII AND HYPEROODON AMPULLATUS] + + _Berardius bairdii._ + +Fig. 1. Vertebrae. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. +49726, U.S.N.M. The vertebrae from left to right are as follows: 1-3 +cervicals, 1st thoracic, 8th thoracic, 9th thoracic, 10th thoracic, 1st +lumbar, 1st caudal. + +2. The same specimen. Sternum. Ventral aspect. About 1/7 nat. size. + +3. _Hyperoodon ampullatus._ Newport, Rhode Island. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia. + + + [Illustration: Plate 33 SKELETON OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII] + +Fig. 1. _Berardius bairdii._ Atlas. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, +adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Anterior surface. 1/7 nat. size. + +2. The same specimen. Right scapula. 1/7 nat. size. + +3. The same specimen. Humerus. 1/7 nat. size. + +4. _Berardius bairdii._ St. George Island, Alaska. Left pectoral limb. +Cat. No. 49727. Male, immature. 1/5 nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 34 TYMPANIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND + BERARDIUS] + + Tympanic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_. + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris_ (?). Annisquam, Massachusetts. + +2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. + +3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, +South Carolina. + +4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering +Island. + +5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey. + +6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island. + +7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California. + +Ventral aspect. Nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 35 TYMPANIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND + BERARDIUS] + + Tympanic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_. + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris_ (?). Annisquam, Massachusetts. + +2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. + +3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, +South Carolina. + +4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger). Bering +Island. + +5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey. + +6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island. + +7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California. + +External surface. Nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 36 PERIOTIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND + BERARDIUS] + + Right periotic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_. + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris._ (?) Annisquam, Massachusetts. + +2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. + +3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, +South Carolina. + +4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering +Island. + +5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey. + +6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island. + +7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California. + +Inner aspect. Nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 37 PERIOTIC BONES OF MESOPLODON, ZIPHIUS, AND + BERARDIUS] + + Right periotic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_. + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris._ (?) Annisquam, Massachusetts. + +2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. + +3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, +South Carolina. + +4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger). Bering +Island. + +5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey. + +6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island. + +7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California. + +Outer aspect. Nat. size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 38 TEETH OF ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS] + + Teeth of _Ziphius cavirostris_. + +Fig. 1. Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope). Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. +No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Left tooth. Inner surface. + +2. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface. + +3-4. Barnegat City, New Jersey. The two large teeth. + +5. The same. One of the rudimentary teeth. + +6. Topotype of _Z. grebnitzkii_. Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M. Bering Island. +Left tooth. Outer surface. + +7. The same. Right tooth. Inner surface. + +8. Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Bering +Island. Left tooth. Inner surface. + +9. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface. + +10. Newport, Rhode Island. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M. Left tooth. Inner +surface. + +11. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface. + + + [Illustration: Plate 39 TEETH OF BERARDIUS BAIRDII] + + Teeth of _Berardius bairdii_. + +Fig. 1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M. Left anterior +tooth. Inner surface. + +2. The same. Left posterior tooth. Inner surface. + +3. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M. +Right anterior tooth. Inner surface. + +4. The same. Left anterior tooth. Outer surface. + +5. Centerville, California. Male, adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Left +anterior tooth. Inner surface. + +6. The same. Right posterior tooth. Outer surface. + +7. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726. Left +anterior tooth. Inner surface. + +8. The same. Right posterior tooth. Outer surface. + +9. The same. Left posterior tooth. Inner surface. + +All figures natural size. + + + [Illustration: Plate 40 MESOPLODON EUROPAEUS AND M. STEJNEGERI] + +Fig. 1. Stomach of _Mesoplodon europaeus_. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Cat. +No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. About 1/4 nat. size. + +2. The same. Dorsal aspect. About 1/4 nat. size. + +3. The same. Perineum. _a_, penis. _b_, rudimentary mammary slits. _c_, +anus. About 1/4 nat. size. + +4. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Cat. No. 143132, +U.S.N.M. Head, showing teeth in natural position. + + + [Illustration: Plate 41 MESOPLODON AND ZIPHIUS] + +Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europaeus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. +Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Length 12-1/2 feet. + +2. The same. Dorsal aspect. + +3. _Ziphius cavirostris_ (?). Kiska Harbor, Alaska, 1904. + +4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island. Male, adult. Length 20 +feet 1 inch. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M. + + + [Illustration: Plate 42 BERARDIUS BAIRDII] + +Fig. 1. _Berardius bairdii._ St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. +Length 40 feet 2 inches. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. + +Ventral aspect. + +2, 3. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. +No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Length about 41 feet. Head from in front and from +below. + +4. The same. Skeleton. About 1/6 nat. size. + +The pectoral fin is modeled from another specimen. It is on the wrong +side in this figure. + + + + + Transcriber's Notes + + +--Retained publisher information from the printed copy (the electronic + edition is in the public domain in the country of publication). + +--Corrected some palpable typos. + +--Reformatted column headings of tables for readable display on smaller + windows (even so, some tables are up to 80 characters wide, and one + takes 100 characters). + +--Resized images from original 8-1/2x11 plates (thus, scale indications + in captions are relative). + +--Created an original cover image for free, unrestricted use with this + eBook. + +--In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by + _underscores_. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Beaked Whales of the Family +Ziphidae, by Frederick True + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEAKED WHALES--FAMILY ZIPHIDAE *** + +***** This file should be named 44785.txt or 44785.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/7/8/44785/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Stephen Hutcheson, +The Internet Archive/American Libraries and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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