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+The Project Gutenberg EBook Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1569-70
+#17 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
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+Title: The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1569-70
+
+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4817]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on March 19, 2002]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1569-70 ***
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+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
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+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, PG EDITION, VOLUME 17.
+
+THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+1855
+
+
+
+1569-70 [CHAPTER V.]
+
+     Quarrel between Alva and Queen Elizabeth of England--Spanish funds
+     seized by the English government--Non-intercourse between England
+     and the Netherlands--Stringent measures against heresy--Continued
+     persecution--Individual cases--Present of hat and sword to Alva from
+     the Pope--Determination of the Governor--general to establish a
+     system of arbitrary taxation in the provinces--Assembly of estates
+     at Brussels--Alva's decrees laid before them--The hundredth, tenth,
+     and fifth pence--Opposition of Viglius to the project--Estates of
+     various provinces give a reluctant consent--Determined resistance of
+     Utrecht--The city and province cited before the Blood Council--
+     Sentence of confiscation and disfranchisement against both--Appeal
+     to the King--Difficulty of collecting the new tax--Commutation for
+     two years--Projects for a pardon-general--Growing disfavour of the
+     Duke--His desire to resign his post--Secret hostility between the
+     Governor and Viglius--Altered sentiments of the President--Opinions
+     expressed by Granvelle--The pardon pompously proclaimed by the Duke
+     at Antwerp--Character of the amnesty--Dissatisfaction of the people
+     with the act--Complaints of Alva to the King--Fortunes and fate of
+     Baron Montigny in Spain--His confinement at Segovia--His attempt to
+     escape--Its failure--His mock trial--His wife's appeal to Philip--
+     His condemnation--His secret assassination determined upon--Its
+     details, as carefully prescribed and superintended by the King--
+     Terrible inundation throughout the Netherlands--Immense destruction
+     of life and property in Friesland--Lowestein Castle taken by De
+     Ruyter, by stratagem--Recapture of the place by the Spaniards--
+     Desperate resistance and death of De Ruyter.
+
+It was very soon after the Duke's return to Brussels that a quarrel
+between himself and the Queen of England took place.  It happened thus.
+Certain vessels, bearing roving commissions from the Prince of Conde, had
+chased into the ports of England some merchantmen coming from Spain with
+supplies in specie for the Spanish army in the Netherlands.  The trading
+ships remained in harbor, not daring to leave for their destination,
+while the privateers remained in a neighbouring port ready to pounce upon
+them should they put to sea.  The commanders of the merchant fleet
+complained to the Spanish ambassador in London.  The envoy laid the case
+before the Queen.  The Queen promised redress, and, almost as soon as the
+promise had been made, seized upon all the specie in the vessels,
+amounting to about eight hundred thousand dollars--[1885 exchange rate]--
+and appropriated the whole to her own benefit.  The pretext for this
+proceeding was twofold.  In the first place, she assured the ambassador
+that she had taken the money into her possession in order that it might
+be kept safe for her royal brother of Spain.  In the second place, she
+affirmed that the money did not belong to the Spanish government at all,
+but that it was the property of certain Genoese merchants, from whom, as
+she had a right to do, she had borrowed it for a short period.  Both
+these positions could hardly be correct, but either furnished an
+excellent reason for appropriating the funds to her own use.
+
+The Duke of Alva being very much in want of money, was furious when
+informed of the circumstance.  He immediately despatched Councillor
+d'Assonleville with other commissioners on a special embassy to the Queen
+of England.  His envoys were refused an audience, and the Duke was taxed
+with presumption in venturing, as if be had been a sovereign, to send a
+legation to a crowned head.  No satisfaction was given to Alva, but a
+secret commissioner was despatched to Spain to discuss the subject there.
+The wrath of Alva was not appeased by this contemptuous treatment.
+Chagrined at the loss of his funds, and stung to the quick by a rebuke
+which his arrogance had merited, he resorted to a high-handed measure.
+He issued a proclamation commanding the personal arrest of every
+Englishman within the territory of the Netherlands, and the seizure of
+every article of property which could be found belonging to individuals
+of that nation.  The Queen retaliated by measures of the same severity
+against Netherlanders in England.  The Duke followed up his blow by a
+proclamation (of March 31st, 1569), in which the grievance was detailed,
+and strict non-intercourse with England enjoined.  While the Queen and
+the Viceroy were thus exchanging blows, the real sufferers were, of
+course, the unfortunate Netherlanders.  Between the upper and nether
+millstones of Elizabeth's rapacity and Alva's arrogance, the poor remains
+of Flemish prosperity were well nigh crushed out of existence.
+Proclamations and commissions followed hard upon each other, but it was
+not till April 1573, that the matter was definitely arranged.  Before
+that day arrived, the commerce of the Netherlands had suffered, at the
+lowest computation, a dead loss of two million florins, not a stiver of
+which was ever reimbursed to the sufferers by the Spanish government.
+
+Meantime, neither in the complacency of his triumph over William of
+Orange, nor in the torrent of his wrath against the English Queen, did
+the Duke for a moment lose sight of the chief end of his existence in the
+Netherlands.  The gibbet and the stake were loaded with their daily
+victims.  The records of the period are foul with the perpetually renewed
+barbarities exercised against the new religion.  To the magistrates of
+the different cities were issued fresh instructions, by which all
+municipal officers were to be guided in the discharge of their great
+duty.  They were especially enjoined by the Duke to take heed that
+Catholic midwives, and none other, should be provided for every parish,
+duly sworn to give notice within twenty-four hours of every birth which
+occurred, in order that the curate might instantly proceed to baptism.
+They were also ordered to appoint certain spies who should keep watch at
+every administration of the sacraments, whether public or private,
+whether at the altar or at death-beds, and who should report for
+exemplary punishment (that is to say, death by fire) all persons who made
+derisive or irreverential gestures, or who did not pay suitable honor to
+the said Sacraments.  Furthermore, in order that not even death itself
+should cheat the tyrant of his prey, the same spies were to keep watch at
+the couch of the dying, and to give immediate notice to government of all
+persons who should dare to depart this life without previously receiving
+extreme unction and the holy wafer.  The estates of such culprits, it was
+ordained, should be confiscated, and their bodies dragged to the public
+place of execution.
+
+An affecting case occurred in the north of Holland, early in this year,
+which, for its peculiarity, deserves brief mention.  A poor Anabaptist,
+guilty of no crime but his fellowship with a persecuted sect, had been
+condemned to death.  He had made his escape, closely pursued by an
+officer of justice, across a frozen lake.  It was late in the winter,
+and the ice had become unsound.  It trembled and cracked beneath his
+footsteps, but he reached the shore in safety.  The officer was not so
+fortunate.  The ice gave way beneath him, and he sank into the lake,
+uttering a cry for succor.  There were none to hear him, except the
+fugitive whom he had been hunting.  Dirk Willemzoon, for so was the
+Anabaptist called, instinctively obeying the dictates of a generous
+nature, returned, crossed the quaking and dangerous ice, at the peril of
+his life, extended his hand to his enemy, and saved him from certain
+death.  Unfortunately for human nature, it cannot be added that the
+generosity, of, the action was met by a corresponding heroism.  The
+officer was desirous, it is true, of avoiding the responsibility of
+sacrificing the preserver of his life, but the burgomaster of Asperen
+sternly reminded him to remember his oath.  He accordingly arrested the
+fugitive, who, on the 16th of May following, was burned to death under
+the most lingering tortures.
+
+Almost at the same time four clergymen, the eldest seventy years of age,
+were executed at the Hague, after an imprisonment of three years.  All
+were of blameless lives, having committed no crime save that of having
+favored the Reformation.  As they were men of some local eminence, it
+was determined that they should be executed with solemnity.  They were
+condemned to the flames, and as they were of the ecclesiastical
+profession, it was necessary before execution that their personal
+sanctity should be removed.  Accordingly, on the 27th May, attired in the
+gorgeous robes of high mass, they were brought before the Bishop of Bois
+le Duc.  The prelate; with a pair of scissors, cut a lock of hair from
+each of their heads.  He then scraped their crowns and the tips of their
+fingers with a little silver knife very gently, and without inflicting
+the least injury.  The mystic oil of consecration was thus supposed to be
+sufficiently removed.  The prelate then proceeded to disrobe the victims,
+saying to each one as he did so, "Eximo tibi vestem justitiae, quem
+volens abjecisti;" to which the oldest pastor, Arent Dirkzoon, stoutly
+replied, "imo vestem injustitiae."  The bishop having thus completed the
+solemn farce of desecration, delivered the prisoners to the Blood
+Council, begging that they might be handled very gently.  Three days
+afterwards they were all executed at the stake, having, however, received
+the indulgence of being strangled before being thrown into the flames.
+
+It was precisely at this moment, while the agents of the Duke's
+government were thus zealously enforcing his decrees, that a special
+messenger arrived from the Pope, bringing as a present to Alva a jewelled
+hat and sword.  It was a gift rarely conferred by the Church, and never
+save upon the highest dignitaries, or upon those who had merited her most
+signal rewards by the most shining exploits in her defence.  The Duke was
+requested, in the autograph letter from his Holiness which accompanied
+the presents, "to remember, when he put the hat upon his head, that he
+was guarded with it as with a helmet of righteousness, and with the
+shield of God's help, indicating the heavenly crown which was ready for
+all princes who support the Holy Church and the Roman Catholic faith."
+The motto on the sword ran as follows, "Accipe sanctum gladium, menus a
+Deo in quo dejicies adversarios populi mei Israel."
+
+The Viceroy of Philip, thus stimulated to persevere in his master's
+precepts by the Vicegerent of Christ, was not likely to swerve from his
+path, nor to flinch from his work.  It was beyond the power of man's
+ingenuity to add any fresh features of horror to the religious
+persecution under which the provinces were groaning, but a new attack
+could be made upon the poor remains of their wealth.
+
+The Duke had been dissatisfied with the results of his financial
+arrangements.  The confiscation of banished and murdered heretics had not
+proved the inexhaustible mine he had boasted.  The stream of gold which
+was to flow perennially into the Spanish coffers, soon ceased to flow at
+all.  This was inevitable.  Confiscations must, of necessity, offer but
+a precarious supply to any treasury.  It was only the frenzy of an Alva
+which could imagine it possible to derive a permanent revenue from such a
+source.  It was, however, not to be expected that this man, whose tyranny
+amounted to insanity, could comprehend the intimate connection between
+the interests of a people and those of its rulers, and he was determined
+to exhibit; by still more fierce and ludicrous experiments, how easily a
+great soldier may become a very paltry financier.
+
+He had already informed his royal master that, after a very short time,
+remittances would no longer be necessary from Spain to support the
+expenses of the array and government in the Netherlands.  He promised,
+on the contrary, that at least two millions yearly should be furnished by
+the provinces, over and above the cost of their administration, to enrich
+the treasury at home.  Another Peru had already been discovered by his
+ingenuity, and one which was not dependent for its golden fertility on
+the continuance of that heresy which it was his mission to extirpate.
+His boast had been much ridiculed in Madrid, where he had more enemies
+than friends, and he was consequently the more eager to convert it into
+reality.  Nettled by the laughter with which all his schemes of political
+economy had been received at home, he was determined to show that his
+creative statesmanship was no less worthy of homage than his indisputable
+genius for destruction.
+
+His scheme was nothing more than the substitution of an arbitrary system
+of taxation by the Crown, for the legal and constitutional right of the
+provinces to tax themselves.  It was not a very original thought, but it
+was certainly a bold one.  For although a country so prostrate might
+suffer the imposition of any fresh amount of tyranny, yet it was doubtful
+whether she had sufficient strength remaining to bear the weight after it
+had been imposed.  It was certain, moreover, that the new system would
+create a more general outcry than any which had been elicited even by the
+religious persecution.  There were many inhabitants who were earnest and
+sincere Catholics, and who therefore considered themselves safe from the
+hangman's hands, while there were none who could hope to escape the gripe
+of the new tax-gatherers.  Yet the Governor was not the man to be daunted
+by the probable unpopularity of the measure.  Courage he possessed in
+more than mortal proportion.  He seemed to have set himself to the task
+of ascertaining the exact capacity of the country for wretchedness.  He
+was resolved accurately to gauge its width and its depth; to know how
+much of physical and moral misery might be accumulated within its limits,
+before it should be full to overflowing.  Every man, woman, and child in
+the country had been solemnly condemned to death; and arbitrary
+executions, in pursuance of that sentence, had been daily taking place.
+Millions of property had been confiscated; while the most fortunate and
+industrious, as well as the bravest of the Netherlanders, were wandering
+penniless in distant lands.  Still the blows, however recklessly
+distributed, had not struck every head.  The inhabitants had been
+decimated, not annihilated, and the productive energy of the country,
+which for centuries had possessed so much vitality, was even yet not
+totally extinct.  In the wreck of their social happiness, in the utter
+overthrow of their political freedom, they had still preserved the
+shadow, at least, of one great bulwark against despotism.  The king could
+impose no tax.
+
+The "Joyeuse Entree" of Brabant, as well as the constitutions of
+Flanders, Holland, Utrecht, and all the other provinces, expressly
+prescribed the manner in which the requisite funds for government should
+be raised.  The sovereign or his stadholder was to appear before the
+estates in person, and make his request for money.  It was for the
+estates, after consultation with their constituents, to decide whether or
+not this petition (Bede) should be granted, and should a single branch
+decline compliance, the monarch was to wait with patience for a more
+favorable moment.  Such had been the regular practice in the Netherlands,
+nor had the reigning houses often had occasion to accuse the estates of
+parsimony.  It was, however, not wonderful that the Duke of Alva should
+be impatient at the continued existence of this provincial privilege.
+A country of condemned criminals, a nation whose universal neck might
+at any moment be laid upon the block without ceremony, seemed hardly fit
+to hold the purse-strings, and to dispense alms to its monarch.  The
+Viceroy was impatient at this arrogant vestige of constitutional liberty.
+Moreover, although he had taken from the Netherlanders nearly all the
+attributes of freemen, he was unwilling that they should enjoy the
+principal privilege of slaves, that of being fed and guarded at their
+master's expense.  He had therefore summoned a general assembly of the
+provincial estates in Brussels, and on the 20th of March, 1569, had
+caused the following decrees to be laid before them.
+
+A tax of the hundredth penny, or one per cent., was laid upon all
+property, real and personal, to be collected instantly.  This impost,
+however, was not perpetual, but only to be paid once, unless, of course,
+it should suit the same arbitrary power by which it was assessed to
+require it a second time.
+
+A tax of the twentieth penny; or five per cent., was laid upon every
+transfer of real estate.  This imposition was perpetual.
+
+Thirdly, a tag of the tenth penny, or ten per cent., was assessed upon
+every article of merchandise or personal-property, to be paid as often as
+it should be sold.  This tax was likewise to be perpetual.
+
+The consternation in the assembly when these enormous propositions were
+heard, can be easily imagined.  People may differ about religious dogmas.
+In the most bigoted persecutions there will always be many who, from
+conscientious although misguided motives, heartily espouse the cause of
+the bigot.  Moreover, although resistance to tyranny in matters of faith,
+is always the most ardent of struggles, and is supported by the most
+sublime principle in our nature, yet all men are not of the sterner stuff
+of which martyrs are fashioned.  In questions relating to the world
+above; many may be seduced from their convictions by interest, or forced
+into apostasy by violence.  Human nature is often malleable or fusible,
+where religious interests are concerned, but in affairs material and
+financial opposition to tyranny is apt to be unanimous.
+
+The interests of commerce and manufacture, when brought into conflict
+with those of religion, had often proved victorious in the Netherlands.
+This new measure, however--this arbitrary and most prodigious system of
+taxation, struck home to every fireside.  No individual, however adroit
+or time-serving, could parry the blow by which all were crushed.
+
+It was most unanswerably maintained in the assembly, that this tenth and
+twentieth penny would utterly destroy the trade and the manufactures of
+the country.  The hundredth penny, or the one per cent. assessment on all
+property throughout the land, although a severe subsidy, might be borne
+with for once.  To pay, however, a twentieth part of the full value of a
+house to the government as often as the house was sold, was a most
+intolerable imposition.  A house might be sold twenty times in a year,
+and in the course,  therefore, of the year be confiscated in its whole
+value.  It amounted either to a prohibition of all transfers of real
+estate, or to an eventual surrender of its price.
+
+As to the tenth penny upon articles of merchandise, to be paid by the
+vendor at every sale, the scheme was monstrous.  All trade and
+manufactures must, of necessity, expire, at the very first attempt to put
+it in execution.  The same article might be sold ten times in a week, and
+might therefore pay one hundred per cent. weekly.  An article, moreover,
+was frequently compounded of ten, different articles, each of which might
+pay one hundred per cent., and therefore the manufactured article, if ten
+times transferred, one thousand per cent. weekly.  Quick transfers and
+unfettered movements being the nerves and muscles of commerce, it was
+impossible for it long to survive the paralysis of such a tax.  The
+impost could never be collected, and would only produce an entire
+prostration of industry.  It could by no possibility enrich the
+government.
+
+The King could not derive wealth from the ruin of his subjects; yet to
+establish such a system was the stern and absurd determination of the
+Governor-general.  The infantine simplicity of the effort seemed
+incredible.  The ignorance was as sublime as the tyranny.  The most
+lucid arguments and the most earnest remonstrances were all in vain.
+Too opaque to be illumined by a flood of light, too hard to be melted
+by a nation's tears, the Viceroy held calmly to his purpose.  To the keen
+and vivid representations of Viglius, who repeatedly exhibited all that
+was oppressive and all that was impossible in the tax, he answered simply
+that it was nothing more nor less than the Spanish "alcabala," and that
+he derived 50,000 ducats yearly from its imposition in his own city of
+Alva.
+
+Viglius was upon this occasion in opposition to the Duke.  It is but
+justice to state that the learned jurisconsult manfully and repeatedly
+confronted the wrath of his superior in many a furious discussion in
+council upon the subject.  He had never essayed to snatch one brand from
+the burning out of the vast holocaust of religious persecution, but he
+was roused at last by the threatened destruction of all the material
+interests of the land.  He confronted the tyrant with courage, sustained
+perhaps by the knowledge that the proposed plan was not the King's,
+but the Governor's.  He knew that it was openly ridiculed in Madrid,
+and that Philip, although he would probably never denounce it in terms,
+was certainly not eager for its execution.  The President enlarged upon
+the difference which existed between the condition of a sparsely-peopled
+country of herdsmen and laborers in Spain, and the densely-thronged
+and bustling cities of the Netherlands.  If the Duke collected 50,000
+ducats yearly from the alcabala in Alva, he could only offer him his
+congratulations, but could not help assuring him that the tax would prove
+an impossibility in the provinces.  To his argument, that the impost
+would fall with severity not upon the highest nor the lowest classes of
+society, neither upon the great nobility and clergy nor on the rustic
+population, but on the merchants and manufacturers, it was answered by
+the President that it was not desirable to rob Saint Peter's altar in
+order to build one to Saint Paul.  It might have been simpler to suggest
+that the consumer would pay the tax, supposing it were ever paid at all,
+but the axiom was not so familiar three centuries ago as now.
+
+Meantime, the report of the deputies to the assembly on their return to
+their constituents had created the most intense excitement and alarm.
+Petition after petition, report after report, poured in upon the
+government.  There was a cry of despair, and almost of defiance, which
+had not been elicited by former agonies.  To induce, however, a more
+favorable disposition on the part of the Duke, the hundredth penny, once
+for all, was conceded by the estates.  The tenth and twentieth
+occasioned--severe and protracted struggles, until the various assemblies
+of the patrimonial provinces, one after another, exhausted, frightened,
+and hoping that no serious effort would be made to collect the tax,
+consented, under certain restrictions, to its imposition.--The principal
+conditions were a protest against the legality of the proceeding, and the
+provision that the consent of no province should be valid until that of
+all had been obtained.  Holland, too, was induced to give in its
+adhesion, although the city of Amsterdam long withheld its consent;
+but the city and province of Utrecht were inexorable.  They offered
+a handsome sum in commutation, increasing the sum first proposed from
+70,000 to 200,000 florins, but they resolutely refused to be saddled with
+this permanent tax.  Their stout resistance was destined to cost them
+dear.  In the course of a few months Alva, finding them still resolute in
+their refusal, quartered the regiment of Lombardy upon them, and employed
+other coercive measures to bring them to reason.  The rude, insolent,
+unpaid and therefore insubordinate soldiery were billeted in every house
+in the city, so that the insults which the population were made to suffer
+by the intrusion of these ruffians at their firesides would soon, it was
+thought, compel the assent of the province to the tax.  It was not so,
+however.  The city and the province remained stanch in their opposition.
+Accordingly, at the close of the year (15th. December, 1569) the estates
+were summoned to appear within fourteen days before the Blood Council.
+At the appointed time the procureur-general was ready with an act of
+accusation, accompanied, as was usually the case, with a simultaneous
+sentence of condemnation.  The indictment revived and recapitulated all
+previous offences committed in the city and the province, particularly
+during the troubles of 1566, and at the epoch of the treaty with Duchess
+Margaret.  The inhabitants and the magistrates, both in their individual
+and public capacities, were condemned for heresy, rebellion, and
+misprision.  The city and province were accordingly pronounced guilty
+of high treason, were deprived of all their charters, laws, privileges,
+freedoms, and customs, and were declared to have forfeited all their
+property, real and personal, together with all tolls, rents, excises, and
+imposts, the whole being confiscated to the benefit of his Majesty.
+
+The immediate execution of the sentence was, however, suspended, to allow
+the estates opportunity to reply.  An enormous mass of pleadings,
+replies, replications, rejoinders, and apostilles was the result, which
+few eyes were destined to read, and least of all those to whom they were
+nominally addressed.  They were of benefit to none save in the shape of
+fees which they engendered to the gentlemen of the robe.  It was six
+months, however, before the case was closed.  As there was no blood to
+be shed, a summary process was not considered necessary.  At last, on the
+14th July, the voluminous pile of documents was placed before Vargas.  It
+was the first time he had laid eyes upon them, and they were, moreover,
+written in a language of which he did not understand a word.  Such,
+however, was his capacity for affairs, that a glance only at the outside
+of the case enabled him to form his decision.  Within half an hour
+afterwards, booted and spurred, he was saying mass in the church of Saint
+Gudule, on his way to pronounce sentence at Antwerp.  That judgment was
+rendered the same day, and confirmed the preceding act of condemnation.
+Vargas went to his task as cheerfully as if it had been murder.  The act
+of outlawry and beggary was fulminated against the city and province, and
+a handsome amount of misery for others, and of plunder for himself, was
+the result of his promptness.  Many thousand citizens were ruined, many
+millions of property confiscated.
+
+Thus was Utrecht deprived of all its ancient liberties, as a punishment
+for having dared to maintain them.  The clergy, too, of the province,
+having invoked the bull "in Coena Domini," by which clerical property was
+declared exempt from taxation, had excited the wrath of the Duke.  To
+wield so slight a bulrush against the man who had just been girded with
+the consecrated and jewelled sword of the Pope, was indeed but a feeble
+attempt at defence.  Alva treated the Coena Domini with contempt, but he
+imprisoned the printer who had dared to-republish it at this juncture.
+Finding, moreover, that it had been put in press by the orders of no less
+a person than Secretary La Torre, he threw that officer also into prison,
+besides suspending him from his functions for a year.
+
+The estates of the province and the magistracy of the city appealed to
+his Majesty from the decision of the Duke.  The case did not directly
+concern the interests of religion, for although the heretical troubles of
+1566 furnished the nominal motives of the condemnation, the resistance to
+the tenth and twentieth penny was the real crime for which they were
+suffering.  The King, therefore, although far from clement, was not
+extremely rigorous.  He refused the object of the appeal, but he did not
+put the envoys to death by whom it was brought to Madrid.  This would
+have certainly been the case in matters strictly religious, or even had
+the commissioners arrived two years before, but even Philip believed,
+perhaps, that for the moment almost enough innocent blood had been shed.
+At any rate he suffered the legates from Utrecht to return, not with
+their petition, granted, but at least with their heads upon their
+shoulders.  Early in the following year, the provinces still remaining
+under martial law, all the Utrecht charters were taken into the
+possession of government, and deposited in the castle of Vredenberg.
+It was not till after the departure of Alva, that they were restored;
+according to royal command, by the new governor, Requesens.
+
+By the middle of the year 1569, Alva wrote to the King, with great
+cheerfulness of tone, announcing that the estates of the provinces had
+all consented to the tax.  He congratulated his Majesty upon the fact
+that this income might thenceforth be enjoyed in perpetuity, and that it
+would bring at least two millions yearly into his coffers, over and above
+the expenses of government.  The hundredth penny, as he calculated, would
+amount to at least five millions.
+
+He was, however, very premature in his triumph, for the estates were not
+long in withdrawing a concession which had either been wrung from them by
+violence or filched from them by misrepresentation.  Taking the ground
+that the assent of all had been stipulated before that of any one should
+be esteemed valid, every province now refused to enforce or to permit the
+collection of the tenth or the twentieth penny within their limits.  Dire
+were the threatenings and the wrath of the Viceroy, painfully protracted
+the renewed negotiations with the estates.  At last, a compromise was
+effected, and the final struggle postponed.  Late in the summer it was
+agreed that the provinces should pay two millions yearly for the two
+following years, the term to expire in the month of August, 1571.  Till
+that period, therefore, there was comparative repose upon the subject.
+
+The question of a general pardon had been agitated for more than a year,
+both in Brussels and Madrid.  Viglius, who knew his countrymen better
+than the Viceroy knew them, had written frequently to his friend Hopper,
+on the propriety of at once proclaiming an amnesty.  There had also been
+many conferences between himself and the Duke of Alva, and he had
+furnished more than one draught for the proposed measure.  The President
+knew full well that the point had been reached beyond which the force of
+tyranny could go no further.  All additional pressure, he felt sure,
+could only produce reaction, the effect of which might be to drive the
+Spaniards from the Netherlands.  There might then be another game to
+play.  The heads of those who had so assiduously served the government
+throughout its terrible career might, in their turn, be brought to the
+block, and their estates be made to enrich the Treasury.  Moreover, there
+were symptoms that Alva's favor was on the wane.  The King had not been
+remarkably struck with the merits of the new financial measures, and had
+expressed much, anxiety lest the trade of the country should suffer.
+The Duke was known to be desirous of his recal.  His health was broken,
+he felt that he was bitterly detested throughout the country, and he was
+certain that his enemies at Madrid were fast undermining his credit.  He
+seemed also to have a dim suspicion that his mission was accomplished in
+the Netherlands; that as much blood had been shed at present as the land
+could easily absorb.  He wrote urgently and even piteously to Philip, on
+the subject of his return.  "Were your Majesty only pleased to take me
+from this country," he said, "I should esteem it as great a favor as if
+your Majesty had given me life."  He swore "by the soul of the Duchess,"
+that he "would rather be cut into little pieces" than retire from his
+post were his presence necessary, but he expressed the opinion that
+through his exertions affairs had been placed in such train that they
+were sure to roll on smoothly to the end of time.  "At present, and for
+the future," he wrote, "your Majesty is and will be more strictly obeyed
+than any of your predecessors;" adding, with insane self-complacency,
+"and all this has been accomplished without violence."  He also assured
+his Majesty as to the prosperous condition of financial affairs.  His tax
+was to work wonders.  He had conversed with capitalists who had offered
+him four millions yearly for the tenth penny, but he had refused, because
+he estimated the product at a much higher figure.  The hundredth penny
+could not be rated lower than five millions.  It was obvious, therefore,
+that instead of remitting funds to the provinces, his Majesty would,
+for the future, derive from them a steady and enormous income.  Moreover,
+he assured the King that there was at present no one to inspire anxiety
+from within or without.  The only great noble of note in the country was
+the Duke of Aerschot, who was devoted to his Majesty, and who, moreover,
+"amounted to very little," as the King well knew.  As for the Prince of
+Orange, he would have business enough in keeping out of the clutches of
+his creditors.  They had nothing to fear from Germany.  England would do
+nothing as long as Germany was quiet; and France was sunk too low to be
+feared at all.
+
+Such being the sentiments of the Duke, the King was already considering
+the propriety of appointing his successor.  All this was known to the
+President.  He felt instinctively that more clemency was to be expected
+from that successor, whoever he might be; and he was satisfied,
+therefore, that he would at least not be injuring his own position by
+inclining at this late hour to the side of mercy.  His opposition to the
+tenth and twentieth penny had already established a breach between
+himself and the Viceroy, but he felt secretly comforted by the reflection
+that the King was probably on the same side with himself.  Alva still
+spoke of him, to be sure, both in public and private, with approbation;
+taking occasion to commend him frequently, in his private letters,
+as a servant upright and zealous, as a living register, without whose
+universal knowledge of things and persons he should hardly know which
+way to turn.  The President, however, was growing weary of his own
+sycophancy.  He begged his friend Joachim to take his part, if his
+Excellency should write unfavorably about his conduct to the King.  He
+seemed to have changed his views of the man concerning whose "prudence
+and gentleness" he could once turn so many fine periods.  He even
+expressed some anxiety lest doubts should begin to be entertained
+as to the perfect clemency of the King's character.  "Here is so much
+confiscation and bloodshed going on," said he, "that some taint of
+cruelty or avarice may chance to bespatter the robe of his Majesty."
+He also confessed that he had occasionally read in history of greater
+benignity than was now exercised against the poor Netherlanders.  Had the
+learned Frisian arrived at these humane conclusions at a somewhat earlier
+day, it might perhaps have been better for himself and for his
+fatherland.  Had he served his country as faithfully as he had served
+Time, and Philip, and Alva, his lands would not have been so broad, nor
+his dignities so numerous, but he would not have been obliged, in his old
+age; to exclaim, with whimsical petulance, that "the faithful servant is
+always a perpetual ass."
+
+It was now certain that an act of amnesty was in contemplation by the
+King.  Viglius had furnished several plans, which, however, had been
+so much disfigured by the numerous exceptions suggested by Alva, that
+the President could scarce recognize his work.  Granvelle, too, had
+frequently urged the pardon on the attention of Philip.  The Cardinal
+was too astute not to perceive that the time had arrived when a continued
+severity could only defeat its own work.  He felt that the country could
+not be rendered more abject, the spirit of patriotism more apparently
+extinct.  A show of clemency, which would now cost nothing, and would
+mean nothing, might be more effective than this profuse and wanton
+bloodshed.
+
+He saw plainly that the brutality of Alva had already overshot the mark.
+Too politic, however, openly to reprove so powerful a functionary, he
+continued to speak of him and of his administration to Philip in terms
+of exalted eulogy.  He was a "sage seignior," a prudent governor, one on
+whom his Majesty could entirely repose.  He was a man of long experience,
+trained all his life to affairs, and perfectly capable of giving a good
+account of everything to which he turned his hands.  He admitted,
+however, to other correspondents, that the administration of the sage
+seignior, on whom his Majesty could so implicitly rely, had at last
+"brought that provinces into a deplorable condition."
+
+Four different forms of pardon had been sent from Madrid, toward the
+close of 1569.  From these four the Duke was to select one, and carefully
+to destroy the other three.  It was not, however, till July of the
+following year that the choice was made, and the Viceroy in readiness to
+announce the pardon.  On the 14th of that month a great festival was held
+at Antwerp, for the purpose of solemnly proclaiming the long expected
+amnesty.  In the morning, the Duke, accompanied by a brilliant staff, and
+by a long procession of clergy in their gorgeous robes, paraded through
+the streets of the commercial capital, to offer up prayers and hear mass
+in the cathedral.  The Bishop of Arras then began a sermon upon the
+blessings of mercy, with a running commentary upon the royal clemency
+about to be exhibited.  In the very outset, however, of his discourse,
+he was seized with convulsions, which required his removal from the
+pulpit; an incident which was not considered of felicitous augury.  In
+the afternoon, the Duke with his suite appeared upon the square in front
+of the Town House.  Here a large scaffolding or theatre had been erected.
+The platform and the steps which led to it were covered with scarlet
+cloth.  A throne, covered with cloth of gold, was arranged in the most
+elevated position for the Duke.  On the steps immediately below him were
+placed two of the most beautiful women in Antwerp, clad in allegorical
+garments to represent righteousness and peace.  The staircase and
+platform were lined with officers, the square was beset with troops, and
+filled to its utmost verge with an expectant crowd of citizens.  Toward
+the close of a summer's afternoon, the Duke wearing the famous hat and
+sword of the Pope, took his seat on the throne with all the airs of
+royalty.  After a few preliminary ceremonies, a civil functionary,
+standing between two heralds; then recited the long-expected act of
+grace.  His reading, however, was so indistinct, that few save the
+soldiers in the immediate vicinity of the platform could hear a word of
+the document.
+
+This effect was, perhaps, intentional.  Certainly but little enthusiasm
+could be expected from the crowd, had the text of the amnesty been heard.
+It consisted of three parts--a recitation of the wrongs committed, a
+statement of the terms of pardon, and a long list of exceptions.  All the
+sins of omission and commission, the heresy, the public preaching, the
+image-breaking, the Compromise, the confederacy, the rebellion, were
+painted in lively colors.  Pardon, however, was offered to all those who
+had not rendered themselves liable to positive impeachment, in case they
+should make their peace with the Church before the expiration of two
+months, and by confession and repentance obtain their absolution.
+The exceptions, however, occupied the greater part of the document.
+When the general act of condemnation had been fulminated by which all
+Netherlanders were sentenced to death, the exceptions had been very few,
+and all the individuals mentioned by name.  In the act of pardon, the
+exceptions comprehended so many classes of inhabitants, that it was
+impossible for any individual to escape a place in, some one of the
+categories, whenever it should please the government to take his life.
+Expressly excluded from the benefit of the act were all ministers,
+teachers, dogmatizers, and all who had favored and harbored such
+dogmatizers and preachers; all those in the least degree implicated in
+the image-breaking; all who had ever been individually suspected of
+heresy or schism; all who had ever signed or favored the Compromise or
+the Petition to the Regent; all those who had taken up arms, contributed
+money, distributed tracts; all those in any manner chargeable with
+misprision, or who had failed to denounce those guilty of heresy.  All
+persons, however, who were included in any of these classes of exceptions
+might report themselves within six months, when, upon confession of their
+crime, they might hope for a favorable consideration of their case.
+
+Such, in brief, and stripped of its verbiage, was this amnesty for which
+the Netherlands had so long been hoping.  By its provisions, not a man or
+woman was pardoned who had ever committed a fault.  The innocent alone
+were forgiven.  Even they were not sure of mercy, unless they should
+obtain full absolution from the Pope.  More certainly than ever would the
+accustomed rigor be dealt to all who had committed any of those positive
+acts for which so many had already lost their heads.  The clause by which
+a possibility of pardon was hinted to such criminals, provided they would
+confess and surrender, was justly regarded as a trap.  No one was
+deceived by it.  No man, after the experience of the last three years;
+would voluntarily thrust his head into the lion's mouth, in order to fix
+it more firmly upon his shoulders.  No man who had effected his escape
+was likely to play informer against himself, in hope of obtaining a
+pardon from which all but the most sincere and zealous Catholics were in
+reality excepted.
+
+The murmur and discontent were universal, therefore, as soon as the terms
+of the act became known.  Alva wrote to the King, to be sure, "that the
+people were entirely satisfied, save only the demagogues, who could
+tolerate no single exception from the amnesty; but he could neither
+deceive his sovereign nor himself by such statements."  Certainly, Philip
+was totally disappointed in the effect which he had anticipated from the
+measure.  He had thought "it would stop the mouths of many people."
+On the contrary, every mouth in the Netherlands became vociferous to
+denounce the hypocrisy by which a new act of condemnation had been
+promulgated under the name of a pardon.  Viglius, who had drawn up an
+instrument of much ampler clemency, was far from satisfied with the
+measure which had been adopted.  "Certainly," he wrote to his confidant,
+"a more benignant measure was to be expected from so merciful a Prince.
+After four years have past, to reserve for punishment and for execution
+all those who during the tumult did not, through weakness of mind, render
+as much service to government as brave men might have offered, is
+altogether unexampled."
+
+Alva could not long affect to believe in the people's satisfaction.  He
+soon wrote to the King, acknowledging that the impression produced by the
+pardon was far from favorable.  He attributed much evil effect to the
+severe censure which was openly pronounced upon the act by members of the
+government, both in Spain and the Netherlands.  He complained that Hopper
+had written to Viglius, that "the most severe of the four forms of pardon
+transmitted had been selected;" the fact being, that the most lenient one
+had been adopted.  If this were so, whose imagination is powerful enough
+to portray the three which had been burned, and which, although more
+severe than the fierce document promulgated, were still entitled acts of
+pardon?  The Duke spoke bitterly of the manner in which influential
+persons in Madrid had openly abominated the cruel form of amnesty which
+had been decreed.  His authority in the Netherlands was already
+sufficiently weakened, he said, and such censure upon his actions from
+head-quarters did not tend to improve it.  "In truth," he added, almost
+pathetically, "it is not wonderful that the whole nation should be ill-
+disposed towards me, for I certainly have done nothing to make them love
+me.  At the same time, such language transmitted from Madrid does not
+increase their tenderness."
+
+In short, viewed as a measure by which government, without disarming
+itself of its terrible powers, was to pacify the popular mind, the
+amnesty was a failure.  Viewed as a net, by which fresh victims should be
+enticed to entangle themselves, who had already made their way into the
+distant atmosphere of liberty, it was equally unsuccessful.  A few very
+obscure individuals made their appearance to claim the benefit of the
+act, before the six months had expired.  With these it was thought
+expedient to deal gently; but no one was deceived by such clemency.
+As the common people expressed themselves, the net was not spread on
+that occasion for finches.
+
+The wits of the Netherlands, seeking relief from their wretched condition
+in a still more wretched quibble, transposed two letters of the word
+Pardona, and re-baptized the new measure Pandora.  The conceit was not
+without meaning.  The amnesty, descending from supernal regions, had been
+ushered into the presence of mortals as a messenger laden with heavenly
+gifts.  The casket, when opened, had diffused curses instead of
+blessings.  There, however, the classical analogy ended, for it
+would have puzzled all the pedants of Louvain to discover Hope
+lurking, under any disguise, within the clauses of the pardon.
+
+Very soon after the promulgation of this celebrated act, the new bride
+of Philip, Anne of Austria, passed through the Netherlands, on her way
+to Madrid.  During her brief stay in Brussels, she granted an interview
+to the Dowager Countess of Horn.  That unhappy lady, having seen her
+eldest son, the head of her illustrious house, so recently perish on the
+scaffold, wished to make a last effort in behalf of the remaining one,
+then closely confined in the prison of Segovia.  The Archduchess solemnly
+promised that his release should be the first boon which she would
+request of her royal bridegroom, and the bereaved countess retired almost
+with a hope.
+
+A short digression must here be allowed, to narrate the remaining
+fortunes of that son, the ill-starred Seigneur de Montigny.  His mission
+to Madrid in company of the Marquis Berghen has been related in a
+previous volume.  The last and most melancholy scene in the life of his
+fellow envoy has been described in a recent chapter.  After that ominous
+event, Montigny became most anxious to effect his retreat from Spain.
+He had been separated more than a year from his few months' bride.
+He was not imprisoned, but he felt himself under the most rigid although
+secret inspection.  It was utterly impossible for him to obtain leave to
+return, or to take his departure without permission.  On one occasion,
+having left the city accidentally for a ride on horseback to an adjoining
+village, he found himself surrounded by an unexpected escort of forty
+troopers.  Still, however, the King retained a smiling mien.  To
+Montigny's repeated and urgent requests for dismissal, Philip graciously
+urged his desire for a continuance of his visit.  He was requested to
+remain in order to accompany his sovereign upon that journey to the
+Netherlands which would not be much longer delayed.  In his impatience
+anything seemed preferable to the state of suspense in which he was made
+to linger.  He eagerly offered, if he were accused or suspected of crime,
+to surrender himself to imprisonment if he only could be brought to
+trial.  Soon after Alva's arrival in the Netherlands, the first part of
+this offer was accepted.  No sooner were the arrests of Egmont and Horn
+known in Madrid, than Montigny was deprived of his liberty, and closely
+confined in the alcazar of Segovia.  Here he remained imprisoned for
+eight or nine months in a high tower, with no attendant save a young
+page, Arthur de Munter, who had accompanied him from the Netherlands.
+Eight men-at-arms were expressly employed to watch over him and to
+prevent his escape.
+
+One day towards the middle of July, 1568, a band of pilgrims, some of
+them in Flemish attire, went through the streets of Segovia.  They were
+chanting, as was customary on such occasions, a low, monotonous song,
+in which Montigny, who happened to be listening, suddenly recognized the
+language of his fatherland.  His surprise was still greater when, upon
+paying closer attention, he distinguished the terrible meaning of the
+song.  The pretended pilgrims, having no other means of communication
+with the prisoner, were singing for his information the tragic fates of
+his brother, Count Horn, and of his friend, Count Egmont.  Mingled with
+the strain were warnings of his own approaching doom; if he were not able
+to effect his escape before it should be too late.  Thus by this friendly
+masquerade did Montigny learn the fate of his brother, which otherwise,
+in that land of terrible secrecy, might have been concealed from him for
+ever.
+
+The hint as to his own preservation was not lost upon him; and he at
+once set about a plan of escape.  He succeeded in gaining over to his
+interests one of the eight soldiers by whom he was guarded, and he was
+thus enabled to communicate with many of his own adherents without the
+prison walls.  His major-domo had previously been permitted to furnish
+his master's table with provisions dressed by his own cook.  A
+correspondence was now carried on by means of letters concealed within
+the loaves of bread sent daily to the prisoner.  In the same way files
+were provided for sawing through his window-bars.  A very delicate ladder
+of ropes, by which he was to effect his escape into the court below, was
+also transmitted.  The plan had been completely arranged.  A certain Pole
+employed in the enterprise was to be at Hernani, with horses in readiness
+to convey them to San Sebastian.  There a sloop had been engaged, and was
+waiting their arrival.  Montigny, accordingly, in a letter enclosed
+within a loaf of bread--the last, as he hoped, which he should break in
+prison--was instructed, after cutting off his beard and otherwise
+disguising his person, to execute his plan and join his confederates at
+Hernani.  Unfortunately, the major-domo of Montigny was in love.  Upon
+the eve of departure from Spain, his farewell interview with his mistress
+was so much protracted that the care of sending the bread was left to
+another.  The substitute managed so unskilfully that the loaf was brought
+to the commandant of the castle, and not to the prisoner.  The commandant
+broke the bread, discovered the letter, and became master of the whole
+plot.  All persons engaged in the enterprise were immediately condemned
+to death, and the Spanish soldier executed without delay.  The others
+being considered, on account of their loyalty to their master as
+deserving a commutation of punishment, were sent to the galleys.  The
+major-domo, whose ill-timed gallantry had thus cost Montigny his liberty,
+received two hundred lashes in addition.  All, however, were eventually
+released from imprisonment.
+
+The unfortunate gentleman was now kept in still closer confinement in his
+lonely tower.  As all his adherents had been disposed of, he could no
+longer entertain a hope of escape.  In the autumn of this year (1568) it
+was thought expedient by Alva to bring his case formally before the Blood
+Council.  Montigny had committed no crime, but he was one of that band of
+popular, nobles whose deaths had been long decreed.  Letters were
+accordingly sent to Spain, empowering certain functionaries there to
+institute that preliminary examination, which, as usual, was to be the
+only trial vouchsafed.  A long list of interrogatories was addressed to
+him on February 7th, 1569, in his prison at Segovia.  A week afterwards,
+he was again visited by the alcalde, who read over to him the answers
+which he had made on the first occasion, and required him to confirm
+them.  He was then directed to send his procuration to certain persons in
+the Netherlands, whom he might wish to appear in his behalf.  Montigny
+complied by sending several names, with a clause of substitution.  All
+the persons thus appointed, however, declined to act, unless they could
+be furnished with a copy of the procuration, and with a statement of the
+articles of accusation.  This was positively refused by the Blood
+Council.  Seeing no possibility of rendering service to their friend by
+performing any part in this mockery of justice, they refused to accept
+the procuration.  They could not defend a case when not only the
+testimony, but even the charges against the accused were kept secret.
+An individual was accordingly appointed by government to appear in the
+prisoner's behalf.
+
+Thus the forms of justice were observed, and Montigny, a close prisoner
+in the tower of Segovia, was put upon trial for his life in Brussels.
+Certainly nothing could exceed the irony of such a process.  The advocate
+had never seen his client, thousands of miles away, and was allowed to
+hold no communication with him by letter.  The proceedings were
+instituted by a summons, addressed by the Duke of Alva to Madame de
+Montigny in Brussels.  That unhappy lady could only appeal to the King.
+"Convinced," she said, "that her husband was innocent of the charges
+brought against him, she threw herself, overwhelmed and consumed by tears
+and misery, at his Majesty's feet.  She begged the King to remember the
+past services of Montigny, her own youth, and that she had enjoyed his
+company but four months.  By all these considerations, and by the passion
+of Jesus Christ, she adjured the monarch to pardon any faults which her
+husband might have committed."  The reader can easily judge how much
+effect such a tender appeal was like to have upon the heart of Philip.
+From that rock; thus feebly smitten, there flowed no fountain of mercy.
+It was not more certain that Montigny's answers to the interrogatories
+addressed to him had created a triumphant vindication of his course, than
+that such vindication would be utterly powerless to save his life.  The
+charges preferred against him were similar to those which had brought
+Egmont and Horn to the block, and it certainly created no ground of hope
+for him, that he could prove himself even more innocent of suspicious
+conduct than they had done.  On the 4th March, 1570, accordingly, the
+Duke of Alva pronounced sentence against him.  The sentence declared that
+his head should be cut off, and afterwards exposed to public view upon
+the head of a pike.  Upon the 18th March, 1570, the Duke addressed a
+requisitory letter to the alcaldes, corregidors, and other judges of
+Castile, empowering them to carry the sentence into execution.
+
+On the arrival of this requisition there was a serious debate before the
+King in council.  It seemed to be the general opinion that there had been
+almost severity enough in the Netherlands for the present.  The spectacle
+of the public execution of another distinguished personage, it was
+thought, might now prove more irritating than salutary.  The King was
+of this opinion himself.  It certainly did not occur to him or to his
+advisers that this consideration should lead them to spare the life of
+an innocent man.  The doubts entertained as to the expediency of a fresh
+murder were not allowed to benefit the prisoner, who, besides being a
+loyal subject and a communicant of the ancient Church, was also clothed
+in the white robes of an envoy, claiming not only justice but
+hospitality, as the deputy of Philip's sister, Margaret of Parma.
+These considerations probably never occurred to the mind of His Majesty.
+In view, however, of the peculiar circumstances of the case, it was
+unanimously agreed that there should be no more blood publicly shed.
+Most of the councillors were in favor of slow poison.  Montigny's meat
+and drink, they said, should be daily drugged, so that he might die by
+little and little.  Philip, however, terminated these disquisitions by
+deciding that the ends of justice would not thus be sufficiently
+answered.  The prisoner, he had resolved, should be regularly executed,
+but the deed should be secret, and it should be publicly announced that
+he had died of a fever.
+
+This point having been settled; the King now set about the arrangement
+of his plan with all that close attention to detail which marked his
+character.  The patient industry which, had God given him a human heart
+and a love of right, might have made him a useful monarch, he now devoted
+to a scheme of midnight murder with a tranquil sense of enjoyment which
+seems almost incredible.  There is no exaggeration in calling the deed
+a murder, for it certainly was not sanctioned by any law, divine or
+human, nor justified or excused by any of the circumstances which are
+supposed to palliate homicide.  Nor, when the elaborate and superfluous
+luxury of arrangements made by Philip for the accomplishment of his
+design is considered, can it be doubted that he found a positive pleasure
+in his task.  It would almost seem that he had become jealous of Alva's
+achievements in the work of slaughter.  He appeared willing to prove to
+those immediately about him, that however capable might be the Viceroy of
+conducting public executions on a grand and terrifying scale, there was
+yet a certain delicacy of finish never attained by Alva in such business,
+and which was all his Majesty's own.  The King was resolved to make the
+assassination of Montigny a masterpiece.
+
+On the 17th August, 1570, he accordingly directed Don Eugenio de Peralta,
+concierge of the fortress of Simancas, to repair to Segovia, and thence
+to remove the Seigneur Montigny to Simancas.  Here he was to be strictly
+immured; yet was to be allowed at times to walk in the corridor adjoining
+his chamber.  On the 7th October following, the licentiate Don Alonzo de
+Avellano, alcalde of Valladolid, was furnished with an order addressed by
+the King to Don Eugenio de Peralta, requiring him to place the prisoner
+in the hands of the said licentiate, who was charged with the execution
+of Alva's sentence.  This functionary had, moreover, been provided with a
+minute letter of instructions, which had been drawn up according to the
+King's directions, on the 1st October.  In these royal instructions, it
+was stated that, although the sentence was for a public execution, yet
+the King had decided in favor of a private one within the walls of the
+fortress.  It was to be managed so that no one should suspect that
+Montigny had been executed, but so that, on the contrary, it should be
+universally said and believed that he had died a natural death.  Very few
+persons, all sworn and threatened into secrecy, were therefore to be
+employed.  Don Alonzo was to start immediately for Valladolid; which was
+within two short leagues of Simancas.  At that place he would communicate
+with Don Eugenio, and arrange the mode, day, and hour of execution.  He
+would leave Valladolid on the evening before a holiday, late in the
+afternoon, so as to arrive a little after dark at Simancas.  He would
+take with him a confidential notary, an executioner, and as few servants
+as possible.  Immediately upon his entrance to the fortress, he was to
+communicate the sentence of death to Montigny, in presence of Don Eugenio
+and of one or two other persons.  He would then console him, in which
+task he would be assisted by Don Eugenio.  He would afterwards leave him
+with the religious person who would be appointed for that purpose.  That
+night and the whole of the following day, which would be a festival, till
+after midnight, would be allotted to Montigny, that he might have time to
+confess, to receive the sacraments, to convert himself to God, and to
+repent.  Between one and two o'clock in the morning the execution was to
+take place, in presence of the ecclesiastic, of Don Eugenio de Peralta,
+of the notary, and of one or two other persons, who would be needed by
+the executioner.  The ecclesiastic was to be a wise and prudent person,
+and to be informed how little confidence Montigny inspired in the article
+of faith.  If the prisoner should wish to make a will, it could not be
+permitted.  As all his property had been confiscated, he could dispose of
+nothing.  Should he, however, desire to make a memorial of the debts
+which he would wish paid; he was to be allowed that liberty.  It was,
+however, to be stipulated that he was to make no allusion, in any
+memorial or letter which he might write, to the execution which was about
+to take place.  He was to use the language of a man seriously ill, and
+who feels himself at the point of death.  By this infernal ingenuity it
+was proposed to make the victim an accomplice in the plot, and to place a
+false exculpation of his assassins in his dying lips.  The execution
+having been fulfilled, and the death having been announced with the
+dissimulation prescribed, the burial was to take place in the church of
+Saint Saviour, in Simancas.  A moderate degree of pomp, such as befitted
+a person of Montigny's quality, was to be allowed, and a decent tomb
+erected.  A grand mass was also to be celebrated, with a respectable
+number, "say seven hundred," of lesser masses.  As the servants of the
+defunct were few in number, continued the frugal King, they might be
+provided each with a suit of mourning.  Having thus personally arranged
+all the details of this secret work, from the reading of the sentence to
+the burial of the prisoner; having settled not only the mode of his
+departure from life, but of his passage through purgatory, the King
+despatched the agent on his mission.
+
+The royal program was faithfully enacted.  Don Alonzo arrived at
+Valladolid; and made his arrangements with Don Eugenio.  It was agreed
+that a paper, prepared by royal authority, and brought by Don Alonzo from
+Madrid, should be thrown into the corridor of Montigny's prison.  This
+paper, written in Latin, ran as follows:
+
+     "In the night, as I understand, there will be no chance for your
+     escape.  In the daytime there will be many; for you are then in
+     charge of a single gouty guardian, no match in strength or speed for
+     so vigorous a man as you.  Make your escape from the 8th to the 12th
+     of October, at any hour you can, and take the road contiguous to the
+     castle gate through which you entered.  You will find Robert and
+     John, who will be ready with horses, and with everything necessary.
+     May God favor your undertaking.--R. D. M."
+
+The letter, thus designedly thrown into the corridor by one confederate,
+was soon afterwards picked up by the other, who immediately taxed
+Montigny with an attempt to escape.  Notwithstanding the vehement
+protestations of innocence naturally made by the prisoner, his pretended
+project was made the pretext for a still closer imprisonment in the
+"Bishop's Tower."  A letter, written at Madrid, by Philip's orders, had
+been brought by Don Alonzo to Simancas, narrating by anticipation these
+circumstances, precisely as they had now occurred.  It moreover stated
+that Montigny, in consequence of his close confinement, had fallen
+grievously ill, and that he would receive all the attention compatible
+with his safe keeping.  This letter, according to previous orders, was
+now signed by Don Eugenio de Peralta, dated 10th October, 1570; and
+publicly despatched to Philip.  It was thus formally established that
+Montigny was seriously ill.  A physician, thoroughly instructed and sworn
+to secrecy, was now ostentatiously admitted to the tower, bringing with
+him a vast quantity of drugs.  He duly circulated among the townspeople,
+on his return, his opinion that the illustrious prisoner was afflicted
+with a disorder from which it was almost impossible that he should
+recover.  Thus, thanks to Philip's masterly precautions, not a person in
+Madrid or Simancas was ignorant that Montigny was dying of a fever, with
+the single exception of the patient himself.
+
+On Saturday, the 14th of October, at nightfall, Don Alonzo de Avellano,
+accompanied by the prescribed individuals, including Fray Hernando del,
+Castillo, an ecclesiastic of high reputation, made their appearance at
+the prison of Simancas.  At ten in the evening the announcement of the
+sentence was made to Montigny.  He was visibly agitated at the sudden
+intelligence, for it was entirely unexpected by him.  He had, on the
+contrary, hoped much from the intercession of, the Queen, whose arrival
+he had already learned.  He soon recovered himself, however, and
+requested to be left alone with the ecclesiastic.  All the night and the
+following day were passed in holy offices.  He conducted himself with
+great moderation, courage, and tranquillity.  He protested his entire
+innocence of any complicity with the Prince of Orange, or of any disloyal
+designs or sentiments at any period of his life.  He drew up a memorial,
+expressing his strong attachment to every point of the Catholic faith,
+from which he had never for an instant swerved.  His whole demeanor was
+noble, submissive, and Christian.  "In every essential," said Fray
+Hernando, "he conducted himself so well that we who remain may bear him
+envy."  He wrote a paper of instructions concerning his faithful and
+bereaved dependents.  He placed his signet ring, attached to a small gold
+chain, in the hands of the ecclesiastic, to be by him transmitted to his
+wife.  Another ring, set with turquois, he sent to his mother-in-law, the
+Princess Espinoy, from whom he had received it.  About an hour after
+midnight, on the morning, therefore, of the 16th of October, Fray
+Hernando gave notice that the prisoner was ready to die.  The alcalde Don
+Alonzo then entered, accompanied by the executioner and the notary.  The
+sentence of Alva was now again recited, the alcalde adding that the King,
+"out of his clemency and benignity," had substituted a secret for a
+public execution.  Montigny admitted that the judgment would be just and
+the punishment lenient, if it were conceded that the charges against him
+were true.  His enemies, however, while he had been thus immured, had
+possessed the power to accuse him as they listed.  He ceased to speak,
+and the executioner then came forward and strangled him.  The alcalde,
+the notary, and the executioner then immediately started for Valladolid,
+so that no person next morning knew that they had been that night at
+Simancas, nor could guess the dark deed which they had then and there
+accomplished.  The terrible, secret they were forbidden, on pain of
+death, to reveal.
+
+Montigny, immediately after his death, was clothed in the habit of Saint
+Francis, in order to conceal the marks of strangulation.  In the course
+of the day the body was deposited, according to the King's previous
+orders, in the church of Saint Saviour.  Don Eugenio de Peralta, who
+superintended the interment, uncovered the face of the defunct to prove
+his identity, which was instantly recognised by many sorrowing servants.
+The next morning the second letter, prepared by Philip long before, and
+brought by Don Alonzo de Avellano to Simancas, received the date of 17th
+October, 1570, together with the signature of Don Eugenio de Peralta,
+keeper of Simancas fortress, and was then publicly despatched to the
+King.  It stated that, notwithstanding the care given to the Seigneur de
+Montigny in his severe illness by the physicians who had attended him, he
+had continued to grow worse and worse until the previous morning between
+three and four o'clock, when he had expired.  The Fray Hernando del
+Castillo, who had accidentally happened to be at Simancas, had performed
+the holy offices, at the request of the deceased, who had died in so
+catholic a frame of mind, that great hopes might be entertained of his
+salvation.  Although he possessed no property, yet his burial had been
+conducted very respectably.
+
+On the 3rd of November, 1570, these two letters, ostensibly written by
+Don Eugenio de Peralta, were transmitted by Philip to the Duke of Alva.
+They were to serve as evidence of the statement which the Governor-
+General was now instructed to make, that the Seigneur de Montigny had
+died a natural death in the fortress of Simancas.  By the same courier,
+the King likewise forwarded a secret memoir, containing the exact history
+of the dark transaction, from which memoir the foregoing account has been
+prepared.  At the same time the Duke was instructed publicly to exhibit
+the lying letters of Don Eugenio de Peralta, as containing an authentic
+statement of the affair.  The King observed, moreover, in his letter,
+that there was not a person in Spain who doubted that Montigny had died
+of a fever.  He added that if the sentiments of the deceased nobleman had
+been at all in conformity with his external manifestations, according to
+the accounts received of his last moments, it was to be hoped that God
+would have mercy upon his soul.  The secretary who copied the letter,
+took the liberty of adding, however, to this paragraph the suggestion,
+that "if Montigny were really a heretic, the devil, who always assists
+his children in such moments, would hardly have failed him in his dying
+hour."  Philip, displeased with this flippancy, caused the passage to be
+erased.  He even gave vent to his royal indignation in a marginal note,
+to the effect that we should always express favorable judgments
+concerning the dead--a pious sentiment always dearer to writing masters
+than to historians.  It seemed never to have occurred however to this
+remarkable moralist, that it was quite as reprehensible to strangle an
+innocent man as to speak ill of him after his decease.
+
+Thus perished Baron Montigny, four years after his arrival in Madrid as
+Duchess Margaret's ambassador, and three years after the death of his
+fellow-envoy Marquis Berghen.  No apology is necessary for so detailed an
+account of this dark and secret tragedy.  The great transactions of a
+reign are sometimes paltry things; great battles and great treaties,
+after vast consumption of life and of breath, often leave the world where
+they found it.  The events which occupy many of the statelier pages of
+history, and which have most lived in the mouths of men, frequently
+contain but commonplace lessons of philosophy.  It is perhaps otherwise
+when, by the resuscitation of secret documents, over which the dust of
+three centuries has gathered, we are enabled to study the internal
+working of a system of perfect tyranny.  Liberal institutions, republican
+or constitutional governments, move in the daylight; we see their mode of
+operation, feel the jar of their wheels, and are often needlessly alarmed
+at their apparent tendencies.  The reverse of the picture is not always
+so easily attainable.  When, therefore, we find a careful portrait of a
+consummate tyrant, painted by his own hand, it is worth our while to
+pause for a moment, that we may carefully peruse the lineaments.
+Certainly, we shall afterwards not love liberty the less.
+
+Towards the end of the year 1570, still another and a terrible misfortune
+descended upon the Netherlands.  It was now the hand of God which smote
+the unhappy country, already so tortured by the cruelty of war.  An
+inundation, more tremendous than any which had yet been recorded in those
+annals so prolific in such catastrophes, now swept the whole coast from
+Flanders to Friesland.  Not the memorable deluge of the thirteenth
+century, out of which the Zuyder Zee was born; not that in which the
+waters of the Dollart had closed for ever over the villages and churches
+of Groningen; not one of those perpetually recurring floods by which the
+inhabitants of the Netherlands, year after year, were recalled to an
+anxious remembrance of the watery chaos out of which their fatherland had
+been created, and into which it was in daily danger of resolving itself
+again, had excited so much terror and caused so much destruction.  A
+continued and violent gale from the north-west had long been sweeping the
+Atlantic waters into the North Sea, and had now piled them upon the
+fragile coasts of the provinces.  The dykes, tasked beyond their
+strength, burst in every direction.  The cities of Flanders, to a
+considerable distance inland, were suddenly invaded by the waters of the
+ocean.  The whole narrow peninsula of North Holland was in imminent
+danger of being swept away for ever.  Between Amsterdam and Meyden, the
+great Diemer dyke was broken through in twelve places.  The Hand-bos, a
+bulwark formed of oaken piles, fastened with metal clamps, moored with
+iron anchors, and secured by gravel and granite, was snapped to pieces
+like packthread.  The "Sleeper," a dyke thus called, because it was
+usually left in repose by the elements, except in great emergencies,
+alone held firm, and prevented the consummation of the catastrophe.
+Still the ocean poured in upon the land with terrible fury.  Dort,
+Rotterdam, and many other cities were, for a time, almost submerged.
+Along the coast, fishing vessels, and even ships of larger size, were
+floated up into the country, where they entangled themselves in groves
+and orchards, or beat to pieces the roofs and walls of houses.  The
+destruction of life and of property was enormous throughout the maritime
+provinces, but in Friesland the desolation was complete.  There nearly
+all the dykes and sluices were dashed to fragments; the country, far and-
+wide, converted into an angry sea.  The steeples and towers of inland
+cities became islands of the ocean.  Thousands of human beings were swept
+out of existence in a few hours.  Whole districts of territory, with all
+their villages, farms, and churches, were rent from their places, borne
+along by the force of the waves, sometimes to be lodged in another part
+of the country, sometimes to be entirely engulfed.  Multitudes of men,
+women, children, of horses, oxen, sheep, and every domestic animal, were
+struggling in the waves in every direction.  Every boat, and every
+article which could serve as a boat, were eagerly seized upon.  Every
+house was inundated; even the grave-yards gave up their dead.  The living
+infant in his cradle, and the long-buried corpse in his coffin, floated
+side by side.  The ancient flood seemed about to be renewed.  Everywhere,
+upon the top of trees, upon the steeples of churches, human beings were
+clustered, praying to God for mercy, and to their fellow-men for
+assistance.  As the storm at last was subsiding, boats began to ply in
+every direction, saving those who were still struggling in the water,
+picking fugitives from roofs and tree-tops, and collecting the bodies of
+those already drowned.  Colonel Robles, Seigneur de Billy, formerly much
+hated for his Spanish or Portuguese blood, made himself very active in
+this humane work.  By his exertions, and those of the troops belonging to
+Groningen, many lives were rescued, and gratitude replaced the ancient
+animosity.  It was estimated that at least twenty thousand persons were
+destroyed in the province of Friesland alone.  Throughout the
+Netherlands, one hundred thousand persons perished.  The damage alone
+to property, the number of animals engulfed in the sea, were almost
+incalculable.
+
+These events took place on the 1st and 2nd November, 1570.  The former
+happened to be the day of All Saints, and the Spaniards maintained loudly
+that the vengeance of Heaven had descended upon the abode of heretics.
+The Netherlanders looked upon the catastrophe as ominous of still
+more terrible misfortunes in store for them.  They seemed doomed to
+destruction by God and man.  An overwhelming tyranny had long been
+chafing against their constitutional bulwarks, only to sweep over them at
+last; and now the resistless ocean, impatient of man's feeble barriers,
+had at last risen to reclaim his prey.  Nature, as if disposed to put to
+the blush the feeble cruelty of man, had thus wrought more havoc in a few
+hours, than bigotry, however active, could effect in many years.
+
+Nearly at the close of this year (1570) an incident occurred,
+illustrating the ferocious courage so often engendered in civil
+contests.  On the western verge of the Isle of Bommel, stood the
+castle of Lowestein.  The island is not in the sea.  It is the narrow
+but important territory which is enclosed between the Meuse and the Waal.
+The castle, placed in a slender hook, at the junction of the two rivers,
+commanded the two cities of Gorcum and Dorcum, and the whole navigation
+of the waters.  One evening, towards the end of December, four monks,
+wearing the cowls and robes of Mendicant Grey Friars, demanded
+hospitality at the castle gate.  They were at once ushered into the
+presence of the commandant, a brother of President Tisnacq.  He was
+standing by the fire, conversing with his wife.  The foremost monk
+approaching him, asked whether the castle held for the Duke of Alva
+or the Prince of Orange.  The castellian replied that he recognized no
+prince save Philip, King of Spain.  Thereupon the monk, who was no other
+than Herman de Ruyter, a drover by trade, and a warm partisan of Orange,
+plucked a pistol from beneath his robe, and shot the commandant through
+the head.  The others, taking advantage of the sudden panic, overcame all
+the resistance offered by the feeble garrison, and made themselves
+masters of the place.  In the course of the next day they introduced into
+the castle four or five and twenty men, with which force they diligently
+set themselves to fortify the place, and secure themselves in its
+possession.  A larger reinforcement which they had reckoned upon, was
+detained by the floods and frosts, which, for the moment, had made the
+roads and fivers alike impracticable.
+
+Don Roderigo de Toledo, governor of Bois le Duc, immediately despatched
+a certain Captain Perea, at the head of two hundred soldiers, who were
+joined on the way by a miscellaneous force of volunteers, to recover the
+fortress as soon as possible.  The castle, bathed on its outward walls by
+the Waal and Meuse, and having two redoubts, defended by a double
+interior foss, would have been difficult to take by assaults had the
+number of the besieged been at all adequate to its defence.  As matters
+stood, however, the Spaniards, by battering a breach in the wall with
+their cannon on the first day, and then escalading the inner works with
+remarkable gallantry upon the second, found themselves masters of the
+place within eight and forty hours of their first appearance before its
+gates.  Most of the defenders were either slain or captured alive.  De
+Ruyter alone had betaken himself to an inner hall of the castle, where he
+stood at bay upon the threshold.  Many Spaniards, one after another, as
+they attempted to kill or to secure him, fell before his sword, which he
+wielded with the strength of a giant.  At last, overpowered by numbers,
+and weakened by the loss of blood, he retreated slowly into the hall,
+followed by many of his antagonists.  Here, by an unexpected movement,
+he applied a match to a train of powder, which he had previously laid
+along the floor of the apartment.  The explosion was instantaneous.  The
+tower, where the contest was taking place, sprang into the air, and De
+Ruyter with his enemies shared a common doom.  A part of the mangled
+remains of this heroic but ferocious patriot were afterwards dug from the
+ruins of the tower, and with impotent malice nailed upon the gallows at
+Bois le Duc.  Of his surviving companions, some were beheaded, some were
+broken on the wheel, some were hung and quartered--all were executed.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Constitutional governments, move in the daylight
+Consumer would pay the tax, supposing it were ever paid at all
+Financial opposition to tyranny is apt to be unanimous
+Great battles often leave the world where they found it
+Great transactions of a reign are sometimes paltry things
+The faithful servant is always a perpetual ass
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1569-70 ***
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